Datasets:

airtrain-ai

/

fineweb-edu-fortified

like 54

Follow

Airtrain AI 10

A study out of the University of Illinois-Chicago claims that restaurant food is driving up the number of calories consumed by kids and teenagers. According to Reuters, the study relied on asking teens and parents to recall everything they ate over a 24-hour period on two occasions. As we’ve noted before, this methodology can be problematic. This finding conflicts with other studies, like one by researchers from the University of California-Berkeley and Northwestern University, that find that people compensate for any excess calories from restaurant dining by cutting back their consumption through the rest of the day. Also, the occasional treat never hurt anybody. Don’t expect the credible contradictory information to give regulators pause, however. We’ve seen governments across the country (most recently the Washington, D.C. suburb of Prince George’s County, Maryland) attempt to use the zoning code to keep out restaurants. We’ve heard the Institute of Medicine call for the creation of “strong nutritional standards” and ensuring that foods that meet them “are available in all places frequented by the public.” And of course, New York has banned big sodas in eateries. We don’t expect any of these heavy-handed intrusions to affect obesity rates. The only thing that will really reverse obesity is a return to personal responsibility in both diet and exercise.

<urn:uuid:479bed2f-85c6-413e-a2bf-ea9a7a1f5e8f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.consumerfreedom.com/2012/11/studying-the-nation-toward-menu-mandates/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436332/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Part of the Jewish Encounter series Emma Lazarus’s most famous poem gave a voice to the Statue of Liberty, but her remarkable life has remained a mystery until now. She was a woman so far ahead of her time that we are still scrambling to catch up with her–a feminist, a Zionist, and an internationally famous Jewish American writer before thse categories even existed. Drawing upon a cache of personal letters undiscovered until the 1980, Esther Schor brings this vital woman to life in all her complexity. Born into a wealthy Sephardic family in 1849, Lazarus published her first volume of verse at seventeen and gained entrÉe into New York’s elite literary circles. Although she once referred to her family as “outlaw” Jews, she felt a deep attachment to Jewish history and peoplehood. Her compassion for the downtrodden Jews of Eastern Europe–refugees whose lives had little in common with her own–helped redefine the meaning of America itself. In this groundbreaking biography, Schor argues persuasively for Lazarus’s place in history as a poet, an activist, and a prophet of the world we all inhabit today–a world that she helped to invent. From the Hardcover edition. See more like this in our History eBooks section Share your thoughts on the Emma Lazarus History eBook with others! |Title of History eBook: Emma Lazarus| |Release Date: 10-21-2008| |Allowed Countries (hover)| |Publisher: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group| This eBook download is available in the following formats: |Parent title||Emma Lazarus| |Devices||Samsung Tablet, Apple Ipad & Iphone, Barnes & Noble Nook, Kobo eReader, Aluratek Libre, Iliad, Nokia, Blackberry, Hanlin| |Note||ePub, short for electronic publication is one of our favorites and should be yours for a couple of reasons. ePub offers reflowable text giving you flexibility to manipulate how the content is presented. Moreover, lots of cool features are now being developed for the reader like advanced video and audio. ePub is now an industry standard, so all of the "non-propreitary" hardware manufacturers are now supporting it.|

<urn:uuid:8413e4af-9af3-430d-9d6e-77346c74a46c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.diesel-ebooks.com/item/9780805242164/Schor-Esther-Emma-Lazarus/1.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700626424/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103706-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

USGS ShakeMaps provide near-real-time maps of ground motion and shaking intensity following significant earthquakes throughout the world. The maps show the epicenter of the earthquake and are color coded to show relative ground motion. Individual maps are created for each earthquake event. Unfortunately, the maps must be accessed via their website. But I have created a sampling of several high profile earthquakes in recent years, which can be accessed from below. To find the Google Earth KML version of an individual ShakeMap from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program website, click on the name of the Earthquake, then click on Downloads and look under GIS Data on the right hand column for the KML link. Note, that not all of the earthquakes have a KML version.

