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"Labour is a commodity like every other, and rises or falls according to the demand." – Edmund BurkeOrganized labor’s millennium lasted exactly six years, two months, two weeks and five days. On October 15, 1914, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Clayton Antitrust Act. Samuel Gompers, founding president of the American Federation of Labor, hailed the labor provisions of that law as "the most comprehensive and most fundamental legislation in behalf of human liberty that has been enacted anywhere in the world", "the foundation upon which the workers can establish greater liberty and greater opportunity for all those who do the beneficent work of the world" and the "industrial Magna Carta upon which the working people will rear their structure of industrial freedom." Gompers gushed that the words contained in Section 6 of the Act, "That the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce," were "sledge-hammer blows to the wrongs and injustices so long inflicted on the workers." "Labour is not a commodity." – International Labour Organization, Declaration of Philadelphia "We must now examine more closely this peculiar commodity, labour-power." – Karl Marx On January 3, 1921, in the case of Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that "there is nothing in the section to exempt such an organization [i.e., union] or its members from accountability where it or they depart from its normal and legitimate objects and engage in an actual combination or conspiracy in restraint of trade," thereby confirming an opinion long held by objective observers that the labor provisions of the Clayton Act didn't actually exempt unions from court injunctions. In the meanwhile, Gompers journeyed to Paris to lobby for virtually identical language in the Treaty of Versailles, affirming the official non-commodity status of workers everywhere: "Labour should not be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce." In 1944, the International Labour Organization reiterated as the first principle of its Declaration of Philadelphia that "Labor is not a commodity." The everyday experience of working people, economic policies of governments, bargaining priorities of trade unions and theoretical models of economists refute the idealistic maxim that labor is not a commodity. An early rationale for the proposition was given in 1834 by William Longson of Stockport in his evidence to the House of Commons Select Committee on Hand-Loom Weavers: …every other commodity when brought to market, if you cannot get the price intended, it may be taken out of the market, and taken home, and brought and sold another day; but if a day's labour is offered on any day, and is not sold on that day, that day's labour is lost to the labourer and to the whole community…Longson concluded from these observations of labor's peculiarities that, "I can only say I should be as ready to call a verb a substantive as any longer to call labour a commodity." Karl Marx was emphatic about the peculiar historical nature of labor – or, more precisely, labor-power – as a commodity. Rather than reject the label outright, though, he chose to examine it more closely. Marx observed that for labor-power to appear on the market as a commodity, the sellers must first be free to dispose of it (but only for a definite period) and also must be obliged to offer labor-power for sale because they are not in a position to sell commodities in which their labor is embodied. Connecting Longson's observation to Marx's, it would seem as though, aside from moral strictures, one of the qualities that most distinguishes labor-power from other commodities – its absolute and immediate perishability – is what compels its seller to submit unconditionally to the vagaries of demand. To paraphrase Joan Robinson, the misery of being regarded as a commodity is nothing compared to the misery of not being regarded at all. So if labor-power is not a commodity, or is only one due to peculiar and rather disagreeable circumstances, what is it, then? Consider the idea of labor-power as a common-pool resource. Labor-power can be distinguished from labor as the mental and physical capacity to work and produce use-values, notwithstanding whether that labor-power is employed. Labor, then, is what is actually performed as a consequence of the employment of a quantity of labor-power. Human mental and physical capacities to work have elastic but definite natural limits. Those capacities must be continuously restored and enhanced through nourishment, rest and social interaction. "When we speak of capacity for labour," as Marx put it, "we do not abstract from the necessary means of subsistence." It is the combination of definite limits and of the need for continuous recuperation and replacement that gives labor-power the characteristics of a common-pool resource. As Paul Burkett explains, Marx regarded labor power not merely as a marketable asset of private individuals but as the "reserve fund for the regeneration of the vital force of nations". "From the standpoint of the reproduction and development of society," Burkett elaborates, "labor power is a common pool resource – one with definite (albeit elastic) natural limits." "Common pool resource" is not the terminology Marx used; Burkett has adopted it from Elinor Ostrom's research. For Ostrom, common pool resources are goods that don't fit tidily into the categories of either private or public property. Some obvious examples are forests, fisheries, aquifers and the atmosphere. Relating the concept to labor is especially apt in that it illuminates, as Burkett points out, "the parallel between capital's extension of work time beyond the limits of human recuperative abilities [including social vitality], and capital's overstretching of the regenerative powers of the land." That parallel debunks the hoary jobs vs. the environment myth. The basic idea behind common-pool resources has a venerable place in the history of neoclassical economic thought. It can't be dismissed as some socialistic or radical environmentalist heresy. In the second edition of his Principles of Political Economy, Henry Sidgwick observed that "private enterprise may sometimes be socially uneconomical because the undertaker is able to appropriate not less but more than the whole net gain of his enterprise to the community." In fact, from the perspective of the profit-seeking firm, there is no difference between introducing a new, more efficient production process and simply shifting a portion of their costs or risks onto someone else, society or the environment. The opportunities for the latter may be more readily available. One example Sidgwick used to illustrate this was "the case of certain fisheries, where it is clearly for the general interest that the fish should not be caught at certain times, or in certain places, or with certain instruments; because the increase of actual supply obtained by such captures is much overbalanced by the detriment it causes to prospective supply." Sidgwick admitted that many fishermen may voluntarily agree to limit their catch but even in this circumstance, "the larger the number that thus voluntarily abstain, the stronger inducement is offered to the remaining few to pursue their fishing in the objectionable times, places, and ways, so long as they are under no legal coercion to abstain." In the case of labor-power, "fishing in the objectionable times, places and ways" manifests itself in the standard practice of employers considering labor as a "variable cost." From the perspective of society as a whole, maintaining labor-power in good stead is an overhead cost. The point is not to preach that firms ought to treat the subsistence of their workforce as an overhead cost. That would no doubt be as effectual as proclaiming that labor is not a commodity. As with Sidgwick's fishery, a greater advantage would accrue to firms that didn't conform to the socially-responsible policy. Ostrom explained the differences between various kinds of goods by calling attention to two features: whether enjoyment of the good subtracts from the total supply still available for consumption and the difficulty of restricting access to the good. Private goods are typically easy to restrict access to and their use subtracts from total available supply. Public goods are more difficult to restrict access to and their use doesn't subtract from what is available for others. Common-pool goods are similar to private goods in that there use subtracts from the total supply but they are like public goods in that it is more difficult to restrict access to them. If it were merely a matter of selling to employers, then labor-power would have the uncomplicated characteristics of a private good. Working for one employer at a given time precludes working for another. Hypothetically, the worker can refuse to work for any particular employer thereby restricting access. But here we need also to contend with that peculiarity of labor-power noted by the silk weaver, William Longson that a day's labor not sold on the day it is offered is "lost to the labourer and to the whole community." "If his capacity for labour remains unsold," Marx concurred, "the labourer derives no benefit from it, but rather he will feel it to be a cruel nature-imposed necessity that this capacity has cost for its production a definite amount of the means of subsistence and that it will continue to do so for its reproduction." This contingency and urgency of employment effectively undermines the worker's option of refusing work, so that in practice labor-power has the features of a common-pool good rather than of a private one. Collectively, the choice of refusing work is further weakened by competition from incrementally more desperate job seekers – a population Marx called "the industrial reserve army." So is labor a commodity or is it not? The arch, paradoxical answer would be "both." Examined more closely, the capacity for labor – labor-power – reveals itself as a peculiar commodity that exhibits the characteristics of a common-pool resource rather than a private good. An actual Charter of Industrial Freedom must address these peculiar characteristics rather than bask contentedly in the utopian platitude that labor is not a commodity. NEXT: The New Charter of Industrial Freedom

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Knapp, Stout & Company saw mills. The company, which became the largest lumber concern in the United States, began operations in 1846 when William Wilson and John H. Knapp bought a small mill on Red Cedar River, from David Black. Black retained some interest in the mill and it was known as Black & Knapp until 1850. When Henry Stout bought an interest in 1853, the name was changed to Knapp, Stout & Company. In 1856 a fire burned the plant, and they rebuilt a larger one that was used through the 1890's. By 1870 they had virtually complete control of the Menomonie (Red Cedar) River valley and in 1878 they incorporated as the Knapp, Stout & Company Lumber Company. During the 1880's they continued to expand, buying land and mills in Wisconsin, Missouri, Arkansas and Mississippi. They also had offices and yards at Dubuque, Iowa and Read's Landing, Minnesota. "It became as near being a monopolistic unit as the economics of the lumber industry permitted." Cf. Empire in Pine, by Robert F. Fries, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1951, pp 124-28.

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Electron beam melting ||This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2010)| Electron beam melting (EBM) is a type of additive manufacturing for metal parts. It is often classified as a rapid manufacturing method. The technology manufactures parts by melting metal powder layer by layer with an electron beam in a high vacuum. Unlike some metal sintering techniques, the parts are fully dense, void-free, and extremely strong. This solid freeform fabrication method produces fully dense metal parts directly from metal powder with characteristics of the target material. The EBM machine reads data from a 3D CAD model and lays down successive layers of powdered material. These layers are melted together utilizing a computer controlled electron beam. In this way it builds up the parts. The process takes place under vacuum, which makes it suited to manufacture parts in reactive materials with a high affinity for oxygen, e.g. titanium. The melted material is from a pure alloy in powder form of the final material to be fabricated (no filler). For that reason the electron beam technology doesn't require additional thermal treatment to obtain the full mechanical properties of the parts. That aspect allows classification of EBM with selective laser melting (SLM) where competing technologies like SLS and DMLS require thermal treatment after fabrication. Compared to SLM and DMLS, EBM has a generally superior build rate because of its higher energy density and scanning method. The EBM process operates at an elevated temperature, typically between 700 and 1 000 °C, producing parts that are virtually free from residual stress, and eliminating the need for heat treatment after the build. Melt rate: up to 80 cm3/h. Minimum layer thickness: 0.05 millimetres (0.0020 in). Tolerance capability: +/- 0.2 mm. Titanium alloys are widely used with this technology which makes it a suitable choice for the medical implant market. The U.S. implant manufacturer Exactech has also received FDA clearance for an acetabular cup manufactured with the EBM technology. Aerospace and other highly demanding mechanical applications are also targeted. See also - “A Year Filled With Promising R&D”. Wohlers Associates, Inc. November/December 2002 Further reading - Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Fifth Edition. Serope Kalpakjian.

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Is it possible to get a glimpse of England in the Glacial Period at the particular time when the Finchley Chalky Clay was being accumulated? Can we map out in a, general way the physical geography of the country at the time, so far at least as regards this part of England? Again, Can we represent the probable position of the great ice-sheet, or glacier those terminal moraine supplied the Finchley Glacial Clay? Strange as it may seem, the affirmative answers to these enquiries can be given with a definite amount of circumstantial evidence. Some of the clues to the state of things in question will now be indicated. It will be remembered that two particular species of fossil shells are found in great excess of any other material (except the chalk) in the Finchley Glacial Clay. These two species are known as the Hooked Gryphea (Gryphea incurva) and the Dilated Gryphea (G. dilatata). It is principally these shells which give the clue to the district whence the glacial clay was brought to Finchley. We can, in short, point to the probable spot where lay the great glacier whose moraine consisted so largely of these gryphea shells. It is assumed, then, from this evidence, that the state of things which existed during the accumulation of the Finchley Glacial Clay was such as is shown in the following wood-cut:- The Land-Ice is shown extending over Lincolnshire from the chalk wold on the east, to the Triassic formation on tile west. The writer called attention to this fact in Nature August 17th, 1873 (Article, " The Glacial Drifts of North London "), and subsequently brought it to the notice of Mr. Searles V. Wood, junior., who has drawn for him the accompanying section (No. 1), to illustrate the way in which the strata containing these fossils were abraded by the glacier ice so as to furnish material for the Finchley clay. Among the formations thus covered are the Middle Oolites, the parent formation of the shell Gryphea dilatata; and the Lias, the parent formation of Gryphea incurva; both of which are found in such abundance at Finchley. All the formations shown in the section, and enumerated in the references, inclusive of the red chalk, are represented in the Finchley Chalky Clay; and as the red chalk only occurs in that northern direction, it points, as it were, with singular directness, to this Lincolnshire area as the source of supply. This great glacier (which there are good reasons for supposing to have been at least a thousand feet in thickness) would thus be the giant plough which was at work upon the rocks of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, turning out their fossils, and accumulating that moraine profonde which has been spread out in an unstratisfied form over the gravel at Finchley. A Wider View of the Country During the Glacial Period A further glance at the condition of England during the Glacial Period, and a wider survey of the area in which glacial remains are found, will still further enlarge our conceptions of the phenomena of the time, and give the greater corroboration to the conclusions which have been arrived at. Mr. Wood has furnished the writer with tile following section and description, as illustrating his view of the origin of the Chalky Clay, and of the way it was succeeded by tile glacial deposits of the more northern portion of our island. Thus we are shown the general condition of the country along a line from North to South at a particular stage of the submergence of the land beneath the sea. With this pictorial aid, we can comprehend the physical conditions under which the Finchley Drifts originated, and the position they occupy in the great series of similar remains which stretch from our southern lowlands and flats to the far off fells of Westmoreland. Mr. Walker's Conclusion This, then, is the chapter in the physical history of England to which the glacial remains at Finchley and Muswell Hill give us the clue. In the light of the remote events of cosmical magnitude which we find so wonderfully attested in these beds of fragmentary rocks and fossil remains, the familiar Middlesex landscapes we have so often looked on may well possess in the future a new and profounder charm. We may learn, too, the practical lesson how little explored is the physical geography of regions which lie almost close to our own doors. Nor do these relics of the Glacial Period take us back to a time so dim and remote as to be wanting in human interest or in association with man and his fortunes. It will give the greater interest to the scenes and memorials which have just been described if the visitor will remember how comparatively near to the present day the Glacial Period is now found to be. To no remote and ancient geological date does the Age of ice belong. It forms a chapter in the recent physical geography of our country. It may perhaps overlap the early period of man's existence in these latitudes. In the characteristic fauna of the Glacial Period - in the fleece-clad elephant and his companions of Glacial Middlesex, whose remains are found today in tile gravels of the Thames - we behold the contemporaries of Paleolithic man. Notes by Jack Whitehead in 2008 Mr. Walker was writing about the effect of the Ice Age on Muswell Hill and Finchley. In his very last paragraph he mentions the Paleolithic people who had lived in Britain far earlier, long before this recent Ice Age. At about the same time as he was writing this booklet, important new discoveries about these Paleolithic people were being revealed nearby, in Stoke Newington. The foundations for new houses being built there and new graves were being dug in Abney Park Cemetery. Both of these were opening up a Paleolithic World four metres below the modern surface and Stoke Newington was becoming one of the most important Paleolithic sites in North Europe. This is described in The Growth of Stoke Newington (now on this website). Thus there were two very different geological periods being explored at the same time in nearby boroughs. The accurate dating of it all would take generations and is still being refined. No wonder it was complicated at the time. ++Page 23 of the Walker booklet consists of a detailed description the longitudinal section of England (Section II above) as it was imagined at that time. It all pre-supposes a large sea to float icebergs and so carry the glacial stones embedded in them southwards. Since there was no such sea and the stones were carried across the land wrapped in the ice sheet, it would be misleading to everyone today to include this page. Anyone interested in the complicated differences between what was thought then and is thought today, can consult the original booklet, but to most of us it would be misleading, so this page has been omitted. St James's School, which used to be sited in Fortis Green, at the top of the terminal morraine, has been resited further south. Now it is in the valley which was cut each spring by water from the melting ice, sweeping all before it. It flowed to the west in the Dollis Brook to Barnet and to the east to Moselle River and so to the River Lea. The Modern View Postscript by Dr. Eric Robinson, Past President of the Geologists Society While this pamphlet may seem quaint in language to modern tastes, it should be seen as an attempt to convey a vivid impression of the conditions which prevailed in North London suburbs at the time of the Great Ice Age. Henry Walker, a popularizer of Science, might be recognised as a Bellamy or an Attenborough of 1874, intent on taking the scientific facts of the discovery of fossils which were strange to the rocks beneath Muswell Hill or Finchley and accounting for their presence in the strange clays which constantly turned up in the railway cuttings newly opened up in the suburbs, or more frequently, when graves were dug in the new metropolitan cemeteries opened to take the burials from the crowded boroughs of St Marylebone and St Pancras. Apart from fossils which would commonly have been found in the ploughed fields of Lincolnshire ( Gryphea, often known as Devil's Toenails from their thick and wrinkled shell), there were frequent lumps of white Chalk which outcropped at surfaces no nearer than Hatfield. The power and eroding force of glacier ice was first explained to British audiences at the British Association in 1840, and by 1874, glaciation had been recognised as a popular agency of erosion and transportation of material although active glaciers are no longer part of our experience in this country, even in uplands areas of the Highlands. Instructed by Agassiz, British scientists detected all the evidence of a thick ice cover in the northern hills from which glaciers flowed southwards across the Midland counties. It was just this system which Walker could point to in explaining Chalk pebbles and Lincolnshire fossils in Muswell Hill, building on earlier discoveries of shells in Coldfall Woods by Wetherell as early as 1835, when a glacial cause was quite unknown. Wetherell was a medical practitioner living on the crest of West Hill who regularly inspected any temporary sections of rock exposed in road cuttings (Archway was one of his best collecting grounds) and well-sinkings for water supply. Along with Caleb Evans of Keats Grove, Hampstead, he represents the keen observers who laid the foundation for our knowledge of the geology of London, a picture so often screened from view by the dense-packed housing as well as the cultivated gardens which go with suburban life. Searles V. Wood, the other expert quoted by Walker was one of the skilled specialists in fossils who spent a lifetime drawing and describing fossils from the younger strata of the South of England. He too lived in Hampstead at this time. Only one detail of the picture painted by Henry Wetherell would find criticism in any modern account. This was the suggestion that an arctic sea extended south of the actual limit of the ice, a sea in which icebergs floated and dropped foreign stones into a clayey bed. Icebergs were a fascination to Victorian geologists from the accounts brought back by Polar exploration voyages and seemed to offer a compromise to those, such as Lyell, who could not accept fully the eroding power of land ice. In place of the Walker picture, we would now visualise a glacier tongue of very dirty, stone-choked ice, slowly melting and releasing that load of foreign stone in what we now see as the hill bench to the north of Falloden Way and Fortis Green. Fortis Green was the southern edge of the ice. To the south, Hampstead Garden Suburb south of the Mutton Brook, Highgate Wood and the southern marshland edge of Alexandra Palace, all represent ground which was never overwhelmed by northern ice. North of that line, however, the situation is different. T.H.Huxley, ' Darwin 's Bulldog' in the famous battle over the Evolutionary Theory, is buried beneath an oak tree in St Marylebone Cemetery, in chalky boulder clay deposited at the southernmost limit of the great glacial invasion from the north. In the soil of the cemeteries, fossils of the kind illustrated by Walker on p. 16 of his pamphlet can still be found when the rain has washed the soil. Each time a grave is dug, the soil can be seen to be charged with pebbles of Chalk, white and soft to the touch. Less frequently, decidedly northern rocks such as lava or granite from as far away as Scotland or Northumberland, turn up in the same fresh clay from Oxfordshire. In this way, the Walker account can be proved anew as good scientific observation. As it stands, however, this pamphlet gives us insight into the scientific thought of the day. Eric Robinson. 1993. By courtesy of Haringey Archive, Bruce Castle This was typical of the earthworks being exposed in the Victorian period which gave rise to such intense speculation about the geological history of the area.

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In the aftermath of World War II, the German population was decimated by huge losses of men during the war and when an economic boom took off, there was need to bring in “guest workers.” Most of the original guest workers came from Turkey and for the first time in German history there was need to deal with integration of people who had a different religion and many differing cultural values and behaviors. According to a report by the Institute for Population and Development the integration of descendants of those guest workers still has not worked. The German government now offers programs in language, culture, and values to newcomers but few of the original descendants attend those classes. The report describes how many of the original immigrant group still lack basic German language skills as well as the education to obtain high tech jobs. There is something rather strange about people who lived in Germany for half a century and supposedly their children attended schools and learned German and about the culture of their new land. Didn’t schools develop multicultural programs to assist these children? It is one thing for an immigrant to struggle with language issues, it is another when children attend school and are unable to become proficient in language and work skills. Something is rotten in the state of Germany.

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Pest Management Services in Rhode Island Color: Dark gray Shape: Small oval Region: Found throughout U.S. House flies get their name from being the most common fly found around homes. Adult house flies can grow to one-quarter of an inch long and usually live between 15 and 25 days. They are only able to feed on liquids but have the ability to turn many solid foods into a liquid for them to eat. House flies taste with their feet, which are 10 million times more sensitive to sugar than the human tongue. House flies tend to stay within 1-2 miles of where they were born; however, they have been known to migrate up to 20 miles to find food. These insects have been known to carry over 100 different kinds of disease-causing germs, which makes them very bad house guests. Bed bugs are flat, wingless, nocturnal pests that can be difficult to detect. They feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded hosts. Bed bugs are extremely thin which allows them to hide in tight, narrow spaces such as under carpets, inside mattress seams, behind baseboards or even in loose wallpaper. Although Bees are beneficial insects, they become a danger to the health of humans and pets as a stinging pest, when they build nest or hives in or adjutant to areas where we live. Care should be taken when handling a bee infestation, as their stings can cause severe allergic reactions insome people. Cockroaches can cause serious problems with not only contamination of food, but also are responsible for worsening asthma in those who suffer from the disease or are sensitive to the cockroach allergens. Cockroaches crawl through dirty areas and then walk around our homes tracking in lots of bacteria and germs

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Fundamentals of Human Nutrition/Macronutrients in the Diet Protein Macronutrients in the Diet: Protein Chapter 3 covers the function of dietary proteins in food and in the body, defining key terminology. Amino acid metabolism is introduced to be covered in greater detail in chapter 9. This chapter illustrates the importance of amino acids in all stages of life and how one can obtain all essential amino acids in both omnivorous and vegetarian diets. Please use this HELP:EDITING link for information about contributing and editing the book.Last modified on 15 December 2012, at 22:00

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Obadiah the Prophet The Divine Scriptures do not tell us with any certainty when the Prophet Obadiah lived nor what was his homeland. Thus, some say that he is that Obadiah who was Ahab's steward, who, because of Jezebel's wrath, hid one hundred prophets in a cave and fed them with bread and water (III Kings 18:4), and that he later became a disciple of Elias the Prophet about 903 B.C. But others surmise from the words of the same prophetical book that he is somewhat later than Joel (celebrated on Oct. 19). He is also called Obdiu, or Abdiu, or Obadiah; his name means "servant of God." His book of prophecy, which consists of only one chapter, is ranked fourth among the minor Prophets. Apolytikion in the Second Tone As we celebrate the memory of Thy Prophet Obadiach, O Lord, through him we beseech Thee to save our souls. Kontakion in the Plagal of the Fourth Tone As a divinely-chosen Prophet, thou foretoldest things far off, that on Mount Sion salvation should come to pass, for Heaven's myst'ries shone on thee; as thou dwellest in Heaven with the Prophets, rejoicing in Christ whom ye foretold, entreat Him, O Obadiah, to save us, who honour thee with love.

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(French). A crown court, where, in the old régime, councillors were allowed to plead, and where justice was administered in the king's name. The Paris Parlement received appeals from all inferior tribunals, but its own judgments were final. It took cognisance of all offences against the crown, the peers, the bishops, the corporations, and all high officers of state; and, though it had no legislative power, had to register the royal edicts before they could become law. Abolished by the Constituent Assembly in 1790. Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894 More on Parlement from Fact Monster:

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In North America, the lottery is a $70 billion-a-year industry, bigger than movies, music, and porn combined. But it’s not infallible. That’s what Mohan Srivastava, a geological statistician, found out when he took a closer look at scratch lottery cards. WIRED tells Srivastava’s story in this month’s issue. As a geological statistician, he’s responsible for looking at samples from potential gold mines and determining how much gold might lie therein. It was the same type of math that helped him discover a simple trick for predicting winning tickets of a Canadian Tic-Tac-Toe scratch lottery game with 90% accuracy: The trick itself is ridiculously simple. (Srivastava would later teach it to his 8-year-old daughter.) Each ticket contained eight tic-tac-toe boards, and each space on those boards-72 in all-contained an exposed number from 1 to 39. As a result, some of these numbers were repeated multiple times. Perhaps the number 17 was repeated three times, and the number 38 was repeated twice. And a few numbers appeared only once on the entire card. Srivastava’s startling insight was that he could separate the winning tickets from the losing tickets by looking at the number of times each of the digits occurred on the tic-tac-toe boards. In other words, he didn’t look at the ticket as a sequence of 72 random digits. Instead, he categorized each number according to its frequency, counting how many times a given number showed up on a given ticket. “The numbers themselves couldn’t have been more meaningless,” he says. “But whether or not they were repeated told me nearly everything I needed to know.” Srivastava was looking for singletons, numbers that appear only a single time on the visible tic-tac-toe boards. He realized that the singletons were almost always repeated under the latex coating. If three singletons appeared in a row on one of the eight boards, that ticket was probably a winner. After determining that scamming the lottery would ultimately be less profitable (and less enjoyable) than his consulting job, Srivastava alerted the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation to the game’s flaw and they pulled it a day later. But the tic-tac-toe game wasn’t the only one that was vulnerable. Srivastava found that a variation of his singleton trick at least doubled his chances of picking winners on several other similar games, his keen eye for patterns and probabilities seemingly the key to unlocking the scratch off games. Ross Dalton, president of leading lottery game producer Gtech Printing, told WIRED that “breakability” is a main concern and that they’re “always looking at new methods of encryption and protection.” But with minds like Srivastava scrutinizing tickets, it’s hard to imagine keeping that vast $70 billion industry completely watertight. [WIRED]

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As soon as you are stabilized after spinal cord injury (SCI), your transition into rehabilitation (rehab) begins. The initial focus of rehab is to prevent complications related to your SCI and for you to relearn how to do daily functions, sometimes by using different muscle groups. centers help you adjust-physically and emotionally-to life with less mobility and feeling than you previously had. What rehab does depends on which part of your spine was injured. Rehab can include learning how to: Build muscular endurance, strengthen bones, and maintain or Do daily functions and activities. Learn how to move yourself from a wheelchair to a bed, chair, or other location. Learn how to perform daily tasks, such as brushing your teeth and cooking. Prepare for your life after rehab. Learn how to cope with your feelings. Many people with an SCI go through a Learn how to communicate your needs. Learn how to be intimate physically and emotionally. Rehab for an SCI generally takes place in a special center. You and your family work with a rehab team, which includes your doctor, rehab nurses, and specialists such as occupational therapists. Your rehab team designs a unique plan for your recovery that will help you recover as much function as possible, prevent complications, and help you live as independently as Choosing the right rehab center is important. Be sure that you choose one that meets your specific needs. Before choosing a rehab ask questions about its staff, accreditation, activities, and how it transitions you back into your community. WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise February 16, 2011 This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this

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Artificial light is essential and we all use it for many different • To light streets and roads at night • As a security measure to protect homes and businesses • To increase the hours we can play sports outdoors However, increased use of lighting has resulted in problems. Light in the wrong place at thewrong time can be intrusive and there have been more complaints about light pollution in recent years. So what can you do to help reduce it and what can you do if you experience What is light pollution? Light pollution can be described as artificial light allowed to illuminate, or pollute, areas not intended to be lit. It consists of several elements: • Light trespass – light spilling beyond the boundary of the property on which a light is located, sometimes shining through windows and curtains. • Glare – the uncomfortable brightness of a light source when viewed against a darker background. • Sky glow – the pink or orange glow we see for miles around towns and cities caused by a scattering of artificial light by airborne dust and water droplets. To see how much light pollution there is in your area visit the web site www.cpre.org.uk and view the light pollution maps. Avoid causing light pollution - do not fit unnecessary lights - do not use excessively bright lights, a 150 watt tungsten halogen lamp is quite adequate, 300 or 500 watt bulbs are too powerful for domestic security lighting - do not leave lights on when they are not needed, consider controlling lights with passive infra-red detectors, ensuring that they are correctly aligned and installed. For a porch light that is going to be left on all night, a nine watt compact fluorescent lamp is normally adequate Action against light pollution If you are experiencing light pollution from your neighbours try approaching the owner of the offending light, politely - re-angling or partial shading of the light - fitting of a passive infra red sensor - using a lower power bulb It might help if you can show the neighbour the effect of the light from "your side of the fence". You can also politely suggest to the owner that they may be wasting money on excessive lighting. Note: lights do not always deter criminals (the main insurers do not offer any reductions in premiums for exterior lighting). Advice on Installing Domestic Security Lighting Please view the advice given by the Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) on installing Domestic Security Lighting (pdf document). Any electrical firm should follow the ILE guidance when installing lighting and especially security lighting. For new developments, when environmental protection are consulted by the Local Planning Authority, lighting is assessed against the ILE guidance for the Reduction of Light Pollution. Light and Statutory Nuisance Part 3 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires us to take reasonable steps to investigate and, if appropriate, to take formal action in the event of justified complaints of statutory nuisance. A statutory nuisance can include emissions of light from e.g. security lights. The emissions must arise from premises and must materially affect the use and enjoyment of other premises. If satisfied that a complaint is justified an abatement notice will be served on the person responsible. Failure to comply with an abatement notice is an offence and legal proceedings may Protect Rural England information on light pollution The Institute of Lighting

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enum type signed or unsigned? Is the Signedness of enums differ in C/C99/ANSI C/C++/C++x/GNU C/ GNU C99? An enum is guaranteed to be represented by an integer, but the actual type (and its signedness) is implementation-dependent. You can force an enumeration to be represented by a signed type by giving one of the enumerators a negative value: In C++0x, the underlying type of an enumeration can be explicitly specified: (C++0x also adds support for scoped enumerations) For completeness, I'll add that in The C Programming Language, 2nd ed., enumerators are specified as having type |show 1 more comment|

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Research being done at UNC Charlotte through a collaboration called RENCI has shed new light on the effects of growth on counties in the Charlotte Region. For the last few decades, much of the Carolina Piedmont has experienced dramatic population growth. Attracted by the region’s mild climate and strong economy, people from other parts of the country have been pouring in, changing the region in significant ways. The most visible consequence of this growth has been the increase in development. Narrow country roads winding through pastoral scenes of small farms and rolling hills have been replaced by multi-lane expressways connecting countless subdivisions and strip centers. And every indication suggests this trend will continue. This page offers a collection of interactive maps that show actual changes in the region's counties from 1976 through 2006 based on analysis of satellite data. The projections past 2006 reflect a possible future based on these trends. The Center for Applied GIS (CAGIS) at UNC Charlotte developed the model, which has first been applied in the Charlotte region, but has since been expanded to other regions of the state. Click on one of the counties below to pull up the related map.

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Brazil humpback whale population on the rebound RIO DE JANEIRO (AFP) - Last year, nearly 11,500 humpback whales were counted off the coast of Brazil - a new record, the Baleia Jubarte Institute cheered on Sunday in a report. That's 2,200 more whales than were counted four years ago in the same stretch of water, between Rio de Janeiro and the north-eastern Sergipe state, the institute said. And a decade ago, when scientists made their very first count in these waters, they were only able to spot 3,400 of the aquatic giants. The species - which travels to the area from Antarctica to breed each year from July to October - had nearly completely disappeared from Brazilian waters after the Spanish first introduced predatory whaling in the 1600s.

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Walter, Elias, Jr. (1862-1938) Elias Walter (1862-1938) was a Hutterite bishop of the Dariusleut. He was born in Russia and came to North America in 1874 when the family of Darius Walter settled at the Wolf Creek colony in South Dakota. He was ordained as a preacher in 1898 and served in this capacity for forty years; in 1928 he was elected bishop of the Dariusleut. He was among the first to establish a Bruderhof in Canada (1897-1905), and he himself migrated as the first Hutterite minister to Canada in 1918 when the harshness of the United States government during World War I drove the Brethren away from South Dakota. He then settled in the Stand-Off Colony in southern Alberta, near Lethbridge, where some of his descendants continued to live. In 1888 Elias Walter came into contact with John Horsch, forming a friendship which proved most profitable to both. It was through Horsch that the European world first learned of the existence of the Hutterites in North America. In 1889 Walter discovered the original Hutterite Chronicle (Geschicht-Buch) at a neighboring colony of Hutterian Brethren who had come from Russia. This Chronicle he copied no less than three times; one copy he sent later to Rudolf Wolkan, a professor of German Literature in Vienna who studied Anabaptism and who published the book in 1923. The title page bears as publication place Vienna and Stand-Off Colony. Walter was greatly dedicated to reviving the old, genuine Hutterite spirit. Not since Johannes Waldner, who died in 1824, had the brotherhood had a leader like Elias Walter. Without Andreas Ehrenpreis in the 17th century, Waldner in the 18th, and Walter in the 19th and 20th centuries, modern Hutteritism would be almost unthinkable. Walter was a man of indefatigable activity, a bishop in the true sense of the word, concerned at all times for the spiritual needs not only of the Dariusleut but of all Hutterites, in both good and bad times. In his lifetime he copied innumerable volumes of Hutterite literature: 21 sermon books, 12 epistle books, the Handbüchlein wider den Prozess, a commentary on the Book of Revelation, the Article Book,and many more. He also began the compilation of a fairly comprehensive catalog of all Hutterite writings. In 1902 Walter published Riedemann's great Rechenschaft at Berne, Ind., using the rare copy from the library of the University of Chicago as his source. In 1914 he established a real precedent when he published the Lieder der Hutterischen Brüder at Scottdale, Pa.; this hymnal was generally accepted by all Hutterites. This work is based on the compilation of three old hymn codices of the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1919 he published the Gesangbüchlein . . . meistens aus alten Handschriften gesammelt (Scottdale), containing other hymns than the 1914 edition, but smaller in size. In 1920 he published Andreas Ehrenpreis' Sendbrief ... brüderliche Gemeinschaft, das höchste Gebot der Liebe, betreffend at Scottdale. In 1923 the great chronicle or Geschicht Buch (see above) appeared, in 1925 the Geschichte der zwölf Patriarchen, a smaller volume also edited by Walter. In 1930 Eberhard Arnold, who made his first contact with Walter in 1926, came to North America, visited all colonies, and was finally ordained preacher by Elias Walter at Stand-Off Colony. Arnold then also received from Walter a number of most valuable old codices as well as a number of sermon books. One special aspect of Walter's activities was his bookbindery at Stand-Off Colony. Here he bound the handwritten sermon books of practically all of the Hutterite preachers . He also bound innumerable copies of the Chronicle, as well as hymnbooks, tracts, etc., all with great skill and care. His son continued this activity. Elias Walter married Elizabeth Hofer in 1886. They were blessed with a large family of 7 daughters and 3 sons. The youngest son, Jacob (b. 1910), was elected preacher after his father's death. John Horsch and Elias Walter carried on a long and fruitful correspondence until Walter's death. Horsch was the actual editor of all the manuscripts that were printed at Berne and Scottdale. A long list of titles of the codices is published in Horsch's Kurzgefasste Geschichte der Mennoniten Gemeinden, sowie einem Verzeichnis der Literatur der Taufgesinnten (Elkhart, 1890). Horsch was also the liaison with Rudolf Wolkan. When the United States draft laws during World War I caused difficulties for the Hutterites, it was Elias Walter who represented the Hutterites in negotiations in Washington, and it was John Horsch who served as a go-between. A considerable file of Walter-Horsch correspondence has been preserved in the Goshen College Historical Library. The oldest Hutterite Epistle Book, a codex of 1566 which existed at one Hutterite Bruderhof, was sent to Horsch in Elkhart in 1888, and Horsch published a considerable number of epistles from it in the Herold der Wahrheit (1888-89). A series of articles by Elias Walter under the title, "Wie kamen die Hutterischen Brüder nach Amerika?" appeared in the Mennonitische Blätter (1908): 49 f., 53-55, 61-63, 70, 87-89. Zieglschmid, A. J. F. Das Klein-Geschichtsbuch der Hutterischen Brüder. Philadelphia: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1947: 494. Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Waterloo, Ontario, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 882-883, 1148. All rights reserved. For information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the Herald Press website. ©1996-2013 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved. MLA style: Friedmann, Robert and Harold S. Bender. "Walter, Elias, Jr. (1862-1938)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 24 May 2013. http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/W358ME.html. APA style: Friedmann, Robert and Harold S. Bender. (1959). Walter, Elias, Jr. (1862-1938). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 24 May 2013, from http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/W358ME.html.

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The Cell processor (also called CELL) is a microprocessor chip with a multi-core , parallel processing architecture and floating-point design. The chip, the prototype for which was introduced early in 2005, is the product of a team of engineers from IBM, Sony Group, and Toshiba Corporation. Mercury debuts Cell BE-based blade server Mercury Computer Systems has unveiled the 1U du...(ComputerWeekly.com) Cell architecture boosts performance of IBM blade server IBM has developed a blade server based on its C...(ComputerWeekly.com) The Cell processor has 234 million transistor s, measures 235 square millimeters (mm2) in size, can run at speeds of more than 4 gigahertz ( GHz ), has a memory bandwidth of 25.6 gigabyte s per second (GBps), and has an input/output (I/O) bandwidth of 76.8 GBps . There are nine core s, one of which is the equivalent of a PowerPC chip and acts as the controller. The other eight cores are vector processor s, each of which is capable of 32 billion (thousand-million) floating point operations per second ( GFLOPS ). The Cell processor has a multi-channel memory subsystem along with several high-speed interconnects for I/O devices or other Cell processors.

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A little known day of celebration to most ‘Westerners’, May 24, the Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius, is a huge festival for those in Eastern Europe: a day to celebrate cultural heritage. The peoples of Russia, Slovakia, Macedonia, Serbia, Czech Republic, Hungary, etc. venerate Saints Cyril and Methodius who created a Slavonic alphabet, translating the Bible and other writings from Greek and Latin into the language of the Slavic peoples. The invention of this ‘Cyrillic Alphabet’ is seen as the keystone that gave the Slavs access to written culture, vast sources of knowledge, and ultimately allowed them cultural independence from Muslim (as part of the Turkish Empire) and other religious or social invasions. So what is Saints Cyril and Methodius Day? Saints Cyril and Methodius celebrations have been the major cultural event of the year for generations in this part of the world. Even during communist times, these were the only saints to be celebrated officially, publicly and nationally. In many countries, May 24 is an official national holiday. Festivities are accompanied by parades, local and national cultural events, cultural ceremonies and other activities which celebrate education and enlightenment. This day is also celebrated, in many countries, as the ‘Day of Education’ when teachers and their students and pupils gather together for all kinds of events. Although May 24th is the official holiday, it is a secular day with the religious ‘Saints Day’ falling on May11th. What is the importance? The Cyrillic Alphabet, based on the Greek, was created to translate the Bible and other texts into the Slavic languages in order to help convert the people of the region to Christianity. However, after the adoption of Christianity, in the various regions, religious ceremonies were always conductied in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, the adoption of the Old Slavonic language was a way to preserve the political independence and stability of the kingdoms. Eventually, the Roman Pope permitted the Mass to be said in the Slavic language, but not to the exclusion of Latin. Through their work, Cyril and Methodius influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title “Apostles to the Slavs”. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia. Different days for commemoration Confusingly, different religious sects and different countries commemorate the day on other dates: - In Bulgaria, 24 May is known as ‘Bulgarian Education and Culture, and Slavonic Literature Day’ - In the Republic of Macedonia, May 24 is celebrated as ‘Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavonic Enlighteners’ - In the Czech Republic it is celebrated on 5 July as ‘Slavic Missionaries Cyril and Methodius Day’ - In Slovakia, it is celebrated on 5 July as ‘St. Cyril and Metod Day’ - In Russia, it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the ‘Slavonic Literature and Culture Day’ - The Eastern Orthodox Church recognises the day on 11th May - The Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches celebrate the day on 14th February - (Not to be confused with St Cyril of Jerusalem feast observed in 18th March) Who were Cyril and Methodius? These two Byzantine Greek brothers were born in Thessalonica of a senatorial family. Saint Cyril was sent to Constantinople to study, where he became known as the Philosopher and was ordained a priest (he became know as Constantine the Philosopher). While Cyril was still young, the Patriarch of Constantinople recommended to the reigning Emperor to place him at the head of a mission which was to be sent to the Khazars of the eastern Danube region (in 848). Their king desired to learn of Christianity and had requested missionaries. Cyril asked for the time to learn the Turkish language which this people spoke, and after quickly acquiring the skill he was ready to preach. The prince of the Khazars received Baptism and the entire nation soon followed his example. He was next missioned to Bulgaria with his brother Methodius, also a monk. This nation, which had migrated like the Khazars from the east, had settled in the Moldavian region and a part of Hungary. When Saint Methodius, an excellent artist, was delegated to paint a scene, in the king’s palace, which would frighten everyone who looked upon it, he chose the subject of The Last Judgment. The king was so impressed that he was baptised as a Christian in 865, with forty-eight of his followers. The nation followed. The two brothers preached also in Moravia, invited there by the pious king of that nation, whom they baptised with most of his subjects. It was there that Saint Cyril invented a Slavonic alphabet, translating the Bible and other writings from Greek and Latin into the language of the Slavic peoples. In 867 the missionaries went to Rome, where Saint Cyril died soon afterwards. Saint Methodius was named bishop of Moravia and Pannonia (Hungary). Difficulties not lacking, the Pope permitted the Mass to be said in the Slavic language, not to the exclusion, however, of Latin. Saint Methodius also baptized the king of the Bohemians, and again many of the king’s subjects followed his example. The Saint lived for about 20 years after his brother’s death. Also in May: World No-Tobacco Day - May 31st International Day for UN Peacekeepers - May 29th World Day Against Homophobia - May 17th Tags: 24th May celebrations, about, and Slavonic Literature Day, Bulgarian Education and Culture, Cyrillic alphabet, Day of Education, Saint Cyril and Methodius, Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavic Missionaries Cyril and Methodius Day, Slavonic alphabet, Slavonic Enlighteners, Slavonic Literature and Culture Day, St. Cyril and Metod Day

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New Delhi: A common question format for mathematics and science will be introduced in class XI from the coming 2013-14 academic session to bridge the gap among different boards. This means that the boards can fix a specific number of objective type, analytical or subjective type questions, though the content can vary from one board to another. The development comes after a sub-committee set up by the Central Board of School Education in the country finalised the common design of the question paper in these subjects for the benefit of all member boards as part of government's efforts to address issues relating to examination reforms. However, introducing a common design of question paper in class XII would take some time as Minister of State for HRD Shashi Tharoor had said in Lok Sabha that the decision would depend on the feedback of the pilot of class XI and subject to the acceptance of all the state education boards. The common format will be introduced from the coming 2013-14 academic session to bridge the gap among different boards. Implementing a common design question paper was discussed at length at a committee in CBSE on June 28 last year following which the sub-committee was set up. COBSE and the NCERT have already developed a common curriculum for mathematics and science, and almost all the boards have implemented it.

