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Netty is a high performance event-driven network framework that has support for HTTP and other common protocols. Netty uses non-blocking I/O. But it's pretty low level to use. Play Framework is a modern web framework for both Java and Scala. It has a very short development cycle - just save your file and update your browser. It's inspired by Ruby on Rails. Play Framework is by default based on Netty (embedded), but it can also be used in a Java Servlet container as a war-file. I have been using Play Framework in a few months. It's a framework that is easy to use and it has very good performance since it's based on Netty. If you have done some GUI programming e.g. using Swing then you have done event-driven programming before and it's the same principles: Do all long-running processing in a background thread, otherwise your server will be blocked like a GUI is blocked when the thread is used incorrectly.

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International Lighthouse Relay More than 40 artists have created site-specific sound and visual work for over 20 lighthouse sites around the UK and in Europe, Asia, South America and the Antipedes. Each artist began by creating a sound artwork in response to a lighthouse of their choice, with an accompanying visual component. The artists were also commissioned to collaborate on the Lighthouse Relay - the creation of a set of transitional sound pieces, via the exchange of site or concept related sound samples, that will be developed as the work moves from one lighthouse site to the next. Lighthouses have made a significant contribution to both saving seafarers’ lives and the development of global communication systems. The significance of lighthouses to coastal regions is, in part, due to that history and due to the emotional response their architectural prominence creates. As well known landmarks their austere beauty combines with the practicality of their signals and light to produce a recognised worldwide phenomenon. Many existing lighthouses originated as ancient beacon sites, reflecting our human desire to communicate and a historic connection, a communicative DNA, with sites that enabled this. The Folkestone Fringe's interest in producing this project was inspired by Guglielmo Marconi’s pioneering experiments with radio transmission in the local area, specifically in Dungeness and at the South Foreland Lighthouse on Kent’s South Eastern Coast.

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Foodborne Illness Could Have Sinister CausesMain Category: Primary Care / General Practice Also Included In: Public Health; Nutrition / Diet Article Date: 04 Jan 2013 - 0:00 PST Ad For Health Professionals Foodborne Illness Could Have Sinister Causes |Patient / Public:| 3 (1 votes) 5 (3 votes) Doctors should consider the intentional addition of medicine to food as a potential cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. The World Health Organization suggests possible sources of foodborne disease outbreaks are pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, natural toxins, and chemicals, but not medicines. A 2010 foodborne disease outbreak in Beijing, China was a result of clonidine, a medication used to treat hypertension and ADHD, being intentionally added to lunch ingredients. Eighty travelers who had just finished lunch in a Beijing restaurant began to feel faint. Within a few hours they developed dizziness, weakness, lethargy, dry mouth, and nausea, among other troublesome symptoms. At a nearby hospital, the travelers were treated for low blood pressure and low heart rate. With no response to treatment, the patients were referred for a screening for common toxins and drugs. The screening found clonidine in the patients' systems. The patients were treated for clonidine poisoning and symptoms resolved in all patients within 48 hours. After six days, all patients had been discharged from the hospital and at one year no patients had residual symptoms. An investigation found that two persons put clonidine into the starch used to make certain dishes (the kitchen staff would not notice the addition because starch and clonidine are both white, odorless powders) to gain a competitive advantage for a nearby restaurant. Visit our primary care / general practice section for the latest news on this subject. American College of Physicians 19 May. 2013. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/254520.php> Please note: If no author information is provided, the source is cited instead. Contact Our News Editors For any corrections of factual information, or to contact the editors please use our feedback form. Please send any medical news or health news press releases to: Note: Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health care professional. For more information, please read our terms and conditions.

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Delivery of a vaccine in a programme such as Expanded Program on Immunization is the end result of years of discovery and development. Only a tiny percentage of candidate vaccines progress to licensing, making the costs of vaccine Research and Development extremely high. This fact also makes it essential to maintain a healthy product portfolio, with a range of vaccines at different stages in the pipeline. Development of vaccines can be simplified into two broad stages: - Pre-clinical development is research carried out in lab assays and on animals. It includes: - Identification (discovery) of relevant antigens (e.g. screening) - Creation of the vaccine concept - Evaluation of vaccine efficacy in test tubes and animals - Manufacture of the vaccine to Good Manufacturing Practice standards - Clinical development is when the vaccine is first tested in humans. It covers four stages over several years, from initial clinical trials in humans (phase I) right through to introduction and beyond (phase IV). Clinical development is built on rigorous ethical principles of informed consent from volunteers, with an emphasis on vaccine safety as well as efficacy. Phase I clinical trials are small-scale trials to assess whether the vaccine is safe in humans and what immune response it evokes. For diseases of poverty this covers trials in European volunteers (phase Ia) and then in populations in Developing Countries (phase Ib). Phase II clinical trials are larger and look mainly to assess the efficacy of the vaccine against artificial infection and clinical disease. Vaccine safety, side-effects and the immune response are also studied. Vaccines that progress to phase III clinical trials are studied on a large scale of many hundreds of subjects across several sites to evaluate efficacy under natural disease conditions. If the vaccine retains safety and efficacy over a defined period, the manufacturer is able to apply to the regulatory authorities for a licence to market the product for human use. The finalhase IV happens after the vaccine has been licensed and introduced into use. Also called post-marketing surveillance, this stage aims to detect rare adverse effects as well as to assess long term efficacy.

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Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar in Conversation "Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar's is one of the significant post-independence voices in Hindi and Indian English Poetry, expressing the lyricism and pathos, aspirations and yearnings of the modern Indian intellect. Rooted deep into the Indian soil, his poems reflect not only the moods of a poet but of a complex age." The poetic process of Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar is a far reaching poetic force among the second phase of Modern Hindi Poetry, begins in the later part of 1941.He has not written much from quantitative point of view. Only about one thousand poems composed by him are available today. But his poetry is very significant from qualitative point of view. This is the reason he is known not only in his own country but also in the whole world. He is recognised in the global world through internet. His poems have been translated and published in many foreign languages besides Indian languages. His poems have vitalised Indian poetry. Due to his socio-economic, political and humanistic concerns he occupies a special status in history of Hindi and Indian English Poetry. His poetry is full of vital expressions of life, love and nature. Here, is an extract from an interview with him. Throw light on your relation to English language and literature. I have been related to English language since my childhood, as it was the medium of my education. English has been the medium of examinations; such as Matriculation, Intermediate, Graduate (B.A.), Teaching (L.T.) etc. English was a medium of education of all the subjects like Economics, Geography, Education etc. English was not only the medium but a subject also. English literature was optional in B. A. but General English was compulsory. In the curriculum of General English works of English literature were also prescribed. Thus, I had to study the works on English Literature too. For example, Bernard Shaw's drama — 'Arms and the Man', novel of Charles Dickens — 'A Tale Of Two Cities', Text-book of collection of political essays etc. In 'Visharad' curriculum of 'Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Prayag' English Literature was my one of the optional subjects. This gave me an opportunity to read English poems. The famous collection of poems, 'Golden Treasury' was prescribed in my syllabus. I read Shakespeare's world-famous play 'Julius Caesar' during this period. I was very much influenced by the dialogues of 'Julius Caesar'. I came to know about Shakespeare's mental heights and depths through it. I got a glimpse of contemporary European life through 'A Tale of Two Cities'. I read Tagore's English poems also in that period. I was taught by English Principals, viz. Mr. B. A. English and Mr. F. G. Pears in Victoria College at Gwalior. During that period I used to read English news papers, 'Hindustan Times' etc. I used to write letters to my father in English, whenever I was away from home. My father used to return the letters after correcting language errors. He was often angry due to my little knowledge of English language. I had to take up a job after B.A. (1945) due to poor economic condition of the family. I worked as a teacher of Geography and Hindi in High School and after that got a post of Hindi lecturer (1950) in Intermediate College (Dhar-Madhya Pradesh). My relationship with English teachers was very cordial in all the schools and colleges where I taught. I used to read English Literary Magazines as well. I was a regular reader of a monthly magazine 'Modern Review' published from Calcutta. Thus, I was continuously connected with English language and literature. Basically you are a Hindi poet. How and when were you attracted towards writing in English? The thought of translating my poems into other languages never struck in my mind. All of a sudden (possibly in 1953), I got a letter from a Hindi professor and Hindi poet of 'Praha University' (Czechoslovakia), Dr. Odolen Smekal (who became Ambassador of Czech Republic in India after the partition of Czechoslovakia.) that he wants to translate my poems into Czech language. First of all my poems were translated in Czech language and were published in a journal named 'Novy Orient' (1954). Later they were broadcast from Czechoslovak Radio also. After this my poems were translated into English and the process still continues. 'The Hindi Review' a literary magazine, began to be published by English Organ of the 'Nagari Pracharini Sabha, Varanasi'. It's editor was Dr. Ramawadh Dwivedi, a renowned Professor of English from 'Banaras Hindu University'. He inspired me to get my translated poems published in it. 'The Hindi Review' published many of my translated poems. Dr. Ramawadh Dwivedi Ji wrote to me," I am happy that your poems are being appreciated. Had 'The Hindi Review' not ceased to be published, some more translations would have been published." (19 April 1963 / 'Mahendra Bhatnagar-Samagra', Vol.-6, p. 517) How many collections of your poems have been published in English till date? The publishers of my English works : (1) S. Chand & Co., New Delhi — 55. Forty poems Of Mahendra Bhatnagar / 1968 / 40 Poems. After The Forty Poems / 1979 / 25 Poems. (2) Indian Publishers Distributors, Delhi —7. Exuberance and other poems/ 2001 / 75 Poems. Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar’s Poetry / 2002 / 50 Poems. Death-Perception : Life-Perception / 2002 / 50 Poems. Passion And Compassion /2005/ 50 Poems. New Enlightened World /2010/ 50 Poems. Dawn To Dust / 2011/ 71 Poems. (3) Lokvani Prakashan, New Delhi — 49. Poems : For A Better World / 2006 / 50 Poems. (4) Vista International Publishing House,Delhi — 53. Lyric-Lute / 2007/ 106 Lyrics. (5) National Publishing House, NewDelhi — 2. A Handful of Light/ 2012 / 80 Poems Eleven volumes of my poetry are published till date. Did your poetic feelings first find reflection in English or were they written first in Hindi and later translated into English? At first my poems were written in Hindi. I remained free from the sanskars of English language. Firstly, it was due to my inaptness in English language. Secondly, being a writer / poet / teacher of my mother-tongue Hindi, the effects of Hindi were ingrained in me. The third reason was that, English was thrust upon Indians by imperialist British rulers. But being a writer / poet / I didn't have hatred towards English language. I used to read English literature with interest. It was a matter of pride to give preference to my mother-tongue Hindi at home, in day to day activities and in correspondence. Such should be followed by all — I firmly believe so, even today. Have you yourself translated your poems into English? Some of my poems have been translated into English by me, but many of them have been translated by professors / poets skilled in the use of English language. I am proud of these translators. I will always remain grateful to them. Who are the translators of your poems? The readers would like to know about them. The first translator of my poetry was Amir Mohammad Khan (Journalist / Columnist). The translated poems by him were published in 'The Hindi Review'. 'Forty Poems of Mahendra Bhatnagar' (1968), a collection of translated poems has been done by him. After that, Dr. Ramsevak Yadav, professor of English, 'Kurukshetra University' (Haryana) translated my poems, which were collected in the vol. 'After the Forty Poems' (1979). After a long period, 'Exuberance and other poems' (2001) translated by Dr. Ravinandan Sinha (An Indian English poet, professor of English, St. Xavier's college, Ranchi - Jharkhand & Editor — 'The Quest'.) got published in book form.. In 2002 ‘Mahendra Bhatnagar’s Poetry’ was published. It is translated by Dr. H. C. Gupta (Prof. of English, Gwalior – M.P. and an Indian English poet. In the same year, i.e. in 2002 ‘Death-Perception : Life-Perception’ was published. It was translated by a poet of international repute, critic and the editor of ‘Poetcrit’ (Maranda-H.P.) Dr. D. C. Chambial. ‘A Handful of Light’ (2012) was also translated by Dr, D. C. Chambial. Dr. P. Adeswar Rao (Prof. of Hindi & well-known English-translator / Vishakhapatnam-A.P.) translated ‘Passion and Compassion’ (2005). ‘Lyric-Lute’ was published in 2007.It has been translated by Dr. Kalpana Rajput & Dr. Shaleen Kumar Singh. These two talented youths are renowned in the domain of English literature. Poet and critic Kedar Nath Sharma (Delhi) was much interested in my poems. ‘Poems : For A Better World’ (2006) was translated by him. ‘New Enlightened World’ (2010) was translated by Dr. Anshu Bharadwaj (Jaipur-Raj / Aligarh-U.P.) and Dr. Mukesh Sharma (Gwalior-M.P.) Thirty-four poems of ‘Dawn to Dusk’ (2011) have been translated by me and the rest by Prof. Dr. Mukesh Sharma, Kedar Nath Sharma and Prof. Dr. Narendra Sharma ‘Kusum’ (Jaipur-Raj.) Some poems have been translated by Lakshmi Shankar Sharma (Prof. of English, Vikram University, Ujjain-M.P.) and Vareendra Kumar Varma (Prof. of Philosophy & a Hindi poet, Mandsaur-M.P.) The translation-work of these friends is self-inspired. They liked the poems and showed their willingness to translate. How much are you satisfied with the translations? Did you play any role in giving final touch to these translations? Undoubtedly, the English translators of my poems have done a great job and to a large extent they have been successful. How perfect they are from the view of poetic language and diction; this can only be justified by the English scholars. In this connection, following statements are worthy to be mentioned : (1) Renowned literary Dr. Vidya Niwas Mishra observed — 'I have feeling that the vigorous rhythm of the original has not been carried fully to the English translations, may be the barriers of language do not permit its export. The poet has a very sensitive ear for cadences and knows how to use them. .." (Preface : 'FortyPoems of Mahendra Bhatnagar') (2) Prof. R. S. Sharma (Banaras Hindu University) wrote — 'Ravi Nandan Sinha has achieved a fair measure of success in transferring the theme, tone and poetic quality of the Hindi poems into English. ... Dr. Ravi Nandan Sinha has been able to translate the poetic discourse without departing from the literality of the original text." (‘Poet Mahendra Bhatnagar : His Mind And Art', Pages 85 & 86) A lot have been said by other critics also in the edited critical books, viz. ‘Poet Mahendra Bhatnagar : His Mind And Art' & ‘ Concerns and Creation’ (A Study of Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar’s Poetry’). Actually, its elaborate analysis is a matter of independent research work. Yes, I was actually involved in finalizing these translations. In spite of being Hindi speakers they could not make out literal and emotive sense of some words. From this point of view, I did corrections and changes which were acceptable to my translators. Though in doing so, many poems were re-translated by me. In which English magazines were your poems published? In many renowned English monthly, quarterly and half-yearly literary magazines my poems were published and still are being published. Initially, the magazines which published my poems are — ‘The Hindi Review’ (Varanasi), ‘The Literary Half-Yearly’ (Mysore), ‘Macron’ (Hubly), ‘The Contemporary Indian Literature’ (New Delhi), ‘dhara’ (New Delhi), etc. After a gap of long time, in the year 2000 my poems began to appear again in English magazines. Mention can be made of — 'The Quest' (Ranchi-Jh.K.), 'Poetcrit' (Maranda-H.P.)', 'Shine' (Pattukottai-T.N.), 'Indo-Asian Literature' (Delhi), 'Protocol' (Tura-Meghalaya), 'Cyber Literature' (Patna-Bihar), 'Indian Journal of Postcolonial Literatures' (Thodupuzha-Kerala), 'Contemporary Vibes' (Chandigarh), 'Indian Book Chronicle' (Jaipur-Raj.), 'Kohinoor' (Begusarai-Bihar), 'A Hudson View' (New York-U.S.A. / Editor - Dr. Amitabh Mitra, East London, South Africa) and many more. Who are the chief critics of your poems? The prominent critics of my poems are —Dr. Suresh Chandra Dwivedi (Allahabad), Dr. D. C. Chambial (Maranda), Dr. R. K. Bhushan (Jagraon-Panjab), Dr. Anita Myles (Gorakhpur), Mrs. Purnima Ray (Burdwan), Dr. Kalpana Rajput (Badaun), Syt. Kedar Nath Sharma (Delhi), Dr. Shaleen Kumar Singh (Badaun), Dr. O. P. Mathur (Varanasi), Dr. Shubha Dwivedi (Delhi), Prof. R. S. Sharma (Varanasi), Dr. B. C. Dwivedy (Orissa), Dr. A. K. Chaturvedi (Gwalior), Syt. K. K. Shrivastava (Gwalior), Prof. Bijay Kant Dubey (Midnapore), Dr. Kiran Chaudhry (JNU, New Delhi), Dr. P. Hallikeri (Dharwad-Karnatak University), Dr. Patricia Prime (Newzeland) and many more. What is your opinion about the reviews of your English works, published in various journals? I don’t fully believe in reviews. Either they are vocational having the imprint of the relation among editor-critic with the publisher. Thus the authenticity of published reviews is often doubtful. Usually, the review-writers are unaware of significant literary contribution of the reviewed authors. There are so many biased reviews also. Instead of reviews, the critical articles and research papers on my works have been published in various esteemed journals. Afterwards, these articles and research papers were included in published edited critical books. Tell me the names of countries where your Poetry books in English have reached? I don’t know how many foreigners are familiar with my English and French poems. I came into contact with Dr. Patricia Prime, a scholar critic from Newzeland through English journals, who wrote detailed critical articles on my poems; which are included in an edited critical book by Dr. R.K. Bhushan, named ‘Concerns and Creation’ (A Study of Mahendra Bhatnagar’s Poetry). I am not so well-connected with foreign literary personalities. I never gave much attention to that. Mostly, I lived in small towns. Foreign scholars and creative writers usually visit metropolitan cities in India, where one can easily get acquainted with them. I did not venture foreign trips also. I was appointed Professor of Hindi Language & Literature, in The Tashkant State University (U.S.S.R. / 1977 ) , but due to some reasons I could not go there. (See detailed description — ‘Tashkant Context’, ‘Mahendra Bhatnagar-Samagra, Vol. 1, p. 305-309). How much your English poetry is appreciated through the medium of Internet? My English poems reached far and wide in India and abroad through internet also. In establishing connection with writers in India the internet played a very significant role. In the absence of internet I wouldn’t have been connected with so many English writers, poets and editors. Internet is a great facilitator as well as a great friend to a writer. I am connected with so many websites which often publish my poems, reviews and interviews. I also find readers making interesting comments. I have my own independent blog (www.pustakaalay.blogspot.com) I am also on ‘facebook’. My writings are available on Mauritius websites also. What are the results of the expansion of your English translation of poems? My access in non-Hindi provinces became very easy through English translation. Many poets, writers and editors who were unfamiliar with the Hindi language, read my English translations and understood my poetry works. Hindi speakers were also benefitted. Where ever they found doubts, they too got help by English translations. Are there any evaluative books on your English poetry? Two critical books have been published on my English poems : (1) ‘Living Through Challenges : A Study of Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar’s Poetry’ by dr. Bairagi Charan Dwivedi. This book consists of nine chapters, in which English and Orriya writer Dr. B. C. Dwivedi has given his interpretations of my poems. It was published in 2006. The publisher is, ‘Sanjay Prakashan’, New Delhi — 2 (2) ‘Poet Mahendra Bhatnagar : His Mind and Art’ Edited by a renowned poet and critic Dr. Suresh Chandra Dwivedi (Prof. & Head : Allahabad University) and Dr. Shubha Dwivedi (An English Professor of Delhi University) This book consists of thirty-six articles by renowned English authors and poets. This critical book was published in 2007. The publisher is, ‘Vista International Publishing House’, Delhi — 53. [This book consists of an independent critical part also of those of my poems which are translated into French. My one-hundred-eight poems are translated into French by former Prof. of French of ‘Burdwan University’ (West Bengal) Mrs. Purnima Ray. This French part includes five critical articles written in French by well-known French professors of India.] This book was published in 2004, titled as — 'A Modern Indian Poet Dr. Mahendra Bhatnagar : Un Poe`te Indien Et Moderne' The publisher is ‘Indian Publishers Distributors’, Delhi — 7 (3) Third evaluative book on my poetry ‘Concerns and Creation’ (A study of Mahendra Bhatnagar’s Poetry) is under press. This book has been edited by a renowned English poet and critic Dr. R. K. Bhushan. It includes my interviews also. Has any research work been done in English on your poetic achievements? If yes, where? (1) One Doctoral level research work on my English poetry has been done at ‘Madurai Kamraj University’, Madurai — 625 021 (Tamil Nadu) / 2012. Topic : 'Post-Independence Voice For Social Harmony And Humanism : A Study Of Selected Poems of Mahendra Bhatnagar'. The name of the research scholar is Rama Krishnan Karthikeyan, Lecturer, PAC Ramasamy Raja Poly Technic College, Rajapalayam — 626 117 [T.N.] Supervisor : Dr. G. (Gavarappan) Baskaran, Reader in English, VHNSN College, VirudhuNagar — 626 001 [T.N.] Besides this, two special research papers have been published. One on my latest collection of poetry ‘Passion and Compassion’ and other a comparative study. (2) 'A Critical Explication Of Mahendra Bhatnagar's 'Passion And Compassion' by Dr. Anita Myles. This paper was published in 'Indian Literature' A journal published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. No. 233,May-June 2006, Vol. L. No. 3) (3) 'Death beyond the Borders of Despondency in the poetry of D. C.Chambial and Mahendra Bhatnagar' by Dr. Kalpana Rajput. This research paper was published in 'Indian Journal of Postcolonial Literatures' (An International Refereed Biannual) (Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2011) of the Newman College, Thodupuzha-Kerala — Centre For English Studies and Research. Who has taken your interviews in English and where have they got published? Two, special my interviews in English have been published. (1) First interview was published prominently in 'Contemporary Vibes' (Chandigarh). This interview was taken by Mr. Anil Kumar Sharma, the editor of 'Contemporary Vibes' , poet and story writer. (2) The second interview was taken by Dr.Nilanshu Kumar Agarwal, Associate Professor of English, Feroze Gandhi College, Rae Bareli (U.P.), which was published in two renowned magazines: * ‘Bilingual Poetic Voice: An Interview with Mahendra Bhatnagar’. (Indian Journal of Postcolonial Literatures (Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala). (July-Dec. 2008). * 'An Interview with Mahendra Bhatnagar' (Wild Violet. (Philadelphia). 8.1 / Summer 2009). This interview is available on many websites also. How many English Journals have put you on their Advisory Boards? I am on the Advisory Board of two English Journals of international repute : (1) Poetcrit (Estd. 1988) - An International Bi-annual Refereed Journal of Literary Criticism & Contemporary Poetry. Edited by Dr. D. C. Chambial and published from Maranda-H.P. (2) Indian Journal of POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURES (Estd. 2000). An International Refereed Bi-annual Journal. Edited by Sr. Alphonsa P. O. and published from Thdupuzha-Kerala. (3) I am also one of the patron of an English website ‘www. creative saplings.com’, edited by Dr. Shaleen Kumar Singh. How logical do you consider your discussion in the history of Indian English Poetry? I don’t know whether I am mentioned in the history of Indian English Poetry. I remained rather indifferent in this direction. Many Indian English writers don’t know anything about me. My connection with Indian English writers is limited. Your poems have been translated into other foreign languages also viz. Czech, French, Japanese, Nepali etc. It is natural, in their comparison, English translations of your poems are more famous and read more. What do you feel about all your achievements? Undoubtedly, the translations of my poems in Czech, English, French, Japanese, Nepali etc. and their publications in various journals is special and significant. It reflects the qualitative value of my poetry. But, I feel that I could not still able to write remarkable poems, in a true sense. I feel a strange restlessness towards my creativity, after completing 85. I want to express so many things, but the time is fleeting. Mental and physical problems don’t allow me to relax and feel comfortable. How many of your English works are expected to get published in near future? Poetry is the chief mode of my creativity. Unfortunately, poetry is highly neglected. The publishers are not at all interested in publishing poetry books, because the publication of poetry books is not profitable from business point of view. I don’t think so — that the people have been less interested in poetry or their enthusiasm is decreasing these days. Everybody wants to enjoy simple poems. Provided that such poems may reach to them. Everybody hums in happiness and sorrow, sings with emotions. However intellectual a person may be. His relation to poetry can never fade away. The need is to create easy- simple poems and to publish their low-cost editions. So, when I see that the publishers are not willing to publish poetry collections, I become depressed. It is wonderful that the first editions of my poetry collections published without any delay, but publications of their new editions, is really not so easy. Thus, I have decided to prepare subject-wise anthologies of my poems. I have divided my whole poetry writing into five parts : (1) Engraved on the Canvas of Time (Poems of Social Harmony & Humanism, Realistic & Visionary Aspects.) (2) Life : As It Is (Poems of Faith & Optimism, Delight & Pain, Philosophy of Life.) (3) Love Poems (4) Nature Poems (5) Death-Perception : Life-Perception I am trying to get published these anthologies. At present, these anthologies are available on internet. What is the motive of your poetry? The utility of poetry to individual and society is beyond suspicion. Among the chief elements of poetry (feeling, thought, imagination, art / technique) the element of emotion (feeling) stimulates the mind most. The poetry is desirable in the sense that being an emotional statement it holds the capacity of shaking our consciousness. Poetry affects us more than any other literary form. It influences man, makes him active and awakens his aesthetic sense. So long as the man exists, the poetry will also exist. The help of poetry has been taken from times immemorial to expand the humanity, to maintain harmony and love between men, to raise patriotic love, to enforce conscience during the moment of pain, to express true joy etc. A poem proves a good medium of entertainment also by giving joy and pleasure (Though, the main aim of poetry is not entertainment but to give artistic shape to emotional and sublime thoughts and experiences; yet, entertainment has its own significance.)

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Northwestern University professor David Kelso is the leader of a research team that has developed an HIV test for infants of mothers who have tested positive for the virus. The new device is designed to help women and children in sub-Saharan Africa. (Chris Walker, Chicago Tribune) In HIV-plagued sub-Saharan Africa, it can take up to three months for mothers to learn whether their babies have been infected with the deadly virus, delaying what could be life-sustaining treatment. Many of the far-flung and rudimentary public health clinics aren't equipped with basic services like reliable electricity and refrigeration, let alone the sophisticated laboratories required to process HIV tests for infants. As a result, tests must be sent off to a lab. Because of that delay, even among women willing to walk miles to get their infants tested, more than half never receive the results. Researchers at Northwestern University say they are on the verge of addressing the problem. On Friday, they plan to unveil a new HIV test for infants of mothers who have tested positive for the virus, which promises to produce a result in less than an hour at a palatable cost. The researchers say the product could be a breakthrough for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, where an estimated 22.5 million live with the virus, representing more than two-thirds of the global total, according to 2009 figures from UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS. Infants diagnosed early can be placed on anti-retroviral drugs that help manage the disease for decades. More than half of those who aren't treated die within two years, according to the UN data. Designed by David Kelso, a Northwestern biomedical engineering professor, with the help of Abbott Laboratories, Quidel Corp. and others, the new device is targeted specifically for testing infants in rural Africa. The effort, funded largely through a $5 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, has been a decade in the making and underscores the gap in delivering much-needed medical care in developing nations in the absence of a guaranteed corporate profit. Snap tests for HIV in adults are widely available in Africa because there's a huge market. But they don't work on infants because they measure antibodies, a protein the body produces in response to infection. Because the vast majority of infants in Africa are breast-fed, nearly all receive the antibodies from their mothers and test positive for HIV. But that doesn't mean they have the virus itself. Existing tests for infants in the developed world rely on expensive and sophisticated equipment. Kelso's device is about the size of a single-slice toaster and is battery-powered. It was designed to be used by less experienced nurses or community health workers and is estimated to cost less than $500. His team aims to drive the cost of performing each test below $10 and get the equipment in as many rural public health clinics as possible. The plan is for mothers of infants who test positive to leave the clinic with at least a month's supply of anti-retroviral drugs. Dr. Elaine Abrams, a leading HIV researcher and professor of pediatrics and epidemiology at Columbia University in New York, said the device is a welcome innovation but said it is "a big leap" to think it will result in significantly more HIV-positive infants receiving treatment. The Northwestern researchers intend to tackle that question in a clinical trial scheduled to begin early next year in Mozambique. The device will first be evaluated in five clinics in the capital city of Maputo and eventually be expanded to rural settings, where researchers will measure the accuracy of the test, how availability affects the number of infants tested and how many of those found to be HIV-positive are treated. Results from a first round of trials conducted in South Africa earlier this year were promising. In a sample of 634 infants, researchers found the device was 99.4 percent specific — meaning there's less than a 1 percent chance that the test would produce a false positive — and 95 percent sensitive, meaning there's a 5 percent chance they'll miss an infected baby. "A 5 percent error may sound really large," Kelso said. "But it's better than the current methods available in some countries … where less than half of those results ever get reported to the mothers. With those procedures, there's a 50 percent chance a positive baby isn't going to get detected." The effort to develop the device began about a decade ago and involved Kelso teaming with Kara Palamountain, a health care consultant who was pursuing an MBA at Northwestern and had an interest in Africa. After Kelso won the Gates Foundation award, he turned to North Chicago-based Abbott Laboratories, his former employer and a major international player in the HIV test device market, for help. The company agreed to lend two proprietary antibodies to Kelso for use in his research and provided lab space and scientists. As part of their agreement, Abbott had first right of refusal on marketing and distributing the product with the caveat that it must provide the equipment for humanitarian missions at cost.

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Madison, WI (Northland's NewsCenter) The first year of an online site developed to collect reports of black bear and bobcat sightings from citizens produced more than 800 reports. This information has been valuable in documenting presence and range expansion for both species, according to wildlife biologists. “Given that black bears are common in the northern third of Wisconsin, we are taking a special interest in sightings within areas designated as ‘occasional’ or ‘rare’ on the distribution map,” said Brian Dhuey wildlife surveys researcher with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Black bear population and distribution in Wisconsin information is available on the DNR website. Black bears have been reported in 51 of Wisconsin’s 72 counties in 2011 via the online reporting site. Of those 51 counties, 23 lie in the rare or occasionally sighted areas on the black bear distribution map. “Many times these southern bears are young males that are dispersing after being emancipated from their mothers,” said Linda Olver, DNR bear biologist. “However, we have also had reports of sows with young in both Iowa and Sauk counties.” Of the 550 black bear observations reported so far this year, 76 percent were lone bears. Only 24 percent of observations reported multiple bears; typically these groups are sow with cubs, sow with yearling, or multiple yearling bears seen together. Of the total observations, 81 percent occurred in April, May, or June. In addition to location information, observers are asked about the observation site habitat. Most black bears are reported along roads/roadsides or in residential areas. Play it safe: Black bears are powerful wild animals. They can move with astonishing speed and should be treated with caution and respect. But wildlife officials say attacks by black bears on humans are very rare. Olver has the following advice for people who may encounter a bear: “If a bear is near your home, wave your arms and make noise to scare the bear away from a safe position. If you find yourself unexpectedly close to a bear, back away slowly, do not turn and run. Go inside or take refuge in a vehicle and wait for the bear to leave. In most cases bears are attracted to homes because of easily available food found in bird feeders, pet dishes and garbage cans. If the bear has found food one or more times, it will likely return. When food is no longer available, the visits will likely stop.” More than 300 bobcats have been reported via the online reporting site by 170 individuals. Unlike black bears, bobcats are to be reported statewide. Bobcats have been reported in 56 of 72 counties. Only 8 percent of observations report sightings of multiple bobcats. Bobcats were observed in upland forests (30 percent of observations) followed by roads/roadsides (15 percent of observations) most frequently. Trail cameras -- often placed in the woods as scouting tools or as a hobby – accounted for 47 percent of bobcat observations. These photographs are especially valuable for documenting bobcats as they are secretive animals and tracking their distribution is often difficult. Photos of bobcats or black bears can be sent to wildlife management directly from the reporting form. All photos can be viewed on the department’s trail camera gallery. People can continue to report bobcat sightings statewide and black bear sighting in the southern one-third of Wisconsin. These reports are adding to biologists’ knowledge of where these animals are calling home in Wisconsin.

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How 'Saving The Net' may kill it The engineer's case against Net Neutrality Interview If you've followed the occasionally surreal, and often hysterical debate around 'Net Neutrality' on US blogs and discussion forums, you may have encountered Richard Bennett. The veteran engineer played a role in the design of the internet we use today, and helped shaped Wi-Fi. He's also been blogging for a decade. And he doesn't suffer fools gladly. Bennett argues that the measures proposed to 'save' the internet, which in many cases are sincerely held, could hasten its demise. Network congestion is familiar to anyone's who has ever left a BitTorrent client running at home, and it's the popularity of such new applications that makes better network management an imperative if we expect VoIP to work well. The problem, he says, is that many of the drafts proposed to ensure 'Net Neutrality' would prohibit such network management, and leave VoIP and video struggling. We invited him to explain, from a historical perspective. Q: You say the internet is breaking down. Why? A: Remember that the internet isn't the network - it was a means of interconnecting networks - historically Ethernets, but now WiFi and WiMax and others as well. It was a fashion in network design at the time to distribute functionality to the edge of the network. Ethernet was designed like this - the network was just a cable. Control was just in the conversion layer in the transceivers at each point where a system tapped-in to the cable, which did transmissions, looked for collisions, and if there was did backoff and attempted to retry transmission. It was a completely distributed system, and TCP/IP was based on this. Primarily TCP/IP was a way of connecting Ethernets, so the assumption was that it was going to be running over Ethernet; and it was optimized for the Ethernet case. So it should generalize. The primary problem protocol designers had at the time was that a fast server didn't overrun a slow client. The TCP/IP windowing mechanism was a way of solving that problem; so it didn't get overrun. So on January 1, 1983 when TCP/IP was deployed, it all worked fine. Primarily the net was used for email. Then there were more FTP sessions, and it began to melt down. So people were writing a lot of papers in mid-1984 about what was then called "congestion collapse" Some of the design features of TCP windowing actually made congestion worse; so protocol engineers went to work. They made enhancements to TCP such as Exponential Backoff - another thing stolen directly from old Ethernet and Slow Start - where the initial window size is small. They re-engineered TCP to solve IP's congestion problem. Today, the internet is only stable to the extent people are using TCP over it. People also tend to miss that you can defeat TCP's attempt to limit traffic over something less than congestion of the backbone if you simply have multiple instances of TCP. So this congestion management is based on TCP controlling packet traffic, but it depends on it being used in a very gentlemanly fashion. But running BitTorrent is not nearly as gentlemanly. When it's delayed, it spins off more and more threads and tries harder to get more traffic. And remember that with non-TCP applications, such as UDP, they don't have any congestion management at all. UDP is a stateless protocol, and VoIP and IPTV use RTP, a version of UDP. Q: So you object because it cripples network management? A: On the technical side, my objection to the 'Net Neutrality' bills (Markey, Snowe-Dorgan, Sensenbrnner, Wyden) is the ban on for-fee Quality of Service [QoS]. QoS is a legitimate service offering, especially in the day of BitTorrent and what's to follow it. QoS is perfectly permissible under the original architecture of the Internet - IP packets have a Type of Service field - and it's necessary if you want to offer telco-quality voice. The original architecture was flawed in that it didn't have overload protection. TCP was hacked in the late 80s to provide overload protection, but that's the wrong place to put it because it's easily defeated by running several TCP streams per end point. Who does that? Only HTTP and every other new protocol. Thus, End-to-End is fine for error recovery in file transfer programs, not so fine for congestion control in the interior links of the Internet. For the latter, we need QoS, MPLS, and address-based quotas. In the name of opening up the Internet for big content, the 'Net Neutrality' bills criminalize good network management and business practices. Why can't we have more than one service class on the Internet? Even Berners-Lee says that's OK, but the bills he claims to support forbid it. Something's not right in this 'net neutrality' movement. Q: So what fires the 'End to End' utopians? A: When Ethernet was being designed, people felt a hub is a control point - so they came up with this decentralized, "democratic" p2p grassroots model. It seems to be an aesthetic call. People make some connection between the structure of the network, and the structure of decision making in our political system. So when you have hubs and monitors and filters, they're authoritarian. These people are more concerned with the metaphorical value of network architecture than the utility of the network architecture. At some level they've thoroughly convinced themselves of it - that End to End is really best thing from engineering point of view. But they're not qualified to make that judgment. The Stevens Bill has now become a consumers bill of rights, enshrining the four freedoms that [former FCC chief] Michael Powell articulated. The problem isn't just that packet networks aren't like the political system - they're not really like the switched network. A lot of 'Net Neutrality' thinking is coming from traditional telco regulation - the same common carrier principles that were refined for telegraph and the early Bell monopoly. But this needs to be rethought. Certainly packet networks like the internet are becoming a more important part of our society - and they have unique properties compared to circuit switched networks, just as oxcarts on dirt roads have unique properties and have to make routing decisions! If we're honest, we don't know how to regulate the internet at a technical level. But we should stop pretending it's a telephone network, and see how it handles packets. The 'net neutrality' lobby is saying all packets are equal - but that's unsound and even inconsistent with common carrier law. There's nothing to stop a transport offering different service levels for different prices. They all seem to be worried that ISPs have secret plan to sell top rank - to pick a search engine that loads faster than anyone else's. But it's not clear that a), anyone has done that; b), that it's technically achievable; or c) that it is necessarily abusive; or d) that their customers would stand for it.

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By J. Travis Foreshadowing a time when a patient's own cells may be harvested, multiplied, and fashioned into a replacement organ, researchers in Boston have successfully transplanted laboratory-grown bladders into six beagles. "This is the first demonstration that you can engineer a complete organ and replace the native organ with [it]," says David J. Mooney of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, who is attempting to grow artificial livers. For a century, physicians have replaced diseased or damaged bladders by removing sections of a person's intestines and shaping them into a substitute bladder. While the procedure offers some relief to patients, complications often develop because nature designed intestinal tissue for a purpose—absorbing nutrients—other than holding urine. "You start absorbing stuff that should be excreted," says Anthony Atala of the Children's Hospital in Boston. Other physicians have turned to human-made materials to create artificial bladders, but those efforts have also run into problems. Consequently, to build a better bladder, Atala and his colleagues decided to employ the organ's own cells. The bladder is essentially a hollow vessel with an outer layer of muscle cells and an inner lining of urothelial cells, which form an impermeable reservoir for urine. While bladder-muscle cells grow readily in the laboratory, urothelial cells have frustrated scientists for many years. "The big step forward was finding the right soup—the right combination of growth factors—that would make these cells grow," says Atala. Indeed, he and his colleagues can now take a bladder sample no larger than a postage stamp and, within 6 weeks, grow enough urothelial cells to cover a football field. To turn the cells into an organ, the researchers first mold biodegradable plastic into a bladder-shaped shell. They then coat the outside with layers of muscle cells and the inside with urothelial cells. To test this strategy, Atala's group procured bladder tissue from beagles and grew it into organs. After removing the dogs' bladders, the investigators implanted the artificial ones derived from the beagles' own cells. Within a month, the organs began to perform like normal bladders, the researchers report in the February Nature Biotechnology. Within 3 months, the plastic shells had degraded, and the transplanted organs were hard to distinguish from natural ones. Blood vessels quickly grew into them. Moreover, nerves seem to form proper connections with the new organs, allowing the dogs to regain normal control of their bladders. Some dogs have had the artificial bladders for nearly a year without any problems. The beagles' recovery of bladder control was a pleasant surprise for Atala, who had expected that any dog receiving the artificial organ would need a catheter to drain away urine buildup. People with bladders made from intestinal tissue must use such catheters, he notes. The new artificial bladders may prove useful for the many thousands of people whose own organ has been ravaged by cancer or damaged by an infection or injury. Even people born with defective bladders might have a healthy one grown from their own cells, says Atala. While the bladders of dogs closely resemble those of people, Atala cautions that more testing of this transplant strategy must occur before artificial bladders are ready for the clinic. "If you're a dog with a bladder problem, you may be set, but it's always a significant challenge to translate things you can do in an animal model to things you can do in people," agrees Mooney. Lorenz, C., and B.M. Schaefer. 1999. Reconstructing a urinary bladder. Nature Biotechnology 17(February):133. Oberpenning, F. . . . and A. Atala. 1999. De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nature Biotechnology 17(February):149. Department of Urology Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapeutics Boston, MA 02115 David J. Mooney University of Michigan Dept of Chemical Engineering 3074 H.H. Dow Building Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136 From Science News, Vol. 155, No. 7, February 13, 1999, p. 101. Copyright © 1999, Science Serv

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The cross ring method broke off the fault of the phono- cartridge. It merges the center point of the coil of right and left by letting the coil of right and left cross. The ability to regenerate of the LP improved drastically by making the center point the fulcrum. I was able to cancel the most of the cause of the conventional big distortion.. There were two big problems in a conventional phono- cartridge. The conventional phono- cartridge installs a square iron core to a cantilever and winds up a coil to the iron core. And it installs a wire in the center of the iron core. And it is fixed through a rubber damper in York. Therefore the movement point is located in a rubber damper in the outside of the coil. There is the cross-shaped thing to the iron core, too. Those methods become the electricity generating system of the magnetic induction type that they used a core of the iron for so that movement point is separated from a coil. Therefore the piece of iron put in a magnetic field is strongly attracted to a magnet, and it is not thought that it is possible for free, correct movement. In addition, the movement point is vague because a wire is a bending part. The vague fulcrum cannot convey the movement of the tip to a coil precisely. I can predict such a thing at a point in time to design the structure. And a cross ring method was devised. The cross ring method broke off the big fault of the conventional phono- cartridge. The cross ring method synchronizes the center point of the coil of right and left and enables correct reproduction by assuming the center point a clear movement point. In addition, I can change an iron core into resin because a movement point is located in a coil. It lost the influence of the magnetic force again lightly and enabled correct movement by freedom.