<urn:uuid:372378af-e460-4d2d-813d-04364f926aab>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gelib.com/earthquake-shakemap.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00016-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Difference between revisions of "Guinea" Revision as of 19:26, 24 February 2009 Guinea is a former French colony that borders Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the north, Mali on the north and north-east, Côte d'Ivoire to the east and Liberia and Sierra Leone to the south. Unrest in Sierra Leone has spilled across the border, creating humanitarian emergencies and threatening the stability of this country. There are three major regions in Guinea - the coast is called Basse (low) or Maritime Guinea, the next section of the interior is called Moyenne (lesser) Guinea, the more mountainous area to the east is called Haute (high) Guinea, and the tail that drops down to the southeast is called Guinea Forestiere or Forest Guinea. These major division also provide broad cultural division as well - Basse Guinea is primarily Susu people and culture, Moyenne Guinea is more of the Pular people, who originate from nomadic tribes, Haute Guinea is primarily Malinke and Forest Guinea is home to the Toma, Kissi and similar groups who carry on strong traditional practices for medicine and religion. Guinea is a remarkable country with very warm, genuine people but little infrastructure. While they have tremendous natural resources available to them (which includes around one half of the world's reserves of bauxite, and many major gold, jewel, and metal industries), they rate very poorly in the UN's quality of life index. Guinea achieved independence in 1958 and has only had two rulers since. The first president, socialist Ahmed Sékou Touré, faced a lot of criticism from the West for alleged human rights violations and suppression of opposition parties. He believed in building a powerful, self-sufficient nation, without reliance on foreign powers. When he died in 1984, General Lansana Conté took over. Things did not improve, and the ideals of Touré were soon left behind. In 1993, the first elections were held, though their results were disputed - as have those in all subsequent elections. Conté died in 2008 without appointing a successor, leaving chaos in his wake. Visa inquiries must be made at Guinea embassies, and are not available at the borders or airport. A one month, single entry visa costs around $65. A three month, multiple entry visa is double the price and is the only type available to citizens of the US. Air France from Paris, France and SN Brussels from Brussels, Belgium. Air Ivoire flies to Conakry regularly from Abidjan en route to Dakar, as does Belvue. Expect to be asked for a "gift" by airport security. Royal Air Maroc supplies the only direct flight from Montréal to Africa (Casablanca, with stopover in N.Y.) and many connections from Casa. to Conakry (also called Kry) and elsewhere. Though cargo trains still run the old line between Conakry and Kankan, there are no passenger trains still operational in Guinea. The old station in downtown Conakry is worth a visit. As of the summer of 2006 it was not safe to cross the Guinean border with Cote d'Ivoire. The route between Djenne and Nzerekore is controlled by rebels on the Ivoirian side. In June of 2006 Ivoirian headlines were reporting that the UN presence in that region was struggling to maintain calm. The rebel group there (the MJP) has made it a raison d'etre to expel the French military from Cote d'Ivoire. Crossing the Guinean border with Senegal is possible but very uncomfortable and requires patience. Inside Guinea, the road between Labe and Koundara is unpaved and very rough. It takes about 8 hours for the whole journey with only minor breakdowns. There are some decent and very cheap places to stay in Koundara. Between Koundara and Diaoube (Senegal) is a similar journey. The border is relatively hassle free. There is a 20km no man's land between border posts where one only knows they have entered Senegal by the improved quality of the dirt road. It is possible to change your currency at any hour of the night at the border towns on either side of the no man's land. Local transport from Diaoube to Tambacounda and on to Dakar is relatively easy. Koundara is also the main jump off point for a trip to Guinea-Bissau. There are no buses. Traffic in Conakry can be very heavy. The local transport vans in Conakry seem to be the most congested in all of West Africa. Taxis are very inexpensive, even if you want to rent one for a half or whole day. Expect to have to stop for gas almost immediately after you get in the car. The Government and business center of the city is unfortunately located at the tip of a long and narrow peninsula which is only connected to the rest of Conakry, which sprawls onto the mainland, by two roads. This can be particularly frustrating at rush hour. Line ups at gas stations in Conakry can be quite long and disorganized at certain times. Much of the infrastructure around the airport is being rebuilt, so trips to downtown or to la miniere might take unusual detours. The official language is French. There are numerous ethnic languages, and the three most prevalent are Susu, Pular(Foulah, Peuhl) and Malinke. Susu is spoken in the coastal region and in the capital city. Toma, Guerzé, Kissi and others are spoken in the interior (Sacred Forest) region bordering on Mali, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and Liberia. They do not sell a lot of trinkets in Guinea, but they do have wonderful clothing that you can purchase. The tailors there are very skilled and can create an outfit very fast (approximately a day). In certain parts of the country you can also find some nice carvings, many of which are created in the city of Kindia. Many options are available for dining. For a mere 20,000 Guinean Francs (roughly $4 USD), you are able to dine on delicious cultural foods from Africa. If your tastebuds would prefer something international, many other choices are available as well. The beef in Guinea is very good, and is highly recommended. Pork isn't served because of the religion. There are good restaurants that are Lebanese which has European styled breakfasts. Canned European beer is available as well as a local "Skol" lager beer. The Mariador hotels that are run by the French are a good place to go. The prices are affordable, service is excellent, and the staff is generally very friendly. You can stay there for as long as you like (they won't kick you out). Water bottled in the town of Coyah is available everywhere for about US$ .50 per 1.5 liter bottle and is very good. Conakry's tap water (where there is such a thing) is from the same source and has occasionally proven to be perfectly safe. not worth as

<urn:uuid:5c53bd04-efd8-4dd7-9fc4-4cc4e0e1c92c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://wikitravel.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Guinea&diff=prev&oldid=1068991

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699977678/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102617-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

There are concerns regarding the opportunity for our children of diverse cultures in the United States to grow up learning history that mirrors their situations as it does to learn about European history so engrained in our culture. Because Tweens – children between the ages of 7-12 – are developing their self-confidence, study habits, global views and more at this tender age, we have chosen to present the issue of the Arizona ethnic studies ban so our multicultural tween parents can be informed and sensitive to an issue that has a national impact. – Katherine and Cristy Teaching Our Tweens to Be Proud of Themselves By Silvia Rodriguez Vega, Ed.M. How can we say we believe in “Liberty and Justice for all,” when in the United States of America, in the city of Tucson, Arizona, it is illegal to learn about your own history? In May 2011, Governor Brewer of Arizona signed House Bill 2281. This law is now known as the Ethnic Studies Ban in the Tucson Unified School District (TUSD). The ban prohibits any classes that “promote the overthrow of the US government, promote resentment towards a specific race, and any classes taught about a specific race.” Other departments and classes affected due to this ban are Pan-Asian Studies, African-American Studies, and Mexican-American Studies (MAS). These classes teach students how to be proud of themselves, how to love their skin, their hair and the things that make them different. The Ethnic Studies classes illustrate the importance of knowing true American history, not just the Eurocentric American history currently taught in classrooms but history students can identify as their own. Perhaps for the first time in their academic lives students will learn of heroes who had backgrounds similar as their own, and this is empowering. The stronger sense of self a student has, for example, the knowledge of one’s own history, the better they will perform academically. After all, isn’t the purpose of education to educate? Students in MAS classes are not simply learning to pass their class. They are so motivated and empowered by the knowledge and care they receive in these classes. As a result, students in the Ethnic Studies and MAS classes are outperforming their peers not enrolled in Ethnic Studies in classes like math, science, and English. The students were also passing the Arizona’s Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS) test, this standardized test does not take into account ethnic identity nor does it test on subjects such as Chicano Studies or Ethnic Studies. Students who participate in Ethnic Studies programs are also enrolling in college at a higher rate than their counterparts who are not enrolled in Ethnic studies classes. Now, that the Ethnic Studies ban has been implemented, teary-eyed students have had their books taken right out of their hands. These classes are not just about Mexicans—not just about social justice. They reflect their right to know who they are, and respect where they are going. If we truly believe in the values of liberty and justice for all then we should understand that these classes help our children feel empowered to learn today and become someone they are proud of in the future. For more information, please check out the film “Precious Knowledge” and support the UNIDOS students in Tucson, AZ. They have not given up and neither should we. As Cesar Chavez said, “Once social change begins, it cannot be reversed. You cannot un-educate the person who has learned to read. You cannot humiliate the person who feels pride. You cannot oppress the people who are not afraid anymore.” Silvia Rodriguez Vega, Ed. M. is a community organizer from Arizona, born in Chihuahua, Mexico. Silvia graduated from Arizona State University with two degrees, one in Political Science and another in Transborder Chicana/o studies. Silvia received her master’s degree in Education from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Presently, she is preparing to pursue a Ph.D. at UCLA, in Chicana/o Studies with an emphasis in Immigration, Child Development, and Community Arts for social change.