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It's not just the year 2000Not all millennium bugs will wait for 1 January to appear. On Saturday, 21 August, at 0000 Greenwich Mean Time (6:00 p.m. Mountain Daylight Time), the world's Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites will have to hurdle a time-code glitch of their own. Although this problem has nothing to do with Y2K, the possible impacts on transportation and other areas could be significant. Call it the week zero problem. When the initial NAVSTAR network of GPS satellites was launched in 1979, week one was labeled 0000000000 in ten-bit binary code. Week two was indicated by the binary code 0000000001 (denoting 2), week three by 0000000010 (denoting 3), week four by 0000000011, and so forth. "The engineers who set up GPS said 'How many bits do we need?' and decided 'Uh, ten bits,' and so at week number 1,024 it goes back to zero," says Randolph Ware, director of GPS Science and Technology (GST, formerly UNAVCO). That week of reckoning--the week that follows 1111111111--arrives on 21 August. At that point, the timekeeping software aboard the GPS satellites will reset to 0000000000. In effect, the software will think it's 1979 again, analogous to Y2K-vulnerable software that will interpret next year as 1900. "It's the NAVSTAR millennium," says Ware, "a singular event in GPS history." The key question is how the wealth of GPS receivers and related software will handle the rollover to week zero. Ware says that some manufacturers have pledged their readiness, while others aren't making any promises. One company's receivers failed to handle the transition from week 0111111111 to 1000000000 in 1989. (That firm later went out of business, although it may have been unrelated to the transition failure, says Ware.) "The satellites are all set to roll over and just keep transmitting with the new [zero] time, and it's up to the GPS-receiver manufacturers whether or not their hardware and software can deal with that," says Ware. "The receivers may not work unless they're upgraded." According to Ware, anything that relies on GPS signals--aircraft navigation systems, traffic lights that use GPS for timing, and more--has the potential to malfunction if the bug isn't addressed. GPS is not yet an FAA-approved standard for aircraft navigation, but some private pilots and smaller airports already make use of it. "I wouldn't want to be trying to land a plane with a computer that thought it was 1979 instead of 1999 without knowing all the implications of that," he adds. GST has asked the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Trimble Navigation to provide simulated GPS signals for week zero from their signal generators. These simulated signals can be used to test the response of receivers so that GST staff can understand and (they hope) correct any problems before week zero. Meanwhile, ATD director David Carlson has been checking with manufacturers of GPS components used in ATD's dropsonde and radiosonde systems. Thus far, he says, he's encountering confidence that problems in the use of these sensing systems will be minimal. by Bob Henson, UCAR Communications To accomplish this directive, UCAR's Y2K Task Group has targeted "mission-critical" activities as its top priority. The consensus of the group is that what's truly critical to UCAR's mission is the performance of the scientific supercomputers and related user services. To find time to assure that supercomputing and other facilities, along with a few other areas such as health and safety, will continue to function after New Year's Eve, staff are putting other projects on hold to tackle this problem. SCD's plans for the supercomputers and other systems in its purview can be found on the Web. The first step was to identify all equipment with potential problems. The next step was to obtain manufacturers' upgrades. "The target is April to have all our systems upgraded to vendor-supplied, Y2K-compliant software," says task group member Thomas Engel, who manages SCD's High Performance Systems Section. All the supercomputers have been upgraded, but a few other systems might not make that target. Engel points out, "The time we have to become compliant keeps decreasing, and yet it's only been in the last one to three months that our major vendors have released Y2K-compliant systems and product sets. So we're trying to play this balancing game between becoming compliant and not destabilizing our production environment." Waiting for vendors to supply upgrades has slowed the installation and testing process--not just for the supercomputers, but for desktop systems as well. For the many people running Microsoft's Windows NT, for example, Engel notes that Version 4.0, Service Pack 3 "was proclaimed Y2K compliant when it came out," but then some noncompliant features were identified. "I anticipate that the same thing is going to happen with Service Pack 4. And there may be patch sets that we'll have to obtain from Microsoft [to fix that]." Basil Irwin is Y2K project leader for NETS. He says the proposal "offers SCD testbed facilities that will be available for others." The design keeps test traffic logically isolated from production traffic. Some money may need to be spent, according to Irwin, to test host-based services like DNS (domain name service, a part of Web administration) and e-mail. The NETS testbed is not designed to put the supercomputers through their paces. That's the responsibility of the Supercomputing Systems Group. According to SSG's year 2000 Web pages, the group will acquire a small SGI Origin 2000 for system testing. The plan is to configure that computer as a stand-alone testing environment. To test how CRAYs handle Y2K will require removing one from production and configuring it for testing only. Aircraft. Ronald Ruth manages data for NCAR's Research Aviation Facility (RAF). Most of the instruments on the NSF/NCAR aircraft are analog sensors that transmit voltages in real time. "We don't have a lot of date stuff going on." Ruth is confident that in the few cases where dates are involved, fixes will be uncomplicated. RAF custom-built the data acquisition system for the aircraft it operates. "We have the ability to convert to four-digit dates when we do ground processing of resulting data sets," Ruth explains. RAF is examining two systems on the aircraft themselves: the inertial navigation system and the Global Positioning System (see sidebar). Both are crucial for flying long routes over the oceans. "We've called the manufacturers and they've said 'We're not worried about it, but we're still working on it,' " says chief pilot Henry Boynton. "That's their business, so I'm sure they'll have fixes for it. It doesn't make any sense to worry about it." Still, Y2K project manager Stephen Dickson (UCAR Finance and Administration) doesn't want to take chances with the aircraft, even if they are upgraded in time. "We probably will avoid flying at midnight on December 31st because the consequences of [our] being wrong are not tolerable. The risk is too great," Dickson says. Other facilities. UCAR Y2K Task Group member Susan Stringer is a software engineer in NCAR's Atmospheric Technology Division. "We're trying to inventory everything we have," she reports. Some of their computers, scientific equipment, and software were purchased off the shelf, and some were built by ATD staff. "We have embedded processors in some of our equipment that someone put there 15 years ago, and [that person] is no longer here." Once they've figured out where the problems are, they'll start the upgrading process. "A lot of our problems are probably in our postprocessing software, where the date 00 will show up, but it's not going to stop the system." Computer models. Systems administrator Timothy Fredrick (NCAR Atmospheric Chemistry Division) emphasizes the distributed nature of the Y2K problem. "We're not in a position to fix models or applications that scientists have developed, but we are in a position to apply vendor updates to the systems on which those models run. . . . Each programmer who is responsible for code [that they plan to run] at NCAR will need to take a careful look at that code to fix Y2K problems." UOP. Unlike the NCAR divisions, most projects in the UCAR Office of Programs spun up in the past decade, when Y2K awareness was already starting to emerge. Founded in 1983, Unidata is UOP's oldest program, but most of its software development has taken place in the 1990s. "Our code has all been written within the last seven years, using the newer languages with none of these Y2K problems," reports Sally Bates. Nearly all of Unidata's software is created in house, and "the software we distribute by others has all been made Y2K compliant." For example, the McIDAS interactive display package, created two decades ago at the University of Wisconsin, has reportedly been brought up to speed by UW. UCAR president Richard Anthes summarizes, "It's important that we all take the year 2000 issues seriously but at the same time not overreact. UCAR and NCAR management are committed to taking all reasonable actions to make the transition from 1999 to 2000 as smooth and nondisruptive as possible."

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Frances and Rishi were given a bag of lollies. They shared them out evenly and had one left over. How many lollies could there have been in the bag? Can you put the numbers 1-5 in the V shape so that both 'arms' have the same total? Ben and his mum are planting garlic. Use the interactivity to help you find out how many cloves of garlic they might have had. An investigation involving adding and subtracting sets of consecutive numbers. Lots to find out, lots to explore. This challenge extends the Plants investigation so now four or more children are involved. You have 4 red and 5 blue counters. How many ways can they be placed on a 3 by 3 grid so that all the rows columns and diagonals have an even number of red counters? Can you replace the letters with numbers? Is there only one solution in each case? This challenging activity involves finding different ways to distribute fifteen items among four sets, when the sets must include three, four, five and six items. How many ways can you find to do up all four buttons on my coat? How about if I had five buttons? Six ...? Follow the clues to find the mystery number. Can you order the digits from 1-6 to make a number which is divisible by 6 so when the last digit is removed it becomes a 5-figure number divisible by 5, and so on? There is a clock-face where the numbers have become all mixed up. Can you find out where all the numbers have got to from these ten statements? What can you say about these shapes? This problem challenges you to create shapes with different areas and perimeters. Two children made up a game as they walked along the garden paths. Can you find out their scores? Can you find some paths of your own? Can you find the chosen number from the grid using the clues? Tom and Ben visited Numberland. Use the maps to work out the number of points each of their routes scores. If you hang two weights on one side of this balance, in how many different ways can you hang three weights on the other side for it to be balanced? An investigation that gives you the opportunity to make and justify Sweets are given out to party-goers in a particular way. Investigate the total number of sweets received by people sitting in different positions. Find out what a "fault-free" rectangle is and try to make some of Investigate the smallest number of moves it takes to turn these mats upside-down if you can only turn exactly three at a time. Only one side of a two-slice toaster is working. What is the quickest way to toast both sides of three slices of bread? In this maze of hexagons, you start in the centre at 0. The next hexagon must be a multiple of 2 and the next a multiple of 5. What are the possible paths you could take? Is it possible to place 2 counters on the 3 by 3 grid so that there is an even number of counters in every row and every column? How about if you have 3 counters or 4 counters or....? These eleven shapes each stand for a different number. Can you use the multiplication sums to work out what they are? How many different journeys could you make if you were going to visit four stations in this network? How about if there were five stations? Can you predict the number of journeys for seven What happens when you add three numbers together? Will your answer be odd or even? How do you know? I was in my car when I noticed a line of four cars on the lane next to me with number plates starting and ending with J, K, L and M. What order were they in? Systematically explore the range of symmetric designs that can be created by shading parts of the motif below. Use normal square lattice paper to record your results. A magician took a suit of thirteen cards and held them in his hand face down. Every card he revealed had the same value as the one he had just finished spelling. How did this work? How many triangles can you make on the 3 by 3 pegboard? Are all the possible combinations of two shapes included in this set of 27 cards? How do you know? How many triangles can you make using sticks that are 3cm, 4cm and 5cm long? Tim had nine cards each with a different number from 1 to 9 on it. How could he have put them into three piles so that the total in each pile was 15? Can you put plus signs in so this is true? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 99 How many ways can you do it? How can you put five cereal packets together to make different shapes if you must put them face-to-face? Use your logical-thinking skills to deduce how much Dan's crisps and ice-cream cost altogether. A dog is looking for a good place to bury his bone. Can you work out where he started and ended in each case? What possible routes could he have taken? Look carefully at the numbers. What do you notice? Can you make another square using the numbers 1 to 16, that displays the same The Vikings communicated in writing by making simple scratches on wood or stones called runes. Can you work out how their code works using the table of the alphabet? Move from the START to the FINISH by moving across or down to the next square. Can you find a route to make these totals? Zumf makes spectacles for the residents of the planet Zargon, who have either 3 eyes or 4 eyes. How many lenses will Zumf need to make all the different orders for 9 families? Hover your mouse over the counters to see which ones will be removed. Click to remover them. The winner is the last one to remove a counter. How you can make sure you win? Can you help the children find the two triangles which have the lengths of two sides numerically equal to their areas? An activity making various patterns with 2 x 1 rectangular tiles. Use the clues to find out who's who in the family, to fill in the family tree and to find out which of the family members are mathematicians and which are not. Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square below so that each side adds to the same total. George and Jim want to buy a chocolate bar. George needs 2p more and Jim need 50p more to buy it. How much is the chocolate bar? Use these head, body and leg pieces to make Robot Monsters which are different heights. Ram divided 15 pennies among four small bags. He could then pay any sum of money from 1p to 15p without opening any bag. How many pennies did Ram put in each bag?

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16 Weeks Pregnancy Ultrasound Submitted by Nick on January 18, 2012 Week 13 to 16 of pregnancy is the first month of the second trimester. Ultrasounds or sonogram is an interesting experience for every pregnant mother. After the initial ultrasounds to check the baby’s heart beat, most moms-to-be have a standard ultrasound between 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. The ultrasound or sonogram is a non invasive diagnostic procedure. This test employs the use of sound of waves to create visual images of the baby, uterus, placenta and other organs in the pelvic region. This test provides the health care practitioner with valuable information pertaining to the mother and child’s progress. Pregnancy And Baby Care Questions 16 weeks pregnant ultrasound or 16 week fetus ultrasound is required only if the health practitioner suggests so. Most low risk pregnancy cases are not suggested so and ultrasounds must be ideally recommended only when there is a specific medical reason. Ultrasounds are beneficial in providing valuable information such as: - To confirm the baby’s location - The check the baby’s heartbeat - To measure the size of the baby - To assess the level of amniotic fluid in the uterus - To check for any possible physical abnormalities - To determine the gender of the child - To check the location of the placenta - To know if there is more than one baby, if not detected previously. Important milestones during this trimester are formation of ears, growth of nails, bladder functions and coordinated limb movements. Sensing movements is also possible during 16 -20 weeks especially when carrying twins or multiples. 16 weeks pregnant ultrasounds for twins may indicate reflexive movements as you feel the babies moving. With growing interest in getting a better look at the growing baby 3D ultrasound and 4D ultrasound tests are finding takers especially among pregnant women. 16 weeks pregnant ultrasound 4D is ideally done for gender determination. It is advisable to have a 4D ultrasound between 28-30 weeks of pregnancy to get a better look at the growth of the baby. It is important to note that 4D tests create a high quality image and the energy level used to create such images and the impact of such energy use on fetal growth is a point of debate. Ultrasounds must be done only if suggested by the health practitioner. While 2D tests can detect an abnormality a 4D test may confirm it. Read more articles from the Pregnancy Week By Week Category.

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You’ll find over 107 videos created in Iowa by Iowans to help teachers understand and implement the Iowa Core. You’ll find theory, background, and practical applications of what it looks like in the classroom. Take a look at the Eduvision site—looks and acts just like YouTube. Go to http://www.aea11.k12.ia.us and scroll down to the video icon. Learn360 includes videos for streaming or download to understand foreign policy, government, past and present, culture, etc. Log in with the online database username/password assigned to your school, then enter the search terms. The results can be limited by grade level. Students can use the SIRS online database to address essential questions/issues. Here’s a lesson where students can take a pro/con position and find supporting research on affirmative action, racial discrimination and civil liberties, and workplace discrimination. Online help show students how to defend their position on issues. Assign students to research either a Pro or Con position on one of the issues listed below. Students should cite at least three resources in addressing the Pro or Con essential questions for the selected issue. Each of these issues is one of many that continue to impact African Americans to a greater degree than other Americans. The pathfinders below are accessed by selecting the VISUAL BROWSE link. Click Civil Right and Liberties icon > Civil Rights > Affirmative Action Click Civil Right and Liberties icon > Civil Rights > Racial Discrimination Click Civil Right and Liberties icon > Civil Rights > Workplace Discrimination SIRS provides unique models for students to use to demonstrate what they have learned and how to defend their position on issues. To locate them, open each issue, click the My Analysis icon in the Research Tools section, then note the links to report/presentation models under Additional Resources. Access the full SIRS activity here. This new DVD series for loan uses archival footage and witness commentary to examine the events of the first decade in the 20th century. It examines what, how and why different events took place. 100 Years, 100 Events: 1900-1909 (#810140) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1910-1919 (#810141) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1920-1929 (#810142) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1930-1939 (#810143) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1940-1949 (#810144) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1950-1959 (#810145) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1960-1969 (#810146) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1970-1979 (#810147) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1980-1989 (#810148) 100 Years, 100 Events: 1990-1999 (#810149) This new DVD series for loan introduces people who have made a difference and revolutionized the world. Online preview is available. Each DVD is 23 minutes. Advocates of Change: activists (#810155) Advocates of Change: actors (#810158) Advocates of Change: actresses (#810156) Advocates of Change: artists (#810157) Advocates of Change: corporations (#810159) Advocates of Change: entrepreneurs (#810225) Advocates of Change: environmentalists (#810226) Advocates of Change: famous duos (#810228) Advocates of Change: heads of state (#810229) Advocates of Change: human rights leaders (#810230) Advocates of Change: humorists (#810231) Advocates of Change: inventors (#810232) Advocates of Change: lifestyle gurus (#810233) Advocates of Change: media moguls (#810234) Advocates of Change: monarchies (#810235) Advocates of Change: music industry pioneers (#810236) Advocates of Change: musician activists (#810237) Advocates of Change: producers and directors (#810238) Advocates of Change: science and disease (#810239) Advocates of Change: space exploration (#810240) Advocates of Change: sports figures (#810241) Advocates of Change: transportation (#810242) Advocates of Change: voyagers (#810243) Advocates of Change: women in politics (#810244) Advocates of Change: writers (#810245) This new DVD series for loan shows a snapshot of life around the dinner table of a different country highlighting the unique characteristics of local food. Includes recipes. Each DVD is 25 minutes. Consider using this series in a joint unit with FACS and social studies. Cultural Flavors: Afghanistan (#810193) Cultural Flavors: China (#810198) Cultural Flavors: France (#810192) Cultural Flavors: Greece (#810194) Cultural Flavors: India (#810189) Cultural Flavors: Italy (#810190) Cultural Flavors: Japan (#810197) Cultural Flavors: Korea (#810191) Cultural Flavors: Lebanon (#810200) Cultural Flavors: Mexico (#810195) Cultural Flavors: Nepal (#810196) Cultural Flavors: Sudan (#810199) Cultural Flavors: Thailand (#810188) Figment, a literary Web site for teens, provides an online setting for students to write, read, and share original fiction they create on their computers or mobile phones. A staff writer and a former editor at The New Yorker launched a prototype of the site in June and teamed with libraries, schools, and literary groups to recruit student participants. You might want to create a similar site for just your school or district. The mobile version is at http://m.figment.com/. Silly Books provides animated and colorful books that include music, sound effects, and voices. It also includes cartoons, music, puzzles, games, and jokes. As students follow along, the words are highlighted as they are read aloud. The Classroom section provides some lesson plans for teachers and other support materials. Writing contests are also available, and the stories are published on the site. The Academy of Achievers includes photographs, biographies, profiles, interviews with video and audio of notables such as Mikhail Gorbachev, Henry Kissinger, Rosa Parks, Jonas Saulk, and Lawrence Peter “Yogi” Berra. Includes standards, student materials, teacher facilitation guides, and other resources. Students can search for famous people who have the same interests as they do, review a booklist that provided inspiration to these achievers, and explore a list of careers. The Keys to Success area explores the core principles that helped shape the lives of these achievers. The teacher area provides lesson plans for grades 4-12. Lessons are grouped by the five areas of achievement and include standards, student materials, teacher facilitation guides, and other resources. This web site is a collection of ideas, reflections, and stories about what it means to teach writing in our digital world. Teachers can read, discuss, and share ideas about teaching writing. There are resources for 21st Century Skills, Collaboration, Digital Literacies, Digital Tools, Digital Video Composition, English Language Learners, and more. The site explores the following three key areas: • What are we learning about the art and craft of digital writing? — Art/Craft • What are we learning about the teaching and learning of digital writing? – Teach/Learn • What ideas provoke us to think in new ways about education and culture in the digital age? – Provocations Mathcasts.org is an online collection of math tutorials and problem solutions to help students learn and review math skills. Narration is combined with screen writing to demonstrate concepts. Topics include everything from reading and writing whole numbers to calculus. Information on how these may be used in the classroom is available as well as information on how users can create their own mathcasts. Braincake is a program of science-oriented activities, contests, games and experiments from The Girls Math & Science Partnership, which is part of the Carnegie Science Center. The site helps girls be confident, solve problems, and think independently. The activities engage girls in current science, helping them understand its relevance by using science in their everyday lives. Heartland instructional technology consultants created an online resource that connects the Iowa Core concepts and skills with video examples, Web 2.0 tools, web sites, and technology applications. This DVD series for loan describes scientific discoveries shaping our planet and our future. Includes real world demonstrations, lab experiments, and interviews. Artificial Intelligence #810261 Robots at Work #810264 Wind Power #810265 This DVD series for loan discusses the controversy that often accompanies breakthroughs in biotechnology. It includes interviews with experts and scientists and 3-D animations. Bioinformatics, Genomics, and Proteomics: Getting the Big Picture #810150 Biotechnology and Your Health: Pharmaceutical Applications #810151 Biotechnology on the Farm and in the Factory #810152 Out On a Limb web site is designed to help students with conflict resolution issues. It poses questions about how to deal with unfriendly remarks from friends, sibling problems, and angry feelings. For each exercise, users are given the option of running away, fighting, or using the "Think and Share" choice. The teachers' guide has lesson plans, worksheets in pdf format, and resource links. Me, Myself, My Blog is a new DVD series for loan. Each program features pre-teen bloggers who share stories via flashbacks. The Dangers of Texting and Sexting: You Can’t Take It Back #810216 Dealing with Bullies #810213 How to Get Along #810214 The Need in Deed: Connecting the Classroom with the Community web site provides activities and resources. Students gain an understanding of the practical applications of schoolwork as they use these skills to make positive, productive responses to challenging issues of concern to them in their schools and communities.

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If we could see all the holes gouged in the Earth by asteroids, we'd run screaming for cover. - By Tony Reichhardt - Air & Space magazine, May 2004 National Map Seamless Server (Page 4 of 6) Over lunch, he gives us the recent-at least in geologic terms-history of Jeptha Knob, how his dad bought it for $26 an acre in 1926, how the bandit Frank James once spent a winter hiding there, how the name comes from an Old Testament warrior. Later, the three of us walk up onto the wooded hill behind the house, where Thompson is on the lookout for breccia deposits that another geologist mapped here many years ago. Shocked quartz is unlikely to turn up at this particular site because it was carbonate rocks, not quartz sandstone, that got smashed in the long-ago impact. Bad luck. But Thompson is studying a core sample, a small amount of material only two inches in diameter but drawn from as deep as 2,000 feet, to find out more about the geology below the surface. He plans to compare the characteristics of the sample with those of core samples from confirmed impact structures. In doing so, he may discover evidence that will place Jeptha Knob on The List, right there between Jänisjärvi in Russia and Kaalijärv in Estonia. Thompson has had to dig a little deeper than geologist Kevin Evans of Southwest Missouri State University in Springfield. Evans recently discovered a 12-mile-wide crater, the Weaubleau-Osceola structure in Missouri, that, if confirmed, would be one of the biggest impact craters in the United States. It's not on The List yet, but that's just a matter of publishing the scientific paper, thinks Evans. He's already found shocked quartz, breccias, the whole bit. Not to mention a huge bull's eye that popped up on his computer one day. Weaubleau had been suspected as an impact site because of the tortured rocks in the region, but no crater was obvious. Evans was using a computer graphics program to stitch together four U.S Geological Survey digital images of the area when a thumbnail composite image came up on his screen. "Boom, there was a big circle," he recalls. Nobody had noticed it before because the ring appears broken and happens to straddle the boundaries of the four USGS quadrangles. Since then Evans has used what promises to become another powerful tool for crater hunting, digital images from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, a NASA-Pentagon collaboration that four years ago mapped elevations over the entire globe to an accuracy of about 30 yards, using a radar imager mounted on the space shuttle. When Evans looked at the mission's pictures of Weaubleau-Osceola, another ring only four and a half miles wide appeared inside the circular drainage basin he'd identified from the USGS composite. That, he believes, is the true ground zero. Remote sensing tools like these might speed up the search for previously unknown craters, particularly ones that are buried or whose surface "expression" is subtle. Other methods have already been applied to that task, including gravity surveys that sometimes show the comparatively loose rubble excavated from a crater as a gravity "low" against a background of solid rock. Using gravity and magnetic maps, Pradeep Talwani of the University of South Carolina last year reported a suspected crater 500 yards under Johnsonville, South Carolina, not far from Interstate 95. If confirmed, it would be the first crater found along the southeast Atlantic coast. There may be other coastal impact scars, similarly buried by sediments. Of course, any meteorite that slams into Earth has a 75 percent chance of hitting water. Since the ocean floor is fairly young, geologically speaking, and is continually recycled in deep ocean trenches, carrying the evidence of impact with it, scientists will never know about a lot of the hits Earth has taken. Richard Grieve, the pioneering Canadian impact expert, would love to see the detailed maps of the sea floor that the U.S. and Soviet navies made during the cold war, which undoubtedly show lots of intriguing holes. Despite talk in the 1990s of releasing the maps, he's not holding his breath. There's still "a fair level of paranoia" about declassifying the information, he says. At least two suspected craters have turned up on the ocean floor. Two years ago, British oil geologists looking at seismic reflection data reported finding a 12-mile-wide multi-ringed impact structure in the North Sea. Much earlier-in the 1960s-a Navy oceanographic research vessel called the Eltanin found unusually high levels of the element iridium-which is abundant in meteorites-three miles beneath the Bellingshausen Sea, off Antarctica. Later expeditions to the site found meteorite fragments, and scientists now believe the Eltanin site was hit by an object up to a half-mile in diameter a mere 2.1 million years ago.

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NSCOM 204 CISCO Networking IV • 5 Cr. Course uses Cisco hardware to gain hands-on experience in designing and configuring a wide area network (WAN). Topics include: WAN design, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Frame Relay, network management and CCNA exam preparation. Prerequisite: NSCOM 203 with a C- or better and ENGL& 101 or ENGL 201 or ENGL& 235 or ENGL 271 or ENGL 272 with a C- or better. After completing this class, students should be able to: - Perform switch and router configurations. - Modify router configuration to accommodate increased network traffic. - Describe Frame Relay, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). - Describe the Wide Area Network design process as it applies to the Physical, Data Link and Network layers. - Maintain network configuration and design documentation. - Explain the four-phase PPP session process. - Add PPP, Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) to a router configuration. - Add ISDN to a router configuration. - Add Frame Relay to a router configuration. - Design a Wide Area Network.

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August 17, 2000 By Brett D. Schaefer and Adam D. Thierer In a world where civil wars and natural disasters rage, where millions suffer from malnutrition and hunger, and millions more die from malaria and other tropical diseases, why are world leaders spending so much time fretting about the "global digital divide," or the fact that the vast majority of the world's people lack computers and Internet access? That was the big story coming out of the recent "Group of Eight" meeting in Japan among officials from the United States and other developed countries: that the major Western nations are launching a campaign to get the rest of the world wired. They've yet to explain exactly how they will achieve "universal Net access," but they are determined to make Third World nations "full participants in the network economy and society." These officials may have noble intentions, but they're missing the larger issue. Even if they bought every man, woman and child the latest laptop computer, and ran the fastest Internet lines to every dwelling in the developing world, what good would it do? As a recent editorial in Japan's Asahi News aptly noted, "Some gadgets may be handy, but they will simply be mere white elephants if they are not useful in the daily lives of the people." Most developing countries don't even possess the infrastructure necessary for Internet communications. In 1997 the 63 countries classified as low-income by the World Bank averaged only 30 telephone lines per 1,000 people (compared to 634 lines per 1,000 people in the United States). The entire continent of Africa has only 14 million phone lines, fewer than you'll find in Manhattan. Many regions in these countries have telephone service and electricity only sporadically, if at all. Even without the infrastructure problems, there's the problem of illiteracy - a huge barrier for anyone trying to navigate the largely word-based medium of the Internet. Poor nations have an illiteracy rate of 32 percent (versus 1 percent in the United States). "In large parts of Africa today, young girls are more likely to die before reaching the age of 5 than they are to learn to read," U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers recently told a U.N. forum on information technology. So how will Western industrialized nations get poor countries connected to the Internet with a handful of telephone lines and insufficient electricity? Frankly, officials aren't sure. "That's a key point," admits Denis Gilhooly, a senior adviser on technology at the U.N. Development Program. "And nobody has figured it out." Yet G-8 leaders are standing by, checkbooks in hand (Japan has already pledged $15 billion over five years), ready to bridge the Such misguided ideas highlight a troubling resistance among global bureaucrats to the true foundation of economic growth and prosperity: freedom. Property rights, a lawful society, a stable electoral process, free trade, minimal government intervention in markets - all are pillars upon which a healthy economy is based. The "Index of Economic Freedom," published annually by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal, consistently shows those countries willing to support these pillars experience the most significant economic growth. Once wealth is achieved, people invest more heavily in computers on their own. Even among the poorest countries, the wealthier ones have more personal computers per capita. For example, Senegal had a per capita income of $554 in 1997 and 1,141 computers per 100,000 homes, while Sudan had a per capita income of $251 and 114 computers per 100,000 homes. If development experts wish to see more computers in developing countries, they should encourage them to adopt policies that increase economic prosperity. The focus on computers is merely the latest development fad for these "experts." More than $1 trillion in foreign aid has been funneled to developing countries since 1960. This money failed to coax economic growth, which is why the experts are now proposing a The problems facing developing countries are complicated, which may explain why simplistic schemes like universal Internet access appeal to global bureaucrats. Having computers may be nice, but it shrinks to insignificance when you lack basic amenities - or when you're not even sure where your next meal is coming from. Schaefer is the Jay Kingham Fellow and Adam Thierer is a former Walker Fellow at The Heritage Foundation (www.heritage.org), a Washington-based public policy research institute. Distributed nationally by Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Wire Downloading Some Common Sense Brett D. Schaefer Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs Read More >> Request an interview >> Please complete the following form to request an interview with a Heritage expert. Please note that all fields must be completed. Adam D. Thierer Read More >> Heritage's daily Morning Bell e-mail keeps you updated on the ongoing policy battles in Washington and around the country. The subscription is free and delivers you the latest conservative policy perspectives on the news each weekday--straight from Heritage experts. The Morning Bell is your daily wake-up call offering a fresh, conservative analysis of the news. More than 200,000 Americans rely on Heritage's Morning Bell to stay up to date on the policy battles that affect them. Rush Limbaugh says "The Heritage Foundation's Morning Bell is just terrific!" Rep. Peter Roskam (R-IL) says it's "a great way to start the day for any conservative who wants to get America back on track." Sign up to start your free subscription today! The Heritage Foundation is the nation’s most broadly supported public policy research institute, with hundreds of thousands of individual, foundation and corporate donors. Heritage, founded in February 1973, has a staff of 275 and an annual expense budget of $82.4 million. Our mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. Read More © 2013, The Heritage Foundation Conservative policy research since 1973

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Forum Lectures 2009 Train your mind, change your brain Cultivating the Inner Condition for Genuine Happiness Wednesday, 28 October 2009, 16:00, Large Operon, EMBL Heidelberg Matthieu Ricard, former molecular biologist, Buddhist monk, French interpreter for H.H. Dalai Lama and author will talk on the vital role of mind training for achieving genuine happiness and on the impact that long term mind training has on the brain. He will give insights on the latest research in neurosciences involving expert meditators and their ability to monitor mental events and generate positive states such as compassion and focused attention. We all seek some kind of happiness and a sense of fulfillment. No one wakes up in the morning thinking, "May I suffer the whole day." When we engage freely in any long-term activity, we do so in the hope that it will increase our well-being or that of others. We usually look outside for the causes of happiness. Likewise, when things go wrong, we instinctively search for outer remedies and try to change the conditions to suit ourselves. This often fails as, unfortunately, our control of the outer world is limited, temporary and often illusory. In fact, it is our mind that translates outer conditions into happiness or suffering, and, even though it may not be easy to transform one's mind, it is something that lies within the reach of our capacities. We know that our state of mind can override outer conditions: in the midst of difficult circumstances, we can preserve one's inner strength, dignity and peace of mind. On the contrary, we may live in a "little paradise" where all the outer favorable conditions are gathered and yet feel great suffering within. Thus it is clear, that although outer conditions can considerably influence our well-being, they don't dictate it. It is indeed highly desirable to enjoy a long and healthy life, freedom and access to knowledge, but it is even more important to identify the inner conditions that lead to genuine well-being and those that destroy it. For this, we first need to apply insight and mindfulness. Secondly, we must cultivate the states of mind that favor authentic happiness and eliminate the afflictive thoughts and emotions that undermine it. This requires determination and perseverance. The whole process is call "mind training" and it lies at the heart of contemplative science. Through introspective inquiry we gradually discovers that although some mental processes such as craving and hostility may be effective in the short term for acquiring specific objects that have been deemed desirable, or conducive for our survival, they are not conducive to the genuine flourishing of our self and others. Can one rid one's mind from afflictive emotions? This all depends on whether afflictive emotions are inherent or not to the fundamental nature of mind. There is a fundamental quality of mind that is present at all times: the basic quality of knowing, of being aware. This basic awareness is needed for the arising or any thought, remains as the basis of every thought that goes through the mind. It is also clear that craving, hatred and the feeling of self-importance require the presence of pure consciousness to arise, but are not inherent to pure consciousness. Pure consciousness can be compared to a mirror. The mirror allows the arising of images on its surface, ugly or smiling faces, but these images do not belong to the mirror itself and do not penetrate it. Since craving, hatred, jealousy and other afflictions are not permanent features of the mind, but arise because of transitory causes and circumstances; they can be neutralized and eventually eliminated. Two diametrically opposed mental states cannot arise at the same time toward the same object. This is the rationale for first discovering the direct opposites of mental afflictions and then cultivating those antidotes. Thus the more we generate loving kindness in our mind, the less there will be room for hatred in our mental landscape. This is why mental training or familiarization, which is the true meaning of meditation, is crucial for dealing effectively with afflictive emotions as they arise so that they don't build up into lingering moods and, eventually, afflictive traits or temperament. Mental training and brain plasticity Over the last twenty years, neuroscientists have found that the brain is more "plastic" than was long believed, that its circuitry can be changed by outside as well as inside events. It was only in 1998 that neuroscientists discovered that new neurons are continually being generated in the adult brain. This faculty to change, whether by creating new neuronal connections or reinforcing existing ones, is called brain plasticity. The study of musicians who have played ten thousand hours of their instrument has shown, for instance, that the area of the brain that controls the movement of fingers had been considerably enhanced. Could mind training directed at increasing mental states such as altruism, compassion, inner calm and patience result in changes of similar magnitude? This is what new research programs are now trying to investigate. Brain plasticity has long been a focus of Richard Davidson, a prominent neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin, who has been studying the brain circuitry of emotions for the last two decades. Davidson hopes to learn whether the study of trained meditators can provide insights into the mechanisms of brain function or new therapeutic approaches for psychology. This collaboration has been catalyzed by the Mind and Life Institute, which was created in the 1980s by Adam Engle and the late neuroscientist Francisco Varela to foster a dialogue between Buddhist scholars and Western scientists. Over fifteen such meetings, each lasting several days, have been held since 1981. In September 2003, the meetings went public for the first time, with a conference called Investigating the Mind, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and co-sponsored by MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research. For three days, panels of neuroscientists and Buddhist scholars took the stage with the Dalai Lama before an audience of 1100, mostly scientists, to discuss attention, mental imagery, and emotion. Since then public meeting have been held in a number of places. Because of advances in brain imaging and other behavioral tests, it has now become possible to learn more precisely and scientifically about those inner workings, and to test meditators' first-person insights with Western research techniques and to better understand the mental states they achieve through meditation. Richard Davidson and his collaborator Antoine Lutz have been working with Buddhist meditators who have from 15,000 to 40,000 hours of meditation over 15 to 40 years in order to study the brain activity associated with positive emotions such as “unconditional compassion”. A few major publications about this fascinating research have appeared in various scientific journals. Similar research is also taking place at Princeton, Berkeley, Harvard, Zurich and Maastricht. The purpose of Buddhist contemplatives getting involved in such collaboration is to share a wealth of introspective experience that might helpful for cultivating emotional balance, remedying attention deficit, cultivating authentic well-being and developing human qualities, thus contributing to a better world.

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One thousand firefighters are in the back yard of the American Indian College Fund headquarters, battling Colorado’s third largest forest fire in history, dubbed the High Park Fire. And there’s a good chance that several firefighters are American Indians, thanks to Salish Kootenai College’s firefighting program in Pablo, Montana. The nearly 50,000-acre fire, which was started by lightning and was reported Saturday, is fast-moving because it is feeding on dead trees left behind due to bark beetle infestation, and was fanned by winds and dry and hot conditions. Flames have crowned as high as 30 feet and some have stretched sideways due to winds on Monday. To battle this fierce foe, firefighters use old techniques combined with modern technology. These tactics are learned by students studying Natural Resources and Conservation at Salish, where the curriculum prepares individuals in forest fire-fighting techniques along with other forestry and natural resources subjects. The tribes of the Flathead Indian Reservation, home to Salish Kootenai College, have developed a large and sophisticated tribal government that includes a Natural Resources Department recognized as among the most accomplished in the U.S. The department marries technical prowess with the tribes’ traditional cultural values and wisdom of the earliest practitioners of conservation biology in the Flathead Watershed, which is rooted in generations of observations and interactions with the natural world. The Natural Resources Department oversees the Forestry Department, which manages forestry and fire programs. Salish Kootenai College ensures that tribal members are educated and trained for their roles to preserve and protect natural resources, including fighting fires, in Montana and across the nation. How do firefighters fight forest fires? The attack plan in Colorado is to combine traditional firefighting methods which date to a 1910 forest fire that devoured 3 million acres in Salish’s back yard in Montana, as well as neighboring Washington and Idaho, with a high-tech air assault. Firefighters on the ground are using picks and axes, hacking barriers into the dirt inch by inch, and lighting back fires. At last count, 250 aircraft are fighting the fire from the sky. Aided by satellite imagery, helicopters are sucking up water from a nearby reservoir using long hoses and dropping it onto the inferno and areas where they are trying to prevent burning. Air tankers are dousing areas with chemical retardant. Command centers on the ground are marshaling forces forward in a continuous line, establishing anchor points and using natural barriers like roads, creeks or cliffs, so the fire can’t double back and trap firefighters in the blaze. The goal of firefighters is to contain or control the fire until it burns itself out, not to eliminate it. They construct a fire line constructed that goes all the way down to the mineral soil where the fire can’t burn, and heavy burning fuels mopped up or 100 feet away from the line created by ground crews. Doing this keeps the area of the burn under the watchful eye of fire crews and away from communities, dwellings and other structures, where it could be a danger to people. The American Indian College Fund is thankful to and proud of all of our firefighters that are working hard to preserve our communities and forests from devastation, and we want to especially thank our Native firefighters for their sacrifice.

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It’s a good idea to read a book about someone you have heard about but never encountered directly. Francis Wheen’s biography of Karl Marx gave me that opportunity. Marx was a revolutionary firebrand in his youth, expelled from Germany, France and Belgium not once, but several times. He ended his life as a father and grandfather in suburban London, his basic ideas unchanged but his expression of them somewhat subdued. And in between these two points in this life we find The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital and Frederick Engels. Marx devoted his university studies to philosophy and, when he took up the study of economics he continued to see the big picture: Social relations are closely bound up with productive forces. In acquiring new productive forces men change their mode of production; and in changing their mode of production, in changing the way of earning their living, they change all their social relations. The hand-mill gives you society with the feudal lord; the steam-mill, society with the industrial capitalist. Wheen presents Marx as a philosopher who drew on a variety of sources: In the British Museum, Marx had discovered a reservoir of data about capitalist practice — government Blue Books, statistical tables, reports from factory inspectors and public health officers…. But his other main source, less often noticed, is literary fiction…. How can capitalists shrug off their responsibility for the human casualties of technological progress? Putting aside his census figures, Marx turns to a speech from the dock by Bill Sykes on Dickens’s Oliver Twist. Although Marx dabbled from time to time in revolutionary politics during his years in England, his heart seems to have been in his writing. After years of labor he brought out the first volume of Das Kapital in 1867. The remaining two volumes were edited by Engels after Marx’s death. Intended as a scientific analyses of the structure of capitalism and the inevitability of crises within that structure, the emotional drive which led Marx to write it came from his concern for the situation of the workers in an industrializing economy. Marx himself was not a worker. Born into a middle class family, his lawyer father could afford to send him to the university. He experienced enough poverty in his early days in England so as not to romanticize the proletarian life. Quite the contrary, he wanted his daughters to be educated as ladies. Engels was not a poor boy either — his father was a partner in a textile concern — and worked for years in the business to support Marx and his family. In this biography one sees a portrait of a brilliant but difficult man — his wife called him “my wild boar” — who struggled to describe the world he wanted to change.

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The Peru strategy of the Bernard van Leer Foundation focuses on approximately 483,000 indigenous children aged between zero and eight living in rural areas, plus around 113,000 children of the same age range living in the urban slums of Iquitos. 47.7% of urbanites (9.6 million people) in Peru live with at least one of the deprivations that constitute living in a ‘slum’ - overcrowding, precarious house construction, no access to water, no access to sanitary services or no land tenure. We chose Iquitos because the percentage of urban dwellers with at least one deprivation is highest in the jungle region (74.5%), and Iquitos is the city with the largest slums in the region. The overall theme is to ensure all children are Peru are healthy, protected and able to take advantage of Peru's progress. Our three goals in Peru are: National increase in the percentage of indigenous, rural children under 3 with access to quality home visiting programmes that integrate birth registration, health, nutritional support and parent education As of 2008, only 4% of all children under 3 (2% in rural areas) had access to early learning programmes. The few programmes that exist are typically center-based and urban-biased. Reaching rural children in their homes can connect them to a range of services and to help parents support their children’s learning from birth. This is most critical for the approximately 190,000 indigenous children under 3, of whom more than 85% live in rural areas. Nearly four-fifths of those children live in poverty; in regions where more than a quarter of the population is indigenous, chronic malnutrition rates range from 27% to 59%. While nine in ten indigenous children have their births registered by age three, only 44% are registered in the first year, indicating a lack of early connection with state services. A reduction in violence in families with young children living in urban slums in the city of Iquitos and indigenous, rural communities An estimated 41% of women who have had partners have experienced intimate partner violence, and this is more likely to occur in homes with young children: WHO research found that 15% to 28% experienced physical violence during pregnancy and UNICEF estimates that 37% of mothers with children under 5 experience physical violence. This implies an estimated 1.85 million children aged under 8 live in homes where their mothers are beaten. Furthermore, small scale studies have found that up to 96% of Peruvian children experience physical punishment in the home, with the most common forms being ear pulling, slapping, and hitting with a belt. We chose to target our efforts on urban slums and indigenous rural communities because they are the most under-served by public works and they live in conditions that are correlated with family violence in a wide variety of literature on the subject. A reduction in the prevalence of gastro-intestinal and respiratory infections among young children growing up in unhealthy physical environments in urban slums in the city of Iquitos Peru spends around 3% of its GDP on treating illnesses caused by poor water, sanitation and hygiene, and those most affected are children growing up in urban slums. In Belen, a slum area of Iquitos where 16,600 children under 8 are living, rates of acute diarrhea and respiratory infection among three year olds are 34% and 36%, while chronic malnutrition is 36%. More than half of homes have no sanitation and just under half have no potable water. In all, nearly half of Peru’s urban population (9.6 million people) live with at least one of the deprivations that constitute living in a ‘slum’ – overcrowding, precarious house construction, no access to water, no access to sanitary services or no land tenure – and one in five live with two or more of those deprivations. This affects all aspects of children’s lives, not only health: it limits opportunities to play, creates stress on families, and drives violence. Do you have comments on our goals in Peru? Please contact our programme officer for Peru, Leonardo Yanez: [email protected]

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§ Mr. Wigley asked the Secretary of State for the Environment what routine steps his Department takes to monitor the level of lead in the atmosphere in urban areas; and how the lead levels so obtained compare to the Government's recommended safe level of atmospheric lead. § Mr. Denis Howell Warren Springs Laboratory, on behalf of my Department, has measured lead levels at 20 urban sites over the past two years to show the general level in urban areas and it has monitored the concentration of lead at the road side in five cities over several years. The results of both these studies will be published shortly. In addition special studies have been carried out around particular sources of lead. Monitoring is also conducted by local authorities.655W As my right hon. Friend explained in answer to a Question by my hon. Friend the Member for Walsall, South (Mr. George)—[Vol. 951, c. 183–4.]—there is no single limit for the acceptable level of lead in the environment. Work is now being planned to measure the blood levels of sample populations in major cities and also of critical groups who may be exposed to above average lead concentrations.