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In 1939, “Gone with the Wind” swept the Oscars. The year of its release, it saw unprecedented success. Most people believed that the film would fail. It had too many things going against it. Vivien Leigh was almost completely unknown and she was playing the role of Scarlett with a major star like Clark Gable. Many doubted whether she could hold up her side of the narrative. Also, the cost of production on the film seemed like more than could ever be made back in the box office. This description from the 1939 Oscars gives a portrayal of the success of “Gone with the Wind.” The film was nominated for ten Academy awards, more than any movie before it. It ended up winning eight of those ten. One of the Oscars given out that night was Best Supporting Actress, given to Hattie McDaniel for her portrayal of Mammy. It was the first Oscar ever given to a Black woman. “Gone with the Wind” had record setting success. This chapter in the book demonstrates that success. It lists the various award nominations as well as the winner. It also gives some details about that year and the events surrounding it. This information leads to an understanding of the impact of the film.

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BWV 81 The familiar story of Jesus stilling the waves is placed in between two of the most mysterious stories in Matthew. First is the peculiar exhortation by Jesus to the man who wants to bury his dead father. Jesus says to him: "Let the dead bury their dead." After our story Jesus and the disciples run two men infested with devils. They induce a herd of pigs to jump over a cliff and destroy themselves. Some of the oddness of these two tales informs Bach's setting of the stilling of the waves. Instead of opening with the tempest, Bach's first aria for alto invokes a kind of otherworldly calm with gently swaying recorders doubling the muted strings. The cantata then moves on to one of the most ferocious of all of Bach's storm scenes. Here the rolling waves of the strings are punctuated by the hysterical coloratura of the tenor. The austere bass aria scolding the disciples for their lack of faith is followed by the controlled fury of the two oboes d'amore and strings while the bass stills the waves. Only a short perfunctory recitative follows leading into a magical harmonization of the great chorale, "Jesu meine Freude."

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Last week, Pope Francis gave his first major speech on economics. In it, he demanded more government control over the economy, decried the gap between the rich and poor, and called on the world’s leaders to end “the tyranny of money.” We should all be concerned about the plight of the poor. Unfortunately, the pope’s comments miss the mark in several key ways. 1. Nothing in human history has done as much to alleviate human poverty as free-market capitalism. This shouldn’t even be a controversial statement. Before the Industrial Revolution, the entire world lived in far worse poverty than the pope’s slum-dwelling parishioners in (socialist) Argentina did when he was the archbishop of Buenos Aires. Moreover, humans had lived in that level of extreme poverty since at least Noah’s flood. Were there redistribution schemes in ancient Rome, ancient Egypt, and ancient China? Of course, and they are well documented. Did they lift anyone out of primitivism? No, they did not. To give just one example of how capitalism reduces suffering: Capitalism has eliminated famine from most of the world. The steps by which it did this were not obvious, and were entirely profit-driven. Someone invented a steam engine. Someone figured out how to attach steam engines to boats and trains. Some other people put up their hard-earned capital to invest in building boats and trains. Someone else thought of using new technology to can food. Someone built warehouses. None of this was done for charity. But one day there was a famine, and so someone shipped trainloads of canned goods to the starving people. It took the genius of the market to conquer want. We can tell similar stories about everything from polio to tooth brushes. But the bottom line is, well, the bottom line. The poorest in capitalist countries live better — in all the ways that count most — than kings did just a century or two ago. Though rare even in the early 20th century, indoor plumbing is now almost universal in much of the world, and there are more cell phones than toilets. African children living in huts take courses on iPhones. The poorest illegal alien can walk into any emergency room in America — before Obamacare — and be treated with state-of-the-art equipment no one could have paid for just five years ago, for free. Socialism produced none of this. Indeed, socialism feeds off the wealth and ingenuity of others. The pope should not rail against what free markets haven’t yet done without first thanking God for what they have done. 2. Capitalism is the societal fulfillment of the Golden Rule. For those who missed Sunday school, Jesus taught people to “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” No economic system realizes this principle as thoroughly as capitalism. What do I mean? It’s simple. In a capitalist economy, for me to make a single penny, I must first think about my potential customer. What does she need? What does she want? What problems does she have, and how can I solve them? How can I make her life better? Only then, after thinking through all this, can I offer her a product. And then she has an opportunity to purchase my product — or not purchase it. I can invest my entire life savings in addressing her needs and still be paid absolutely nothing for my efforts. This is the Golden Rule. Even when people aren’t consciously seeking to do good, capitalism forces them to put others before themselves. And while every other economic system relies on coercion, capitalism leaves people truly free. 3. The Bible precludes every other economic system. As Pope Francis should know better than most, the Bible is no friend of socialism. The Ten Commandments — especially the commandment against stealing and the commandment against coveting — directly conflict with socialism. In fact, several biblical passages contradict socialist principles. When King Ahab nationalizes Naboth’s vineyard, the Lord roundly condemns him. Jesus commends the entrepreneur who multiplies his money, while condemning the employee who buries his stake, giving the money entrusted to that “wicked servant” to the more successful investor and casting the failure “into outer darkness.” Does this make the Bible harshly Darwinian? No, this makes the Bible consistent. There is no virtue in taking someone else’s money to do “your” good works. Capitalism permits the massive multiplication of wealth for all members of society. Pope Francis is absolutely right to call on the wealthy to be more generous with what they have. But he is dangerously wrong to ignore how capitalism serves humanity. Sadly, this sort of confused teaching hobbles Christianity. It demonizes exactly the sort of wealth creation Jesus demanded, and thus all the good works that could be done as a result. And those works are not limited to charity. As Ronald Reagan used to say, “The best jobs program is a job.” Pope Francis — and the world — would do well to learn this.

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Cosmetics come into closer contact with our bodies than perhaps any other products. We need to be sure that using shampoo will not cause our hair to fall out, that the toothpaste will not damage our teeth and that the face creams and sunscreen products will not harm our skin. To ensure an adequate level of consumer protection, EU legislation on cosmetics requires that every cosmetic product placed on the market in Europe is safe to use. It dates back to the 1976 Cosmetics Directive: thus, the EU has had more than three decades to establish high uniform safety requirements across all Member States. Moreover, the rules have been amended over 50 times since 1976 in order to follow technical developments. EU legislators are advised by scientific committees on issues related to the safety and allergenic properties of cosmetic products and ingredients. The safety of cosmetic products and their ingredients has to be underpinned by scientific assessment and testing, and the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) is fully equipped to play a role in this area. International Cooperation on Cosmetic Regulation The International Cooperation on Cosmetics Regulation (ICCR) is an international group of cosmetic regulatory authorities from the United States, Japan the European Union, and Canada. This multilateral framework maintains the highest level of global consumer protection, while minimizing barriers to international trade. In this context, the IHCP collaborates with the Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection, providing scientific advice and technical support. Trace of prohibited substances in cosmetic products The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) is currently engaged in research to improve the understanding of potential health risks posed by harmful contaminants in cosmetics. Whereas the EU legislation prohibits the intentional use of harmful substances, like lead, in cosmetics, small impurities can easily be present in the raw materials. On the one hand, good manufacturing practices must be used in the cosmetics industry in order to ensure that these impurities are maintained at levels which are protective for health. On the other hand, reliable analytical methods must be available in order to promptly detect products on the market that may contain higher levels of these dangerous contaminants. With its long standing experience in methods development and validation, the IHCP is fully equipped for this challenge. Support to Innovation The Cosmetics industry sector has an innovative nature, and the IHCP has a strong role to play. Continued vigilance is required on the application of new technologies in the cosmetics industry, like the use of nanoparticles as cosmetics ingredients. At the same time, the development of non-animal testing methods is a major challenge for EURL ECVAM (the European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing), hosted by IHCP.

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Parents often struggle to find the right way to help their shy child with a neuromuscular disease James — a hypothetical boy — is 14 and has Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). James has always been a little reserved around strangers, but over the past several years — especially since he lost the ability to feed himself — he has become increasingly resistant about going out in public, to the point that his mother practically has to beg him to go to a movie. He refuses to attend MDA summer camp (never has gone), won't participate in school activities and has no friends outside of immediate family members. At home, James likes to play video and computer games and watch sports on TV. His only social outings are to occasional sporting events. On the whole, James appears to be quite content in the little cocoon he's created for himself. |Jessica Hollinger is shy but "it's not a problem," her mom says.| His parents, however, feel concerned and confused about the situation. On the one hand, they rationalize that if James is happy, shouldn't they be happy, too? After all, James has little control over most areas of his life. Whenever possible, shouldn't he be able to do what makes him happy and avoid things he doesn't like? On the other hand, James' parents have always wanted to make his life "as normal as possible." Doesn't "normal" include having at least one outside friend? Isn't there value in taking risks and creating a life separate from that of your parents? James' mother wonders if she should force him to join a school club or go to MDA summer camp, but she's somewhat resigned to leaving things alone. "This is what he wants," she sighs. James may be made up, but his situation isn't. Parents of shy children with neuromuscular diseases frequently struggle with the same question: To push or not to push? American society has a preference for extroverts: people who enjoy the external world of things, people and activities. In a culture in which 75 percent of the population tests out as extroverted on personality tests, there is a certain wariness toward the 25 percent who are introverts: people who prefer the internal world of thoughts and feelings. Is there something wrong with these people? Of course not. Almost everybody feels shy and wants to withdraw from the world sometimes. And for some people, such as 12-year-old Jessica Hollinger, being reserved around new people and social situations is simply part of their natural dispositions. Jessica has "always been shy around strangers," recalls her mother, Evelyn, of Leroy, N.Y. "After she sees an individual for a while she starts to open up but it takes quite a while. Usually when people come over, she sticks close to Mom and won't talk." An only child and one of the rare girls with DMD, Jessica doesn't get together with any friends outside of school. She's happy hanging out with her mom, grandparents, Nintendo, computer games, TV and hobbies, and has never gone to MDA summer camp. "I tried to talk to her about it, but she doesn't want to be far away from me," Evelyn says. Evelyn isn't worried about her daughter's shyness. "I believe this is a good situation. She's happy in what she does. We go out shopping and to dinner, and we've gone to Disney World twice. It's not a problem." The problem begins when parents fear that their child's introversion has gone too far and is negatively affecting his or her life. Besides having a natural disposition, there are a variety of reasons why a child might act shy and withdrawn, from being nervous in a new situation to being the victim of abuse. Some children lack good social skills for making and keeping friends. In extreme cases, a child might have social anxiety disorder (SAD), a psychological disorder. The conditions around having a neuromuscular disease also can cause reclusive behavior in children who aren't naturally reserved — and aggravate it in those who are. Children may feel alienated and shy around their classmates as a result of frequent absences from school. They may fear taking risks, or they may have lacked opportunities to mix with peers. When children have learning disabilities or attention deficit disorder (a potential effect of some neuromuscular diseases), they often can have more trouble making friends, resulting in social isolation. Being teased or bullied is another big factor that can cause a child to withdraw. Thirteen-year-old Tim, who has Becker muscular dystrophy, endures endless harassment during gym class because he can't keep up with the others. A bright kid who has difficulty verbalizing his thoughts, Tim has few friends and a lot of anger. "He has his days when he doesn't want to be with anybody. He just wants to be left alone," says Sherry, his great-aunt and guardian. (Sherry asked that only first names be used in this article.) The family and local MDA health care services coordinator are working with the school to reduce the teasing, andTim's therapists are helping him develop coping strategies. As contradictory as it may seem, another possible cause of social isolation in children with neuromuscular diseases is coddling — parental overindulgence and weak discipline. Parents who are coping with their own grief and guilt sometimes inadvertently fall into this trap. "Children who are coddled are given the message (totally unintentionally) that they are the center of the universe and everyone should revolve around them. Not a great way to make friends," observes Joan Fleitas, an associate professor of nursing at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Conn., and founder of Band-aides and Blackboards, a Web site for chronically ill children who go to school. Discipline means setting and enforcing a consistent set of rules and expectations for your child, and is an essential part of making a child's life "as normal as possible," says Arden Peters, a psychologist who runs MDA family support groups in Wichita, Kan. "Good, loving discipline is vital to the development of self-esteem and self-confidence, and having courage and stamina in the face of hardship. The child learns behavior that helps them be accepted by others." Coddling produces kids who are "self-centered and demanding, who don't have good boundaries and who tend to feel a little unsettled and insecure," Peters says. "They don't have good fortitude in facing other hardships." When children cling excessively to their parents, Peters again blames well-intentioned permissiveness. "Usually, the child has been given more control in their life than is good for them. The parents haven't expected as much from them as they are capable of doing. Mom or Dad needs to say: ‘This isn't a choice. You are going.'" Children with neuromuscular diseases may also feel embarrassed about being different — being slow, using a wheelchair, wearing leg braces, needing help in the bathroom, etc. They can be especially sensitive during adolescence, when embarrassment can lead to avoiding social contact. Brian Miller of Union, Ky., doesn't consider himself either shy or introverted, but his mom, Sharon, believes otherwise. "Hard-headed, stubborn and somewhat of an introvert" is how she lovingly describes her 19-year-old son, who has DMD. When Brian became a virtual recluse in his early teens, Sharon and her husband, Jim, grew concerned. "For several years he refused to go out of the house, only to school. He refused to go to any family functions," she recounts. "I believe it was because most places were not handicap-accessible and much commotion had to be made just to get into someone's home or a restaurant. He didn't, and still doesn't, like the attention he draws in such situations. |Brian Miller came out of his shell after his parents pushed him to help manage the high school football team.| "Body image has been a huge issue with Brian. He is very self-conscious about the way he looks and the way he looks in his wheelchair. He refused to allow the doctors to modify his wheelchair for fear that it wouldn't look ‘cool.'" Sharon felt that Brian's isolation was unhealthy and indicated an excessive self-consciousness. "I believe he amplifies the way he perceives that others see him," she explains. In addition, his refusal to participate wasn't fair to the rest of the family, who had to leave someone home with Brian while the others went out. About this time, a few of his high school teachers encouraged Brian to become part of the football and basketball teams as a manager. Brian didn't want to try it, but Sharon insisted. "We had to force the issue," she says. "We just made him go to the games and practices. We took him down on the field, and once he did it a few times he liked it." This experience helped other students see Brian in a new light, and he began to make friends and participate in dances, games and extracurricular activities. "It seemed like the kids weren't so cruel after they got to know Brian better," Sharon says. "It helped pull him out of his shell. He has become quite a different person socially because of the involvement he finally accepted at school." Looking back, Sharon wishes she'd done some things differently. Although initially it seemed easier to let Brian stay home than to struggle with accommodations and his attitude, now she says, "I would push him a little harder to participate in family functions and school activities. You just live day to day with this disease, and at the time we just didn't realize what a problem it would become." How can a parent of a shy or isolated child tell when it's wise to push, when to gently tweak and when to leave well enough alone? First of all, try to determine the cause of the reclusive behavior. "If it is due to the child's natural disposition, you can't change that," Arden Peters says. "Instead, you can help the child learn how to compensate." Working together with the school, parents can teach the child appropriate responses to different social situations, set up nonthreatening interactions and reward every risk their son or daughter takes, no matter how small. (This is also valuable for children with learning disabilities who lack intuitive social skills.) See "Tips for Making Friends." "But don't go too strongly against their nature," Peters advises. "There are a lot of shy people who are very happy and well adjusted. You need to determine if your son or daughter is suffering in some way or if they are basically OK. Parents should relax if they think their child is happy." But what if the child isn't happy? "Severe shyness and withdrawal can indicate other problems, such as lack of self-confidence and self-esteem, or even an abuse situation," says Mara Rubio, a therapist and clinical social worker in El Paso, Texas, who leads MDA parent support groups. "It may indicate an issue where the kid is struggling to fit in or there might be some teasing going on." Communication is key in these circumstances. Listen to the child, don't talk at him, Rubio recommends. Resist the urge to try to fix all the child's problems with criticism and advice. Instead, during a quiet moment, throw out a question and give your child room to respond: "So how are things going during recess? What's up with your friends these days?" Find out what the child wishes would happen in these situations, even if he says he doesn't care. If all your questions are met with grunts and "I dunno's," at least let the child know you're available to talk if he or she chooses. And consider enlisting the help of a counselor, perhaps through your local MDA clinic. A few questions can help you assess your child's situation, suggests Kitty Moran, certified social worker, MDA parent support group leader, and high school counselor in Rochester, N.Y. (and the parent of a shy child). For example: |Detail of "Desolation" by Mandi Zeiler. Zeiler, 21, recently earned an art degree from the University of Montana. She has spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and says of shyness in kids with neuromuscular diseases, "Everyone has their challenges; it's hard when yours are so apparent. Don't ever feel inferior and hide in the corner thinking that you don't belong. Your unique perspective can shed light where there was once darkness."| Does your child generally entertain himself or herself without your help? Does he or she have at least one good friend? (Note: This friend doesn't necessarily have to be an age peer.) Does he or she engage in at least one interest besides watching television or playing video/computer games? Does your child show sensitivity to other people's feelings? If the answers to these questions are "yes," relax, Moran says. "Your child just may not be a joiner and you need to leave him alone." "No" answers indicate areas in which you may want to help your child expand. "If your child doesn't have empathy and is totally a loner and doesn't really interact with the world except through TV or a video game, then you need to start providing them with learning experiences," she says. "It's all about balance." The root of the problem might lie in acute self-consciousness or harassment at school — or even depression, Moran says. Depression also may manifest itself as rudeness and anger, especially in teens. (See "Warning Signs of Teen Depression.") Communication is crucial, especially if you suspect depression. Moran says, "One issue that I see among parents of children with DMD is that they do not want to acknowledge that their child is getting worse, and they don't want to talk to their kids about it. "The kids know it, but everybody is pretending it's not happening — it's the elephant in the living room. He has all these feelings and nobody to talk to about it. Be honest with your kids; acknowledge that this is happening. "If they don't want to talk, leave the door open. Often they are afraid to talk about it because they're afraid they'll upset you." Moran suggests saying: "You seem really depressed. I know you have a lot going on and it's hard to talk about. I just want you to know that we love you and we will make your life as fulfilling as it can be. You will always be a part of us. If you don't want to talk to us, maybe we could find a counselor or somebody else you can talk to." "That's all you can do," she adds. "You can't force it, but don't pretend it's not there." So what should the parents of the hypothetical James do — push or not? Start with talking, Peters says. "Tell him, ‘I'm sad about you missing out on most of the activities guys your age do. I want to understand where you're coming from in wanting to stay home most of the time.'" Encourage a little more outside contact, Peters advises, adding that MDA summer camp is a safe choice. James' parents should kindly but firmly require that he go to camp, even if only for one day. "A normal, healthy part of growing up is separating from your parents," Peters points out. "Camp is part of that. Not only is it good for social personality development, but it's also a good learning tool and a good support system. Kids at MDA camp open up to each other in ways they won't with anyone else." Honor his personal care choices when you can, Moran says. If he's embarrassed about being fed in public, don't make him do it. "Why torture the kid?" If eating has to happen at a family event, make it as discreet and respectful as you can. Try to be sensitive to his normal teen agony about having to be seen with and attended by his parents — maybe let Dad be the one to take him places instead of Mom. Structure social situations so they allow him the maximum physical independence with a minimum of fuss. Invite someone to accompany you to a baseball game — it's a low-pressure way to spend time together. Strike a balance between acceding to his wishes and forcing him into new situations, Fleitas says. Otherwise, you deprive him of a chance to prove himself and build confidence. "I know that many parents feel that life will be short, so let's ‘protect' the child from anything painful or distasteful if it is within our power to do so," she says. "Though children may claim happiness by having only parents, sibs and video games to relate to, my sense is that their reference point is incredibly restricted and that they would be much happier with friends, responsibilities, other roles to play, the recognition and nurturing of their talents, etc. "Making memories, I think, is so important!" Under the word "moody" in the dictionary should be a picture of a teen-ager. The question for parents is: When are withdrawal and rudeness normal teen behaviors, and when do they signal the more serious condition of depression? Unchecked, long-term depression is hard on both teens and their families. Studies show that depressed teens run a greater risk of becoming depressed adults with poor coping skills. The National Mental Health Association says the following symptoms may indicate depression, especially if they last for more than two weeks: If you suspect your child is depressed, seek out professional counseling immediately, through your MDA office, school, community mental health center or general practitioner. What if your child would like to have more friends, but isn't sure what steps to take? Here are a few tips, gathered from mental health experts and other parents, for fostering friendships: Coach social skills. Does your child know how to take turns, be a team player and lose gracefully? Does he or she need to work on empathy or responding appropriately to others' cues? Set up situations in which you can monitor your child's interactions with others (field trips, team practices, classroom activities, having kids over, etc.) and work with your child before and after the event, praising more than you criticize. A school counselor or teacher may be able to offer guidance as well. Break the ice. Help other children and their parents see your child as Josh or Rebecca, not "the-child-in-the-wheelchair." One family hosted an ice cream social for selected children and their parents, and took the opportunity to explain their daughter's abilities and special needs. Invitations to sleepovers and birthday parties followed. Find a group. Friends don't always have to be peers. Clubs that address your child's interests (magic tricks, remote-control airplanes, Beanie Baby collecting, etc.) are rich sources of friendship with people of all ages, as are organizations such as church or Scouts. Make time to go to events with your child and meet other parents. Help them become indispensable. When children or teens assume positions of responsibility in which others depend on them (scorekeeper, theater makeup artist, team manager, etc.), peers begin to see the person rather than the disability. Be the host. You may need to do the lion's share of inviting and hosting in order to facilitate your child's friendships. Open your house with a willing heart, because you'll be expanding your child's world.

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Having defined the terms that represent the core values of free culture and free software in a previous column, today I want to talk about the terms that define its boundaries: how we describe them and defend them. And what's on the other side of them. The Opposition and the Law Now there are also words for the things that are designed to interfere with the progress of free culture and unrestricted sharing of works. The first is "intellectual property." Intellectual property is a kind of legal fiction. It's a system of restrictions on what people can do with physical property intended to make intellectual works (data) behave more like physical objects so they can be sold. In other words, it's an artificial system to enforce the scarcity of works which by their basic nature are not scarce. Intellectual property is a kind of legal fiction. It's a system of restrictions on what people can do with physical property intended to make intellectual works (data) behave more like physical objects so they can be sold Despite this oddity, many people have come to accept this idea of property as if it were some kind of natural right. At its core, intellectual property is directly at odds with "intellectual freedom," which is the fundamental idea behind human rights guarantees like the freedom of speech and expression. This is a pretty important value, so the fact that we have a system designed to compromise this in the name of turning a profit is pretty scary to begin with. Richard Stallman once wrote that "intellectual property" is a phrase to avoid because it conflates three quite different types of law. These were namely: And indeed they are quite different. Copyright is a state-granted monopoly on making copies of a given work. It adheres to the specific representation of an idea in data, and not to the ideas contained. So, for example, Anne Rice has a monopoly on copying the novel "Interview with the Vampire" (although she has licensed this to a publisher as authors usually do), but she has no monopoly on the idea of stories about reporters interviewing vampires. At its core, intellectual property is directly at odds with intellectual freedom Patents on the other hand, are about ideas rather than representations. They document innovations, supposedly of devices, although the idea has been stretched to include processes implemented in software (which is remarkably close to patenting mathematics -- something that the designers of the patent system specifically forbade). Trademarks are probably the oddest aspect of intellectual property law, because they might more readily be seen as a consumer protection law. The idea behind trademarks is to promote truth by insisting that when a mark is used, the originator of the mark is the one intended. There's more to it, but we'll come back to this. The idea behind trademarks is to promote truth by insisting that when a mark is used, the originator of the mark is the one intended In general, free software and free culture have a hostile relationship with both patents (almost universally reviled, at least when applied to software), and copyrights (an uneasy detente maintained by the free software and free culture licenses). Trademarks on the other hand, are largely regarded by free culture pundits as the best of the three, and are used by some projects like the Open Source Initiative, QuestionCopyright.org, Moodle, and Mozilla to protect brand identities without damaging users' ability to use, revise, and redistribute software and other cultural artifacts. Terms for Electronic Tyranny On the other hand, the culture of the proprietary content industry has decided that the law is not enough to restrain users' rights, so they've come up with their own methods of "enforcing" their will (often going far beyond what the law in fact allows them). For these we have some other terms: "Copy protection" was one of the earliest ideas, which dates back to the 1980s. The idea here was usually to exploit some peculiarity of the recording or data storage medium to make a disk or tape which could be used, but not copied with the standard equipment. Probably the most famous is "Macrovision", a technique for preventing conventional VHS videotape recorders from copying tapes. The machines were designed primarily to copy broadcast video, and they used a level-control system based on tracking the quality of the signal in the "retrace" interval (the time between frames). Macrovision worked by injecting random and varying signals into this zone, causing the VCR's level-control to vary madly resulting in a very bad recording. (I'm less clear on why VCR manufacturers didn't immediately defeat this system -- presumably some form of industry conspiracy was involved, as has been the case with later systems like DVD and Blu-Ray). The culture of the proprietary content industry has decided that the law is not enough to restrain users' rights, so they've come up with their own methods of "enforcing" their will Around the same time, however, there were also a variety of tricks for producing uncopyable, or difficult-to-copy floppy disks, and CD-ROMS. These involved things like non-standard sector layouts and writing data which couldn't be read by the normal filesystem, but which the program would check for when running. All of these today would probably be classed as examples of "Digital Rights Management" (DRM) or "Technical Protection Measures" (TPM) -- two terms promoted by the media industry for a variety of encryption technologies used to enforce their will. Quite often these have nothing to do with copyright -- for example, the primary use of encryption on DVDs is to enforce restrictions on where the DVDs can be played through so-called "region coding." Region coding, of course, has no legal basis whatsoever. It's merely a marketing tool, so that the industry can divide users from each other and sell different products to different parts of the world at different prices. For example, it's one reason why DVD prices in Japan can remain so high when most of the rest of the world gets them much more cheaply. A similar idea is "Trusted Computing" (TC), a devious mechanism by which the hardware manufacturer includes encryption information in the microchips in your computer so that content-playing software can sniff it and allow closed industry software to discriminate against you (or more accurately against your CPU). Again, this exceeds the limits of the law, since licenses are normally sold to people and not CPUs, but that's another matter. Free culture advocates often generate their own ("more accurate") versions of these common abbreviations Free culture advocates often generate their own ("more accurate") versions of these common abbreviations, so I should probably mention these alternate expansions: "Digital Restrictions Management" and "Treacherous Computing", for example (So far, I haven't heard any for TPM -- perhaps "Technical Punishment Mechanism" or "Tyranny Promotion Mechanism"?). Personally, I consider such approaches a little childish, though, and stick with the official expansions, even if I consider their conception suspect. Knowing the Terms for Your Rights Of course, before all this rot set in, the copyright system was somewhat more balanced. And there are words specifically to know about its limits: "Public Domain" is the word for all the intellectual work which no one has any state-granted monopolies over. This really should be regarded as the natural state for intellectual works, but, due to some incredibly grasping laws passed over the course of the 20th century, the public domain has suffered terrible losses. Today, term limits on copyright have extended well beyond the average life-expectancy of the authors, and indeed, are typically indexed to them where they are human. Copyrights are also granted to corporate entities, and in such cases last about 80 or 90 years, making a mockery of the "limited term" provisions for copyright in the US Constitution (I understand the basis for international copyright less well, so I won't comment on that, but the ethics are the same). "Public Domain" is the word for all the intellectual work which no one has any state-granted monopolies over "Fair Use" is an important exemption in US copyright law. In many other countries, especially those in the British Commonwealth, the same idea is called "Fair Dealing." Either way, what it means is that, in the name of free speech, there are many uses which should not be covered by copyright, such as scholarship, quoting works for review or for reference, or making political commentary. Although these terms are vague and poorly-defined, they are nevertheless very important to dialogue about copyrights and freedom. You'll find that Wikipedia has collected a fairly comprehensive list of fair use rationales for use in deciding when non-free materials can be used in Wikipedia. Copyright Free is a term used by some US government agencies (notably NASA), which means that the materials go directly into the public domain due to be created by government employees in the course of their duties. I hope it stays this way: since government-produced intellectual work is paid for by tax dollars, and it is the stated purpose of copyright to encourage the growth of the public domain, it makes sense that such work already paid for by the public should belong to the public. This makes total sense to me. I'm just not used to the government agreeing with me for a change -- it's very refreshing. Be aware though, that it does take NASA a page full of confusingly-worded legalese to tell you this. Many people, including some NASA employees misunderstand this policy and think it is restricted to non-commercial use, but it is not (yes, I know it takes a very careful reading to see this). Since government-produced intellectual work is paid for by tax dollars, and it is the stated purpose of copyright to encourage the growth of the public domain, it makes sense that such work already paid for by the public should belong to the public What they are protecting, though, is not copyright, but endorsement or personality rights. Just because you are free to use an image of an astronaut does not mean you can gimp-in your own brand of yogurt and make it look like they eat it. That would be implying endorsement, and it's not allowed. PR or Press Release or Public Relations are terms used rather freely in the news industry to refer to materials which were provided by a private entity (person or company) specifically for the press to use. Most of the time when you see the face of some celebrity in a news story, the picture used is a PR photo provided by that person or their agent. Unfortunately, there is no agreed-upon license implied for a press release or press image. Their use is largely protected not by implied license, but by the latitude given to the press under free speech provisions. Fair use has been interpreted very broadly with respect to reporting news, much as with education. Thus, using a PR image to identify a person is completely acceptable in a news story, even without explicit permission, but may be more awkward in a book or other place. One great thing that a PR image does imply is the freedom of personality rights. It is, more or less by definition, an image the person depicted wants you to use to reference them, so you are entitled to use it for that purpose. Of course, this is not the same as an endorsement (you can't use it to imply that the person depicted supports your cause, uses your product, or anything along those lines). Trademarks have been embraced by the free culture and free software communities for some time. Unlike copyright, trademark is all about sending signals and identifying particular products. For example, Mozilla uses a set of logos and names to protect the integrity of their "Firefox" web browser. The name is only officially endorsed for certain builds of the program that they have verified for quality. Trademarks have been embraced by the free culture and free software communities for some time This is why the standard Mozilla browser in Debian GNU/Linux is re-branded to "Iceweasel." Debian's browser is a separate build from the same source code, with some minor tweaks, and new branding. The label identifies the browser separately so that Mozilla doesn't take the heat for any configuration bugs in Debian's package of their product. Keeping the Commons Free Probably one of the most misunderstood terms in the whole arena is "copyleft." A copyleft is not the "opposite of copyright" nor the "absence of copyright." Nor is "copyleft software" synonymous with "free software", it is a subset. A copyleft is a legal mechanism by which the person licensing a software (or other work) to the public insists that it and all derivatives thereof remain free for the public to use -- usually (though not always) under the same terms as the original license. A work must be copyrighted before it can be copylefted. So it's better to think of it as a matched pair than as an opposed concept. Some people have suggested that copyleft solely acts to counteract the effects of copyright, but this is untrue Some people have suggested that copyleft solely acts to counteract the effects of copyright, but this is untrue. The GPL, considered the definitive example of a copyleft license, for example, insists on copyleft restrictions beyond what would exist in a world without copyright -- it demands the sharing of source code to make the creation of derivatives easier. This can be regarded as making things even more free than a world without copyright, or as slightly less free, depending on who you ask. The term "ShareAlike," preferred by the Creative Commons, is synonymous with copyleft, or at least very nearly so. It is a term which emphasizes that the principle requirement of copyleft is to insist that works be shared on the same terms ("alike") as they were originally shared. Despite propaganda to the contrary, a copyleft license can never force you to release your work under a copyleft license The actual Creative Commons ShareAlike licensing module, on the other hand, is a little more specific. It does not contain an exact equivalent to the source code requirement of the GPL (although the restriction against distribution under DRM or TPM can be seen as serving a similar purpose). But there is another issue which is containment versus derivation. Copyleft licenses have been described as "viral", meaning that they "infect" the works that they are combined with. But it is important to remember that this only applies to very specific kinds of "combination" -- namely those which incorporate the software entirely into themselves, as opposed to software which is merely presented beside the free software. Despite propaganda to the contrary, a copyleft license can never force you to release your work under a copyleft license. Rather, releasing under a copyleft license is the price you must pay in order to incorporate the work into your own, thus avoiding the need to repeat the effort in creating it. This is the quid pro quo of copyleft in using free software. The GPL (both versions 2 and 3) has provisions for exempting certain types of "works" which are regarded as mere "aggregations." For example, if you put a bunch of separate software packages on a CD, some might say you have created a derivative work of all of that software, but the software is not actually interdependent. Likewise, using software on a computer usually involves "combining" it with the operating system software, but this is not how most people imagine the interaction. The GPL also contains provisions to exempt this kind of combination. The Creative Commons "ShareAlike" module exempts "container" works as opposed to derivative works. There is, however, considerable controversy over which is which Likewise, the Creative Commons "ShareAlike" module exempts "container" works as opposed to derivative works. There is, however, considerable controversy over which is which. For example, a book containing lots of images may or may not be considered a derivative work of the images. At present, the Creative Commons favors the theory that it is a container, not a derivative, although this has caused some consternation, primarily among photographers who don't like the idea of their works being appropriated for use in books under proprietary licenses. A "strong copyleft" is usually one which is more aggressive about defining which types of works are "derivatives", although ultimately this definition probably rests with the copyright agencies and is a matter of law. Speaking the Language Hopefully this list of terms (along with my earlier column about free software and free culture terms) will provide you with enough background to understand discussion about clashes between free and proprietary culture. Of course, most of these terms have much deeper histories that you may need to look up (try Wikipedia for this), but I hope I've given enough context to understand what these concepts are about. This work may be distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, version 3.0, with attribution to "Terry Hancock, first published in Free Software Magazine".

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Fish Tuberculosis (Wasting) Every now and again a fish will, for no apparent reason, virtually waste away; turn out to be hollow bellied, listless, and lie around on rocks or on the sandy bottom in a most dejected manner. The contributing factors to this malady are underfeeding, an unsatisfactory diet, overcrowding, or water which has been too warm or too cold over a period. Fish suffering from wasting seldom survive. I have tried numerous treatments with out any one single case of real success. The only treatment to try is a general conditioning. Permit lots of room for movement, feed live food (beef scraped with a knife is also generally an acceptable tit-bit), chopped earthworm or daphnia. Fish do eventually die of old age, in which case they naturally waste away.

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2012 was an extraordinary year for wildfires in the United States. According to records maintained by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) and NASA, show that more than 9.1 million acres had burned as of November 30, 2012—the third highest total in a record that dates back to 1960. NASA images by the Science Visualization Studio. Caption by Adam Voiland. This image of the current wild fires in the southwestern United States, at Wyoming Range in southwestern Wyoming, was captured by expedition 31 crew member aboard the International Space Station. Image credit: NASA ISS031-E-146306 (27 June 2012)

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From listeners to learners: An audio experiment Phillips, G. (2005) From listeners to learners: An audio experiment. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 16 . pp. 103-116. |PDF - Published Version | Download (252kB) | Preview *Open access, no subscription required While computer technology opens up new possibilities as a delivery mechanism it is also a medium in itself and presents production challenges in terms of how its powers can be creatively harnessed. In this context education content is just another variant of media production, with the student in the role of audience/user. Application of media production techniques in audio, video and print provides the opportunity to increase the appeal of educational materials by applying to them what media producers have learnt about the strengths of radio, television and online media as communication vehicles. This paper describes a research project which used an audio documentary as a learning tool in an online unit to see to what extent production techniques of audience capture enhanced the learning experience. |Publication Type:||Journal Article| |Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Media, Communication and Culture| |Publisher:||University of Wollongong| |Item Control Page|

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Regarding preparedness supplies and/or general self-sufficient living, one item that will be important to you is soap. Most people today have no idea where soap comes from (except from ‘the store’). You could choose to stock up with plenty of extra soap, or you might want to know how to make your own, just in case… There are many many soap recipes out there, which is somewhat of an art form. But for the sake of keeping it simple, here is one basic bar soap recipe using easily available and store-able ingredients; olive oil, Lye, and water. First though, Lye is a potentially dangerous substance and must be handled with caution. Use proper safety precautions. That means rubber gloves, protective eye-wear, no kids or animals nearby, etc. Never leave mixed lye-water unattended. You must find a safe and secure location for it to cool. Never use Aluminum utensils or pots for soap-making because Lye reacts badly with Aluminum. Lye is available in many supermarkets and home improvement stores. One common brand name is “Red Devil”, but there are a number of alternative sources for Lye (also known as Sodium Hydroxide), like this one… Food Grade Sodium Hydroxide Lye Micro Beads. Make sure it says “100% Lye” on the container. How to make olive oil bar soapThings you will need… Scale to weigh Lye (or known measure based on the can) Measuring cup to measure liquid volume Thermometer to measure lye-water and oil temperature Stirring spoon or spatula (wood, rubber, or silicon) Stick blender or hand beater (optional) Stainless steel or enamel pot for mixing Lye (at least 2 quart size) Stainless steel or enamel pot for mixing soap (at least 2 gallon size) Plastic container(s) with lid for the mold (e.g. Rubbermaid, etc.) (Makes about 10 pounds of soap) 5 cups of Water (distilled if available but not necessary) 20 cups of Olive Oil 18 ounces of Lye Pour water (5-cups) into the 2-quart pot. Gently add the Lye and stir carefully with spoon to mix and dissolve. The mixture will get hot and will produce fumes for a few minutes, so it’s best to mix it and get away from it quickly until the fumes disperse. A ventilated area is recommended. Set the lye-water mixture aside in a safe place to cool off some (until the container is just warm to the touch). Pour Olive Oil (20-cups) into the large 2-gallon pot and heat on the stove until Olive Oil is approximately 100 degrees F. Without a thermometer, simply heat until the outside of the pot feels very warm to the touch. Remove the pot from the heat source. Very slowly and carefully to avoid spills, pour the lye-water mixture of the smaller pot into the warm oil of the large pot, stirring the oil all the while with your spoon. The mixture will ‘incorporate’ and become smoother. Continue stirring for a couple of minutes to be sure everything is well-mixed. Then, if available, start using your ‘stick blender’ or beater, for short intervals (30 seconds), being very careful not to splatter the mixture out of the pot. Hand-stir in between intervals. You will soon notice the mixture getting thicker and more opaque. Keep stirring until you get a rather thick pudding-like consistency. Mixing times may vary, but if stirring only with a spoon, olive oil soap generally takes at least 45 minutes to ‘trace’, or as fast as 20 minutes with a hand blender. ‘Trace’ is the point when the soap mixture has thickened so that when you dribble a stream over surface, it sits on the surface briefly before melting into the mixture. Kind of like how the consistency of honey will bead and then flatten out. Pour soap mixture into the mold, snap on lid, and cover with blankets to insulate the soap, which allows the process to continue. The block of soap will heat up a great deal and liquefy again, then cool off slowly and harden. Leave the block of soap undisturbed for at least 12 hours. It should then become firm to the touch, but don’t remove from the mold if it still feels hot. Wait until it cools completely. When you remove the soap from the mold, you might notice some condensation on the block. Just leave it, and it will reabsorb into the soap. Cut the block of soap into bars soon after removing from the mold. Olive Oil makes a very hard soap and it can be difficult to cut without any chipping or breakage if you wait too long. The soap should be aged for approximately 4 weeks before use as it hardens and loses excess moisture. Appreciate topics of survival, emergency preparedness – or planning for disaster? Read our current articles on Modern Survival Blog Similar Articles You Might Enjoy: - How To Defeat Tear Gas In A Riot - A Well Rounded Prepper - How To Get IP Address Of Websites - 15 Hand Tool Groups For Survival Preparedness - Raised Garden Beds – Tutorial

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cold weather tips Cold weather and winter storms can be a challenge to staying warm and healthy. The following tips can help you stay safe: - Exposure to cold temperatures can cause serious or life-threatening health problems, including hypothermia. Anyone can be affected, but infants and the elderly are particularly at risk. (See our Take Care in Hot & Cold Weather — Preventing Hyperthermia and Hypothermia brochure) - Hypothermia is the name given to a dangerously low body temperature that results from prolonged exposure to the cold. The symptoms of hypothermia include confusion, dizziness, exhaustion, severe shivering, and weak pulse. - When it is extremely cold, or if there are high winds, limit the amount of time you are outdoors. If possible, avoid being outside in the coldest part of the day. - If you do go outside, dress warmly and stay dry. Dress in layers so you can adjust to changing conditions. Wear a hat that covers your ears, gloves, and a scarf. - Don’t over do it! Cold weather puts an extra strain on the heart so take it easy when doing outdoor chores, such as shoveling. If you have a heart condition or high blood pressure, follow your doctor’s advice. - Storms make driving hazardous, so avoid going out if you can. Listen for radio or television reports of travel advisories issued by the National Weather Service. - If you must drive somewhere, be sure your vehicle has snow tires and take a mobile phone with you. Be sure someone knows your destination and when you expect to arrive. Ask them to notify authorities if you are late. - Be sure your car has emergency supplies, such as a snow shovel, ice scraper and brush, flashlight and extra batteries, extra windshield washer fluid, and additional warm clothing. - Be sure your windshield wipers are working properly. For more cold weather safety tips, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site, http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/winter. Conserving Energy When It's Cold During cold weather, customers can reduce their use of electricity by following these simple energy-saving steps: - Set your thermostat at 68 degrees during the day and 60 degrees at night. Turning the thermostat back 10 to 15 percent eight hours a day can trim seasonal heating costs up to 10 percent. Thermostats in homes with infants, elderly, or ill individuals should be set higher. - Before the heating season begins, have your heating system cleaned and inspected by a qualified contractor. A clean, well-maintained system will operate more efficiently and use less fuel. - Prevent heat loss by sealing air leaks around window and door frames with caulk or weather stripping. - Retain heat by installing storm or thermal windows and doors, double-paned glass, or plastic sheeting over doors and windows. - Keep shades and curtains open during the day so the sun can make your home warmer. Close them in the evening to keep the heat in. - Move drapes or furniture from around radiators so that heat can flow freely. - Be sure to insulate the attic properly. Since heat rises, adding a layer of insulation to the attic will conserve heat. - Remove window air conditioner units in the winter. If you can’t, enclose the unit with an air conditioner cover to stop drafts. Con Edison publishes informational brochures for the safety and convenience of our customers. They include Power Problems: Let Us Know, Life-Sustaining Equipment Survey, Natural Gas — How to Use Less, Save More, Energy Safety — Keeping You And Your Family Safe, and Take Care in Hot & Cold Weather — Preventing Hyperthermia and Hypothermia To view these brochures and to get information on how to order single copies, click here.