<urn:uuid:0344826f-6236-400c-9018-f6ead1dd9ed5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.lostweens.com/community/ideas/teaching-our-tweens-to-be-proud.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705926946/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120526-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

When we look at a photograph, we effortlessly identify people and objects—re-creating a three-dimensional scene in our mind from the two-dimensional image. As easy as that task seems, scientists have long puzzled over exactly how our brain does it; even the most powerful computers still struggle to pick 3-D objects out of 2-D images. Until now, most research has focused on the simpler neural representation of 2-D patterns, but a new study shows for the first time that some neurons are also tuned to 3-D details. The sheer number of possible 3-D shapes has made it hard to study how the brain processes them. A team headed by Charles Connor and Yukako Yamane, neuroscientists at Johns Hopkins University, sidestepped this problem by using a computer program that generated a series of shapes that evolved according to which items provoked the greatest response from certain neurons. They eventually pinpointed several neurons that each responded to specific 3-D configurations. Object fragments such as projecting points or ridges elicited the greatest response. “Neurons carry very clear information for 3-D parts and for where those parts are relative to each other,” Connor says. The findings support a classical theory that the brain can comprehend objects as spatial combinations of 3-D parts rather than only learning to recognize objects from different 2-D per-spectives. Connor notes, however, that the brain may still rely heavily on faster 2-D processing in situations that require rapid recognition. Note: This article was originally printed with the title, "Seeing In Three Dimensions". This article was originally published with the title Seeing in Three Dimensions.

<urn:uuid:2e5c7080-aaad-4018-a2e0-50930a7682ab>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=seeing-in-three-dimensions

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382185/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

full title · Madame Bovary author · Gustave Flaubert type of work · Novel genre · Realist fiction language · French time and place written · Croisset, France; 1851–1857 date of first publication · 1857 publisher · Revue de Paris narrator · In the first chapter, Charles’s classmates narrate as a first-person plural “we.” It is unclear whether one person or the whole class is speaking. For the rest of the novel, an omniscient third-person narrator tells the story. Although the narrator appears to be objective, he often makes his opinion felt, especially regarding the ridiculous attempts of his characters’ efforts to appear sophisticated. point of view · The first chapter is told from the perspective of one or all of Charles Bovary’s schoolfellows. After that, we see the world through Charles’s eyes momentarily before being introduced to Emma. The bulk of the novel recounts events as she experiences them, though always in the third person and sometimes giving us a brief glimpse into someone else’s mind. Despite the fact that the narrator limits most of his attention to Emma, however, there is a fairly even mix of objective observations of her behavior and subjective accounts of her thoughts and feelings. Flaubert also often uses free indirect discourse, the narrative integration of thoughts and feelings without quotation marks or attribution, to show what his characters are thinking. After Emma’s death, the narration is mostly objective. tone · Flaubert’s attitude toward his story and his heroine is evenly divided between sympathy and ironic contempt. We know that he identified strongly with his heroine because he once said “Madame Bovary is me.” His sympathy for her is evident in the way he describes her passions and the circumstances that conspire against her. He is also, however, very much aware of how ridiculous attempts at sophistication by members of the bourgeoisie can be, and he portrays many of his characters as foolish, ridiculous and grotesque. tense · Simple past setting (time) · The mid-1800s setting (place) · France, including the towns of Tostes, Yonville, and Rouen protagonist · Emma Bovary major conflict · Emma wishes for romantic love, wealth, and social status that she cannot attain because she is married to a middle-class doctor. rising action · Emma begins borrowing money to pay for gifts for her first lover, Rodolphe. When he leaves her, she falls ill, and her husband, Charles, borrows even more money to pay for her care. Emma must now borrow more and more to pay off her debts and to indulge her extravagant tastes. She takes a second lover, Leon, but he soon grows tired of her. climax · Emma’s primary creditor, Lheureux, insists that she pay him back and obtains a court order to seize all her property. falling action · Driven to despair, Emma seeks financial help everywhere, but can find none; she eats a handful of arsenic and dies. After Emma’s death, Charles loses everything. He finds out about his wife’s infidelities and dies a broken man. Emma’s daughter, Berthe, is sent to work in a cotton mill. themes · The inadequacy of language; the powerlessness of women; the shortcomings of the bourgeois class motifs · Death and illness, windows, eating symbols · The blind beggar, dried flowers, the lathe foreshadowing · Emma’s financial ruin is foreshadowed as early as the novel’s first chapter, when Flaubert introduces the danger of poorly handled finances by describing the incompetent money management of Charles’ family members. The appearance of Lheureux, coupled with his early efforts to tempt Emma, foreshadows the eventual nature of her downfall: she will get herself further and further into debt with the moneylender. Emma’s romantic disappointments are foreshadowed as well; with both Rodolphe and Leon, we see early on that their feelings for Emma are neither as strong nor as durable as she might wish. Finally, the arsenic with which Emma commits suicide is shown to us six chapters before she ends her life. by Celestial-moon-fire, March 20, 2013 Emma's behaviour could be explored as an effect of sexual selection, which is a form of selection that drives Evolution. Similar to Peacocks, where teh females choose the most attractive mate for reproduction, Emma wants a more attractive and intresting man to pass on her genetic inheritance.