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The William J. Flynn Center for Irish Studies and the Houston Society of the Archaeological Institute of America present The Celtic Project lecture series. The second lecture is entitled "Ritual and Beliefs Transformed Under Empire: Effects of Rome’s Conquest on the Celts" and focuses on how recent archaeological discoveries in Ireland are transforming our understanding of the Roman impact on religion in Iron Age Europe. The rituals and beliefs practiced by the Celts are preserved in places where they worshiped and in the objects they left behind. Dr. John Soderberg will explore how, through these artifacts, Ireland offers insights into Iron Age religions and how worship changed in the wake of the Roman Empire. Dr. John Soderberg is the Managing Director of the Anthropology Laboratories at the University of Minnesota and President of the American Society of Irish Medieval Studies. His main research interest is the development of large religious centers in Ireland from the Iron Age to the Middle Ages. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota and his M.A. from the Irish Studies Program at Boston College. Speaker(s): Dr. John Soderberg Date: February 15, 2012 Location: Cullen Hall Length: 87 mins

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New South Wales Floods - Moree This Landsat image is a mosaic of two Landsat 5 TM images showing the extent of flooding in northern New South Wales during mid-December 2004. In these images water appears as shades of blue, while moist bare soil appears as shades of red/pink. Healthy vegetation mostly appears as shades of green, with some Eucalypt forest in the south (Pilliga Scrub) tending to a brown colour. Some white scattered cloud and associated shadows appear in the south-west of the image. The flood waters can mainly be seen west of Wee Waa, and north-west and south-west of Moree. Images such as these can be used by landholders, environmental professionals and emergency managers to map flood extents and to plan responses for future flood events. Topic contact: [email protected] Last updated: July 17, 2012

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| Two bottles of essential oils, 1994. Two essential oils used in aromatherapy, on the left, Lavender, on the right Eucalyptus. From Neal's Yard Remedies, London. Aromatherapy is an holistic medicine used as both a preventative measure to maintain well-being and as an active treatment during illness. Essential oils (highly concentrated aromatic extracts) which are distilled from a variety of natural materials including leaves, flowers fruit and wood are used in a number of ways including massage, baths and inhalation, to balance, harmonise and promote the health of body, mind and spirit. In Collection of: Science & Society Picture Library Subject(s) > Medicine & Health > Therapeutics

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What are polka dots? What do you think polka dots are? I like to think they are lots smiley faces. Or a group of planets. Or a circle party. Or bubbles in bubble tea. Other people online don't have the same vision for polka dots. Do a google search for "What are polka dots?," and you'll get these answers: Polka dot is a pattern consisting of dots. 1. One of a number of dots or round spots forming a pattern, as on cloth. 2. A pattern or fabric with such dots. round, evenly spaced dots of uniform size -- Funk's _2107 Curious Word Origins, Sayings, & Expressions_, p. 929 round, evenly spaced dots of identical size -- Martha Stewart Polka dots are a pattern, either regular or random, of circles, or dots, that may be different sizes or all uniform in size. They all answer about a visual description of them. But what about an interpretative description? Polka dots can be lots of things. They can be the white candy things on top of Sno-Caps. The holes of a speaker cap. A bunch of poker chips. A group of rolled-up hedgehogs. What do you think polka dots are?

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Is anyone know what does SSL means? If you know, Please tell me, I want know. September 22, 2004, 2:54 pm - Easy way to find out stuff like this is to just hit up google. You can type in define:whatever. So... If I wanted to know what the definition for wsxga was I could type define:wsxga in the search bar at google. If you have a google toolbar or firefox it makes it even easier. October 19, 2005, 5:42 am - yes,SSL means Secure Sockets Layer,SSL creates a secure connection between a client and a server,and web sites use the protocol to obtain confidential user information, such as credit card numbers October 18, 2005, 9:05 pm - Replying to dcy SSL Means secure socket layer. This type of protocol used in mail purpose and also data transformation done in encrypted mode and receive information in unencrypted mode January 23, 2008, 4:37 am - it allows for a secure connection October 6, 2005, 11:46 pm -

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Naturally-occurring calcium can make blood vessels more supple, enabling them to expand slightly and keep pressure low, say dietitians. [Related: Fried plantains in yoghurt sauce] American researchers who looked at the diets of some 2,000 volunteers, found those who regularly ate a little yoghurt were less likely to develop high blood pressure. Specifically, those who took two per cent of their calories from yoghurt were 31 per cent less likely to develop high blood pressure over a 15 year period, than those who did not. That equates to about 40 or 50 calories from yoghurt daily, or about half a typical 4.3oz (120g) individual pot. Huifen Wang, a public health specialist at Minnesota University, presented the research at an American Heart Association meeting about high blood pressure on Wednesday. Rick Miller, a member of the British Dietetic Association, said calcium had “a plethora of effects on the body, including a hypo-tensive effect, meaning it helps to lower blood pressure.” He explained: “Calcium is needed in muscle tissue, including blood vessel walls, and if there isn’t enough, they are not going to operate properly. In effect the calcium helps keep vessels supple.” [Related: Healthy food you should be eating] Calcium from dairy products like yoghurt and milk was particularly good for this, he said. But taking too much calcium in pill form could have the opposite effect, he cautioned. Studies indicate it can then be deposited on artery walls, leading to hardening of the arteries. Mr Miller said were also suggestions that the ‘friendly’ bacteria in yoghurt could help lower blood pressure, although these were not conclusive. Professor Gareth Beevers, a trustee of the Blood Pressure Association, said other studies had shown yoghurt to have a "small effect" on lowering blood pressure, but he said it should not be considered a way of counteracting it in people who already had hypertension. "I would regard it as part of a healthy lifestyle - even if personally I can't stand the stuff," he said. More than 8.5 million people are registered as having high blood pressure. People with the condition are three times more likely to develop heart disease and suffer strokes as people with normal blood pressure and twice as likely to die from these. Patients are often put on drugs to lower their blood pressure, such as beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In 2008, the NHS in England spent £83 million on beta-blockers alone. Read more on The Telegraph.

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in a Pecan Shell| A timeline of significant events in Dripping 1849: a man named Fawcett is thought to be the founding settler. In the 1850s, other settlers arrived and began farming. The town became a regional center shortly before the start of the Civil War. Springs was granted their post office. 1881: The Dripping Springs Academy 1884: The town’s population reaches 130. was right on the road between Austin and Fredericksburg. That and its water guaranteed a prosperous future. In the first part of the 20th century, Dripping Springs became northern Hays County’s principal town. mid-1980s the population was just over 600. By 1990 its population had risen to Having the word Dripping in your town’s name has contributed some amusing anecdotes over the years. Locals are used to it, but outsiders do a double-take when they read a headline stating: “Dripping Native to run for Office.” A Visit to Dripping the town is booming and new growth is swallowing up the old part of town. I can only speculate most of the growth is from nearby Austin, TX and a desire for those to live in a small town atmmosphere. - William Beauchamp, June 27, 2009

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Atlanta’s Air Quality is Improved, but Not Enough to Ease Regulatory Standards 'US EPA and Georgia EPD should focus on making sure Atlanta is prepared to meet the next level of air pollution requirements, rather than spending time on the paperwork exercise for the 1997 standard.' Breathing smog is like getting a sunburn on your lungs. It inflames your airways, making it more difficult to breathe. Smog is especially tough on kids, who pound-for-pound breathe more air in their developing lungs than adults. For many years, smog was thought to just impact people who already had respiratory conditions, but more recent studies have shown that it can cause respiratory disease and impair lung function in otherwise healthy people. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged with establishing safe levels of ambient air quality for a variety of pollutants, and revisit them periodically to make sure they are consistent with the latest scientific research about what levels of those pollutants are harmful to public health. Smog is more formally known as ground-level ozone. It forms when nitrogen oxide, which come from burning fossil fuels and volatile organic compounds, which come from dry cleaners, paint, and surprisingly, trees, come together in the presence of heat or sunlight. Because Metro Atlantans burn a lot of gasoline, diesel, coal and natural gas, we are blessed with a lot of trees, and we are affectionately known as Hotlanta, we have all the ingredients needed for a good recipe of smog. In fact, Atlanta has struggled to meet federal health-based air quality standards for ground-level ozone since they were first established in 1991. While we have never had problems as serious as Beijing, our air quality was a major concern for the 1996 Olympics. Atlanta’s Olympic organizers took great measures to reduce the amount of traffic downtown, encouraging people who didn’t need to be downtown to not commute or take transit. Studies showed that these efforts worked: - Traffic was down 22 percent - Ozone concentrations went down 28 percent - Emergency room trips for asthma attacks went down 42 percent So we know that reducing emissions of air pollution improves air quality and public health. However, in 1999, Atlanta had our worst summer on record for air pollution. Air pollution monitors showed violations 69 out of the 150 days of ozone season. You can check out the state’s data here. The State of Georgia complex on Confederate Avenue has one of the state's many ozone monitors, and, in fact, the one that still routinely registers the highest levels of ozone. You might remember that Sierra Club sued the state and the EPA in the late 1990s and Atlanta’s federal highway money was cut off. And that’s when we started getting serious about reducing our air pollution emissions in metro Atlanta. Programs like the annual vehicle inspection were implemented, lower pollution gasoline was brought to the metro area, and rules were established for installing controls at Georgia Power’s Atlanta-area coal-fired plants. Also established was a program that requires new sources of air pollution to find an existing source of air pollution who will reduce their emissions to make room for them without making our air quality worse. These programs have resulted in great progress and there are far fewer days we violate the federal standards. However, the latest science has shown that even lower levels of ground-level ozone are more harmful than previously thought. In 1997, the EPA updated the ozone standard from a 1-hour standard of 120 parts per billion to an 8-hour standard of 80 parts per billion, because researchers had discovered that lower levels of ozone over longer periods of time were harmful. In 2008, the Bush Administration lowered that limit to 75 parts per billion, but the Obama Administration withdrew it upon taking office because it wasn’t protective enough. Under intense political pressure before the 2010 midterm elections, the EPA did not finalize the new standard. The range that scientists said was appropriate was somewhere between 60 and 70 parts per billion. Meeting the 1997 federal air quality standard for ozone requires that the three-year average of the fourth-highest reading of an ozone monitor is below 85 parts per billion. Because emissions from cars and power plants were down in 2009 due to the recession, and we had an unusually cold and wet summer, levels from that year drag down the average. The EPA is proposing to designate Atlanta in “attainment” for the 1997 standard based on the data from 2008-2010. The trick is that they have to demonstrate that the air quality is better because of “real, permanent and enforceable” reductions in air pollution. You can see from the attached chart that they weren’t because levels have gone back up in recent years. And, at our backyard monitor at Confederate Avenue, if levels in 2013 are as high as they were in 2012, we will be back out of attainment for a standard that is over 15 years old. The EPA and the Georgia Environmental Protection Division should focus on making sure Atlanta is prepared to meet the next level of air pollution requirements, rather than spending time on the paperwork exercise for the 1997 standard. Our kids deserve clean air! Ms. Kiernan, a resident of Ormewood Park, is the director of the Sierra Club's Georgia Chapter.

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PHILADELPHIA - No state began with more promise than did the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Here was the new nation's first capital city. And what leaders! William Penn - whose Quaker values imparted charity, tolerance and acceptance of religious minorities - then the wise and brilliant Benjamin Franklin, the quintessential Founding Father. Sadly, since those early salad days, Pennsylvania has produced just one U.S. president, the disastrous one-term Democrat James Buchanan, whose weak indecisiveness plunged the nation into its bloodiest and most tragic era, the Civil War. But please note that the man had a truly impressive resume - Buchanan had served with some distinction in Washington, D.C., in the House, later as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, then as secretary of state and ambassador to Great Britain, and had three times turned down a nomination to the Supreme Court. With that experience, one might have concluded Buchanan would have been ready on day one. In 1900, Pennsylvania still was the United States' second largest state. As recently as 1960, when John Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon, Pennsylvania, which JFK carried, had the same number of electoral votes - 32 - as did California, which Nixon won. This November, the winner of the Golden State will get 55 electoral votes, while carrying the Quaker state will mean just 21 electoral votes. During the George W. Bush presidency, Pennsylvania has lost 207,400 manufacturing jobs. The state is now the nation's third oldest (only Florida and West Virginia have a higher percentage of elderly), 43rd in percentage of population under the age of 18 and 46th in growth (Pennsylvania is projected to lose another congressional seat in the 2010 census.) To put it bluntly, "change" has not been that good to Pennsylvania. While the American tradition has been to welcome change as essentially just another name for improvement, Keystone State citizens have grown understandably wary of change. While historians can debate whether the incumbent Republican chief executive is as bad as Buchanan, and while better than four out of five Americans believe their country is "seriously off in the wrong track," Pennsylvanians appear reluctant to embrace Big Change. You almost got the feeling, in the candidates' debate here last Wednesday, from the somber, almost sullen facial expression of Democratic front-runner Barack Obama, that he knew the skepticism and doubt toward change among the electorate. It had been easily Obama's worst week of the campaign. He had been playing defense - badly - never fully apologizing for nor adequately explaining his thesis, offered at a private San Francisco fundraiser, as to why economically stressed blue-collar Pennsylvania voters turned to their religion, their hunting and their fear of the unknown. From personal experience, I can testify that I have never been more fervent in devotion to my own religious faith than when I was away from all family, friends and the familiar as a lowly enlisted man in the Marine Corps. What was missing from Candidate Obama was the message of hope, which had carried him to the fore. Gone, too, was his wonderful smile. Americans love smiles on their public favorites. Think of Ike and JFK and FDR, and you see their smiles, warm and confident. Imagine Tiger Woods without his smile. You can't. Obama's winning smile was apparently a casualty of a week of punches. Up to now, one of the strongest cases for the Obama candidacy has been the Obama campaign, which has been exceptionally well-managed and efficient, as well as refreshingly welcoming and inclusive. But every campaign is inevitably and ultimately the mirror reflection of the candidate in whose name that campaign is run. It has not been the high-tech wizardry that has made the Illinois Democrat's campaign so special, it has been his message of hope, change and inspiration of bringing people together in the common interest. Pennsylvania is not easy for Barack Obama. But how he responds will tell us volumes about the kind of presidential nominee and, more importantly, the kind of president he would be. To find out more about Mark Shields and read his past columns, visit the Creators Syndicate web page at www.creators.com. Athens Banner-Herald ©2013. All Rights Reserved.

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Posted by: Sasirekha R analytics, Application, Big Data, NoSQL, Relational Database, Scalability, SciDB SciDB – a database for scientific analysis – “For the toughest problems on the planet” SciDB Inc. website (http://www.scidb.org/) opens with a powerful statement “For the toughest problems on the planet“. Typically, scientists are forced to retrofit business information technologies to suit their needs or to build their own technologies with very limited resources. To work more productively, scientists do need information solutions built for their purpose (for science). In March 2008 at Asilomar, representative group of science and database experts came together to determine if the requirements of the different scientific domains (and some large-scale commercial applications) were similar enough to justify building a database system tailored to the needs of the scientific community. The answer was “YES”. Result is the decision to build SciDB, an open source database technology product designed specifically to satisfy the demands of data-intensive scientific analytics. - SciDB was to be built around analytics with a storage that is write-once, read-many. - Bulk loads, rather than single-row inserts, to be the primary input method. - “Load-free” access to minimally-structured data will be provided. - Functions and procedures will execute in parallel, as close to the data being operated on as possible. - Interfaces to common scientific tools like R and eventually MATLAB and IDL, as well as programming languages like C++ and Python, will be provided. - Many features important to science – including versioning, provenance tracking, and support for uncertain data with error bars – will be standard with SciDB. Other requirements to be satisfied by SciDB were elaborated upon in detail in the workshop report (http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/7/0/88/_pdf) and summarized as follows: - A data model based on multidimensional arrays (that simplifies the representation of time series and spatial grids), not sets of tuples - A storage model based on versions and not update in place - Built-in support for provenance (lineage), workflows, and uncertainty - Scalability to 100s of petabytes and 1,000s of nodes with high degrees of tolerance to failures - Support for “external” data objects so that data sets can be queried and manipulated without ever having to be loaded into the database - Open source in order to foster a community of contributors and to insure that data is never “locked up” – a critical requirement for scientists. World’s leading scientists across a variety of disciplines including astronomy, biology, physics, oceanography, atmospheric sciences, and climatology are involved in the design of SciDB. The one page poster available at http://www.scidb.org/Documents/SciDB-VLDB09-poster.pdf gives an excellent view of the vision of the product. SciDB is not to be like a traditional database, but optimized for data management of big data and for big analytics. It is referred to as DMAS (as against DBMS), a Data Management and Analytics Software System. SciDB falls under NoSQL category due to fact that SciDB: - Is not to be optimized for online transaction processing (OLTP) and only provide minimal support to transactions. - Doesn’t need to provide strict atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID) constraints. - Doesn’t have a rigidly-defined, difficult-to-modify schema. SciDB is designed to run on a shared-nothing cluster of commodity servers (or nodes), each with its own local storage, and interconnected by an Ethernet network; a physical architecture also known as a Just a Bunch of Disks (JBOD) configuration. SciDB design is aimed at being able to continue operating in the face of node failure, without even restarting a long-running operation in progress. With its first public demo on August 2009, SciDB now has a new release R11.06 (using a <year.month> naming convention), which is effectively a R1.0, available. SciDB currently supports a single coordinator node that will run on node-0. All host SciDB worker instances perform their own localized data storage and query processing. It is recommended that the SciDB executables and configuration files are stored on a single file system which is shared by all the physical servers using a network file system facility (like NFS). SciDB uses an ODBC/JDBC like interface to connect to the SciDB server and execute commands. This interface is available from multiple computer languages. The coordinator instance is where external client applications connect, and it is responsible for query parsing, planning and coordinating query execution operations over the collection of SciDB worker nodes. The ‘files’ SciDB presents to users are logical ‘arrays’, and the bits and pieces of the arrays are distributed evenly over the physical nodes. A centralized DBMS (PostgresSQL) is used to keep track of information like – what arrays exist, which nodes are where, what instances are running on which nodes, how array data is partitioned over SciDB instances, and what physical operators the instance has available to it. SciDB provides two programming interfaces: - AQL, an array query language that is similar to SQL. - AFL, a functional language with a functional syntax, provides the capabilities as AQL as well as support for querying array metadata and additional array operators. AFL is expected to be revised over time as the implementation evolves and matures, currently provides: - Data Definition Language (DDL) that allows users to create, load, remove and modify arrays and their structure. - Data Manipulation Language (DML) that allows users to query the contents of arrays - Metadata operators that provide a number of mechanisms for getting information about the database (e.g., list of arrays, dimensions of array, attributes of an array etc.) SciDB currently supports user-defined functions (UDFs) referred to as plugins and user-defined types (UDTs). In the near future, SciDB is expected to include user-defined aggregates (UDAs) and user-defined operators (UDOs). SciDB Use Cases currently available at http://www.scidb.org/use/ are in the areas of Optical astronomy, Radio astronomy, Earth Remote sending, Environmental Observation and Modeling, Seismology and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research. SciDB is indeed a good initiative and it is hoped that SciDB (and the likes) will enable scientists to work productively in bringing out significant improvements on challenges like global warming, cancer, communicable diseases, etc. and hence make our living that much better. In addition to scientific applications such as astronomy, remote sensing and climate modeling, bio-science information management, commercial applications such as risk management systems in the financial services sector, and the analysis of web log data are also expected to benefit from using SciDB. A good presentation on SciDB is available at http://diuf.unifr.ch/main/xi/sites/diuf.unifr.ch.main.xi/files/SciDB_CIS_2010.pdf. “SciDB will provide a unique level of data access that will allow scientists to understand data in far deeper and more natural ways. Its array-based model inherently supports convenient access and analysis of raw data sources as well as preprocessed products in a unified fashion. We will see our data in a whole new light.” …Martin L. Perl -1995 Physics Nobel Laureate

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Frustrated with excess weight, highly processed, chemical-laden foods, and food sensitivities, many women are setting goals to lose weight, detox and get healthy. With its focus on whole, unprocessed nutrition and optimal health, some people are turning to the Raw Food Diet as a way to lose weight, energize their bodies, and reduce their environmental footprint. What Can You Eat on a Raw Food Diet? So, you can’t cook your food; but what can you eat? Raw foodists may eat all fruits, vegetables, sprouts, nuts, seeds, grains, sea vegetables and other unprocessed organic or natural foods. The raw food diet is vegan, which means that all animal and dairy products are a no-no. To drink, raw foodists consume such liquids as purified water (not tap), freshly-made juices, and milks made from almonds and coconut. To avoid pesticides and herbicides, as well as to consume food with higher nutritional value, raw foodists aim to eat all organic food, as local (or wild) as possible. Is Cooking Food Really Such a Crime? No, it isn’t, but raw foodists believe that heating food above 115 degrees F (45 Celsius) and eating foods which need to be cooked (such as meats and animal products) have negative impacts on the human body and the environment. Cooking Food Destroys Enzymes The cooking process kills enzymes naturally present in raw foods which are necessary to properly digest food. Consequently, your body is forced to exert additional energy manufacturing its own enzymes to digest food, which can make you feel tired and sluggish after eating a cooked meal. The enzymes produced by your digestive tract are not as efficient as the ones present in raw food, which means that typically food is not adequately digested; this can lead to food sitting undigested and rotting in your intestines, causing gas, indigestion, and potentially leaving you open to attack from harmful [tooltip text="The issue of parasites is a tricky one when considering eating only raw food, since cooking kills many parasites and harmful bacteria. Raw foodists practice strict food hygiene and refrigeration to avoid contracting parasites or food poisoning."]parasites[/tooltip]. Cooked Food is More Acidic Cooking food also changes the pH of food, making it more acidic. Ideally humans should eat more alkaline foods since an acidic body may be more susceptible to disease. Raw Food Can Be More Nutritious Raw foodists also believe that cooking food destroys many important vitamins present in raw foods and can make minerals more difficult to absorb. However, some nutrients such as the antioxidant [tooltip text="Lycopene is a non-essential phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons and papayas (but not strawberries or cherries), which has high antioxidant power and may reduce the risk of developing cancer."]lycopene[/tooltip] found in tomatoes actually increases in concentration the more you cook and process tomatoes. The Life Force of Food Some people who adopt a raw food diet do so for philosophical reasons, believing that cooked food is dead food, robbed of its life force, which in turn leaves the consumer feeling heavy and tired. By contrast, they believe that raw food has vital energy which is conveyed onto the person who eats it. Preparing Raw Food Raw foodists prepare their food using techniques such as soaking seeds, grains and beans so that they sprout and become “living,” juicing fruit and vegetables, soaking nuts and dried fruit, blending, and dehydrating food. Benefits of Eating Raw Food Raw foodists say they experience physical and mental improvements such as increased energy levels and feeling less tired, better digestion, weight loss, detoxification, enhanced cognitive function, a strengthened immune system and a clearer complexion. And a raw food diet has little to no saturated fats, is low in sodium, and high in potassium and fiber. Raw Food for the Planet In terms of global impact, raw foodists contribute to a cleaner world since they choose to eat food that is not processed, sprayed with herbicides, pesticides or genetically modified. The Union of Concerned Scientists lists meat-eating as the second-biggest environmental hazard facing the Earth, second behind fossil-fuel vehicles. Because the raw food diet is vegan vegetarian, raw foodists do not rely on the vast food, water and land resources dedicated to raising, feeding and slaughtering animals for food. And then there’s the animal waste; according to the Environmental Protection Agency, raising animals for food is the world’s number one source of water pollution. The Raw Food Diet Review Registered dietitian Laurie Barker Jackman says sticking to a raw food diet is a ton of work. She also says followers of this diet could be protein deficient and that it’s easy to lack nutrients such as calcium, iron and vitamin B12 in such a restrictive diet, so it’s important to get high quality supplements, and always consult a dietitian, nutritionist or medical professional before beginning a diet as restricted as vegetarian, vegan or raw food diets.

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Serial Number: 18 Markings: 1944 US Museum Condition: Flying - Book your ride in this plane now! Named after Gen. Billy Mitchell, the Army Air Corps' most famous figure of the 1920s and 1930s, the North American TB-25N proved to be one of the best American weapons of World War II. The TB-25N Mitchell, a twin-engine bomber that became standard equipment for the Allied Air Forces in World War II, was perhaps the most versatile aircraft of the war. It became the most heavily armed airplane in the world, was used for high-and low-level bombing, strafing, photo reconnaissance, submarine patrol and even as a fighter, and was distinguished as the aircraft that completed the historic raid over Tokyo in 1942. Subsequently, it saw duty in every combat area being flown by the Dutch, British, Chinese, Russians and Australians in addition to our own U.S. forces. Although the airplane was originally intended for level bombing from medium altitudes, it was used extensively in the Pacific area for bombing Japanese airfields from treetop level and for strafing and skip bombing enemy shipping. More than 9,800 B-25s were built during WW II. Basically, it was a twin-tail, mid-wing land monoplane powered by two 1,700-hp Wright Cyclone engines. Normal bomb capacity was 5,000 pounds. Some versions carried 75 mm cannon, machine guns and added firepower of 13 .50-caliber guns in the conventional bombardier's compartment. One version carried eight .50-caliber guns in the nose in an arrangement that provided 14 forward-firing guns. This plane was manufactured at the North American Aviation plant in Kansas City and delivered to the U.S. Army Air Force on June 9, 1944. It then was flown to Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia on June 24 then onto Morrison Field, Florida where it was readied for deployment to the Mediterranean Theatre of Operation. On July 7, 1944, this aircraft departed Morrison Field and followed the southern route through Brazil, then across the Atlantic to Africa where it was delivered to the 3rd Air Facility Depot. Later that fall it was picked up by the 319th Bomb Group, 437th Squadron at Serraggia Airbase, Corsica. There it was assigned Battle Number 18. The plane then proceeded to fly 15 combat missions over Italy between November 4 and December 31, 1944. The majority of the targets were railroad bridges.

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Up to $3M is available for research projects that focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the land sector, sequestering carbon and enhancing sustainable agricultural practices. Filling the Research Gap provides $201 million over six years to fund research into new technologies and practices for land managers to reduce emissions and store soil carbon. It also includes a biennial land management practise survey to be conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to underpin additionality assessments for the CFI. The Australian Government is helping to build Australia’s clean energy future by putting a price on carbon; promoting innovation and investment in renewable energy; encouraging energy efficiency; and creating opportunities in agriculture and the broader land sector to reduce emissions and increase productivity. Filling the Research Gap is a component of Carbon Farming Futures Program and will invest $201 million to support research into emerging abatement technologies, strategies and innovative management practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the land sector, sequester carbon and enhance sustainable agricultural practices. Filling the Research Gap is building on research undertaken through the Climate Change Research Program. Projects will target current research gaps around abatement technologies and practices. Research priorities are reducing methane emissions, reducing nitrous oxide emissions, sequestering carbon and improving modelling capability. Filling the Research Gap outcomes will underpin the development of new abatement methodologies that land managers can use to participate in the Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI). The CFI voluntary carbon offsets scheme allows participating land managers to earn additional income from reducing emissions and storing carbon in the landscape. Filling the Research Gap funds research into emerging abatement technologies, strategies and innovative management practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the land sector (without reducing production); increase soil carbon; and enhance sustainable agricultural practices. Filling the Research Gap is building on research undertaken through the Climate Change Research Program (CCRP) and research projects will draw on industry, science and government sectors to ensure that: In fulfilling the Filling the Research Gap objectives, this research strategy will encourage: Round 1 of Filling the Research Gap focused on improving understanding of the sources, scale and cause of agricultural emissions and quantifying the effectiveness of management practices and technologies aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing soil carbon stocks. Round 1 projects will contribute to better defining abatement opportunities under the CFI. Round 2 of Filling the Research Gap will build on research efforts funded under Round 1 and the CCRP. Under Round 2, up to $50 million (GST exclusive) is available to fund eligible research projects and coordination of national research programs. Applications for round 2 closed 23 January 2013. Details about any future rounds will be updated here. Writing a good quality grant application is a critical element in the application process. An application needs to be well thought through, written concisely, have clear objectives and purpose, and show clear links to the objectives of the grant guidelines. The grant application must answer all questions, provide all required information and respond to the merit criteria. It should also reflect your organisation’s business strategy. Writing a good application takes time and effort, and requires particular writing skills. Bulletpoint are expert grant consultants and can assist with all aspects of grant preparation. Call us on (03) 9005 6789 or email to discuss further. Round one ($38.5 million) Filling the Research Gap investments include: A detailed list of projects is provided here. Host control of methane emissions from sheep—University of Western Australia. Funding of $1,428,732 ex GST This project is studying the interaction between animal hosts and rumen microbial populations to provide insights into the fundamental biology of rumen function and methane emissions in sheep. It will underpin the discovery of new tools for breeding low methane emitting sheep. Genetics to reduce methane emissions from Australian sheep—The University of New England. Funding of $810,314 ex GST This project is developing a robust standard operating procedure for measuring methane emissions from sheep. Outcomes will enable industry breeding values for methane emissions to be developed and will provide a pathway to participation in the Carbon Farming Initiative. Nitrate and sulphate rich shrubs to reduce methane and increase productivity—CSIRO. Funding of $1,087,058 ex GST This project is investigating nitrate and sulphate rich shrubs to develop practical, plant-based technologies and new grazing systems to help reduce methane emissions from livestock systems. Findings could increase agricultural productivity and sustainability without increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in the national vegetable industry—La Trobe University. Funding of $1,811,361 ex GST This project is investigating options to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions in the national vegetable industry by assessing new fertiliser technologies and management strategies which have potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency. Comparisons will be made with benchmark values measured on current vegetable cropping systems. Anaerobic treatment for emissions reduction from solid manure residues—The University of Queensland. Funding of $331,800 ex GST This project is quantifying methane emissions from conventional storage and processing of solid manure residues and will develop a processing technology to stabilise solid residues by anaerobic digestion. Outcomes will prevent volatilisation during collection, storage and land application of the manure product. An innovative solution for accurate and affordable estimates of soil carbon—CSIRO. Funding of $1,227,515 ex GST This project is developing a proof-of-concept prototype system for measuring soil condition into a field-deployable system. This will assist land managers to effectively measure and detect changes in soil organic carbon stores and will provide reliable data to improve decision making and management. Sugarcane for future climates—CSIRO. Funding of $590,000 ex GST This project is developing sugarcane adapted to drier and higher carbon dioxide future climate scenarios. It will identify sugarcane best suited to breeding programs and develop practical, low cost selection methods for ongoing implementation in industry breeding programs. A simple indicator of potential nitrous oxide loss from agricultural soils—Queensland University of Technology. Funding of $485,920 ex GST The project is quantifying the relationship between active carbon and potential nitrous oxide loss in a laboratory situation. A rapid in-field soil test will be developed to assess the suitability of soil type for nitrous oxide reducing practices in the field. The trade-off between feed efficiency, methane and reproduction in sheep—Murdoch University. Funding of $662,633 ex GST This project is investigating the trade-off between feed efficiency, methane and reproduction in sheep. A whole-farm analysis will be used to understand the profitability trade-off between animal selection for increased feed efficiency versus reduced methane production. Achieving least cost greenhouse gas abatement–opportunities in Australian grains farms—CSIRO. Funding of $1,046,565 ex GST This project is modelling scenarios to estimate mitigation benefits of various management practices applicable to Australian grain farms. The project will establish case-studies with farmer groups currently involved in the Action on the Ground program and other Grains Research and Development Corporation projects in major grain growing regions. Managing biological, physical and chemical constraints to soil carbon storage—University of Western Australia. Funding of $1,216,388 ex GST This project is assessing the stability of soil carbon under a variety of management practices, including emerging management practices that may increase soil carbon at depth. The project will assess how soil carbon stability will be affected by changing climate predictions. Crossing the threshold: adaptation tipping points for Australian fruit trees—University of Melbourne. Funding of $938,932 ex GST This project is focusing on the Australian fruit tree industry (specifically stone fruit and cherry) to investigate adaptation lead times to critical tipping points for winter chilling, spring frost risk, extreme heat exposure and yield potential. The project will collect field data across Australia and will evaluate effectiveness of adaptation options. Reducing nitrous oxide emissions in key perennial tree crop industries—University of Tasmania. Funding of $612,961 ex GST This project is investigating ways of reducing nitrous oxide emissions in key perennial tree crop industries in cool and temperate climates of southern Australia. Products and practices most likely to reduce nitrous oxide losses will be identified, and findings will allow horticultural producers to establish baseline data for greenhouse gas emissions and improve data on emissions factors. Innovative livestock systems to adapt to climate change and reduce emissions—University of Western Australia. Funding of $1,248,634 ex GST This project is quantifying productivity of legume pastures with lower potential for methane production in the rumen. Modelling will determine impacts of a range of sheep and pasture management strategies on whole farm profit, risk and methane emissions for different environments and climate change scenarios. Novel strategies to breed dairy cattle for adaptation and reduced methane emissions—Dairy Futures Limited. Funding of $1,950,000 ex GST This project is developing novel strategies for the dairy industry to adapt to a changing climate and reduce methane emissions. Outcomes will allow dairy farmers to select breeding animals with reduced methane emissions (per litre of milk produced) and improved heat tolerance. Maximising energy-yielding rumen pathways in response to methane inhibition—CSIRO. Funding of $430,882 ex GST This project is investigating ways of maximising rumen digestion efficiency in response to methane inhibition. Findings will identify dietary supplements and/or microbial treatments that can reduce methane production (while increasing productivity) and outcomes will establish a safe target for methane reduction using commercial diets. Composting as a means of minimising greenhouse gas emissions from the manure supply chain—Queensland University of Technology. Funding of $678,644 ex GST This project is investigating manure composting as a practice for minimising greenhouse gas emissions from intensive livestock industries and the manure supply chain. The project is comparing composting and stockpiling of manures to quantify reduction of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. It will provide emission factors that could be used to improve Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. The project will also determine the potential to reduce nitrous oxide emissions through the application of composted instead of raw manures. Crop traits for productivity in a high carbon dioxide world under drought and heat—University of Melbourne. Funding of $1,200,000 ex GST This project is studying cereal, pulse and oilseed crops for resilience to heat and drought stress under elevated carbon dioxide conditions. It is providing real world, validated measurements of crop water, nitrogen use and plant carbon allocation under elevated carbon dioxide conditions in interaction with climate variability factors. Adaptive value chain approaches—CSIRO. Funding of $798,000 ex GST This project is answering critical questions such as: how are value chains impacted by climate change and variability; how can value chains effectively respond through adaptation and mitigation strategies; and what are the impacts of these strategies on value creation and competitive advantages in value chains? Low-emission nitrogen fertilisers based on clay-modified activated charcoal—The University of Newcastle. Funding of $925,045 ex GST This project is investigating the low emission potential of nitrogen fertilisers based on clay-modified activated charcoal. It is focusing on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide from fertiliser application in high-emission agro-climatic zones by developing new fertiliser technology and practices. It is also examining the important relationship between nitrogen and carbon in the production of nitrous oxide. Improving resilience against heat stress in dairy cows and pigs—University of Melbourne. Funding of $1,034,388 ex GST Building on previous work that examined heat stress in sheep, this project is validating the use of dietary additives to reduce the impact of heat stress on lactating dairy cows and lactating and growing pigs. The project is informing genetic selection to handle heat, making particular use of extensively genotyped dairy cows. Can advances in mid-term weather forecasts reduce emissions from nitrogen fertiliser?—Queensland University of Technology. Funding of $652,144 ex GST This project is investigating whether advances in mid-term weather forecasts can better inform farm management practices that will reduce emissions from nitrogen fertiliser. The project is also assessing how different fertiliser regimes can be used to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions under forecast scenarios. Dairy intensification and climate change adaptation, impacts on profit, risk and people—Dairy Australia Limited. Funding of $1,163,173 ex GST This project is combining biophysical and economic modelling, social research and farmer engagement to identify farm management responses and/or innovations that maintain profitability while building resilience under a more variable and challenging future. The project is examining the impact of challenging future climates on farm development scenarios including intensification and de-intensification. Impacts of Carbon Farming Initiative methodologies on whole-farm systems—The University of New England. Funding of $532,613 ex GST Assisted through international collaboration of researchers from the United States of America and New Zealand, this project is filling knowledge gaps about manipulation of methane production in the rumen. The project is quantifying emissions under different forage and nutritional regimes and is estimating changes in enterprise productivity resulting from potential rumen-based methodologies for the Carbon Farming Initiative. Novel business structures for adaptation to a changing climate—University of Western Australia. Funding of $226,162 ex GST This project is examining how novel business structures can allow farm businesses to better adapt to a changing climate. The merits and feasibility of innovation in farm business structure will be assessed and widely communicated to farmer and investor forums to show the role and value of business structure innovation in facilitating farm adaptation to a changing climate. Indirect emissions of nitrous oxide from broad-acre irrigated agriculture—Cotton Research and Development Corporation. Funding of $677,884 ex GST This project is measuring the indirect emissions of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide from the surface waters of each of the major water supply components of an irrigated cotton farm. The project will consider the effects of water management and nitrogen application rates on emissions and will also investigate indirect nitrous oxide losses to deep groundwater. Importance of ‘deep’ soil carbon to long-term carbon storage—The University of New England. Funding of $513,414 ex GST This project is considering the impacts of different management practices on soil carbon. It will improve the understanding of the effect of contemporary management practices on the amount, form and stability of soil carbon. Findings will help identify opportunities for long-term carbon storage through targeted management practices and/or specific land use and soil type combinations. Cost-effective viticultural strategies to adapt to a warmer, drier climate—Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation. Funding of $599,373 ex GST This project is building on results from the Climate Change Research Program to produce a toolbox of viticultural adaptation management options for a hotter and drier vineyard environment. It is also identifying innovative viticultural strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change. Farm scale assessment of soil organic carbon from disaggregated national/regional scale models—University of Sydney. Funding of $297,837 ex GST This project is developing and validating tools that will enable farm-scale estimates of baseline soil organic carbon to be derived from nationally and/or regionally calibrated models. This research will be conducted in collaboration with Landcare Research New Zealand. Evaluating transformative adaptation options for Australian extensive farming—CSIRO. Funding of $1,600,000 ex GST This project is assisting cereal–livestock and pastoral zones to adapt to a changing climate by identifying and assessing innovative and adoptable practice change. In consultation with landholders, the project will evaluate practices beyond business as usual and will identify opportunities to transfer adaptation practices across climatic zones. International coordination of the ruminant pangenome project—University of Western Australia. Funding of $333,256 ex GST This international collaboration brings together scientific expertise to coordinate livestock systems research focused on reduction and/or abatement of greenhouse gas emissions. Outcomes of coordination will instil confidence in research findings about genetic control of livestock methane emissions and will inform policy development. Farmers will benefit from 31 new research projects looking at how farm practices can be adapted to reduce carbon emissions and earn them a second income stream by generating and selling carbon credits. Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Joe Ludwig, said 31 projects would share in $30 million under the Gillard Government’s $201 million Filling the Research Gap Program, which funds the research that will assist in developing methodologies that can be applied by farmers and landholders to reduce emissions. A report released by the Climate Commission today reinforced the need to act on climate change, finding climate change is already increasing the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events which pose significant risks to agriculture and the environment. Minister Ludwig said the Filling the Research Gap Program aimed to provide data to assist in developing methodologies that help farmers and landholders participate in the Carbon Farming Initiative to reduce emissions, improve their farm sustainability and diversify their farm income. “These projects will build our knowledge about how farmers and landholders can play their part in reducing carbon emissions and act to fight climate change and the risks it poses for agriculture,” Minister Ludwig said. “It is research projects like these that underpin the agriculture sector’s ability to take up the opportunities presented by the Carbon Farming Initiative. “Some of Australia’s best research organisations have been successful in this round, including research and development corporations, universities and private industry. “By supporting and investing in these research projects we are helping to develop new technology and land management practices and reinforce Australia’s reputation as a world leader in sustainable farming.” Minister Ludwig announced the recipients during a visit to the Queensland University of Technology which will receive $1,816,708 for three projects that will: “The Filling the Research Gap Program is part of the Gillard Government’s commitment to reducing carbon emissions, combating climate change, and supporting sustainable farming practices,” he said. “This year’s grants build on last year’s first round that saw $47 million awarded to 57 projects. It also progresses the excellent work conducted under the Climate Change Research Program.” Minister Ludwig said the research undertaken from Government funding in this round would focus on six themes: reducing emissions from livestock production systems; reducing nitrous oxide emissions; increasing soil carbon; farm system design and analysis; adaptation to climate change; and international collaboration. Filling the Research Gap is an ongoing program with initial funding of $201 million allocated over six years to 2016–17. The Program is a component of the Carbon Farming Futures Program, under the government’s $1.7 billion Land Sector Package.