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Siberian elm are small to medium-sized trees that are rather bushy in stature. Siberian elm leaves are deciduoustrees that lose their leaves in the fall and grow new ones back in the spring. in colder areas, but semi-evergreen in warmer climates. Siberian elm trees grow rapidly in full sun with well-drained, nutrient poor soil and are not shade tolerant. - Alternate Common Name: None - Average Height: Siberian elm grow to 50-70ft. tall. - Average Width: 50-70ft. - Leaf Description: Siberian elm have serrate leaf margins,dark green leaf color. - Bark Description: Siberian elm bark features deep ridges,dark to light gray. - Twig Description: Covered in numerous thin, pendulous branches. - Flowering: Flowers are not of any ornamental value. - Needle or Broadleaf: Broadleafed - Comments: None

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Web design uses almost all those elements as used in print design. One requires exploring layout and space, manage colours and fonts, and arrange it all together in a format in order to put all the intended messages across. Those resources will enable one know details of web design even if one is a professional web developer or just on one�s beginning stage leading to the web arena. Understanding of Designing Elements: One must know that a good web design is equivalent to the good design. If anyone has the right understanding about the elements that appropriately suits with a good design, then one will undoubtedly have a Web page that works well. One applies those elements of good design if and when one is producing a web page, a business card, or a raiment logo, and once one makes out them and their necessities and differences, one will acquire the skills and expertise that requires for becoming a great web designer. Use of Colours: Colour is present everywhere. With it we make our world up and help ourselves see things from different angles. In short, it is what as we see the things around us and as we dress up our world. The �red� or the �black� is not mere colour; they have meaning beyond their apparent looks. And they have larger important effects on design elements. The pools of colours show influences in their varieties as how they could be used effectively in web designing services. Application of Web design software:

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WASHINGTON, April 6 (UPI) -- Invasive Burmese pythons in Florida's Everglades are not just preying on the region's birds but have started eating eggs straight from the nest, scientists say. The findings have highlighted another challenge to the area's already heavily affected native wildlife, researchers said. "This finding is significant because it suggests that the Burmese python is not simply a sit-and-wait predator, but rather is opportunistic enough to find the nests of birds," Smithsonian ornithologist Carla Dove from the National Museum of Natural History said. "Although the sample size is small, these findings suggest that the snakes have the potential to negatively affect the breeding success of native birds." Burmese pythons, native to South Asia, have taken up a widespread residence in Florida, especially in the Everglades, were they were first found in 1979 and suspected of being escaped or discarded pets. Researchers estimate the region now has a breeding population in the tens of thousands, the Smithsonian reported Thursday. "Our observations confirm that invasive Burmese pythons consume not only adult birds but also eggs, revealing a previously unrecognized risk from this introduced predator to nesting birds," said Dove. "How frequently they are predating on bird eggs is hard to know." |Additional Science News Stories| KAMPALA, Uganda, May 21 (UPI) --Ugandan police closed down the offices of the Daily Monitor after it ran a series of articles about the president making his son successor, journalists said. NEW YORK, May 21 (UPI) --U.S. hip-hop mogul Jay-Z says his wife Beyonce is not pregnant with their second child, despite persistent rumors claiming she is. WASHINGTON, May 21 (UPI) --Apple Inc.'s stateless subsidiaries beyond any taxing authority's reach are not a tax-avoidance trick, the U.S. company's top executive is to testify Tuesday.

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CHERUBS ON JEWELRY BOXES Art Nouveau and Victorian angels and cherubs represented winged heavenly beings, signifying the message of love and were an expression of the Romantic Movement on Jewelry boxes 1900-25 News-Antique.com - Nov 30,-0001 - Jewelry boxes manufactured in America during the early 1900’s, are a remembrance of our history and a time during which spiritual expression was conveyed through art. Antique jewelry boxes (also called jewel caskets or trinket boxes) are delightful treasures often decorated with angels or cherubs. Both angels and cherubs represent winged heavenly beings. Cherubs are depicted as beautiful, innocent, chubby babies with wings. Cupid, the son of the goddess of love in both Greek and Roman mythology, was a beautiful young boy with wings who used gold-tipped arrows if he wished two people to fall in love. All these--angels, cherubs, and Cupid--signified the message of love. Cherubs have appeared in works of art from the time of ancient Mesopotamia and remained a common theme in Greek, Byzantine and European paintings and sculpture. Late Christian-inspired art depicted cherubs as plump children with wings, as in Raphael's Sistine Madonna. During the late 1800's and early 1900's when Americans, the English, and French were enjoying an artistic and philosophical Renaissance, cherubs were an important theme that reflected the virtuous ideals of the time, yet also an appreciation of mankind’s place in the joys and glories of the world—a spiritual contrast to the “cold” Industrial Revolution. Cherubs could be found described in literature, portrayed on canvas and in sculpture, and as a design on many decorations in the home. Jewelry boxes, frequently covered with cherubs, hearts and roses, were an expression of the Romantic Movement--conferring the message of love. This was an era when people not only spoke the words "I love you," but an article given as a gift, would confer that sentiment with every incident of use. A gentleman would give his lady fair not just a “present,” but a physical manifestation of his affection spelled out clearly by a symbolic messenger such as Cupid or a Cherub. A jewel box was the perfect gift in the early 1900's for a gentleman to express his admiration for a lady. Joanne Wiertella is a major collector of antique American jewel boxes. After her first discovery nearly 20 years ago, she developed a passion for collecting them, and later began researching their origins. She has recently published a book on these lovely American art metal novelties which pictures her collection of 500+ Jewel Boxes. To find more information about these quaint and beautiful art pieces, you may read about them in the first book published on the subject, The Jewel Box Book: The Definitive Guide to American Art Metal Jewelry Boxes 1900-1925. Inside the full-color, 208 page book is a wide selection of information including: styles (Art Nouveau, Victorian, Rococo, Revival); manufacturers; floral and other motifs pictured and explained; metal composition and finishes; period advertising; trademarks, patents, and copyrights. The Jewel Box Book: The Definitive Guide to American Art Metal Jewelry Boxes 1900-1925. (J-Victorie Books, 2005). Hardcover: ISBN 0-9763710-0-6 $42ea; Paperback: ISBN 0-9763710-1-4 $30ea. Available at www.jewelboxbook.com

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Energy conservation is the practice of reducing the amount of energy used for a given process without overly compromising the outcome. According to many organizations such as the French Agency of Energy Management (ADEME) or CLER, energy efficiency should be an essential part of any renewable energy policy and climate protection. Energy management combines the use of many energy efficiency techniques with the aim of reduce energy consumption (e.g. of a building) to achieve both financial savings and reducing environmental impacts. It is sometimes referred to as rational use of energy (RUE). The mottos of energy efficiencies practitioners are ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ and "the cheapest energy is that we do not consume". Energy efficiency measure originate from different levels: The individual and families can reduce their heating, use of air conditioning, travel (especially air travel) and the amount of goods they consume which have been imported long distances etc. Local authorities can improvement public transport, create incentive for bicycles use, create efficient district heating schemes and create benefit schemes for low-polluting industries. National governments can setup tax incentives for the public and companies to adopt energy efficiency measures, setup grants to assist with installation costs for local renewable energy generation, create anti-pollution laws, promote rail and inland waterways and encourage environmentally conscious agriculture. International bodies (e.g. the UN) can target large polluter and CO2 emitting industries such as the air travel industry e.g. by international taxation of kerosene. Energy savings tips for your home Keep in the heat in your home by increasing the amount of insulation in your walls and in your attic and by using draft excluders on your doors. Decrease your water heater temperature (e.g. from 140°F to 120F°). This will reduce your carbon footprint and your water heating bills by 10 percent. Take short showers. An 8 minute shower every day can create as much as 1,368 pounds of CO2 each year. By reducing your shower time to 6 minutes, you can eliminate 342 pounds of CO2 from your annual total. Installing a low-flow shower head to help you conserve water and save energy—and save more than $75 each year on energy costs. Use energy efficient light bulbs and always turn off the lights when leaving a room. Fit Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRV) on your radiators to automatically adjust the temperature of the radiators in each room so they do not overheat. These devices are very cheap and can save you significant amounts on your energy bills. Recycle your newspapers, plastic and glass containers, and paper products. By cutting the amount of waste you produce in half, and doubling the amount of recycling in your household, you can save about 1,200 pounds of CO2per year. Turn off computers and monitors when they are not being used. Computer and monitor indirectly create nearly 500 pounds of CO2 per year. Turning them off when not in use will save 43 pounds of CO2. Do not use a screen saver when your computer monitor is active. Instead, let it switch to sleep mode or turn the monitor off. More details on energy saving can be found at: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/

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Children learn faster with help at home We all lead very busy lives, but time spent with your children at home to prepare for learning, helps them feel good about themselves and gain a greater sense of self-belief. Our children’s self-esteem regarding their achievement in school is of paramount importance to their success and emotional well-being. Children whose parents are involved in their formal education perform better at school: they have better attitudes to learning and they get better grades, test scores, exam results and are more likely to achieve long-term academic sucess. Parents, grandparents, guardians and carers all play a massive part in children’s learning and should be important role models in enabling success at school. Evidence clearly reveals that children whose parents actively support their children’s education at home experience faster and greater success at school. Working with your child at home also creates a special, unique bond. When both parents are involved in their children’s education, children feel supported and empowered. Moreover, when dads are involved in their children’s education, such as helping their children learn how to read, spell or with homework, children respond very well indeed. In fact, when dad takes an active role, the whole family feels supported and a special, united bond is created amongst the whole family. Grandparents play an important role too. Grandparents are great role models and often have a special connection with their grandchildren. Many grandparents spend quality time with their grandchildren doing all kinds of fun activities, such as cooking, gardening, telling stories, going to the park and helping with school work. More and more grandparents are getting involved with reading, spelling and homework with the knowledge that they are making a big difference to their grandchildren’s learning. Take just 30 to 60 minutes out of your schedule and create a quiet time together to help your child learn and improve - your child will feel loved, supported and empowered, and it will help him progress much faster. Children love receiving positive attention, so long as it is presented in the right way, at the right time and with a positive attitude.

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Why do you think The Open University has the copyright on this text rather than the author? The OU employs the authors to produce the course materials and textbooks, so it is according to copyright law that the work belongs to the OU. In 2006, the BBC broadcast a highly regarded version of Charles Dickens’ Bleak House’. Is this television programme copyrighted? Yes as the audio of the broadcast is a new rendering of the original material, so in accordance with the copyright laws, that particular version of ‘Bleak House’ belongs to the BBC. Do you think long copyright terms are a good idea? Try to think of one reason why copyright should extend for a long time, and one reason why terms should be short. Spend no more than ten minutes on this exercise. One reason that a long copyright time is of benefit is so that the persons(s) / group that invested the time to create the original work can maximise their gain on their invested time. A reason for the copyright to expire quickly on the other hand, is that for technical items, the copyrighted object will more than likely become obsolete, by allowing the copyright to expire other developers in the field could have access to the developement material, saving time and research in getting to the point of the old technologies, this would also help to drive competition between creators of copyrighted material.

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Foreign Languages and Literatures: Latin Purpose: Primarily to support undergraduate teaching programs in Latin Literature and (in English translations) in the General Education, History, and Humanities Programs. Consideration is also given to the need for primary and critical texts on Latin Literature and Classical Mythology as essential backgrounds to the study of certain aspects of English, American, Romance, and Germanic Literatures, as well as Drama, Theatre, and Classical Rhetoric, at the undergraduate and graduate levels as well as faculty research. There is at present no graduate degree offered in Latin Literature.General Collection Guidelines: - Languages: The primary language is Latin, but English translations of important texts are also acquired. Translations into languages other than English are acquired only very selectively if they fill a specific need. Critical works and literary histories in English are widely acquired, with selective purchases in other languages if they fill a specific need. - Chronological Guidelines: Main emphasis is on the literature of the Roman Republic, Empire, and Late Antiquity (c. 70 B.C. – 800 C.E.) - Geographical Guidelines: Roman Empire. Latin in Western Europe only very selectively, except as it relates to the study of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval English and European Literature. - Treatment of Subject: Scholarly critical works, primary texts, and general works on Roman culture are collected. Textbooks are normally not acquired. - Types of Material: Monographs, journals, reference works. No rare books or manuscripts are purchased. - Date of Publication: Both current and retrospective works are acquired, although emphasis is on current titles. Trevor James Bond

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The functions in this section are documented mainly because you can customize the naming conventions for backup files by redefining them. If you change one, you probably need to change the rest. This function returns a non- nilvalue if filename is a possible name for a backup file. It just checks the name, not whether a file with the name filename exists.(backup-file-name-p "foo") ⇒ nil (backup-file-name-p "foo~") ⇒ 3 The standard definition of this function is as follows:(defun backup-file-name-p (file) "Return non-nil if FILE is a backup file \ name (numeric or not)..." (string-match "~\\'" file)) Thus, the function returns a non- nilvalue if the file name ends with a ‘~’. (We use a backslash to split the documentation string's first line into two lines in the text, but produce just one line in the string itself.) This simple expression is placed in a separate function to make it easy to redefine for customization. This function returns a string that is the name to use for a non-numbered backup file for file filename. On Unix, this is just filename with a tilde appended. The standard definition of this function, on most operating systems, is as follows:(defun make-backup-file-name (file) "Create the non-numeric backup file name for FILE..." (concat file "~")) You can change the backup-file naming convention by redefining this function. The following example redefines make-backup-file-nameto prepend a ‘.’ in addition to appending a tilde:(defun make-backup-file-name (filename) (expand-file-name (concat "." (file-name-nondirectory filename) "~") (file-name-directory filename))) (make-backup-file-name "backups.texi") ⇒ ".backups.texi~" Some parts of Emacs, including some Dired commands, assume that backup file names end with ‘~’. If you do not follow that convention, it will not cause serious problems, but these commands may give less-than-desirable results. This function computes the file name for a new backup file for filename. It may also propose certain existing backup files for deletion. find-backup-file-namereturns a list whose car is the name for the new backup file and whose cdr is a list of backup files whose deletion is proposed. The value can also be nil, which means not to make a backup. kept-new-versions, determine which backup versions should be kept. This function keeps those versions by excluding them from the cdr of the value. See Numbered Backups. In this example, the value says that ~rms/foo.~5~ is the name to use for the new backup file, and ~rms/foo.~3~ is an “excess” version that the caller should consider deleting now.(find-backup-file-name "~rms/foo") ⇒ ("~rms/foo.~5~" "~rms/foo.~3~")

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The Cedar Hills In King County reducing waste and recycling are the first priorities for handling the waste we generate. Even so, the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill remains the backbone and a necessary part of the waste management system. After all, no matter how much we learn to reduce waste, reuse goods and recycle materials, we will always generate some waste. The Cedar Hills landfill is a state-of-the-art facility located about 20 miles southeast of the city of Seattle. It takes all of King County's garbage, excluding the city of Seattle's. It is approximately 1 mile wide, 1.5 miles long, and 125 feet deep. The active area of the landfill (indicated by the red arrow above) is where garbage is unloaded. A close-up of the active area is HOW A LANDFILL WORKS - It takes about 5 minutes to unload an 18-ton trailer full of garbage. - As many as a dozen trailers may be unloading at the same time. - Every day, we add approximately 2,000 tons of garbage to the landfill! Landfills are not just a huge mound of trash- they use the latest technology to keep the community as safe as possible from the dangers decomposing garbage can pose to the environment. This diagram illustrates some of the features of the Cedar Hills Landfill. - The 18-ton trailers dump their loads of garbage in the active area of the landfill. That garbage is then covered up at the end of the day with 6 inches of dirt. - Rain that filters in with the garbage produces leachate. Pipes at the bottom of the landfill collect this leachate and treat it before sending it to the County's main water treatment plant with the rest of the water we use at home, school and - A plastic and a clay layer beneath the garbage prevents contamination of ground water. - Landfill gas, a byproduct of the decomposition of garbage, is collected and piped to a flare station, where it is burned. Garbage disposal is no simple matter. Remember, the threat of contaminating our water and air doesn't just go away when the landfill reaches its capacity. The garbage continues to decompose, and must be monitored long after the landfill reaches maximum capacity. (Federal, state and local regulations require a 30 year post-closure monitoring period upon landfill closure.) In the meantime, in another location, the process begins again, as new land must be made available to take in our garbage. Landfills do not go away, but remain a permanent fixture of our landscape. YOU CAN HELP! Through small changes in your behavior, you can greatly reduce the amount of garbage that you generate. Resources Kids Web Home | Kids Web Home | Solid Waste Kids Page Click below to link to the main King County site. Resources and Parks | King County | News | Services | Comments | Search Links to external sites do not constitute endorsements by King County. By visiting this and other King County web pages, you expressly agree to be bound by terms and conditions of the site.

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Baby cold and cough How can my baby catch a cold? - With your baby's immature immune system, he's likely to get between 4 - 10 colds in his first year of life. - Your baby may come into contact with a cold virus by putting contaminated toys into his mouth. - Your baby may come into contact with other people who are carrying a cold virus. - During winter, indoor heating dries the nasal passages, which may make him more vulnerable to a cold virus. The signs of a cold include: - A runny or congested nose - A clear nasal discharge that may become thicker and even turn green over the coming days - After being thick, the discharge becomes runny and clear again - A low grade temperature during the first 48 hours - Sneezing, coughing, red and watery eyes - A hoarse voice When should I see a doctor? - If your baby has temperature above 37.5ºC and is less than 3 months old - If the symptoms of a cold persist for over a week - If your baby begins to wheeze or gasp for air - If your baby begins to pull on his ears - If you are at all concerned with the health of your baby Find more baby care advice: - Sign up for your expert FREE weekly email guide to baby's first year - Pain relief and your kids - The best pain relief for sick babies, toddlers and kids - Nose care This article was written by Ella Walsh for Kidspot. Sources include SA Government's Parenting and Child Health. Last revised: Thursday, 19 June 2008 This article contains general information only and is not intended to replace advice from a qualified health professional. - Best pregnancy books and DVDs - Bathing your toddler - Your diet and healthy teeth and gums - Best baby car seat guide - Toy safety - Water safety - First aid and emergencies - Your baby and immunisation - Baby cold and cough - Your baby and hot weather - Personal fitness for mums - 10 benefits of exercise during pregnancy

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New Imaging Methods Let Scientists "See" Biomolecules More Clearly Scientists have always wanted to take a closer look at biological systems and materials. From the magnifying glass to the electron microscope, they have developed increasingly sophisticated imaging devices. Now, Niels de Jonge, Ph.D., and colleagues at Vanderbilt University have added a new tool to the cell biologist’s toolbox. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), they describe a technique for imaging whole cells in liquid with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). “Electron microscopy is the most important tool for imaging objects at the nanoscale, including the size of molecules and objects in cells,” said Dr. de Jonge. But electron microscopy requires a high vacuum, which has prevented the imaging of samples in liquid, such as biological cells. The new technique—liquid STEM—uses a microfluidic device with electron transparent windows to enable the imaging of cells in liquid. In the current work, the investigators demonstrate imaging of individual molecules in a cell, with significantly improved resolution and speed compared with existing imaging methods. As an example, the investigators used liquid STEM to image single molecules of epidermal growth factor bound to a cell-surface receptor, achieving resolution as low as 4 nanometers. “Liquid STEM has the potential to become a versatile tool for imaging cellular processes on the nanometer scale,” Dr. de Jonge said. “It will potentially be of great relevance for the development of molecular probes and for the understanding of the interaction of viruses with cells.” In a separate paper published in the PNAS, Dan Rugar, Ph.D., and John Mamin, Ph.D., and their colleagues at IBM’s Almaden Research Center describe their success in developing a magnetic resonance force microscope that can produce a structurally detailed image of viruses and other large biomolecules. The investigators predict that their new nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) device eventually will be able to supplement x-ray crystallography as the predominant tool for determining the molecular structure of complex biomolecules, including those embedded in membranes. At the heart of this device lies an ultrasensitive silicon cantilever that can detect the miniscule changes in magnetic force that develop when molecules are excited by an oscillating radiofrequency field while in a magnetic field. This new imaging device relies on the same physical principles that make MRI and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy possible. The work from Dr. de Jonge’s group was detailed in the paper “Electron microscopy of whole cells in liquid with nanometer resolution.” Investigators from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute also participated in this study. An abstract of this paper is available at the journal’s Web site. The work from IBM was described in the paper “Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging.” An abstract of this paper is available at the journal’s Web site.

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The Spanish churchman Juan de Zumárraga (ca. 1468-1548), first bishop and first archbishop of Mexico, was an outstanding representative of a group of 16th-century Spanish clergy in America who combined missionary zeal, a sensitive social conscience, and love of learning. Juan de Zumárraga was born in Tavira de Durango, Vizcaya. Entering the Franciscan order as a youth, he rose in its ranks and in 1527 was appointed first bishop of Mexico. Soon after his arrival in Mexico in 1528, he clashed with the audiencia (a court with executive functions) which Charles V had appointed to govern Mexico in place of Hernan Cortés. The judges proved to be greedy and corrupt men whose main concern was to enrich themselves at the expense of the Indians and the Cortés faction. Since Zumárraga combined with his episcopal office that of protector of the Indians, he attempted to put an end to the abuses committed against the natives by the audiencia, but in vain. The quarrel between Zumárraga and the judges reached such a pitch that he excommunicated the offenders and placed Mexico City under interdict. Summoned to Spain in 1532 to justify his action, he did so with entire success. The first audiencia, meanwhile, had been removed and replaced with able and conscientious judges with whom Zumárraga maintained excellent relations. Despite his concern for Indian welfare, Zumárraga did not oppose the encomienda (the assignment to a Spanish colonist of a group of Indians who were to serve him with tribute and labor). He believed that this system, properly regulated, could be beneficial to both Spaniards and Indians. From 1535 to 1543 Zumárraga served as inquisitor in Mexico. He was extremely active in the pursuit of heresy and other offenses against orthodoxy. The high point of his inquisitorial career was the trial for heresy of the Indian cacique of Texcoco, Don Carlos, whom Zumárraga condemned to death by burning. This excessive severity brought a rebuke from Spain and his removal from the post of inquisitor. Despite the earnest efforts of his principal biographer to clear Zumárraga of the charge of destroying pre-Conquest codices, there is no doubt that he was responsible for the destruction of these and other relics of the Indian past. Zumárraga made important contributions to the education of Indian youth and to Mexican culture in general. With the aid of Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza he established the famous Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in 1536 to train the sons of Indian chiefs. Before this school began to decline in the second half of the 16th century, it had produced a generation of Indian scholars who assisted Spanish friars in the writing of important works on the history, religion, and customs of the ancient Mexicans. Zumárraga also built hospitals for both races, introduced the printing press to Mexico in 1539, and wrote and published books for the religious instruction of the Indians. Zumárraga was appointed the first archbishop of Mexico in 1547. He died on June 3, 1548, in Mexico City. Strongly influenced by the Christian humanism of Erasmus and Thomas More, Zumárraga drew heavily on Erasmus's books for the preparation of his own writings, but selectively, using only that material which was clearly orthodox. His thought was a fusion of medieval and Renaissance elements, but the medieval friar in him was certainly dominant. The classic biography of Zumárraga is in Spanish. Richard E. Greenleaf's excellent Zumárraga and the Mexican Inquisition, 1536-1543 (1962) covers briefly, but soundly, various aspects of his career. See also the sections on Zumárraga in Lesley Byrd Simpson, Many Mexicos (1941; new ed. 1966), and R. C. Padden, The Hummingbird and the Hawk: Conquest and Sovereignty in the Valley of Mexico, 1503-1541 (1967). □

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Newsgroups: alt.revisionism,soc.history Subject: Holocaust Almanac - Mazur's Soap Machine Reply-To: [email protected] Followup-To: alt.revisionism Organization: The Old Frog's Almanac, Vancouver Island, CANADA Keywords: Mazur,soap Since Mr. Raven, although still apparently suffering from May 4 Myopia, has addressed the soap issue at great length (thank you, Greg), I thought it might be appropriate to republish the following, as the author of the cited text is mentioned in Mr. Raven's article. Archive/File: holocaust soap.1 Last-Modified: 1994/08/15 The issue of whether or not the Nazis produced soap from human fat is addressed by Konnilyn Feig, in the book "Hitler's Death Camps." It is a contentious issue, and may be completely untrue. If evidence exists that Mazur has been discredited, I would welcome the opportunity to examine it. Until then, I will accept the evidence offered: It seems that Stutthof manufactured soap. Some historians claim that the Nazi manufacture of soap from human fat is just a grim rumor. However, cakes are on display; and witnesses have testified that soap was made at Stutthof from the fat of dead prisoners. At the War Crime Trials Sigmund Mazur, laboratory assistant at the Danzig Anatomic Institute, testified that the institute conducted experiments in producing soap from human bodies. The professors collected bodies, bones, and human fat in a building called "a laboratory for the fabrication of skeletons, the burning of meat and unnecessary bones." the chief, Professor Spanner, gave Mazur the soap recipe: 5 kilos of human fat are mixed with 10 liters of water and 500 or 1,000 grams of caustic soda. All this is boiled 2 or 3 hours and then cooled. The soap floats to the surface while the water and other sediment remain at the bottom. A bit of salt and soda is added to this mixture. Then fresh water is added, and the mixture again boiled 2 or 3 hours. After having cooled the soap is poured into molds. The prosecutor presented Mazur's description of the process: I boiled the soap out of the bodies of women and men. The process of boiling alone took several days -- from 3 to 7. During two manufacturing processes, in which I directly participated, more than 25 kilograms of soap were produced. The amount of human fat necessary for these two processes was 70 to 80 kilograms collected from some 40 bodies. The finished soap then went to Professor Spanner, who kept it personally. The work for the production of soap from human bodies has, as far as I know, also interested Hitler's Government. The Anatomic Institute was visited by the Minister of Education, Rust; the Reichsgesundheitsfuhrer, Doctor Conti; the Gauleiter of Danzig, Albert Forster; as well as professors from other medical institutes. I used this human soap for my personal needs, for toilet and for laundering. For myself I took 4 kilograms of this soap. Two British POWs gave the prosecution staff testimony on the soap experiments: Owing to the preservative mixture in which they were stored, this tissue came away from the bones very easily. The tissue was then put into a boiler about the size of a small kithen table. . . . After boiling the liquid it was put into white trays about twice the size of a sheet of foolscap and about 3 centimeters deep. . . . Approximately 3 to 4 trayfuls per day were obtained from the machine. A machine for the manufacture of soap was completed some time in March or April 1944. The British prisoners of war had constructed the building in which it was housed in June 1942. The machine itelf was installed by a civillian from Danzig by the name of AJRD. It consisted, as far as I remember, of an electrically heated tank in which bones of the corpses were mixed with some acid and melted down. This process of melting down took about 24 hours. The fattey portions of the corpses and particularly those of females were put into a crude enamel tank, heated by a couple of bunsen burners. Some acid was also used in this process. I think it was caustic soda. When boiling had been completed, the mixture was allowed to cool and then cut into blocks for micrscopic examination. The prosecutor showed the court soap samples. The soap stories appear to excite enormous controversy. Early scholars said the stories were untrue, that the Nazis did not make soap from human fat, that those bars of soap marked with an "RJF" were not made from humans (letter in author's possession from Herbert Rosenkranz to Lonny Darwin, September 20, 1979). Most East European camp scholars, however, validate the soap stories, and other kinds of bars made from humans are displayed in Eastern Europe -- I have seen many over the years. I accept without further question that the Nazis did use every part of the human body, for the evidence now is irrefutable. The Stutthof soap do not have "RJF" stamped on them. Testimony from IMT 7:598-601. See also Shirer, 971. --------------------------------------------------------------- "Hitler's Death Camps" by Konnilyn G. Feig LOC D810.J4 F36 1981 --------------------------------------------------------------- I appreciate Mr. Raven's article, as it provides further material for research, but note that he did not fully examine Feig's text (cited above) - the British POW's, for instance, were not mentioned. I have always had an open mind about this issue, as the opening paragraphs indicate (the original article goes back over two years), and have still not seen either Mazur's testimony, or that of the two POW's, refuted. I am, however, well aware of the controversy surrounding this issue, and the comments made by Lipstadt and Bauer. Alas, neither has provided any research material to examine, so the question remains open. Site Map · What's New? · © The Nizkor Project, 1991-2012 Home · Site Map · What's New? · Search Nizkor

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The annual migration of the Monarch Butterflies is, as you will now if you have been following WOTM over the last few months, an amazing feat of endurance. They over-winter in the forests of Mexico and migrate up to the northern border of the United States and amazingly, it's a relay-race because the first generation of butterflies that leave Mexico only make it half the way. At this point they breed and it's the second generation of butterflies that complete the journey to northern US and Canada. So great is the urge to reproduce that the exhausted female butterflies have been seen dragging themselves from plant to plant as they use the last of their energy to lay. As the generations of caterpillars pupate and emerge as butterflies, each new brood moves northwards, rolling out the range of the Monarch across the USA. Karen Oberhauser from the University of Minnesota co-ordinates a public survey of the Monarch eggs and the impressive black, white and yellow striped caterpillars as fat as your finger which chomp all day on milkweed plants. But the milkweeds have a problem and so do the butterflies. WOTM caught up with Karen a few days ago to find out what this year’s survey is showing.

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Portuguese Man-of-War seen in the Mediterranean Various specimens of Portuguese Man-of-War have been seen close to the coast of Murcia in recent days. This species, more common in the Atlantic Ocean, has reached the waters of the Spanish Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar pushed by air currents. What is it? The Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia physalis) is a siphonophore Phylum Cnidaria: corals, jellyfish, ascidians, etc.). This organism is actually a colony of modified jellyfish-polyps specialised to carry out different functions: moving, hunting, feeding and reproducing. The pneumatophore or float can be as long as 30 centimetres and its tentacles can reach various meters in length (according to some sources, as long as 30 meters, although they rarely exceed 10-20 meters in length). - © OCEANA / Enrique Talledo Where does it live? This species is mainly distributed throughout the temperate waters of the Atlantic, and that is why it is referred to as “Portuguese,” although it can also be occasionally found in northern areas. It is not frequently seen in the Mediterranean although some specimens cross the Straits of Gibraltar pushed by the winds and reach the Alboran Sea. What are its food habits? This is a carnivorous species that feeds off small crustaceans and fish larvae. Is it dangerous? The stings from a Portuguese Man-of-War rarely cause death, although people who are prone to anaphylactic shock may go into a coma or even die, but these are rare cases. - Abdominal, pectoral pain, headache - Muscle spasms - Numbing and pain in extremities - General weakness - Irritation of the affected area - Rhinorrhea and watery eyes - Difficulty swallowing What to do if stung by a Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia physalis) - Seek medical attention as soon as possible. - Apply cold packs, but avoid contact with fresh water. - Rinse with salt water. - Protect the affected area as much as possible. - Apply a solution of equal parts of water and vinegar for 30 minutes, to remove the tentacles. - Rinse the area and apply vinegar diluted by 50%. - Apply cream that contains analgesics, antihistamines or cortisone.

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Mapping the collections This week we added a new feature to Collections Online, our first efforts to map our collection objects, specimens and other resources. As you browse the collection, the Related Places section at the right of the page will generate a map of the places related to the collection item or resource – just click on the “show map” link to open up the map for that page. For Humanities collections we are mapping where an object was made, depicts, was influenced by or refers to. We can map these because we catalogue our collections geographic associations using the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names, which often include the latitude and longitude of the place described. That means as we catalogue our collections as part of our acquisition, inventory or research, we are geo-coding the objects at the same time, at least down to the closest geographically named place. There are limitations to this approach, for example it doesn’t go down to street level, and of course many of our collection objects are recorded simply as being made in “New Zealand”, the coordinates for which hover above the centre of the country. Not exactly accurate, but may provide some context for some objects. We’ll try to work through some of these issues, but they are inevitable for some of our objects, as we simply don’t have any more specific information about where they were produced. Here’s a few examples of the mapping working in the different parts of Collections Online (don’t forget to click the “show map” link to the right of each page): - Objects: Mapping the distribution of the Commonwealth countries referred to in this poster - Objects: Mount Taranaki Try zooming in on the map and switch it to satellite view - Themes: Tapa styles across the Pacific - Places: For the TGN place records themselves, well, we show where the place is! E.g. don’t know where Waipawa is? Now you do! - Person pages: Pictorialist photographer Richard Sharrell, born in Graz, Austria, died in Wellington, New Zealand. For Natural environment, we’re using the map references (or more recently GPS coordinates) recorded as part of the collection of specimens on field collection trips. For example, this snail was collected on the Te Ringa track, not far from Russell in the Far North. At this stage we can only map one object, specimen or resource at a time (though they may have multiple places related). Next step is to map multiple specimens, objects etc as this will help understand the distribution of a particular species, or the various places an artist worked for example. We’ll also look at how to try to work with more pin point geo-coding for non-named places, more like what you are used to on Google maps or Street View. But we hope this first step provides at least some more context to the collections and the people and stories that surround them.

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Lou St. Laurent Energy flux of the internal tides as estimated from a parameterization of internal wave drag in a forward model for the barotropic tides. Globally, deep ocean internal tides extract roughly 1 Terrawatt of energy from the surface tide (Jayne and St. Laurent 2001 ). Internal waves are an ubiquitous class of oceanic phenomena, where wave motion transfers energy and momentum in the deep interior of the sea. Internal tides are generated at regions where the barotropic tidal current encounters variations in bottom topography. The resulting waves arise at the dominant tidal bands. The principle lunar semidiurnal (M2) and the lunar-solar diurnal (K1) are generally the most significant constituents in many locations. Since the diurnal and Coriolis frequencies are equal at roughly 30°, freely radiating diurnal internal tides are possible only equatorward of this latitude. This accounts for roughly half the ocean area, and semidiurnal internal tides are freely radiating over nearly all of the oceans, to 75° latitude. The internal wave energy spectrum is generally "red," with most energy tied to low baroclinic modes of the internal tide with horizontal wavelengths between 10 and 100 km. At these scales, waves are very stable. A considerable succession of physical processes must be implicated to cascade low-mode energy to the scales where instability can act to produce turbulence. St. Laurent, L. and J. Nash, 2004. An examination of the radiative and dissipative properties of the internal tides. Deep-Sea Research II, 51, 3029—3042, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.008. Simmons, H. L., S. R. Jayne, L. St. Laurent, and A. Weaver, 2004. Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the ocean general circulation. Ocean Modelling, 6, 245--263, doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8. St. Laurent, L., S. Stringer, C. Garrett, and D. Perrault-Joncas, 2003. The generation of internal tides at abrupt topography. Deep-Sea Research I, 50, 987--1003, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00096-7. St. Laurent, L., and J. Nash, 2003. On the fraction of internal tide energy dissipated near topography. In Proceedings of the 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop, 45--58. St. Laurent, L., and C. Garrett, 2002. Energy dissipation by internal ocean tides. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 83, 1457--1458.