<urn:uuid:51e9ad97-40e7-48db-8726-57a4d0804c28>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/bovary/facts.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697772439/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094932-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

There is much to say about the California poppy. One botanist from UC Berkeley found 70 different subspecies in different parts of California, each varying slightly from the others. The Jepson Manual, the most current California flora, lumps them all together, because they do cross and mingle characteristics. But losing the subspecies particular to different regions is a loss of biodiversity, and ALSO of possibilities for the native plant gardener. I used to wonder (frequently out loud) why so many orange poppies were found in my coastal region, where I knew the type was yellow with an orange blotch at the base, or no orange blotch. Giving a talk at a garden club on that topic, I saw a woman waving her hand at the back of the room. "I grew up at the ranch that is now Audubon Canyon Ranch," she said. "Every year my father planted a huge sack (I forget now if it was 50 or 100 pounds, but a significant amount) of the orange California poppy." "Oh," I said. Mystery solved. Throughout California, literally tons of the orange-flowered annual type most frequently thought of as THE California poppy, and possibly originating in Antelope Valley in souther California, were sown by Boy Scouts, by garden clubs, by landowners, by gardeners, inadvertently swamping out the individuality of each area's own form of the California poppy. Some were even dropped from airplanes, as "beautification" measures. It has been so interesting to grow our own form on the coast. As a perennial, it behaves quite differently from the annual inland orange form (I am referring to them as "forms" since the subspecies have been eliminated taxonomically, at least for the moment). The tap root can get immense, as long as two feet, and thick as a baseball bat (which we have experimentally used it as). In dry years, it flourishes, and I used to worry that it was too aggressive, eliminating other wildflowers. Then I observed that in wet years, it was substantially knocked back, because it doesn't like wet feet. Now I just relax, counting on an ebb and flow of the coastal form of the California poppy, so that it is only one element among many in the garden. The bouquets must be seen to be believed. Some flowers open 4" wide by the end of their time in the vase. Many songs have been written in praise of the California poppy, but none seem to mention the distinction between Eschscholzia californica and Eschscholzia californica var. californica, formerly, var. maritima. It probably doesn't scan well.

<urn:uuid:079f2d75-0ccc-4b72-bc91-5bdf7760a88c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://judithlarnerlowry.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436824/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) are a member of gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), a plant family which also includes cucumber, squash, and pumpkin that grow on vines on the ground. The melons which are either classified as fruit or vegetable are believed to be originated in southern Africa and now are widely grown across many tropical regions. There are over 500 varieties of watermelons throughout the world, ranging in weights (from one pound to more than two hundred pounds), shapes (from globular to oblong) and colors (red, yellow, orange, or white flesh). The watermelon contains about ninety percent of water and the pulp is sweet, making it a favorite thirst-quenching fruit. Apart from that, watermelon is considered as one of the world’s healthiest foods because it has no fats and has fewer amounts of calories. One cup of watermelon has just 46 calories, so it’s also an excellent food for weight loss. In addition, watermelons are rich in many essential nutrient like vitamin A, B1, B6 & C, pantothenic acid, biotin, potassium, and magnesium. In red watermelon also contains a powerful carotenoid antioxidant known as lycopene (plant pigment that responsible for the red color of watermelon, tomatoes, and pink guavas). These powerful antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals that can lead to inflammation, general sickness and chronic illnesses such as heart attack, stroke, and cancer. Nutritional Value of Watermelon, Raw Health Benefits of Watermelons Here are some health benefits of watermelons: - Fight Cancer The lypocene in watermelon has been found to be effective in preventing cancers, particularly breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and endometrial cancer. A study conducted by Harvard University found that men who ate lycopene-rich diet had a lower risk of developing certain cancers, especially prostate cancer than those who did not. - Relieve Kidney Disorders Watermelon is a good source of potassium, which is very helpful in cleaning off the toxic depositions in the kidneys. Moreover, it is helpful in reducing concentration of uric acid in the blood, thereby reducing the chances of kidney damages. - Reduce High Blood Pressure As watermelons are rich in potassium and magnesium, they help in controlling blood pressure and maintaining the body’s proper electrolyte and acid-base balance. - Improves Eye Health Watermelons are an excellent source of vitamin A and beta carotene, which help improve overall eye health. Eating watermelon can also prevent age related macular degeneration (AMD), the major cause of vision loss in older people. - Reduce Heart Disease Risk Apart from protective cancers, lycopene in watermelon also provide cardiovascular benefits. Researchers found that women who consumed 7-10 servings of lycopene-rich diets every week had 29% lower risk of heart disease when compared with women who ate less than 1.5 servings of lycopene-rich diets each week. Watermelon also contains the amino acids citrulline and arginine, which can help promote arteries, blood flow, and overall heart health. - Boosts the Immune System Vitamin C in watermelon can help boost the immune system, which in turn help protect your body from various illness and infections. - Treats Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence) Arginine present in water melon is beneficial in treating erectile dysfunction. Arginine boosts nitric oxide, which relaxes blood vessels, the same basic effect that Viagra has. While watermelon may not be as organ-specific as Viagra, it is a best way to relax blood vessels without the side effects of prescription drugs. A study of 50 men with impotence reported significant improved sexual function after they were given arginine supplementation. - Aid in Energy Production Watermelon is an excellent source of vitamin B6 and vitamin B1, which are necessary for energy production. - Promote Weight Loss Watermelon is low in calories and high in water content, hence it is a perfect snack for people looking to lose weight. - Prevent Osteoporosis Watermelon is rich in magnesium, a nutrient known to help strengthen the bone, thereby beneficial in preventing osteoporosis. - Reduce Blood Sugar Minerals such as potassium and magnesium help in proper functioning of insulin in the body, thus reducing the blood sugar level. Arginine, another component found in water melons also has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. - Keep Body Hydrated Since watermelon contains high water content – 92 percent water, it can help to replenish body fluids. Also, watermelons help in providing a cooling effect in your body. So it’s the best refreshing snack option during the hot summer season. By having watermelons, you can keep your body hydrated and healthy. When choosing a watermelon, look at the red watermelon because lycopene is found only in this varieties. The redder the watermelon, the more lycopene it contains.