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The Royal Society of New Zealand has just published an interesting paper on sea level rise [pdf], the latest in a series on “emerging issues” of public concern. It’s a very good overview of the current state of our understanding of the risk of future sea level rises, reviewing the evidence that’s accumulated since the IPCC’s Fourth Report (AR4), and puts that information into the NZ context. The paper suggests that as we’re learning more about the behaviour of the great ice sheets of Greenland and West Antarctica it’s becoming clear that there’s a risk of sea level rise this century much greater than the upper limits given in AR4 (which ignored increasing ice sheet melt). On the other hand, the extreme rates of sea level rise seen during the last deglaciation (4-5 metres per century at times) look less likely, with data from the last interglacial (LIG, aka the Eemian) suggesting 1.5 metres/century is more plausible. The RS paper also includes a useful summary of various SLR planning guidelines issued around the world. New Zealand’s guidelines (Bryan’s take here), based on AR4, look to be on the low side, but speaking at the press conference to launch the paper, Prof Martin Manning, director of Climate Change Research Institute at Victoria University , suggested that in his recent experience Environment Court judges were taking care to stay abreast of current scientific knowledge. That’s important, because as NIWA’s Doug Ramsay pointed out at the conference, 12 of the 15 largest towns and cities in NZ are on low-lying coastal and estuarine margins, there’s been enormous pressure to develop on prime beachfront locations and large chunks of our road and rail infrastructure are within 5 metres of current sea level.

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Health by the numbers What do the numbers 0, 5, 10, 25 and 30 have to do with health? It turns out that these numbers are a sort of “secret code” for good health. Using any one of these numbers by itself can reduce your health risk. Combining them will almost certainly improve your health and longevity. Today I will share that secret so you can benefit your well-being. 0No smoking. Cigarette smoking more than doubles your risk of heart disease and stroke, is by far the leading cause of lung cancer and other lung diseases and is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths per year. If you smoke, quitting now is one of the most important things you can do to improve your health. Nicotine replacement therapy in the form of gum, lozenges and patches, as well as prescription medications, can help, but quitting really does require serious dedication. It’s well worth the effort, and the benefits of quitting can be realized almost immediately. 5Eating five fruits and vegetables each day. A healthy diet is an important aspect of good health. While there is no single measure of a healthy diet, adequate fruit and vegetable consumption is considered to be essential for good health. Fruits and vegetables contain vitamins, minerals and fiber, and most are low in calories. At a minimum, you should eat five servings per day with an emphasis of fresh fruits and vegetables. Your real goal should be to include fruits and vegetables in all meals and snacks, but five servings per day is a good start. 1010,000 steps per day. Regular physical activity is essential for good health. Almost any activity counts, and a good goal is to be as active as possible throughout the day. You can track your physical activity using a pedometer (step counter). A goal of 10,000 steps per day is a commonly cited goal, but you should try to take as many steps as possible. You can do this by minimizing the time you spend sitting, taking the stairs instead of the elevator and walking instead of driving when possible, even if you don’t get to 10,000. 25Maintaining a healthy body weight, or a body mass index (BMI) of less than 25. The BMI is a measure of weight relative to height. A BMI of 18-25 is considered healthy, 25-29 is considered overweight and 30 and higher is considered obese. The risk of health problems like diabetes, heart disease and some cancers goes up with BMI, so maintaining a healthy body weight is good for your health. If you are overweight, you should lose weight, even if you don’t achieve a BMI of less than 25. 3030 minutes of exercise per day. In addition to being as active as possible throughout the day, you should dedicate a minimum of 30 minutes for exercise or other activity. Considerable research shows that that as little as 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity leads to improved fitness and health with greater benefits coming from longer duration or higher intensity activity. This can include exercise – a brisk walk or jog, lifting weights, or other aerobic exercise – as well as other activities like housework and yard work. Your goal should be to sit as little as possible, move as much as possible, and make time each day to be active. Now that the secret is out, you should use these numbers to improve your own health. (But don’t let anyone know I told you.) Brian Parr, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Exercise and Sports Science at USC Aiken where he teaches courses in exercise physiology, nutrition and health behavior. He is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine and is an ACSM certified clinical exercise specialist; his research focuses on physical activity in weight management and the impact of the environment on activity and diet. Parr lives in Aiken with his wife, Laura, and sons Noah, Owen and Simon.

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Wed, 12/22/2010 - 00:06 At the end of each chapter (and within some chapters), a “Marvel of God’s Creation” will be inserted to display the uniqueness of certain creatures in God’s creation. Evolutionary belief is based on the premise that through a series of chance mutations and natural selection, plants and animals evolve new parts and abilities as they are needed. Textbooks talk about fossil turtles and fossil cockroaches being several hundred million years old. And yet these fossil creatures look exactly like living turtles and cockroaches look today.

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|HomeAbout UsContact UsSponsorship||June 20, 2013| State of Georgia Although never formally designated as such by the British, Savannah was the center of colonial government in Georgia for half a century. Georgia, the last of the 13 British colonies established on the Atlantic seaboard, was founded by James Edward Oglethorpe with 114 original settlers on February 12, 1733, at the present site of the city of Savannah. As more people settled in the colony of Georgia, the Spanish in the Florida area became increasingly uneasy at the growing British presence. On July 7, 1742, Oglethorpe, then "General and Commander in Chief of the Forces of South Carolina and Georgia", defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons Island, removing the Spanish threat to Georgia. In 1743 General Oglethorpe sailed for England never to return to Georgia. With the arrival of more colonists, settlements developed along the coast and up the rivers. In 1758 the province of Georgia was divided into eight parishes, with four new parishes added in 1765. When Georgia's independence from British rule was declared in January of 1776, an Executive Council was elected, and the revolutionary state government made Savannah its capital. The Legislature met there in 1777 and in 1778. Upon the fall of Augusta in 1779, the government was located temporarily at Head's Fort in Wilkes County from February 1780, to July 1781. Government officials returned to Augusta in 1782, only to move to Savannah, which the British had evacuated. The legislators paused en route for several days to conduct business at Ebenezer, a small German settlement. During the Revolutionary War, many Georgians still felt loyalty to England. Therefore, the war was fought not only between American and British forces, but also between citizens who became revolutionaries, the Whigs, and those still swearing allegiance to the king, the Tories. Between 1783 and 1785, the Georgia Assembly rotated between Savannah and Augusta, and the governor divided his official residence between the two cities. During the 1783 session of the Legislature, an act was passed moving the capital to Augusta because it was nearer to the center of the state than Savannah. Georgia suffered both a loss of population and considerable physical destruction because of the Revolution. In time, settlers, attracted by the availability of land, moved from the other states-some being lured by an additional tracts of western land opened through a series of treaties with Creek and Cherokee nations. On February 22, 1785, the General Assembly held its last meeting in Savannah, and Augusta officially became the capital. Founded in 1735 by Ogelthorpe's men, Augusta was a fort and a trading post. Even in the first year, the Legislature was faced with the prospect of selecting a capital city farther west than Augusta. In an effort to find a suitable, accessible, an central location for a new capital city, a legislative commission directed that it be built near Augusta within proximity of the Indian trading post called "Galphin's Old Town" or "Galphinton". The new capital was named "Louisville" in honor of King Louis XVI of France in appreciation of French aid during the Revolutionary War. The first permanent Capitol to be built was completed in Louisville in 1796. Although there is no existing drawing of the building, it is known that it was a two-story brick structure of the 18th century Georgia architecture. Later, after the transfer of the capital, the building was used as a county courthouse and finally was destroyed. The most dramatic piece of legislation passed during the years that Louisville was the state capital was the rescinding of the Yazoo Act and public burning of the act on the Capitol grounds on February 15, 1799, the present Great Seal of the state of Georgia was adopted in General Assembly in Louisville. Because of continued westward expansion, the Georgia Legislature passes an act in 1804 to move the capitol nearer to the geographic center of the state. A site was chosen on the Oconee River for a new capital to be named "Milledgeville". A brick Gothic style Capital building was erected at a cost of $80,000. The General Assembly met there for the first time in 1807, and Millidgeville remained the capital for 61 years. In 1825 General Lafayette, who had come from France to aid the United States during the Revolutionary War, visited Milledgeiville where he was honored with elaborate ceremonies. The Mansion, the first official residence for the governor and his family, was built in Milledgeville in 1838. The desire for land, and later gold, created a swift expansion beyond the old frontier, carrying with it increased trade along rivers and migration of people along new roads into the wilderness. The primary basis for this new growth and economic expansion was the production of cotton thorough a slave labor system. In 1860 the national debate over the extension of slavery into new territories reached a crescendo. Following the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, a special state convention voted on January 19, 1861, to secede from the Union. Secession is only considered to be the most important legislation passed in Milledgeville. Only a few months later Georgia formally joined the Confederate States of America. Georgia did not suffer direct devastation from the war until 1864 when General William Tecumseh Sherman advanced though Northern Georgia, besieged and captured Atlanta, and then pushed on to Savannah on his famous March to the Sea. The Legislature adjourned amid great confusion, later reconvening for a brief period in Macon in 1865. At the end of the war, with federal authorities in control of Georgia's government, the Legislature was allowed to reconvene at the Capital in Milledgeville. During the war years, Georgia lost nearly 120,000 men and boys in battle as well as much of the state's material wealth. The rebuilding of the state afterwards was a slow and painful process. There were political conflicts between the newly enfranchised black citizens who, for the first time, were allowed to hold seats in the Legislature, and the prewar social structure, which sought to minimize the changes it had to accept in its traditional way of life. Georgia's economy was also crippled because of its heavy dependence on cotton production at a time when world market prices were are historically low levels. By the mid 1870'ss, the federal government abandoned its efforts to force reconstruction programs upon Georgia. The Democratic Party became solidly entrenched as the dominant political force in the state. The only serious challenge was a brief surge of activity by the Populist Party under the leadership of Tom Watson. More Georgians became interested in efforts to diversify the state's economic base. Spokesmen such as Henry Grady, editor of The Atlantic Constitution, began talking about a "New South". Grady's vision was enticing to many Georgians, but its realization required years of additional effort. Although the state suffered along with the rest of the nation during the Great Depression, Georgia was able to achieve slow economic progress during the early years of the 20th century. Following World War II, the pace of industrial growth became more apparent. Atlanta, begun in the mid-1880's as a transportation center, gained recognition also as a commercial, financial, and cultural center for the Southeast. New industries developed in Georgia, and others moved from outside into he state. Meanwhile, rural Georgia was revitalized as Georgia's farmers, who had been driven from cotton production by the destructive boll weevil, diversified their planting operations and adopted new agricultural techniques. Along with these economic changes have come many more social and political changes. As a result of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960's under the leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., black voters, who after the reconstruction era were excluded from effective participation in state politics, have assumed an active role in the political life of the state. Colleges and universities have expanded, and new cultural centers have opened. In January, 1977, Georgia sent its first President to the White House-Jimmy Carter of Plains, a former Georgia governor. Profiting from the strong leadership of the past two Decades, Atlanta has become an international city. Georgia governors travel the globe to encourage trade and investment for the state. In the final quarter of the 20th century, Georgia, with its capital city Atlanta, is emerging as a leader in the social, political and economic progress of the nation. [Return to top]

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Ceres and Vesta Date: 14 May 2007 These Hubble Space Telescope images of Vesta and Ceres show two of the most massive asteroids in the asteroid belt, a region between Mars and Jupiter. The image at right was taken on 14 and 16 May 2007. Using Hubble, astronomers mapped Vesta's southern hemisphere, a region dominated by a giant impact crater formed by a collision billions of years ago. The crater is 285 miles (456 km) across, which is nearly equal to Vesta's 330-mile (530-km) diameter. If Earth had a crater of proportional size, it would fill the Pacific Ocean basin. The impact broke off chunks of rock, producing more than 50 smaller asteroids that astronomers have nicknamed "vestoids." The collision also may have blasted through Vesta's crust. Vesta is about the size of Arizona. Hubble's sharp "eye" can see features as small as about 37 miles (60 km) across. The image shows the difference in brightness and color on the asteroid's surface. The brightness differences could be similar to the effect seen on the Moon, where smooth, dark regions are more iron-rich than the brighter highlands that contain minerals richer in calcium and aluminum. The Hubble image of Ceres on the left, from observations made in visible and ultraviolet light between December 2003 and January 2004 with the Advanced Camera for Surveys, reveals bright and dark regions on the asteroid's surface that could be topographic features, such as craters, and/or areas containing different surface material. Large impacts may have caused some of these features and potentially added new material to the landscape. The Texas-sized asteroid holds about 30 to 40 percent of the mass in the asteroid belt. Ceres' round shape suggests that its interior is layered like those of terrestrial planets such as Earth. The asteroid may have a rocky inner core, an icy mantle and a thin, dusty outer crust. The asteroid may even have water locked beneath its surface. It is approximately 590 miles (950 km) across and was the first asteroid discovered in 1801. Last Update: 11 Apr 2011 (AMB) Credit: NASA/European Space Agency

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Quick OverviewMusic Piano Adventures 1 - Theory Book (2nd ed) Level 1 introduces all the notes of the grand staff, elementary chord playing, and the concept of tonic and dominant notes. Students play in varied positions, reinforcing reading skills and recognizing intervals through the 5th. Musicianship is built with the introduction of legato and staccato touches. The theory book is designed to be used in conjunction with the other books in Level 1. It provides instruction, reinforcement, and creative applications of basic theory concepts. Specifications- Piano - Level 1 Theory Book

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Origins of life 06 May, 2010 Scientists now believe that RNA rather than DNA formed the basis of life. Questions still exist over the exact environmental conditions that allowed this to happen. Listen to audio: Origins of life When double-stranded DNA was first discovered, it was thought that it was the ‘molecule of life’. It is now accepted that single-stranded RNA is the origin of life. Scientists are still confused as to the exact combination of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure and pH) that may have given rise to the earliest life forms. This is being researched by a Massey University team of scientists – Geoff Jameson, David Penny and Pat Edwards. They are looking at conditions allowing RNA molecules to fold and undergo catalysis reactions at extremes of temperature and pressure, in the hope of answering some of the origin of life’s big questions. Programme details: Our Changing World - 29 July 2010

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City plans to get all of its veggies from a 'Plantascraper'3/13/2012 Vertical farms are skyscrapers built to grow all of the vegetables a city could need, something which proponents say would promote healthier eating habits and cut down on the costs and waste involved in transporting food from other areas. If that sounds like the future, the future is here, at least in Linköping, Sweden, which is building a vertical farm in the hopes of becoming self-sufficient. Manufacturer Plantagon "predicts that growing these plants in the city will make food production less costly both for the environment and for consumers," according to Good. Inside the greenhouse-like structure, plants will spin around on conveyors belts, soaking up the sun from various angles. The Linköping "Plantascraper" expects to open next year; plans for similar vertical farms in other cities are currently under discussion. Want to read more trends like this? Check out the msnNOW home page. Would you want a "Plantascraper" in your town?

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Why Does My Eye Twitch? What’s happening? When you cough, voluntarily or involuntarily, a deep breath of air enters your airways, causing your vocal chords (which are normally open, except when you are speaking) to slam shut, which leads to pressure building up under them. They then open quickly, and a huge gust of air accompanied by sound comes out. The force of a cough will bring secretions, such as mucous, out of your airway. Why is your body doing it? A cough is like the bouncer of your airway. “The lungs and surrounding area should be sterile, so the goal is to keep it perfectly clear down there,” says Tylor. When your body suspects there is an infection or other unwanted intruder, it coughs to keep the area neat and clean, free of various irritants, secretions, and infective agents. Doctors like to talk about two kinds of coughs: wet and dry. A wet, or productive, cough is one in which your body is attempting to eliminate secretions that come from viral or bacterial infections or even acid reflux. Wet coughs bring up mucous. A dry, or nonproductive, cough is just what it sounds like—nothing comes up but air. Environmental irritants (such as perfume or strong odors) and asthma are two common causes of dry coughs. What should you do? The first thing you should do is what every preschooler learns: Cough into your elbow or sleeve or into a tissue, then promptly dispose of the latter and thoroughly wash your hands or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. This keeps your germs (and whatever illness you may be harboring) from infecting others. To treat your cough, Tylor recommends: - Staying well hydrated (bump up the juice and water, cut back on the caffeine) to thin your mucous. - Trying over-the-counter cough lozenges to soothe the tickle in your throat. - Using saline drops or spray if postnasal drip is contributing to the cough. - Trying an over-the-counter expectorant. Tylor also cautions against giving cough-suppressant medications to children under the age of 6, since they are not necessarily effective and have been associated with a rapid heart rate and seizures in small children. Instead, she advises, focus on hydration: Try a bedside humidifier, use saline drops, and elevate the head of the child’s bed slightly (a folded blanket under the mattress works well) to help the mucous drain properly. Some coughs will need medical attention. Call your doctor if: - You are coughing up blood. - You are having difficulty breathing. - You are also experiencing a high fever or persistent body aches. - The cough lasts for more than two weeks.

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|Term Paper Title ||Charles Darwin And The Development And Impact Of The Theory Of Evolution By Natu |# of Words |# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced) Charles Darwin and the Development and impact of the Theory of Evolution by Natural and Sexual Selection It is commonly thought today that the theory of evolution originated from Darwin in the nineteenth century. However, the idea that species mutate over time has been around for a long time in one form or another. Therefore, by Darwin’s time the idea that species change from one type into another was by no means new, but was rejected by most because the proponents of evolution could not come up with a satisfactory mechanism that would explain this change. The most influential evolutionary theories prior to Darwin were those of Lamarck and Geoffroy St. Hilaire, developed between 1794 and 1830. Lamarck suggested that species evolve through the use or disuse of particular organs. In the classic example a giraffe that stretches its neck slightly to reach higher leaves will gain in neck length, and this small gain would be passed on to its offspring. Geoffroy, on the other hand suggested that the change was discontinuous, large in magnitude, and occurred at the production of offspring. However, these theories of evolution were based on a priori explanations that offered no demonstrated mechanism. Darwin’s theory of evolution differs in that it is based on three easily verified observations. “First, individuals within a species vary from one another in morphology, physiology, and behavior. Second, variation is in some part heritable so that variant forms have offspring that resemble them. Third, different variants leave different number of offspring”. Darwin than proceeded to elaborate on the mechanism of evolution by suggesting that in the universal struggle for life, nature “selects” those individuals who are best suited (fittest) for the struggle, and these individuals in turn reproduce more than those who are less fit, thus changing the composition of the population. In addition to natural selection, Darwin also suggested that species also evolve through the complementary process of sexual selection. According to Darwin, in sexual selection, one gender of a species develops a preference for individuals of the other gender who possess certain features. The individuals who possess these features will than have a reproductive advantage over others, resulting in a greater number of offspring, and thus, again, a change in the composition of the population. Therefore, it was Darwin who made the theory of evolution feasible by providing the mechanisms of natural and sexual selection. Darwin’s Formative Years Charles Darwin was born in England in 1809 and belonged to a wealthy and respectable family. His grandfather, Erasamus Darwin, was a noted botanical expert in his day who published two important books, Zoonomia, and the Botanic Garden. In these books, Erasamus speculated about various evolutionary ideas that were dismissed as too radical (i.e., the nose of the swine has become hard for the purpose of turning up the soil in search of insects and roots). Darwin who in his youth read his grandfather’s books with admiration, later commented that his grandfather “anticipated the views and erroneous grounds of opinion” of Lamarck. Nevertheless, Erasamus may have unconsciously influenced Darwin in preparing the way for evolution by natural In 1818, at the age of 9, Darwin entered the Shrewsbury school, which was ran by Dr. Butler. Darwin later recalled that “nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr. Butler’s school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being taught , except a little ancient geography and history. The school as a means of education to me was simply a blank”. He was removed from the school in 1825, and was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine. There he studied for two years before deciding that he didn’t like medicine. But before he left Edin... Read entire document

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Thursday, November 18, 2010 By Aaron Dicks In the photovoltaic process solar cells are used to covert light into electricity. Solar cells are made up of semiconductor materials such as: silicon, gallium, cadmium telluride and copper indium diselenide. One of the most common materials used in solar cells is silicon. In the case of crystalline silicon solar cells, substantially pure silicon with high crystal quality is needed to make strong usable solar cells. In the outer shell of a silicon atom it comprises of 4 bonding electrons. In order to form a stable electron configuration, in the crystal lattice two electrons of neighbouring atoms from an electron pair bond. By forming a stable bond with 4 neighbouring electrons silicon achieves its noble gas configuration with 8 out electrons. This electron bond can be broken by light or heat, which enables the electron to move freely and as a result it leaves a hole in the crystal lattice. This is known as intrinsic conductivity. Intrinsic conductivity cannot be used to produce electricity. The silicon can only produce electricity when impurities (known as doping atoms) are introduced into the crystal lattice. These atoms have one electron more (phosphorous) or one electron less (boron) than silicon in their outer shell. The phosphorous doping method is known as negative doping (n-doping) and the boron doping method is known as positive doping (p-doping). In the case of n-doping the electron can move about freely in the crystal and as a result can transport electrical charge. On the other hand p-doping has a missing bonding electron for every bonding born atom in the crystal lattice. This enables electrons from silicon atoms to fill the hole caused by the missing bonding electron, creating a new hole elsewhere. The conduction method based on these doping atoms is known impurity conduction. If both the p and n-doped semiconductor layers are brought together a p-n junction is made. This junction allows surplus electrons from the n-semiconductor to diffuse into the p-semiconductor layer, thus creating an area known as the space charge region. Positively charged doping atoms remain in the n-region of the transition and negatively charged doping atoms remain in the p-region of the transition. An electrical field is then created that is opposed to the movement of the charge carriers, with the result that diffusion does not continue indefinitely. This p-n semiconductor is what is known as a solar cell. Once the solar cell is exposed to light photons are absorbed by the electrons. This contribution of energy breaks electron bonds. The released electrons are pulled through the electrical field into the n-region. The holes that are formed migrate in the opposite direction, into the p-region. This process is what is known as the photovoltaic effect - turning light into electricity. Copyright (c) 2010 Aaron Dicks EvoEnergy design and install Solar PV Solar systems can benefit investments of any size through the Government Clean Energy Cashback scheme, also called the Feed-In Tariffs.

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Lilla Green (Hardigan School) Color Your Brain. When one considers a organizational system, it is often either economic or political. What, then, is the human brain? It is simply the "power supply" for your senses, or is it more? An image of the human brain [more precisely, brains, because there are several of them in our bodies] was handed out, and we were to color it according to its various functions. Christine Scott (Beethoven School) Primary and Secondary Colors. She showed several colorful books, and demonstrated mixing colors, using food coloring [red, yellow, blue]: |red + yellow||=||orange| |red + blue||=||purple| |yellow + blue||=||green| |red + blue + yellow||=||black| Dana Gentile (ST Barbara School) Vibrations and Sound. 1: Rubber Band Guitar She made a little guitar out of "lunchroom castoffs". She used a milk carton as sounding instrument, 4 rubber bands as strings, and a tagboard as a bridge. She taped the carton shut, wrapped the rubber bands around it longways, taped the tagboard into a triangular shape, and put it under the rubber bands. She strummed to obtain a presentable sound, and then moved the bridge to obtain a different sound. Very interesting! 2: Plastic Cup Telephone She made a telephone out of 2 plastic cups, a fish line, and two paper clips. She poked small holes in the cups with the paper clips, and then tied ends of the fish line to the paper clips after sending them through the base from outside to inside. When she pulled the line tight, and spoke into the cup, a person at the other end could hear her voice. Desiree Raddetz (ST Barbara School) She added a little liquid detergent [Joy] to a cup of water to make soapy water, and then blew bubbles with small straws. She showed the different colors of the bubble, and had a contest among groups to see who could blow the biggest bubble. She introduced graphing techniques to show bubble sizes. Laura Shimkus (Greeley School) We put a hard boiled egg in water, and then added a little vinegar. Little bubbles formed around the base of the egg. Why? Then she used natural coloring to dye the eggs, putting them into the colored solution for about a minute. The colorings were beets, red cabbage, red onions, and tumeric (yellow). The eggs were then dried on a paper plate. The other class members also dyed some eggs. Cynthia Southern (Spencer School) Can you tell the source of the sound by listening? She had a bell and a whistle, and had "contestants" blindfolded, with little cards to signal their guess as to the sound source. They were able to distinguish the sounds. Therese Tobecksen (St Anthony the Apostle School) Classification of Students with drawings. Begin by sketchng an outline of a "gingerbread man". Then add the following items according to the characteristics and preferences of the student. |boy: bow tie||girl: ribbon in hair| |blue eyes: round eyes||green eyes: square eyes||brown-black eyes: diamond eyes| |brother: right ear||sister: left ear||#earrings: #sisters/brothers| |sox fan: nose up||cubs fan: nose down| |likes science: mouth up||hates science: mouth down| |straight hair: ///||curly hair: %%%| |buttons: has pets||dog: square button||cat: round button| |bird: star button||hamster: oval button| |church member: arm band||board member: leg band| Al Tobecksen (Richards Career Academy) Pattern blocks [available for circa $7 per box]. Puzzles [inside plastic box]. Form an equilateral triangle out of 8 blocks. Form a regular hexagon out of 6 blocks. Pam Gibson and Bonnie Anderson (Libby School) 1: Math Square Game Take a piece of paper and put 7 squares on the page. Put a number [0-9] inside each square. Then pick a target number. How many the target number be formed with arithmetic operations using only the numbers in the square? This is a contest. 2: Home-made Lava Lamp Use goggles for safety. Add tap water, green food coloring, vegetable oil, and table salt to a container [1 liter or so]. The oil goes to the bottom because of the salt. Then, as the salt dissolves in the water, bubbles go to the top. 3: Zog Hotel Classify the "animals" on cards by the following Estelvenia Sanders (Chicago Vocational HS) Science in Sign, part 12 She showed us the following signs: |Salt||Fast Food [FF]||Add|

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Winter Ice Marches Across Alaska's Seas Snow rests on the tendrils of sea ice. Snow rested on the land surface while ice rested on the sea surface in southwestern Alaska in mid-January 2012. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this natural-color image on January 15. Pristine snow blankets the mountains and plains, and tendrils of sea ice fill Bristol Bay . Arctic sea ice waxes and wanes throughout the year, and conditions fluctuate each season and year—including conditions in the Bering Sea . Although sea ice extent in mid-January 2012 was not at a record high, it was the highest ice extent in several years, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. North of the area in this image, in Nome, Alaska, harsh weather conditions hampered the delivery of much-needed winter fuel. A strong storm in November 2011 prevented the customary pre-winter fuel delivery, and thick sea ice hampered efforts to reach the area through mid-January. A Russian tanker finally succeeded in delivering fuel to Nome by January 16, 2012. Overall, Arctic sea ice typically grows throughout the month of January, reaching its peak in late February or March. For animations of Arctic sea ice minimum and maximum extents, see the World of Change feature on Arctic sea ice. MORE FROM LiveScience.com

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The History of Otsego County Otsego County occupies the highest lands of the great central plateau of Northern Michigan, comprising the main watershed that sends the headwaters of the Cheboygan River toward the North, the Au Sable toward the East and the Manistee toward the West. Our county was first laid out in 1840 and given the name Okkudo; a Native American word for "sickly" or "stomach pain" by Henry Schoolcraft. The name was changed to Otsego by an act of legislature in March 1843. There are several interpretations as to the origin of the name Otsego. Schoolcraft, thought Otsego was a derivation of the Iroquois words denoting "bodies of water" and "beautiful". In the first issue of the New York Otsego Herald published in 1795, the opinion is that the word conveys the idea of a spot where meetings are held. The historical marker in front of our courthouse and several short local histories define Otsego as meaning "clear water". It is believed there was once an Indian village on the southern shore of Otsego Lake. However, Otsego County remained a vast, unpopulated wilderness, save for the occasional visiting trapper until A. A. Dwight brought a logging crew to the county in 1868 and constructed log cabins along Crooked Lake, now known as Manuka Lake. By the spring of 1869 Charles Brink and a crew of 14 men cleared acreage for farming and Brink's wife, Jane, was the first white woman in the county. Otsego County was one of the last counties opened for settlement due to problems of inaccessibility. The first attempts at permanent settlement did not occur until 1868 and the first state road in the county, from Mancelona to Otsego Lake, was cut through the southern section of the county in 1869 and 1870. Otsego County lost a portion of land before its first settlers had arrived. Hudson Township, which made up the Northwest corner of the county was removed and added to the Charlevoix area to give them enough land to establish their own county government after a dispute with Petoskey over the location of the county seat in Emmet County. In the fall of 1872, the Village of Otsego Lake was established and the railroad reached the Otsego Lake area about this same time. Shortly after, the first settlers located on the present site of Gaylord. The village was platted in 1873 by O.M. Barnes of Lansing, and was first named Barnes in his honor. The name soon changed to Gaylord in honor of Augustine Smith Gaylord, an attorney for the Jackson, Lansing, Saginaw railroad, although the reason for doing so is not clear. Within three years the Otsego area had progressed to the point that it could organize itself as a county and on March 12, 1875 Otsego Lake Township detached itself from Antrim County and organized into the County of Otsego. The county at that time consisted of four townships: Otsego Lake, Charlton, Livingston, and Elmira. In 1876, the citizens of Gaylord began a campaign to move the county seat and emerged victorious in the spring a 1877 election, but it took a ruling from the Michigan Supreme Court to end the dispute. Five more townships were later established,, for a total of nine: Corwith (1877), Hayes (1877), Dover (1879), Bagley (1882), and Chester (1888). Located on the 45th parallel, Otsego County has continued to grow and flourish and now boasts of its nine townships, the City of Gaylord, and the villages of Waters, Elmira, Vanderbilt, and Johannesburg. Latest population estimates put the county population at 24,164 with nearly 4,500 residing in the City of Gaylord. Farming continues to be a major economic activity. However, the county is well known as a popular four-season vacation spot, attracting thousands to the area for golfing, swimming, boating, skiing, snowmobiling, fishing, hunting and in general the opportunity to experience Northern Michigan at its finest. From the chilly waters of the rivers, which flow through the area to its many lakes, to the miles of untainted forest area, Otsego County represents not only clear waters but clean living and community pride. For more information about the history of Otsego County please click here to visit the Otsego County Historical Society.

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Last fall I was invited to speak at a camp where senior high school students of Alberta came to attend a course on multiculturalism and stereotyping. This is an optional course for senior high school students. Students from various Alberta high schools come for a week and attend this course at a campsite near Calgary. The course instructor invites guest speakers from various faiths and ethnic groups. They speak about their cultures, beliefs, movies, dance, music, dresses, etc… There were more than 200 grade 11 and 12 students in my four classes. These classes were held on four separate days. Coincidently, there was no Muslim student in these classes. I wanted to find out what these students knew about Islam and Muslims. Therefore, we did an exercise. We divided all the students into separate small groups. Each group was asked to brainstorm and write down on a flipchart negatives and positives about Islam and Muslims. The following stereotypes were unanimous among all groups. Muslims are terrorists / violent Muslims are women Abusers / In Muslim families, women are oppressed Muslims hate Christians and Jews Muslims believe in getting 70 virgins after dying in a suicide bombing Muslims wear turbans Muslims are smelly Muslims drive cabs Muslim work in convenience stores Muslims are well educated Family oriented / close family ties Love their religion / very religious (This may be seen as negative too) After this exercise, we discussed all these stereotypes. We had a long very interactive question and answer session. We also watched the PBS movie “Empire of Faith”. The following is the feedback that I received from the instructor of this course. It proves that the Canadian and American media is poisoning the minds of our future generation but when our youth find out the truth, they are extremely intelligent, honest, open minded and very receptive to the truth. The course instructor told me that the overwhelming majority of students felt that they had been misinformed about Islam and Muslims but the presentation (Islam 101) had changed them. Here is the feedback from some of the students. Sample reflections of Connections students on "Islam 101" based on the question: “WHAT WERE SOME OF THE ACTIVITY HIGHLIGHTS FOR YOU DURING THIS FOUR-DAY WORKSHOP?” Islam 101 - Syed Soharwardy 1. The third thing that I enjoyed was the presentation about Muslims. I really saw a lot of their culture was similar to the beliefs of my religion. And I am sometimes on the receiving end of the stereotyping that Muslims receive so I understood where he was coming from. 2. The Islam Presentation. I was surprised to see all the stereotypes that we could come up with... Even at myself. You do not really realize how you think of these people until you put it on paper. 3. One other thing I liked was where the Arab person (I cannot actually remember his name) came and talked to us about the Muslim culture and the common misconceptions. 4. Islam 101. Certainly my favourite presentation. He was just so straightforward and showed me a side of Islam that I sure did not see on CNN. I never knew all of those things about the Muslim faith, and I am so glad that I was able to listen to it. 5. Another thing that I found really good was Islam 101. I believe now that if I were ever to leave Atheism and choose a religion, it would be the Muslim faith because I believe (just my belief) that the Muslim faith is one of the best religions. It includes other faiths within it and has a little bit more to boot. I also enjoy how the presenter of the Islam/Muslim stereotypes can just laugh at our summed up stereotypes. He reminded me of myself because I can laugh at my ethnicity and all the stereotypes that go along with it. 6. 2) Islam 101 was incredibly eye opening for me. Before that night, I knew zilch about Islam or the Muslim people and it was great to hear that most of the stereotypes I even had before, were false. Since then I have had a greater respect for the people within my school that have the courage to wear their hair covers around knowing that most people see them and automatically think "terrorists". I could not imagine dealing with that kind of thing on a daily basis. 7. The Islam 101 I learned so much about the extremists in the Muslim culture and I have so much respect for Muslim people and it really did change my life. 8. The Islam 101 presentation was absolutely amazing, also. It was incredible to learn so much about a culture that has kind of been unknown to me, and to have had so many stereotypes cleared up. I felt as if I could have listened to him talk for hours and hours. 9. The Islamic speaker was also very good at opening my eyes to Islamic perspective and their view on things. I learned that most Muslims are great people and worthy of our utmost respect. I think Syed was an amazing person and was excellent at explaining concepts. 10. My favourite experience was when the Islamic person came in; he was the only person that actually kept me awake. It was very interesting. Our school will hopefully understand when we have the Muslim guy come in next week. Maybe it will change people’s thoughts on Muslims as it did for us! 11. The Islamic guy... sorry I cannot remember names all too well; he made me think of what Muslims have to go through on a daily basis. I am very optimistic about the future of Canadians. As these young children grow and hold positions in the political and media organizations, they will bring a very positive change in our Canadian society. I see a very bright and prosperous future for all Canadians including Muslims and non-Muslims. We just need to have some patience, perseverance and a continuous dialogue among Canadians. Long Live Canada Founder, Muslims Against Terrorism (MAT) President, Islamic Supreme Council of Canada (ISCC) For Immediate Release Date: February 6, 2007 Last year in August, Muslims Against Terrorism (MAT) announced its “Fighting Terrorism Through Sufism (FiTTS) Project”. Phase I (Canadian Phase) of this project has now been completed with complete success. From August 2006 until January 31, 2007, the founder of Muslims Against Terrorism and the president of Islamic Supreme Council of Canada (ISCC), Prof.Syed B. Soharwardy, reached out to more than a million Canadians through seminars, lectures, interfaith dialogues and TV programs. Over the past six months, the FiTTS project accomplished the following milestones. Five interfaith dialogues at different churches were arranged where hundreds of Canadians attended the Islam 101 presentation and asked questions on Islam and current issues. Six Islam 101 seminars were held at different high schools in Alberta where more than two thousand senior high school students attended the presentations on Islam and Prof. Soharwardy responded to their questions. Last November, a meeting with Calgary business professionals and the members of various Alberta Think-Tanks was held at the Calgary Petroleum club where several senior managers of various businesses had the opportunity to discuss the issues of terrorism and Canadian policies/security with Prof Syed Soharwardy. During the past six months, more than ninety lectures and seminars were arranged for Canadian Muslims and Muslim youth in Calgary, Vancouver, Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, Richmond Hill, Montreal and Ottawa where thousands of Canadian Muslim families attended the programs and asked question on Islam and current issues. God willing, these programs will continue in these cities on a weekly or monthly basis. Through ISCC’s two TV programs, Vision of Pakistan on Vision TV and Islam 101 on Shawcable, Alberta, Prof. Soharwardy reached out to more than a million viewers in their homes. After his TV lectures, hundreds of listeners followed up with him through phone calls and email messages and asked questions. Moreover, millions of worldwide users interact with Prof Soharwardy through ISCC and MAT’s websites. (WWW.ISCC.CA and WWW.M-A-T.ORG). Phase II (International Phase) The second phase of Fighting Terrorism Through Sufism (FiTTS) will start on February 21, 2007 when Prof. Soharwardy will travel to USA, UK and Pakistan. In USA, Prof Soharwardy will be speaking at the University of Akron, Ohio on February 22, 2007 at 5:30 PM. In addition to the students and faculty, the University of Akron, Ohio has invited several State and Federal government agencies such as Fire, Homeland Security, EMAs, Public Health, Hospitals etc. to attend Prof. Soharwardy’s talk and ask questions. A large gathering is expected at the University of Akron on February 22, 2007. On March 22, 2007, Prof. Syed Soharwardy will be the keynote speaker at a conference on Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) in Karachi, Pakistan. This annual gathering in Karachidraws more than 20,000 Pakistanis from all parts of Pakistan. Prof. Soharwardy will address several other conferences and youth gatherings in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. On April 4, 2007, Prof. Soharwardy will address a large gathering of British youth of Pakistani descent in Manchester, UK and will discuss with them the current issues and problems of extremism and wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. On April 7, 2007 at 7:00 PM, the project FiTTS will be concluded at the Living Arts Centre in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada where hundreds of Muslims will gather to celebrate the birth, the life and the message of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him). It is important to know that Tasawuf (Sufism) is Islamic mysticism. Sufism provides meditation for spiritual growth. The problem with many Muslims is that they have ignored the requirements for spiritual growth. A strong spiritual person will never have an evil mentality / thoughts. A strong spiritual person will love and respect God’s creation. Throughout history, the Sufis have shown tolerance, acceptance and courtesy towards Muslims and non-Muslims alike. For information on Muslims Against Terrorism, please visit www.m-a-t.org, or for Islamic Supreme Council of Canada, www.iscc.ca . For any questions, please contact Syed B. Soharwardy @ toll free (866)-208-6898 or email: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected]

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A Spermanalysis or semen analysis is commonly used to examine male semen for possible abnormalities. Many years ago, women were considered to be the cause of infertility, but today, the medical community accepts the fact that both men and women can suffer from infertility equally. Spermanalysis helps determine number, health, and viability of sperm, but the test results are often difficult to understand. Not So Common Words Used to Describe Sperm Understanding the results of spermanalysis means understanding words used to describe sperm and semen. Common words used on a spermanalysis include: - Motility: The term motility refers to movement. Sperm are graded on motility with grades ranging from A to D. Grade A sperm move quickly and efficiently. Grade B sperm move forward, but with slow progress. Grace C sperm have tails that move, but forward progress is not detected. Grade D is reserved for inactive sperm. - Turbidity: The color of sperm is noted during spermanalysis. Turbidity measures the presence of particles floating in semen. - Liquefaction: About 10 to 30 minutes after ejaculation, semen should liquefy so sperm can swim freely toward the egg. If semen does not liquefy within 60 minutes, the results are abnormal. - Viscosity: As liquefaction occurs, semen takes on a different thickness. This thickness and coagulation are called viscosity. - IGC: Immature Germ Cells (IGC) are found in semen samples used for spermanalysis. However, IGCs look a lot like white blood cells. If your test reveals a large amount of IGCs, further testing may be needed to determine if IGC numbers are elevated or if white blood cells are present in semen. - Morphology: Refers to the shape and size of sperm. The head, tail and overall body shape are taken into consideration. Strange Names That May Appear on Your Spermanalysis Result Many of the terms used in a spermanalysis report refer to the health or condition of sperm, including: - Polyzoospermia: Semen showed a higher concentration of sperm, compared to normal sperm count. - Oligozoospermia: Fewer sperm were counted than normal (less than 20 million sperm/ml.) - Hypospermia: Volume of semen was less than 1.5 ml. - Hyperspermia: Volume of semen was more than 5.5 ml. - Aspermia: No semen was ejected during ejaculation. - Pyospermia: White blood cells or leukocytes were detected in semen sample. - Hematospermia: Red blood cells were detected in semen sample. - Asthenozoospermia: Less than 40% of sperm were motile. - Teratozoospermia: More than 40% of sperm in sample have an irregular shape. - Necrozoospermia: All sperm in sample were dead. - Oligoasthenozoospermia: Density of motile sperm more than eight million per ml of semen. Understanding the results of your spermanalysis is important. The more you know, the more connected you are with your fertility doctor and treatment.

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Sophocles was born in 495 BC in Colonus, a village a mile north of Athens. His father was a man of wealth and stature and was, accordingly, able to provide his son with the benefit of a rounded and far-reaching education. That education included instruction in the arts of poetry, music, and dance. Sophocles's education produced immediate results; at the age of sixteen, he was chosen to lead with dance and lyre the chorus that celebrated the Greek victory at Salamis. Then, at twenty-eight, in his first competition, his play took first prize, defeating even the renowned dramatist Aeschylus, who was thirty years his senior. This victory marked the commencement of a dramatic career that produced one hundred eighty plays, of which only seven have survived intact. Sophocles proved himself one of the great innovators of theatre, adding to the improvements that Aeschylus had already made in the field of tragedy. He introduced a third actor to the stage, abbreviated the choral components of Greek drama, and more fully developed the tragedy's moments of dialogue. Importantly, Sophocles was the first to abandon the trilogy form. Other dramatists, such as Aeschylus, had previously used three tragedies to tell a single story. Sophocles, however, chose to make each tragedy its own entity. As a result, he had to pack the complete action of a story into a compressed form, which afforded new and uncharted dramatic possibilities. Sophocles was a deeply sensual dramatist. His language, though sometimes characterized by harsh words or complicated syntax, was for the most part grand and majestic. He was careful to avoid both the colossal phraseology that typified the work of Aeschylus and the ordinary diction of Euripides. He paid unprecedented attention to the spectacular effects of the play, insisting upon inlcuding meticulously painted scenery that was to be properly and purposefully placed. Sophocles was also of a profoundly religious temperament, filled with a deep reverence for his country's gods, but without any strains of crude superstition. In many of his plays, he grapples with his country's sacred myths, examining them from the point of view of the diligent artist and pondering their relation to the struggles of humanity. Electra is widely considered to be Sophocles's best character drama due to the thoroughness of its examination of the morals and motives of Electra herself. After Electra's father, King Agamemnon, returns from the Trojan War, his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus, murder him. Sophocles's play deals with Electra's intense desire for revenge in the years following her father's murder. Sophocles's version of the Electra story was written around 410 BCE, and it is difficult to read it without thinking of Euripides's Electra and the middle portion of Aeschylus's trilogy, the Oresteia, which recounts the same events. When Aeschylus told the story, he did so with an eye to the ethical issues associated with a blood feud. Sophocles, however, addresses the problem of character—namely, he questions what kind of woman would want so keenly to kill her mother. Euripides similarly focuses on the issue of character, but Euripides's Electra is ultimately destroyed by her situation, whereas Sophocles's Electra prevails and triumphs, rendering his play both a highly satisfactory revenge drama and an interesting study of the psychology of Electra herself. The play is considered one of Sophocles' most successful dramas. Sophocles devoted his life not exclusively to drama. He was, in addition, one of ten generals responsible for waging the country's war against Samos. He was an ordained priest in the service of Alcon and Ascelpius, god of medicine. He was for a time the director of the Treasury, responsible for the funds of a group of states known as the Delian Confederacy, and he served of the Board of Generals in administration of the civil and military affairs of Athens. He died in 405 BCE, at the old age of ninety years. Readers' Notes allow users to add their own analysis and insights to our SparkNotes—and to discuss those ideas with one another. Have a novel take or think we left something out? Add a Readers' Note!