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At a glance: - Make a list of any questions you have. - Go with a calm, positive attitude. - Take a friend or support person if you need to. - Let the school know beforehand if you need an interpreter. - Stay in touch with the school throughout the year. - Follow up with suggestions that come out of the interview. - Contact the school any time of the year if you have concerns about your child. - Always make an appointment to speak with the teacher. Parent-teacher interviews can sometimes be a little daunting, especially if we weren't the most enthusiastic students ourselves. But these opportunities to touch base with your child's teachers are really important and shouldn't be missed. Here are some tips from Harrington Street Public School principal Wayne Koboroff, about how to get the best out of your time with the teacher. Do your homework. Take a few minutes before your meeting to jot down any questions or comments you have. Because interviews usually only run 10 – 15 minutes it's good to have a reminder of the points you wanted to raise. Common questions may include: - How is my child fitting in with other children? - What are the children working on now in class? - Is there anything about my child's needs that I should know? - Does my child ask questions, participate in class discussions/ class room activities? - Is my child's reading progress satisfactory? - What activities does my child seem to enjoy the most at school? - Who are my child's friends? - Is my child's numeracy progress satisfactory? - Does my child join in with other children in the playground? - What kinds of things will the class be doing over the next few weeks? - Can you tell me the best time and way to contact you if I have a query or concern? - Do you have any concerns about my child? - How is my child progressing in comparison to others in his/her year level? Also, list anything that might be happening at home that may be helpful for your child's teacher to know. If your child has seen a specialist for example, there may be some information that is important for the teacher or the school counsellor to know. Go with the right attitude. Try to approach the interview with a positive and relaxed attitude, remembering you and the teacher are partners in your child's learning. Don't be afraid to raise your concerns. At the same time, if you're upset about something, let the teacher give you their explanation of the situation. Heading to the school with the attitude that you're going to ‘sort them out' won't help anyone. Many teachers are parents too, and the vast majority choose teaching because they want to help kids achieve their best. In other words, you're on the same team. Walk away with an agreed plan. Admittedly, there are times when the news isn't all good. If the teacher raises issues about your child's learning, development or behaviour, your goal will be to understand how he or she plans to manage that during the school day and how you can provide support at home. For example, if your child needs to pay more attention in class and stop distracting others (sound familiar?), a behaviour diary which travels between class and home every day may be a good suggestion. The idea is the teacher updates you with a short, written account of your child's day, so you can discuss it with your child each evening. Ask the teacher what sort of strategies they have in mind and how you can help. Plan to communicate. The parent-teacher interview is not the only time you can discuss your child with the teacher, but many parents find it's their only opportunity to visit the school. Ask the teacher how you can best communicate with each other in the future. Many teachers make appointments to see or call parents outside of school hours, others find emails work well. Don't arrive at the classroom door unexpectedly and hope to have a quick chat. Between 8:30 am to 3:30 pm is non-stop for teachers, and their primary responsibility each day is to teach their students. They can't leave their class unattended to talk with parents. Respect the teacher's professional skills and expertise and remember you both want what is best for your child. Don't let issues brew. Don't leave it until you're upset or very worried before you contact the school. Stay in touch with the teacher as best you can, and when a concern arises, send a note to say you need to chat. Give them some clue about your concerns, so they can prepare for your conversation. If, for example, you're worried your child isn't making friends, the teacher may want to observe them in the playground before you talk. Or, if you're concerned your child isn't performing as well as expected, the teacher may want to check last year's notes or talk with colleagues who have taught your child. If there's something happening at home with your child or another family member, it can affect what's happening at school, so you may want to let the school know. Get to know your high school child's year adviser. The year adviser is a great point of contact when you have a question or problem that's not specific to one subject area. If, for example, your child doesn't seem to be on top of their homework (or says they're not getting any homework) the year adviser would be the person to call. They can have a chat with the teachers involved and then get back to you. The same goes with social problems your child may be having. Year advisers try to get to know all "their" kids on a more personal level, and can keep an eye on how you're child is progressing. Be as involved with the school as you can. It's definitely easier to approach the teacher or the principal when you feel like part of the school community. Teachers like to talk about the good stuff too! If you don't go to parent teacher interviews, you're also missing out on the chance to hear really positive things about your child that they may not tell you themselves. It's equally rewarding for teachers to share good news with a parent. You may need to get others involved. If you've talked to the teacher and still aren't satisfied with the outcome, you can always make an appointment to discuss your concerns with the principal. You can bring a support person with you to any meeting at the school. If you need the help of an interpreter, let them know when you make the appointment, so they can arrange to have someone on the phone or at the meeting to help you. After the interview. It's important to discuss the meeting with your child and really congratulate them on their strengths. If the teacher made suggestions of things you could do at home, discuss these with your child and commit to following through with them. This site uses Google Translate, a free language translation service, as an aid. Please note translation accuracy will vary across languages.

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People used to think that exposure to two languages was bad for children. It would cause children’s language skills to develop more slowly and stunt their vocabulary growth. Now we know that the opposite is true. Bilingual children, for example, know as many words as monolingual children, but they know some of them in each language. Their brains are more limber, too, and they have more practice at executive-function tasks. Here’s a breakdown of how foreign language education is important at every age. Bilingual education matters even to developing fetuses. A study by researchers from the University of British Columbia and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in France found that infants whose mothers had spoken two languages during pregnancy displayed stronger interest in hearing each of the languages. Meanwhile, babies of monolingual mothers only expressed interest in the one language. Newborn babies also sucked pacifiers more strongly when hearing vocal sounds from a “new” language, which researchers interpreted as curiosity about something they had not heard while in the womb. Infants in bilingual homes could also tell the difference between two different languages, even if they had never heard the two languages before, just by watching people speak. This baby was listening even before it was born. (Photo credit: lrargerich) Infancy and early childhood Babies are born with brain matter capable of learning every language, from English to Mandarin to Hindi-Urdu to Javanese. As they grow, their brains are wired to communicate in the language(s) that they hear around them. So a baby exposed to multiple languages from birth will have an advantage learning them throughout life. Exposure to different languages also helps young children with tasks that require a mental process known as executive function. For example, bilingual children are better at switching from one task to another. In a National Institutes of Health study, 6-year-old children were shown a series of images and asked to hit a computer key when they saw pictures of animals. Later they were asked to switch to pictures of colors and hit a different key, the bilingual children were able to make the transition to the new task faster than the monolingual children. The task required three mental processes: working memory– remembering to hit a key for some images and not others and remembering which key goes with animals and which with colors, inhibition– knowing not to hit a key in response to some images, and shifting– being able to transition focus from animals to colors. In this study bilingual children showed better ability to focus, plan, strategize and organize. The results were the same for English-French, English-Spanish, and English-Chinese bilinguals compared to English-only monolinguals of the same economic background and education level. Bilingual six-year-olds also scored better on grammar tasks than their monolingual peers. All the children knew the same amount of words, although the English-only children knew more English words while, for bilingual children, English words were a percentage of the total vocabulary. In tests of their awareness of English grammatical structures like plurals, possessive, verb tenses, and compound words, English-Spanish bilingual six-year-olds scored highest. The advantage probably came from the combination of exposure to two languages at home and learning English grammar rules at school. At an age at which most children are learning to read and write, bilingual children already had a language advantage. In what language(s) is she thinking?(Photo credit: Wikipedia) Middle school and high school The benefits of language learning are important for older children and teens, as well. In U.S. schools, middle school is the age at which most students are required to pass standardized tests and exhibit good study skills that require multiple mental processes, like the listening, categorizing important information and writing that are required to take notes during a lecture. A 2004 study by Ellen Bialystok and Michelle M. Martin asked subjects to first sort red and blue circles and squares by color, and then by shape. Sorting objects by shape is more difficult because the brain focuses more on color and the task requires subjects to ignore that information and put, say, a red square in a bucket marked with a blue square. Bilinguals were more adept at this task because they could ignore the color information quicker and focus only on the shape. In other words, they could deal better with multiple sets of information, a skill that makes bilinguals better at multi-tasking. The advantages for a middle schooler or high schooler paying attention to a lesson in a crowded classroom or ignoring the distractions of email, texts and Facebook alerts to focus on homework are not hard to imagine. Social interactions take on a new importance starting in middle school as negative social behaviors like bullying become more widespread– negative behaviors that could be combatted, in part, with the cultural awareness and understanding that is part of learning a foreign language. Learning a second language changes the way you see the world. A study of color perception found that people who spoke Japanese, which has different words for light blue (mizuiro) and dark blue (ao) were more likely to categorize them as different colors than shades of the same color. And, while native Japanese-speakers distinguished between mizuiro and ao, and English-speakers did not, bilingual Japanese-English subjects were more likely to distinguish between them depending on how much of their time they spent speaking Japanese instead of English. A different study in Hong Kong found that our brains react more strongly when looking at colors that are easy to describe in our native languages than colors that are hard to describe. Other studies have found that people who spoke languages with gendered nouns had different perceptions of the same objects depending on whether the object’s name was masculine or feminine in their language. These differences illustrate the importance of learning a language to understand another culture, especially for adults in fields where cultural understanding is key, like diplomacy or international business. Is she raising her IQ? (Photo credit: francisco_osorio) In fact, language learning can be linked directly to national security: a March 2012 report reveals that in the United States, school systems are not producing enough bilingual adults to meet the demand for military and foreign service jobs. The report, from a task force co-chaired by former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and former New York City schools chancellor Joel Klein, finds that insufficient foreign-language education is an educational failure that “puts the United States’ future economic prosperity, global position, and physical safety at risk.” But it’s not just civil servants who need to be bilingual: language skills are essential for adults in all professions from souvenir sellers to construction equipment and truck manufacturers. And Business Insider reports that people who speak two languages are more likely to make better financial choices. And, as we have reported here on Bilinguish, being bilingual has a host of other benefits: protecting memory, delaying the onset of Altzheimer’s symptoms, understanding math concepts, and scoring higher on IQ tests. Are you bilingual? How has speaking two (or more) languages affected you?

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The primary mission of the Rhode Island Department of Health is to prevent disease and to protect and promote the health and safety of the people of Rhode Island. The Department of Health is a diverse and interactive state agency with broad-ranging public health responsibilities. As Rhode Island has no local health departments, we coordinate public health activities across the state. All programs and services are coordinated by our Divisions and Centers. Our main areas of responsibility are: We work to eliminate disparities in health and access to care, ensure healthy homes and environments, prevent and control disease and disability, promote health and wellness activities, and support early childhood development. (more) We protect health during catastrophic events and large-scale disasters and emergencies by coordinating education, assessment, planning, response, and support services with healthcare providers, public safety agencies, and government officials. (more) We license and regulate health professionals, facilities and health plans, monitor the safety of public drinking water and beaches, and assure the safety of the food supply and of radiological equipment. (more) We collect and analyze health data about Rhode Islanders and use the data to identify health problems among the state's population and subgroups. (more) We promote and support the use of health information technology across the state, including electronic medical records, e-prescribing, and the development of a statewide health information exchange, in order to increase the quality of healthcare in Rhode Island. (more) We provide analytical and technical laboratory information to support disease surveillance, prevention, and control, environmental health protection, food safety, and emergency response activities. (more) We monitor the prevalence of diseases in the community and investigate, control, and prevent outbreaks. (more) We manage and deliver efficient personnel, purchasing, finance, and systems support services to the Department in an equitable, effective, proficient, and courteous manner. We screen deaths for public health significance and determine the cause and manner of deaths. (more) We provide high-quality, timely, and accurate health information for the public so they can understand health risks and make healthy and safe choices. (more) We register, file, and maintain birth, death, and marriage certificates and publish related data. (more)

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To understand European culture and society in the MiddleAges, it is essential to undestand the role of Christianity. And there is no better way to understand that role than to study that religion's greatest human heroes, the saints. For if Christians regarded God as their king, then the saints were the Christian nobility, human members of the divine court. To use one-much-repeated phrase, they served as "soldiers of Christ." The purpose of this volume is to present in English translation some of the most significant records of the lives of those people consdiered to be saints. In exploring these works, the reader will be presented with rich evidence about the development orf religion and society in western Europe from the late Roman Empire to the great changes that transformed European society around the year 1000. Both during their lives and after their deaths, the saints were key members not only of the Christian community but also of Western society as a whole. As soldiers of Christ, saints were given enormous power from God. This power enabled them to cure disease, counter famine, quell storms, extinguish fires, and defeat enemies. Even the prayers of a holy man or woman were believed to be more effective than those of ordinary Christians. After their deaths, saints became residents of the divine kingdom, where they could directly present petitions to God on behalf of the living in order to win favor for them in God's court. The stories in this volume, therefore, are fascinating not only for what they tell us about the saints themselves but also for what they tell us about the men and women who venerated them during this turbulent and formative period in the history of Europe. Customer Reviews for Soldiers of Christ: Saints and Saints' Lives from Late This product has not yet been reviewed. Click here to continue to the product details page.

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A recent article in Science profiled how social scientists are using Mechanical Turk to conduct research studies. Mechanical Turk lets scientists test and conduct studies quickly and cheaply and choose participants based on specific criteria from over 500,000 Workers in 190 different countries. The article details how scientists are using Mechanical Turk to conduct bigger, faster and cheaper research studies. For example, social scientists used 10,000 Turkers (as Mechanical Turk Workers are sometimes called) to create a tool for tracking the emotional content of Twitter messages (Science, 30 September, p. 1814). In another study, Gabriel Lenz, a political scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, asked Mechanical Turk Workers to look at photographs of Brazilian political candidates and fill in a data sheet. According to the article, Lenz and his team had all the data he needed in just a few weeks and at a total cost of $160. The results of their research appeared in the social science journal World Politics. "The use of Mechanical Turk subjects will eventually become mainstream" Adam Berinsky, a political scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, says in the article. Berinsky goes on to predict that many more social science papers using Mechanical Turk will appear. “Everyone I know is using it,” he says. "The obvious advantage is the speed and cost." You can find the article here.

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Ask The Chef Will the Right Rice Please Stand Up? Can't decide which rice to use for what purpose? No wonder, considering that there are more than 40,000 varieties of rice worldwide. Here's a quick guide to commonly available types of rice. Arborio is a plump-grained rice that is translucent in color with a white dot at the center of the grain. It's classified as a medium-grain rice in the United States, although elsewhere it's considered a short-grain rice. Arborio is most often used in cooking risotto. This rice develops a creamy texture and maintains a degree of chewiness even when fully cooked. Aromatic types of rice have a natural aroma and flavor similar to that of popcorn or roasted nuts. The most common aromatic rice in the US include basmati, jasmine and della. Basmati only swells lengthwise when cooked, resulting in long, thin grains. It cooks up dry and is therefore useful in pilafs or other mixtures where separate grains are desired. The least processed form of rice, brown rice, has the outer hull removed but still retains the bran layers that give it color and a nutty flavor. Brown rice has a longer cooking time than white rice, is chewier, and has up to three times more fiber, vitamin E, and magnesium than white rice. Quick-cooking brown rice can now be found in some grocery stores. Brown rice can be used interchangeably for white rice in most recipes. Long-grain rice cooks up soft and moist. These long, slender kernels are four to five times longer than their width. The grains cook up separate, light and fluffy, making it ideal for use in recipes that require texture. Long-grain rice is the most popular rice in the U.S. and Canada. This rice has been milled to remove the bran, is cooked and then dehydrated before packaging. Highly processed, it is more porous, so that boiling water penetrates the grains in a shorter time making it easy to cook with. The almost round kernels of short-grain rice cook up soft and tend to cling together. Short-grain rice is used in Japanese, Taiwanese, and some Chinese dishes and is often referred to as sticky rice. Wild rice is actually not a rice, but the seed of a wild grass. Its chewy texture and smoky flavor make wild rice ideal for pilafs, stuffing's, and salads. The next time you go to the local grocery store pick up a few different varieties and try them out, you may find something new your family will love.

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Using specific classroom scenarios, teachers explore characteristics and benefits of Project-Based Learning (PBL). Throughout the course, teachers consider their own teaching practice as they follow a teacher new to project-based learning who discusses strategies with a mentor teacher. Planning and project design modules guide teachers through organizing the curriculum, the classroom, and students for successful 21st century projects. The assessment module demonstrates strategies for assessing students’ 21st century skills throughout an open-ended project. The course offers opportunities to apply the PBL concepts with action planning exercises. Module 1: Projects Overview In this module, participants explore the principles of project-based learning. They learn about the differences between a project-based approach and conventional teaching, and review the research-based benefits of project-based learning. As they view examples of different projects and hear from teachers doing projects, they come to understand the characteristics that projects have in common. Module 2: Project Design In this module, participants begin thinking about designing their own projects. They are introduced to the four major steps of project design and apply these steps to consider their own learning goals, Curriculum-Framing Questions, assessment, and student activities. Participants follow one teacher’s process as he begins to plan his project. Lesson 1: Project Planning Lesson 2: Learning Goals Lesson 3: Questions That Frame Learning Lesson 4: Assessment in Projects Lesson 5: Activity Design Lesson 6: Module Review Module 3: Assessment Assessment is integral to a project-based approach. In this module, participants learn how to integrate assessment throughout a project. They see examples of assessment instruments and develop or adapt them for their own use. They learn how to assess 21st century process skills—such as collaboration, self-direction, and reflection—using teacher, peer, and self-assessment methods. They also identify the challenges and possible solutions for assigning grades during projects. Lesson 1: Assessment Strategies for Projects Lesson 2: Assessment of 21st Century Skills Lesson 3: Assessment Planning Lesson 4: Grading Projects Lesson 5: Module Review Module 4: Project Planning Planning the day-to-day work of a project is just as important as planning the big picture. In this module, participants learn how to plan project details to keep a project organized, using project timelines and implementation plans. They consider management strategies to support their students’ self-direction and success and ensure their projects run smoothly. Teachers also discuss ways to keep students on task during projects and strategies for project time management. Lesson 1: Project Organization Lesson 2: Management Strategies Lesson 3: Project Tasks and Activities Lesson 4: Module Review Module 5: Guiding Learning In this module, participants focus on improving instruction throughout projects. They explore questioning strategies to improve student learning and ways to develop students’collaboration, self-direction, information literacy, and reflection skills. Sample lessons are demonstrated as models for participants as they create mini-lessons for their own projects. Participants also observe student dialogues as students develop 21st century skills through discussions and practice. Lesson 1: Questioning in Classrooms Lesson 2: Collaboration and Self-Direction Lesson 3: Information Literacy Lesson 4: Student Reflection Lesson 5: Module Review Register to follow Project-Based Approaches online course Follow Project-Based Approaches online course Submit feedback to obtain the following Participation Certificate

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|Individuals who undergo craniotomy may require multiple rehabilitation services, depending on the location and reason for the craniotomy.| Physical therapy and occupational therapy may be required. Depending on the areas of the brain affected, therapy can range from general conditioning exercises if the individual is weakened from the surgery to functional skills retraining. Therapy may involve strength, balance, and coordination exercises, as well as instruction in using adaptive devices and special equipment such as a cane or a wheelchair. Speech therapy may be needed to promote clarity in speech, speech understanding, and swallowing control. Respiratory therapy may be required to decrease lung congestion, particularly if an individual is bedridden for an extended period. Respiratory therapists may perform chest percussion and use positioning and coughing techniques to promote the drainage of fluid/phlegm from the lungs. Individuals may require counseling by a psychologist or psychiatrist to help them cope with their illness. This may be particularly important if the craniotomy was performed to remove a neoplasm or to drain a brain abscess resulting from a chronic disease such as HIV/AIDS. Source: Medical Disability Advisor

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“Esta Noche Es Noche Buena, Y NO Es Noche De Dormir” CHRISTMAS CELEBRATIONS IN THE SPANISH SPEAKING WORLD The prototype for Christmas celebrations in the Spanish speaking world eminates from Spain and is closely linked to Catholicism. Christmas in Spain is first and foremost a religious holiday. It tends to feel more devout and less commercialized than in other western countries, although this is may be changing. The Christmas season begins on December 8th with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. Other important dates include Nochebuena (Christmas Eve) on December 24th, and the Feast of the Epiphany on January 6th. Although Spain may be the traditional center of the Spanish speaking world, Central and South America are more populous. In the Southern Hemisphere, Christmas occurs in the summertime. For a person from the United States, Christmas in South America might feel like an Independence Day celebration. There are a lot of fireworks involved, and families might even go to the beach on Christmas Day. Below are descriptions of important elements of the Christmas holiday as celebrated in the Spanish speaking world. Aftewards, there is a list of unique Christmas traditions Dia de la Inmaculada Concepcion (December 8th, The Immaculate Conception) The season begins on December 8th with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. Around this time, families will display Pesebres, or nativity scenes. There is a common misconception that the Immaculate Conception refers to the virgin birth of Jesus by Mary. In actuality, The Immaculate Conception refers to the birth of Mary by her mother Saint Anne. La Noche Buena (December 24th / Christmas Eve) Christmas Eve is traditionally celebrated with a midnight mass. This mass is sometimes referred to as Misa del Gallo, or the Misa de los Pastores. The midnight mass comes at the conclusion of nine previous days of celebration and prayer known as the posadas or novenas. In the Spanish speaking world, Christmas Eve generally takes on greater importance than Christmas Day. Families gather together to share a meal. At midnight there are fireworks, and small gifts for the children. Dia de la Navidad (December 25th / Christmas Day) In the Spanish speaking world the primary Christmas celebration happens on Christmas Eve. Christmas Day is a calm, tranquil day. In Spain, more modern families might even go out to eat at a restaurant. In Central and South America, it is a day for picnics and going to the beach. Dia de los Santos Inocentes (Dec. 28th / Day of the Holy Innocents, Childermas) December 28th is the Feast of the Holy Innocents. During the time of Christ, Bethlehem was ruled by Herod, the Roman appointed King of Judea (Israel). The Three Wise Men visited Herod and told him of the birth of the Christ Child in Bethlehem as foretold by Old Testament prophecy. Prophecy claimed the child would grow to become King of the Jews. Herod was a jealous King, and ordered that all young male babies in Bethlehem be slaughtered. Over time, the day has shifted from being one of mourning to a celebration of children. In a sort of gallows humor, the day have evolved into one of simple pranks similar to what might be seen on April Fool's Day. La Epifanía / Día de los Reyes Magos (January 6th, The Epiphany / Three Kings' Day) On January 6th, the Epiphany is celebrated in remembrance of the Christ Child's manifestation to the gentiles as represented by the Three Kings, or Wise Men. According to tradition Gaspar, Melchor and Baltasar traveled to visit the baby Jesus guided on their way by the Star of David. Each Wise Man represented a different part of the world: Europe, Asia, and Africa respectively. They rode a horse, a camel, and an elephant. As gifts, the Kings brought gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Traditionally, in the Spanish speaking world Three King's Day is the day gifts are exchanged. Children leave out their shoes for the Wise Men to fill with toys. Children may also leave water, grass and grain under their beds for the Wise Men's camels. La Posada, is a religious procession that recreates Joseph's and Mary's the search for lodging in Bethlehem immediately preceding the birth of the Christ Child. During the procession, participants travel from house to house to imitate the Holy Family's attempt to find shelter. In some parts of Latin America, these processions may run nightly for nine days before Christmas. Novena de Aguinaldos Nine days of prayer preceding the Christmas celebration. The period begins December 16th and runs through Midnight on December 24th. The nine days mirror the nine months that the Virgin Mary carried the Christ Child during her pregnancy. It is celebrated principally in Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Pesebres, Portales, Nacimiento Nativity or manger scenes depicting the Holy Family: Joseph, Mary, and the Baby Jesus. Frequently, the Christ Child is not added to the scene until midnight on December 24th. Frequently, farm animals are added to the scene to emphasis the humble birth of Jesus. Sometimes the Star of David will be added to show that Christ's birth was the fullfillment of Old Testament prophecy. In Argentina, like the rest of the southern hemisphere, Christmas occurs in the summertime. For a person from the United States of America, Christmas in Argentina might feel like an American July 4th, Independence Day celebration. On Christmas Eve in Argentina family and friends gather. The religious attend church services. At midnight, children open gifts and there are fireworks. Christmas day is celebrated with picnics and barbeques. Favorite Christmas foods include Pan Dulce (bread filled with candies) and sidra (cider). On Christmas Day there is an abundance of iced drinks to combat the summer heat. A typical entree might include roast peacock brilliantly garnished with its own feathers or Nino Envuettas; rolled squares of steak, filled with meat, spices, hard-boiled eggs and onions. Employers give employees a "Canastón". A Canaston is a basket filled with basic food products like bread, sugar, rice, biscuits etc. The Three Kings bring gifts for the children of Bolivia. On the night before Epiphany, children place letters in their shoes for the Three Kings. "Natilla" and "Buñuelos" are Christmas time specialities. Natilla is a custard made from corn starch. Buñuelos are cheese filled As a South American country we have included Brazil although its national language is Portuguese. In Brazil the gift bringer is called Papai Noel or Bom Velhinho (Good Old Man). In Northern Brazil, the play Los Pastores is a holiday favorite. The play tells the story of a gypsy that attempts to kidnap the Christ Child and the shepherdesses that thwart the attempt. Christmas foods includeFarofa, a manioc flour roasted with butter, salt, bacon, and spices. Codfish, French toast, Brazil nut, and Panettone are seasonal favorites. El Viejo Pascuero (Old Man Christmas) is the gift bringer. "Cola de Mono" or "Monkey's Tail" is a popular Chilean drink. Ingredients includes aguardiente, rum, coffee, milk and anise. Christmas Eve meal often includes cazuela de ave (chicken cazuela), a type of chicken soup filled with potatoes, onions, and corn on the cob. Dia de las Velitas, or Day of Little Candles is the start of Christmas Observance in Colombia. It is celebrated on December 7th, on the eve of the Immaculate Conception. The day is celebrate by displaying candles and paper laterns on sidewalks, porches, In Colombian, families commemorate the nine months of the Virgin Mary's pregnancy. For nine days before Christmas, beginning on December 16th and running through midnight on December 24th, families gather to pray and sing. The tradition is known as the Novena de Aguinaldos. Traditionally, El Niño Jesus bring the gifts. The Santa Claus tradition is gaining popularity however. God parents may bring gift on the Ephinany. Typical foods include Buñuelos served with natilla or manjar blanco. Also, hojaldres, which are something like a puff pastry or phyllo dough. Costa Ricans display Nativity scenes called portales that are decorated with bright tropical fruits and flowers. The traditional Costa Rican Christmas tree in a cypress. In Costa Rica, the Christmas season is a time for Topes, or horse parades, and Bullfights. The traditional Christmas food is tamales. After the Communist takeover in 1962, Cuba officially became an atheist nation. Castro believed that Christmas interfered with the sugar harvest so he outlawed the holiday. Castro allowed Christmas celebrations to resume in 1997 to honor a visit by Pope John Paul II. The Cuban people were quick to rembrace Christmas. A highlight of Christmas celebrations in Cuba are Parrandas, or street parties. These began back in the 18th Century as way to boost attendance at Midnight Mass. The Parrandas have a carnival feel. At Christmas, Cubans enjoy Crema de Vie, which is similar to eggnog, and consists of condensed milk, rum, sugar syrup, lemon rind, cinnamon, and egg yolk. The oldest cathedral in the Americas is located in Santo Domingo. It is named the Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor. Construction on the Cathedral began in 1512, and was completed in 1540. The Cathedral of Santa Maria hosts the most elaborate masses in the country at Christmas time. When not attending Services, people in the Dominican Republic celebrate Christmas like an American on Superbowl Sunday except with more fireworks. Traditional Christmas dishes include Puerco Asada, pan telera, pasteles de hojas, root tamales, and ginger tea. On Christmas Day in rural areas, the indigenious people that staff the local ranches and farms will parade down from the highlands dressed in colorful garb and riding llamas. Employers will give employees gifts. Roast lamb and brown sugar bread make up the traditional Christmas meal. In Early December Families setup nativities scenes, however the Christ Child is not added until after midnight on Christmas Day. There are Estrellitas, or fireworks to signal the symbolic birth of the baby Jesus. More modern families might enjoy a dinner of turkey or ham. Chicken or tamales are traditional. The Christmas tree has joined the nacimiento (nativity) as a popular decoration because of the influence of the German population in Guatemala. Parents and adults exchange on New Year's Day. Turkey, bunuelos, tamales, and ponche (fruit punch) are popular menu items at Christmas. Honduras celebrates with lots of fireworks, pork, tamales, and aguardiente (fire water), a strongly alcoholic beverage. There are poinsettias flowers everywhere. Legend has it that a young boy was walking to church to view the town's nativity scene. He had no offering to bring and so in a moment of improvisation he gathered a cluster of green branches. The other children at the church teased him for his humble offering. Miraculously though, when the boy place the branches on the altar of the church red flowers began to bloom. In the weeks leading up to Christmas puestos (market stalls) appear all around the local plaza of every city and town. These stalls sale all kinds of artisan foods and folk crafts. On Christmas day children break a decorated clay pinata. Presents are also given on the Feast of the Epiphany by the Three Wise Men. On December 7, the people of Nicaragua celebrate La Griteria (The Shoutings), in honor of the Virgin Mary. There is singing in the streets, neighbors visit one another to share food and drinks, and exchange small gifts. The traditional christmas dish is the nactamale, the Nicaraguan version of the tamale wrapped in plaintain leaves. Christmas is the start of summer in Panama. Christmas Day features a carnival like parade and fireworks. At Panama City Beach there is a boat parade. In Paraguay, the traditional Christmas meal includes Chipa made from cassava, and a soup called Bori Bori. Quechua Indians are known for hand carving beautiful wood nativity scenes. In the capital Lima, Christmas Day is celebrated with a procession including a statute of the Virgin Mary. For the nine day preceding Christmas, the Mass of the Carols is held every morning at 5:30 a.m. House to house Christmas caroling is popular. At Christmas time, the people of Puerto Rico give a nod towards their agricultural roots. Regular city folk will play the role of the "jibaros", or farmer peasant, by wearing a straw hat called a "pava." There is also the custom of "parranda," which is something akin to Christmas caroling. Family and friends surprise neighbors with music and singing, and in return are invited in for a meal. A favority holiday drink is Coquito is an eggnog like beverage made from coconut milk. In Spain, Christmas can still be a deeply religious holiday. At the gothic cathedral in Seville, the season begins with an annual ceremony called Los Seises, or "Dance of the Six." The holiday often include swinging. Towns and villages setup swing sets and young people will swing in time with music and singing. In a tradition that predates Christmas, bonfires are built to celebrate the winter solstice and participants will jump over the fires to ward off illness. On December 22, El Gordo (the Fat One), the world's largest lottery in held. On December 28th, young boys are giving the "keys" to their local town, and for a day are allowed to act as "mayor" ordering townsfolk to sweep the streets or pay a "fine." The most famous of Spanish Christmas delights is turron, a kind of almond candy. Other Christmas foods include yema, an egg based dessert, mantecados, crumbly cakes, and King cake. Christmas is officially known as "Día de la Familia" (Family's Day). However, most Uruguayans call December 25th "Navidad" (Christmas) and celebrate the night before (December 24th) "Nochebuena" (Christmas' Eve). January 6th, The Epiphany is also celebrated. Family dinner, fireworks and presents are the norm. And then, more fireworks. Crowds flock to beach resorts like Punta del Este. At bedtime, children will tie a long piece of string to their big toe. The other end of the string is hung out their bedroom window. Early the next morning, the people of the town join in a collective roller skating party. The skaters will gently tug on any string they see hanging out a window to summon the children to join the party. On the Epiphany, Children will wake to presents left by The Three Kings. The children know that The Three Kings came to visit because if they look in the mirror they will see a black smudge left by Balthazar, King of the Ethiopians, who kissed them in their sleep. RETURN TO THE TABLE OF CONTENTS the Spanish Version Click here to join the discussion on our bulletin board

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|[This is a MPIWG MPDL language technology service]| Follow (v. t.) To go or come after; to move behind in the same path or direction; hence, to go with (a leader, guide, etc.); to accompany; to attend. Follow (v. t.) To endeavor to overtake; to go in pursuit of; to chase; to pursue; to prosecute. Follow (v. t.) To accept as authority; to adopt the opinions of; to obey; to yield to; to take as a rule of action; as, to follow good advice. Follow (v. t.) To copy after; to take as an example. Follow (v. t.) To succeed in order of time, rank, or office. Follow (v. t.) To result from, as an effect from a cause, or an inference from a premise. Follow (v. t.) To watch, as a receding object; to keep the eyes fixed upon while in motion; to keep the mind upon while in progress, as a speech, musical performance, etc.; also, to keep up with; to understand the meaning, connection, or force of, as of a course of thought or argument. Follow (v. t.) To walk in, as a road or course; to attend upon closely, as a profession or calling. Follow (v. i.) To go or come after; -- used in the various senses of the transitive verb: To pursue; to attend; to accompany; to be a result; to imitate.

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Humans don't like ambiguity. This is demonstrated in the experiment Hersh Shefrin discusses where subjects are offered either a guaranteed $1000, or a 50/50 chance at $2000. Consistently, fewer than 50% of respondents prefer the gamble for $2000, even though the expected values (i.e. the average value of the result if it were conducted many times) of both offers are the same. What if the 50/50 odds in the above experiment were instead unknown? This adds even further uncertainty to the situation, and results in even fewer people willing to gamble on the $2000. Shefrin calls this phenomenon "aversion to ambiguity", and on Wall Street it results in downward pressure on the prices of securities with uncertain outlooks. In order to avoid uncertainty/ambiguity, humans will stay away, even if the odds are favourable (i.e. downside risk is low, upside potential is high). In his book, Shefrin argues that this ambiguity aversion is the reason for government intervention, even when it is not needed. What would have happened had the government not bailed out the banks? Nobody really knows, but the fact that the outlook was uncertain made the government want to intervene, even at a high cost, in order to avoid the uncertain situation. As Mohnish Pabrai notes in his book, risk is not the same as uncertainty. Uncertainty can drive down the prices of assets/securities, even if downside risk is low. By capitalizing on situations where uncertainty is high, but risk is low, the investor can put himself in a position to earn above-average returns. Disclosure: Author would roll the dice on the $2000 as long as the odds were 50%+

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Tracking Afghanistan's Elusive Snow Leopards July 17, 2012 Snow leopards are among the most elusive big cats, and those living in Afghanistan make themselves particularly scarce. Although they are apex predators in the 12 nations they range, snow leopards face threats that include poaching and loss of natural prey. To improve understanding of their range and behavior, WCS conservationists worked with local veterinarians and an expert tracker from Nat Geo WILD to tranquilize two adult male cats in Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor. The researchers took DNA samples and affixed radio collars that will allow them to "tag along" as these snow leopards make their way along the rugged peaks of the Hindu Kush. By maintaining remote data on the leopards' range and behavior, conservationists can ensure a more hopeful future for a species now reduced to as few as 3,000 animals. WCS Afghanistan Country Director, David Lawson, said of the recent expedition, "These captures are sensational. They are also a real tribute to the knowledge of the local community rangers and the success of our recent camera trapping efforts, which enabled the team to select spots that were known to be frequented by snow leopards." Understanding these magnificent cats is key to protecting future generations, and WCS has been leading research since the 1970s when Dr. George Schaller began surveying snow leopards and their prey in the Himalaya. WCS supported the initial radio-collar study of snow leopards under Schaller's leadership in the 1990s.

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TI-83/TI-84 Programs - Paetzke Bill Paetzke offers TI-83/TI-84 Plus programs to help students and teachers be more efficient in using their calculators. The programs are organized under these categories: Read about Paetzke here: The Platonic Solids Information Site Dan Radin's site contains information, computer graphics, a computer-animated video, teaching tools, and links pertaining to the three-dimensional geometry of the polyhedron in its many forms. Radin focuses particularly on the five Platonic solids -- the tetrahedron, the cube, the octahedron, the icosahedron, and the dodecahedron -- and the compound solids made from their dual pairs. Areas of the site include: - Platonic Solid Rock (the video) - The Platonic Solids Discussion Group - Computer Desktop Wallpaper - High-Resolution Images - Animated Gifs - Polyhedral Origami - Paper Polyhedron Plans - Proof?! (a polyhedral screenplay) - Lesson Plans - National Standards - Dan Radin's Bio GoKnow Sketchy Contest Do you use Sketchy in the classroom? Do you know a budding artist who uses Sketchy to convey educational concepts? The GoKnow Sketchy Contest Team is hosting their 4th Annual Sketchy contest for students and teachers. Submissions are due May 25, 2007, and winners will be announced after June 4th. First place finishers will receive a special 1 GB iPod Shuffle. Digital Cameras are on hand for all 2nd place finishers, and 3rd place secures a new addition to their prizes: the Pocket Mind Reader. Numerous honorable mention certificates will be provided for those who have their Sketchys posted on the Web. The official flyer and rules can be accessed in PDF format from their site. You can also view previous winning Sketchy animations. Demo versions for Palm OS or Windows Mobile are available for download:

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The formation of blood vessels is a normal process during embryogenesis and wound healing. But there is also an unwanted formation of blood vessels, in tumors, for example, or in retinopathy, an eye disease that affects many diabetics. Researcher Mattias Belting at Lund University, together with an American research team at The Scripps Research Institute, has uncovered previously unknown mechanisms behind the generation of blood vessels that may pave the way for new drugs in the future. The main role in the new findings is played by a protein called tissue factor. This factor turns out to have both a stimulatory function and an inhibitory function in the generation of blood vessels. Normally these two functions neutralize each other, but in diseases like retinopathy - where unwanted blood vessels grow into the retina - this balance is disturbed. The research team shows this in an article in the May issue of Nature Medicine. Tissue factor is found in the cell walls of endothelial cells that line the lumenal side of blood vessels. The part of the tissue factor that faces the cell exterior sends signals, in combination with a certain so-called coagulation factor, to activate blood vessel cells to generate new vessel structures. The part of the tissue factor that resides on the inside of cells sends opposing signals that inhibit cell activation. The group has unraveled these mechanisms by using several methods. For one thing, they have managed to generate transgenic mice that lack either the inhibitory mechanism, the stimulatory mechanism, or both. The results turned out accordingly: in mice without the inhibitory mechanism, for example, they have observed abnormally rapid growth of blood vessels in the retina and in tumors. Another discovery reported in the article involves pathologically altered blood vessels from deceased patients with diabetes retinopathy. In these vessels it could be seen that the stimulatory mechanism had been activated, whereas the inhibitory part of tissue factor had an altered structure indicating that this mechanism had been turned off. These changes may have been responsible for the occurrence of blood-vessel abnormalities associated with diabetic retinopathy. We are now looking for substances that can attenuate these altered structures in tissue factor, says Mattias Belting. He performed his studies during his stay at the prestigious Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, and is currently heading a research team at Lund University. Tissue factor has been known to play a major role in triggering the coagulation of blood. These new discoveries show that it is also important in the generation of new blood vessels, i.e. angiogenesis. Medication to inhibit angiogenesis is now seen as a possible way of starving cancer tumors and perhaps fatty tissue in extremely obese individuals. In other words, there are myriad avenues of research that could lead to new treatments and drugs. Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. -- Robert Frost

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Here are the facts -- not that those tend to matter to conspiracy theorists. Hantavirus is an RNA virus that is carried by deer mice, and is present in their urine, droppings, and saliva. When deer mice come into contact with human -- e.g. in cabins -- the mouse droppings dry out, and the resultant dust can be inhaled, carrying the virus into the human respiratory system. Once a human is infected, the disease progresses rapidly, beginning with flulike symptoms, and eventually causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress. There is no treatment, and even with medical care, about half of infected patients die. (Source) The recent outbreak in Yosemite National Park, in the "Signature Tent Cabins," led to 10,000 people being exposed. Note that this is simply the number who occupied the cabins this summer; it is unknown how many of them actually came in contact with the virus. As of right now, six people have been confirmed to have contracted the disease, and two of the infected have died. (Source) The cabins were closed on August 24, and as hantavirus has an incubation period of two to four weeks, it is likely that there will be few other cases amongst the people who visited the park. So, anyway, that's the situation. Scary for those exposed, sad for those who have actually contracted the disease, and otherwise, it's pretty much over. Hantavirus has never been shown to be transmissible from human to human, so that's it for the epidemic (if I can call an outbreak that sickened six people that). But try telling your average conspiracy theorist that. Here are a few direct quotes from conspiracy sites. I am including only a few, because after reading these, I felt my cerebral cortex turning to cream of wheat, and I had to stop. (Spelling and punctuation has been left intact, because that improves the overall effect.) - This could be the new Pandemic, the worldwide killer that wipes out mankind ,in the 14th century the Black Death wiped out 25 million people and this was before planes and easy travel throughout the world, if that many people died in the 14th century imagine the destruction and devestation in the modern world where you can jump on a plane tomorrow and end up in Timbuktoo ,25 million would be like chicken feed ,make no mistake this has no cure and if it goes airborne and can be transmitted through handshakes ,coughs and sneezes ,the world will have no need to be worried about any asteroid hitting or Yellowstone erupting in 2012. - Remember the big rig that spilled 600 25# bags of sulfur near the entrance to Yosemite in April? Anyone wondering if that stuff was really sulfur? It closed the roads nearby. Was this just an excuse to close everything up so they could spray the park with deadly hantavirus? Just in time for summer vacations... - Its another false flag operation to draw attention away from what's going on at the Democratic National Convention. Like we can't see through what their doing. - Obama and his cronies are hiding their role in this. Start a deadly pandemic in an election year, so that it gives you something to claim you're fighting against. And while millions are dying, they get into office permanently. Watch for it, sheeple. You'll be living in a fascist dictatorship before you know it... if you're one of the survivors. - There are now 12000 people sick with this right now and that's the ones we know about, how many more, are we being told the total truth about this, in less than a week thousands more infected, imagine a month, a year, 5 yrs from now planet earth could be the corpse planet, maybe this is why their looking at other planets that could support life. Hey, it could happen. What blows my mind about all of this is how fact-resistant these people are. Show them press releases from the National Institute of Health, explaining that hantavirus doesn't seem to be communicable from one human to another, and stating that only six people have so far been sickened? It's all part of the government's disinformation plan. Tell them that the sulfur spill in April was just an accident, and was cleaned up quickly, and had nothing to do with the outbreak? Riiiight. Sure it was an accident. *wink, wink* Explain that hantavirus was already present in deer mouse populations, and there would be no need for anyone to "spray the park with the virus," even if someone wanted to do so, which no one does? Ha. So you say. You poor, deluded fool, you. You get the feeling these people love it when bad things happen, so they can have more things to blame the government for. They don't seem to have any sense that being that we live in the natural world, bad stuff sometimes just happens. Storms, earthquakes, volcanoes, floods... and disease outbreaks. No human agency is necessary for any of this stuff, much as they would like that to be the case. And finally, don't these conspiracy theorists give you the impression that they think that the government is a lot more powerful, and efficient, than it actually is? My own sense is that our elected officials look more like the Keystone Kops than they do like the Men in Black. If they even knew how to create a catastrophe, I doubt they could successfully pull it off, much less keep it quiet. But maybe that's the point. The people who believe in conspiracy theories find it weirdly comforting that someone is in charge, even if that someone has evil intentions. The idea that hantavirus has shown up in Yosemite because the Evil Government put it there is easier to live with, somehow, than the idea that bad stuff just happens sometimes, because life is a risky chaotic jumble, and there is no pattern, no Grand Reason That Things Happen. Or maybe they're just batshit crazy.