<urn:uuid:1558d9ca-47bf-4624-8563-d6a990c34161>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.healthonlinezine.info/12-health-benefits-of-watermelons.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383508/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Education Secretary Michael Gove has described the current ICT syllabus in UK schools as “uninspiring” and “dull” ahead of a planned overhaul of the ICT curriculum this September. His revised vision for the curriculum would mean that “instead of children being taught how to use word or excel, we could have 11-year-olds able to write their own simple programming” within UK schools. The Department for Education’s consultation paper on the new curriculum argued that “existing Programmes of Study and Attainment Targets for ICT were no longer fit for purpose” and called for a “the opportunity to develop and deliver more ambitious ICT provision, including computer science” in schools. School children in Leeds have already had the opportunity to get a taste for computer programming thanks to the introduction of a simple computer called the Raspberry Pi. Dr Eben Upton, Raspberry Pi founder and trustee, commented: “I am really pleased today to have taken these youngsters through how simple it is to use the Raspberry Pi and I can only hope that they will get hooked on it and become the programmers of tomorrow.” In 2011, Eric Schmidt, Chairman of Google, stated that he was “flabbergasted” that pupils in the UK routinely used computer software without a working knowledge of the mechanics behind different programmes. Professor Steve Furber, who chaired a Royal Society report on computing in schools, argued earlier this year that children need to be fully equipped for a world that was continually advancing technologically. In a report entitled Children and Young People’s Home Use of ICT for Educational Purposes: The Impact on Attainment, written for the Department of Education and Skills, the following benefits of ICT usage were identified: - There was a statistically significant positive association between pupils’ home use of ICT for educational purposes and improved attainment in mathematics at Years 6 and 9, and a modest but more extensive association with attainment in English and mathematics at Year 11. - ICT was motivational because it contributed both to making school work more enjoyable and also to pupils’ perceptions of achievement. It may be a route to how to help children concentrate in class. - The majority of parents believed that computers helped their Year 2 child to learn useful skills and knowledge.

<urn:uuid:391f55c4-0da4-4258-a1a7-1dada838d5c9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.kumon.co.uk/blog/gove-plans-overhaul-of-the-ict-curriculum/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706484194/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121444-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Dr. John C. Reis Aerospace Engineering Department Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Prescott, AZ 86301 1 TEACHING METHODOLOGIES Cognitive Domain (Knowledge) Fact, Understanding, and Application • Questioning • Games • Lecture (live or recorded-video, audio, film, etc.) • Computer-assisted instruction • Independent research or study • Discussion groups • Case presentation/case study ... TEACHING METHODOLOGIES USED IN AVID IN A NUTSHELL "AVID methodology" is not about changing curriculum but is about allowing almost all students to have access to a rigorous college preparatory curriculum. Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.-G. Lazar. (1993). Literature and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ERIC CLEARINGHOUSE ON LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS • CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS • 4646 40TH ST NW • WASHINGTON DC 20016-1859 • (202) 362-0700 Background Language teaching came into its own as a profession in the last century. Instructor Development 2 Section III 10/6/2010 Performance Objective for Module 5 Given information in this module the student will demonstrate use of lecture, directed discussion, demonstrations, practical exercises, and collaborative learning teaching methods and understand what ... Teaching experiment methodology: Underlying principles and essential elements. ... explicitly acknowledged that mathematical activity in school occurs as a result of students' participation in teaching. Experimental methodologies used in the 1970s were inadequate for addressing these issues. ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 765-770, November 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.6.765-770 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Pedagogical Innovations in Language Teaching Methodologies Minoo Alemi Sharif University ... Describe and implement a variety of L2 teaching methodologies as tools for achieving a coherent progression of literacy development for ELLs. 5. ... as well as the need to develop teaching methodologies with the aim to meet communicative needs and maintain the rich variety of European languages.