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for diabetes basically involves testing for high blood sugar levels. There are many different ways of testing for diabetes including lab blood tests, urine tests, hba1c tests and glucose test. blood tests are probably the most accurate and must be completed several times over a period of time to gain an understanding of your blood sugar levels and whether or not they are abnormal. home testing basically involves the testing of a urine are best if you suspect you may be diabetic and would like to have some inclination about your condition before setting up an appointment with a doctor. glucose testing works by detecting your tolerance of glucose. You will go to the doctor and they will take blood samples at regular intervals to measure your blood sugar levels. You will be asked to drink a liquid containing glucose. You may feel a bit sick after drinking this, but the side effects should go away quickly. for diabetes may seem complicated and it can be difficult to good record of your blood sugar levels, but it is so important to have this done. Treating diabetes early and effectively allots you a much better prognosis. form of testing for diabetes is hba1c diabetes testing. HBA1c diabetes testing works by detecting your hemoglobin A1c level. This test is carried out by simple lab blood test and works by detecting your blood sugar levels over the past several months. for diabetes saves lives. Take the initiative and ask your doctor about testing for diabetes now, especially if you have a family history or are overweight.

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OSCE Building the Capacity of Roma Communities to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings Slovak Jan 12 2011 Download right click "save as" This report is based on the presentations and discussion from a roundtable on "Making Prevention of Trafficking in Human Beings Effective: Building Regional and Local Capacity of Roma Communities", Tirana, 18-20 September 2006. Concrete Practices presented in the paper include: 1. Making access to basic rights effective for Roma as a means of preventing trafficking; 2. Including state actors, such as social and health services and police, in responses to trafficking; 3. Strengthening national social protection systems, in particular child protection systems, to prevent trafficking and protect victims; 4. The role of outreach, such as street work and the use of Roma cultural mediators; 5. The use of 'open' assistance programmes, such as drop-in and day programmes; 6. Ensuring that Roma and non-Roma actors are equal partners in prevention and protection efforts; and 7. Hiring and training Roma personnel for activities targeting Roma communities. This publication is also available in English on the website of OSCE. - European Commission The statistical report on trafficking in human beings 2013 - Russian Union of Journalists, OSCE Manual on Reporting on Human Trafficking - The Protection Project: 100 Best Practices in Combating Trafficking in Persons - UNODC Global report on trafficking in persons 2012 - La Strada Guidance on representing trafficked persons in compensation claims - UN.GIFT-Wendy's TIP Tray Liners - ILO: 2012 Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations - ILO: Giving globalisation a human face - ILO: Fundamental principles and rights at work - Join the global dialogue - ICAT__presentation_October 2011 - Not in New Zealand's Waters

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They are bar-shape and wire-shape products made from solder alloy. Bar solder is used for flow soldering. And solder wire is used for auto-supplying to solder bath, or soldering by solder iron with flux. This is solder wire which includes resin flux at its center. This product can be used for iron soldering as it is, without flux. This is extremely fine flux cored solder wire. It is finished from hundreds of to tens of microns with high diameter accuracy. It is used for micro soldering, like narrow pitch terminal. This is paste type solder made by mixing tens of micron diameter solder powder with high-viscosity flux. This product is used for reflow soldering, being supplied by printing or from syringe. This is a product like wire and ribbon shape, made from solder alloy with high accuracy. It is used for sealing and fuse element other than micro soldering.

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SOURCE: Newsweek (4-17-11) Vandewalle, a professor at Dartmouth College, is author of A History of Modern Libya, published by Cambridge University Press. Reminiscent of World War II, when German and British forces battled each other in the Cyrenaican desert and coastal plains of Libya, forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi and the country’s rebels have kept fighting over Ajdabiya, Ras Lanuf, and a string of small towns and hamlets along the country’s seashore. Despite the international coalition’s intervention on the side of the rebels, a stalemate has been reached. Gaddafi’s troops may be able to retake some territory in eastern Libya but are unlikely to reconquer it in its entirety. And the rebels, whose fortunes were dramatically reversed by the intervention of coalition forces in late March, seem incapable of pressing their initial momentum any further without additional (and more intense) international support. There is an unobserved development in Libya, however, that augurs more ominously for the future of the country: the international coalition, which entered the fray on the side of the rebels, has now effectively become the arbiter over whether Libya slides into a full-scale civil war. By its support of the rebels’ cause and its willingness to help them press forward into the western part of the country, the coalition will determine whether the conflict turns into a war of attrition, and possibly a civil war, or whether the country remains divided between the two sides, raising the possibility of a full-fledged, permanent division later on....

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Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Body length: 22 to 45 inches (57 to 115 centimeters), with males being larger than females Shoulder height: 14 inches (35 centimeters) Weight: males—18 to 31 pounds (8 to 14 kilograms); females—11 to 20 pounds (5 to 9 kilograms) Life span: unknown in the wild, up to 12 years in zoos Gestation: 63 to 70 days Number of young at birth: 1 to 4 Weight at birth: 6 ounces (170 grams) Age of maturity: 10 to 15 months Conservation status: endangered • The San Diego Zoo received its first fishing cats in 1961. • Fishing cats have been seen swimming underwater to grab a duck’s legs. • If you think fishing cats look cute and cuddly, think again—these small cats can be very aggressive! - Clouded Leopard - Lynx & Bobcat - Mountain Lion - Small Cat - Snow Leopard - Spot the Cat Coats Listen to a fishing cat hiss! Mammals: Fishing Cat Male fishing cats are solitary, only searching out a female during the breeding season. Making a splash Cats don’t like water and they definitely don’t swim. Well, that’s only true of some cats—others actually love the water! Fishing cats are one of the best swimmers around and are completely at home in the water. Cats are supposed to roam the land while hunting small terrestrial animals, but sometimes you want to be something different when you grow up! Looks aren’t everything If you were to look at the fishing cat without knowing what it is, you would not guess that with its short, stocky body it can swim like a pro. The fishing cat’s paws have webbing between the toes to help it swim and walk in muddy wetlands without sinking. The cat’s tail is fairly short, less than half of its body length, and its coat is olive-gray with black spots and stripes. Its fur has two layers: very short and dense to keep the cat’s skin dry during time in the water; and longer hairs, called guard hairs, that give the cat its color pattern. Female fishing cats are much smaller than the males. True to their name, fishing cats aren’t afraid to get a bit wet to find a meal. Fishing cats are attracted to all types of water. From Thailand to India and Pakistan, the fishing cat lives in wetlands, its most common stomping ground, with marshes, swamps, and mangroves also high on the list. They are sometimes found in tropical dry forests and have even been seen in the Indian Himalayas, at elevations of 4,900 feet (1,500 meters), in dense vegetation near rivers and streams. Kittens strike out on their own at about 10 months of age. Fishing cats mainly eat fish but will eat other prey found in the water, including crabs, crayfish, and frogs. Of course, they don’t use a fishing pole! Instead, the cats wade in shallow water and use their paws to scoop fish out of the water, or they dive into deeper areas to catch a meal with their teeth. The cats have also been seen eating snakes, rodents, young deer, and wild pigs and ducks. Farmers’ chickens, dogs, goats, and calves are fair game for the fishing cat, as are leftovers from someone else’s meal, including morsels tigers leave behind after they’ve eaten their fill. These un-finicky felines can eat any time of the day, which gives them more menu choices. A kitten hand raised in the Zoo’s nursery gets some practice fishing for minnows in a kiddie pool. At the San Diego Zoo, the fishing cats are offered trout, mice, cat kibble, and carnivore diet. Whether weather matters It does! If it has been a good rainy season, the food should be plentiful. If it is warm and sunny, fishing cat kittens have a better chance of being healthy. Fishing cat females give birth in the spring to an average of two kittens in a litter. They raise their young without help from the male; he doesn’t stay around once breeding time is over. A white spot on the back of each ear may be a visual cue for fishing cats looking for other fishing cats, or it may be a way for mothers to keep their cubs in sight in thick vegetation. The kittens learn to fish by watching their mother. At 10 months, the young fishing cats are ready to venture out on their own. While numbers are unclear in the wild, fishing cats can live up to 12 years in zoos. When the water runs dry Because fishing cats depend on water in their habitat, this is likely to cause trouble for future generations. These wetland areas are affected by pollution, overfarming, and even drainage issues. Fishing cats do not need to live near water but always choose to make their homes there. This choice may not be the best but appears to be what the fishing cat prefers. Choosing to purchase products that support better use of the land is a great way to help the fishing cat and other species that live in wetland habitats. Reducing pollution and using eco-friendly fishing and agricultural ideas may ensure that the fishing cat always has its favorite place to call home, right on the bank of a wetland area.

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Mold-related Violations Increase as Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Becomes Hot Topic Mold and its effect on indoor air quality (IAQ) is making headlines. For example, parents in Brooklyn, New York are upset that their children are getting sick because of a purported mold outbreak in one of the borough’s schools. A recent test revealed the presence of black mold in at least seven classrooms. To make matters worse, the building is currently under construction and the windows are sealed off, which means they can’t be opened for additional ventilation. The mold outbreak is reportedly caused by water leaks and the construction is expected to fix the problem. A recent Wall Street Journal article notes that mold claims are getting more attention. A report from the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development shows that overall violations for mold-related conditions have increased by 19% since 2007. For “C violations,” the most hazardous type of mold condition, the violations have increased by 67% since 2007. Bill Sothern, a certified industrial hygienist for a mold inspection/consulting company, says more lawsuits will start to surface from people experiencing adverse health effects from mold-related conditions. In New York specifically, some lawyers are specializing in mold cases and mold-related insurance claims are increasing. Mildew, mold, bacteria and fungi all live in HVAC systems. Mildew – often thin and black, dark blue/green or sometimes white – can grow into mold. Just one spore can germinate and grow into a colony the size of a quarter or half dollar in a few days or weeks. The problem is that there’s no way to completely get rid of them in indoor air. If these tiny, lightweight spores proliferate in buildings, they can adversely affect indoor air quality, create hazardous health conditions for the occupants and contribute to the deterioration of building components. Mycotoxins are transmitted through inhaling, ingesting or skin contact, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. They can cause a host of symptoms including skin rashes, nausea, liver damage, central nervous system damage, upper respiratory tract infections and cancer. A dirty HVAC system can harbor contaminants responsible for infectious diseases, including chicken pox, measles and influenza, according to the American Lung Association. Children, the elderly, allergy and asthma sufferers, and those with compromised immune systems are particularly sensitive to the health effects from biological contaminants. Although you can’t get rid of them completely, there is a way deal you can deal with mold and mildew spores before they become harmful to your health. With adequate, year-long maintenance to your HVAC system you can prevent microbial growth and the various health conditions caused by poor indoor air quality. In addition preventative maintenance leads to greater operating efficiency, extends the life of the HVAC system and lowers energy bills. - Check out Controlling Mold: An HVAC Professional’s Guide in our learning center. - Subscribe to our blog to stay up-to-date on the latest HVAC and IAQ news and insights. - Stay up to date on facility maintenance tools such as chiller tube cleaners, boiler tube cleaners, hose/pipe cleaners, descaler systems, industrial vacuums, commercial pressure washers, and drain cleaners. Your Next HVAC Purchase? Click to activate a 10% coupon or insert the coupon code 10PERCENT upon checkout.

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Online & Video Enrichment WHYY's online and video enrichment opportunities are also having a positive impact on the users of our Children's Service. WHYY's online resources are aimed at the learning matrix of kids, parents and teachers. On WHYY's PBS Kids Web site, young children find a place where they can play games, read stories, and participate in all kinds of fun-filled educational activities related to their favorite TV12 kids' shows. WHYY connects with kids in elementary school, an audience with limited choices for media content that is both fun and educational, through PBS Kids GO!. This special after-school block of programs -- Maya & Miguel, Postcards From Buster, Cyberchase and Arthur -- appeals to the unique interests of children ages 6 to 11. PBS Kids GO! is also a Web site that encourages "big" kids to be creative and inquisitive through interactive online activities that dig deeper into a wide array of interesting topics. The Web site is a safe place for them to explore links to their favorite TV12 programs and find resources to help them successfully complete homework and school projects. At whyy.org, parents can find useful information on children's learning and development, from tips on helping children learn to read to strategies for coping with learning disabilities. Educators, using PBS TeacherLine and other important sites such as PBS TeacherSource, can find links to various online professional development resources including exemplary Web sites, supportive, collaborative learning communities and articles that focus on educational issues. To help a child get the most from any TV12 kids program, adults can use our monthly online "View, Do, Read" feature, which presents a "learning triangle" that connects a show with books and activities related to one theme or skill. WHYY's video enrichment opportunities for teens are part of an exciting new initiative, the Learning Lab. The goal is to share the power of digital technology to foster a more connected community. In the WHYY Media Lounge, an after-school Learning Lab activity, a group of teens met twice a week at the Southwark House Community Center in South Philadelphia to create a short documentary about growing up in Philadelphia. The Media Lounge used video production training, media literacy and community activism to help students create videos on subjects that are important to them and their communities. Through this process, the teens learned to view the media with a critical eye and to develop leadership, team-building and creative-thinking skills. WHYY's online and video enrichment opportunities for the region will continue next year and provide education, inspiration and lifelong learning for all. WHYY Learning Lab Project Manager Craig Santoro helps local teens create short documentaries on subjects that are important to them and their communities. The lively animated program Maya & Miguel is part of the new fun and educational after-school PBS Kids GO! lineup on TV12. The program emphasizes the values of friendship, family and cultural diversity as it follows the daily adventures of 10-year-old twins Maya and Miguel Santos.

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© Columbia University Press Cloth, 272 pages, B&W Illus.: 7, $35.00 / £24.00 Christopher Collins introduces an exciting new field of research traversing evolutionary biology, anthropology, archaeology, cognitive psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and literary study. Paleopoetics maps the selective processes that originally shaped the human genus millions of years ago and prepared the human brain to play, imagine, empathize, and engage in fictive thought as mediated by language. A manifestation of the “cognitive turn” in the humanities, Paleopoetics calls for a broader, more integrated interpretation of the reading experience, one that restores our connection to the ancient methods of thought production still resonating within us. Speaking with authority on the scientific aspects of cognitive poetics, Collins proposes reading literature using cognitive skills that predate language and writing. These include the brain’s capacity to perceive the visible world, store its images, and retrieve them later to form simulated mental events. Long before humans could share stories through speech, they perceived, remembered, and imagined their own inner narratives. Drawing on a wide range of evidence, Collins builds an evolutionary bridge between humans’ development of sensorimotor skills and their achievement of linguistic cognition, bringing current scientific perspective to such issues as the structure of narrative, the distinction between metaphor and metonymy, the relation of rhetoric to poetics, the relevance of performance theory to reading, the difference between orality and writing, and the nature of play and imagination.

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How Did It All Begin? In the 1850's, unlike today, drillers took Sundays off, but one Sunday afternoon in August 1859, William Smith decided to inspect a well he was drilling. Perhaps Smith, known as Uncle Billy to his friends, was curious to see if anything had happened while he was in church. The well, nearOil Creek just outside Titusville, Pennsylvania, sat next to an oil seep, a place where oil from subterranean rocks oozed to the surface. Uncle Billy had begun drilling the well in April for a former railroad conductor named Edwin Drake. Drake, whom everyone called"Colonel," was overseeing a remarkable project. He was supervising the drilling of a well whose sole purpose was to produce oil. Asians and Europeans had drilled oilwells, but no one in the United States had. Some of the local residents had also drilled wells near Titusville before 1859. These wells, however, were saltwater wells. Uncle Billy's visit to the well that particular Sunday turned out to be fruitful. He peered into the pipe that encased the top of the hole and saw that it was full of crude oil. When word spread, dozens of new rigs appeard in the area and the boom was on. This small project in Titusville marked the beginning of the petroleum era in the United States.

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Date Posted: September 17th, 2012 In recent weeks, experts have warned that food prices are rising and may continue to do so. Maize, wheat and soybean prices have already increased sharply, raising fears of a repeat of the 2007-2008 world food crisis. In early September this year, a joint statement was released by three UN food agencies, calling on governments to be prepared and to look for long-term solutions. The heads of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the UN World Food Programme noted that: “We are at risk because only a handful of nations are large producers of staple food commodities, and when they are affected, so is everyone else.” The statement notes that global grain production is barely sufficient to meet growing demands for food, feed and fuel, and that each year, there are 80 million extra mouths to feed. However, lessons have been learned in the last five years. Some social safety nets are in place, and grain stocks are higher than in 2007-2008. The UN statement encourages governments to develop long-term solutions, such as promoting sustainable food production in countries which import much of their food, and where there is potential to improve production. One such country, Liberia, reacted to the warning by urging Liberians to grow their own food. Madam Miatta Beyslow is the Minister of Commerce and Industry in Liberia. She recently noted that Liberia is a food-deficit country. Only one-third of the country’s domestic consumption is homegrown, with the rest imported, making the country vulnerable to global price shocks. There have been three international food price spikes in the last five years. Weather has been partly to blame each time. This year saw the worst drought in half a century in the United States, affecting grain production. Oxfam recently released a report stating that the effects of climate change on food prices are underestimated. The global NGO warned that extreme weather events such as droughts or floods will increasingly affect food prices in the future. While small-scale farmers may be affected by rising food prices, they can also be part of the solution. The joint UN statement urges governments to support farmers to increase production, sell to local markets, and contribute to cushioning themselves and their communities against food insecurity. “Tackling The Root Causes Of High Food Prices And Hunger” “Extreme Weather, Extreme Prices” − report from Oxfam – available for download in French, English and Spanish at this link: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/extreme-weather-extreme-prices-the-costs-of-feeding-a-warming-world-241131 “Uganda: Hidden Hunger in the Capital” (English only)

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The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is a system for classifying all occupations in the economy including private, public, and military occupations. SOC is the foundation of the O-NET system and is used by all federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data. The SOC coding structure classifies all occupations into 23 major groups. Within these major groups are 97 minor groups, 461 broad occupations, and 840 detailed occupations. The SOC system replaces all occupational classification systems previously used by federal statistical agencies. In order to view these publications, you will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader which is available at no charge from the Adobe

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Print materials of any length, including reports, minutes of meetings, articles, and newsletters, often are most readily available in electronic formats. Many individuals who are blind or have low vision have computer software programs called speech readers and voice synthesizers that "read" the electronic documents aloud. It is crucial that you provide your electronic documents in a format that is compatible with a wide variety of computer software to ensure access to your print materials. We begin with instructions on how you can convert materials into a widely accessible format and follow with information about transcription service vendors. How to Create an Accessible Electronic Document Yourself Follow the instructions below to convert your print materials into accessible electronic documents. Examples are interspersed to help clarify the instructions. In developing these instructions, we relied on the leaflet Options for Producing Documents in Accessible Formats written by the American Foundation for the Blind. Moreover, we asked people familiar with this format to review our efforts and suggest improvements. Save all files in ASCII for PC, also referred to as "text-only" format. This format is readable by any word processor and thus minimizes the likelihood that users will be unable to read the file because of software incompatibility. This format does not allow many text formatting options, such as boldface, italics, or bullets. When you name the file or file folder, keep the name to eight characters or less and (if possible) use names that are words rather than abbreviations. Some speech reader software cannot read file names of more than eight characters, which would make it difficult for users to identify files. If you have fewer than 10 files and the order in which they are read is important, start each file name with a number indicating the order in which it should be read. For example, if you want the person to read a summary document first, you might name it "1summary.txt." The computer will add the ".txt" ending to the file name. After saving a file in text-only format, close the document and reopen it to make sure that the document is legible. Create a "readme.txt" file. The readme file is an annotated table of contents. The readme file should also be in text-only format. Each of the points below is accompanied by an example from a readme file. You can read the complete readme file to see how the various components fit together. The readme file should Explain how the materials are structured and how that is similar to or different from the way they were structured in the original print materials. "This readme contains an annotated list of documents contained on this disk. These documents are part of a notebook of information provided to participants in the Accessible Practices Workshops run by the Association of Science-Technology Centers Incorporated (ASTC). This disk contains most of the materials included in the notebook, although some documents were unavailable to be put on disk. For a complete listing of notebook materials, go to the file entitled 'Contents.txt' in the '0Intro' folder." List the names of the files and give the reader some idea of what each file contains. "Synlaw.txt provides synopses of national accessibility laws pertinent to museums." "Statelaw.txt lists contact information for technical assistance on each state's accessibility codes." Name any file folders and explain what is contained in each folder. "4PR. The folder about public relations and marketing strategies contains advice from parents of children with disabilities, a checklist for outreach and promotion, and an article on writing an access guide." "5Resrce. The resource folder contains information about ASTC's Accessible Practices Web Page and Annual Conference sessions, a suggested reading list, lists of regional and national resources, and a list of contact information for regional Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers (DBTACs)." - If you are providing the electronic documents on a disk, the readme file should not be saved within a folder. It should be very easy to find when the user accesses the disk (see below). - Separate headings and subheadings from text with two carriage returns or a period so that speech readers stop at the heading and don't integrate it into the next sentence. "By inviting people with disabilities from diverse racial and ethnic groups, backgrounds, and age groups to act as advisors, you open your science centers and museums to wider audiences." - Put a carriage return at the end of each paragraph and one in between paragraphs. "By involving people with disabilities from diverse racial and ethnic groups, backgrounds, and age groups to act as advisors, you open your science centers and museums to wider audiences. "Specifically, having people with disabilities act as advisors can help you conduct facility access reviews and help you think about what makes for excellence in..." - Replace bullets with an asterisk (*) or a hyphen (-). - Information from tables should be taken out of column format and clearly explained. Speech readers read from left to right and do not handle tables well. Print version: Phrases used to describe persons with disabilities |Person with a disability ||The disabled; handicapped; crippled; suffers from a disability |Person who is blind; Person with a visual impairment |Person who is deaf; Person with a hearing impairment ||The deaf; deaf and dumb; suffers a hearing loss | Phrases used to describe persons with disabilities. * Person with a disability * Person who is blind; person with a visual impairment * Person who is deaf; person with a hearing impairment * The disabled; handicapped; crippled; suffers from a disability * The blind * The deaf; deaf and dumb; suffers a hearing loss - Explain graphics. The length of the description should reflect the importance of the graphic to the overall document. If the graphic is crucial to understanding the text, the description can go in the text. If the graphic is not as important to the content, our reviewees said they preferred to have the explanation at the end of the document. When you are deciding where to put these descriptions, remember that descriptions of graphics will interrupt the flow of the text. - Keep in mind how potential users will access the electronic documents, especially if you make them available through the Internet or other media. If the web site where files are available is largely graphics based, people who use speech readers will have difficulty reaching the files you have put there. In that case, it might be wise to investigate alternative means of distributing the files. - Label disks so that people who are blind or have low vision can read the labels. Print disk labels in large print (an 18-point, sans serif font, such as Arial). Adhere a clear plastic label in Braille to the disk as well. You can purchase a Braille labeler through Maxi-Aids (http://www.maxiaids.com). Braille labels should be aligned so that the top of the label is adjacent to the metal sliding door on the disk. Where to Find Transcription Service Vendors Many vendors who transcribe print materials into Braille will also convert documents into an accessible electronic format. National Federation of the Blind (NFB) The NFB provides a nationwide listing of vendors who convert print materials into Braille for documents and for signs. This listing includes approximate costs, turnaround time, and types of materials each vendor transcribes. What Vendors Will Need to Convert Your Materials to Accessible Electronic Documents You should provide vendors with a printed version of documents to illustrate layout and format. Note that the cost may be less if you provide documents in an electronic format. This web site is not intended to offer legal, architectural, engineering, or similar professional advice. Refer specific questions to an attorney or an ADA authority.

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http://astc.org/resource/access/pmdisk.htm

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en

One of the more colorful generals and personalities that fought at the Battle of Antietam was General John Gibbon of North Carolina. As an 1847 graduate of West Point, Gibbon was a career artillery officer in the regular army. When the War came, he remained loyal to the Union and was granted command of a brigade of Western regiments, along with retaining his 4th U.S. Artillery, Light Battery B. In the Spring of 1862, Gibbon, as part of McDowell’s Corps, was retained from joining McClellan on the Peninsula Campaign by duties in the Fredericksburg area. In his book Personal Recollections of the Civil War (1885), Gibbon wrote the following of his experiences in late May through June of 1862… At times we almost fancied we caught the sound of McClellan’s guns as his army struggled along the Chickahominy towards the rebel capital. Everything was now reported ready for an advance, when, on the 23rd it was suddenly announced that the President, Secretary of War, and several other members of the Cabinet had arrived in camp from Washington and in the morning a circular was sent round inviting the Division and Brigade Commanders to pay their respects to the President at Gen. McDowell’s Headquarters in the Lacy House, a large family mansion on the bank of the river overlooking Fredericksburg. On entering the large hall well filled with officers and others, Gen. McDowell presented us to Mr. Lincoln in the order of our rank, “Gen. Augur, Mr. Resident, Gen. Patrick, Gen. Gibbon.” We all advanced and shook hands with Mr. Lincoln. The last name seemed to catch his attention and assuming a peculiarly quizzical expression he inquired:–“Is this the man who wrote the ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?’” Doubtless I looked somewhat confused at this pointed allusion, for placing his hand kindly on my shoulder, he said, “Never mind, General, if you will write the decline and fall of this rebellion, I will let you off.” “Why,” I said, “Mr. President, the only book I ever did write—the Artillerist’s Manual—the War Department refused to subscribe to.” He laughingly replied, “I shall have to tell Stanton to give you another hearing.” The writing to which Gibbon referred was a booklet of his composition in 1859. Gibbon taught artillery tactics at West Point, and the manual was a highly detailed composition on gunnery and was used by both sides in the Civil War. Gibbon goes on in the pages following the quote above to talk about how his division was run all over the countryside of Virginia in an alleged effort to capture Jackson. He wrote that, “…by June 25th we were once more at our starting point – Fredericksburg – not having seen any enemy nor heard a gun fired during that time. … Our month’s operations however, were not entirely thrown away, for though we produced no beneficial results on the enemy, the experience and marching were valuable to our new troops.”

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http://enfiladinglines.com/2012/06/02/general-gibbon-in-the-spring-of-1862/

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en

Articles related to: Economy Editorials, Featured » The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is designed to improve employment, grow the economy, and strengthen the nation’s infrastructure. Wisconsin’s share of the 787 billion dollar program is estimated at 3.75 billion dollars. With African Americans making up six percent of the state’s population, one could extrapolate that approximately $225,000,000 should go directly to employ African Americans, grow the economy in African American communities, and improve the infrastructure in African American neighborhoods. The six percent figure does not take into account several equities which dictate that African Americans should receive a much larger share of the Recovery Act dollars. For instance, portions of the Act are specifically designed to strengthen economically distressed communities. National studies indicate that the State’s predominantly African American neighborhoods, particularly in the Milwaukee area, are among the most economically distressed neighborhoods in the nation. Moreover, African Americans traditionally account for a disproportionate number of the State’s unemployed, and tend to be the most tenured unemployed. Accordingly, when we adjust for these equities it is apparent that African Americans should receive an even greater share of the proceeds.

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http://milwaukeecourieronline.com/index.php/interests/economy/

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Reader reaction to Reuters news FACTBOX-Disputes linger over the 1937 Battle of Nanjing WHY WAS NANJING ATTACKED?: * China’s nationalist president Chang Kai-Shek had declared the eastern city of Nanjing (then called Nanking) the new capital of the Republic of China in 1912, after overthrowing the imperial government in 1911. In Nov. 1937 he moved the capital further west, to Chongqing, as Japanese troops swept south. After occupying Beijing and Tianjin, the Japanese finally took possession of Nanjing on Dec. 13. Hi guys – you had this passage in a factbox on the Nanjing massacre. But Chiang Kai-Shek was not president of China in 1912. I think you are conflating Chiang Kai-Shek and Sun Yatsen. Several readers noticed this, but only this reader used conflating. Great word. We corrected: GBU Editor

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http://blogs.reuters.com/gbu/2007/08/29/conflating-leaders/

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|Scientific Name:||Oryx leucoryx| |Species Authority:||(Pallas, 1777)| |Red List Category & Criteria:||Vulnerable D1 ver 3.1| |Assessor/s:||IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group| |Reviewer/s:||Mallon, D. & Hoffmann, M.| The 2008 assessment noted that Arabian Oryx no longer qualified for the Endangered category under criterion D on the basis of increasing numbers, and that Vulnerable D1 was appropriate and would have applied from 2006. Under IUCN Red List Guidelines, a species only moves to a lower category of threat if none of the criteria for the higher category (here Endangered) have been met for a period of five years or more. As this remains the case with Arabian Oryx, the transfer to Vulnerable should take effect from 2011. Although numbers in the largest population (Mahazat as Sayd in Saudi Arabia) fell between 1998 and 2008 due to drought-related mortality, they have since stabilized. The total reintroduced population is now ca.1,000, so well over the threshold of 250 mature individuals needed to qualify for Endangered under criterion D. The population is stable or increasing and the area of occupancy is also increasing as oryx are released into new sites. The Arabian Oryx formerly occurred through most of the Arabian Peninsula, north to Kuwait and Iraq. The species' range had already contracted by the early years of the 20th century and the decline accelerated thereafter. Before 1920, oryx distribution was separated into areas over 1,000 km apart: a northern population in and around the Nafud, and a larger southern population in the Rub Al Khali and the plains of central-southern Oman. Oryx disappeared from the north in the 1950s. In the south, their range steadily decreased due to hunting, and by the 1960s oryx were restricted to parts of central and southern Oman. The last wild individuals were probably shot in 1972 on the Jiddat al Harasis. Reintroductions in Kuwait, Iraq and Syria have also been proposed. There is a small introduced population on Hawar Island, Bahrain and large semi-managed populations at several sites in Qatar and UAE. Regionally extinct:Egypt (Sinai); Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Syrian Arab Republic; United Arab Emirates; Yemen Reintroduced:Israel; Oman; Saudi Arabia |Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.| Current total population is estimated at approximately 1,000: Oman (approximately 50); Saudi Arabia (approximately 600: 400 in Mahazat as Sayd and 200 in Uruq Bani Ma’arid); United Arab Emirates (approximately 200), Israel (over 100) and Jordan (c.50). The population in Oman reached a high point of 450 before illegal live capture began and severely reduced numbers. Now only males remain. In Saudi Arabia, numbers are roughly stable in Uruq Bani Ma’arid, but have declined in Mahazat As Sayd, which is completely fenced and where animals have exceeded carrying capacity. There has been a slow, but steady increase in the Israeli population. Numbers in the Arabian Oryx Reserve, Abu Dhabi are also increasing slowly. An estimated 6,000-7,000 animals are held in captivity worldwide, mostly within the region. Some of these are maintained in large fenced enclosures, including those in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria (Al Talila Reserve) and UAE. Current population trend is stable or increasing slowly. |Habitat and Ecology:||Inhabits sandy and stony deserts.| |Major Threat(s):||The Oman population has been devastated by illegal live capture for sale to private collections and has been rendered totally ineffective. Some poaching has been recorded in Uruq Bani Ma’arid. Other populations in protected areas are generally secure from poaching but the security of animals that wander outside release sites cannot be guaranteed, except perhaps in Israel. Drought and overgrazing have reduced habitat quality in places and limited the choice of potential release further release sites.| |Conservation Actions:||Protective legislation in all countries with reintroduced populations is adequate. Almost all released animals occur in protected areas. Captive population is well-managed, with an international studbook. In addition, large numbers are kept in private collections, especially in Qatar, UAE and Saudi Arabia. The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi is funding the reintroduction into Jordan and is considering releases in Iraq. A regional Arabian Oryx conservation strategy was developed in 2007. The Coordinating Committee for the Conservation of the Arabian Oryx is an inter-governmental body charged with coordination of conservation efforts within the Arabian Peninsula. It is listed on CITES Appendix I.| |Citation:||IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2011. Oryx leucoryx. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 22 May 2013.| |Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided|

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http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15569/0

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en

Bumblebees are regarded as nice, gentle creatures; even their buzzing has a placid, reassuring sound. They rarely sting and are important pollinators in orchards, on farms and in our gardens. Sadly, however, they are under threat. Many species of bumblebee are on the decline and have been, according to some authors, since the late 1950’s. Their decline is often attributed to the introduction of intensive agricultural techniques. For example, the introduction of drainage schemes can result in the loss of marsh plants, whilst the removal of hedgerows means not only the loss of plant species but also habitat for bumblebee colonies. The neglect or removal of coppiced woodland, together with the replacement of deciduous woodland with coniferous has resulted in various plant species having a more limited distribution. Some species of bumblebee like the apple and short haired bumblebee are now believed to be extinct. Those that remain could be under a new threat – namely imported foreign bumblebees! The mediterranean subspecies Bombus terrestris dalmatinus is being used in some commercial greenhouses to pollinate tomato plants (to improve the yield). Some ecologists fear that these imported bumblebees could undermine the genetic make-up of our own bumblebees or even out-compete certain native types. The imported bees can collect more nectar and produce bigger colonies. There might be another problem for the bumblebees; as numbers decline, they are more likely to inbreed. If a queen mates with a relative, then some of the genetically female eggs develop into sterile males – which contribute nothing to the colony’s present or future. Like ants, wasps and honey bees, bumblebees are social insects ; that is, they live in colonies. A colony contains a queen, workers and some males (depending on the time of year) but only queens can survive through a winter. The queens usually over-winter underground, or in leaf litter or rotten wood in a specially prepared cell. In spring, they emerge and prepare to make a nest. Some species prepare a nest or colony underground, using something like an old mouse burrow; others create a nest on the surface. The creation of a colony is dependent on the queens, who mated at the end of the previous summer and then over-wintered, being able to forage and find food, build a nest and lay eggs. The pollen, which accumulates on the hairs on the body, is combed off into special pollen baskets on the back legs. Each nest or colony needs a fairly large area over which to forage – without competition. The first eggs (to be laid by the queen) hatch to give infertile females or workers. They take on the task of foraging and collection of food from the queen. The workers forage (over a distance of about half a mile) for nectar and gather pollen. Different species of bumblebees have different flower preferences, but all bumblebees need to visit a variety of different plant species, as they are active from early spring through to late summer. On a daily basis, they can be seen searching for nectar and pollen from early morning right through to the evening. They are active on days when it is too cold or rainy for other insects to fly – they can warm themselves up ready for flying using something similar to our shivering mechanism. At some point, later in the year, when the colony is bigger, some of the (unfertilised) eggs will produce males, which will mate with the new queens that emerge from other eggs. To help gather more information about bumblebees, the Bumblebee Conservation Trust has now gained the use of the first bumblebee sniffer dog – called Quinn. He has been trained to locate bumblebee nests, which are difficult to pin point often being concealed in grass and having just a small entrance / exit. Only by mapping the locations of nests can researchers build up an accurate picture of the changes in bumblebee populations. Quinn’s first job will be tracking down bumblebee nests on the Hebrides. However, we can do our bit to encourage bumblebees. For example, our gardens can offer a rich and diverse supply of nectar producing plants throughout the spring and summer months; species like lavender, rosemary, geraniums, foxglove and heathers are especially attractive. Farmers are also being encouraged to help stop the decline in numbers by sowing a clover mixture around the edges of some fields (Operation bumblebee).

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http://www.woodlands.co.uk/blog/flora-and-fauna/bumblebees/

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The alyssum flowers pictured above aren’t just pretty — they’re good for the planet, too. A recent study from the University of Warwick suggests that the common flowers and their relatives could help restore chemically poisoned land to a more livable state by leeching toxins from the ground. As an added bonus, researchers think they could one day harvest those same toxic chemicals – now broken down to tiny nanoparticles — for use in new technologies. The plan involves planting fairly common plants and flowers that have the ability to pull potentially hazardous elements — like platinum and arsenic — right out of the ground while suffering no ill effects from them. That could return currently poisoned land to…well, probably not quite pristine conditions, but certainly leave the soil healthier than it has been in years. The practice has the potential to fully reclaim some land, letting it serve useful purposes once more. The team is also looking into new biorefining processes that could harvest chemicals like arsenic and platinum from adult plants as nanoparticles that could be used in many technological applications in the future. While you don’t want them in the land you’re living on or the water you’re drinking, for example, platinum nanoparticles could be an important ingredient for future cancer treatments, meaning that the flower gardens also get turned into, essentially, tiny nanoparticle farms. As they continue to tune the process, researchers hope they could even one day pull traces of pharmaceuticals out of the ground, leaving healthier soil and communities while providing important resources for technological innovation. All of this research is still on the drawing board at the moment, but we have to say — it sounds pretty great to us. (via University of Warwick) - These Pokeball flowers are pretty, but probably not great for the environment - These high-speed photographed liquid flowers are pretty neat, too - Some plants are smarter than we give them credit for

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http://www.geekosystem.com/flowers-clean-up-pollution/

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Three Smart Jews: “What if three smart German Jews in the nineteenth century had taken different paths?” So begins “Secrets of Genius,” an 88-page exploration by U.S. News & World Report of “three minds that shaped the twentieth century”: Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein and Karl Marx. The “Special Collector’s Edition,” put out by Mortimer Zuckerman, editor in chief of U.S. News — and outgoing chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations — offers a study in editorial judgment on how to portray historical figures such as Freud, Einstein and Marx — intellectual giants who, as Susan Headden writes in the introduction, have “earned the status of cultural icons, membership in the vernacular, the right to be subjects of both T-shirt designs and rarefied dissertations.” * * * ‘Conqueror of the Mind’: Sigismund Schlomo Freud, born in the Moravian countryside in the Austro-Hungarian Empire before moving to Vienna at age 4, was certainly smart and Jewish — but not German. This Freudian slip, the psychoanalyst might have said, is indicative of editorial countertransference: The characterization of Freud, Einstein and Marx as smart German Jews reveals an unconscious desire to form a cohesive narrative based on common ancestry. Freud, who among other works authored “Moses and Monotheism,” “could hardly have been further from being a pious Jew, but his Jewish identity was strong,” Marianne Szegedy-Maszak writes. For Freud, “being a Jew was to be a member of an oppressed and significant minority.” While “Secrets of Genius” places Judaism at the center of Freud’s development, the enduring legacy of his psychoanalytic work is contested among the authors of the collector’s edition. In the introduction, Headden argues that the Viennese’s vision “survive[s], to some degree, in failure.… Freud has been denounced as misguided, wrongheaded — even a quack — and some of his theories have been refuted by medical science.” But as a cultural figure, Susan Brink argues, the father of psychoanalysis is omnipresent. “Over the past 100 years, Freudian notions of the subconscious have become so ingrained in the collective American psyche that anyone watching even a distorted portrayal of psychotherapy — as commonly seen on television and in the movies — has at least some understanding of the therapeutic process.” Whether as debunked psychoanalyst or as father of the popular consciousness, Freud’s place in the modern era is perhaps best described by Szegedy-Maszak: “In Freud we find the tangled impulses of a century defined by search — for the nature of the universe on a distant lip of dark energy; for the elusive fulfillment of spiritual disciplines; for the self-improvement in how-to manuals on gardening or sex or even happiness.” * * * ‘Locksmith of the Universe’: Albert Einstein was indeed a German Jew, though his smarts were not immediately recognized by his teachers, one of whom famously predicted that “he would never get anywhere in life.” For everyone from struggling students to proponents of nuclear disarmament, Thomas Hayden writes, “the lionized Einstein cuts a comforting figure: a gentle genius, as benevolent as he was intelligent — almost a scientific Santa. But the more we see that image, the less we seem to know about the real Einstein and the work that made him famous.” The work that made the physicist famous, of course, is his theory of relativity, represented by the equation E=mc2. Einstein’s scientific legacy, though, also includes revolutionary work on waves — for which he won his Nobel Prize — molecular kinetics and light quanta (which paved the way for quantum physics, the science that has given us an understanding of everything from plant photosynthesis to Pentium computer processors). “Secrets of Genius” dutifully catalogs Einstein’s involvement in founding the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, campaigning for Zionism and helping refugees flee the Nazis, and how his encounters with antisemitism in both Germany and the United States strongly reinforced his social-justice activism. But the collector’s edition fails to compile his social and political work into a “Unified Jewish Einstein Theory,” an ironic editorial judgement given that the physicist spent his life searching for a Unified Field Theory, Of the “smart German Jewish” triumvirate, Headden writes, Einstein’s legacy is the most intact. The same cannot be said, Vicky Hallet writes, of the synapses that recharted the physical world. “The bulk of the great physicist’s brain is floating in a jar of formaldehyde at the Princeton University hospital. A piece resides in a purple tea tin in Osaka, Japan. Samples sit in a box in a Berkeley, Calif., laboratory. And Thomas S. Harvey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on the scientist in 1955, still keeps a few slivers of the organ at his home in Titusville, N.J.” * * * ‘Catalyst for Revolution’: Karl Marx’s bona fides as a smart German are unassailable, given his intellectual accomplishments and marriage to a Prussian aristocrat’s daughter. Judaism’s influence on his life’s work, however, is unclear at best. Born to parents who both descended from long lines of rabbis, Marx converted to Christianity at age 6 along with his seven siblings. Shortly before the birth of the future father of communism, Marx’s father Hirschel Levi converted and changed his name to Heinrich Marx for better business prospects. Marx himself “was perpetually short of money,” Lewis Lord writes, “because he refused to live as the proletariat did.” The author of the seminal works “The Communist Manifesto” and “Das Kapital” failed to captivate the imagination of the workers of the world whom he was trying to unite, and “only an aberration saved Marx from the dustbin of history.” That aberration was the arrival of communism in Russia, a feudal country that Marx had said must first experience capitalism before adopting his proletarian principles. The premature implementation of Marx’s ideology led to the deaths of untold millions, staining his legacy in the minds of many Westerners. “Marxism, at one time the guiding political force for more than a third of the world’s population, has been discredited by its association with communism,” Headden writes. It is worth recalling, Anna Mulrine counters, that Marx intended not to launch genocidal dictatorships, but rather to empower working people. “The regimes were certainly far from the idyllic world that Marx had vaguely envisioned.” While “Secrets of Genius” offers a generous evaluation of Marx’s goals, it conspicuously ignores his democratic heirs in the European social-democratic movement, who have most successfully translated his original ideals into reality by creating a humane socialism that continues to make news everywhere but the United States. When Marxism does make headlines in the United States, it is often in reference to leftist students protesting the policies of “the American empire.” “As long as capitalism persists, argued Marx, there will be poverty and war,” Joannie Fischer writes. “Likewise, as long as poverty and war persist, it seems, there will be Marx — and young activists who hail him.”