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There are tens of different Jewish communities around the world and as with every festival; each community has its own special Pesach foods. Pesach, the seven-day spring festival that is also known as Passover, is the Jewish festival that celebrates the redemption of the Jewish people from Ancient Egypt. Each Jewish community finds its own ways to commemorate and celebrate and we’re going to bring a variety of the foods from different communities that are consumed on this festival… Haroset is a paste-like mixture that is eaten in commemoration of the mortar used by the Israelites when enslaved in Egypt. The Haroset is one of the symbolic foods eaten on the first night of Pesach at the Seder meal. Jewish communities around the world prepare it differently. The Turkish version of Haroset incorporates pitted dates, raisins, apples, wine and chopped nuts. The Haroset prepared by Persian Jews is actually known as Hallaq and it symbolizes the forty years that the Israelites spent wandering in the desert before they reached the Holy Land. In commemoration of those forty years, many try to incorporate forty ingredients into the Hallaq. Matzah Balls are a traditional Passover food for Jewish people of Ashkenazi origin. Matzah Balls are traditionally served in chicken soup at the beginning of the meal and are basically delicious dumplings made with Matzah meal, eggs, water, oil and spices. The Jewish community of Turin, Italy traditionally makes Minestra Dayenu sop for Passover. Dayenu is Hebrew and means “it would have been enough,” and forms the chorus of a popular Passover song sung at the Seder table. The soup is made from chicken stock, Matzah, egg yolks and cinnamon. Tunisian Jews prepare M’soki for Pesach- a stew based on vegetables and lamb. The colorful vegetables in the stew emphasize the season that Passover falls in- spring, whereas the lamb is in commemoration of the lamb that the Israelites sacrificed and ate before leaving Egypt, at G-d’s command. Anjinaras is a Turkish Jewish recipe that features artichokes- a spring vegetable that is closely identified with the festival of Passover. Carciofi All Giudia Carciofi All Giudia is Italian for “Jewish Style Artichokes” and is another dish that pays homage to the vegetable associated with Passover- artichoke. Artichokes are a spring vegetable and one of the names of Passover is “the Spring Holiday.” Mina de Pesach A Sephardi, layered pie that is enjoyed on Pesach is Mina de Pesach and it is made up of layered Matzah, chicken and mushrooms. The Jewish community living in Cochin, India traces their roots back to a shipwreck that left seven Jews stranded on the coast of India two thousand years ago. Although they held fast to their Jewish tradition, their food has taken on a definite Indian twist. For Passover, the Bene Israel community (the name of the community who live in Cochin) would prepare a dish that incorporated lamb, in commemoration of the Passover sacrifice consumed the night that the Israelites left Egypt. Megina is a Matzah pie that was enjoyed by Jewish communities in Turkey, Greece and Rhodes. The pie incorporates Matzah, beef, eggs and onions.

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Up until now to keep it simple, we've only learned about syllables that only ended with a vowel, basically two letters put together to make a sound. Now we'll be learning about the final consonant that goes at the bottom of the syllables block, this final position is called a batchim. The sentence example below shows the characters in the final position (batchim) in blue: This step will introduce you to the sounds in the final syllable position, some which are very different from their normal sounds. For now we are only going to include the characters ㄴ and ㅁ in the final position (batchim) since ㄴ and ㅁ do not change sounds in this position. Just remember each block of letters is pronounced as a syllable. Let's try some simple examples to help you understand. 몸매 (shape, figure) 안주 (side-dish for alcohol) If a consonant in the final position is followed by a vowel, the sound shifts over to the next syllable. The only sounds that don't shift over to the next syllable are ㅇ since it is weird to begin a word with a "ng" sound and ㅎ becomes silent when followed by a vowel. Pronunciation When Followed By a Vowel If the final position has ㅇ, there is no syllable shift. If a consonant is in the final position and it is not followed by a vowel (meaning it is the last syllable of the word or followed by another consonant), then it may have a different pronunciation. You will notice from the tables below that many characters share the same sound when in the final position. Also as you will notice, there are also the letters ㄲ and ㅆ below which we haven't learned yet. Don't worry as they are pronounced like some of the letters you have already learned when in the final position, so for now don't worry those letters until the next section. Below you will see the name's of the consonants letters in Korean. As you can see they begin and end with the same letter, however you may notice most of the sounds at the beginning and end are different. You will also notice that even though some of the last syllables end in a different letter, they make the same sound as other letters. See the examples below, then go in detail about the difference in sounds. Name of letter Note: ㅃ, ㄸ and ㅉ can't appear in the final position. The /k/ sound is cut short. ㅋ and ㄲ do not commonly appear in the final position. In fact only a handful of words even have ㅋ in the final position. 악, 앜, 앆 all pronounced the same 억, 엌, 얶 옥, 옼, 옦 욱, 웈, 욲 익, 잌, 읶 묶다 (to tie) The /p/ sound is cut short. ㅂ appears in the final position more often than ㅍ. 높다 (to be high) 덥다 (to be hot) / 덮다 (to cover something) 맙소사 (Oh no! Oh my god) 접시 (dish, plate) 춥다 (to be cold) In the final position ㄹ sounds like an /l/ sound instead of an /ɾ/ as we previously learned. However if ㄹ is followed by a vowel it is a /ɾ/ sound. Also if there are two consecutive ㄹ together, the second ㄹ also takes an /l/ sound. 걸리다 (to be hung) 열리다 (to be opened) /ŋ/ sound ("ng" sound like in ring or hang) Normally ㅇ acts as a placeholder for a consonant and makes no sound, only in the final position does it make a sound. Error: file jeungsang C.mp3 not found ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ The /t/ sound is cut short. ㄷ, ㅊ, ㅈ, ㅌ don't frequently appear in the final position. Although ㅎ is supposed to be a /t/ sound, it often mixes with the consonant it follows causing it to have another sound. This will be discussed later in step 7, so just keep it in mind for now. 앋, 앗, 았, 앚, 앛, 앝, 앟 얻, 엇, 었, 엊 엋, 엍, 엏 옫, 옷, 옸, 엊, 엋, 엍, 엏 욷, 웃, 웄, 웆, 웇, 웉, 웋 읻, 잇, 있, 잊, 잋, 잍, 잏 곧 (right away) / 곳 (place) 멋쟁이 (stylish person) 있다 (to exist, to have) 찾다 (to find) Compare the sounds of the final syllable when followed by a vowel, and when it's not followed by a vowel.

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Digestion is the process of breaking down tightly bound molecules into individual nutrients that can be taken into your body and used to support its functions. Simply defined, digestion is cutting things down to a size in which they can be absorbed into your body. Proper digestive health is basic to the healthy function of every organ system in the body. Read more » Enzymes are essential for the digestion and absorption of food, for it’s conversion into body tissue, and for production of energy at the cellular level. Enzymes are the most important unit in the human body, because every chemical change that takes place to repair tissue, or to assimilate food, involves the activity of enzymes. Without enzyme activity there is no life. No plant or animal can live without the activity of its enzymes. Read more » Detoxification refers to eliminating toxins that have accumulated in the bloodstream, either through faulty elimination, or ingesting an overabundance of chemicals. Body Detoxification defines the conscious act of cleaning up our insides down to the cellular level. Read more » A healthy and clean colon is essential to good health, and is the first step to a healthy you. This makes regular colon cleansing a must. Everything we eat ends up in our bowels as toxins. Read more » There is much confusion when it comes to the topic of fats. We are repeatedly told by the media, especially partial info from ads and commercials, that eating fats will result in weight gain, high cholesterol, heart disease and stroke. Many people are under the impression that all fats are bad for proper health. They don’t differentiate between good fats and bad fats, and therefore, are extra careful to purchase only those products that have the words NO FAT or LOW FAT emblazoned on the label. Unfortunately, this is very misleading. Read more » Essential fatty acid foods especially foods that contain eicosapentaenoic acid, a major polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oil, interfere with the body’s production of inflammatory chemicals, more specifically arachidonic acid, the chemical which causes inflammation in conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and arthritis. Read more »

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Materials on art and art related topics may be found in the following call number areas: N (visual arts), NA (architecture), NB (sculpture), NC (drawing, design, illustration), ND (painting), NE (print media) NK (decorative arts). You may also use the searches listed below. Subject Search: art, arts, art history, sculpture, painting, or a specific type of art such as African art or Art Baroque. Keyword Search: art, particular artist’s name, drawing, sculpture You may search for additional titles using the online catalog and keywords such as art, art history, performing arts, and visual arts. You may access the following databases from any computer workstation on campus. For off-campus access, please follow the instructions found on the library’s homepage under “Off-Campus Access Instructions”or click here for an online tutorial. America: History and Life indexes articles relating to North American history, including art and architecture. Ceramic Abstracts provides citations to journal articles on all facets of ceramics. Academic Search Complete is a valuable and comprehensive scholarly, multi-disciplinary full-text database that covers art-related articles. MasterFILE is composed of full text journal and magazine articles, reference books, biographies, primary source documents, and an Image Collection. Humanities International Complete provides full text of hundreds of journals, books and other published sources covering all aspects of the humanities. AICT (Art Images for College Teaching)) A free-use image resource containing art and architectural works in the public domain for educators. American Memory from the Library of Congress Contains primary source material relating to the history and culture of the United States. More than 7 million digital items from more than 100 historical collections are included. Art History Resources On The Web One of the best organized sites on art history on the Web. Developed and maintained by Sweet Briar College professor, Dr. Christopher Whitcomb. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York One of the most well known museums in the world. Includes information on works of art, exhibits, and collections. Smithsonian American Art Museum Devoted to American art and artists, this site includes the museums innumerable collections and exhibits. Web Gallery of Art Contains over 12,000 digital reproductions of European paintings and sculptures created between the years 1150 and 1800. Biographies of significant artists are included as well. If you have questions regarding any of these resources or need assistance finding additional information, please Ask a Librarian.

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Ancient Egypt Kids Section by Jimmy Dunn The real exploration of Egypt came with the French invasion under Napoleon. Along with his army, he bought along a number of scholars, who conducted surveys throughout Egypt. These men were not only Egypt's earliest modern explorers, but were probably more interested in documenting their findings then the next generation of explorers and adventurers, who seem to have put their greatest efforts into the collection, and sell, of Egyptian antiquities. It was these predecessors of modern Egyptology that stripped many of Egypt's fine antiquities, carrying them off to European as well as American Museums. In fact, the real age of Egyptology did not begin until the key to Egypt's written language was deciphered by Champollion, and not until Maspero and his contemporaries did Egyptology begin to settle into the realm of scholarly work. Real Egyptology probably began with Petrie, who's excavation methods were closer to modern methods then any of his predecessors (or contemporaries). Of course, the following list is by no means complete. Obviously there are thousands of working Egyptologists today, not to mention those of the past. However, we will continue to update this list as more information becomes available. Yet this is a fairly complete list from the standpoint of past and present important figures in Egyptology. - A Brief History of Early Travelers to Egypt (Part One) - A Brief History of Early Travelers to Egypt (Part Two) - A Brief History of Early Travelers to Egypt (Part Three) Boutros Andraos was a Luxor resident who, with his neighbor Shenouda Macarios, received permission in 1900 from Howard Carter to excavate KV 42 (the tomb of Hatshepsut Meryet-Ra). They had been promised a share of the contents, but little was found. Dieter Arnold is a modern Egyptologist and architect, still living, who carried out excavations at Tarif, Deir el-Bahari and Dahshur for the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo. Most of his research has focused on Egypt's Middle Kingdom pyramids, and on pyramid construction. Currently he is directing the excavations in Lisht and Dahshur under the sponsorship of the American Archeological expedition from New York's Metropolitan Museum. Ayrton, Edward Russell Edward Russell Ayrton was an English archaeologist funded by Theodore Davis from 1905-1908 while he worked in the Valley of the Kings. Belzoni, an Italian, was the strong man of Egyptology, who worked in as a circus strongman in London prior to his explorations in Egypt. He was an imposing man with a height of about two meters (6ft, 6in). He was an adventurer and self taught archaeologist who possibly studied hydraulics, and who ended up working for the Egyptian vice regent, Muhammad Ali. He directed excavations, often using crude methods. However, he is credited with discovering the previously unknown upper entrance of Khafre's pyramid at Giza. He also documented and collected antiquities. Borchardt, Ludwig (1863 - 1938) A German Egyptologist and architect, Borchardt became famous for his excavations in Abusir, Abu Ghurab and Amarna (where he discovered the famous bust of Nefertiti). He made an outstanding contribution to the understanding of the architecture of the pyramid complex and founded the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, as well as the Swiss Institute for Egyptian Archaeology and Architecture in Cairo. Brugsch, Emile Charles Adalbert (1842 - 1930) A German Egyptologist, he became an assistant in the Khedive's School of Egyptology in Cairo where he worked between 1870 and 1879. Later, he became an assistant to Mariette, and an assistant conservator at the Bulaq Museum in Cairo. He later was promoted to Keeper. He worked on Mariettee's behalf at Saqqara, where he discovered the pyramid Texts in 1881, and was also responsible for clearing the Deir el-Bahari cache in the same year. With two other Boulak Museum assistants, Brugsch went straightaway to the site, claimed it for the Antiquities Service and proceeded to have the cache-tomb hurriedly cleared of its some forty royal and anonymous coffined mummies, during forty-eight hours over a six-day period He was a skilled lithographer and photographer. Unfortunately, he may also have surreptitiously sold museum objects, but to his credit, this may have been done to keep the museum afloat. Before his death, he was made a Bey and Pasha by the Egyptian government. Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis (1857 - 1934) An Englishman, Budge studied Egyptology under Samuel Birch at the British Museum between 1870 and 1878. He later studied at Christ's College at Cambridge. He went to work for the British Museum after graduation in 1883, and between 1894 and 1924, was a Keeper in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. He excavated at Aswan, Gebel Barkal, Meroe, Semna and other Nubian sites. Budge was known as a prolific author with over 140 titles to his credit, some of which continue to be printed. Paul Bucher was a French Egyptologist who copied and published texts from the walls of KV 34 (Thutmes III) and KV 35 (Amenhetep II). A British photographer born in Lincolnshire, though a resident of Florence, Harry Burton worked from 1914 onward for the Metropolitan Museum of Arts Egyptian Expedition and for Howard Carter in 1922 as the photographer in KV 62. Prior to that he worked for Theodore Davis in the Valley of the Kings. The hundreds of glass negatives he took during he course of the Tutankhamun clearance provide an unparalleled body of reference and are among the finest archaeological photographs ever made. Born in London in 1788 to James Haliburton (who changed his name to Burton) and Elizabeth Westly, James Burton was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received his B.A. in 1810 and M.A. in 1815. Between 1815 and 1822 Burton worked for the architect Sir John Soane and traveled in Italy with his secretary, Charles Humphreys, where he met Egyptologists Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, Edward William Lane, and Sir William Gell. In 1822 Burton accepted an invitation from Pasha Mohammed Ali to work as a mineralogist in a search for coal with the Geological Survey of Egypt. Burton had absolutely no mineralogical knowledge, however, and left the Geological Survey in 1824. He turned his attention to the ancient monuments of Egypt. In 1825, he traveled south on the Nile making his way from Cairo to Abu Simbel. En route, Burton spent several months in ancient Thebes. He excavated at Madinat Habu and Karnak and in several of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings. It was during these months that he first entered KV 5 and sketched a plan of its initial chambers. Between 1825 and 1828, Burton published a volume of hieroglyphic inscriptions. Little is known of Burton's whereabouts between 1825 and 1834, but on Christmas Day in 1835 he returned home to England with animals, servants and slaves, including his wife, Andreana, a Greek slave girl who had been purchased for him in his earlier years in Egypt. Shortly thereafter, his family disowned him. Burton is perhaps best known for his drawings and plans of ancient Egyptian monuments, which are valuable because they can be used to compare the condition of the archaeological sites in the early nineteenth century and today. In addition, throughout his years in Egypt, Burton collected Egyptian antiquities, most of which were auctioned off at Sotheby's in 1836 to repay his debts. The only item of his collection which was not auctioned was a mummy and coffin, now in the Liverpool Museum. James Burton died in Edinburgh in 1862, and was buried with the epitaph "a zealous investigator in Egypt of its language and antiquities." A British traveler who arrived in Egypt in 1768, James Bruce visited the Valley of the Kings and partly cleared KV 11, which is still sometimes known as "Bruce's Tomb Howard Carter is probably the most famous Egyptologist we know of because of his discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, and the resulting media frenzy. However, he worked on many other excavations. He was a British Egyptologist, who began his career as a draftsman and artist, documenting work and excavations at a number of locations in Egypt, including of course, the Valley of the Kings. Caviglia, Giovanni Battista (1770 - 1845) An early explorer in Egypt, Caviglia was a temperamental, uneducated Italian who spent his early life as a sea captain. Nevertheless, he found his true calling in Egyptology, at a time when perhaps adventurous men were more suited to the profession than today's scholars. He was employed by various European collectors and work with a number of early explorers, including personalities such as Henry Salt. Salt paid Caviglia to excavate the Sphinx, but apparently the two men had a falling out after Caviglia spent most of his time looking for mummy pits. He is noted at the first explorer to carry out major excavations at Giza, and specifically investigated the Davison Chamber in the Great Pyramid, hoping to find a secret room. Apparently Caviglia was a very religious man who felt the Pyramid's held mystic secrets. The world might never have heard of Champollion were it not for the Rosetta Stone. He was the intellect who broke the mysterious code of hieroglyphics, and because of this, is often recognized as the founder of Egyptology. In addition to his work with the Rosetta Stone, he visited Egypt and studied the monuments and collected a wide range of documentation. he also authored a series of scholarly works on Egyptian history, religion and language. See also Champollion's Notes. An American Egyptologist, Mark Ciccarello worked with John Romer on the clearing of KV 4 (Rameses XI). D'Athanasi, Giovanni (1798 - 1854) A Greek adventurer and collector of Egyptian artifacts, D'Athanasi originally came to Egypt in order to work for his father, a merchant. He was employed by Henry Salt and later, John Barker to collect antiquities, and managed to build up a sizable collection himself. He later disposed of this collection in three sales at Sotheby's in London. Unfortunately, he apparently used these funds to become a picture dealer in London, at which he did poorly, and died in poverty. A French Egyptologist, Georges Daressy cleared and published KV 6 (Rameses IX), KV 9 (Rameses V and VI), and KV 38 (Thutmes I). A current British Egyptologist, Dodson read Egyptian archaeology at Durham, Liverpool and Cambridge Universities. he received his Ph.d. in 1995. He has lectured in England, Egypt, Canada and the United states, and is currently working on a scientific publication of the coffins and canopic equipment from the Tomb of Tutankhamun. His books include Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs, The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt and Monarchs of the Nile. Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen (1909 - 1996) Edwards was one of the better known Egyptologists during his day. He was British, and in fact worked at the British Museum for many years. Considered an important authority on the Egyptian pyramid, his book, The Pyramids of Egypt, was one of the standards on the topic, and went through a number of editions and translations into other languages. Emery, Walter Brian (1903 - 1971) Emery, a British Egyptolog is t and archaeolog ist, is best known for his work in Nubia, where he made a name for himself. He also worked in the early dynastic period necropolis at Saqqara. Fakhry, Ahmad (1905 - 1973) Fakhry was an Egyptian archaeologist who worked in the Western desert of Egypt, and also in the necropolis at Dahshur. Ferlini, Giuseppe (1800 - 1870) Even though Ferlini was born in Bologna, he managed to become the Surgeon Major to the Egyptian army around 1830. He served in the Sudan, and upon retiring in 1834, excavated at Meroe with Antonio Stefani. His finds were later sold, and remain at the museums in Munich and Berlin. Firth, Cecil Mallaby (1878 - 1931) A British Egyptologist, Firth played a major role in archaeological work in Nubia, and later in the early dynastic period necropolis in Saqqara, and specifically in the Djoser complex. Goneim, Muhammad Zakaria (1905 - 1959) An Egyptian archaeologist, Goneim is best known for his work on and discovery of Sekhemkhet's pyramid at Saqqara. Unfortunately, after establishing his worthiness on that complex, he was falsely accused of steeling and smuggling an artifact. These accusations were proven false by his good friend, Jean-Philippe Laucer, but not in time to prevent Goneim from committing suicide over the matter. Hassan, Selim (1886 - 1961) Many of the younger Egyptian Archaeologist owe thanks to Hassan, because he basically developed the discipline of Egyptology at the University of Cairo. His work focused on archaeological excavations in the necropolis at Giza, though he apparently worked elsewhere, including, for example, Abu Rawash. he later published the results of his work in a ten volume study. Hawass is currently one of the most famous Egyptologists in the world, credited with considerable work at Giza, as well as the Western Oasis. An Egyptian, he has been greatly involved in work carried out around the Great Pyramid of Giza. He also discovered and worked in the necropolis of the artists who worked on those pyramids. In 2001, he was named as the eighth National Geographic Explorer in Residence. In the first months of 2002, he was named as the chairman of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), which oversees all artifacts and monuments in Egypt under the authority of the Ministry of Culture. Robert Hay was born in Berwickshire, Scotland in 1799. Navy service brought him to Alexandria in 1818 and this visit, coupled with reading Belzoni's works, inspired him to return to Egypt and travel. For ten years beginning in 1824, Hay explored Egypt, making sketches and watercolors of sites. He often traveled with other artists, including Joseph Bonomi and Edward Lane. He sailed up the Nile to Abu Simbel, stopping at sites along the way to document them and make plaster casts of reliefs. The area that impressed Hay most was ancient Thebes and he spent time in the Valley of the Kings. During his stay there he lived in the tomb of Rameses IV (KV 2) while his artist friends stayed in the tomb of Rameses VI (KV 9). During this time, he made watercolors of tomb interiors. In 1828 Hay married Kalitza Psaraki, a former slave taken from her homeland of Crete to Egypt by the Turks. She accompanied Hay during the rest of his exploration in Egypt. The 1840 publication of his lithographs of Cairo was not popular, but the images are of great value to Egyptologists today. There is a 47-volume set of unpublished books at the British Museum Library of Hay's notes and drawings. He gave the artifacts and plaster casts he collected to the British Museum. Robert Hay died in East Lothian in 1863. A Swiss Egyptologist, Erik Hornung specializes in the study of royal funerary texts. He has published scenes and texts from KV 1 (Rameses VII), KV 2 (Rameses IV), and KV 17 (Sety I). Jequier, Gustave (1868 - 1946) Jequier was a Swiss Egyptologist who specialized in ancient Egyptian art and architecture. He participated in archaeological research at a number of locations, most notable of which was his excavations in South Saqqara. Owen Jones was a British architect who published several accounts of his travels in Egypt. Lane, Edward William A British Arabist, Edward William Lane's Description of Egypt (written between 1825 and 1828, but published in 2000) covers Theban monuments in great detail. Lauer, Jean-Philippe (1902 - 2001) Lauer was a French architect and archaeologists who was already working in Egypt around the age of 18. He was almost exclusively involved with research at Saqqara, particularly at the complex of Djoser, where he first went to work for Firth and Quibell. He was considered to be the the foremost expert on pyramid construction techniques and methods. Some of his work at Saqqara focused on reconstructing, theoretically, many of the buildings in the Djoser complex. He lived to be about 99 years old, and spent 70 of those years in the pyramid field at Saqqara. Christian Leblanc is a French Egyptologist clearing and stabilizing KV 7 (Rameses II). A modern, living French Egyptologist and professor at the Serbonne in Pairs, Leclant specializes in history, philology and archaeology. His focus is mostly on the cultural legacy of ancient Egypt through the Greco-Roman period. While much of his work is concentrated on the Sudan (Nubia), he is also very actively connected with the documentation and editing of the pyramid text. Legrain, Georges (1865 - 1917) A French Egyptologist, originally studied under under Paul Pierret and Eugene Revillout at the Louvre. He was a member of the French Institute in Cairo between 1892 and 1894, when he was excavating at Aswan, Kom Ombo and el- Amarna. He became the Inspecteur-dessinateur of the Service des Antiquites in 1894, and continued working at Kom Ombo and also at Gebel el-Silsila and Dahshur. In 1895, he undertook conservation work in Karnak. In fact, the first archaeological excavations really started at Karnak with the work of George Legrain in the court known as of the hiding-place, where were hidden more than 800 statues of all periods and which count among the most beautiful objects found in Egypt. These statues had been hidden in Antiquity, and are now in the Egyptian Antiquities Museum in Caior. He was later appointed as the Chief Inspector of Antiquities in Luxor. Upon his death, he was replaced by Maurice Pillet in Luxor. Mark Lehner, an American Egyptologist who continues today to work at Giza, is one of the modern living legends of Egyptology. and in the past has worked closely with Zahi Hawass. He directed the Sphinx and Isis Temple project from 1979 to 1983, and since 1984, had directed the Giza Plateau Mapping Project. He has developed computerized reconstruction's of the sphinx and the Giza plateau, as well as doing important work on the G 1a pyramid in Khufu's complex. Both he, and Hawass, were highly visible in the debate that raged, and sometimes continues to raise its ugly head, over the age of the Sphinx and the construction of the pyramids. Of course, both Lehner and Hawass argued the side of traditional Egyptology, maintaining that the Sphinx dates to the 4th Dynasty and was not built thousands of years earlier, and that there was nothing supernatural or alien about the construction of the great pyramids at Giza. Perhaps Lehner's voice is louder on the subject than many other Egyptologists, for he originally came to Egypt with the other camp, as a follower of Edgar Cayce (the Sleeping Prophet). Cayce, a psychic, maintained that the Atlantians had buried an advanced library of information between the paws of the Sphinx. After spending time examining the monuments of Egypt, he rejected Casey's radical views and began studying traditional Egyptology. Lehner is the author of The Complete Pyramids of Egypt, as well as many other references, and is considered a leading modern authority on Egypt's pyramid complexes. Lepsius was a German Egyptologist who did important surveys of Egyptian monuments, including the pyramids, and is considered by many to be perhaps one of the most important Egyptologists of all times. Lepsius was born in Namburg-am-Sale in 1810 and earned his doctorate in Berlin in 1833. He founded the study of Egyptology at the University of Berlin, and was also heavily involved in the development of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. Between 1842 and 1845, he led the famous Prussian expedition to Egypt and Nubia. This work, sponsored by King Wilhelm IV of Prussia worked as far south in the Sudan as Khartoum and Sennar, as well as visiting the Fayoum and the Sinai. He published this information in his work, published in 12 volumes called Denkmaler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. This work perhaps constitutes the greatest Egyptological study published thus far. Collecting was also a mandate of the Expedition, and with the enthusiastic approval of Muhammed Ali, some 15,000 objects were shipped back to augment the growing Egyptian collection in Berlin. If anyone ever looked the part of a professor, it was Loret. Born in Baris, he studied with Mapero at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes and the College de France. He was a member of the French Archaeological Institute in Cairo and worked at the royal and private tombs at Thebes. He founded the school of Egyptology at the University of Lyons, where he was a Reader between 1886 and 1929. He also founded the Antiquities service Journal. In 1897, he became the Director General of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, and served in that position until 1899. While director, he apparently conducted important excavations in the Valley of the Kings. He also worked at Saqqara. Lucas, Alfred (1867-1945) Born in Mancheser England, Alfred Lucas was a Chemist for the Egyptian Antiquities Service between 1923 and 1932. For nine seasons he worked closely with Howard Carter in the consolidation of Tutankhamun's burial equipment and in analyzing the various materials brought to light in the tomb. His work was instrumental in the preservation of the Tutankhamun collection. Without conservation, Carter estimated that barely 10 per cent of the tomb's content would have reached Cairo in a state fit for exhibition. Thanks to Lucas' work, barely .25 per cent of the objects were lost. As well as drawing upon his skills at preservation, Carter also relied heavily on Lucas for his forensic talents in his reconstruction of the ancient robberies of the Tomb. Mace, Arthur Cruttenden (1874-1928) Arthur Mace was a former student and distant cousin of Flinders Petrie, for whom he dug at Dendera, Hiw and Abydos. After working with George A. Reisner at Giza and Naga el-Deir, Mace joined the Metropolitan Museum in 1901 as Assistant Curator of Egyptian Art. Mace's sound common sense and practical skills were invaluable to Howard Carter during the Tutankhamun Excavation, and he helped co-author the first volume of "The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen. In 1924 Mace's health failed, and he left Egypt for good. Mariette was a French Egyptologist who is often credited as the founder of modern archaeological excavations and preservation of Egyptian monuments. Yet he spent his early life as a teacher of French and drawing in Stratford, England. He began studying Egyptology at about the age of 21. He led several dozen archaeological excavations throughout Egypt and Nubia, paving the way for the founding of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology in Cairo. Interestingly, he also participated in writing the libretto for the opera Aida, by Verdi. A Polish Egyptologist, Marek Marciniak published scenes and texts in KV11 (Rameses III). Martin, Geoffrey Thorndike (1934 -) Educated at the University College of London and the Corpus Christi College and Christ's College at Cambridge, Martin received his doctorate in 1969. At Christ's College, he was a Lady Wallis Budge Research Fellow, and later was a lecturer in Egyptology at UCL. His excavations include Buhen, Sudan in 1963 and from 1964, in Saqqara. Since 1998, he has worked with Nicholas Reeves in the Valley of the Kings, and he worked in 1969 and 1980 doing epigraphic work and excavation in the royal wadi at el- Amarna. Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles (1846 - 1916) Maspero began studying Egyptology at the early age of 14. Though a French Egyptologist born in Paris, Maspero was named as the director of the first Egyptian Antiquities Museum, which was located in Bulaq (a part of Cairo). He also edited a series of standard works on Egyptology, including a four volume, comprehensive catalog of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. He was a longtime director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, the forerunner of the modern Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). Prior to this elevation in his carrier, he directed the French archaeological mission in Egypt, which later became the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo. Montet, Pierre (1885 - 1966) Pierre Montet was a student of Victor Loret at the University of Lyons, who apparently did as much Egyptological work outside of Egypt as within. He excavated at Byblos, Lebannon between 1921 and 1924. There, he discovered the tombs of local rulers who were contemporary with the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Between 1929 and 1939, he excavated at Tanis, finding the royal necropolis of the 21st and 22nd Dynasties. He also excavated at Abu Rawash. He later became Professor of Egyptology at the University of Strasbourg. Morgan, Jacques Jean Marie de (1857 - 1924) A French archaeologist and geologist, de Morgan studied at the Pair School of Mines and in his early carrier, became a prospector in various parts of the world. He became Director General of the French Service des Antiquities in 1892, where he remained until 1897. He focused on prehistoric Egypt, though he also prepared an archaeological map of the Saqqara necropolis, and conducted excavations in Dahshur, Saqqara and also Kom Ombo. Naville, Henri Edouard (1844 - 1926) Few Egyptologists seem to have a religious background, but Naville was both a Swiss Egyptologist and a Bible scholar. He studied under Lepsius and was considered to be one of the leading Egyptologists around the beginning of the 1900s. He conducted excavations in the east delta, at Abydos and particularly in the area of Deir el-Bahari on the West Bank at Luxor (ancient Thebes). Newberry, Percy Edward (1869-1949) Newberry, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, served on the Tutankhamun excavation team for several seasons. His specialty was actually the botanical specimens form the tomb, upon which he would briefly report in the second volume of "The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen". His wife also helped by mending a number of the textiles found in the tomb. Passalacqua, Giuseppe (1797 - 1865) Born in Trieste, Italy, Passalacque originally came to Egypt in order to trade for horses, but ended up recognizing the potential of antiquities and turned to digging. His collection was refused by the Louvre, because of the outrageous price he was asking, and was later sold to the Berlin Museum, where he became the curator in 1827. Perring, John Shae (1813 - 1869) Many Egyptologists, as can be seen from these short biographies, were trained in several disciplines. Many were also architects. Perring, a British Egyptologist, was also and engineer, who mostly applied his skills to the investigation of Egyptian Pyramids. Petrie is one of the most famous Egyptologists of all times. He is considered by many to be the founder of modern Egyptologists. Known as the "Father of Pot Shards", because he learned to extract considerable amounts of information from what other's might see merely as refuge. Yet, Petrie had no formal education and was self taught in the areas that he worked. He worked at dozens of sites in Egypt, devoting himself to the organization and methodology of archaeological investigation. His work at the pyramids in Giza set the standard for later research in the area, but he did a vast amount of other important work in Egypt. Alexandre Piankoff was born in St. Petersburg in 1897. He became interested in Egyptology as a boy after seeing a museum collection from ancient Egypt. His academic work in classics, Egyptian philology, and languages was interrupted by World War I, but after the war he studied in Berlin, at the Sorbonne, and at the University of Paris. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Paris in 1930. After World War II, Piankoff traveled to Cairo where he worked for the French Institute, the Bollingen Foundation, and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, specializing in Egyptian philology and religion. He translated many religious texts. His best-known work was at Thebes. He documented the tomb of Rameses V and VI (KV 9) and studied the wall reliefs in the tomb of Tutankhamen (KV 62). Piankoff died in Brussels in 1966. A British traveller, Richard Pococke recorded many Egyptian sites. He produced one of the first modern (albeit highly stylized) maps of the Valley of the Kings. Quibell, James Edward (1867 - 1935) Quibell, a British Egyptologist, graduated from Christ Church at Oxford. He worked with Petrie in Egypt at various locations, including Koptos, Naqada and Ballas, the Ramesseum and Hierakonpolis. He also assisted Cecil Firth in his excavations in Saqqara. Between 1899 and 1904, he also served as the Chief Inspector of antiquities for the Delta and Middle Egypt (Howard Carter's, who was Chief Inspector at Luxor was his opposite). Later, between 1904 and 1905, he was appointed as the Chief Inspector at Saqqara. Between 1914 and 1923, he was a Keeper in the Cairo Museum, and served as director of excavations at the Step Pyramid between 1931 and 1935. A well known living Egyptologist, Reeves is a former curator in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum. He is an expert in the field of tomb robbery and the history of exploration in the Valley of the Kings. Curator of Egyptian and Classical Art, Eton College, Windsor. He is also the Egyptological adviser to the Freud Museum in London and the Myers Museum at Eton College. He was previously the curator of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities, British Museum, London until 1991. He is a prolific writer with books that include Valley of the Kings: the Decline of the Royal Necropolis, Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet, the Compete Tutankhamun, Howard Carter before Tutankhamun and Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries. He has also written a children's book called Into the Mummy's Tomb. He is currently the Director of the Amarna Royal Tombs Project in the Valley of the Kings, but has done previous field work in Saqqara, Quseir el-Amarna and at Ashmunein. Redford, Donald B. (1934 - ) Redford received his Ph.D. in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Toronto, and seemingly is the only Canadians within our list. He was a lecturer at Brown University, an Associate Professor at the University of Toronto and became a full professor at Pennsylvania State University. He functioned as the director of excavations of the University of Toronto and State University of New York, Binghampton working at the Temple of Osiris at Karnak. He was also the director for the Akhenaten Temple Project of the University of Pennsylvania, and the director of the East Karnak excavations. Finally, he was the Director of excavations at Mendes and the Epigrapher of the Theban Tomb Survey, which is apparently ongoing. Reisner, George Andrew (1867 - 1942) An American Egyptologist and archaeologist, Reisner worked at Harvard University and led American excavations to both Egypt and the Sudan (Nubia). His work at the pyramid necropolises in ancient Nubia are instrumental to our understanding of those structures, and he also worked in Giza. Roeder, Gunther (1881 - 1966) Roeder was a German Egyptologist educated at Jena and at Berlin under Adolf Erman, receiving his doctorate in 1904. He first worked as an Egyptologist at the Berlin Museum. He went to work for the Egyptian Antiquities Service in 1907 and worked in Nubia copying the inscriptions at Debod, Kalabsha and Dakka. He cataloged these at the Cairo Museum. He became the Director of the Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim in 1915, and directed work at Hermopolis for the museum between 1929 and 1939. A British artist and television presenter, John Romer has written extensively on the history of the Valley of the Kings and worked in KV 4 (Rameses XI). A British Egyptologist, John Rose partially cleared KV 39. Henry Salt is best known in the field of Egyptology for his efforts at collecting antiquities. He was born in Lichfield, England in 1780, the son of a local doctor, and trained as a painter of portraits, studying at the Royal Academy under Farington and Hoppner. A tour of the East between 1802 and 1806, accompanying the collector George Annesley, Viscount of Valentia, was his first introduction to Egypt. After a government mission to Abyssinia from 1809 to 1811, he was appointed British Consul-General to Egypt, arriving there in 1816 and serving in this post until his death from dysentery in 1827, three years after his wifes demise from cholera. Salt was buried in the garden of his residence in Alexandria, which subsequently became a European cemetery. During his tenure as Consul-General, he sponsored many excavations in Egypt and Nubia, acquiring many valuable antiquities for the British Museum, as well as amassing his own collection. Through the services of Giovanni dAthanasi and Giovanni Belzoni, he procured several important monuments from Thebes. At the urging of the Swiss Orientalist Burckhardt, Salt hired Belzoni to remove a colossal granite bust of Rameses II known as the Young Memnon from the Ramesseum in 1816, which Salt presented to the British Museum the following year. Over the next two decades, the British Museum purchased many artifacts from Salts collections, including some of the larger works of Egyptian sculpture in their galleries. Other museums benefited from his activities, including that of Sir John Soane which purchased the alabaster sarcophagus of Sety I, discovered by Belzoni. The Louvre acquired Salts second collection in 1826, including the sarcophagus box of Rameses III. Salt operated at a time when interest in Egypt and its antiquities was reaching a high level in Europe and when the desire to acquire objects for national collections as well as private ones was aided by a lax attitude towards antiquities on the part of Muhammad Alis government. Rivalry between the representatives of European colonial powers resulted in the unofficial division of the country into private zones for exploitation, especially so with the competition between Salts agents and those of the French consul-general Drovetti. On the heels of this wholesale frenzy of acquisition followed the efforts of scholarly expeditions such as a those of Champollion, Lepsius, Wilkinson, Hay and others in the 1820s through 1840s to record the monuments remaining in Egypt. In fairness, Salt also made use of his drafting skills to record monuments. His attempts at scholarly pursuits, however, were not taken seriously by his contemporaries. Few of his drawings have survived or have been published. A French priest, Claude Sicard recorded many monuments in Egypt while there as a missionary, and was the first European to describe Philae, Elephantine, and Kom Ombo. A modern, living, German Egyptologist and a former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, Stadelmann has conducted archaeological excavations at various sites in Egypt. He has been particularly active at the pyramid field in Dahshur, and is considered to be one of the most important contemporary experts on the Egyptian pyramids. A modern, living Egyptologist, Verner directed the Czech Institute of Egyptology for seventeen years, and apparently continues to be an Egyptology professor at Charles University in Prague. He often serves as a guest professor at the universities of Vienna and Hamburg, and since 1976, has led the Czech excavations in the pyramid field of Abusir. He is also the author of The Pyramids, one of the leading modern references on Pyramids throughout Egypt. Vyse, Richard William Howard (1784 - 1853) Vyse was a British military officer and researcher who worked with Perring and made important contributions to research, though apparently his methods were sometimes crude. He used gunpowder to blast his way into Menkaure's pyramid at Giza, and also blasted out the back end of the Great Sphinx. However, he is also noted for clearing the lower entrance to the pyramid of Khafre (but again with explosives, blasting apart the granite barrier plugs. Kent Weeks is one of the top guns of current Egyptology, alongside names such as Lehner and Hawass, among others. He is a professor of Egyptology at the American University in Cairo and Director of the Theban Mapping Project. He is also credited with discovering KV 5, the tomb of the sons of Ramesses II in theValley of the Kings, and is the author of numerous books, including Who are we? Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online.