<urn:uuid:671f0a89-dfae-4a76-b5c1-b3c2ed43e6dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sputtr.com/teaching+methodologies

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704664826/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114424-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Poll: Americans split on government role on fat (Update) A new poll finds that Americans blame too much cheap fast food for fueling the nation's fat epidemic, but they're split on how much the government should do to save them from themselves. Most draw the line at policies that would try to force healthier eating by limiting food choices, according to the poll by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. A third of people say the government should be deeply involved in finding ways to curb obesity, while a similar proportion want it to play little or no role. The rest are somewhere in the middle. A third of U.S. children and teens, and two-thirds of adults, are either overweight or obese. While three-quarters of Americans consider obesity a serious health problem, most of those surveyed said dealing with it is up to individuals. That highlights the dilemma facing public health experts. Societal changes over recent decades have helped spur growing waistlines. Regular-sized food portions are larger, and a fast-food meal can be cheaper than healthier food. In the current environment, it's difficult to exercise that personal responsibility, said Jeff Levi of the nonprofit Trust for America's Health. "We need to create environments where the healthy choice becomes the easy choice, where it's possible for people to bear that responsibility," he said. Require more physical activity in school? Provide nutritional guidelines to help people make better choices? Yes, 8 in 10 people surveyed support those steps. Make restaurants post calorie counts on their menus, as the Food and Drug Administration is poised to do? Some 70 percent think it's a good idea. But nearly 6 in 10 people oppose taxes targeting unhealthy foods, known as soda taxes or fat taxes. And when it comes to restricting what people can buy—like New York City's recent ban of supersized sodas in restaurants—three-quarters oppose it. "The outlawing of sugary drinks, that's just silly," said Keith Donner, 52, of Miami, who prefers teaching schoolchildren to eat better and exercise. More than half of women say the high cost of healthy food is a major driver of obesity, compared with just 37 percent of men. Women also are more likely to say that the food industry should bear a lot of responsibility for helping to find solutions. Physical activity is an important factor too. About 7 in 10 people said it was easy to find sidewalks or paths for jogging, walking or bike-riding. But 63 percent found it difficult to run errands or get around without a car. The AP-NORC Center survey was conducted Nov. 21 through Dec. 14. It involved landline and cellphone interviews with 1,011 adults nationwide and has a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 4.2 percentage points. Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. - Report: Schools key to fighting America's obesity May 08, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - An issue we can agree on: Parents support policies limiting unhealthy food marketing to children, survey finds Oct 30, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - Government can play important role in obesity epidemic Sep 18, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - Food habits of the poor unchanged by NY calories law: study Oct 06, 2009 | not rated yet | 0 - Will calorie listings curb our fast-food habits? Feb 11, 2010 | not rated yet | 0 - Motion perception revisited: High Phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions Apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 (2) | 2 - Anything you can do I can do better: Neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion (Update) Apr 02, 2013 | 4.5 / 5 (11) | 5 - The visual system as economist: Neural resource allocation in visual adaptation Mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 (2) | 9 - Separate lives: Neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled Mar 27, 2013 | 4.9 / 5 (8) | 0 - Sizing things up: The evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance Feb 28, 2013 | 4.8 / 5 (10) | 14 Calculating on-axis elements of a solenoid 11 hours ago I wanted to mention that this solenoid has many winds over many layers. The thickness of the windings is 2.4 inches coming off of the engineering... latitude & longitude & air pressure 12 hours ago Hi there, I have a peculiar question. Imagine that you are in a earth position, obtained by google, that gives you the latitude and longitude.... Differences of Classical Mechanics when learned with Calc vs algebra? 16 hours ago what are the differences? Every example I find usually has a derivative or integral or some kind of calculus defined concept that seems to make it... what is the distance traveled 20 hours ago A rough sketch of experiment. Image: http://i43.tinypic.com/14t4sk5.png the red dots represent a side view of path traveled, F is downward force... Image of a Convex Lens Cut in Half Horizontally 23 hours ago Hello everyone, A friend of mine came up with this question in class and I really do not have a good answer. Suppose you have a convex lens... Ray tracing through optical system of thick lenses May 22, 2013 Can you advise me a free software that allow to draw rays passed throught system of thick lenses (preferable in 3D)? - More from Physics Forums - Classical Physics More news stories Children living in households where the parents are married are less likely to be obese, according to new research from Rice University and the University of Houston. Overweight and Obesity 18 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 In the long run, encouraging a baby to finish the last ounce in their bottle might be doing more harm than good. Overweight and Obesity 18 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | Research presented today shows that high-fructose corn syrup can cause behavioural reactions in rats similar to those produced by drugs of abuse such as cocaine. These results, presented by addiction expert Francesco Leri, ... Overweight and Obesity 22 hours ago | 4 / 5 (1) | 0 As many as 35 percent of Mexican young adults may have a genetic predisposition for obesity, said a University of Illinois scientist who conducted a study at the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosί. Overweight and Obesity May 21, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 Overweight and obese patients are significantly more likely than their normal-weight counterparts to repeatedly switch primary care doctors, a practice that disrupts continuity of care and leads to more emergency room visits, ... Overweight and Obesity May 21, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 (Medical Xpress)—Researchers at the University of Virginia School of Medicine have identified a promising target for treating glioblastoma, one that appears to avoid many of the obstacles that typically frustrate efforts ... 53 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | (Medical Xpress)—The first symptoms of major depression may be behavioral, but the common mental illness is based in biology—and not limited to the brain. 47 minutes ago | 5 / 5 (1) | 0 | (Medical Xpress)—Scientists at Emory Vaccine Center have shown that an immune regulatory molecule called IL-21 is needed for long-lasting antibody responses in mice against viral infections. 41 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 | Human breastmilk responds quickly to protect the child when there is an infection in mothers or babies, according to new international research led by The University of Western Australia. 53 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 (Medical Xpress)—According to the World Health Organization, approximately 70 million couples experience infertility worldwide. Current data suggests that nearly one third of infertility disorders are due ... 8 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 More than half of patients diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) are now surviving the disease thanks to improved diagnosis and treatment, according to a new report1 from Cancer Research UK. 28 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0