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http://forward.com/articles/7449/in-other-words-/

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Pertussis is a reported vaccine-preventable respiratory disease in China. Because the routine laboratory methods for diagnosis are not in use, the reported cases are mainly in infants with classical paroxysmal cough and the true incidence related to pertussis is most likely under estimated. In China, however, few studies have attempted to address this issue. The purpose of this cross sectional study was to estimate the incidence rates using the method of sero-epidemiology of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) among healthy populations in China. Blood samples were obtained from 1313 healthy individuals aged 0 to 95 years in Guangdong province of China throughout September 2010. Serum IgG antibodies against PT were determined by commercial ELISA kits. Subjects with concentration of anti-PT IgG higher than 30 IU/mL were indicated to have recent Bordetella pertussis infection, if they have not received a booster dose of pertussis vaccine within one year. Of the 1313 study subjects, 117 (8.91%) were found to have anti-PT antibodies higher than 30 IU/mL. The estimated incidence of recent infection was thus 9395 per 100,000 for individuals older than 7 years. Peaks of the estimated incidence rate of recent infection were found to be 11561 per 100,000 in age group of 41–50 years and 11428 per 100,000 in the group aged 13–19 years. Our study indicated that B.pertussis infections are considerablely common, particularly in adolescents and adults in China. The study also stresses the importance of laboratory diagnosis for pertussis and employment of booster dose of pertussis vaccine in adolescents and adults in this country. Pertussis; Cross-sectional study; Sero-epidemiology; Anti-PT IgG; China Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT4 KS8822/88 replicates rapidly in HLA-B27-transfected human monocytic U937 cells. In this process, Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) genes play a crucial role. Our previous study indicated that 118 Salmonella genes, including 8 SPI-2 genes were affected by HLA-B27 antigen during Salmonella infection of U937 cells. To further investigate Salmonella replication in HLA-B27-positive U937 monocytic cells, two SPI-2 genes, ssaS and sscA up-regulated most during Salmonella infection of HLA-B27-transfected U937 cells, were mutated by using one-step gene disruption method. Intracellular survival and replication of the mutants in the U937 cells was compared to that of the wild type strain. Surprisingly, the two mutated strains replicated significantly more than the wild type bacteria in HLA-B27-transfected cells. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) was significantly induced during the infection of HLA-B27-transfected U937 cells with the mutants. The results indicated that the certain SPI-2 genes in wild type bacteria suppress Salmonella intracellular growth and production of cytokines in infected HLA-B27-transfected cells. HLA-B27-associated modulation of Salmonella SPI-2 genes and cytokine production may have importance in the persistent infection of the bacteria and the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis. The study provides evidence that certain virulence factors of pathogens can reduce the intracellular growth in the host cells. We suggest that the limiting intracellular growth might be a strategy for persistence of bacteria in host cells, keeping a balance between pathogenic growth and pathogenesis. Human nasopharynx is often colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria. Gene polymorphisms in mannose-binding lectin (MBL), toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 have been reported. The present study aimed to investigate possible association between nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization and gene polymorphisms of MBL, TLR2 and TLR4 in healthy infants. From August 2008 to June 2010, 489 nasopharyngeal swabs and 412 blood samples were taken from 3-month-old healthy Finnish infants. Semi-quantitative culture was performed and pyrosequencing was used for detection of polymorphisms in MBL structural gene at codons 52, 54, and 57, TLR2 Arg753Gln and TLR4 Asp299Gly. Fifty-nine percent of subjects were culture positive for at least one of the four species: 11% for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 23% for Moraxella catarrhalis, 1% for Haemophilus influenzae and 25% for Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty-two percent of subjects had variant types in MBL, 5% had polymorphism of TLR2, and 18% had polymorphism of TLR4. Colonization rates of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus were significantly higher in infants with variant types of MBL than those with wild type (p = .011 and p = .024). Colonization rates of S. aureus and M. catarrhalis were significantly higher in infants with polymorphisms of TLR2 and of TLR4 than those without (p = .027 and p = .002). Our study suggests that there is an association between nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization and genetic variation of MBL, TLR2 and TLR4 in young infants. This finding supports a role for these genetic variations in susceptibility of children to respiratory infections. To monitor changes in Bordetella pertussis populations, mainly two typing methods are used; Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). In this study, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing method, based on 87 SNPs, was developed and compared with PFGE and MLVA. The discriminatory indices of SNP typing, PFGE and MLVA were found to be 0.85, 0.95 and 0.83, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis, using SNP typing as Gold Standard, revealed false homoplasies in the PFGE and MLVA trees. Further, in contrast to the SNP-based tree, the PFGE- and MLVA-based trees did not reveal a positive correlation between root-to-tip distance and the isolation year of strains. Thus PFGE and MLVA do not allow an estimation of the relative age of the selected strains. In conclusion, SNP typing was found to be phylogenetically more informative than PFGE and more discriminative than MLVA. Further, in contrast to PFGE, it is readily standardized allowing interlaboratory comparisons. We applied SNP typing to study strains with a novel allele for the pertussis toxin promoter, ptxP3, which have a worldwide distribution and which have replaced the resident ptxP1 strains in the last 20 years. Previously, we showed that ptxP3 strains showed increased pertussis toxin expression and that their emergence was associated with increased notification in the Netherlands. SNP typing showed that the ptxP3 strains isolated in the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe formed a monophyletic branch which recently diverged from ptxP1 strains. Two predominant ptxP3 SNP types were identified which spread worldwide. The widespread use of SNP typing will enhance our understanding of the evolution and global epidemiology of B. pertussis. Strains in China may differ from those in countries that have long histories of high vaccination coverage. Whole-cell pertussis vaccine was introduced in China in the early 1960s. We used standard typing methods to compare 96 Bordetella pertussis isolates collected before and after introduction of vaccination, during 1953–2005. The following vaccine-type alleles of the pertussis toxin (ptx) gene were characteristic for all prevaccination strains: ptxA2, ptxA3, and ptxA4. The shift to ptxA1 occurred since 1963. All isolates collected since 1983 contained ptxA1. Pertactin (prn) allele 1, prn1, was predominant, although prn2 and prn3 have been detected since 2000. Serotypes fimbriae (Fim) 2 and Fim2,3 were found in all isolates collected before 1986. During 1997–2005, Fim3 became prevalent. Although changes in electrophoresis profiles over time were observed, the predominant profiles during 1997–2005 resembled those during the prevaccine era and those found in Europe before the 1990s. B. pertussis strains in China may differ from those in countries that have a long history of high vaccine coverage. China; Bordetella pertussis; whooping cough; pertussis; incidence; vaccination; genotyping; PFGE; bacteria; research Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 is strongly associated with the development of reactive arthritis (ReA) in humans after salmonellosis. Human monocytic U937 cells transfected with HLA-B27 are less able to eliminate intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis than those transfected with control HLA antigens (e.g. HLA-A2). To investigate further the mechanisms by which HLA-B27-transfected cells allow increased replication of these bacteria, a DNA-based microarray was used for comparative genomic analysis of S. Enteritidis grown in HLA-B27- or HLA-A2-transfected cells. The microarray consisted of 5080 oligonucleotides from different serovars of Salmonella including S. Enteritidis PT4-specific genes. Bacterial RNA was isolated from the infected HLA-B27- or HLA-A2-transfected cells, reverse-transcribed to cDNA, and hybridized with the oligonucleotides on the microarrays. Some microarray results were confirmed by RT-PCR. When gene expression was compared between Salmonella grown in HLA-B27 cells and in HLA-A2 cells, 118 of the 4610 S. Enteritidis-related genes differed in expression at 8 h after infection, but no significant difference was detectable at 2 h after infection. These differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in Salmonella virulence, DNA replication, energy conversion and metabolism, and uptake and metabolism of nutrient substances, etc. The difference suggests HLA-B27-dependent modulation of Salmonella gene expression, resulting in increased Salmonella replication in HLA-B27-positive cells. Among the up-regulated genes were those located in Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-2, which play a central role in intracellular survival and replication of Salmonella. This is the first report to show the regulation of Salmonella gene expression by HLA-B27 during infection of host cells. This regulation probably leads to increased Salmonella survival and replication in HLA-B27-positive cells. SPI-2 genes seem to contribute significantly to the increased replication. A more virulent strain of the disease is emerging. Before childhood vaccination was introduced in the 1940s, pertussis was a major cause of infant death worldwide. Widespread vaccination of children succeeded in reducing illness and death. In the 1990s, a resurgence of pertussis was observed in a number of countries with highly vaccinated populations, and pertussis has become the most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease in industrialized countries. We present evidence that in the Netherlands the dramatic increase in pertussis is temporally associated with the emergence of Bordetella pertussis strains carrying a novel allele for the pertussis toxin promoter, which confers increased pertussis toxin (Ptx) production. Epidemiologic data suggest that these strains are more virulent in humans. We discuss changes in the ecology of B. pertussis that may have driven this adaptation. Our results underline the importance of Ptx in transmission, suggest that vaccination may select for increased virulence, and indicate ways to control pertussis more effectively. Gram-negative bacterial infections; bacteria; respiratory tract infections; pertussis; whooping cough; pertussis; resurgence; vaccination; the Netherlands; research Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough or pertussis in humans. It produces several virulence factors, of which the fimbriae are considered adhesins and elicit immune responses in the host. B. pertussis has three distinct serotypes Fim2, Fim3 or Fim2,3. Generally, B. pertussis Fim2 strains predominate in unvaccinated populations, whereas Fim3 strains are often isolated in vaccinated populations. In Finland, pertussis vaccination was introduced in 1952. The whole-cell vaccine contained two strains, 18530 (Fim3) since 1962 and strain 1772 (Fim2,3) added in 1976. After that the vaccine has remained the same until 2005 when the whole-cell vaccine was replaced by the acellular vaccine containing pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin. Our aims were to study serotypes of Finnish B. pertussis isolates from 1974 to 2006 in a population with > 90% vaccination coverage and fimbrial expression of the isolates during infection. Serotyping was done by agglutination and serotype-specific antibody responses were determined by blocking ELISA. Altogether, 1,109 isolates were serotyped. Before 1976, serotype distributions of Fim2, Fim3 and Fim2,3 were 67%, 19% and 10%, respectively. From 1976 to 1998, 94% of the isolates were Fim2 serotype. Since 1999, the frequency of Fim3 strains started to increase and reached 83% during a nationwide epidemic in 2003. A significant increase in level of serum IgG antibodies against purified fimbriae was observed between paired sera of 37 patients. The patients infected by Fim3 strains had antibodies which blocked the binding of monoclonal antibodies to Fim3 but not to Fim2. Moreover, about one third of the Fim2 strain infected patients developed antibodies capable of blocking of binding of both anti-Fim2 and Fim3 monoclonal antibodies. Despite extensive vaccinations in Finland, B. pertussis Fim2 strains were the most common serotype. Emergence of Fim3 strains started in 1999 and coincided with nationwide epidemics. Results of serotype-specific antibody responses suggest that Fim2 strains could express Fim3 during infection, showing a difference in fimbrial expression between in vivo and in vitro. Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis in humans, is re-emerging in many countries despite vaccination. Several studies have shown that significant shifts have occurred in the B. pertussis population resulting in antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains and suggesting pathogen adaptation. In the Netherlands, the resurgence of pertussis is associated with the rise of B. pertussis strains with an altered promoter region for pertussis toxin (ptxP3). We used Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), Multiple-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to characterize the ptxP3 strains associated with the Dutch epidemic. For CGH analysis, we developed an oligonucleotide (70-mers) microarray consisting of 3,581 oligonucleotides representing 94% of the gene repertoire of the B. pertussis strain Tohama I. Nine different MLST profiles and 38 different MLVA types were found in the period 1993 to 2004. Forty-three Dutch clinical isolates were analyzed with CGH, 98 genes were found to be absent in at least one of the B. pertussis strains tested, these genes were clustered in 8 distinct regions of difference. The presented MLST, MLVA and CGH-analysis identified distinctive characteristics of ptxP3 B. pertussis strains -the most prominent of which was a genomic deletion removing about 23,000 bp. We propose a model for the emergence of ptxP3 strains. Clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis collected during the year 2004 (n = 153) in eight European countries, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and United Kingdom, were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and their PFGE profiles were compared with those of isolates collected in 1999 (n = 102). The 255 isolates produced 59 distinct PFGE profiles. Among the 153 isolates from 2004, 36 profiles were found, while within the 102 isolates from 1999, 33 profiles were detected. One PFGE profile, BpSR11, was dominant (30% to 50%) in all countries except Denmark (10%) and Poland (0%). In comparison with 1999, there was an increase in BpSR11 prevalence in Finland in 2004 from 5% to 40%, coinciding with a major incidence peak. Some other PFGE profiles seemed to be associated with limited dissemination. Poland was the only country in which the most common actual European PFGE profiles were not found. In a dendrogram analysis, all common PFGE profiles were identified within PFGE group IV, and BpSR11 clustered together with PFGE subgroup IVβ. Compared to the 1999 isolates, PFGE group V representative for pertactin variant prn3 strains had disappeared, and a new cluster was seen. In conclusion, some PFGE profiles, such as BpSR11, evidently have a higher capacity to spread, suggesting increased fitness to the present immunological environment. It is therefore of major interest to continue with surveillance programs of B. pertussis isolates, as both waning vaccine-derived immunity and strain variation may play a role in the persistence of pertussis. Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects the human respiratory tract and causes pertussis or whooping cough. The disease has resurged in many countries including Finland where the whole-cell pertussis vaccine has been used for more than 50 years. Antigenic divergence has been observed between vaccine strains and clinical isolates in Finland. To better understand genome evolution in B. pertussis circulating in the immunized population, we developed an oligonucleotide-based microarray for comparative genomic analysis of Finnish strains isolated during the period of 50 years. The microarray consisted of 3,582 oligonucleotides (70-mer) and covered 94% of 3,816 ORFs of Tohama I, the strain of which the genome has been sequenced . Twenty isolates from 1953 to 2004 were studied together with two Finnish vaccine strains and two international reference strains. The isolates were selected according to their characteristics, e.g. the year and place of isolation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. Genomic DNA of the tested strains, along with reference DNA of Tohama I strain, was labelled and hybridized. The absence of genes as established with microarrays, was confirmed by PCR. Compared with the Tohama I strain, Finnish isolates lost 7 (8.6 kb) to 49 (55.3 kb) genes, clustered in one to four distinct loci. The number of lost genes increased with time, and one third of lost genes had functions related to inorganic ion transport and metabolism, or energy production and conversion. All four loci of lost genes were flanked by the insertion sequence element IS481. Our results showed that the progressive gene loss occurred in Finnish B. pertussis strains isolated during a period of 50 years and confirmed that B. pertussis is dynamic and is continuously evolving, suggesting that the bacterium may use gene loss as one strategy to adapt to highly immunized populations. We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and genotyping to compare clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis recovered since the early 1990s in Finland and France, 2 countries with similar histories of long-term mass vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Isolates from both countries were similar genetically but varied temporally. Bordetella pertussis; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; genotyping; Finland; France; dispatch Pertussis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. Despite the introduction of mass vaccination against pertussis in Finland in 1952, pertussis has remained an endemic disease with regular epidemics. To monitor changes in the Finnish B. pertussis population, 101 isolates selected from 1991 to 2003 and 21 isolates selected from 1953 to 1982 were studied together with two Finnish vaccine strains. The analyses included serotyping of fimbriae (Fim), genotyping of the pertussis toxin S1 subunit (ptxA) and pertactin (prn), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion of B. pertussis genomic DNA with XbaI restriction enzyme. Strains isolated before 1977 were found to harbor the same ptxA as the strains used in the Finnish whole-cell pertussis vaccine, and strains isolated before 1982 harbored the same prn as the strains used in the Finnish whole-cell pertussis vaccine. All recent isolates, however, represented genotypes distinct from those of the two vaccine strains. A marked shift of predominant serotype from Fim serotype 2 (Fim2) to Fim3 has been observed since the late 1990s. Temporal changes were seen in the genome of B. pertussis by PFGE analysis. Three PFGE profiles (BpSR1, BpSR11, and BpSR147) were distinguished by their prevalence between 1991 and 2003. The yearly emergence of the three profiles was distributed periodically. Our study stresses the importance of the continuous monitoring of emerging strains of B. pertussis and the need to obtain a better understanding of the relationship of the evolution of B. pertussis in vaccinated populations. letter; Bordetella pertussis; whooping cough; epidemiology; molecular typing; pertactin; pertussis toxin Immunization against pertussis was introduced in China in the 1960s. Since the 1970s, no culture-confirmed pertussis cases have been reported in the country. We report six infants with culture-confirmed pertussis, who were initially diagnosed as having other respiratory diseases, at Beijing Children’s Hospital, Beijing. pertussis; immunization; bacterial culture A LightCycler real-time PCR hybridization probe assay was developed for rapid typing of gene variants of the Bordetella pertussis virulence factor pertussis toxin. The assay correctly identified the ptxS1 alleles of all strains tested, comprising 57 Finnish clinical isolates and 2 vaccine strains. The method is simple, reliable, and suitable for large-scale screening of B. pertussis strains. The cytokine secretion of the Salmonella-permissive, HLA-B27-positive U937 cells was examined, as it was previously shown that these cells kill Salmonella less efficiently than controls. Salmonella-permissive U937 cells showed upregulated production of interleukin 10 and to a lesser extent tumor necrosis factor alpha. HLA-B27-associated modulation of cytokine responses may have importance in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis. To differentiate the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, LightCycler real-time PCR was used for the fluorescence (SYBR Green I) melting curve analysis of borrelial recA gene PCR products. The specific melting temperature analyzed is a function of the GC/AT ratio, length, and nucleotide sequence of the amplified product. A total of 32 DNA samples were tested. Of them three were isolated from B. burgdorferi reference strains and 16 were isolated from B. burgdorferi strains cultured from Ixodes ricinus ticks; 13 were directly isolated from nine human biopsy specimens and four I. ricinus tick midguts. The melting temperature of B. garinii was 2°C lower than that of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. afzelii. Melting curve analysis offers a rapid alternative for identification and detection of B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies. Nitric oxide (NO) has a central role in host defense against intracellular microbes. HLA-B27 has been shown to directly modulate host-microbe interaction in vitro, leading to the impaired elimination of Salmonella in human monocytic U937 cells. Here, we studied whether impaired elimination of Salmonella would result from differences in NO production between HLA-B27- and HLA-A2-transfected U937 cells. Both human monocytic transfectants produced NO equally well and killed Salmonella via NO-independent mechanisms. Five outbreaks of infection (three pertussis, one parapertussis, and one mixed) in schools were studied prospectively. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from a total of 697 children for culture of Bordetella organisms. Of 50 vaccinated children with culture-confirmed Bordetella infections (29 with pertussis and 21 parapertussis), 40 were symptomatic and 10 remained symptom-free. Smaller numbers of colonies were recovered from the nasopharyngeal swabs of the asymptomatic children than from those of the symptomatic children. Older children had longer durations of illness than younger ones. Our results indicate that during outbreaks children who do not develop disease may have small amounts of Bordetella organisms in their nasopharynges and/or better immune defenses against the disease. There is evidence that pertussis is reemerging in vaccinated populations. We have proposed, and provided evidence for, one explanation for this phenomenon in The Netherlands: antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains. Finland has a pertussis vaccination history very similar to that of The Netherlands, and yet there is no evidence for an increase in the incidence of pertussis to the extent that it was observed in The Netherlands. A comparison of the Bordetella pertussis strains circulating in the two countries may shed light on the differences in pertussis epidemiology. Here we investigated whether temporal changes had occurred in pertussis toxin and pertactin types produced by the Finnish B. pertussis population. We show that strains isolated before 1964 produced the same pertussis toxin and pertactin variants as the vaccine strains. However, these vaccine types were replaced in later years, and in the 1990s most strains were distinct from the vaccine strains with respect to the two proteins. These trends are similar to those found in the Dutch B. pertussis population. An interesting difference between the contemporary Finnish and Dutch B. pertussis populations was found in the frequencies of pertactin variants, possibly explaining the distinct epidemiology of pertussis in the two countries. Pertussis infection is increasingly recognized in older children and adults, indicating the need of booster immunizations in these age groups. We investigated the induction of pertussis-specific immunity in schoolchildren and adults after booster immunization and natural infection. The expression of mRNA of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-5 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assayed by reverse transcription-PCR. The PBMCs of 17 children immunized with one dose of an acellular vaccine containing pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN) significantly proliferated in vitro after stimulation with the vaccine antigens. The PBMCs of seven infected individuals markedly proliferated in the presence of PT and FHA, but the cells of only two of these subjects responded to PRN. At least one of the antigens induced mRNA for IL-4 and/or IL-5 in the cells of 93% of tested vaccinees and patients, and FHA induced IFN-γ mRNA in the cells of two-thirds of them. Expression of mRNA for IFN-γ correlated with the production of the cytokine protein. Anti-FHA immunoglobulin G antibodies significantly correlated with FHA-induced proliferative responses both before and after immunization. These results show that booster immunization with acellular pertussis vaccine induces both antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in schoolchildren. Further, booster immunization and natural infection seem to induce the expression of mRNA of T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 type cytokines in similar manners. This observation supports the use of acellular pertussis vaccines for booster immunizations of older children, adolescents, and adults.

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Expeditioner and family reintegration: Comparing ship-based and air-based personnel movement Metadata record for data from ASAC Project 2562 See the link below for public details on this project. This project will: 1. Identify factors that promote psychological adaptation and resilience in Antarctic expeditioners and describe their relationship to positive and negative change arising from the expedition experience, 2. Identify factors that promote psychological adaptation and ... resilience in Antarctic expeditioners families, and describe their relationship to positive and negative change arising from the separation experience, 3. Describe the quality and nature of the reintegration experience by comparing the processes and outcomes of each of the above and their implications for the process of reintegration over a 12 month period, and 4. Use these data to develop a reintegration program based on the identification of changes and their reconciliation across both groups. Previous Antarctic research tends to reflect a pathogenic approach, focusing on the negative aspects of living and working in an extreme and unusual environment, while largely ignoring the positive aspects. Consistent with recent work on the psychological consequences of working in adverse environments, ongoing polar research has revealed a more balanced view of life in Antarctica. Many researchers have concluded that Antarctic expedition members are generally well adjusted, competent and able to cope with the stress of living in an isolated and confined environment. Indeed, the majority of Antarctic personnel complete their assignments successfully, smoothly, and harmoniously (Suedfeld and Weiss, 2000, p. 11). Other studies have found that Antarctic personnel report more positive than negative experiences during the austral winter (Wood, Hysong, Lugg and Harm, 2000). Attention in this regard has focused on personal and group resources that facilitates the ability of some people to readily adapt to challenging situations (resilience) and regain prior levels of personal, family and work functioning onreturn. This work has also indicated a potential for such experiences to contribute to their experiencing an enduring sense of growth (Paton, in press; Paton, Violanti and Smith, 2003; Shakespeare-Finch, Paton and Violanti, 2003). However, more work is needed to examine the operation of these theoretical processes within complex social systems. For example, as the number of interacting groups increases, the possibility of incompatible outcomes increases. In the context of the present research, for example, positive changes in the family could be represent adverse events for expeditioners and vice versa. Consequently, the comprehensive analysis of adaptation must include both perspectives. Despite the growing recognition do positive outcomes in expeditioners, relatively little attention has been paid to the psychological issues that surround individuals following their return to home life after an extended expedition, or the effects of separation on the family. Previous research has indicated that separation from family and friends can pose several challenges for polar expedition members, military personnel, and other individuals whose work takes them away from home for extended periods of time (Dunn and Flemming, 2001; Godwin, 1988; Palmai, 1963; Taylor, 1973). Some of the potential reintegration issues identified include disrupted communication patterns, missing developmental milestones in children's lives, losing authority and place within the family, as well as challenges associated with maintaining a strong parent-child attachment (Kelley, Hock, Bonney, Jarvis, Smith and Gaffney, 2001). A common issue for couples is the redefinition of roles and the renegotiation of the relationship (Norwood, Fullerton, and Hagen, 1996). Nevertheless, some researchers have reported positive events experienced by personnel, including the development of a greater level of self-discipline, tolerance, patience and self-understanding (Natani and Shurley, 1974; Taylor, 1987) and many residents consider their time in Antarctica to be one of the best years of their lives (West, 1984). While other studies have investigated the effects of separation on spouses and children (Amen, Jellen, Merves, and Lee, 1988; Bell, Bartone, Bartone, Schumm, and Gade, 1997), as yet, no studies have conducted a parallel analyses of personnel and their families over a time frame long enough to examine change and adaptation processes and outcomes and that affords opportunity to systematically examine precursors of positive adaptation. This will be included in the present study, and this process has several implications for the manner in which the reintegration is managed and for the shift in transportation arrangements likely to take effect in 2005/06. Another novel aspect of the present study concerns examining changes and adaptation processes in expeditioners and families in parallel. Because change is taking place in both parties during the course of the separation experience, it is important to understand these changes and how they interact to influences perceptions of family life in both groups at the same time. Thus, the task of reintegration is not just about how the expeditioner to return to normal routines and activities. While this remains a key task, the fact that the effectiveness of this process is a function of what has and is happening for other family members, and vice versa, must also be recognised. Adaptation is thus conceptualised as a process of readjustment in both parties as they work to reconcile changes in family experiences in ways that contribute to the well being of the family. To systematically understand how both expeditioners and families adapt during reintegration, information on two factors is required. Firstly, it is necessary to identify what it is that people are required to adapt to (the context of adaptation). It is argued here that this context represents the collective changes experienced by expeditioners and family members over the full course of the separation and their expression within the family system on return. Collectively, these experiences can be captured with the mental maps used by both to represent the family system. Secondly, it is necessary to identify the personal, group and environmental factors that that facilitate an ability to adapt (resilience factors) on reintegration and those that hinder it (vulnerability factors). We need to understand the relative contributions of expeditioner and family experiences and changes to the context and we need to examine how resilience and vulnerability resources contribute to effective adaptation. It recognises the fact that expeditioners and family members alike are required to adapt to their own unique set of circumstances. Consequently, the relative contributions of expeditioner and family experiences to the model of family life, how they are integrated and how they are reconciled to determine adaptation define the context of adaptation. Resilience is a composite of interdependent variables at the individual, cognitive, social and environmental levels (Paton et al., 2003). To examine personal-level resilience factors, the personal resilience scale (Reivich and Shatte, 2002) will be used. This scale comprises six sub-scales and each covers resilience and vulnerability factors in relation to dispositional factors (self-awareness, self focus, optimism, causal analysis, empathy, self-efficacy, and curiosity). A measure of social support and perceived support effectiveness will be included (Frone, 2003). Coping and family environment factors will be examined using the Family Functioning Style Scale (measuring family commitment, coping strategies, flexibility and communication) (Trivette et al., 1990) and the Circumplex Model (measuring family coherence) (Olson, 1992). It is also important to consider how the degree of support afforded within the work-family context on return influences outcomes. The latter will be assessed using the Work-family conflict and Family-work conflict scales (Netemeyer, Boles, and McMurrian, 1996). The interactive role of these factors as predictors of adaptation will be examined in this study. If salient predictors of resilience can be identified and the mechanisms linking them to adaptive and growth outcomes articulated, we will be in a better position to intervene to enhance this capacity prior to reintegration, to identify potential problems in early and so assist with the effective management of reintegration. This project will investigate these processes simultaneously in expeditioners and families. If the key predictors within the adaptational process can be identified, we will be in a better position to identify potential problems and intervene in ways that sustain the beneficial or growth aspects of separation experiences. This process also has implications for the debriefing of personnel, which currently occurs during the return voyage. In the absence of information on family adaptation during the period of deployment, the debriefing has rightly focused on the Antarctic experience. However, if the quality of integration is influenced by the degree of synchrony between these parallel adaptational processes, the debriefing process may not be addressing all the issues likely to affect reintegration. Nor may it be including the positive changes that have occurred amongst both parties. Furthermore, inconsistencies between issues dealt with during debriefing and the reintegration experience could be compounded by the duration of the voyage home. This issue, and those concerned with differences between the 'adverse' environment and the reintegration environment, has been implicated as a problem in work on recovery and debriefing effectiveness in disaster and emergency personnel (Paton, 1996, 1997a,b; Shakespeare-Finch et al., 2003). In addition to exploring this issue per se, the shift from ship-based personnel movement to air-based personnel movement will allow an additional test of the hypothesised role of time in this regard. This work will contribute to the development of programs that facilitate, as far as possible, their capability to adapt to separation experience. It will also complement existing processes that aim to facilitate well-being in expeditioners and contribute to enriching their personal, family and professional lives. By articulating the mental maps held by both parties and the processes that influence their reconciliation, we will be in a better position to understand and facilitate the reintegration process. Furthermore, by focusing on resilience, the capability for managing reintegration will be placed more in the hands of expeditioners and their families and workplaces. The role of mental health resources will function to empower this process. It also provides additional resources that could be incorporated into the selection, training and reintegration planning for those who work in Antarctica and their families. From the 2007/2008 Season: Pre-departure (05/06, 06/07, 07/08) Expeditioner response profiles Expeditioner response profiles during the pre-departure period are relatively homogeneous. There were no significant differences in coping or relationship dynamics reported by expeditioners as a function of the demographic variables measured (age, sex, experience, anticipated length of absence, or relationship status). Length of romantic relationship significantly influenced optimism, personal growth initiative, and perceptions of the work-family interface reported by expeditioners. For both optimism and perceptions of the work-family interface, expeditioners in the 3.1-4 year relationship length category consistently reported significantly lower scores than other relationship length categories. Furthermore, the pattern of results followed a 'u' shape curve. In contrast, personal growth initiative response patterns demonstrated an inverted 'u' shape curve, and those expeditioners in the 3.1-4 year relationship category reported relatively higher scores. Another interesting finding is that relationship status influenced expeditioner response profiles when assessing quality of life and personal growth initiative. Specifically, female expeditioners not in a relationship reported higher scores than those in a relationship. Conversely, male expeditioners not in a relationship reported lower scores than those in a relationship. Expeditioner age and experience influenced psychological health. Expeditioners within the 40-49 year age category who had previous Antarctic experience reported significantly greater psychological difficulties than those without experience, as well as those in other age categories. Partner response profiles Partner profiles during the pre-departure period are very heterogeneous with large differences occurring as a function of age, sex, anticipated length of expeditioner absence, experience, and relationship length. The most consistent finding across analyses was that female partners within the 40-49 year age category consistently reported higher levels of psychological distress than all other age categories. This negatively affected the use of adaptive coping strategies, optimism, relationship dynamics, and quality of life. Similarly, there was a consistent finding that anticipated length of expeditioner absence affected response patterns. Specifically, those partners anticipating an absence of 7-14 months reported significantly more difficulties than those anticipating an absence of 3-6 or 15+ months. Prior experience of an expeditioners Antarctic employment also influenced partner response patterns. However, the nature of these influences was not uniform. In some circumstances previous experience imbued positive effects (e.g. relationship dynamics) however in others it resulted in higher levels of psychological difficulties (e.g. quality of life). In general, male partners reported better psychological functioning than female partners. Comparing expeditioners in relationships with partners There were a number of significant differences in the profiles of expeditioners with partners when compared to partners. Partners endorsed the use of active coping, restraint, and emotional social support to a greater degree than expeditioners, however reported significantly lower levels of personal growth initiative. The nature of relationship dynamics indicates that whilst partners are more committed to the relationship and engage more avoidant strategies during the pre-departure period, expeditioners are more globally satisfied with the nature of their relationships at this time. Similarly, expeditioners report significantly greater health, and quality of life compared to partners during this time. Absence (05/06, 06/07) Expeditioner response profiles No significant differences were found. No third quarter phenomenon identified. Regardless of experience, those who immediately re-engaged in the work force reported greater family interference with work and lowered quality of life. Partner response profiles Results indicate that the absence experience appeared to be related to the life stage of the family rather than possessing previous experience. Women without child raising responsibilities appeared to engage in a more positive experience than those women with such responsibilities as they were able to more readily pursue individual goals such as hobbies, skills, and holidays. Comparing expeditioners with partners Overall, partners reported greater levels of distress than expeditioners throughout the absence. Results indicate that partners experience of the expeditioners absence was more related to their overall perception of the Antarctic employment and the need to concurrently deal with routine stressors (such as familial obligations) rather than the absence itself. Both expeditioners and partners appeared to romanticise their relationship so as to enhance the others positive attributes and diminish interpersonal difficulties during the absence. Expeditioners with partners reported frustration and feelings of powerlessness that they could not assist with challenges faced by the family in their absence. Whilst responses varied over time, there were salient themes that occurred throughout the Antarctic absence for both expeditioners and partners. In particular, expeditioner responses (both positive and negative) were predominantly related to work issues, with evidence of externalisation of negative issues and internalisation of positive issues (reported by 98% of expeditioners). Secondary to this, positive themes were associated with experience of the environment (reported by 82% of expeditioners) and negative themes with absence from their partner (reported by 80% of expeditioners). Overall, positive themes were reported more frequently than negative themes. In contrast, partners reported fewer themes overall and clearer differentiation in the relative frequencies of each theme. The most positive themes for partners related to self-development and increased contact with extended family (reported by 76% of partners). The most negative theme (reported by 88% of partners) related to challenges associated with the absence of the expeditioner, particularly being overwhelmed with concerns for self and concerns for partner. Within this participant category positive and negative themes were reported with equal frequency. Reunion and Reintegration (05/06, 06/07) Expeditioner response profiles Experienced expeditioners appear to 'tread more carefully' during reunion than non-experienced counterparts. Overall, there is a decline in functioning upon return. However, at reintegration (12 months post-return) functioning patterns have returned to pre-departure levels and most identify positive benefits associated with their experience. Partner response profiles Experienced partners are more aware of the expeditioners needs at this time - they are less likely to immediately re-engage the expeditioner with large groups of friends, instead gradually undertaking this process. Overall there is an increase in psychological health and functioning upon the expeditioners return. As with expeditioners, functioning patterns have returned to pre-departure levels when assessed at reintegration (12 months post-return), however perceptions of relationship functioning have improved. Comparing expeditioners in relationships with partners High levels of flexibility in the family appear to facilitate reunion as the family is more able to 'make room' for the expeditioner to re-enter the family. Conversely, high levels of cohesion appear to negatively impact the reunion experience. Themes identified through interviews Partners have expressed a desire to engage in greater communication with other partners who have, or are undergoing, the Antarctic employment experience. Many feel that they are alone in their experience as they do not live close to other individuals undergoing the same experience. Concurrent positive and negative experiences are reported by both expeditioners and partners throughout the experience of Antarctic employment. Reintegration for expeditioners appears to be easier when there has been a greater time interval between the current and previous Antarctic employment. This appears to be due to both personal and familial factors. A strong bond develops between Antarctic expeditioners who winter together. This bond often endures after Antarctic employment ceases and people have returned to their homes. Those stationed together for a winter often think of themselves as a family, and this appears to provide avenues for increased social support thereby alleviating some feelings of isolation from home. Following reunion, members of the 'Antarctic family' continue to seek and provide social support to one another. Those who have wintered before are looked to for advice, and sharing of experiences appear to assist those having some difficulty reintegrating (again, this appears to be through a process of normalising of experiences). Many winterers indicate that they feel more comfortable, and perceive themselves to gain more benefit from, this informal peer support than formalised debriefing procedures. Additionally, many expeditioners (both summer and winter) indicate that they find the sea voyage home to be a time to think about their experience and psychologically prepare for reunion. Some expressed a concern that air-based personnel movement would not allow for this 'alone time' to occur. Expeditioners appear to have a 'time limit' for the optimum Antarctic experience, after this point they are not as satisfied by their employment. This was more marked for summer versus winter personnel. Expeditioners indicated that they did not share all information regarding their impending or resultant Antarctic experience with their partners. The primary reason for this was to avoid creating distress or conflict within the relationship. As a result, many partners knew little of the experience beyond the information provided in the pre-departure packages provided by the Australian Antarctic Division. Taken from the 2008-2009 Progress Report: Public summary of the season progress: Antarctic employment involves prolonged separation from social support networks. Previous research demonstrated variations in expeditioner mood whilst in Antarctica and the subsequent impacts on both physical and psychological functioning. However, the concurrent experience of partners and their influence on expeditioner health is not well understood. This study investigates the experience of Antarctic absences in expeditioners and their partners. It highlights psychological health effects characteristic of each stage of deployment. This research provides an holistic understanding of Antarctic employment, and identifies implications for individual and family adjustment at all stages of the Antarctic employment experience. (Click for Interactive Map) The values provided in temporal and spatial coverage are approximate only. The data are currently not publicly available. Data Set Progress +61 3 6324 3193 Douglas.Paton at utas.edu.au SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY, LOCKED BAG Province or State: Creation and Review Dates DIF Creation Date: Last DIF Revision Date:

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Dialysis. There are a number of reasons that you need to be ensuring that you simply get the correct amount of protein. First, protein is the way that you simply construct lean muscle mass. Protein additionally is one of the most necessary elements of all of the dwelling cells within the body. It’s used by the physique to create enzymes and hormones that are used for digestion and metabolism, ovulation and even sleep. It helps to struggle infections and heal wounds and is a significant source of vitality within the body. It helps to stability the fluid degree within the physique as well. There are two sources of protein including animal products and plant-primarily based protein sources. Some of the most typical sources of animal protein include milk, cheeses, eggs, chicken, fish, turkey and other meat products. Dialysis. All of these kind of protein are complete, having all the amino acids that the physique needs. Proteins themselves are made from amino acids, 20 in all. Of these, 9 are thought-about to be important as a result of the physique is unable to create them on its own. Plant proteins, except soy and soy products such as miso, tempeh and tofu, are incomplete as a result of they’re missing a number of of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins are usually lower in calories and are also lower in fats, especially saturated fats, and could also be a more healthy selection, particularly for these kidney sufferers who are also all in favour of holding their weight down. Everyone has totally different protein needs based on their body measurement and makeup, their activity level and their health. For example, you will have needed to have a smaller amount of protein while you were in earlier stages of your kidney illness, but will have an elevated amount of need due to the fact that dialysis drains the amount of this nutrient in your body. Those that are having peritoneal dialysis or those who have had a kidney transplant could have a higher quantity of protein want, for instance. Kidney disease is a very serious situation and requires that your body be as sturdy as possible. During this situation, additionally it is vital to just be sure you are staying strong so that you could battle off any infections and illnesses. One of the components of your treatment that you’ll have to cope with is frequent blood draws. There are many tests which can be carried out to make sure that you are doing well. One of these is a check for the extent of albumin in your body. Dialysis. Incoming search terms:

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Search Course Communities: Course Topic(s): One-Variable Calculus | Infinite Limits, Sequences and Series This maplet provides guided practice in the mechanics of geometric series, including determining if they converge and finding their sum when they do (with feedback and hints). Click on the New Series button and a new geometric series is given. The user is asked for the first term of the series, the ratio or consecutive terms, and for the sum of the series if it converges. The user must indicate if the sum does not exist. Note that this maplet is free and can be run with Maple or without Maple (from a remote server). To rate this resource on a 1-5 scheme, click on the appropriate icosahedron: Creator(s): Philip Yasskin and Doug Meade Contributor(s): Philip Yasskin and Doug Meade This resource was cataloged by Paul SeeburgerPublisher: Maplets for Calculus Resource copyright: Philip Yasskin & Doug Meade This review was published on March 08, 2011 Be the first to start a discussion about this resource.

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The crowning achievement of King Solomon's reign was the erection of a magnificent Temple (Beit ha-Mikdash) in Jerusalem. His father, King David, had wanted to build a great Temple for God a generation earlier, as a permanent resting place for the Ark containing the Ten Commandments. He spares no expense in the building's creation. He orders vast quantities of cedar from King Hiram of Tyre (I Kings 5:2025), has huge blocks of the choicest stone quarried, and commands that the building's foundation be laid with hewn stone. To complete the massive project, he imposes forced labor on all his subjects, drafting people for work shifts lasting a month at a time. Some 3,300 officials are appointed to oversee the Temple's erection (5:2730). Solomon assumes such heavy debts in building the Temple that he is forced to pay off King Hiram with twenty towns in the Galilee (I Kings 9:11). When the Temple is completed, Solomon inaugurates it with prayer and sacrifice, and even invites nonJews to come and pray there. He urges God to pay particular heed to their prayers: "Thus all the peoples of the earth will know Your name and revere You, as does Your people Israel; and they will recognize that Your name is attached to this House that I have built" (I Kings 8:43). The Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians some four hundred years later, in 586 B.C.E. Seventy years later, a second Temple was built on the same site. During the first century B.C.E., Herod greatly enlarged and expanded this Temple. The Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E., after the failure of the Great Revolt. As glorious and elaborate as the Temple was, its most important room contained almost no furniture at all. Known as the Holy of Holies (Kodesh Kodashim), it housed the two tablets of the Ten Commandments. Unfortunately, the tablets disappeared when the Babylonians destroyed the Temple, and during the Second Temple era, the Holy of Holies was a small, entirely bare room. Only once a year, on Yom Kippur, the High Priest would enter this room and pray to God on Israel's behalf. Text taken from www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org Recommended Videos : Ark of the Covenant - Lost or Hidden Away

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These days, more and more people are tweeting. According to the Pew Research Center, as of early 2012, the number of adults who use Twitter on a daily basis has doubled since May 2011. The number of adults who signed up for a new Twitter account increased from 13 percent in 2011 to 15 percent in 2012. On the whole, users appear to be more actively participating in the online conversation, according to Pew's data. While 4 percent of adults spent time on Twitter daily last year, now 8 percent log in on a regular basis. Among 18 to 24-year-olds, the tweets are flying out faster than ever; twenty percent of internet users in this age bracket tweet nearly everyday. Results from this study were found by conducting a series of phone interviews with 2,253 adults throughout January and February of 2012. Both landlines and cellular data were used to depict the number of adults who have access to the internet. Other findings are listed below: - 31 percent of 18 to 24-year-olds have a Twitter account. - Suburban and urban residents are more likely to use Twitter than those in rural areas. - 28 percent of all African Americans online have a Twitter account, with 13 percent using it daily. - Women have a slightly higher Twitter presence than men in this study, with 53 percent of users being female. Mobile apps have certainly helped spur Twitter use, allowing users to tweet whatever comes to mind as they walk down streets, sit in their desk at work or drop the kids off at school. In fact, as of last year, tweeting on the job was 700% higher than in 2010, based on research conducted by Palo Alto Networks. In April, marketing service Experian Hitwise pegged Twitter as the second most popular social network in the U.S., gauging by number of users. Twitter's 182 million-strong population -- while dwarfed by the 900 million users on Facebook -- commands a healthy lead over the third most popular network, Pinterest, which boasts 104 million users. Still, like other online giants, the challenges Twitter faces are growing, too. Monetizing the microblogging network has always been on the minds of its founders, and the popularity of mobile apps only adds to the difficulty of getting users to engage with advertising. "Twitter is an amazing success," creator Jack Dorsey said in a 2011 interview, "but we've just gotten started."