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In 1967 the US Air Force contacted Bill Sinton with the request that he submit a proposal to build a 24-inch telescope on Mauna Kea for infrared work. They wanted to map the sky so as to be able to differentiate between man-made and astronomical sources and decided that Mauna Kea would be the best site to do this. The instrument became the first regularly scheduled telescope on Mauna Kea and was in great demand. It is still used by University of Hawaii astronomers. A little later Lowell Observatory proposed to us that they should also locate a 24-inch telescope on the mountain. This was to be a unit of an International Planetary Patrol which Lowell was conducting under contract with NASA (partly under the stimulus of the Mars probe and the need for some better data on Martian dust storms). There were about six of these telescopes placed around the globe, including one in my native State of Western Australia. Again we were enthusiastic, and having fought off Lowell's desire to build it on the actual summit we settled on a location near the 88-inch. The Planetary Patrol telescope is no longer on Mauna Kea; it was dismantled in the 1990s to make room for the Gemini North telescope. Air Force 24-inch Planetary Patrol Telescope

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Map and Geography 地图和地理 Among the many warlords that controlled China during the last decade of the Eastern Han Dynasty 東漢, Cao Cao 曹操, Liu Bei 劉備 and Sun Quan 孫權 were the mightiest that could found longer lasting states. Cao Cao's son Cao Pi 曹丕 reigned over the traditional China of the Yellow River plain, the Gansu corridor and the Administration Area of the Western Regions (Xiyu changshifu 西域長史府; in Haitou 海頭/Lop Nur and Wuji colonel 戊己校尉府, modern Turfan/Xinjiang) with city states of the silkroad like Yanqi 焉耆, Gaochang 高昌 and Shanshan 鄯善. Liu Bei controlled the area of modern Sichuan province from an empire called Shu-Han 蜀漢. The mountainous territory of modern Yunnan south of the Sichuan basin was conquered in 225 during a southern campaign by the famous statesman Zhuge Liang 諸葛亮 and administered as Laixiang 庲降 area command (dudu 都督). Sun Quan reigned the south and southeast of China from a kingdom called Wu 吳 that stretched from the Yangtse River southwards to the northern part of modern Vietnam. A special administration zone was Piling 毗陵 agriculture commandery (diannong xiaowei 典農校尉; modern Changzhou 常州/Jiangsu), a prototype of a state-managed agrarian military colony. In the famous battle of the Red Cliff (Chibi 赤壁, near modern Puqi 蒲圻/Hubei) in 208 AD Liu Bei and Sun Quan could defend their territories against Cao Cao, and as a result China was divided among those three warlords that consequently founded their own empires. Attempts of Liu Bei to enlarge his territory to the west and to attack Sun Quan failed 221 AD in the battle of Yiling 夷陵 (modern Yichang 宜昌/Hubei). The three kingdoms were administered like the Han empire before, with regional commands (zhou 州, underlined, courier style) and subordinated commanderies (jun 郡). Because each of these empires claimed to represent the legal government of China, some of the regions and commanderies were installed two times, on the territory of Wei and on the soil of Wu, like Yangzhou 揚州 (modern Shouxian 壽縣/Anhui and Nanjing 南京/Suzhou) and Jingzhou 荊州 (Xinye 新野/Henan and Shashi 沙市/Hubei) regions, or Lujiang 廬江 (Liuan 六安/Anhui and Qianshan 潛山/Anhui) and Jiangxia 江夏 (Yunmeng 雲夢/Hebei and Echeng 鄂城/Hubei) commanderies. The Three Kingdoms inherited the system of the local administration with commanderies (jun 郡) and princedoms (wangguo 王國) from the Han Dynasty. While the princedoms of Cao-Wei were real fiefs with own territory, the princedoms of Shu-Han and Sun-Wu were mostly virtual, say the owner of the title did not govern a corresponding fiefdom territory - because most princedoms were located in the northeast and east of China that was now occupied by the Cao-Wei empire. During the 3rd century many Non-Chinese tribes occupied the northern steppe zone and advanced into the territory of China proper. Except the long-known Xiongnu 匈奴 there was the relatively new group of the Xianbei 鮮卑 federation. The states of Wei and Wu had also commercial and cultural contact with peoples and minor states of the east on the Korean Peninsula (Samhan/Sanhan 三韓 "Three Han": Mahan 馬韓, Chinhan/Chenhan 辰韓, Py?nhan/Bianhan 弁韓; Kogury?/Gaogouli 高句麗, Fuyu/Puy? 夫余, Okch?/Woju 沃沮 and Yemaek/Huimo 濊貊) and the Japanese archipelago (Wa/Wo 倭).

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Silbervogel, German for silver bird, was a design for a rocket-powered sub-orbital bomber aircraft produced by Eugen Sänger andIrene Bredt in the late 1930s for The Third Reich/Nazi Germany. It is also known as the RaBo (Raketenbomber or "rocket bomber"). It was one of a number of designs considered for the Amerika Bomber mission, which started out in the spring of 1942 being focused solely on trans-Atlantic range piston-engined strategic bombers, like the Messerschmitt Me 264 and Junkers Ju 390, the only two airframe types actually built and flown for the competition. When Walter Dornberger attempted to create interest in militaryspaceplanes in the United States after World War II, he chose the more diplomatic term antipodal bomber. The design was a significant one, as it incorporated new rocket technology, and the principle of the lifting body, foreshadowing future development of winged spacecraft such as the X-20 Dyna-Soarof the 1960s and the Space Shuttle of the 1970s. In the end, it was considered too complex and expensive to produce. The design never went beyond mock up test. The Silbervogel was intended to fly long distances in a series of short hops. The aircraft was to have begun its mission propelled along a 3 km (2 mi) long rail track by a large rocket-powered sled to about 800 km/h (500 mph). Once airborne, it was to fire its own rocket engine and continue to climb to an altitude of 145 km (90 mi), at which point it would be travelling at some 5,000 km/h (3,100 mph). It would then gradually descend into the stratosphere, where the increasing air density would generate lift against the flat underside of the aircraft, eventually causing it to "bounce" and gain altitude again, where this pattern would be repeated. Because of drag, each bounce would be shallower than the preceding one, but it was still calculated that the Silbervogel would be able to cross the Atlantic, deliver a 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) bomb to the continental US, and then continue its flight to a landing site somewhere in the Japanese held Pacific, a total journey of 19,000 to 24,000 km (12,000 to 15,000 mi). Postwar analysis of the Silbervogel design involving a mathematical control analysis unearthed a computational error and it turned out that the heat flow during the initial re-entry would have been far higher than originally calculated by Sänger and Bredt; if the Silbervogel had been constructed according to their flawed calculations the craft would have been destroyed during re-entry. The problem could have been solved by augmenting the heat shield, but this would have reduced the craft's already small payload capacity.

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A female firefighter who rappels out of helicopters and slogs through swamps to help people in distress. A woman who has provided foster care to over 200 troubled teens in her lifetime. A young Somali man who escaped his country’s civil war, won a scholarship to a Canadian university, and now helps refugees. The Human Library is as straightforward as it sounds: instead of grabbing a book off the shelf, you sign out a person and listen to them tell tales for a couple of hours. Think audio book, but with a handshake (or better yet, hug) at the end. This notion of bringing books to life began twelve years ago with a Denmark youth organization that wanted to challenge prejudices. The idea has since been adapted around the world, and can now be found in over 45 countries. Why we’re adding it to the Idea File - New take on an old concept. Libraries everywhere have gone through many transformations (books rescued from the trash in Bogota and traveling donkey libraries in Ethiopia come to mind), and the Human Library further proves these institutions aren’t dying, but rather, evolving. - Respects and appreciates diversity. Everyone has a story to tell. People of all experiences, ages, and backgrounds are encouraged to participate, tapping into the knowledge and expertise of the local community. - Encourages empathy. We read to immerse ourselves in other contexts and see the world from someone else’s point of view. When talking to living books, you might find that your similarities thread you together, instead of your differences. - Values real-time conversation. With eBooks, iPads and everything in between dominating much of our time today, being able to look into someone’s eyes and connect around our humanity is refreshing. - Adaptable in many contexts. The concept doesn’t have to be limited to an actual library: it could work at schools, festivals, government offices, corporations, and more. Depending on resources, it could also be an ongoing program or a once-in-a-while event. How you can replicate it The folks who created the first Human Library want nothing more than for you to borrow their idea. They’ve already done a lot of the initial legwork for you; their website has a guide for organizers in eight different languages, sample evaluation reports and forms, tips for readers, and more. We also reached out to Ravi Basi, one of the organizers at Surrey Libraries, to hear her advice for people looking to start a Human Library where they live. Here’s what she had to say: Finding living books - Use your own networks. Relying on unsolicited offers from the public is too random and complicated of an approach. Instead, gather recommendations from staff, community agencies, colleges, and nonprofits in addition to scanning local newspapers. - Set your criteria from the beginning. Living book volunteers at Surrey Libraries, for example, had to have a story to tell, good communication skills, be personable and friendly, and understand the concept and goals of the Human Library. If they met this criteria, they then went through an interview process. - Incentives, while not necessary, are nice. The living books will probably be enthusiastic and eager to participate. But still, to show gratitude, you can do things such as offset parking costs, provide lunch and snacks, and give gift bags. Organizing the event - Start small. Rather than hosting a day-long event, try an afternoon or evening event of four hours. Learn the glitches, and then improve next time around. - Allow readers to pre-register. To ensure the living books aren’t left without readers, devise a registration system where people can sign up for time slots in advance. - Have a back-up plan. Err on the side of having an abundance of living books and line up spare readers to account for no-shows. “Anyone who plans or participates in the Human Library will find it to be a valuable, even profound experience,” says Ravi. “It’s worth doing.” If you’re inspired to bring the Human Library to your community, feel free to email Ravi for more advice: [email protected]. Do you know of other projects that are fun and potentially replicable? If you’d like us to consider posting it as part of this series, leave a comment below or email celeste [at] idealist [dot] org.

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II.- THE POLYMETALLIC NODULES II.1.- History of the discovery of polymetallic nodules The first iron-manganese submarine crusts were discovered in 1868 in the Kara Sea (ex-URSS). From 1873 to 1876, during a trip around the world aboard the Oceanographic frigate "Challenger", many small blackish-brown balls, rich in Mn and Fe were collected. They were named "manganese nodules". Around 1900, the American, Agassiz excavated nodules in almost all samples taken from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Nodules were also returned in dredges and corers from successive world ocean scientific. It was not until 1957 that the American, John Méro managed to convince a few industrials of the economic interest of nodules and to lead then into exploring the central Pacific Ocean. In the early sixties, manganese nodules were beginning to be regarded as a possible source of nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese. The first companies are interested Kennecott and Newport Shipbuilding Company (1962) who start campaigns for sampling, while american academics (Fuerstenau, Arrhenius) worked on the geochemistry of nodules and their metallurgical processing. Starting from 1965, new companies have begun to turn research in the fields of exploration, exploitation and processing of nodules, among these companies AFERNOD. In 1972, the National Science Foundation launched a research program involving a dozen laboratories to study the origin of nodules. In the Soviet Union, Bezrukov devotes a voluminous book to the nodules in the Pacific, but the industrial exploration began in 1982. II.2.- Distribution of nodules in the oceans The undertaken scientific and industrial provide a comprehensive picture of the distribution of nodules and to locate areas encompassed potential ore deposits. Fe-Mn concretions were found everywhere on the seabed. The map published in 1969 by Mc Kelvey already revealed the presence of nodules in all oceans, it is even found in some lakes (USA, Canada, etc. ...). But not all are of interest because of the abundance of small nodules on the merits and / or low metal content (Mn, Ni, Cu, Co). In 1973, Horn has shown the predominance of "East-West belt of the southern Pacific Northwest, between Clarion and Clipperton fractures, known thereafter as the" Horn area ". It is in this area that most mining groups have already worked. Polymetallic nodules are in the form of small balls of brownish-black slightly flattened 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter lying in the deep seabed between 4,000 and 6,000 meters deep. Their wet density is close to 2 g/cm 3 ; moisture dry mass is 40% and porosity is 50%. Size and shape vary widely (roughly spherical more or less ovoid), the nodules were classified as: - mononodule: nodule simple spherical or ellipsoidal, - polynodule: a single nodule on several nucleus, - nodule composed of: multiple nodules welded. In section, most nodules formed layers appear more or less concentric called "cortex" corresponding to the phases of growth around a core that can often be a microscopic debris from former nodule, a shark teeth or debris rock (basalt, limestone, etc. ...). The layers are formed hydroxides of manganese and iron more or less crystallized. The better crystallized (todorokite, birnessite) are the richest in Mn, Ni and Cu, while the cryptocristalline structures (vernadite) are rich in Fe and Co. Various studies have shown that the Ni and Cu are either adsorbed Mn oxides, or incorporated into their crystal lattice, replacing sites Mn ++ of the todorokite or birnessite. The contents are a function of the crystallization. More nodules are crystallized, more content are high. However, the recovery of useful elements (Ni, Cu) seems easier when crystallization is incomplete. The speed of growth of nodules is one of the slowest (around centimeter by a few million years). The age of nodules of the central Pacific Ocean is about 2 to 3 million years. II.4.- Chemical composition Chemical analysis showed that nodules consist of various chemical elements, including: - manganese (29.40%), - iron (6.00%), - nickel (1.34%), - copper (1.25%), - cobalt (0.25%), - titanium (0.60%), - aluminum (2.90%), - and sodium, magnesium, silica, zinc, hydrogen and oxygen (32.16%). II.5.- Nodules origines The problem of the genesis of nodules is far from resolved. Four origins were selected by Bonatti (1986): - " hydrogenated" slow precipitation of metal from sea water, leading to concretions with equivalent levels in Fe and Mn content and a relatively strong Ni + Cu + Co, - " hydrothermal" giving concretions generally rich in iron, low and Mn (Ni + Cu + Co), - " diagenetic", giving remobilization of manganese in the sedimentary column and its precipitation to the water-sediment interface, nodules rich and poor in Mn and Fe (Ni + Cu + Co) - " halmyrolitic", in which the source of metal components is the attack of the basaltic debris by seawater These theories as "mineral" oppose so-called "biological "whose main supporters are Graham and Cooper (1959) who organism debris would be responsible for enrichment in Cu and Ni. It is difficult to choose one or other of these theories. It appears that several processes are essential to the genesis of nodules: - The low rate of sedimentation leaves ferromanganese concretions to grow before their burying can separate favorable conditions for their development, - Metal hydroxides from living matter contain copper and nickel can be incorporated in manganese concretions, - Manganese appears from the leaching of basalt and essentially hydrothermal phenomena observed along mid-ocean ridges, - The concretion is favored by the biological activity of certain micro-organisms. However, it is also very rapid formation of a deposit of ferro-manganese around shipwrecks of the First World War (Goldberg, 1958) or candles engine (Andrews, 1972). This speed imposes some restrictions on the origin of the elements. Indeed, if the nodules are formed slowly, the origins "hydrogenated" or "diagenetic" may be taken into account. If on the contrary, they are formed quickly, it is necessary to find a source of metals other than sea water, in this case, the origins "hydrothermal" or be "halmyrolitic" are not removed. Knowledge acquired so far on polymetallic nodules can classify them among the minerals of economic interest deserving special attention from mining companies.

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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - n. A worker employed to maintain or inspect railroad tracks. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. One employed to look after a railway-track. GNU Webster's 1913 - n. (Railroads) One employed on work on the track; specif., a trackwalker. - track + man (Wiktionary) “The trackman was a person accustomed to the reality and not the theory of things.” “According to the trackman, David Sey, there was nothing wrong with the nuts on the stretcher bar.” “Mays beat Roger Bannister, the English trackman who broke the four-minute-mile barrier, a truly historic feat.” “It subsequently transpired that he was justified, an injury to a rail having been discovered which might have made the passage at great speed dangerous; but, until that fact was known, the poor trackman at Port Clinton was sufficiently abused.” “The big trackman was a person of sound practical sense.” “We were an excited group around the train's crew, when the trackman came up with his torch.” “The trackman was listening with the greatest interest.” “But we see it spread, Miss Warfield," said the trackman with a conclusive gesture.” “An 'now listen," continued the big trackman fiercely, as the rest gathered about him.” “With a plunge the big trackman reached up and caught him by the ankle, wrenched him back from the lantern, and clambered up beside him.” Looking for tweets for trackman.

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Fuscipes = dark-footed, Latin, refering to the brown scales at the stipe base. Rhizome: erect, massive, bearing several fronds in a tuft. Frond: 100 cm high by 25 cm wide, evergreen, monomorphic, blade/stipe ratio: 3:2. Stipe: grooved, scales brown to reddish-brown, mostly confined to the stipe base, 1.5 cm long in basal ones, vascular bundles: 3-7 in a c-shaped pattern. Blade: 2-pinnate, triangular, herbaceous to somewhat leathery, early deciduous, dark, hair-like scales. Pinnae: 12 to 15 pair, lanceolate, subopposite above the base; pinnules oblong, less than 2.5 cm; costae bullate scales; margins entire to crenate; veins free, forked. Sori: round, in 1 row between midrib and margin, indusium: reniform, at a sinus, sporangia: brownish. Habitat: on forest floor in lowlands. Distribution: Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia. Hardy to -15°C, USDA Zone 7. Dryopteris bipinnata C. Chr. Nephrodium fuscipes Hand.-Mazz. Illustration from The Cultivated Species of the Fern Genus Dryopteris in the United States, Barbara Joe Hoshizaki and Kenneth A. Wilson, American Fern Journal, 89, 1, (1999), with permission.

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. "Appendix A: Individual Statements by CONAES Members." Energy in Transition, 1985-2010: Final Report of the Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1980. The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Energy in Transition, 1985-2010: Final Report of the Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems outmoded plant; its design has been continually updated, and it has flexibility for accommodating a variety of nuclear fuel and core designs. (Harvey Brooks: I subscribe to the views expressed in the first two paragraphs of the above statement.) (Henry I.Kohn: I agree with the general approach of the above statement.) This is not a very likely example, since nuclear power is only useful as base load. It would be plausible only if the load curve were considerably leveled, e.g., due to the widespread use of electric cars with batteries charged on off-peak power, or the production of hydrogen by off-peak power, or by an inexpensive energy storage system. Some progress, however, is being made in the development of fuel that is more resistant to thermal cycling and hence suitable for use in reactors operating in a load-following mode. Tailings piles, under present practices, are the largest source of ultimate human radiation exposure from the routine operation of nuclear power. If the linear hypothesis about radiation damage is correct, the million-year burden of extra cancer deaths produced by these tailings, although undetectable against the background of cancers from other causes, could amount to a total that almost certainly would be deemed unacceptable if it had to be borne by the present-generation users of the electricity. This situation poses an ethical dilemma that is not made less troublesome by the possibility that other energy sources also produce health costs that are spread over millennia (e.g., toxic effects of trace metals mobilized by burning coal) but that cannot yet be estimated quantitatively. In these circumstances, I am unconvinced that one should “solve” the problem of alpha-emitting wastes from elsewhere in the fuel cycle by making the tailings problem worse by even an iota. If the tailings problem itself were actually solved today, in the form of the existence of a scheme that manifestly would reduce the ultimate human exposure from this source by, say, a factor of 1000, I would feel differently about putting other alpha wastes in the same basket BERNARD I.SPINRAD, HARVEY BROOKS, AND DAVID J.ROSE This statement, made as a catalog of fears popular among nuclear opponents, is correct. Nevertheless, the fears themselves are neither

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The Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) was signed into law on August 2, 2004. The law, which took effect January 1, 2006, requires foods containing milk, eggs, tree nuts, peanuts, shellfish, fish, soy, and wheat, to declare the allergen in plain English on the ingredient list or by: - the word “Contains” followed by the name of the major food allergen (milk, wheat, or eggs for example); or - a parenthetical statement in the list of ingredients, e.g., “albumin egg”. The law also required the FDA to develop and finalize rules for the use of the term ‘gluten-free’ on product labels by August 2008. If you believe that a product may be mislabeled or have another complaint regarding a food product, contact the FDA complaint coordinator in your area. What should I include in my report? - Report what happened as soon as possible. Give names, addresses and phone numbers of persons affected. Include your name, address and phone number, as well as that of the doctor or hospital if emergency treatment was provided. - State the problem clearly. Describe the product as completely as possible, including any codes or identifying marks on the label or container. Give the name and address of the store where the product was purchased and the date of purchase. - You also should report the problem to the manufacturer or distributor shown on the label and to the store where you purchased the product. Prescription Drugs and Pharmaceuticals FALCPA does cover dietary supplements and vitamins. It does not, however, cover prescription drugs or over-the-counter medications. Individuals are encouraged to verify the ingredients on these medications by contacting the drug manufacturer, or through your pharmacist.

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The Church Security Plan (now Welfare program) of the 1930s and beyond emphasized production and storage of essential goods against times of shortage, and meaningful employment for church members to support themselves and their families. The usual image of Mormon production from this period involves agriculture, sewing, and canning – but one project stands out dramatically from the backdrop of sugar beet fields and peach canneries: In 1938, the church put out a request to deer hunters of the western states to save their deer hides and donate them to church members living at Washakie, Utah (in Box Elder County, near the Idaho line), all of whom were members of the Northwestern Band of Shoshone, a band that had joined the church en masse in the 1870s under the leadership of the warrior leader Washakie. These church members were practicing the ancient arts of tanning deer hides and producing fine buckskin clothing of the type their people had worn for uncounted generations, both for home use and for sale to an eager public. Branch members demonstrated the process for the church’s cameras: Here, Moroni Timbimboo (1888-1975) uncovers the fur cache on his property. In the fall of the year previous, he had marked out a bowl-shaped depression a few inches deep and about ten feet across, where he had left his rawhides exposed to the winter rains and snows. Several cycles of freezing and thawing loosened the hair and bits of flesh clinging to the hide, and by January the hides were ready to be worked by his wife, Amy Hootchew Timbimboo (1893-1999). Amy hung each hide over a six-foot long railing on the side of her home, then scraped both sides with a wooden scraper, about three inches wide and fifteen inches long. Then she washed each skin with soap and water, and hung it out to dry for many days. Next, older women in the community – Rachel Perdash (1858-1954, and a survivor of the horrific Bear River Massacre of 1863) is pictured here – scraped the hide with the sharp edge of a stone, over and over, until it became soft and pliable. They would repeat this tedious task several times during the course of tanning. Joannah Timbimboo (1911-1991), daughter of Moroni and Amy, demonstrated the next step in the tanning process, treating the hides with beef brains. She boiled together a pound of brains, a pound of fat, a quart of water, and, in modern times, a bar of soap, then rubbed the resulting gooey paste into the hides, using her hands. Joannah hung out the hides to dry, then Rachel Perdash scraped them with her stone until they were again soft and pliable. Each hide underwent this treatment at least three times, until the women were satisfied with the result. At this point, the hides were a pale ivory color, and many would now be used to make white dresses and gloves and pillows favored by tourists. Other skins would undergo a final treatment to color them the rich tan usually associated with buckskin. The workers – Moroni Timbimboo and Rachel Perdash, in this photo – built small sagebrush fires in kettles, feeding in a few cedar chips and fresh sagebrush as needed, to produce a heavy column of smoke with a distinctive odor. They hung the hides in the smoke, and in the course of several days the hides turned brown and acquired the permanent warm, smoky scent of the sagebrush and cedar. After months of soaking, scraping, curing, and tanning, the hides were finally ready to be cut and sewn into fine buckskin clothing. The sewing – here demonstrated by Amy and Joannah Timbimboo, wearing clothing they had made and surrounded with articles made for sale – was all done by hand, using fine linen thread. In past centuries, the ancestors of these women had decorated their clothing using porcupine quills and other natural items. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they used thousands of tiny glass beads, all sewn on by hand. In 1938, members of the Washakie tribe earned $2-$5 for a pair of beaded gloves, $25 for a man’s shirt, and $100 for a woman’s dress, which went a long way toward providing for their families’ needs. What would such treasures bring today, I wonder?

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Click on any phrase to play the video at that point.Close So, a big question that we're facing now and have been for quite a number of years now: are we at risk of a nuclear attack? Now, there's a bigger question that's probably actually more important than that, is the notion of permanently eliminating the possibility of a nuclear attack, eliminating the threat altogether. And I would like to make a case to you that over the years since we first developed atomic weaponry, until this very moment, we've actually lived in a dangerous nuclear world that's characterized by two phases, which I'm going to go through with you right now. First of all, we started off the nuclear age in 1945. The United States had developed a couple of atomic weapons through the Manhattan Project, and the idea was very straightforward: we would use the power of the atom to end the atrocities and the horror of this unending World War II that we'd been involved in in Europe and in the Pacific. And in 1945, we were the only nuclear power. We had a few nuclear weapons, two of which we dropped on Japan, in Hiroshima, a few days later in Nagasaki, in August 1945, killing about 250,000 people between those two. And for a few years, we were the only nuclear power on Earth. But by 1949, the Soviet Union had decided it was unacceptable to have us as the only nuclear power, and they began to match what the United States had developed. And from 1949 to 1985 was an extraordinary time of a buildup of a nuclear arsenal that no one could possibly have imagined back in the 1940s. So by 1985 -- each of those red bombs up here is equivalent of a thousands warheads -- the world had 65,000 nuclear warheads, and seven members of something that came to be known as the "nuclear club." And it was an extraordinary time, and I am going to go through some of the mentality that we -- that Americans and the rest of the world were experiencing. But I want to just point out to you that 95 percent of the nuclear weapons at any particular time since 1985 -- going forward, of course -- were part of the arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union. After 1985, and before the break up of the Soviet Union, we began to disarm from a nuclear point of view. We began to counter-proliferate, and we dropped the number of nuclear warheads in the world to about a total of 21,000. It's a very difficult number to deal with, because what we've done is we've quote unquote "decommissioned" some of the warheads. They're still probably usable. They could be "re-commissioned," but the way they count things, which is very complicated, we think we have about a third of the nuclear weapons we had before. But we also, in that period of time, added two more members to the nuclear club: Pakistan and North Korea. So we stand today with a still fully armed nuclear arsenal among many countries around the world, but a very different set of circumstances. So I'm going to talk about a nuclear threat story in two chapters. Chapter one is 1949 to 1991, when the Soviet Union broke up, and what we were dealing with, at that point and through those years, was a superpowers' nuclear arms race. It was characterized by a nation-versus-nation, very fragile standoff. And basically, we lived for all those years, and some might argue that we still do, in a situation of being on the brink, literally, of an apocalyptic, planetary calamity. It's incredible that we actually lived through all that. We were totally dependent during those years on this amazing acronym, which is MAD. It stands for mutually assured destruction. So it meant if you attacked us, we would attack you virtually simultaneously, and the end result would be a destruction of your country and mine. So the threat of my own destruction kept me from launching a nuclear attack on you. That's the way we lived. And the danger of that, of course, is that a misreading of a radar screen could actually cause a counter-launch, even though the first country had not actually launched anything. During this chapter one, there was a high level of public awareness about the potential of nuclear catastrophe, and an indelible image was implanted in our collective minds that, in fact, a nuclear holocaust would be absolutely globally destructive and could, in some ways, mean the end of civilization as we know it. So this was chapter one. Now the odd thing is that even though we knew that there would be that kind of civilization obliteration, we engaged in America in a series -- and in fact, in the Soviet Union -- in a series of response planning. It was absolutely incredible. So premise one is we'd be destroying the world, and then premise two is, why don't we get prepared for it? So what we offered ourselves was a collection of things. I'm just going to go skim through a few things, just to jog your memories. If you're born after 1950, this is just -- consider this entertainment, otherwise it's memory lane. This was Bert the Turtle. (Video) This was basically an attempt to teach our schoolchildren that if we did get engaged in a nuclear confrontation and atomic war, then we wanted our school children to kind of basically duck and cover. That was the principle. You -- there would be a nuclear conflagration about to hit us, and if you get under your desk, things would be OK. Secondly, we told people to go down in their basements and build a fallout shelter. Maybe it would be a study when we weren't having an atomic war, or you could use it as a TV room, or, as many teenagers found out, a very, very safe place for a little privacy with your girlfriend. And actually -- so there are multiple uses of the bomb shelters. Or you could buy a prefabricated bomb shelter that you could simply bury in the ground. Now, the bomb shelters at that point -- let's say you bought a prefab one -- it would be a few hundred dollars, maybe up to 500, if you got a fancy one. Yet, what percentage of Americans do you think ever had a bomb shelter in their house? What percentage lived in a house with a bomb shelter? Less than two percent. About 1.4 percent of the population, as far as anyone knows, did anything, either making a space in their basement or actually building a bomb shelter. Many buildings, public buildings, around the country -- this is New York City -- had these little civil defense signs, and the idea was that you would run into one of these shelters and be safe from the nuclear weaponry. And one of the greatest governmental delusions of all time was something that happened in the early days of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, as we now know, and are well aware of their behaviors from Katrina. Here is their first big public announcement. They would propose -- actually there were about six volumes written on this -- a crisis relocation plan that was dependent upon the United States having three to four days warning that the Soviets were going to attack us. So the goal was to evacuate the target cities. We would move people out of the target cities into the countryside. And I'm telling you, I actually testified at the Senate about the absolute ludicrous idea that we would actually evacuate, and actually have three or four days' warning. It was just completely off the wall. Turns out that they had another idea behind it, even though this was -- they were telling the public it was to save us. The idea was that we would force the Soviets to re-target their nuclear weapons -- very expensive -- and potentially double their arsenal, to not only take out the original site, but take out sites where people were going. This was what apparently, as it turns out, was behind all this. It was just really, really frightening. The main point here is we were dealing with a complete disconnect from reality. The civil defense programs were disconnected from the reality of what we'd see in all-out nuclear war. So organizations like Physicians for Social Responsibility, around 1979, started saying this a lot publicly. They would do a bombing run. They'd go to your city, and they'd say, "Here's a map of your city. Here's what's going to happen if we get a nuclear hit." So no possibility of medical response to, or meaningful preparedness for all-out nuclear war. So we had to prevent nuclear war if we expected to survive. This disconnect was never actually resolved. And what happened was -- when we get in to chapter two of the nuclear threat era, which started back in 1945. Chapter two starts in 1991. When the Soviet Union broke up, we effectively lost that adversary as a potential attacker of the United States, for the most part. It's not completely gone. I'm going to come back to that. But from 1991 through the present time, emphasized by the attacks of 2001, the idea of an all-out nuclear war has diminished and the idea of a single event, act of nuclear terrorism is what we have instead. Although the scenario has changed very considerably, the fact is that we haven't changed our mental image of what a nuclear war means. So I'm going to tell you what the implications of that are in just a second. So, what is a nuclear terror threat? And there's four key ingredients to describing that. First thing is that the global nuclear weapons, in the stockpiles that I showed you in those original maps, happen to be not uniformly secure. And it's particularly not secure in the former Soviet Union, now in Russia. There are many, many sites where warheads are stored and, in fact, lots of sites where fissionable materials, like highly enriched uranium and plutonium, are absolutely not safe. They're available to be bought, stolen, whatever. They're acquirable, let me put it that way. From 1993 through 2006, the International Atomic Energy Agency documented 175 cases of nuclear theft, 18 of which involved highly enriched uranium or plutonium, the key ingredients to make a nuclear weapon. The global stockpile of highly enriched uranium is about 1,300, at the low end, to about 2,100 metric tons. More than 100 megatons of this is stored in particularly insecure Russian facilities. How much of that do you think it would take to actually build a 10-kiloton bomb? Well, you need about 75 pounds of it. So, what I'd like to show you is what it would take to hold 75 pounds of highly enriched uranium. This is not a product placement. It's just -- in fact, if I was Coca Cola, I'd be pretty distressed about this -- (Laughter) -- but basically, this is it. This is what you would need to steal or buy out of that 100-metric-ton stockpile that's relatively insecure to create the type of bomb that was used in Hiroshima. Now you might want to look at plutonium as another fissionable material that you might use in a bomb. That -- you'd need 10 to 13 pounds of plutonium. Now, plutonium, 10 to 13 pounds: this. This is enough plutonium to create a Nagasaki-size atomic weapon. Now this situation, already I -- you know, I don't really like thinking about this, although somehow I got myself a job where I have to think about it. So the point is that we're very, very insecure in terms of developing this material. The second thing is, what about the know-how? And there's a lot of controversy about whether terror organizations have the know-how to actually make a nuclear weapon. Well, there's a lot of know-how out there. There's an unbelievable amount of know-how out there. There's detailed information on how to assemble a nuclear weapon from parts. There's books about how to build a nuclear bomb. There are plans for how to create a terror farm where you could actually manufacture and develop all the components and assemble it. All of this information is relatively available. If you have an undergraduate degree in physics, I would suggest -- although I don't, so maybe it's not even true -- but something close to that would allow you, with the information that's currently available, to actually build a nuclear weapon. The third element of the nuclear terror threat is that, who would actually do such a thing? Well, what we're seeing now is a level of terrorism that involves individuals who are highly organized. They are very dedicated and committed. They are stateless. Somebody once said, Al Qaeda does not have a return address, so if they attack us with a nuclear weapon, what's the response, and to whom is the response? And they're retaliation-proof. Since there is no real retribution possible that would make any difference, since there are people willing to actually give up their lives in order to do a lot of damage to us, it becomes apparent that the whole notion of this mutually assured destruction would not work. Here is Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, and Sulaiman was a key lieutenant of Osama Bin Laden. He wrote many, many times statements to this effect: "we have the right to kill four million Americans, two million of whom should be children." And we don't have to go overseas to find people willing to do harm, for whatever their reasons. McVeigh and Nichols, and the Oklahoma City attack in the 1990s was a good example of homegrown terrorists. What if they had gotten their hands on a nuclear weapon? The fourth element is that the high-value U.S. targets are accessible, soft and plentiful. This would be a talk for another day, but the level of the preparedness that the United States has achieved since 9/11 of '01 is unbelievably inadequate. What you saw after Katrina is a very good indicator of how little prepared the United States is for any kind of major attack. Seven million ship cargo containers come into the United States every year. Five to seven percent only are inspected -- five to seven percent. This is Alexander Lebed, who was a general that worked with Yeltsin, who talked about, and presented to Congress, this idea that the Russians had developed -- these suitcase bombs. They were very low yield -- 0.1 to one kiloton, Hiroshima was around 13 kilotons -- but enough to do an unbelievable amount of damage. And Lebed came to the United States and told us that many, many -- more than 80 of the suitcase bombs were actually not accountable. And they look like this. They're basically very simple arrangements. You put the elements into a suitcase. It becomes very portable. The suitcase can be conveniently dropped in your trunk of your car. You take it wherever you want to take it, and you can detonate it. You don't want to build a suitcase bomb, and you happen to get one of those insecure nuclear warheads that exist. This is the size of the "Little Boy" bomb that was dropped at Hiroshima. It was 9.8 feet long, weighed 8,800 pounds. You go down to your local rent-a-truck and for 50 bucks or so, you rent a truck that's got the right capacity, and you take your bomb, you put it in the truck and you're ready to go. It could happen. But what it would mean and who would survive? You can't get an exact number for that kind of probability, but what I'm trying to say is that we have all the elements of that happening. Anybody who dismisses the thought of a nuclear weapon being used by a terrorist is kidding themselves. I think there's a lot of people in the intelligence community -- a lot of people who deal with this work in general think it's almost inevitable, unless we do certain things to really try to defuse the risk, like better interdiction, better prevention, better fixing, you know, better screening of cargo containers that are coming into the country and so forth. There's a lot that can be done to make us a lot safer. At this particular moment, we actually could end up seeing a nuclear detonation in one of our cities. I don't think we would see an all-out nuclear war any time soon, although even that is not completely off the table. There's still enough nuclear weapons in the arsenals of the superpowers to destroy the Earth many, many times over. There are flash points in India and Pakistan, in the Middle East, in North Korea, other places where the use of nuclear weapons, while initially locally, could very rapidly go into a situation where we'd be facing all-out nuclear war. It's very unsettling. Here we go. OK. I'm back in my truck, and we drove over the Brooklyn Bridge. We're coming down, and we bring that truck that you just saw somewhere in here, in the Financial District. This is a 10-kiloton bomb, slightly smaller than was used in Hiroshima. And I want to just conclude this by just giving you some information. I think -- "news you could use" kind of concept here. So, first of all, this would be horrific beyond anything we can possibly imagine. This is the ultimate. And if you're in the half-mile radius of where this bomb went off, you have a 90 percent chance of not making it. If you're right where the bomb went off, you will be vaporized. And that's -- I'm just telling you, this is not good. You assume that. Two-mile radius, you have a 50 percent chance of being killed, and up to about eight miles away -- now I'm talking about killed instantly -- somewhere between a 10 and 20 percent chance of getting killed. The thing about this is that the experience of the nuclear detonation is -- first of all, tens of millions of degrees Fahrenheit at the core here, where it goes off, and an extraordinary amount of energy in the form of heat, acute radiation and blast effects. An enormous hurricane-like wind, and destruction of buildings almost totally, within this yellow circle here. And what I'm going to focus on, as I come to conclusion here, is that, what happens to you if you're in here? Well, if we're talking about the old days of an all-out nuclear attack, you, up here, are as dead as the people here. So it was a moot point. My point now, though, is that there is a lot that we could do for you who are in here, if you've survived the initial blast. You have, when the blast goes off -- and by the way, if it ever comes up, don't look at it. If you look at it, you're going to be blind, either temporarily or permanently. So if there's any way that you can avoid, like, avert your eyes, that would be a good thing. If you find yourself alive, but you're in the vicinity of a nuclear weapon, you have -- that's gone off -- you have 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the size and exactly where it went off, to get out of the way before a lethal amount of radiation comes straight down from the mushroom cloud that goes up. In that 10 to 15 minutes, all you have to do -- and I mean this seriously -- is go about a mile away from the blast. And what happens is -- this is -- I'm going to show you now some fallout plumes. Within 20 minutes, it comes straight down. Within 24 hours, lethal radiation is going out with prevailing winds, and it's mostly in this particular direction -- it's going northeast. And if you're in this vicinity, you've got to get away. So you're feeling the wind -- and this tremendous wind now that you're going to be feeling -- and you want to go perpendicular to the wind or downwind, if you are in fact able to see where the blast was in front of you. You've got to get out of there. If you don't get out of there, you're going to be exposed to lethal radiation in very short order. If you can't get out of there, we want you to go into a shelter and stay there. Now, in a shelter in an urban area means you have to be either in a basement as deep as possible, or you have to be on a floor -- on a high floor -- if it's a ground burst explosion, which it would be, higher than the ninth floor. So you have to be tenth floor or higher, or in the basement. But basically, you've got to get out of town as quickly as possible. And if you do that, you actually can survive a nuclear blast. Over the next few days to a week, there will be a radiation cloud, again, going with the wind, and settling down for another 15 or 20 miles out -- in this case, over Long Island. And if you're in the direct fallout zone here, you really have to either be sheltered or you have to get out of there, and that's clear. But if you are sheltered, you can actually survive. The difference between knowing information of what you're going to do personally, and not knowing information, can save your life, and it could mean the difference between 150,000 to 200,000 fatalities from something like this and half a million to 700,000 fatalities. So, response planning in the twenty-first century is both possible and is essential. But in 2008, there isn't one single American city that has done effective plans to deal with a nuclear detonation disaster. Part of the problem is that the emergency planners themselves, personally, are overwhelmed psychologically by the thought of nuclear catastrophe. They are paralyzed. You say "nuclear" to them, and they're thinking, "Oh my God, we're all gone. What's the point? It's futile." And we're trying to tell them, "It's not futile. We can change the survival rates by doing some commonsensical things." So the goal here is to minimize fatalities. And I just want to leave you with the personal points that I think you might be interested in. The key to surviving a nuclear blast is getting out, and not going into harm's way. That's basically all we're going to be talking about here. And the farther you are away in distance, the longer it is in time from the initial blast; and the more separation between you and the outside atmosphere, the better. So separation -- hopefully with dirt or concrete, or being in a basement -- distance and time is what will save you. So here's what you do. First of all, as I said, don't stare at the light flash, if you can. I don't know you could possibly resist doing that. But let's assume, theoretically, you want to do that. You want to keep your mouth open, so your eardrums don't burst from the pressures. If you're very close to what happened, you actually do have to duck and cover, like Bert told you, Bert the Turtle. And you want to get under something so that you're not injured or killed by objects, if that's at all possible. You want to get away from the initial fallout mushroom cloud, I said, in just a few minutes. And shelter and place. You want to move downwind or crosswind for 1.2 miles. You know, if you're out there and you see buildings horribly destroyed and down in that direction, less destroyed here, then you know that it was over there, the blast, and you're going this way, as long as you're going crosswise to the wind. Once you're out and evacuating, you want to keep as much of your skin, your mouth and nose covered, as long as that covering doesn't impede you moving and getting out of there. And finally, you want to get decontaminated as soon as possible. And if you're wearing clothing, you've taken off your clothing, you're going to get showered down some place and remove the radiation that would be -- the radioactive material that might be on you. And then you want to stay in shelter for 48 to 72 hours minimum, but you're going to wait hopefully -- you'll have your little wind-up, battery-less radio, and you'll be waiting for people to tell you when it's safe to go outside. That's what you need to do. In conclusion, nuclear war is less likely than before, but by no means out of the question, and it's not survivable. Nuclear terrorism is possible -- it may be probable -- but is survivable. And this is Jack Geiger, who's one of the heroes of the U.S. public health community. And Jack said the only way to deal with nuclear anything, whether it's war or terrorism, is abolition of nuclear weapons. And you want something to work on once you've fixed global warming, I urge you to think about the fact that we have to do something about this unacceptable, inhumane reality of nuclear weapons in our world. Now, this is my favorite civil defense slide, and I -- (Laughter) -- I don't want to be indelicate, but this -- he's no longer in office. We don't really care, OK. This was sent to me by somebody who is an aficionado of civil defense procedures, but the fact of the matter is that America's gone through a very hard time. We've not been focused, we've not done what we had to do, and now we're facing the potential of bad, hell on Earth. Thank you. You can share this video by copying this HTML to your clipboard and pasting into your blog or web page. need to get the latest Flash player. Got an idea, question, or debate inspired by this talk? Start a TED Conversation. The face of nuclear terror has changed since the Cold War, but disaster-medicine expert Irwin Redlener reminds us the threat is still real. He looks at some of history's farcical countermeasures and offers practical advice on how to survive an attack. Dr. Irwin Redlener spends his days imagining the worst: He studies how humanity might survive natural or human-made disasters of unthinkable severity. He's been an outspoken critic of half-formed government recovery plans (especially after Katrina). Full bio »