<urn:uuid:4266c3e9-1a4a-4d09-9b3f-c56d85f25913>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-01-poll-obesity-crisis-junk-food.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703317384/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112157-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In 1821 the Alabama Legislature selected this site for Alabama's first toll gate. Judge John Dabney Terrell Sr. (Marion County's founding father and framer of the Alabama constitution), was the President of the Alabama Senate during selection. Toll Gate was a gate that intersected north/south traffic. A toll was charged to help maintain the road. Tolls included: 75 cents for each wagon and team, 50 cents for each 2-wheel pleasure carriage, 12 cents for each man on horse, 4 cents for each head of cattle, and 2 cents for each hog or sheep. There was no charge for the U.S. Mail, people traveling on foot, and for those going to mill or preaching. The toll house became a rest station for the stagecoaches that where traveling between Washington, DC and New Orleans. The stage sounded a horn for each passenger before arriving to let the station know how many passengers where needing refreshment. The toll gate was located at the intersection of the road to Gin Port (original seat of Marion County) and Andrew Jackson's famous Military Road. In 1821 Gin Port became Mississippi territory. Military Road (build by Jackson and his troops from 1816 to 1821) shortened the route from Nashville to New Orleans by 200 miles. This road made the movement of supply and artillery wagons easier for our military. Military Road was also an alternate route to Natchez Trace which was plagued by bandits. The intersection (constructed on the hunting grounds of the Chickasaw Tribe) was about 1 mile north of three Chickasaw burial mounds on the Buttahatchee River. The name "Toll Gate" was given to the community surrounding the site and to the north as a significant landmark to the area. The first to settle this area was a man named William Ragsdale around 1818. A post office was put in Toll Gate in 1838. Just south of the Buttahatchee River is the Military Ford Community which by the 1840's was part of Toll Gate. About seven miles south of this community was Pikeville (the county seat). Lamar County was established in 1868. Since Pikeville was so close to the new county line there was a new county seat selected. An unsettled area (called Center) 6 miles north of Toll Gate won the election. The Alabama Legislature was petitioned for a new county seat election by Captain Albert J. Hamilton (Judge Terrell's son-in-law). In 1881 Toll Gate won the site election. Captain Hamilton donated 40 acres of his land in Toll Gate to the Community to be sold in lots. The money from the lots was to be used to construct a new county courthouse. In his honor the new town was named "Hamilton". The town was still under construction in 1882 when the county court was moved there. The Toll Gate post office was also moved to Hamilton and renamed that same year. A toll complex which was about three miles north of the original site had become the new seat of county government over a period of 60 years. Judge Terrell's final resting place is in the Chickasaw burial mounds. He played an important role in establishing the toll gate. Before becoming demolished in the 1970's the toll house and the stage station became the Bolin House. One partially burned timber (rescued from a cleanup fire in 1974) is on display at the Nix Library in Hamilton.

<urn:uuid:e8394971-1772-4659-86cb-3d0d5172f630>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.hamiltonchamberofcommerce.org/TollGate.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704433753/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114033-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

DNA- or RNA-based therapeutics against viruses and bacteria. Researchers are applying genomics and proteomics technologies to discover weaknesses in viruses and bacteria that can be targeted with a new generation of antibiotics and antivirals. Such weaknesses include proteins or segments of RNA essential to an infectious organism's survival or replication. Projects are under way targeting both. In a similar vein, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has funded projects that entail rapid DNA analysis, followed by the rapid synthesis of drugs that can bind, or disable, segments of DNA crucial to an infectious organism's survival. Researchers have completed genome sequences for numerous infectious agents, including the bacteria that cause malaria, stomach ulcers and food poisoning, as well as organisms responsible for hospital-acquired infections, cholera, pneumonia and chlamydia. Recently, the genome sequence was completed for a potential biowarfare agent, the organism responsible for bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis).

<urn:uuid:0e98929f-99a3-4268-8887-b4bd35b509e2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bio.org/articles/biotechnology-public-health-and-national-security?page=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383218/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

VRay for SketchUp Manual For most of the time we can't just use reflection and refraction to create a material for an object. For example: stone, wood, painting, package, sticky back paper and textile. We must use some texture maps to create these materials. Below are some examples of using texture map for rendering. Open file: Texture-Mapping_01.skp. Render the scene directly after opened and you will get the result as the image on the top (below) with only reflection material applied to it. Image on the bottom is the result of applying texture maps. 1. Assign materials to the objects by using the paint bucket and Material Editor in SketchUp. You will notice the texture mapping is not to scale and not properly oriented by default. 2. Right-click on one surface, select Texture>Position to adjust the texture rotation and scale. 3. Scale and rotate the texture map as desired. Right-click and select done. 4. Click on the View menu and select Hidden Geometry in SketchUp. Repeat texture adjustment for one face of cylinder 5. Select the eye dropper tool from the Materials rollout to sample the adjusted textures. 6. Using the selection tool, select all the geometry to be updated with the adjusted texture. Once selected, select the paint bucket and apply the texture to the geometry. 7. Open the Material Editor and you will see the materials already created. 8. You can add reflection or refraction layer. The image below was rendered using reflection layer.