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The National Geological Records Centre (NGRC) holds a unique archive of documents created during the past two and a half centuries. The archive continues to grow rapidly through data collected by BGS staff and deposited by industry and academia. The centre is a 'place of deposit' under the terms of the Public Records Act (see Legal framework: policies and forms). Data is continually being gathered to support and improve the understanding of geology and environment for the benefit of the nation. A wide range of records are deposited at the NGRC, e.g. site investigation records, borehole logs, mine plans and more. Looking for a particular type of record? Information on borehole records, site investigation reports, geological maps, mine plans and more can all be found here. Links to online applications and visiting hours. Records are available online and can be viewed in specific consultation areas; limited borrowing is allowed. The BGS archives collection dates back to before the start of the Survey in 1835 including geologists' working papers and diaries. There are also large collections relating to the Overseas Geological Survey and to mineral resources. The BGS hosts an annual archive awareness event to demonstrate the variety of its archive holdings and their value to science. An overview of records held within the NGDC. Some records are available online and others can be viewed in specific consultation areas or made available for limited borrowing. The full history of legislation affecting the rights and obligations of the BGS. This section covers BGS’s rights to data and also its obligations. Images illustrating the range of records and archives available.

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|Tenure||30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537| |Proclamation||4 June 1536| |Spouse||Henry VIII of England| |Edward VI of England| Jane Seymour (c.1508 - 24 October 1537) was the third wife of King Henry VIII of England and queen consort from 1536 until 1537. She was the mother of Edward VI of England, and died a natural death less than two weeks after his birth. Jane Seymour was the child of John Seymour and Margaret Wentworth. She was not educated as much as King Henry's wives before her, for example, Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little but was much better at needlework and managing the house. These were considered much more necessary for women. Jane's needlework was said to be beautiful and complex. Some of her work was kept till 1652, where it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an "enthusiastic embroiderer". She was a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII. When Henry divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn, Jane continued to be a lady-in-waiting. Henry VIII noticed Jane at court and had already fallen in love with her by the time Anne Boleyn was executed. He became engaged to Jane on the day after the execution, and they were married ten days later, on May 30, 1536. When Jane became queen, she ran the royal court in a strict and formal way, and her only close friends were Anne Stanhope and Elizabeth Seymour. In early 1537, Jane became pregnant and developed a craving for quail. In October of 1537, she gave birth to the son that Henry VIII wanted so much. They named him Edward and he was later to be King Edward VI of England. Soon, Jane became very ill with fever, and she died on October 24, 1537. Jane never had a coronation, and was married to Henry for only a year and a half before she died (May 30, 1536-October 24, 1537). Henry had loved Jane the most of all his wives, because she was the one who gave him a son. Even though he was married another three times after Jane's death, he always grieved for her. When Henry died, he asked to be buried next to Jane. - "Henry VIII - the Embroiderer King". Royal School of Needlework. http://www.royal-needlework.co.uk/Henry_VIII_-_the_Embroiderer_King_.html. Retrieved 2009-10-19.

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the expression socialist realism calls a style direction of the socialist art, the 1932 decided by the central committee of the CPSU guideline for literature , screen end art and music and later for the entire socialist systembecame obligatory. Socialist realism as official doctrine dominated the Soviet art up to the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 80's 20. Century. It had the strongest effects in the direct time after the Second World War; only after Stalins death 1953wurden die Vorgaben etwas gelockert. Table of contents socialist realism in the literature the twenties, the years after the revolution,variety and avant-garde were coined/shaped in art and literature the Soviet Union of . Freely of tsarist censorship, enthusiastisch welcoming the new spirit of the time, innumerable groups formed („групповщина “, phonetically “gruppowschtschina”) and combinations such as LEF, LCK, Proletkult, those the worker literature partly promoted andaggressively advanced. Avant-garde currents in the culture altogether had survived themselves at the beginning of the thirties however almost and also internationally from tendencies to classicism and Ruralismus („blood and soil literature “) had been replaced. in its decree of 23. April 1932 over thatChange of the literary-artistic organizations decided the ZK of the CPSU the dissolution of all groupings and organizations and the establishment (provisional) of an All-Union writer federation (WSP). In particular the groupings of the radical proletarian worker seal („Proletkult “) RAPP, which had formed since 1918 and for their part to the dissolution of other groups had contributed,were affected by it. Two years thereupon the first congress of All-Union of the Soviet writers in the August 1934 prepares, on which the new doctrine was openly discussed and which Soviet writer federation was created. In its statutes socialist realism was fixed as „obligatory artistic method “. Was called literalit there: - Socialist realism as main method of the Soviet artistic literature and literature criticism, demands from the artists truthful, historically concrete representation of the reality in its revolutionary development. Truth loyalty and historical concreteness of the artistic representation must with the tasks of the ideological shaping and education of the workers inSpirit of socialism to be co-ordinated. Altogether 591 writers from 52 nations participated in the congress, whose central figure and first chairmen Maxim Gorki was. Some of them expected in the discussion over the new methods still larger liberties and variety in topics andForms; however already the inaugural speech of Andrej Schdanow knows as a representative of the ZK of the CPSU clearly on lining up ideological fixing of the artistic method. Campaigns, which publicised terms in the following years such as partyness, people solidarity, mass in accordance withness and comprehensibility, narrowed gradually the literary forms. Humor, Irony and satire, grotesque - absurd forms and experimental literature became - at least officially - not possibly. socialist realism formally tried to unite romance and realism those from Russian perspective both the literary main pounding19. Century represented. Here the kind of the representation should be inferred from realism as method, the positive spirit and be developed the emotions however the romance, and so a new, revolutionary romance. One also pointed out that instead of the romance the roots of the socialistRealism rather in the classicism to find are. In both cases old forms reused around new to transport socio-politically conformal contents frequently in trivial way. More closely the avant-garde, which new linguistic forms and expression possibilities of the poetry had developed, or naturalistische currents did not fit any longer inthis concept. Only Majakowski, which had been still attacked by the proletarian worker poets in the 20's, was distinguished of book airs and of Stalin themselves 1935 as „a Soviet classical author “. kinds and motives typical motives of the literature of this epoch are the heroesthe structure of the Soviet society. It prevails a worker and a work cult. Heroes of a new, Soviet type needed the exemplary achievement, which had to be furnished by the industrialization one up to then predominantly agrarian coined/shaped country by humans. Pilots, flight pioneers and crews were acting persons.Later, in order to strengthen the defense readiness in relation to the fascist foreign country, developed a close connection of writers with the Red Army. 1930 were already created the literature organization of the Red Army (LOKAF), also the Maxim Gorki belonged. Also within other ranges literature-creative became completely concrete socialTasks assigned. A fusion of classical Heldenepen (like e.g. Eugen Onegin) and civil novel (like e.g. War and peace) led novel to the kind - of the Epos (Роман Эпопея typical for socialist realism, also: Novel Epopö). Here important historical epochs with that becameTo single fates of its heroes and in epischer width links represented.Alexei Tolstoi with its Epos the suffering way (Хождениепомукам) or Scholochows of quiet Don (ТихийДон) contributed to this kind. A further important kind of socialist realism, the novel, was divided into three lateral branches: - Tointo the late 30's the production novel was the most important Untergattung. Topics were agricultural scour trousers, collectivization and „Entkulakisierung “, industrieller structure, production of Bodenschätzen, sabotage and class warfare etc. Well-known authors of this kind were Mikhail Scholochow, Fjodor Panfjorow and Leonid Leonow. - StalinThe kind of the educating novel rose from maxim that writers had to contribute to the education of the people, as well as fundamental changing values of the entire educating nature under Stalin. Thematically the development of humans was treated too „socialist personality “ , Patriotismus and line loyalty to the party. Successful educating novels were about Nikolai Ostrowskis Like the steel and Anton Makarenkos the way was hardened in the life. - Without giving the view way up of the historical materialism (Marx), the historical novel represented a new aspect in the thirties on history. Instead of as the class warfare historical in the Zwanzigerninto the center of the view to place, now highlights were regenerated from „the national past “, whereby a purchase was however always manufactured to the Soviet present, either when warning negative examples or as indirectly parallels were designed to the current rule system. Remarkable examples of this novel kind are thosethe works of Alexei Tolstoi, Alexej Nowikow Priboj and Sergej Sergejew Tschenski. promotion and cleanings the cultural reversal were accompanied by radical censorship as well as pursuit and „cleanings “not system-conformal man of letters („parasits “- „вредители “, „people enemies “- „врагинарода “), whereby the extent thatPursuit its-same searched. Due to archives finds of the Lubjanka it becomes estimated that altogether approximately 2000 writers were arrested, from whom 1500 either in the camp died or was executed. For a diktatorische rule it participated typical that Stalin spared arbitrarily also individual persons with all Repressionen andit under its protection to almost take seemed. The focusing of pursuits on culture-creative (see also formalism controversy in the GDR) demonstrates the immense meaning, which one attached to this circle of acquaintances. Opposite a comprehensive system of economic promotion of the system-conformal literature-creative stood: Housing and Datschenbeschaffungen,Sanatorium stays and a pension and a health insurance belonged to. in the climate of Repressionen, censorship and confine artistic Dogmata could from the official line deviating work only in secret develop and exist. Despite „the cleanings “in the thirties poets created how Anna Achmatowa, Ossip Mandelstam, Andrej Platonow, Mikhail Bulgakow and other lasting works, who form a widely distributed return flow in their whole to the literary products of socialist realism. - for the theory of socialist realism, given change of Institut for society scienceswith the ZK of the SED under the direction of Hans's cook. Dietz publishing house Berlin, 1974 - criticism in the time, given change of Klaus Jarmatz. Central German publishing house resounds, to 1969 (documentation to the literature criticism in the GDR) - Boris Groys, synthesis of the arts Stalin the split culture in the Soviet Union, Munich 1988 - Pure hard Lauer, history of the Russian literature from 1700 to the present, publishing house C.H. Beck, ISBN 3406502679 - Boris Eremejewitsch Vladimir ski: Roses for Stalin - IwanAlexejewitsch Wladimirow: In a Mädchenschule (and other examples) socialist realism in the music development from 1932 to Stalins death Before 1932 socialist realism was decided as guideline of all arts (s.o.), prevailed in the music life of the Soviet Union two differentCurrents forwards, which stood to each other in sharp contrast. The Russian federation of the proletarian musicians (RAPM) publicised the Proletkurs in the music. Its members were Dilettanten, like also the ideology of the federation the music as art as civil rejected predominantly and only works accepted, those expresslypropagandistic contents exhibited. Contemporary currents were dekadent rejected naturally as western and. The ideological position of the federation ran out on it that only simple songs for the praise of the revolution and the Proletariats should be composed, not however works in conventional forms. The Gegenpol to the RAPMcreated association for contemporary music (ASM) formed the 1924, which was violently fought against this. Members of this organization were as good as all considerable composers of the Soviet Union, which had as a consequence that the musical positions of its members were in fact extremely heterogeneous - Maximilian stone mountainabout still deeply Nikolai Mjaskowski was however modernized in these years its clay/tone language in the music of the romance verwurzelt, while Alexander Mossolow represented the total avant-garde. As guideline was considered however unambiguously, at the modern western tendencies to orient itself (for instance the twelve-audio engineering). Also ina kind Proletkult partly prevailed to this association. Some members (how Mossolow) wanted to industrialize the art „“, i.e. in music works e.g. to represent the rhythm of machines. Likewise compositions were written for the praise of the new state. Altogether the federation pursued a sharp demarcation of the tradition. As however1931 the strictly speaking rather conservative Mjaskowski the ASM left, followed it many composers and the ASM dissolved gradually. Many composers pursued nothing the defiance further the goal of a modernization of the music. The Verkündigung of socialist realism contradicted in principle both currents, there thison the one hand a clear refusal of avant-garde tendencies, which developed gradually to a kind „taboo “, on the other hand in addition, a rejection of the Dilettantismus than postulate for all composers meant. In fact the new aesthetics strengthened v.a. the composers, their musical opinions to a large extent in 19. Were rooted to century andbefore completely into the background turned out seemed, since openly a back meditation was demanded on old traditions (see below). On the other hand the ideological adjustment of the music „of the recent time was adapted “. Therefore the new guideline became also from rather conservative composer (Reinhold Glière, Mikhail Ippolitow Iwanow, Sergej Wassilenko) euphorically welcomes. Other composers such as Mjaskowski or Anatoli Alexandrow changed their style substantially, in order to carry for the new guideline calculation. Around 1932 the kind of the “song Symphonie” came to its bloom. With the song Symphonie it acts around a Symphonie with singing(frequently Soli and choir), whose topics are consciously songful and in-usually arranged. The formal criteria of the Symphonie are maintained however nevertheless up to a certain of degrees. The most well-known and as a best outstanding representative of this kind is often the Symphonie Nr.4 op.41 with the title “Poemon a Komsomolzen fighter “of Lew Knipper. The topic of the final of this Symphonie became in the Soviet Union a popular mass song (see below). First however the new aesthetics was not generally interspersed still long; Dmitri Schostakowitsch about wrote further very bold and modern works howits fourth Symphonie and its opera „lady Macbeth of the district Mzensk “. In the year 1936 however it came to a drastic event: after Stalin Schostakowitschs above mentioned. Opera had heard, appeared to 28. January in the Prawda an article named „chaos instead of music “, in which the operaone attacked sharply. Both and the Sujet and the music were represented indiskutabel, and even a kind threat was contained („this play can end however badly “). In the times of the large „cleanings “this article did not miss its effect; in addition became in the following yearsmore modern composers such as Mossolow occasionally arrests. The consequence was that all composers oriented themselves starting from center of the 1930er years without exception to socialist realism. As the 2. World war began, was it for many composers a matter of course to write works itself the topic „fight for thoseLiberty “dedicated. Apart from various marches and combat songs for the Soviet army also few large sized works did not develop - Mjaskowskis 22 made the beginning. Symphonie, followed of the famous 7. Symphonie von Schostakowitsch (the Lenin grader Symphonie), the 2. Symphonie von Chatschaturian and other works. Also Prokofjew took up this topic, approximately in some Klaviersonaten, in addition, in that only 1947 6 developed. Symphonie. The war topic and the representation „of the bad one accompanying with it “made it possible to the composers to use style means rabiatere (and at the same time also more progressive) as this before the war „permitted “was. In addition it came that the public attention did not belong to the music naturally to this time so strongly, although also in the war the cultural life remained amazingly vital in the Soviet Union. Thus it came to (limited certainly) a modernization of the Soviet music. This tendency should howeverno long life span granted its: in the year 1948 it came to the famous „resolution “. Direct trip was the attendance of Stalin and unites high-ranking politicians of the opera „the large friendship “from the Georgian composer Wano Muradeli. Although this opera was actually propagandistically aligned, straight pushed someDetail of the action with the Politgrössen on violent contradiction. Also the music sharply criticized because of alleged modernisms; to what extent this judgement applies, is meanwhile unclearly, there at present (2004) neither an admission still another neutral statement to be available seem. Anyhow this opera attendance ledto the fact that in January 1948 a meeting Muscovites of the composer federation was fixed, in which particularly the party official Andrei Schdanow sharply attacked the developments of the Soviet music. In consequence of this three-day-long meeting became to 10. February the party resolution over the opera „the large friendship “ publishes. In this resolution the key word of the formalism was set into the world, whereby it is to be equated in its meaning approximately with „modern “. Officially it was explained that the Formalimus was characterized by the fact that the musical form, the construction of a piece of music, over parameters like the melody posedis and too „dekadenten “features like the Atonalität lead. In this resolution Schostakowitsch, Prokofjew, Chatschaturian, Wissarion Schebalin , Gawriil Popow as well as Mjaskowski were criticized directly. These composers were pushed to public „debt confessions “, which they also carried out with exception Mjaskowskis. In April cameit to a renewed meeting of the composer federation, in which „the formalism repeats “was condemned and TIC-hone Chrennikow to the new Secretary-General was selected (which it remained until 1992). The consequence of the resolution was a total turn of the composers to socialist realism; an enormous amount at propagandistic mass songs,Kantaten, Oratorien and Symphonien developed. Officially the criticized composers only 1958 were rehabilitated, in fact however were for instance Mjaskowskis of works already starting from 1949 substantial part of the music life. This autocracy of the socialist Realismus' continued up to Stalins death. After that 2. World war becamegradually also introduced to the new socialist states of the Eastern Bloc in the music life the directives of the socialist Realismus'. This proved to that extent as problematic, most composers of these countries had taken completely different paths before; the musical development was nevertheless 1932, as inthe Soviet Union this aesthetics one introduced, nor do not lengthen as far advanced been as around 1950 in the countries outside of the Soviet Union. The composers, who had remained in their homelands, nevertheless saw themselves first forced, to deal with the new guidelines because one partly followed thatModel of the Soviet Union and placed „formalistic “composers against the pillory. In the GDR 1951 were publicly sharply criticized for example Paul Dessau opera „the condemnation of the Lukullus “. To Stalins death was to a large extent interspersed therefore socialist realism in all socialist countries. of music works,those socialist realism are obligated, exhibit the generally following characteristics: The clay/tone language is remarkably conservative and is close strictly speaking to the music of the romance quite. It remains in the borders of one modal to dyed tonality, is based on in-usual melodies and is alsoin the shaping commits to the tradition. Tendencies of the music 20. Century such as twelve-audio engineering, Serialismus, Atonalität o.a. the ideology of the socialist Realismus' rejects as „formalistic erring “strictly. A special characteristic of the socialist Realismus' is the strong inclusion of the national folklore into thoseMusic. If already original people song topics are not used, then Melodik and Harmonik are nevertheless coined/shaped strongly national. Composers, who rejected this, were reviled as „civil internationalists “. After the usual view the national component proves against it to people solidarity and ensures for the fact that the music „democratically “, i.e. generallyis understandable. Generally each music work should contact all humans; the foreign exchange L'art was l'art pour reformulated in L'art pour l'homme. Despite the above mentioned. There is thing in common with the music of the romance a serious difference to this epoch: while the romantics onePreference for the dark, uncertain ones developed and frequently a certain world pain to recognize leave, are the music of the socialist Realismus' optimistic in its basic tendency. Will only used negative tendencies, in order to be overcome; Basis of many works is the concept of one „optimistic tragedy “, i.e. the fight overthe overcoming of negative features (frequently represented in the development from Moll to Dur). For this reason many compositions possess a heroischen, actively kämpferischen Gestus and exhibit pretty often a slope to large pathos. Particularly large value became (naturally) on the switching of socialistContents put. Thus developed operas, Kantaten and songs on propagandistic texts, but also instrument valley works were supported many times with an ideological program. The music criticism interpreted new compositions (also such without explicit program) also in principle as social expressions. A phenomenon almost exclusively arisen in socialist countriesis the so-called “mass song”. With this it acts around melodisch and harmoniously stressed song simply held on a revolutionary, clearly text moving for socialism a party, which could be sung problem-free by a large number of persons. A model for the mass song was e.g. the international one. After official view it concerned with the mass song a completely new kind typical for the music culture in socialism. composers and their works in the Soviet Union each composer was practical from approximately 1936 to beginning of the 1960er yearscommits to the aesthetics of socialist realism. Exceptions such as Nikolai Roslawez or Galina Ustwolskaja were very rare; besides in fact a performance prohibition existed for works of these composers. Also the berühmesten composers oriented themselves at this doctrine.Dmitri Schostakowitsch faced it rather sceptically, saw themselvesbut nevertheless due to the harschen criticism of 1936 and 1948 in a forced manner, in works like the 5. To deal Symphonie and more still its Oratorium „the song of the forests “op.81 with the official demands and defuse its clay/tone language. Although also Sergej Prokofjew in the year1948 under bombardment turned out, were able it it nevertheless much more easily to adapt to the aesthetics since he regarded it than its request, the listener „understandable “music to offer. Certainly one regarded its music as to decay nevertheless, so that also Prokofjew had to make concessions. Become particularly clearits efforts after comprehensibility in works like the 5. and 7. Symphonie or its Oratorium „on is awake “op.124. Differently it behaved with Aram Chatschaturian, its own aesthetic position with the demands of socialist realism (v.a. regarding the national character of music)agreed large. “Or „, its concerts, Symphonien and vowel works like „the desert on Stalin “Armenian Kolorit connects Spartacus “to ballet like „Gajaneh with propagandistic adjustment. Also Chatschaturian 1948 was criticized nevertheless. This happened also to its teacher Nikolai Mjaskowski, that right after Verkündigung of the principles in the year1932 a Symphonie over the collectivization of the agriculture composed (Nr.12 g-moll op.35). Mjaskowski strove in the following years around a simplification and a clarification of its very complex, melancholischen style and found to a music, to a large extent on that the 19. Century is based. Nevertheless it retainedsome characteristics of its previous work. From all composers, who were criticized 1948, it is that, with which this appears most incomprehensible. It was fast rehabilitated also, without composing larger works, stand expressly on party line. Beside these four large composers it gives stilla number of further composers, who composed music in styles of socialist realism. To call above all Dmitri Kabalewski, which wrote also music for younger people, are TIC-hone Chrennikow, which played a central role as a Secretary-General of the composer federation, and Georgi Swiridow here, thatvowel music composed predominantly. Besides a set of old composers eigntet itself the principles of socialist realism, on about Mikhail Ippolitow Iwanow, Reinhold Glière and Sergej Wassilenko. In addition socialist realism in a set of national schools played a weighty role. Examples for this are Fikret Amirow from Azerbaijan, Otar Taktakischwili from Georgien and Mykola Kolessa from the Ukraine. For composers, who were born after 1925, the meaning of the socialist Realismus' decreased noticeably. In the GDR was Ottmar Gerster the probably most meaning representatives of the socialist one Realismus'. Gersteralready at times of the Weimar Republic a set of works for the workers' movement had written and possessed clean a relating to crafts, popular composition style. Its 2 received special attention. Symphonie, mentioned „Thüringer Symphonie “, the Kantate „iron collective combine east “of 1951 and the Festouvertüre 1948. A further representativesocialist realism was Ernst Hermann Meyer, which represented this view of art also in its book „music in the Zeitgeschehen “. For much attention its „one fields Oratorium provided “, which represents the life of the mountain workers in the change of the times. Hanns Eisler composed few large at GDR times onlyWorks, which provided however for larger attention (about its „new German Volkslieder “); its earlier compositions have something in common with socialist realism hardly.Paul Dessau took note from this aesthetics only volatilely and cannot likewise not one their Hauptprotagonisten be called. Into mostEastern Bloc countries busy itself hardly a composer at longer term with socialist realism. In Czechoslovakia oriented yourself the Slowake Alexander Moyzes in his middle creative period at this aesthetics, which unites Orchestersuiten particularly in its Symphonien Nr.5 to 7 and to the expression comes. Already before secondWorld war had itself Ervín schoolhopes starting from approximately 1932 turned away from the Dadaismus and into its works taken up some characteristics of the socialist Realismus', particularly 6 dedicated in its Vertonung of the communist manifesto of Karl Marx and its Red Army. Symphonie, „the liberty Symphonie “. Into Hungary came Zoltán Kodály of the aesthetics quite close, since it in its whole work people music finished and its works thus with socialist realism were quite compatible. Aleksandar Josifov is in Bulgaria one of the outstanding representatives of the socialist Realismus' and to that extent an exception, he asone of the few younger composers followed this aesthetics. In Romania above all Gheorghe Dumitrescu received large attention. Almost no role played socialist realism however in Poland. developments after Stalins death problem of theTerm | This article or section is still incomplete and exhibits the following gaps :| See also: Bitter fields way

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EPA, NOAA Issue Guidelines to Reduce Coastal Pollution[EPA press release - January 14, 1992] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency today joined the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in releasing two guidance documents to help coastal states control polluted runoff in coastal waters--also known as nonpoint source pollution. "Today's guidance is the foundation for accelerating efforts by EPA, NOAA, the coastal states and the public to restore and protect the quality of our nation's coastal waters. The guidance provides a road map to help states develop effective coastal nonpoint pollution-control programs," EPA Administrator William K. Reilly said. In EPA's most recent National Water Quality Inventory states reported that most water quality problems come from nonpoint source pollution; up to one-half of the states' waters are affected by it. Coastal nonpoint pollution sources include agriculture, forestry, urban and suburban runoff, construction and development, septic systems, roads, marinas and hydromodification projects. Nonpoint pollutants include soils, nutrients, toxics and pesticides. "EPA's guidance describes the best available management measures for reducing nonpoint source pollution. It explains that such measures are feasible--both technically and economically. A great deal can be done to reduce and prevent coastal pollution in affordable ways," Reilly said. The first document, entitled "Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters," is EPA's technical guidance on best ways to reduce or prevent nonpoint pollution in coastal waters. The measures range from broadly stated goals for water quality improvement to specific recommendations to reduce pollutant loadings. Measures include traditional methods such as erosion control to more comprehensive strategies such as watershed planning to help minimize stormwater control costs. The guidance also describes ways that wetlands and riparian areas can be used to prevent pollution from a variety of sources. States will use these measures in developing state coastal nonpoint pollution control programs. In doing so, they may build on existing programs for coastal management and pollution control. States will select a practice or a series of practices, appropriate for their local circumstances, to achieve each management measure. State and local authorities will then assure that the measures and practices are put into place. The second document is entitled "Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Program Development and Approval Guidance." This companion document describes how states can develop state nonpoint pollution control programs to implement the technical guidance measures. It also discusses the degree of flexibility states have in interpreting and applying management measures and describes the support and assistance EPA and NOAA will offer states in developing their programs. The new state coastal nonpoint pollution control programs, for the first time on a national scale, will bring together authorities and capabilities within state coastal zone management and water pollution control agencies to address the problem of coastal nonpoint source pollution. State coastal zone management programs are authorized by NOAA under the Coastal Zone Management Act; state water pollution control programs (including nonpoint source control management programs) are authorized by EPA under the Clean Water Act. The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 require that states with federally approved coastal zone management programs (29 of 35 coastal states are approved) develop a coastal nonpoint pollution control program. For States to continue receiving federal grant funds under certain NOAA and EPA authorities, their coastal nonpoint pollution control programs must be submitted to EPA and NOAA for approval by July 1995. Management measures must then be fully implemented by January 1999. The management measures guidance was developed with extensive assistance from and full cooperation of other federal agencies and states, as well as extensive consultation with a variety of trade associations, environmental groups, industry, and other interested parties. EPA and NOAA will maintain this open and cooperative approach as the programs are implemented. EPA and NOAA issued the guidelines in proposed form in October 1991. A notice announcing the two final guidance documents should be published in the Federal Register by January 19, 1993.

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Posted on July 5, 2012 / Comments Off / Show post tags Cabbage, broccoli, carrots, onions and other resistant vegetables are being grown by researchers in Cuba, who for decades have been working to design crops that can weather the climate changes caused by global warming. “We are now focused on trying to develop new varieties, with a view to climate change,” said Laura Muñoz, the researcher who heads a crop improvement team in the “Alejandro de Humboldt” National Institute for Basic Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT). The task involves extreme dedication and long hours of work. Depending on the species, coming up with a resistant variety can take from five to 15 years. The characteristics sought in the new plants are “growth, resistance and vitality”, Muñoz explained. In the meantime, the climate continues to change. A 2009 report by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) forecasts mild consequences in the region from global warming by 2020, but says they will become especially acute after 2050. As a result of global warming, extreme events will become more frequent in the near future, such as forest fires, floods, drought, and more intense storms and hurricanes. This makes changes in all spheres of life necessary in developing countries and island nations like Cuba. According to the ECLAC report, “adaptation also brings with it some opportunities to pursue more sustainable development, such as better infrastructure, (and) crop variety research and development,” to help sustain food supplies. Some steps in that direction have already been taken in this Caribbean island nation. Since the early 1960s, Muñoz’s team has identified “five annual planting seasons, with different conditions,” a finding that “did a great deal to improve understanding of the climate problem.” Today, they are studying more than 30 species of vegetables, to develop resistant varieties. These include tomatoes, peppers, onions, garlic and cucumber, some of the most widely consumed vegetables in Cuba. Others are melons, watermelons, carrots, beans, aubergine and lettuce. The idea is to develop plants that are adaptable to the climate of the future, when both winter and summer will be warmer. Muñoz said that thanks to the work carried out over the last few decades, Cuba now has varieties that are more resistant to pests and drought, and which can be produced outside of the normal growing seasons. © Inter Press Service / www.streetnewsservice.org

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The Brooklyn Museum recently donated a colonial relic to the Greater Astoria Historical Society — a door that was part of the historic Blackwell Mansion in Ravenswood, Queens, likely built in 1730 by patriarch Jacob Blackwell (1692-1744). After the Battle of Brooklyn (aka the battle of Long Island) in August 1776, the British and Hessians swept into Queens from the south and east. Upon their arrival in Astoria (not yet named as such), in September 1776, Colonel Jacob Blackwell had to flee. The British hacked the “Arrow of Confiscation” into his front door, making it the property of the crown. This arrow marking still exists in the door’s exterior. Jacob Blackwell returned to the house and lived there through the worst of the British occupation, and died there in October 1780, still a British subject in a land not yet the independent United States. In the 1820s the Blackwell house and property were owned by Colonel George Gibbs, “the father of Ravenswood”. James Fenimore Cooper, the famous American novelist and a friend of Col. Gibbs, spent time at the old stone house in 1825. Cooper worked on the outlines of his novel, “The Water Witch” or “Skimmer of the Seas” during his stay. This is significant in that Cooper wrote about dueling ships racing up the East River and through the treacherous Hell Gate, a narrow channel filled with rocks, reefs, currents, and tides. Gibbs’ Point is shown on old maps as just south of Hallets Cove. ABOVE: “Arrow of confiscation” carved by British troops after taking over western Queens in 1776 The Blackwell Mansion and its door, ca. 1900. Note the arrow, upper left side. The Blackwell House was a boys’ boarding school from 1845-46, a picnic grove/park in 1882 and was occupied until its demolition in 1901. Keyspan’s Big Allis power plant now occupies its site. The “gray door” is a double pine door (Dutch door, 90″x43.5″, with a bottom that opens independently from the top) and was likely placed in the mansion in 1765. It has two bull’s eye glass windows at top. Raised and fielded panels, two vertical rectangular, two horizontal rectangular, and two squares. Heavy horizontal molding where door splits. Two holes for knockers. Interior: diagonal slates, four iron strap hinges. The door was part of the house from about 1765 to its demolition in 1901. It was rescued by the prominent Tisdale family of Astoria, who may have displayed it or stored it at their lumber yard on the Astoria peninsula from 1901 to 1951. James Tisdale donated the door to the Brooklyn Museum in 1951. The door may have been exhibited for a time at the (Rufus) King Manor in Jamaica, Queens. The Brooklyn Museum has had possession of the door from 1951 until December 3, 2007. Allison Galland of the Brooklyn Museum, assisted by Chrisy Ledakis, and a colleague named Robert, met Greater Astoria Historical Society representatives at the off-site warehouse and facilitated the transfer process in a professional and expeditious manner. On Dec. 3rd, 2007, GAHS trustees Matt LaRose, Richard Melnick, and, with a van from the IBS Services Group (ably driven by a man named Bruce) picked up the door from an offsite Brooklyn Museum warehouse and transported it to its new home, the Greater Astoria Historical Society in LIC, where it is presently exhibited. Page completed January 2, 2008; researched by Richard Melnick, GAHS, and photographed by Christina Wilkinson.

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Fleming’s route across the prairies and through the Yellowhead Pass was abandoned in favour of a more southerly and direct route, penetrating the Rockies by the previously unexamined Kicking Horse Pass. “In the early years of the twentieth century, the Canadian Northern Railway was built along the survey route advocated by Fleming.”1 When the Canadian Pacific Syndicate came to build the railway, the decision was made to carry the line across the prairies, far south of Fleming’s original surveyed route, and use the Kicking Horse Pass through the Rockies. This entailed heavy gradients which were lessened in 1909 by the building of two spiral tunnels. The original surveyed line for the Kicking Horse Pass with a 2.2 percent grade was run from Wapta Lake to Otter Tail station across a number of avalanche paths and would have required a 1400 foot tunnel through the “nose” of Mount Stephen as well as passing about 300 feet above Field, B.C. Uncertainty about the terrain and the added time and cost to build this line necessitated an alternate route.2 The 4.1 mile “Big Hill” with a grade of 4.5 percent over 3 miles and 3.5 to 4 percent over the remaining distance was the temporary solution for carrying the line down the Kicking Horse Canyon between Hector and Field. Safety switches had to be installed in case a descending train went out of control and had to be diverted on to a catch siding.3 Increased traffic and the government requirement for a 2.2 percent grade made it necessary to find a permanent solution. The final route (another alternative was rejected) was designed by J.E. Schwitzer, Assistant Chief Engineer, Western Lines. The new plan included two spiral tunnels and lengthened the line to 8.2 miles while reducing the grade to the acceptable 2.2 percent.4 The first surveys for a railway through the Crowsnest Pass had been undertaken in 1892 on the north side of the Oldman River but nothing came of this project. The CPR selected a route on the south side of the river and location surveys began in April 1897 before the Act and the agreement were in place. Apart from the 300-foot deep valley of the Oldman River immediately west of Lethbridge, no major engineering difficulties were encountered. The CPR decided to avoid this formidable obstacle and constructed a temporary line that descended to the valley floor, crossed the north-flowing St. Mary River at low-level and then climbed the west side of the valley to Nena and on to Macleod. The relatively soft, alluvial strata on the valley sides had been severely eroded and deep coulees had to be crossed by trestle bridges on the route to the valley floor. Twenty similar structures were necessary to take the track down the east side of the valley and 15 million board feet of raw timber was required for their construction. The line was in operation to Crowsnest Pass, December 12, 1896. In order to exploit and protect its mining interests in south-east British Columbia, and forestall competition from the United States, mainly from the Great Northern Railroad, the Canadian Pacific built a railway from Lethbridge to Kootenay Landing in 1898 via the Crowsnest Pass.piano_pc.wav

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The condition of homosexuality. Also espousing an outlook or opinion some might associate with homosexuality. Synonym for homosexuality used for playful effect. "How long have you subscribed to homosexualism?" "Ever since 'My Own Private Idaho', really." Homosexualism VS. Homosexuality.more... While homosexuality defines the behavior, homosexualism deals with the teachings and indoctrinations of this lifestyle. A person does not have to be a homosexual to believe in homosexualty. The mere approval of this behavior from family and friends encourages the behavior and the promotion of this behavior as being a normal and a natural choice and that this behavior some how benefits society without any contraindications such as an increase in crime, suicide or disease which would lead to a societal failure. With failures in areas of the community such as illiteracy, poverty and poor health, homosexual-ism can ultimately lead to Collectivism. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, "collectivism has found varying degrees of expression in the 20th century in such movements as socialism, communism, and fascism. The least collectivist of these is social democracy". It also incorporates other belief systems such as buddism, islam, christianity and psychology by philosophical rationalizations and denies any similarities with prostitution, pornography and homosexual child-rape, incest or beastality. Homosexualism completly depends on political and legal enforcement of anti-discrimination laws, infringement of free speech, infringement on freedom of religion and the decriminalization of sodomy and buggary laws which includes sex with animals. Homosexualism is a New Age movement in which homosexual people of every color, age and creed believe ...

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The Deicing Debate: Will It Ever Be Put On Ice? by Kristine Bradof This article originally appeared in the January 1994 issue of the Wellspring newsletter, published by the MTU Regional Groundwater Education in Michigan (GEM) Center, now the Center for Science and Environmental Outreach at Michigan Technological University. "Road Salt is Hell on Earth!" proclaims a bumper sticker. "When salt is stored and applied properly, there should be no criticism of its use," counters the Salt Institute (SI). Whenever winter has the Snow Belt in its icy grasp, the debate about the use of road salt and alternative chemical deicers heats up. Sadly, finding the facts in this emotional debate, involving often-conflicting concerns about health, safety, environmental degradation, and economic costs, can be as slippery a business as traveling snow-and-ice-covered roads. Some basic points of agreement do exist. Road salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is the standard against which all other deicing materials and methods are compared. Road salt has contaminated some drinking-water wells and killed roadside vegetation. The public in the United States and Canada expects roads and streets to be kept safe for travel during the winter months. But stray from those statements, and watch the arguments begin. Water contamination from road-salt use During the 1940s, the "bare pavement" policy of winter road maintenance, promising "June travel in January," began to be adopted by highway departments, with road salt as the deicer of choice (Terry 1974, SI 1983). By winter 1965-66, more than two million tons of deicing salts were applied annually to roads in the U.S., mainly in the northeastern and north-central states; some roads received more than 20 tons of salt per season per lane-mile (Hanes et al. 1970). A dozen states reported water contamination and damage to plants. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts created a commission to study those problems. The resulting report found that salt (chloride) contamination of public and private wells was becoming more common, paralleling the growing use of deicing salts (Terry 1974). Moreover, many contaminated areas were not near obvious point sources, such as uncovered salt piles. A study in the Boston area found that if 20 tons of salt were applied per lane-mile per season, chloride levels in groundwater near major highways could exceed the 250 mg/l secondary (aesthetic) standard for chloride in drinking water (Huling and Hollocher 1972). High chloride levels give water a salty taste and increase corrosion of pipes, which can release lead and other metals into the water. The New Hampshire Highway Department replaced wells where chloride levels of 3,500 mg/l or higher caused corrosion of well casings and screens and made the water unpalatable (Hanes et al. 1970, Rail 1989). Similar high chloride levels in Michigan were also traced to salt stockpiling or spreading (Deutsch 1963). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA 1990) noted, "Especially since the construction of the interstate highway system, water contamination due to wintertime road salting has become an increasing problem." For example, salty water in domestic wells near Muskegon was traced to deicing salt that ran off high-crowned roads into ditches cutting the same sandy, unconfined aquifer that served the wells. SI (1991) admits that road salt has led to some groundwater contamination, but claims "improper stockpiling of salt is responsible for about 80 percent of environmental problems sometimes associated with salt use." In the Upper Peninsula, 21 of the 181 Act 307 Sites of Environmental Contamination known to exist in 1993 listed salt or brine as a pollutant. All but one were associated with highway commission facilities, where salt piles were the likely sources of pollution. Unless a site also has more serious contamination, such as from petroleum, it is of low cleanup priority. Despite these known cases of road-salt contamination, MTU GEM staff were surprised by the extent to which the public and decision makers perceive road salt to be a major source of groundwater pollution. In our 1992 groundwater awareness survey of 170 county fair-goers, road salt was ranked as the most serious groundwater contaminant, ahead of the other choices: gasoline/oil, bacteria, pesticides, solvents, and nitrates. Similarly, the 105 respondents to our 1992 water resources needs assessment ranked road salt second only to gasoline/oil. Road salt may seem to be a logical culprit, but it is often falsely accused. Pockets of naturally salty groundwater are found in the western U.P. and in oil-and-gas-producing areas of Michigan. Such saline layers of water formed during geologic periods when shallow seas covered the region or as groundwater flowed through salt deposits. "In fact, much of the nation's inland sources of fresh groundwater are in close proximity to natural bodies of saline groundwater" (Rail 1989). In 1972, SI responded to concerns about environmental damage from road-salt storage and use by introducing the "Sensible Salting" program. Their brochure explaining the program maintains that "deicing salt is essential for winter road safety and mobility." Free seminars for road maintenance personnel and public officials emphasize using no more salt than is necessary for a given storm, storing salt and maintaining spreading equipment properly, and "setting the record straight about salt's true effect on our environment." Unfortunately, the environmental consequences and economic costs of salt use remain open to debate. In addition to contaminating water supplies and damaging soil and vegetation, salt has been accused of causing road, bridge, and vehicle corrosion and harm to fish and wildlife. SI (1986, 1990) downplays these criticisms, emphasizing instead the cost-effectiveness of salting programs in terms of health and safety: ice-free roads reduce the number of accidents and injuries, allow shorter travel times for emergency vehicles, and save fuel by reducing slipping. Other economic benefits claimed are less absenteeism, reduced losses in production and shipping, and lower fuel costs for spreading salt instead of less efficient deicers. Using data from two studies in 1976, one by the U.S. EPA, the other by The Institute for Safety Analysis, SI (1986) calculated benefit/cost ratios for road salting of 6.3 to 1 and 18.1 to 1, respectively. SI (1990) described alternative deicers as less effective, more expensive, or environmentally questionable. An alphabet soup of alternative deicers Even as road salt began to be implicated for environmental damage in the 1960s and 1970s, its use increased to 10 million tons annually in the U.S. and 3 million in Canada (SI 1983). By the 1990s, a variety of alternative deicers CMA, CG-90, NaFo, Freezgard + PCI, Ice Stop CI, Quiksalt + PCI, and urea—were shown to be effective in studies by the Washington Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration, or the City of Ottawa, Ontario (Nevada Milepost 1993, Better Roads 1989, 1991). Still, in a 1990 survey, 87 percent of highway engineers reported using salt for deicing (Better Roads 1991). More than half also used calcium chloride, and one-fifth used calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). Cinders, sand, urea, and corrosion-inhibited salts were used by some highway departments. Effectiveness and cost were the main reasons for choosing a deicer. Less than 20 percent of respondents ranked environmental concerns as top priorities. Costs of the major alternative deicers (calcium chloride, CMA, and corrosion-inhibited salt) ranged from $110 to $1,200 a ton, compared to $25 for rock salt. General recommendations from state transportation departments and the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council were summarized in Nevada Milepost (1993): "Use less salt, and use alternative deicers (including CMA) for corrosion-prone bridges and environmentally sensitive areas." However, even CMA, which biodegrades readily, may reduce oxygen levels in streams or ponds receiving runoff from roads, according to its developer, Chevron (Wyatt and Fritzche 1989). Clearly, there are no simple answers, and the deicing debate is far from over. Even promoters of alternative deicers acknowledge that "salt will continue to be the workhorse for snow and ice control" (Wyatt and Fritzsche 1989). But they urge evaluation of the full cost of each winter road maintenance method—including damage to highways, vehicles, and the environment—not just the initial cost. Thanks to Celeste Nguyen and Terry McNinch of the MTU Transportation Technology Transfer Center for providing photocopies of articles. Watch Wellspring for an update after the Michigan Department of Transportation releases a new study by Public Sector Consultants. Better Roads 1989. Ottawa tests salt alternatives. March 1989: 43-45. _____ 1991. What you need to know about deicers. January 1991: 26-27. Deutsch, M., 1963. Groundwater contamination and legal controls in Michigan. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1691. 79 pp. Hanes, R.E., L.W. Zelasny, and R.E. Blaser, 1970. Effects of deicing salts on water quality and biota: Literature review and recommended research. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 91. Highway Research Board, National Research Council. 70 pp. Huling, E.E., and T.C. Hollocher, 1972. Groundwater contamination by road salt: Steady-state concentrations in east central Massachusetts. Science 176: 288-290. Nevada Milepost 1993. Everything you always wanted to know about chemical deicers. Winter 1993: 10-11. Rail, C.D., 1989. Groundwater Contamination: Sources, Control, and Preventive Measures. Lancaster, PA: Technomic. 139 pp. Salt Institute, 1983. Deicing Salt Facts (A Quick Reference). Alexandria, VA: Salt Institute. 4 pp. _____ 1986. Benefits and Costs of Road Salting. A Summary of the TISA Report. Alexandria, VA: Salt Institute. 12 pp. _____ 1991. The Snowfighter's Handbook. Alexandria, VA: Salt Institute. 18 pp. Terry, R.C., Jr., 1974. Road Salt, Drinking Water, and Safety: Improving Public Policy and Practice. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. 161 pp. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990. Handbook. Ground Water. Volume 1: Ground Water and Contamination. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development. Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, OH. EPA/655/6-90/016a. 144 pp. Wyatt, J. and C. Fritzsche 1989. The snow battle: salt vs. chemicals. American City and County, April 1989: 30-36.