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Two Israeli Foundations dedicated to the Holocaust have reconstructed the biography of Stanislawa Slawinska, a Catholic Pole that saved a handful of Jews. The numerous descendents of Esfira Maiman would never have existed if it were not for Stanislawa Slawinska, a Catholic Polish woman that saved the then young Jewish Esfira from the Nazi barbarism, becoming the protagonist of a story of solidarity of those that enable us to continue our faith in human beings. Stacha, which is a family nickname for Stanislawa, has died in Poland on June 9, 1971, without recognition for the extraordinary feats of her life. However, today, thanks to the account of Esfira Maiman and the research made by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation and Casa Argentina in Israel, it is now known that Stacha, without any motivations other than respect to other human beings, has protected Jews in Poland, a country in which helping out Jews was punishable with an immediate death. Stacha did not brag about her bravery, but now that her secret is unveiled, Yad Vashem, the Israeli National Holocaust Remembrance Authority, has bestowed upon her the title of Righteous among Nations. The last path of this tortuous road that unites the lives of Esfira Maiman and Stanislawa Slawinska, has started back in March of this year, when Esfira, who is 94 years old, approached both aforementioned foundations in Israel. She was accompanied by her daughter Michele. ”My mother doesn’t want to die without divulging her story”, she said, and unveiled what had happened 66 years ago. Esfira Maiman was born in Lodz, in 1914, and her family moved to Warsaw. During the Nazi occupation she got stranded in the Ghetto, a place in which hunger, sickness and deportations made it a synonym of hell. In 1942, thanks to the skills of her first husband, Esfira managed to flee the Ghetto, but her husband, Roman Domb, was eventually killed by the Nazis. Fortune and her own skills had made it possible for her to escape Warsaw and reach the small town of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, located 30 Km from the Polish capital. She had heard that help might be available there, and so it was. She found her lack at the home of Stanislawa Slawinska. Stacha, a woman 10 years her senior, was a fervent catholic, childless but with a nephew, Roman (Romek) Slawinski, a young underground fighter and protector of his aunt. Sheltering Jews was punished with death and Stacha hid at least 10 Jews at her home. Among them was Esfira, her mother and her sister-in-law. She hid them and fed them in an environment where the most insignificant lack of care translated into death. Esfira lived under the care of Stacha until the very end of the war. Then, they split-up. Esfira ended-up in a German displacement camp, where she met her second husband, Israel Maiman. The couple emigrated to Peru and from there she wrote letters to Stacha and even hid some money in them. However, at a certain point, Esfira stopped hearing back from Stacha. The Polish communist regime censored their communications and the common story of these two women was truncated. In 1972, the Maiman family emigrated to Israel, carrying on the sorrow of not knowing anything about Stacha nor her nephew Roman. In 2006, feeling the weight of her advanced age, Esfira, with the help of two of her grandaughters, conveyed the case to Yad Vashem, but the issue did not prosper. Without giving up and with her last forces, Esfira got in touch with the aforementioned foundations. With the help of officials from the Polish Embassy in Buenos Aires, they succeeded in locating Roman. He was still in Grodzisk Mazowiecki. Stacha had died but the families reconnected. Now, the State of Israel has publicly recognized the story of courage of Stacha, has issued a commemorative stamp, and her memory will live on forever.

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Published in AIDS Weekly, March 20th, 2006 Study 1: Researchers review the basics of the virology of HIV-1 and its replication in a recent issue of the Journal of Clinical Virology. According to a study from Germany, "Human immunodeficiency virus is undoubtedly the causative agent of AIDS. The understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis is essential to develop and maintain antiretroviral treatment and vaccination." "Since the first isolation of HIV-1 in cell culture, thousands of publications dealing with HIV and/or AIDS per year were released. In [our] review we give a basic... Want to see the full article? Welcome to NewsRx! Learn more about a six-week, no-risk free trial of AIDS Weekly NewsRx also is available at LexisNexis, Gale, ProQuest, Factiva, Dialog, Thomson Reuters, NewsEdge, and Dow Jones.

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Drilling Fluid: Lifeblood of the Well Drilling fluids are referred to as mud. You can see why. In 1900, while drilling an oil well in Spindletop, Texas, workers ran a herd of cattle through a pit filled with water. The mud that resulted, a viscous, muddy slurry of water and clay, was pumped into the borehole. Drilling fluids are still called mud, but engineers no longer rely only on water and clay. Instead, they carefully design compounds and mixtures to meet specific needs under various drilling conditions. Modern drilling fluids are truly the lifeblood of the well. Today's deep wells could not exist without them. Rotary drilling from an offshore rig. Long ago, people drilled for water, not for oil. In fact, they were annoyed when they accidentally found oil since it contaminated the water! Early wells were drilled to provide water for drinking, washing, and irrigation, and for brine, used as a source of salt. It was only in the 19th century that drilling for oil became widespread as industrialization increased the need for petroleum products. The earliest records of well drilling date back to the 3rd century B.C.E. in China. The technique—cable-tool drilling—involved dropping a heavy metal drilling tool and removing the pulverized rock with a tubular container. The Chinese were relatively advanced in this art and are credited with the first intentional use of fluids in the process of drilling. The fluid used was water. It softened the rock, making penetration easier, and aided in the removal of the pieces of pulverized rock known as cuttings. (It is important to remove the cuttings from the borehole so the drill bit is free to dig further.) In 1833 a French engineer named Flauville was watching a cable-tool-drilling operation in which the drilling apparatus struck water. He realized that the gushing water was very effective in lifting the cuttings out of the well. The principle of using moving fluid to remove cuttings from the well bore was established. He conceived of an assembly in which water would be pumped down the inside of a drilling rod and carry cuttings with it as it returned to the surface in the space between the drilling rod and the wall of the well bore. This procedure remains standard today. Rotary drilling has largely replaced cable-tool drilling. With this technique the drill bit is at the tip of a rotating pipe. The process is similar to that used with a handheld electric drill or auger that you might use to drill into a piece of wood. But instead of drilling a few centimeters or inches into wood, modern oil wells may reach thousands of meters or feet into the ground. When wood is being drilled the cuttings are cleared out of the hole by way of spiral grooves along the shaft. This works for a shallow hole but not for a deep well. In the latter case, the cuttings are carried up to the surface along with the circulating mud. As wells get deeper, drilling fluids have taken on increased importance, serving a number of purposes and solving a variety of problems that vary greatly from place to place.

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Background Essay: Construct an Aqueduct Roman cities wouldn't have thrived the way they did if not for a very sophisticated system of aqueducts that delivered water for residents' personal consumption, as well as for their public baths and fountains. Cities situated on dry plains generally relied on faraway mountain runoff as a source of clean water. But even cities built near rivers often used remote water sources instead of local ones, which commonly became polluted by the waste generated by the cities' dense populations. Aqueducts were by and large gravity systems. In other words, they were designed to use the force of gravity to move the water, frequently across tens of miles. The channel through which the water flowed had to slope downward ever so slightly, which meant the engineers -- always keeping in mind the diverse terrain that might lie between source and destination -- had to build whatever solutions were necessary to achieve this feat. Because some natural springs ran from underground sources, and because pumping water to the surface was not easily accomplished, some aqueducts began as tunnels, dug through the earth and even through rock right to the source. Arcades, many of which still line the landscape over regions that once belonged to the Roman Empire, served as bridges so that water could travel over land and span any dips in it. The arcades' design allowed people and water to pass beneath them. Arcades were constructed when the aqueduct had to flow five feet or more above ground level; any lower than that, and builders would have built a simple wall. Where the aqueduct's intended path ran into mounds of earth, trenches were cut through them to preserve the downward slope. Once the water reached a city, it was typically directed into a large water-storage tower positioned on high ground. From there, water could be distributed through an underground network of lead, wood, or terra-cotta pipes to various points. The Romans knew that, even though the water would run underground through the pipes, it could be brought up again to a height equal to the water level in the tank.

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At first glance, you might be forgiven for thinking that these were modern pieces, modern in the sense of the 20th century anyway. Both the colour pallet and some elements hint at this, but of course, the shape of the female figures tell a different story. Both relate to the early 19th Century German play "Faust" by Johann Goethe, and were painted by the Spainish artist Luis Ricardo Faléro, in 1880 and 1878, respectively. Both paintings don't have official titles, but many consider the painting on the left to be "The Witches Sabbath" and on the right, the "Departure of the Witches", which depicts the vision the character of Faust, had in the play: "Falero’s Vision de Faust presents Faust’s dream as he experiences an adventure through the Satanic realm where witches and demons journey to a communal gathering. Satan, or Mephistopheles, was seen by the Romantics as the dark shadow that enabled humans to see the brilliance of heavenly light; only by knowing the depth of his darkness, could one appreciate the greatness of the light. The faces and striking poses of Falero’s demonic women bring the darkness to an entrancing level of detail, a truly captivating vision."There are lots of details to admire, especially in the larger versions. My favorite elements are the bats and the glowing red eyes belonging to the center character. More background information on the paintings, as well as information on Faléro's preparatory studies, can be found in the following links. All information and images here came via [sexywitch.wordpress.com].

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by Roberto Calasso, translated from the Italian by Alastair McEwen Knopf, 288 pp., $40.00 Like Plato’s Athens, eighteenth-century Venice no longer played much of a part on any political stage, but that fact had virtually no effect on the vibrancy of the city’s cultural life. The merchant-aristocrats who had once ruled the Mediterranean might be lords now of only their farms on the neighboring mainland, but their reduced circumstances hardly seemed to matter; the world still came calling. Indeed, the world may well have had more to learn from this older, more humble Venice than from Venice in its arrogant heyday, when the Most Serene Republic held sway over Constantinople, Crete, and the Adriatic Sea. There is, in fact, no compelling reason to think that temporal power and insight must bear any relationship to one another, nor that loss of power necessarily leads to decadence rather than wisdom, in people or states. Though Thucydides famously had Pericles tell the Athenians “We are the school of Hellas,” it was another Athens altogether that would become a school to the world: an Athens chastened by ruinous military defeat, the Athens of Plato, Aristotle, and then of the philosophical schools, a city of enduring, radiant, and no longer overbearing beauty. Thucydides himself began as an ambitious Athenian general, but he wrote his history in exile after a failed campaign—really a failed colonial adventure—that immeasurably deepened his thinking about strategy, resources, and power. The fact that eighteenth-century Venetians had long since deferred to the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean and to Britain in the Ocean Sea meant that they could spend their time in other pursuits, not all of them necessarily frivolous. And certainly, the eighteenth-century city was no less beautiful than its more potent, militant predecessor; it may have been more beautiful still. That eighteenth-century phenomenon we know as the Enlightenment seems to have come to Venice in a literal burst of light, refracted as the picture-perfect perspectives of Canaletto, Bernardo Bellotto, and Francesco Guardi, the soft pastels of Rosalba Carriera, and the brilliant billowing clouds of Giovanni Battista (or Giambattista) Tiepolo’s ceiling frescoes. Not since Giovanni Bellini and Antonello da Messina in the late fifteenth century had painters reveled so happily in the brilliance of Venetian light on a sunny day, when sky, water, and city glitter off one another; instead, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, Giorgione’s Tempest seems to have brought on a spate of stormy artistic weather: Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese, working especially in oil on canvas, all built their paintings up from a dark brown ground that encouraged the creation of deep contrasts between light and shadow, in clouds, in figures, in architecture. The works of these supreme masters are monumental, majestic, and, in their incessant play of light against darkness, suggestively enigmatic. Altogether, they evoke a Venice of tremendous power and authority—indeed, Tintoretto’s Paradiso for the great hall of the Doges’ Palace (1588–1590) is the largest oil painting in the world, a beatific vision that links the city and its government …

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Planets are in equilibrium with their surroundings: they are neither getting hotter nor colder. All planets absorb incident radiation from the Sun (this heats them up); to maintain equilibrium, they must radiate away the same amount of energy. The temperature of a planet can be approximated by assuming that it is a black body. You determine the temperature by equating the planetary luminosity (proportional to its temperature raised to the fourth power, T4) to the solar irradiance (L/D2, where L is the solar luminosity and D is the distance to the Sun). The distance at which a planet is at temperature T is proportional to 1/T2. Merely plug in the values of the upper and lower temperature to get the radii of the inner and outer radii of the habitable zone. To do this correctly, you need to take into account a number of effects: The likelihood of finding a planet in the habitable zone depends on the area in the habitable zone. This is proportional to Do2 - Di2, where Do and Di are the outer and inner boundaries of the zone, respectively. Since D2 is proportional to the stellar luminosity, the area of the habitable zone, and the likelihood of finding planets in it, is largest for the massive O, B, and A stars on the upper main sequence. In the figure at left, the habitable zone (yellow) is plotted as a function of spectral type for main sequence stars. The planets of our solar system are indicated. Planets inside the "tidal lock radius" are tidally locked to the star, i.e., they rotate once per year, or a fractional number of times per year. Mercury rotates three times every two Mercurian years. (The Moon is tidally-locked to the Earth, and rotates once per month). (These illustration are downloaded from http://www.astro.psu.edu/users/williams)

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Before we begin our journey in attempting to understand the assumptions about evolutionary psychology, we need to go back even farther into history to frame your perspective of human evolution into what I call the SAGAN and GOULD FRAMES OF MIND. This is to make you understand the enormous amount of time that our planet has been in place in the cosmos; humankind's place in that timeframe, and the brain that evolved from that passage. In his widely popular television series that began in 1980 entitled Cosmos, Carl Sagan framed the entire history of the 15 billion year history of the universe into a one-year, 12 month, "cosmic calendar" beginning at 0001 hours on the first day. What is important for us, is that in the last ten seconds of the last day, December 31, 2359 hours, man evolved from the primates and began his journey into civilization. In this "last ten seconds" have occurred all the human events in the bible, ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Greek civilizations; Western culture, including The Renaissance, The Reformation, and Napoleon; The American Revolution, The American Civil War, World World One, WWII, and all events up to the present. In a lecture presentation celebrating the opening of the new dinosaur exhibit at the Denver Natural History Museum, (1998?), Stephen Jay Gould was invited to speak at a sell-out crowd in down-town Denver. In attempting to explain humankind's place in the timeline of evolution, Mr. Gould had this suggestion: Extend your right or left hand as far away from the body as you can -- that distance would represent the beginning of earth's birth (some 5 billion years); then with the tip of either index finger extended, return either index finger and place it on the tip of your nose (which would represent the present). Now, take a file and file off the fingernail of that index finger -- by filing off this fingertip, you have just eliminated humankind from its place in evolution. What is important in both these analogies is that you understand that in this "short" span of time, the architecture of the human brain is firmly in place and that the thoughts, desires, emotions, and actions that we feel internally and exhibit outwardly are adaptations that helped us survive this vast journey of time. All that you experience and feel has been in place before we humans understood our conscious thoughts and actions. But we humans are complex creatures; not only are we aware of ourselves on a conscious level, but we are aware of "others" in our environment. And, these "others" have the same ability. In this complex mix of genetic and social environment, humankind has built the vast and wonderful world that lies before you. These two examples of the timeline and our human ability to ponder both ourselves and others in our environment, should now help you understand that: psychology should be put on a biological and cultural basis. The phrase that is currently (May 2001), popular to use among graduate students today is called, "The biocultural perspective." THAT internal, personal, and interpersonal behavior is influenced by genetic codes, but not imprisoned by them. Culture has the greatest influence. It is the dance between nature and nurture with nurture as the dominant leading partner that creates evolutionary THAT the species Homo sapiens evolved from our primate ancestors, most likely the Old World Primates. (Africa). For the latest confirmation on this, please read "Out Of Africa Again...and Again?" by Ian Tattersall, Scientific American, April, 1997. (As for new evidence that has just become available, it may no longer possible to declare the "Out Of Africa" theory as the only logical way our ancestors came to originate. An interesting little piece in the January 29, 2001 issue of Business Week, Developments to Watch section, p. 113 titled: SECOND THOUGHTS ON MAN'S AFRICAN ORIGINS, by Ellen Licking, has a lot of people buzzing in the evolutionary community. (Isn't it interesting the things you find in a business magazine?). There has always been a hot debate concerning the origin of humanity's roots, and the new evidence should make it more exciting; the majority of anthropologists and types like myself support the "Out Of Africa" model. But recent discoveries in Java, Australia, and Israel have found physical evidence that it is possible our human ancestors may have also sprung up in other places. Regardless of the place of origin, my theory that our human ancestors were on the losing end of an exclusionary culling process that I have proposed would still fit in all places. The act of being pushed out and away from resources of one location that supported survival in one area that was less inhabitable would still create the same "bone marrow sucking" determinism to survive that characterizes human will power that appears to be universal. These "losers" as one may call them, were heavy in the upper cranium skills necessary for adaptation by thinking and not by acting in a physical mechanism to get their way. They meet, and mated with other excluded exiles, thus helping to ensure the passage of the abilities. To read more of my theory, go to my book link at: Man In the Mist. Read the first three chapters). THAT our ancestors formed social groups for protection, food gathering, and mating opportunities. Before plant and animal domestication, these groups were called hunter-gatherers. THAT the forming of these social groups created the need for group communication that evolved into behavioral mechanisms to communicate danger, food resources, mating signals, status, hunting, and defensive maneuvers. THAT long-term adaptation to environmental and cultural influences eventually became part of our genetic software. Language is a perfect example; all humans on the planet have the innate ability to learn a language. Listed below, in alphabetical order, are the behavioral traits that evolutionary psychologists, so far, have determined all humans on our planet share. Those with question marks are in the running to be considered as modules, but still raise question to their validity. THAT the social organization of our human ancestors in hunter-gatherer groups remained relatively static during the Pleistocenne Epoch. Genes and culture had time to co-evolve in harmony. THAT from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic Era, cultural changes began to outpace epigenetic development. (after E.O. Wilson). THAT in the Neolithic Agricultural Era to present we see cultural advances soaring. It is most likely that we humans retained the genetic hardware of the Paleolithic Era that interacts with out modern day genetic software. I know that this could be difficult to understand, but I personally believe that internal, personal, and interpersonal behavior is influenced by genetic codes, but not imprisoned by them. In our long evolutionary voyage, we have gone from total reflex action in the environment (nature) to understanding the cues from our kin and close companions as the basis for knowing the best course of action (nurture). In our modern world with vast communication networks in place, culture has the greatest influence. It is the dance between nature and nurture with nurture as the dominant leading partner that creates evolutionary psychology. (With the publication of the new book, The Nurture Assumption, Fall 1998, greater emphasis and study will be focused on group selection and rejection behavior mechanisms, (peer group interaction) which up till now, have been generally ignored by social scientists). In the behavioral traits listed above, these distinct modular groupings of behavior sometimes have various other names: evolved cognitive structures; special learning mechanisms; psychological mechanism devices; mental mechanism devices; functionally specialized computational devices; and Darwinian algorithmic mechanisms. These areas, when activated by the circumstance that the individual finds itself in, give the brain specific algorithmic (step-by-step) instructions that have evolved from our ancestral pasts to adapt to all situations that we now face as humans. Above, I have mentioned that nature and nurture are intertwined. Now, in the list below, you will see cultural universalities that the anthropologist George P. Murdock complied in 1945. Culture is the passing of conscious knowledge that we have deemed to be of importance to our kin, friends, and associates and is passed to them through a timeline. The timeline could last for an hour (a hot stock tip), or last thousands of years, (tips on how to meet the opposite sex). It is at this point in human development that we think than human diversity also added the parallel mechanism of cultural transmission, and as a result, the two are linked, in what E. O. Wilson has described as co-evolution. I think it best that Wilson explain it in his own words as written in his book, Consilience, p. 127. Culture is created by the communal mind, and each mind in turn is the product of the genetically structured human brain. Genes and culture are therefore inseverably linked. But the linkage is flexible, to a degree still mostly unmeasured. The linkage is also tortuous: Genes prescribe epigenetic rules, which are the neural pathways and regularities in cognitive development by which the individual mind assembles itself. The mind grows from birth to death by absorbing parts of the existing culture available to it, with selections guided through epigenetic rules inherited by the individual brain. Once you understand this, I want you to read the cultural behaviors listed below. Once again, the list is in alphabetical order. Compare this list with the one above for the modular human behavior mechanisms. Can you begin to see the similarities and begin to relate to the co-evolutionary process? To understand human behavior from an evolutionary perspective, one must now add the cultural environment of the individual, plus the specific circumstances of the individuals entire lifes experience, and then calculate determination (degree of will) of future plans, which include needs, wants, and wishes. And of course, throw in If you want to know the true meaning of human behavior, remember the first rule of evolution: Evolution is the adaptation to local environments. Put on a pair of someones shoes and walk in them. Adapt to that persons local environment; relive that persons memories, and share that persons dreams. You will then understand that persons behavior. It is -- at the same time -- both simple and difficult. In an interview published in the Wall Street Journal's special millennium edition, Saturday, January 1, 2000, a reporter asked E. O. Wilson if he thought that the evolution of human nature had changed much in 1,000 years. Wilson replied that he thought that it had not much changed in 100,000 years, and therefore would not change that much in the next 1,000 years. He did venture to say that the following human behaviors are unlikely to change in any fundamental way: A tendency toward hierarchy. A tendency toward, emphasis upon, and deep personal concern about status and recognition. A great value placed individually upon self-esteem as part of individual integrity. A desire for a substantial degree of personal privacy, including private space. Deep sexual bonding and deep parental bonding, with both types of bonding having numerous and complex manifestations in cultural life. An aversion to incestuous behavior. Tribalism of some kind, even if it comes down to national soccer teams. Despite my deep respect for Dr. Wilson, I believe that attempting to predict the genetic future of humankind will meet with the same success that other crystal ball gazers have had in past years for humankind's inventions: He could be completely off track. How we evolved during the past 1,000 years which included wars, mass starvations, exploitations of women and children for cheap labor, ethnic cleansing, and allowing epidemics in third world nations may not be the way we want to evolve in the future. If we truly discover the secrets of human nature in the genetic code, we may decide that certain genetic traits would be better if reduced or eliminated. After all, genetic engineering is right around the corner, and could have profound consequences on Homo sapiens. I know this -- it won't take 1,000 years. As an aside headline in the WSJ interview, Dr. Wilson gives my opinion added emphasis: "The conflict over the origin of humanity and ethics -- this will be the struggle for men's souls." Origin: October 1995 Updated: June, 2003 Evolution and Human Behavior Official Journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society (formerly titled Ethology and Sociobiology) Elsevier Science Inc., 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010 Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective Aldine de Gruyter 200 Saw Mill River Road Hawthorne, New York 10532 One final note to leave you with: I can't agree more with E. O. Wilson and his updated, unscientific definition of Human Nature and I just wanted to share it with you: "Genius animated with animal craftiness and emotion, combining the passion of politics and art with rationality, to create a new instrument of survival." From his book, Consilience, P. 106

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Agricultural runoff is one of the bigger pollution problems plaguing the Chesapeake Bay. Because of that, hundreds of farmers across the region are working with public agencies and private groups to fence livestock out of farm streams or plant riparian “buffers” of trees and grasses along stream banks. These and other “best management practices” produce healthier farm streams and healthier farms as well. The efforts are paying off; since the mid-1980s, farm-based runoff pollution in the Bay has been reduced by half. Clearly there is still a long way to go, but progress is undeniable.

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Learning, teaching and giving. These are attributes that were instilled in Mary R. Kensinger from her upbringing that continues to her many activities today. She was born on January 6, 1914 in Butler, Tenn., the middle child of Joe and Bessie Ray. She had a sister Margaret and brother Boyd. The family moved to Mountain City around 1920 when as Mrs. Kensinger puts it, “Joe Ray (her father) burned down Butler.” The family’s home caught fire and literally took the entire Main Street of Butler with it! In 1932, during the Great Depression, the time came for Margaret and Mary to go to East Tennessee State Teacher’s College (later ETSU) but there was no money. Knowing how important education was for his two daughters, their father found a way. He borrowed $75 a quarter for the two girls with the promise of teaching jobs to repay. That money covered their room, meals and all school fees. Mrs. Kensinger typed term papers for a nickel a page for spending money. In their second quarter, under F.D.R.’s “New Deal,” the girls drew $17 a month from the NYA (National Youth Administration) for working on campus including peeling apples for the kitchen and working in the office of sociology professor Dr. Dorman Stout, Sr. After receiving a teaching certificate in 1934, she taught at Muddy Branch, a two-room school that had no lock on the door, one windowpane out, a potbellied stove, a water bucket and an outhouse. The principal of the school, who only had a 4th grade education, taught the upper four grades for $40. She taught the first three grades for a salary of $60. In May of 1935, Mrs. Kensinger arrived in Johnson City to work as a Junior Interviewer for the NRS (National Reemployment Service). Mrs. Kensinger, along with three others, signed up workers in ten counties for the new WPA (Works Progress Administration). The Johnson City office later became the District Office of Tennessee State Employment Service. She was the first woman Local Office Manager in the District and, as far as she knows, she was the first female in the volunteer state to attain that title. She organized offices in Elizabethton and Mountain City and later became the office manager in LaFollette, Tenn. She was called back to Johnson City in 1934 to become the District Training Supervisor, where she met her husband of 56 years, J. C. Kensinger who was Manager of the Rogersville office and needed training. He disliked office work and bought a drug store. Mrs. Kensinger replaced him as Office Manager. Rogersville had no Chamber of Commerce, so she produced a brochure which was distributed to Southern Railway showing why Hawkins County was ideal for heavy industry. She says it may be coincidence, but shortly thereafter TVA put a power plant in one of the sites she promoted. She later became head librarian of the Rogersville Public Library where she increased it to a full-time operation, combined the County and City Library Systems, and organized a Friends of the Library committee. Well into her 60s, Mrs. Kensinger returned to ETSU in 1978 for a bachelors of science in history, and in 1981 received a masters of arts in library science. Although past the school retirement age, she became the Rogersville Middle School Librarian, then retired again. Currently, she spends her time building an internet database of all the burials in Hawkins County. She hopes this will be a legacy for future generations.

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Broadcasting Computer News / Reviews - Since 1991 - Now Hear it on the Web |Prev Part||Part 1||Part 2||Part 3||Part 4||Next Part| |Part 5||Part 6||Part 7||Part 8| Last time around, we covered backup tape drives and removable hard drives, as well as uninterruptible power supplies. In this installment, we'll cover keyboards, speakers, and tool kits. Although it is by far the slowest data entry device available for a PC, a keyboard is still one of its most vital components. In the last decade or so, however, the keyboard has also been cast as something of a villain, due to its association with repetitive stress injuries and related disorders. In order to understand this controversy, and its impact on the PC user, a little history lesson is in order. Basically, the PC keyboard is a derivative from the layout of a standard office typewriter. What many people do not know, however, is that the "QWERTY" keyboard layout (named after the first six keys of the top row of text keys) was devised and implemented, not to make typing more efficient, but rather to slow it down! The reason for that decision was that, as they were originally manufactured, typewriter keys were prone to jamming very easily, especially at higher typing speeds. By using the "QWERTY" layout, typing speeds were held back enough to reduce or even minimize the chance of this happening. As the years passed, the engineering and manufacturing of typewriters and other office machines became more refined and precise. This actually rendered the original reason for the "QWERTY" keyboard layout invalid. Because people were used to it, however, manufacturers naturally saw little or no reason to change the design to a more efficient one. With the development of the personal computer, however, the situation began to change quite rapidly. For one thing, since the computer was an electronic device, the mechanics of the keyboard had to be changed somewhat to allow data to be transmitted to the CPU fast enough to keep the computer operating efficiently. Since the keyboard user no longer had to worry about type keys jamming, keyboard speeds, on the average, tended to increase, as did the average length of time the keyboard was actually in use during the day. This, plus the fact that the keyboard of a personal computer was movable, resulted in an ever-increasing number and variety of physical complaints and injuries. The most common (and one of the most serious) of these came to be known as "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome," named for the area of the human wrist that was involved. While there are still some in the personal computer industry that dispute this, there is a growing body of medical and scientific evidence that ties these "repetitive stress injuries" directly to the standard PC keyboard design, including the "QWERTY" layout. Faced with this evidence, a number of scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs began developing ways and means of lessening or even avoiding this ever-growing problem. One of the first of these was the development of a number of alternate keyboard layouts. Most prominent among these was the "Dvorak" keyboard, named after the scientist who developed it. Unlike the "QWERTY" design, the Dvorak layout is specifically designed for maximum speed and efficiency in keying, with the most frequently used keys placed directly in the middle of the "home row," immediately under the fingers. There are still a number of utility programs available in the shareware arena which can enable the PC user to implement the Dvorak layout without having to go to the trouble of buying a new, and probably more expensive, keyboard. More recently, however, computers (ironically enough!) have been used to help doctors and engineers understand the actual mechanics of the human hand. The result of this research has been the emergence of a new field of study known as "ergonomics," or "human engineering." As the latter name implies, those involved in this new industry are dedicated to improving the link between man and machine -- that is, to enabling humans to utilize computers and other electronic or mechanical devices more comfortably and efficiently. As might be expected, the keyboard has received a considerable amount of attention. While keyboard layouts have been studied, and modifications made in some instances, the most noticeable change has been in the shape and contour of the keyboard. This allows the fingers to travel over the keys with far greater efficiency and comfort, enabling the computer user to work longer and more productively. While these ergonomic keyboards are still more expensive than the traditional designs, for many users they will still represent a worthwhile expenditure. Indeed, for some people such keyboards represent the only viable alternative to permanent disability. At this writing, most ergonomic keyboards (including one by Microsoft) are in the $100 to $200 price range. Many retail computer stores carry at least one of these designs, so with a little digging, the user can at least determine whether a given brand is worth trying. For those who still need or want to use a traditional style keyboard, however, there is an enormous variety of keyboards available, many of which have special features, such as built-in stereo speakers for multimedia PC's, or even a built-in telephone for home business usage. The vast majority of these keyboards can be had for well under $100, and many for under $50. In our case, however, I choose to use an ergonomic design, even though it is undeniably more expensive. In my judgment, the extra expense is more than justified by the greater comfort and lower probability of injury which will result. Again, these keyboards range from about $100 to $200 in price. In this particular instance, some local research at conventional retail computer dealers will prove to be the best bet. Try out a given keyboard in person, then check through catalogs and magazine ads to get the best price. Since our example PC is a multimedia system, the quality of the sound genera-ted by the computer is very important, particularly in the area of computer games and music. While sound cards and CD-ROM drives do generally have a headphone jack similar to those used in Walkman-type tape decks and CD players, there are going to be times when headphones are simply not appropriate, such as when multi-player games are in use. That being the case, some sort of loudspeaker system is an essential part of a multimedia PC. There is one factor, however, that generally renders the use of any regular stereo speaker system inadvisable, to say the least. That factor is the relatively large magnets which are used in such speakers. The magnetic field generated by these speakers, while not harmful to humans, plays real havoc with computer monitors, distorting or even ruining the picture. Since the speakers need to be located on either side of the monitor, and immediately adjacent to it, for the best sound quality and imaging, this is a matter of no little concern! Fortunately, computer and speaker manufacturers are well aware of this problem, and have taken steps to work around it. Tests have shown that it is relatively simple, and inexpensive, to install magnetic shielding material in the speaker cases or cabinets, and to adjust the size and type of the magnets, to lessen or even eliminate picture distortion. Sound card manufacturers were among the first to make such speakers available. More recently, however, the major loudspeaker manufacturers, such as Altec Lansing and JBL, have begun making computer speakers whose sound quality and realism are virtually identical to that of regular stereo speakers. As might be expected, computer speakers are now available in a wide range of sizes and prices. As a result, personal research and listening on the local retail level is especially important. Once a given speaker brand and model have been decided on, the user can shop around both locally and in both computer and stereo magazines to get the best price. As an amateur musician myself, I can only add one caution: Because of the wide range of audio and musical material available for multimedia PC's, bass response will be especially important. For this reason, I strongly recommend the use of a sub-woofer system, either directly connected to the computer speakers, or made available through the user's stereo or home theater system. Since bass notes are nondirectional, especially in the very lowest frequencies, using an existing subwoofer setup is often the most economical choice. Because of the increasing popularity of multimedia PC's, many monitors now include built-in speakers. While this can often be well worth the investment, any such system should have a variety of material played through it to allow the prospective purchaser to judge its overall quality. Since you will essentially be paying for two of your PC components at once, careful shopping and personal investigation become all the more important. Last, but by no means least, is the matter of computer tool kits. Any PC user, in my humble opinion, should have a collection of tools such as screw- and nut- drivers, tweezers, etc., as part of their computer investment. To use just any old tool in one's tool box in a computer, however, is unwise, to say the least. As we have already discussed in this series, computer circuits and components are extremely sensitive to magnetic fields and electrical currents. Even a common household screwdriver can carry enough of a magnetic field or static charge to potentially damage or destroy PC circuitry. For this reason, computer and computer accessory manufacturers have long made available a wide variety of tool kits for use with PC's. In addition to containing precisely the right sizes and types of tools for computer installation and repair, these kits generally contain tools which have been specially demagnetized, and, in some cases, given anti-static treatment. This minimizes the possibility of inadvertent damage to sensitive PC circuitry when parts or boards are being installed or removed. Generally, a perfectly adequate tool kit of this type can be had for under $50. Caution, however, should be taken to ascertain that the tools being purchased have at least been demagnetized. As a rule, though, if the label on the kit or if the dealer selling the kit says that the kit or tools in question are demagnetized, or are specifically intended for use with personal computers, you're probably safe in making the purchase. In our next installment, we'll cover the actual assembly and installation of the various components to create a full working computer system. |Prev Part||Part 1||Part 2||Part 3||Part 4||Next Part| |Part 5||Part 6||Part 7||Part 8|

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Incredibly fresh, sustainably caught walleye fillets from the Red Lake Chippewa reservation require little more than salt, pepper and tarragon, then a quick sauté in butter to be delicious. Recipe below. Fish are the last wild food. Well, they’re the last wild caught food humans eat on a large scale. And unfortunately, we’ve been eating them on too large a scale—according to the World Health Organization, we’ve doubled our per capita fish consumption in the last 50 years. Many species are in serious decline, and the fishing industry as a whole faces major challenges. In his book Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food, Paul Greenberg says this growing appetite for fish cannot be sustainably satisfied by wild fish alone and that fish farming or aquaculture will actually overtake wild catch in the next few years. Aquaculture is not without its own problems—efforts must be made to greatly reduce its environmental footprint. That’s why the success of the Red Lake Fishery’s wild caught walleyes is particularly heartening. Red Lake in northern Minnesota is the sixth largest freshwater lake in America, just behind the five Great Lakes. Since 1889, The Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians has controlled 83 percent of Red Lake as part of its reservation. But for centuries, the Chippewa had depended on the lake for food and for their way of life. They often referred the lake, with its plentiful fish, as their food store or food warehouse. Especially prized was the walleye. In 1917, with food shortages brought on by World War I, the Red Lake Chippewa and the state of Minnesota created the Red Lake Fishery to help feed the state. After decades of increasing demand and overfishing, the Red Lake walleye population was verging on extinction. In one of those too rare stories of successful wildlife management, the Red Lake Chippewa got together with the state of Minnesota and the federal government to bring the walleye back. In 1998, they called a moratorium on virtually all walleye fishing on Red Lake and coupled it with a massive restocking program. By 2006, the walleye population had rebounded from a low of about 100,000 fish to a robust 7.5 million. The lake was reopened to subsistence and sport fishing; And in late 2007, the commercial fishery was reopened. Today, fishing is much more carefully controlled. The Red Lake Chippewa have reverted to traditional, sustainable practices, even for their commercial fishing. Their fish are caught one at a time, by tribal fishermen and women using the old fashioned “hook and line” method. Several hundred tribal fishers support themselves and their families this way. The Red Lake Chippewa may take an old fashioned approach to catching their fish, but their selling methods are mostly modern. Sure, if you’re in the neighborhood, you can stop by the fisheries and pick up fresh fillets. But you can also order your walleye by phone or on the Red Lake Nation Foods website. They offer fresh or quick-frozen fillets, skinless or skin on, for about $12 to $15 a pound, plus shipping and handling. I was recently asked by the Red Lake Fishery if I would like to sample and review some of their walleye fillets. After reading their incredible story, I replied with an enthusiastic yes! I received a box of frozen, skin-on fillets. When I thawed a couple of them for this recipe, the first thing that impressed me was the absolute freshness. I had seasoned the fillets with salt and freshly ground pepper and was getting ready to cook them, when I noticed that I hadn’t smelled anything fishy, even though the fillets had been out on the counter for half an hour. I bent down, practically touching the fish with my nose, and sniffed again. All I smelled was the freshly ground black pepper. I usually can’t say that even of fish I buy at pricey fishmongers here in Chicago. Because I wanted to make sure we tasted the fish, I opted for cooking them simply—some salt, pepper and butter and a little fresh tarragon. I almost hesitate to call this a recipe. The walleye was amazing, clean and mild in flavor. When I cook salmon fillets with skin on, the flesh pulls away from the fairly sturdy skin as you eat it, and you can leave the skin behind. The skin remained attached to the walleye fillets, but it was so thin and delicate, easily cutting with the side of a fork, that we just ate it. If you can get your hands on some Red Lake Walleye, you will love this simple preparation of it. If not, you can substitute any really fresh, mild white-fleshed fish. Sautéed Walleye Fillets with Tarragon 2 four to six-ounce walleye fillets, skin on or skinless salt and freshly ground black pepper, to taste 1 generous teaspoon chopped fresh tarragon (or 1/2 teaspoon dried) 2 tablespoons unsalted butter fresh lemon wedges (optional—see Kitchen Notes) Pat the fish fillets dry with a paper towel and season them on the flesh side with salt and pepper. Sprinkle with fresh tarragon and press it lightly into the flesh to help it stick. Heat a large nonstick skillet over medium flame and melt the butter in the pan, swirling to coat. Place the fillets seasoned side down in the pan, tilting it to make sure the butter surrounds the fillets, and cook for about 3 minutes. Gently flip the fillets (having the skin on helps keep them from breaking up) and cook on the second side until the fish is just cooked through, about 2 minutes. Plate and serve immediately with lemon wedges, if you’re using them. On lemon and fish. With oily fishes or rich preparations, fresh lemon can serve a legitimate purpose, cutting the richness with a bright citrus touch. Sometimes, though, restaurants add it to the plate to mask less than fresh fish. In doing so, they’ve made squeezing lemon juice over fish almost an automatic reflex in many of us. Here, the lemon slices added a colorful note to the photograph. We didn’t actually use it on the walleye—it didn’t need it.

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Back Pain in Pregnancy - and Why Men Can Get It In school, we were taught about the "unavoidable lordosis of pregnancy." Lordosis (technically, hyperlordosis) is when you allow too much inward arching in the lower spine - Drawing 1 at right. Over-arching causes one kind of lower back pain. It was taught as something that "just happens" to the spine during pregnancy. I asked the professors why women could also get it before and after pregnancy, and why men got the same kind of compressive force on the joints of the spine, called facet joints. It became a focus of study in my lab with lifters for many years. The post Neutral Spine or Not? and What is Neutral Spine and Why Does Sticking Out In Back Harm? show how slouching so that you increase the inward curve in the lower spine (increase the lordosis so that it is no longer neutral spine) pinches the lower back under the weight of the upper body. Both also show what neutral spine looks like compared to lordotic. The upper body should be upright (vertical) and the hip level to be in neutral spine. Drawing 2, with x-ray, shows what hyperlordosis looks like when the front of the hip tilts down and the upper body leans backward. This is not the normal curve - it is too much. The back of the spine gets pinched and pressured. I found that hyperlordosis is not caused by a pregnant belly or beer belly or carrying groceries or backpacks. The over-arching (hyperlordosis) is not unchangeable anatomy. It is leaning back to offset the load in front. Note the same over-arching occurring with the overhead lift in drawing 3, below left. Overarched spine position is something that you can decide whether to allow or not. You can easily use your muscles to prevent hyperlordosis and hold you in healthy upright position. Try it for yourself: - Stand up and pick up your chair (bend right to pick it up for more exercise and back injury prevention). - Hold the chair like any package in front, or on your hip, and notice if you lean back to shift the weight off your muscles (make it easier). Where does the weight shift to? On to your lower spine. - Instead, stand straight. You will get free, built-in healthful exercise that protects your spine. When carrying or lifting any load in front, from groceries, to a chair, to a pregnancy, or a baby on your hip, don't lean back to offset the load. To stop the arching and the lower back pain that results, tuck your hips under you as if doing a small abdominal crunch standing up until you are straight, without rounding forward. Don't over-tuck, tighten up, round your shoulders, or lean forward or backward. Just stand straight. When you tuck properly by moving your spine (not by tightening anything) the too-large arch will lessen to normal, and pressure in your lower back from the arching should immediately disappear. The pelvic tilt to tuck the spine to restore an overly arched lower back to neutral spine was introduced in Throw a Stronger Punch (or Push a Car or Stroller) Using This Back Pain Reduction Technique and Healthier Carrying - Get Free Ab Exercise and Stop Pain. Don't overarch or lean the upper body backward while you stand and carry - center and right-hand figures in the drawing at left. That is the missing link. Stand upright in neutral spine - left hand figure. There is a small lower spine curve, not a large one, and the lower spine is not pinched and folding backward, which squashes the soft tissue, discs, and vertebral joints called facets. I have heard argument that nine months is too long to expect someone to think about their spine, and the muscles get tired. As they say in computers, "that's not a bug, that's a feature." It's good news that you get a free core muscle workout and free back pain prevention. Pregnancy (and any weight lifting) is a key time to have that. Read success stories of these methods and send your own. Subscribe to The Fitness Fixer, free. Click "updates via e-mail" (under trumpet) upper right. See Dr. Bookspan's Books, take a Class, get certified - DrBookspan.com/Academy. Recent Blog Posts Mar 09, 2010 New Healthy Employment Programs for Developmentally Disabled Mar 04, 2010 Reader Uses Fitness Fixer Advice to Shovel Snow Painlessly and Beat Mother Nature Mar 01, 2010 Lactic Acid Myths

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Your students will love these 5 sea creature games that review patterns and relationships in an intermediate classroom! 1. Diving In with Repeating Patterns (shapes, letters and numbers) 2. Sea Creature Sequences (number sequences 3. Tables Rule the Ocean (finding a rule in a table) 4. Equations Under the Sea (matching a numerical expression with words) 5. Comparing Coastal Expressions (Greater than, less than or equal to with expressions) I teach third grade, so the majority of the items have created are geared toward third grade curriculum and standards. Since all states are different (even with Common Core!) my second grade and upper elementary friends can probably use a lot of the products too!

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Education in a Democracy To the Editor: Professor Bettelheim, in his article on “Sputnik and Segregation” (October), states that “all too often the same people who insist that all men are equal (and hence fight against segregation according to race) claim just as heatedly that some are more equal—and hence demand a different type of schooling for the gifted.” If the fight against segregation is based on the belief that “all men are equal,” it surely is lost. Men are not equal. Reasonable people oppose segregation because it involves an irrelevant discrimination—an inequality that is unwarranted. I discriminate among my students. I give good grades to those who do good work, etc. . . . And my discrimination is justified insofar as it is relevant; it would be objectionable if irrelevant—if, e.g., I handed out grades according to race or religion. Now the distinction between gifted and ungifted is educationally relevant. Therefore one may oppose irrelevant discrimination (e.g. racial discrimination in schools) just because one favors relevant discrimination (e.g. higher tasks set for the more gifted—which implies separation). Professor Bettelheim sees an inconsistency only because he seems to feel that all discrimination is bad—which is absurd. Professor Bettelheim goes on to say that the gifted, in his observation, are better off—they develop more originality—when not separated from the less gifted. I have not noted that the separation which is made early in Europe has led to less individualism and original thought than in America where no such separation takes place. . . . Most observers agree that giving the gifted child no higher tasks than the ungifted child has not led to originality and independence. On the contrary . . . the non-separation compels the gifted to compete with the ungifted in terms shaped by the latter! Finally, Professor Bettelheim raises the specter of the European class system, perpetuated in his opinion through the multiple-track educational system. . . . He forgets to mention that it was not the separation of gifted from ungifted that might have led to greater differences in opportunity than exist in the United States, but the very simple fact that the children of the lower classes in Europe could not afford extended schooling. The son of the worker, gifted or ungifted, had to go to work: not so in the United States, where most children can afford to graduate from high school. Separate curricula would result not in a division of social classes, but in adapting the teaching to the differently gifted children. Perhaps [an acceptable] case could be made against the separation of the gifted from the less gifted children. . . . But Professor Bettelheim has not made it. Ernest van den Haag New York City To the Editor: The two problems so lightly lumped together in Bruno Bettelheim’s article are really quite unrelated. . . . The [only] problem that is at issue is whether we should provide special education for all the gifted children, regardless of race, creed, national origin. . . . Now it is well known that children differ in mental ability, in rate of growth, emotional makeup, religious beliefs, home cultural background, and in scores of other ways. It is in the essence of democracy that these differences are not permitted to give unfair political advantage to any group of citizens over any other group. However, the existence of these wide individual differences among children inevitably requires that we individualize instruction to meet those different developmental needs. Our democratic ideal, therefore, recognizes the different potentials of different children by offering each child the opportunity for maximum development of his capabilities. Professor Bettelheim opposes special and separate education for the gifted as a divisive measure that isolates them from their peers. But he proposes that we provide special schools for the underprivileged from ages five to seven, to try to overcome the preliminary disadvantages from which they suffer. However, does anyone believe that even if all underprivileged five-year-olds could be brought up to the average level of their peers by age seven (and this is questionable) they would thenceforth progress at the same rate? Or that this two-year preparation period would wipe out all the individual differences of mental ability, health, growth, physical development; of emotional and social adjustment; of home environment and economic deprivation? Of course not. The fact is that as soon as these children are thrown together, some will inevitably forge ahead, while others, quite as inevitably, lag behind. Is it proposed that we lock-step all children regardless of their individual capacities and needs and compel them to travel together at the rate of the slowest among them? . . . The facts show that gifted children exposed to “easy” education develop poorly. Unmotivated, some become bored and turn into disciplinary problems. Many, including large numbers of our most talented high school graduates, acquire poor attitudes toward learning in general and lose ambition for higher education, as numerous studies have revealed. What we need is the utmost in individualized instruction and guidance. . . . Here in New York City we are trying to solve the problem in many ways. One of these is the special experimental program at Junior High School 43, Manhattan, organized for the purpose of identifying and developing the talented among the “underprivileged” portion of the population. These youngsters are getting special training and special guidance in a program that extends right through the senior high school. A concentrated effort is being made to achieve the highest educational function of our democracy—to develop each child to the highest level of his potential. We recognize the need for special educational programs for the slow learner, the physically handicapped, the newly arrived immigrant, the child who wishes to learn a vocation. Nor does anyone seem to object to the special facilities provided for them. Why become alarmed when it is proposed to provide special educational facilities for the gifted, who have been the most neglected members of our schools? We must put an end to the waste of human talent represented by them. . . . Alexander Taffel Principal The Bronx High School of Science New York City

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See what questions a doctor would ask. Vaginitis is a common condition in which there is inflammation of the vagina resulting in such symptoms as irritation and heavy vaginal discharge. Vaginitis can be caused by an infection or by non-infectious causes. Infectious causes of vaginitis include a yeast infection caused by the fungus candida. Bacterial vaginosis is a vaginitis caused by an overgrowth of the bacteria gardnerella, which normally live in the vagina. Vaginitis can also be the result of trichomoniasis, which is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a parasite. Other sexually transmitted diseases that can cause vaginitis include chlamydia and genital herpes. Non-infectious vaginitis is caused by exposure of the female genitals to irritating substances or to allergens, a substance that a women is allergic to. Typical irritants and allergens include perfumed soaps, bubble bath products, douches, detergents, spermicides and vaginal deodorants. Symptoms of the different types of vaginitis vary depending on the cause but generally result in vaginal irritation, itching and abnormal vaginal discharge. Untreated vaginitis that is caused by a sexually transmitted disease can lead to potentially serious complications. For more information on complications and symptoms, refer to symptoms of vaginitis. Women at an increased risk of developing vaginitis include women who are sexually active, especially if they do not use condoms. Other women at risk include those who are allergic or sensitive to products or substances that can come in contact with the genitalia, such as detergents, spermicides and perfumes. Women who are prescribed antibiotics may also be at risk for developing vaginitis. Some antibiotics can cause an imbalance in the normal growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in the vagina, resulting in an overgrowth of candida and a yeast infection. Making a diagnosis of a vaginitis begins with taking a thorough personal and family medical history, including symptoms, and completing a physical examination. It also includes performing a pelvic exam in which the vagina is examined using a lighted instrument called a speculum. During the exam small samples are taken from the vagina and cervix for culture and sensitivity testing. This and various other tests on the samples are performed to determine if a bacteria, fungus or parasite is causing the infection and to determine the most effective medication to treat it. If an allergy is suspected to be causing the vaginitis, diagnostic testing may include skin patch testing. In a skin patch test, small amounts of common allergens are applied methodically to the skin to determine what substances are triggering an allergic response. A diagnosis of vaginitis can easily be missed or delayed, because some women have no symptoms and for other reasons. For information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of vaginitis. Treatment of vaginitis varies depending on the cause. Vaginitis caused by a mild allergic reaction or irritation is treated by avoiding the specific product that causes symptoms. In moderate to severe cases, other treatment may be necessary. Vaginitis caused by an infection require medication and other measures. For more information on treatment, refer to treatment of vaginitis....more » A diagnosis of vaginitis can easily be missed or delayed because there may be no symptoms and a woman may be unaware of an infection. Embarrassment and not being honest with a health care provider about specifics, as sexual activity or an abnormal discharge from the vagina or genital itching, can also delay a diagnosis. The symptoms of various causes of vaginitis can be similar, although ...more misdiagnosis » The following medical conditions are some of the possible causes of Vaginitis. There are likely to be other possible causes, so ask your doctor about your symptoms. Home medical tests possibly related to Vaginitis: Review causes of types of Vaginitis in more specific categories: Listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with Vaginitis, as listed in our database. Visit the Symptom Checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. The first step in treating vaginitis is prevention. Prevention measures include seeking regular medical care throughout a lifetime. Regular medical care allows a health care professional to best evaluate the risks of catching sexually transmitted diseases that can cause vaginitis and regularly test for them. These measures greatly increase the chances of ...Vaginitis Treatments Some of the possible treatments listed in sources for treatment of Vaginitis may include: Review further information on Vaginitis Treatments. Alternative treatments or home remedies that have been listed as possibly helpful for Vaginitis may include: Real-life user stories relating to Vaginitis: The following drugs, medications, substances or toxins are some of the possible causes of Vaginitis as a symptom. Always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using, including prescription, over-the-counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments. Some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for Vaginitis may include these symptoms: Research the causes of these more general types of symptom: Research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom Vaginitis: Read more about causes and Vaginitis deaths. Alzheimer's disease over-diagnosed: The well-known disease of Alzheimer's disease is often over-diagnosed. Patients tend to assume that any memory loss or forgetulness symptom might be Alzheimer's, whereas there are many other less severe...read more » Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for a patient to show mental decline to dementia. Whereas this can, of course, occur due to various medical conditions,...read more » Rare type of breast cancer without a lump: There is a less common form of breast cancer called inflammatory breast cancer. Its symptoms can be an inflammation of the breast tissue, such as with a breast rash with redness and warmth, but not necessarily a physical...read more » Tremor need not be Parkinson's disease: There is the tendency to believe that any tremor symptom, or shakiness, means Parkinson's disease. The reality is that there are various possibilities, such as benign essential...read more » Other ways to find a doctor, or use doctor, physician and specialist online research services: Research extensive quality ratings and patient safety measures for hospitals, clinics and medical facilities in health specialties related to Vaginitis: Rare types of medical conditions and diseases in related medical categories: Conditions that are commonly undiagnosed in related areas may include: Other medical conditions listed in the Disease Database as possible causes of Vaginitis as a symptom include: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age, and it is sometimes accompanied by discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning. (Source: excerpt from Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): DSTD) Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina characterized by discharge, odor, irritation, and/or itching. The cause of vaginitis may not always be determined adequately solely on the basis of symptoms or a physical examination. For a correct diagnosis, a doctor should perform laboratory tests including microscopic evaluation of vaginal fluid. A variety of effective drugs are available for treating vaginitis. (Source: excerpt from Vaginitis Due to Vaginal Infections, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID) Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginitis symptoms among women of childbearing age. Previously called nonspecific vaginitis or Gardnerella-associated vaginitis, BV is associated with sexual activity. (Source: excerpt from Vaginitis Due to Vaginal Infections, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID) Vaginal infections are often accompanied by vaginitis, which is an inflammation of the vagina characterized by discharge, irritation, and/or itching. The cause of vaginitis cannot be adequately determined solely on the basis of symptoms or a physical examination. Laboratory tests allowing microscopic evaluation of vaginal fluid are required for a correct diagnosis. A variety of effective drugs are available for treating vaginal infections and accompanying vaginitis. (Source: excerpt from Vaginal Infections & Vaginitis: NWHIC) Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginitis symptoms among women of childbearing age. BV (previously called nonspecific vaginitis) can be transmitted through sexual activity although the organisms responsible also have been found in young women who are not sexually active. (Source: excerpt from Vaginal Infections & Vaginitis: NWHIC) Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina characterized by discharge,... (Source: excerpt from Vaginitis Due to Vaginal Infections, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID) Vaginal infections are often accompanied by vaginitis, which is an ... (Source: excerpt from Vaginal Infections & Vaginitis: NWHIC) Inflammation of the vagina. - (Source - Diseases Database) Inflammation of the vagina (usually associated with candidiasis) - (Source - WordNet 2.1) Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. - (Source - CRISP) The list below shows some of the causes of Vaginitis mentioned in various sources: This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Vaginitis. Of the 32 causes of Vaginitis that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information: The following list of conditions have 'Vaginitis' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Vaginitis or choose View All. The following list of medical conditions have Vaginitis or similar listed as a medical complication in our database. The distinction between a symptom and complication is not always clear, and conditions mentioning this symptom as a complication may also be relevant. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. Ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums. Medical story forums: If you have a medical story then we want to hear it. This information shows analysis of the list of causes of Vaginitis based on whether certain risk factors apply to the patient: Medical Conditions associated with Vaginitis: Vaginal symptoms (443 causes), Female sexual symptoms (505 causes), Sexual symptoms (1838 causes), Genital symptoms (986 causes), Vagina symptoms (443 causes), Female genital symptoms (529 causes), Women's health symptoms (1177 causes), Inflammatory symptoms (1736 causes), Infection-related symptoms (1293 causes), Pregnancy symptoms (699 causes), Intercourse symptoms (258 causes), Female reproductive symptoms (928 causes), Mens health symptoms (291 causes) Symptoms related to Vaginitis: Vaginal discharge (145 causes), Vaginal itch, Vulvitis (43 causes), Vulvovaginitis (14 causes), Douche allergies, Detergent allergies, Spermicide allergies, Bacterial vaginosis (32 causes), Pelvic inflammatory disease (28 causes), Ovary removal surgery, Vaginal hygiene product allergies, Vaginal cancer, Menopause (18 causes) Doctor-patient articles related to symptoms and diagnosis: These general medical articles may be of interest: Search Specialists by State and City

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- NASA’s Voyager 1 Enters New Region in Deep Space - NASA fixes bug on Voyager 2, restarts science data transmissions WASHINGTON, March 20 (RIA Novosti) - It’s been a long, long journey – more than 35 years and billions of miles. And now NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft has become the first man-made object to leave the solar system, according to new scientific findings posted online Wednesday. “It’s outside the normal heliosphere, I would say that,” said Bill Webber, professor emeritus of astronomy at New Mexico State University, in a statement. “We’re in a new region. And everything we’re measuring is different and exciting.” Voyager 1 launched on Sept. 5, 1977, is now more than 11 billion miles (17.7 billion kilometers) from the sun. The new study of cosmic rays and radiation was posted online in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. It says that on Aug. 25, 2012, Voyager 1 measured drastic changes in cosmic rays, indicating it had left the outer-most reaches of the heliosphere, the immense magnetic bubble that contains our solar system, the solar wind and the entire solar magnetic field. “Within just a few days, the heliospheric intensity of trapped radiation decreased, and the cosmic ray intensity went up as you would expect if it exited the heliosphere,” said Webber. In December, NASA said in a statement that Voyager 1 “has entered a new region at the far reaches of our solar system that scientists feel is the final area the spacecraft has to cross before reaching interstellar space.” Voyager 1 was the second of NASA’s two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. Voyager 2 was launched first, on Aug. 20, but is well behind Voyager 1 and has still not left the solar system, according to a website tracking the locations of the two probes. Add to blog You may place this material on your blog by copying the link. Image Galleries: New "Watercolors" Train Exhibition in the Moscow Metro Infographics: The Origin of Geomagnetic Storms Cartoons: Dreams of Space The failure of the Islamist political parties who came to power in the dramatic events of the Arab Spring would allow the military to reenter the political arena. Political Islam was successful in the opposition, but it could fail in power, as the negative experience of Egypt and Iraq have shown.

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Patterns and trends in the discovery of new Neotropical mammals Abstract . Each year new mammalian taxa are described from the Neotropics but, contrary to conventional wisdom, these are not solely rats and bats. Since the publication of the last world checklist in 1992, new species and genera have been described from six orders (Didelphimorphia, Paucituberculata, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Primates and Rodentia) and from all South American countries except Guyana, Bolivia and Paraguay. Names and bibliographic references are listed for seven new genera and 57 new species of Neotropical mammals, representing an average of one new genus and eight new species annually. Each year, systematists revalidate an even greater number of names that were previously thought to constitute taxonomic synonyms. Consequently, estimates of mammalian diversity remain imprecise, especially in the tropics, and the pace of new descriptions outstrips even the most recent checklists.

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Essay Topics/Writing Assignments These 20 essay questions can be used as essay questions on a test, or as stand-alone essay topics for a take-home or in-class writing assignment. Students should have a full understanding of the text in order to answer these questions. They ask for a thorough analysis of the text. 1. What is the symbolism of armor and swords in the play? Use examples from the play to support your answer. 2. How do Odysseus and Ajax present different qualities of a warrior? What are those qualities, and what do they mean for the actions of the characters? Cite specific examples from the text to support your answer. 3. Odysseus, Agamemnon, and Menelaus are all kings. What aspects of a good, or bad, king does each character represent and why? Support your answer with specific examples from the play. 4. Why does the suicide of... This section contains 585 words| (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)

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Yawn-catching 'strengthens Bonds' - From: AAP - November 15, 2012 CONTAGIOUS yawning may act as a kind of social glue that strengthens emotional bonds, research suggests. Scientists studying bonobos, a chimpanzee subspecies with human-like behaviour traits, found yawning was more catching in animals that were relatives or friends. A similar effect is seen in humans, with yawns less likely to be triggered by strangers than people we are close to. Although this social aspect of yawning is well known, its origins and significance are still unclear. The new research indicates that, even before the appearance of humans, yawn-catching evolved as a form of emotional communication. The findings are published in the online journal Public Library of Science ONE. Authors Dr Elisabetta Palagi, from the University of Pisa in Italy, and colleagues wrote: "Though we are still far from a clear demonstration between yawn contagion and empathy, the importance of social bonds in shaping this phenomenon in bonobos suggests that a basic form of empathy may play a role in modulating yawning behaviour". A MAN has attempted to lure a child into his car at Highbury in the third incident of its kind in less than a week. SEE THE MAP UPDATE: STEPHEN Milne's playing future is in doubt after being told to take leave for an 'indefinite' period. A PARLIAMENTARY select committee will probe the Cherryville bushfire to determine any mismanagement and emergency response failings GUESS where in Adelaide Krispy Kreme plans to open a 24-hour, seven day a week drive-through shop.

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A solar plane that was unveiled in Switzerland in June recently made its first test outside of a hangar. The plane is called the Solar Impulse and was an idea of those responsible for the first balloon ride around the world. The plane has a 207 foot wingspan, which is comparative to commercial airplanes. The wings hold solar cells, specifically 11,628 solar cells. The plane weighs 3,527 pounds, which is equivalent to a car. The propellers are powered by four 100 kilogram lithium batteries. The goal of the project is for the plane to reach 28,000 feet in the near future. The ultimate goal will be a continuous 36 hour flight without using external energy. The non-stop flight is expected to occur in 2012, while a shorter flight is expected to be tried in February of 2010 which will last about two hours. The recent tests on the plane took place on a runway in Switzerland. The plane traveled approximately 1.2 miles on the runway, reaching 5 knots in speed. The hope is to test the plane again in the upcoming days and reach 10 knots. Those behind the project are testing the computers and engines involved in the plane. These tests are also expected to give pilots an idea of how the aircraft will operate in real situations. Andre Borschberg, who is the chief executive of the project, alluded to the group taking their time to ensure all is in place. Borschberg stated: “This is truly a new design- an airplane the size of an Airbus and the weight of a mid-sized car- so we’re not taking risks by not understanding something.”

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The historical importance and key facts about each of the nation’s 50 states were on display for all to see during this year’s fifth-grade “state fair” at Blue Point Elementary School in the Bayport-Blue Point School District. In preparation for the annual event, the students researched their assigned state and created presentation boards on which they described the state’s unique identifiers, such as its seal, flag, bird, geographic location and famous individuals who were born there, in addition to its general climate and population. The completed boards were put on display in the school’s cafeteria for the fair attendees to enjoy. The project offered students a hands-on and in-depth approach to studying their researched state, as well as the other states in the nation.

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Managing a family budgetManaging a family budget can be a tricky business. When thinking of managing money, things like income, regular expen-ditures, occasional expenditures, and unexpected expenditures may be running through your mind making the idea of money management a bit overwhelming. The key to managing a family budget to reach your financial goals is to be organized and track your finances. By: Christina rittenbach, NDSU Extension Service, The Jamestown Sun Managing a family budget can be a tricky business. When thinking of managing money, things like income, regular expen-ditures, occasional expenditures, and unexpected expenditures may be running through your mind making the idea of money management a bit overwhelming. The key to managing a family budget to reach your financial goals is to be organized and track your finances. The first thing you may want to do is ask yourself what your financial goals are. Think in terms of short- term (3-12 months), intermediate-term (1-5 years), and long-term (5+ years) goals. Figure out actual dollar amounts that you will need to save in order to reach your goals. Assigning a dollar amount can help make your goal a reality. After you have determined where you would like to be financially, it can be helpful to organize and track your finances. Doing so will help you to see how you are spending your money and where you could possibly cut back. There are several different methods for tracking your finances, so do what works best for you. Here are four methods you may want to try to organize your financial tracking: 1. Use a tracking sheet. You can either create your own or use a pre-made tracking sheet. Keep a list of your daily expenditures and record it on a tracking sheet that contains columns of various categories (food, personal care, eating out, entertainment, etc.). Use this sheet to see in which categories you are spending the most money, and where you could make cuts to reach your goals. 2. Use a check register. You can use a checkbook register to track your expenses — including cash, credit, or debit purchases — and your income. It is important to record each transaction immediately to keep your records up to date. 3. Use a calendar. Start out by writing in your balance on the first day of the month. Add in your income on the appropriate dates. Then write down when your bills need to be paid or when you will need to go grocery shopping, clothes shopping, etc. Track your daily expenses on the calendar and add and subtract as you go along. 4. Use an envelope. While this method is not as secure because it requires more cash on hand, it is one of the easier methods. Use one or more envelopes to hold your money (multiple envelopes could be used for different spending categories or different members of the family). Record expenses on the envelope. You may even wish to store your receipts in the envelopes. For examples of any of the tracking methods, or more information on managing finances, contact Christina Rittenbach, Stutsman County Extension agent, at 252-9030 or [email protected]

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My niece has three children, all of them super smart, A students and strong readers. The eldest, a girl, and the youngest, a boy, are voracious readers. The middle child, another girl, would rather do anything else. Unlike the often cited reluctant reader, she doesn’t avoid reading because it is difficult or she doesn’t enjoy it, but because there are a myriad other things vying for her attention. The TV, the DS, the Wii, her baby cousin or her grandmother’s dog all do their best to pull her away from the printed word. Her mother says, “I don’t care what she reads, as long as she reads something!” So what kind of books can attract a reader who is intellectually able to read, but has a short attention span or is emotionally or temperamentally uninterested in books? I’m talking about the ‘ology’ and ‘opolis’ books. Young readers can learn about dragons or vampires. Or they can find out how to be a fairy godmother, a princess or a wizard. In other volumes, they learn how to spot fairies or capture mythical beast. These books have field guides, training manuals, books with notes and tabs and sound. Sort of like a diary of a natural scientist or a mad wizard. Books about the mystical, magical and supernatural bridge a place between picture book and scientific chronicle. They invite the reader to participate and explore in a way other books don’t do. What makes these books so unique is the stuff glued, flapped, inserted or punched out from the pages. Some have stickers or trading cards. One volume I came across also had sound recordings of the animals it portrayed. (See the opening picture for an inside peek.) Secret codes, web sites to play games on, these volumes are more than mere leaves between their fantastical covers. Active and distracted children will be able to take in the book in small bites, and because of the format, they can include other interests and activities at the same time. The scientific-like format also encourages investigation into other interests, maybe music or the planets and outer space. Perhaps the Dragonology book can lead to a study of lizards and other reptiles. As my niece’s plea to me went, at least they’re reading something! “…the long-lost research of renowned nineteenth century dragonologist Dr. Ernest Drake is presented in all its eccentric glory, happily bridging the gap between dragon legend and fact.The meticulous Dr. Drake assigns Latin names to various dragon species, ruminates on why dragons are able to speak, speculates on how they could fly, and explains the true purpose of their notorious hoarding habits. Here are just a few of DRAGONOLOGY’S fascinating features: — Novelty item on every spread, including tactile samples of dragon wings, dragon scales, and dragon skin — Booklet of dragon riddles (indispensable to the burgeoning dragonologist) — Sealed envelope containing a powerful dragon-calling spell — Embossed faux leather cover with silver foil, encrusted with three dragon gems…” “…Follow the fascinating journey of Captain Nemo and explore the ocean’s wonders, both real and imagined … or are they? What if a sixteen-year-old assistant traveled aboard the storied Nautilus, the narwhal-shaped submarine of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea? And what if he were the sole survivor of the ill-fated voyage and went on to relay his adventures to a certain . . . Jules Verne? Find this brave young man’s own account in the lavishly illustrated Oceanology, a tale of an 866 voyage of discovery that investigates diving bells and shipwrecks; coral reefs and ice canyons; sharks, giant octopi, and luminous sea monsters; underwater volcanoes, and even the legendary island of Atlantis…” Wendy Martin spends her days drawing fantastical worlds. In the evenings she writes about them, then she visits them at night during her dreams.

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The Spending piggy bank is used to make small purchases. This money can be transferred into your child’s own wallet when you go out shopping. Dollar stores are an excellent area to spend this money. Allowing your child to choose what they would like to purchase teaches them to make wise decisions. Children will learn very quickly that a cheap toy will break easily and as a parent you can teach them to make smart purchases when using their spending money. As your child gets older their spending money can be used to purchase their own meals, movie tickets, or admission to events when going out. Ideas for Spending Money purchases ages 3-8. - small toys - hair accessories - colouring books - activity books - craft items eg, stickers, paints, crayons, markers, rulers - food purchases Check out your local dollar store. There is an abundance of things your child will be able to choose from.

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Revista de Salud Pública Print version ISSN 0124-0064 ROMERO, Marlyn H; SANCHEZ, Jorge A and GUTIERREZ, Carolina. Evaluating animal welfare practice when transporting cattle to slaughter. Rev. salud pública [online]. 2011, vol.13, n.4, pp. 684-690. ISSN 0124-0064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642011000400013. Objective Evaluating animal welfare practices during land transport of cattle to slaughter. Methods A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out regarding 194 livestock transporters from two cattle-producing areas in western Colombia. Demographic variables, drivers' attitudes towards the animals and trucking conditions were analyzed according to sanitary legislation guidelines. Results The livestock are transported by people aged 31 to 60 (69 %) having little animal management training (4.1 %). The drivers do not supervise the cattle's physical conditions when they are being transported and handled by methods such as electric prodding (46.8 %), twisting their tails or other pain-inducing methods (24.2 %), using sticks (16.1 %) and ropes (12.9 %) which do not guarantee appropriate animal welfare. Transportation is not specialised (79.4 %) and the conditions of the vehicles only partially meet sanitary requirements. Conclusions Cattle transport infrastructure must be improved in the area being studied, as must driver training; animal welfare practice must be promoted in all users of the meat chain and research developed in this particular area. Keywords : Livestock; cattle; animal well-being.

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New Test Pinpoints Animal Antibiotic ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA Linda McGraw, (309) 681-6530, [email protected] August 18, 1999 A new antibody developed and patented by Agricultural Research Service scientists quickly pinpoints a major antibiotic given to dairy cows and meat animals. ARS researchers further developed a new test, using this antibody, to detect the antibiotic Ceftiofur. Ceftiofur is used to treat mastitis in dairy cows and respiratory diseases in cattle, pigs, and poultry. The federal Food and Drug Administration routinely screens milk, and USDA's Food Safety Inspection Service routinely checks meat products, to make sure they don't exceed the tolerances for residues from antibiotics approved to treat animals. Currently, these agencies measure residues by using time-consuming laboratory analytical methods. The antibody test is much quicker and easier than current chemical analyses. The test, with the ARS-patented antibody called CEFT-116, can detect Ceftiofur in the low-part-per million (ppm) range in hundreds of milk samples per day. Unlike chemical analyses, an antibody test requires very little clean up time. The researchers envision that CEFT-116 can be used alone or incorporated in a test kit along with other antibodies. The advantage of developing an immunoassay kit is that it can be used in the field by the dairy and meat industries as a way to pre-screen their products for safety. The antibody has been licensed to a company for incorporation into an immunoassay for measuring this antibiotic in milk. Scientific contact: Larry H. Stanker, ARS Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas, phone (409) 260-9484, fax (409) 260-9332, This item is one of the news releases and story leads that ARS Information distributes on weekdays to fax and e-mail subscribers. You can also get the latest ARS news on the World Wide Web at * Feedback and questions to ARS News Service via e-mail: [email protected]. * ARS Information Staff, 5601 Sunnyside Ave., Room 1-2251, Beltsville MD 20705-5128, (301) 504-1617, fax 504-1648. To Unsubscribe: Email [email protected] with the command "unsubscribe sanet-mg". If you receive the digest format, use the command To Subscribe to Digest: Email [email protected] with the command All messages to sanet-mg are archived at:

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Posted: February 01, 2011 Guest Column: Space business still learning to walkBy Todd Neff In 1948, a small University of Colorado team told Air Force scientists that for $64,000 they could build path-breaking space hardware to observe the sun from the nose of a rocket. And build it they did, though they came in roughly 10 times over budget and years behind schedule. In 1959, some of those same CU students, then working for what is now known as Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. in Boulder, told NASA they could build the first sun-observing satellites - three of them - for about $850,000. They built one, and delivered it more than a year late and for about triple that amount. The Air Force and NASA were OK with these overruns. As Nancy Grace Roman, who served as NASA's astronomy chief in the early 1960s, told me, "We recognized that we were doing something new, and we had to learn how to do it. You could try things, and if they didn't work, you could try something else. I have in the past compared the beginning of the space program to a baby learning to walk. It falls down occasionally." Some 40 years later, in 1998, Ball Aerospace proposed to NASA a $233 million spacecraft - actually, two spacecraft - to smash into the comet Tempel 1 and observe what pristine solar-system building blocks their projectile unearthed. Deep Impact met its mark on July 4, 2005. The mission launched a year later than planned and cost a reported $333 million, which didn't include the thousands of hours engineers toiled off the clock. Deep Impact became the first spacecraft to touch a comet more than 43 years after the Orbiting Solar Observatory became the first to fix its gaze on the sun from Earth's orbit. The space program, far from a baby, had grown middle-aged. But the problems of budget and schedule persisted - and persist still. Not to single out Ball Aerospace - I just happen to know Ball best, having written a book about the company. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Mars Science Laboratory (a.k.a. Curiosity), a rolling chemistry lab for the Red Planet, was initially slated to cost $1.63 billlion. It will cost perhaps $2.3 billion when it launches later this year, two years behind schedule. The James Webb Space Telescope, for which Northrop Grumman is prime contractor (Ball is working on the mirror array), will launch at least four years late and cost more than three times the $2 billion estimated in 2002. In the business of space, the passage of time and accumulation of experience seems not to pay dividends in predictability. The experience curve somehow fails to descend. Costs spiral. Schedules spill over. Why? The space-engineering bar inexorably rises. The digital revolution transformed spacecraft into soaring computers, exponentially increasing their capabilities - and complexity. Every scientific spacecraft is looking for something its predecessors failed to capture (The same holds true for many military spacecraft). It takes new technologies to plumb the unknown, or at the very least new combinations of proven technologies. And let's face it: We all estimate poorly. Jerry Chodil, the Ball Aerospace vice president who told NASA that Ball could do Deep Impact, described it to me like this: "I owned five acres out in Lafayette some years ago. I went to put up some fencing. Pretty straightforward, right? Well, it took me three times longer than I estimated." There are other factors. People in the space business tend to be optimistic about what they can accomplish. Proposal teams want to look like bargains to selection officials. And, as retired Ball engineer Tim Ostwald told me, "People don't want to hear the truth. Especially managers and politicians do not want to hear the truth." Perhaps some space-engineering-management revolution will prove me wrong. But I'll bet that in 50 years the American space enterprise, while doing incredible things, will still be delivering late and over budget. On the final frontier, humans will always be learning to walk.

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It?s Kwanzaa-time! Light the candles on the kinara! Fly the bendera, and tell stories from Africa! The festival of Kwanzaa was originated by Dr. Maulana Karenga to honor the customs and history of African Americans. The seven principles of Kwanzaa, called the Nguzo Saba, serve to remind African Americans of the struggles of the past, and also focus on present-day achievements... More at Amazon. Gift Gurus Also Recommend They Might Also Like Recently Viewed Gifts You don't have any recently viewed gifts

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BIG CANYON, C.N., I.T. GPS coordinates; 34.21.47N, 097.01.32W, Gene Autry Some, will tell you that the names of Big Canyon were also Crusher or Arbuckle. That is not so. Crusher was a town of it's own renown. Arbuckle is another question. Big Canyon is located about 5 miles south of Dougherty, down a county road, along the east bank of the Washita River. I do know for sure, that it was there, and is now gone. I saw it go. All that is left is a big hole in the side of the mountain. In the early 1960's, my father was friend of a foreman of Dolese Brothers. We went to the town on a Saturday morning. We saw all the buildings being loaded onto moving vehicles to be removed from the town site. It was a clearance sale, everything must go. The post office, the store, the school, and the houses. The employees were given their pick of the buildings. My father's friend bought a house for a few hundred dollars and had it moved by truck. I was really impressed that a town could be moved so quickly. The post office was established on May 11, 1904 with George Lantis being the postmaster. The post office lasted until 1961. Big Canyon had no reason to exist except to furnish stone for the ballast of the Santa Fe Railroad. When the railroad came through in 1886, road building materials were badly needed to put the railroad up to grade going through the rugged Arbuckle Mountains. This link in the railroad was critical for the Purcell to Galveston section. Many of the houses in the 'Canyon' were the little red houses of the Santa Fe employees. As late as the 1920's, there are references to the collection of several 'villages' around Big Canyon. Could these have been Crusher or Arbuckle? I don't know. There were many narrow, winding dust filled roads to the various villages. There were many Mexican and Austrian families that worked and lived in the area. The roads around the mountains were so narrow that one team could not pass another. The main town contained the typical amenities of any mining town owned by the company. It had a post office, commissary, a cook house and the superintendents house as well as the clerk's house. There was also a dormitory for the single men. The 'town' contained eight houses of questionable substance. There was a community well for all the families to fetch water. The quarry was owned by the Dolese Brothers ( John, Henry & Peter) by the early 1900's. They took good care of their employees while living or dead. If an employee died, they paid all the burial expenses and buried them in the 'company' cemetery. I have seen the funeral home records and have seen the many times that Dolese was the payer of all the burial expenses. The Dolese company also had a company farm on which the local boys could work and make money during the summer. Spring water was piped to a spigot at the back door of each house. It is said that Fred Schoepee was the first settler and that Robert Krebs built the first house. It has been reported that the O.K. Construction Company built crusher No. 1 in 1904. That may be so, but is highly unlikely it was the first crusher because the Santa Fe railroad was obtaining crushed rock from the site since 1886. Maybe the railroad was using blasted rock and not unscreened, crushed rock. I worked for the Dolese Company for a while as a crusher operator and believe me, there is a difference. The work at the crusher was piece work. Each man loaded a car and pushed it to the siding where it was loaded into a "Dougherty" car. This is the belly dump car that is seen on the railroad today. This name is known all over the country, today, among railroad workers. A "dinky" engine pulled it to the main siding. In their heyday, Dolese Bros. may have employed as many as 300 workers. As early as 1904, there was a subscription school in Big Canyon. There was also a school in the community of Crusher which was about a mile east of Big Canyon. Board Hollow was the location of the school. Miss Ora Johnson was the teacher who earned $50 a month. E.A. Murcheson was a teacher among others. Families that were present at Big Canyon at one time or another were: Dennis Muncrief, November 19, 2000

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