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Building a Farm or Amenity Pond (Conservation Currents, Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation District) Ponds can be constructed for fishing, swimming, landscaping, animal and wildlife watering, or water quality management. The more diverse its intended use, the more complex are the factors to consider for its design and management. Farm/amenity ponds have less stringent standards and conditions governing their design and construction than do typical stormwater management ponds. They can vary considerably in size depending on the owners’ preferences, the purpose for which they are intended, and the available space. It is best to limit the number of expected uses. Preliminary studies for locating, sizing, and designing the shape of a pond have a lot to do with the landform, soil type, impact on downstream properties vulnerable to water damage in case of dam failure, and the adequacy of water supply or the drainage area for the pond. A pond should be designed to blend well with existing ecological features. For those ponds that are not intended to trap nutrients or other pollutants, the location should not be in the path of runoff pollution. The two main types of pond structures are excavated (dugout) ponds and embankment ponds (ponds constructed by damming a channel/depression). Excavated ponds generally are found in relatively flat areas with a high groundwater table, while embankment ponds are common in terrain with more defined relief. The soil type of an area is important in determining the location for a pond during the feasibility studies. Sites with average to high clay content are ideal for ponds because they provide a tight base that reduces water loss, whereas those with sandy soil or shallow depth to bedrock do not. To minimize pond maintenance during the life of the pond, it is best to locate the pond off-line rather than in-line of a stream. Trained staff of the Northern Virginia Soil & Water Conservation District can provide assistance with pond feasibility studies. Pond planning and design Based on the physical features and the rainfall intensity of Fairfax County’s geographic region, ponds that depend on surface runoff as their main source of water supply must be sized such that there are at least two to three acres of drainage area for every acre-foot of pond storage. Pond storage capacity is measured in acre-feet. If a pond with a water surface of 1 acre is 6 feet deep at its deepest point, its storage capacity in acre-feet is calculated as 1 x 6 x 0.4 = 2.4 acre-feet (0.4 is a constant value based on the standard shape of pond bottoms). A pond with a small storage capacity is more vulnerable to the impacts of water pollution. Constructed ponds must have adequate water and depths to sustain water losses due to seepage, evaporation, and lowered groundwater table especially during seasonal drought conditions. In this geographic region the recommended pond depth is 6-7 feet at the deepest area. This depth also guarantees survival of fish during freezing conditions of the winter months. Call Miss Utility at 1-800-257-7777 to ensure that there are no underground utility wires, pipes, or cables in the area for the proposed pond site. Ponds are best designed so that they can successfully pass a 100-year storm event through their riser and emergency spillway without overtopping the dam. Request for permission to build a farm/amenity pond may be granted a “By Right” status (i.e., free of all requirements) if the plan meets the following conditions: - The total area of clearing and disturbance for the purpose of building the pond is 2,500 square feet (232.25 square meters) or less. - The proposed pond is located outside of a major floodplain, a Resource Protection Area (RPA), or a jurisdictional wetland (the latter being defined by applicable wetland permitting regulations). - The pond poses little or no risk to life or downstream property, in case of dam failure or flooding. - The proposed location is in an area with ideal soils and topographic features for constructing a pond. - There are no proffers (associated with property rezoning) or development conditions (associated with special exceptions, special permits and/or variance) that would affect pond construction. If any of the above conditions does not hold true, please see Pond Building Requirements. to see some of the requirements that must be met before building a farm/amenity pond, unless these requirements are waived at the discretion of the appropriate permitting authorities. After the site for a pond has been identified, the next step is to perform a detailed survey to plan and design the dam, the pond’s storage capacity, the emergency spillway, and the pipe water outlet. One of the most critical structures of the pond is its dam. A mixture of coarse and finer textured soils makes a good foundation material. This combination of particle sizes provides enough bonding strength to keep the dam stable. Excessive seepage of water through the dam is prevented by proper compaction of the dam material, especially at the point of contact with existing land forms and around the horizontal outlet pipe that goes through the dam. Important features of a dam are the water outlets that control the flow of water out of the pond. The primary outlet feature is the vertical pipe (riser) connected to a horizontal pipe (barrel) that actually passes through the dam. The primary outlet carries water during normal flows to maintain the pond water elevation. Pipes made of smooth metal, corrugated metal, or polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic materials may be used. The other important water outlet feature is the emergency spillway. During flood events this structure carries flood waters so that the water does not overtop the dam and wash it away. This feature can be designed and constructed in one of several ways. The basic criterion is that the structure should be large enough to adequately carry floodwaters. Its elevation must be set higher than the riser and about two feet lower than the top of the dam. If the emergency spillway is in the form of an open channel, a “rule of thumb” is that the bottom width of the spillway channel can be estimated by adding 15 feet to one-half of the total drainage area in acres. For instance, a pond with a 20-acre drainage area should have a spillway with a bottom-width of about 25 feet; one with a 50-acre drainage area should have a spillway with a bottom-width of about 40 feet. Introduce the correct combination and species of fish to make a balanced pond ecosystem. In the Virginia area, a ratio of 1:1:3:7 of the following species are known to co-habit well: Largemouth Bass : Catfish : Sunfish : Bluegill, respectively. The catfish, sunfish and bluegill are best stocked in August or September. Bass are best stocked a year after the bluegill are stocked. Together, the bluegill and sunfish can be stocked at a rate of 500 per acre and the other species determined accordingly. If you have questions about pond construction or maintenance, e-mail NVSWCD's Willie Woode or call him at 703-324-1430, TTY 711. For information about E&S permits for pond construction, call the Engineer-of-the-Day at 703-324-1575, TTY 711. Requirements for Building a Farm/Amenity Pond if any of the conditions identified above are not met. - Erosion control measures and small area grading permits: Chapter 104 (Erosion and Sediment Control) of the Fairfax County Code requires prior approval of an Erosion and Sediment (E&S) Control Plan before clearing, grading, filling or otherwise disturbing natural terrain on any area greater than 2,500 square feet (232.25 square meters). There is a minimum charge of $400 dollars for reviewing a “rough grading plan” for a potential pond that will be about 1/4 of an acre in size. The bigger the pond, the higher the fee. - In like manner, section 2-601 of the Zoning Ordinance requires approval of E&S control and grading plans before the removal or addition of soil in excess of 18 inches (457.2mm) in an area exceeding 2,500 square feet (232.25 square meters). - Article 2, part 7 of the Zoning Ordinance sets forth requirements that apply in common open space areas. Construction of ponds in common open space areas would be subject to the approval of the Department of Public Works and Environmental Services (DPWES) - Submitted designs for all farm/amenity ponds must meet the minimum geotechnical design standards for structures with small dams classified in the Public Facilities Manual—Plate 64-4, as a “C” reservoir, unless waived by the Director of DPWES during the review and approval process. - Under the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Ordinance, the Zoning Ordinance, and in the Public Facilities Manual (PFM), such ponds should not be located within a designated Resource Protection Area (RPA), major floodplain, or storm drainage easement. However, under certain conditions the Director of DPWES may permit such pond construction, at the recommendations of the Environmental and Facilities Review Division and Site Permits. - If runoff from a 70-acre drainage area flows through the pond, a drainage study must be submitted together with grading plan details. - For ponds that are planned to be located within a jurisdictional wetland or involve damming a continuously flowing stream, additional approval is required from both the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (a state approval), and the US Army Corps of Engineers (a federal approval). A written waiver must be obtained if these agencies choose to waive this requirement. - Ponds must be consistent with any proffers or development conditions that apply to the property(ies) in question. - The Department of Conservation and Recreation must approve all dams of ponds that will store 15 acre-feet of water and are higher than 25 feet, as well as dams that store more than 50 acre-feet and are higher than 6 feet.

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Impressionism and Postimpressionism have become analogous with the subversion of official academic standards and thus also with artistic modernity. It is said that Impressionism entailed a rejection of the principles taught by the Ecole des Beaux Arts and esteemed by the academic judges of the official Salon. This idea of the subversiveness of Manet and of the Impressionists has been, since Zola, deliberately overplayed to draw a firmer marker that separates old traditions from new art. For not only did Manet and the Impressionists regularly exhibit at the official Salon—with Manet and especially Renoir seeking its approval to the very end of their lives–but also they were influenced, along with the officially sanctioned artists, by the most famous Renaissance artists as well as by the masters of Romanticism and Realism: Delacroix, Corot, and Courbet. Yet, without a doubt, Manet and the Impressionists did violate some of the important rules of what is called the “Beaux-Arts system.” The Beaux-Arts system was instituted to meet the requirements of the Academy, which were taught at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. These included the following principles: 1. A respect of the hierarchy of genres which privileged, in descending order, history paintings, religious themes, portraits and still-lifes. Of course, principles are always somewhat different from public taste and practice. Even during the eighteenth-century, when Chardin’s still-lifes were extremely popular and defended by notable philosophes such as Diderot, the hierarchy of genres instituted during Louis XIV’s reign was being called into question. During the nineteenth century, with the rise in popularity of realism and the representation of every-day subjects and life, it was even more radically altered. Although some well-respected artists, such as Cabanel and Bouguereau, continued to observe its rules, many artists did not. As Théophile Gautier announced in the 1846 Salon, “religious subjects are few; there are significantly less battles; what is called history painting will disappear… The glorification of man and of the beauties of nature, this seems to be the aim of art in the future.” 2. Drawing is more important than color. The reason behind this rule was that the drawing of forms was considered more abstract because it was not already found in nature. Thus, it was assumed that it took greater artistic talent to convey forms by drawing their shapes and outlines rather than by blotting, from nature, their colors. 3. Drawing from live models in conformance to the study of anatomy, not in order to convey nature as is, but to improve it by rendering it more noble, elegant and beautiful. During the seventeenth century, Neoclassicism perpetuated this improvement of nature, or capturing la belle nature. 4. Painting in the studio, as opposed to in the open air, since the studio was a place where the source and intensity of light and, more generally, the whole painting environment could be controlled to suit the aesthetic needs of the artist. 5. Paintings had to be elaborately detailed, meticulously executed and, above all, look polished and finished. 6. The overarching and unspoken framework behind the Beaux-Arts system was verisimilitude: or representing in painting—through shading, foreshortening, sfumato and the observance of one-point perspective–the three-dimensionality of objects as seen by the eye. The Impressionists’ greatest contribution to art was not so much to change the notion of painting as representing what the eye can see—or the standards of verisimilitude that had been dominant since the Renaissance—but to alter what the eye should see as well as where and how it should see it. Their violation of the rules of the Beaux-Arts system was not revolutionary—in the sense of transgressing its underlying premises or goals–but it was thorough, in the sense of changing almost all of the means of reaching those goals. The Impressionists considered that the best forum to observe and represent nature would be in the open air—which is why their works were called plein air paintings–where the play of light and shadows would be most natural, striking and intense, rather than under the dim and artificial lighting of the studio. Furthermore, as noted, the art students in the academies conveyed the three-dimensionality of forms by means of the subtle shading which was first perfected by the Renaissance masters. The Impressionists, on the other hand, evoked a sense of three-dimensionality by representing the dramatic contrasts of color which can be observed in vibrant sunlight. In seeking to capture visually the play of light and shadow—and its transformations—the Impressionists used rapid brushstrokes to produce paintings that looked rushed and unfinished as opposed to the well-rounded, glossy and polished forms and subtle shadings respected by the Beaux-Arts system. Similarly, rather than depicting a posed or characteristic angle of the objects painted, Manet and the Impressionists showed objects from uncharacteristic, and often, truncated perspectives. This truncation of subjects and objects, which is especially obvious in the paintings of Renoir and Degas, openly acknowledges the incompleteness of our field of vision and powers of representation. Claudia Moscovici, postromanticism.com

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Printer Friendly Version The Missing Romanovs| The Legend - History of a Mystery - Return of the Romanovs? - End of the Mystery? - Variations - Bibliography Return of the Romanovs? Rumors flew... without bodies to show, many refused to believe that the Romanovs were dead. When a memorial service was held for Czar Nicholas in London, George V refused to attend or send a representative; many interpreted this as a sign that George V knew the Romanovs were still alive. Some said that the Bolsheviks had lied about the execution, and that they had secretly released the Romanovs from Russia presumably to honor an unspecified peace treaty with Germany and to gain "sympathy for their cause in the West" [quoted from Strange Stories, Amazing Facts]; of course, they could hardly gain sympathy for the Czar's release if they also continued to claim that he had been execuited, so this second claim was unreasonable. Others said the royal family had escaped to Poland. It was asserted that only Dr. Botkin and the servants had been killed in the basement of Ipatiev House, both to simulate the death of the Romanovs and to silence the witnesses to the family's exile. In 1919 a book entitled 'Rescuing the Czar' was published, in which the author, a self-described 'American secret agent' named James P. Smyth, explained how he guided the Romanovs through a secret tunnel to the British Consulate in Ekaterinburg, from where they were "spirited" out of Russia to Tibet. The book had little to substantiate it's claims, and serious researchers and historians never treated it as a true account. As time passed, the focus of the rumors and claims changed; fewer and fewer people believed that the whole Romanov family had escaped... but more and more believed that maybe just one or two of the children could have. These beliefs, combined with rumors of a fabulous Romanov fortune supposed to be held in Western banks, led some people to claim they were surviving children of the Russian royal family. The first serious claim was made in 1922 in Berlin by a woman being held in an insane asylum. She stated that she was Grand Duchess Anatasia, youngest daughter of the Romanov royal family, and claimed to have been smuggled away from the execution to the Balkens by a Bolshevik soldier; later, after the soldier died, she came to Berlin where she was placed in the mental hospital after attempting suicide. Controversy raged around her claim for decades, as no definitive proof for or against it came forward... until 1994, years after her death, when DNA evidence finally proved once and for all that she could not have been the Grand Duchess Anastasia. [See also: Mysteries Article: Anna Anderson... a.k.a. Anastasia?] The second notable claim of Romanov descent came in 1961, when Colonel Michael Goleniewski, a Polish officer that had recently defected to the United States, claimed that he was the only son of the Romanov royal family, Grand Duke Alexis. His claim is said to have been supported by "a former research director of the CIA" (according to Mysteries of the Unexplained); and -- according to Strange Stories, Amazing Facts -- two women signed the guest book at his wedding in 1964 as Olga and Tatiana, the names of the former Czar's two oldest daughters. Goleniewski claimed to have exposed some 200 Russian agents to the United States government because of his hatred for Communism... but, in the end, his claims were never taken seriously for one simple reason. Alexis Romanov had suffered from hemophilia, an uncurable genetic disorder; Goleniewski didn't. Over the years, Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg had become a place of pilgrimage for Russian "Monarchists"... unamused, the Russian government ordered it destroyed in 1977. But despite this attempt to bury an unpleasant reminder of Communist Russia's rise to control, the site was marked again by those who would not forget the execuition with a simple Russian catholic cross. End of the Mystery? Though the rest of the world didn't know it, the Bolsheviks had indeed lied about the execution of the Romanovs... but not in the way expected. The royal family had in fact been shot, but then they were dumped into the mine, not the swamp. Forty-eight hours later, nervous that the corpses would be too easily found, Yurovski had the bodies retrieved, and then tried burning them. Only two bodies were burned... the two smallest, Alexis' and Anastasia's; both bodies were said to be reduced to ashes, though some believe the burning story might have been a coverup for an escape by the two children. In any case, it was decided that burning all the bodies was too much trouble, and, instead, the remaining bodies were then buried in a mass grave in the middle of a dirt road. Ironically, the White Army had almost certainly walked across the burial site several times while searching the swamps and Four Brothers Mine for the dead royalty. In 1979, the final grave of the Romanovs was finally found by a local historian and a Soviet TV personality; but it was not a good time, politically speaking, to announce the finding of the missing royal family. So two skulls were excavated, analyzed, and re-buried, and the discovery was kept quiet. Ten years later in 1989, under the aegis of Glasnost, the discovery was finally announced to the world press. In July 1991, the skeletons of the Romanovs and their attendants were finally, officially, excavated and recovered. After the bones had been sorted and examined, all agreed... there were only nine complete skeletons. The two missing skeletons belonged to two of the Romanov children; the two youngest, Alexis and Anastasia. In October, 1994, the results of DNA testing used to compare the DNA of the skeletons to the DNA of known living relatives of the Romanovs was announced, and, once and for all, the skeletons were confirmed as being those of the missing royal family and their attendents. But what of Alexis and Anastasia? Where there are no bodies, there is room for speculation; and while it is unlikely young Alexis would have survived long with hemophilia (which prevents blood from clotting, and so produces unstoppable bleeding), some do still believe that young Anastasia could have escaped the massacre that claimed the rest of the last royal family of Russia.

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Intensive Adjectives and Pronouns In our earlier discussion of personal pronouns, you read that the nominative case forms of personal pronouns were redundant since the personal endings (for first and second person, anyway) were distinct. The function of the nominative case for personal pronouns, then, was to emphasize. Emphasis is the only role of intensive adjectives. Where demonstrative adjectives point a finger at something, intensive pronouns shake it. Like demonstrative adjectives, intensives can also be used as pronouns. Ipse, ipsa, ipsum In Latin, ipse is the most important intensive adjective used to show emphasis. In English, we can use tone, when speaking, or, when writing, use italics or underlining. There are also a couple of ways to phrase emphasis by adding words. Unfortunately, the words English uses to do what ipse does are usually used to show other things, so some awkwardness and confusion can occur. One way is to use the word “very,” as in “My grandfather used to live in this very house [as opposed to any other].” (Avus meus in hā c domū ipsā habitā bat.) The other way is more confusing than awkward. It requires a “-self” word. The confusion arises in that English also uses -self words as reflexives, even though the two uses are extremely different. “I myself [as opposed to anyone else] used to live in this house, too.” (Et ego ipse in hā c domū habitā bam.) As always, context will be your best guide. Table 13-8 Declension of the Intensive Adjective ipse, ipsa, ipsum After iste and ille, the declension of ipse should come as no surprise. ī dem, eadem, idem The intensive adjective ī dem can be used the same way as ipse, but its true meaning lies closer to the English word “same.” “My grandfather used to live in this same house [as opposed to any other].” (Avus meus in hā c domū eā dem habitā bat.) This word has a peculiar declension. Table 13-9 Declension of the Demonstrative Adjective ī dem, eadem, idem You have, no doubt, already noticed what is peculiar about ī dem — it declines on the inside! Or so it seems. The intensive adjective ī dem is really is with the suffix -dem attached. The influence of the suffix creates a few changes in the forms of is that you should be aware of. First, the masculine nominative singular is missing the s. Second, for all forms of is that end with m (accusative singular and genitive plural), the m changes to n, so ea m + dem gives you ea ndem. This occurs to make the word easier to say.

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( Originally Published Early 1900's ) EIGHT gunboats held the river in front of, above, and below the doomed town. Under the leafy Louisiana shore the blue placed seven mortars. These kept up a steady fire upon the city and the river defences. At intervals the gunboats engaged the lower batteries. There was an abandoned line of works which was seized upon by a cloud of blue sharpshooters. These began to pick off men at the grey guns, and traverses had to be built against them. The grey had in the river batteries thirty-one siege guns, and a few pieces of light artillery. Even of these they had eventually to spare guns for, the land defences. At dawn of the twenty-seventh of May began the engagement in which the Cincinnati was sunk. She had fourteen guns, and she opened furiously upon the upper batteries while four gunboats handled the lower. But the upper batteries sunk her; she went down not far from the shore in water that did not quite cover her decks. Her loss was heavy, from the grey shells and from the grey sharp-shooters who picked off her men at the portholes. Night after night blue craft gathered around her, trying to take away the fourteen guns, but night after night the upper batteries drove them away. She stayed there, the Cincinnati, heavy and mournful in the smoke-shrouded river. And day after day, and week after week, the seven mortars and all the gunboats launched their thunders against the water batteries and the town beyond. Three fourths of a rough circle ran the landward defences. There were exterior ditches, eight and ten feet deep, with provision for the infantry, with embrasures and platforms for artillery. Before them were thrown abatis, palisades, entanglements of picket and telegraph wire. The ground was all ridge and hollow; redan and redoubt and lunette occupied the commanding points, and between them ran the rifle-pits. There was much digging yet to be done, and few men and no great supply of entrenching tools with which to do it. Night after night fatigue parties were busy. Behind all the salients they made inner lines for time of need; they built traverses against enfilading fires. So fast did the blue sharpshooters pick off officers and men, as they passed from the works to the camps in the rear, that very soon the grey were forced to contrive covered ways. Through the hot nights laboured already wearied men. The five hundred picks and shovels were shared among the troops. Where they gave out, wooden shovels were contrived and bayonets were used as picks. In the night time the damage of the day must be somehow repaired. The damage of each day was very great. The centre of the Confederate line, from the Jackson railroad to the Graveyard road, was held by Forney's division. General Martin Luther Smith held from the Graveyard road to the river on the north, and made the left. Carter L. Stevenson's division held from the railroad to the Warrenton road and the river south, and formed the right. Behind Forney lay in reserve Bowen with his Missourians and Waul's Texas Legion. Counting the three thousand and more in hospital, there were twenty-eight thousand men defending Vicksburg. They were all needed. Thrice the number would have found work to do. Outside the Confederate line ran the Federal line of investment. At the beginning of the siege the two lines were some hundreds of yards apart; as the siege went on the blue drew nearer, nearer. They drew so near at last that, at night, the grey and blue pickets con-versed, so near that at places the several ramparts all but touched. Forty-three thousand had Grant at the formal opening of the siege; steadily as it progressed he brought across the river other thousands. By the middle of June he had seventy-five thousand, besides the fleet upon the river. Ninth Army Corps, Thirteenth Army Corps, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth Army Corps, — Grant drew his forces and to spare around the town and its all too meagre defences, its one hundred and two guns and small store of ammunition and its twenty-eight thousand combatants, three thousand of whom were in hospital. Besides the guns of the fleet, there were now two hundred and twenty blue guns in position. They never lacked for am-munition. Seven miles, from the river north of the town to the river south, ran the Confederate lines. Fifteen miles, from Haines's Bluff to Warrenton, enclosing the Confederate, ran the Federal lines. Grant was strongly posted. He had wide, sheltered hollows in which to mass his men, and commanding ridge-tops on which to place his guns. His far-flung position was strong for offence, and equally strong, in case of an attack from without, for defence. All day and every day thundered the Federal artillery. All day and every day the grey lines and the grey town knew the rain of shells. Very early in the siege the blue prepared to mine. At Jackson, fifty miles to the east, was Joseph E. Johnston, slowly gathering troops. At the last and best he had only twenty-four thousand troops. Between him and the beleaguered place lay an army of seventy-five thousand men, strongly posted, and strong — where the grey were weakest — in artillery; with, also, a blue fleet in the background. At long intervals Pemberton got out a messenger to him; at long intervals one of his own got into Vicksburg. Within all these lines Vicksburg herself crouched and waited. All her people who might dwelled now in caves. They came out in the night or during the infrequent silences of the day and returned to the houses that were not injured. They grew careless about exposure, or rather they grew fatalistic after the manner of courageous, besieged places. They passed through the streets even when the shells were raining, or they wandered out toward the lines, or they sat under some already splintered tree and counted the gunboats on the dusky river. Courage stayed with them, and even at times gaiety, though she had a hectic cheek. On the twenty-second of May the town rocked under the first assault. Four ironclads and a wooden gunboat — thirty-two guns — opened upon the river batteries. From the land the artillery began as well, a great force of artillery sending shot and shell against the Confederate centre and right and into the town beyond. At one o'clock came the first of three Federal charges, directed against the line of Stephen D. Lee. The assault was desperate, the repulse as determined. The grey guns did not spare today grape and canister. The grey musketry poured from the trenches volley after volley in the face of the foe. A blue storming party, Illinois and Ohio and Missouri, charged a redoubt in which the cannon had made a breach. They crossed the ditch, they mounted the earthen wall, they fixed two flags upon the parapet. They hurrahed in triumph. This angle was uncommanded by any grey work. The flags could be dislodged only by a countercharge and hand-to-hand fighting. Volunteers were called for, and there went a band of Waul's Texans, led by Colonel Pettus of the Twentieth Alabama. The blue artillery opened upon them; there fell a fearful hail. The bullets of the sharpshooters, too, came against them like bees armed each with a mortal sting. The grey rushed on. They dislodged the blue from the fort, then fought them in the ditch below. They used shells like hand grenades, flinging them from the rampart. They took the flags, waved them on high, then sent them back to their colonel, who sent them to, Stephen Lee. They beat back the blue storming party. . . . The grey beat back the whole wide, three blue charges, hurled them back upon their lines like torn waves from an iron coast. When dusk came and sullenly the firing ceased, the Federal dead and wounded lay thick, thick, up and down before the Confederate line, by ditch and wall, perhaps two thousand dead and wounded. In the night-time some were taken away, but very, very many were left. The weather was deadly hot. Dead and wounded lay there so long that it became frightful. The grey did not love the crying on their front, the gasping voices, the faint, dry, Water! Water! Water! — dry and shrill like insects in the grass. The dead became offensive, horrible. The grey sent a flag of truce: General Pemberton's request to General Grant that hostilities be suspended for several hours while the Federal dead were buried and the wounded relieved. It was then the twenty-fifth. Grant, his cigar between his teeth, sitting before his tent out near the Graveyard road, nodded assent. All that afternoon they buried the dead, and removed the yet living. A thunder-shower came down and did something to wash away the stains. In the silence and re-spite from the shells, Vicksburg left its caves and hurried through trampled gardens back to the homes it loved. Here and there was ruin. The shell might have exploded in the porch, bearing down the white pillars, or in the parlour, shivering the mirrors and the crystal chandeliers, or upon the stair, or in a bedroom. Here and there was wholly ruin. A gaunt framework lifted itself among the roses, or the white magnolias stared at a heap of charred timbers. . . . The truce lasted less than three hours. There was one cave quite out of town, quite near the lines. It belonged to an old country-house with a fair garden, and it was digged at the time of the bombardment the past summer. Now the house had been burned and the people occupying it had gone into the crowded town. The cave stood empty. It had been made in the side of a tall, vine-draped bank. Dark cedars with heavy and twisted roots overhung it, and on either side there was ivy and honeysuckle. It was a large cave, clean and dry. The family that had moved away had left within it a low bed and a small old dressing-table and other furniture and a little china and tinware. At no great distance trickled and gurgled the spring belonging to the house. One heard it in the night-time, but all day long it was lost in the thunder. Désirée went to it for water only after dark. The house which had given her refuge had been one of the first demolished. She looked at all the warrens that had been dug in the earth, and then, one rosy evening, she walked out toward the lines. She took the direction of the redan where Edward was stationed, and just on the townward side of the line of sentries she found this ruined house in its ruined garden and the empty cave. The next day in she moved. Lieutenant Edward Cary got her message, brought him by his commanding officer. "Cary, I was riding by the ruined house, and a very beautiful woman came out of a cave in the hill and said she was your wife, and that she was making her home there, and would you come to Cape Jessamine when you could." It was two days before he could go to Cape Jessamine. The evening of the truce he went, through the great fresh coolness after the storm. There was yet in the sky a dark blur of cloud with a sweep below it of ragged, crêpe-like filaments, but the lightning and thunder had ceased and the rain was over. Moist fragrance rose from the desolated garden. After all the heat and turmoil there was a silence that seemed divine. Just by the mouth of the cave, half buried in the trailing ivy, Désirée had placed a bench. Here, the first rapture of meeting over, they sat in the evening light, the storm rolling away, an odour coming to them of mignonette. He gathered her hands in his. "Désirée Gaillard, this is no place for you! They are driving an approach to the redan and are massing guns against it. The shells will fall in this garden. Go back to the town!" "No; I will not. I like this better." "The point is that you may be killed." "No, I will not be. The shells fall, too, in the town. I will be careful." "Dear heart, I mean it." "Dear heart, I mean it, too. The danger is not greater than it is in town. Yesterday there a child's arm was torn away." "Yes. . . . It is so frightful. And they are burying the dead out there. A soldier told me." "Yes. . . . How still it seems! And the mignonette . . ." "It is as still as was the garden at Cape Jessamine. Look how the clouds are drifting by. . . ." "Désirée, I brought you into the country of Danger. If you had gone to the Fusilier place —" "I should be dead by now. The country of Danger is a happy country to-night. I fear it no more than you. Indeed, I love it — since you are here. We are not children travelling, you and I. Look at the light trembling up from the west!" "That night upon the levee. . . . You were the heart of the red light. Now you sit here, heart of the gold light. . . . I love you." "I love you." The clouds drifted away, the sun went down clear. The evening star was shining like a silver lamp when the two unlocked their arms, kissed, and rose. All the ruined garden was filled with fireflies, and there stole upward the odour of the mignonette. She went with him to the fallen old brick gateposts. There they embraced and parted. Going down toward the trenches he looked back and saw her standing, the fireflies about her like stars, behind her tall shadowy trees, and, like a hieroglyphic against the sky, the charred rafters of the ruined house. At dawn the cannonading began anew and lasted all day. Musketry, too, volleyed and rolled. The Federal ammunition never lacked, but the grey were in no position to spend with freedom. Every ridge of the besieging line belched saffron flame, thick smoke, and thunder; every point of vantage sent its stream of minies, horribly singing. On this day the blue began sap after sap. In the night-time the grey sent a detachment from Stevenson's right out upon the river flats, their errand the constructing of an abatis against a possible blue approach that way. A Federal party came against them and there was a bitter skirmish. The gunboats, excitedly waking, thrust a duel upon the river batteries. The night flamed and roared. The grey won out upon the flats and returned with a hundred prisoners. The morning saw the river fight and the sinking of the Cincinnati. May shook and thundered toward its sulphurous close. The twenty-ninth, thirtieth, and thirty-first were marked by a continuous, frightful bombardment. By now the blue parallels were close, close to every main grey work. They were very close, indeed, to the Third Louisiana Redan. All night the grey engineers and their haggard men dug, dug to repair the daytime breaches, to make inner lines. On the first day of June fire broke out in the town. There threatened a general conflagration, but soldiers and civilians conquered the flames before there was disaster irretrievable. The weather was deadly hot. Fever became epidemic. There arrived a question of musket caps. Imperatively needed, they must be had. If it were possible for a few daring men to get down the river and across, behind the enemy, to Jackson, General Johnston would send the caps. There were volunteers. Captain Saunders, Lamar Fontaine, a courier named Walker, were the first chosen; later, a noted scout and Lieutenant Edward Cary. At mid-night they drifted down the river on logs. The battery under whose shadow they had set out listened for a shout, looked for a leaping flame from some one of the gunboats they must pass. But the gunboats lay silent. There was always driftwood upon the rushing river. At dawn the mortars on the Louisiana side began to shell the batteries and the town beyond. Later the gunboats took a hand. Six days in succession this bombardment opened with the first light in the east and closed with the latest in the west. Vicksburg lost the last semblance of old times. The bombs ripped houses open as they ripped bodies. The blue began to drive double saps against the principal redans. The grey began to countermine. All the torn, sunbaked line knew that from now on it would stand over volcanoes. Désirée went into the town and to the hospitals, but when she found there were nurses enough she was glad — though, had there been need, she like all the rest would have worked there until she dropped. At the door of one of the hospitals she spoke to a surgeon. "There is no yellow fever?" "No, thank God! Not yet. — I'll strike on wood." They watched a shell burst in the air above an empty garden. "Well, if they'd only keep that spot for a target! But they won't. . . . When we stopped counting a week ago the hospitals had been struck twenty-one times. It's hard on wounded men to be rewounded. — There's another!" The shell ploughed a trench across the street, burst against the corner of a brick wall, and brought it down in ruin. "You can't blame them for getting unnerved, lying there and listening," pursued the surgeon. "Then they don't get well quickly and conditions are unfavourable for amputations and operations. And I've never seen worse wounds than we're getting in this siege. — There's another! " Désirée went on to a row of caves in a parched hillside. Here were certain of her old friends, and here was a kind of central storeroom from which she with others drew her slender rations. The basket which she had brought she partly filled, then sat upon a stone and asked and answered questions. It was not for long; she was not happy away from Cape Jessamine. They begged her to stay; they represented that a moderate risk was all right, — they ran it here, — but that so near the lines she was in actual danger. She laughed with her beautiful eyes and went her way. A little farther down the line she paused for a moment beside a young woman in black sitting in the cave mouth, a slate and pencil on her knee and beside her a boy and girl. "You are keeping school, Miss Lily ? " "It isn't exactly school," said Miss Lily, "but one must entertain the children. It is hard on them being penned up like this." "We're drawing funny pictures," explained the boy. "This is General Grant." "And this," chimed in the girl, "is General Sherman! Does n't he look fierce?" "And this is Yankee Doodle! Look at his feather — all over the slate!" Miss Lily leaned a little forward, her thin hands clasped about her knees, her luminous dark eyes upon the murky sky. She had a voice of liquid sweetness, all shot with little lights and shadows. "I had such a vivid dream last night. I thought that suddenly all the shells, instead of coming this way,were going that way,and somebody said it would be because General Johnston was coming with a great army and that the enemy's cannon were turned against them. All the sky grew clear red instead of blue, and in it I saw the army coming. It was like the pictures of the Judgment Day. And the flag was in front, and there were clouds and thunders. And the enemy was swept off the face of the earth." She sighed. "And then I woke up, and the shells were coming this way." "I dreamed, too," said the little girl; "I dreamed about Christmas." Désirée went back to Cape Jessamine. On the way she walked for a while beside an old negro woman. "Yass, 'm, yass, 'ml De debbil âm rainin' fire an' brimstone! En now ef de Lawd 'd only send de manna an' de quails ! " "Are you hungry ?" asked Désirée. "You look hungry." " Well, 'm, dar wuz de chillern. I done hab my ration en dey done hab theirs, but de Lawd Jesus knows growin' chillern need six rations! I could n't give 'em six, but I giv 'em mine. — I ben lookin' at de berries in de patch ober dar, but Lawd! de bloom ain't much moh'n fallen!" Désirée uncovered the basket and shared with her her loaf of bread. The other took it with glistening eyes and profuse thanks. They parted, and Désirée went on to the cave below the cedars in the ruined garden. The day was hot, hot! and the air was thick; and there was always smell of burned powder, and dull, continual noise. But the cave itself was dark and cool. She had drawn the ivy so that it fell like a curtain across the entrance. She drank a cup of water, ate a piece of bread, then lay down upon her pallet. She lay very straight, her hands clasped upon her breast, her dark eyes fixed upon the veil of ivy. The light came in, cool and green like emerald water. The booming of the cannon grew rhythmic like great waves against a cliff. Edward! Edward! They beat in her brain —Edward! Edward! She knew that he was gone with the others for the musket caps. Day by day soldiers in numbers passed her garden. She had come to know the faces of many and had made friends with them. Sometimes they asked for water. Sometimes the wounded rested here. An officer, mortally wounded, had been laid upon this pallet and had died here, upheld for the last labouring breath in her arms. The colonel commanding the troops in the redan and trenches at this point stopped occasionally in coming or going. He was a chivalrous, grey-mustached hero who paid her compliments three-piled. It was he who told her of the volunteers for dangerous service, but it was a smoke-grimed, tattered private who brought her a line from Edward, pencilled just at starting. . . . Five days ago. She lay perfectly still, breathing lightly but deeply. Her mind, like a bird, flew now into this landscape, now into that. Cape Jessamine — Cape Jessamine — and the river rolling over what had been home and life. Her room — the river rolling over :her room — the balcony with the yellow rose and the silken dresses in the carved ward-robe. . . . She was in New Orleans. — Mardigras — Rex passing — Louis as Rex — flowers down raining. All the masks — the ball. . . . France — an old house in Southern France with poplars and a still stream. . . . Her eyelids closed. Green water falling, and the cypresses of Cape Jessamine. . . . She turned on her side — Edward! Edward! The great waves continued to break against the cliffs, then arose a deafening crash as of down-ruining land. Désirée sprang to her feet and went and pushed aside the ivy. Thick smoke hung over a salient some distance to the right; she saw men running. Though she had never seen a mine exploded, she knew it for what it was. She watched the thickest of the smoke lift and drift aside, she saw that the flag. still waved from the salient and she gathered from the steadiness of the world in general and the rhythmic pursuance of the cannonading that the mine had not been large, or had failed of its full intent. She knew, however, that in the salient there had been moments of destruction and anguish. Sleep was driven from her eyes. She sat down upon the bench without the door. It was the blazing afternoon. She saw the air upquivering from the baked earth, the ruined wall. The neglected garden looked dead with sultriness. Beyond, in the heat, she saw the camps, tents, huts of dried boughs, small wooden structures. From them to the front ran strange geometric lines that were the covered ways. She saw the sentries, small, metallic-looking figures. Then came trenches, breastworks, redan. Smoke was over them, but here and there it gave and let through the red points of flags, or a vision of soldiers. The horizon all around stood a wall of murk torn by red flashes. That the air rocked with sound was now a matter of course. The ear was accustomed to it, as to the roar of a familiar cataract, or as mechanics and mill-hands might be to the roar of machinery. Distracting sound ceased to be distracting. The attention went where it was needed, as in the silence of the desert. Désirée sat with her hands in her lap, staring into the heat and light. She sat with a certain look of the Sphinx, accepting the spectator's place, since the ages had fixed her there, and yet with a dim and inner query that raised the corners of her lips. A squad of soldiers came by, paused and asked if they might get water. When they came back from the spring she stopped them with her eyes. "Did the mine do much harm ?" "No, 'm, mighty little, considering. It hurt a dozen men and gave us some digging and mending to do to-night. Good for us, I reckon! We all are so awful lazy — serving only twenty out of twenty-four . hours!" "Yes," said Désirée. "I've observed how lazy you are. There never were soldiers who did better than you are doing. — Is there any news?" "They've got their sap rollers within a hundred feet of us. I've got an idea that I'm going to give the captain. If you'd soak wads of cotton in turpentine, and wrap them in pieces of match and fire them from an old large-bore gun into them rollers, you might burn the darned things up!" "Two of the men who went of ter caps got in at dawn this morning." "Two —?" Yes, 'm. Captain Saunders and Walker. They brought two hundred thousand caps between them. They had a lively time getting out, and a livelier getting in." "The others — ?" "They have n't been heard from. It was n't an easy job! I reckon if we get two back — and that many caps — it 's as good as we could expect." The day declined. The sun went down like a red cannon ball. The cannonading ceased; the minies ceased. Slowly the smoke drifted away and let the stars be seen. The silence after sound oppressed, oppressed! Désirée sat still upon the bench. The moon rose, round and white, mounted and made the world spectral. At last she stood up. She raised and opened her arms, then closed them on each other and wrung her hands. Then she went out of the night without to that within the cave. The moon came strongly in. When, presently, she lay down upon the pallet, she drew her eyes and forehead out of the pool of silver. Edward ! Edward ! Between the dead night and the first dawn, an hour before the sharpshooters would begin, she suddenly sat up, then rose to her feet. The moonlight was gone from the floor; there was only the unearthly hush and ebb of the hour. She moved to the entrance, pushed aside the ivy, and stood with held breath. Though she could not see him, she knew when he turned in at the ruined gate. A moment and his voice was in her ears. "Désirée!" — another, and they were clasped in each other's arms. "I got in an hour ago — with the caps. I have till dawn." Throughout the seventh and eighth of June the firing from the mortars was very heavy and the Federal digging, digging continued. The grey private's device was adopted and a number of sap rollers were set afire and destroyed, exposing the sappers behind and compelling fresh beginnings. On the Jackson road, before Hébert's lines, the blue were using for screen cotton bales piled high upon a flatcar. This shield also was fired by musket balls wrapped in turpentine and tow. Bales and car went up in flames. The grey began new rifle-pits, and in the redans they collected thundering barrels and loaded shells. There was a feeling of impending assault. Now, too, began night sallies — Federal attacks upon the picket lines, Confederate repulses. Sentinel duty, heavy from the first, grew ever more heavy. Men fought during the day, and the same men watched at night. Day and night the trenches must be manned. The lines were long, and by now there were barely eighteen thousand grey effectives. They lived perforce in the trenches; they had no relief from the narrow ditches. The sun of a Southern June blistered and baked; then came torrential rains and soaked all things; then the sun shone again and the heavens became an inverted bowl of brass. On the twelfth of June the troops were put on half-rations; a little later, these, too, were reduced. The water grew low and very impure. There were so many dead bodies — men and animals. Fever appeared in every main work, and in every trench. Men lifted their muskets with shaking hands.

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