<urn:uuid:9a83db33-0aa7-4ab5-b814-e3374731e0fc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://vray.com/vray_for_sketchup/manual/texture_mapping.shtml

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698017611/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095337-00067-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Its that time of year when the weather is a little all over place, the birds are chirping, the flowers are starting to bloom and the gardens are starting to be built. When I think about this time of year I can’t help but think about all of the exciting learning opportunities that can utilize in this season. One activity that is full of learning opportunities is in preparing a garden. Within this activity there is the opportunity to create growth and teach your child about the life cycle while simultaneously getting dirty and having fun! When creating a garden you have to make a plan to get started. Sitting down together to make this plan can help teach your child that when you are getting ready to complete a task that the first step is to make a plan. This is an executive functioning skill that is important for successful academics that can be practiced in many activities. After you have created the plan you have to gather the materials and follow directions to complete a task. This is another skill that is valuable for children to learn and understand. A child needs to be able to gather up proper materials and utilize instructions to complete tasks in the classroom setting. You can use verbal and visual instructions to do this activity to help build both verbal comprehension and non-verbal processing of direction following. After tackling the task of starting seedlings you can discuss the patterns of growth with your child as well as instill in them the responsibility of taking care of something. You can draw pictures with them about the stages of growth that the seedling will go through and write up the findings under the pictures as your plant grows. This will connect your child’s learning to real life. You can go even further by connecting the growth of the plant to other things that grow and develop, this takes their comprehension to a new level by expanding one area to many broad areas. Good blogs to reference for growing seedling: Grow on!No Comment Yet

<urn:uuid:e8ce4cf6-6f82-45f1-b4d0-29e7439ef916>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://presentdayparenting.com/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706153698/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120913-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Verify that finished lenses are ground to specifications. - Prepare work orders and instructions for grinding lenses and fabricating eyeglasses. - Measure clients' bridge and eye size, temple length, vertex distance, pupillary distance, and optical centers of eyes, using measuring devices. - Heat, shape, or bend plastic or metal frames to adjust eyeglasses to fit clients, using pliers and hands. - Evaluate prescriptions in conjunction with clients' vocational and avocational visual requirements. - Assist clients in selecting frames according to style and color, and ensure that frames are coordinated with facial and eye measurements and optical prescriptions. - Fabricate lenses to meet prescription specifications. - Maintain records of customer prescriptions, work orders, and payments. - Recommend specific lenses, lens coatings, and frames to suit client needs. - Instruct clients in how to wear and care for eyeglasses. The data sources for the information displayed here include: O*NET™ 16.0; US Department of Labor (BLS); Virginia Workforce Connection. Projections Quick View: High School Diploma Three: Medium Preparation Needed Mid Range ($28,000 - $35,999)

<urn:uuid:19fbe149-b8ed-4ee3-bcd4-109e5025d6ed>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.vaview.org/careers/career/29-2081.00

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Eye injuries should usually be treated as an emergency. The promptness of treatment can mean the difference between minor eye irritation and permanent injury. The following suggestions for first aid of the eye are meant to be informational. It is important to go to the nearest emergency room or see your eye doctor immediately. BURNS to the eye can be chemical, thermal, radiation, or electrical. If chemicals are splashed in the eyes, immediately irrigate using the nearest water supply for at least 15 minutes. If you are wearing contact lenses, take them out right away. Then continue to irrigate the eyes, and see your eye doctor immediately. BLUNT TRAUMA causing a black eye should be treated with cold compresses for 15 minutes. Always remove your contact lenses. X-rays may be required to check for broken bones. The eye should be dilated to look for internal damage such as retinal detachment. If the eye is cut, lacerated, or has a penetrating injury do not irrigate with water. Do not attempt to remove the contact lenses. Cover the eye with a gauze pad and go to the emergency room or to see your eye doctor. A FOREIGN OBJECT in the eye can be frustrating because it is difficult to see. You should first try to irrigate the eye, and if it doesn’t wash out go directly to your eye doctor. Trying to manually remove the foreign body is not recommended because this can cause more damage. PREVENTION is the best medicine for eye injuries. Be aware of eye hazards and wear appropriate safety eyewear. At your next eye examination tell your optometrist about your work environment and your hobbies so that he/she can advise you about eye protection.

<urn:uuid:e7dfba7b-02d4-471b-8b8c-d17e7c94da37>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mseyes.com/optometry/learn-more-about-optometry-4/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706470784/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121430-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The various factors that influence whether exposure leads to infection and whether infection leads to disease remain unknown. However, as with many infectious conditions, a stronger immune system reduces the chances of getting the disease or at least decreases the chances of complications from the infection. It therefore seems prudent to avoid the factors that inhibit immune response and to utilize those that augment it. The factors that inhibit immune response include an unhealthy lifestyle (i.e., smoking, poor diet, significant stress, sedentary habits) and the use of therapeutic and recreational drugs, while those that augment immune response tend to be a healthy lifestyle and utilizing natural therapeutics, including homeopathic medicines. While the precise mechanism of action that leads to AIDS isn't known, a new and significant study suggests that homeopathic medicines may have a dramatic effect on some people with HIV. A study performed by a government research center in India with 129 asymptomatic HIV+ patients (120 male and 9 female) showed that during homeopathic treatment over a period of 3 to 16 months, 11 patients changed from HIV+ to HIV-.5 No conventional drugs of any type were prescribed to these patients. The medical literature has on rare occasions reported individual patients who for unknown reasons converted from being HIV+ to being HIV-. This study is the first to report more than one. It should be noted that this writer acknowledges that it does not initially make sense that people can turn from HIV+ to HIV-, because the tests that determine this status are simply evaluating a person's antibodies, not the disease itself. It is generally assumed that people who become HIV+ will remain that way throughout their lives. It therefore seems obvious that the work by the Indian researchers should be more carefully studied to evaluate this potentially significant clinical result. It should also be noted that these researchers have elsewhere published more up-to-date data which shows significant improvement in immune panels and blood work in HIV+ and AIDS patients as the result of homeopathic treatment.6 These same researchers also conducted a study on the immunological status of 34 HIV+ patients.7 After six months of individualized homeopathic treatment, 23 (67%) of the 34 subjects' immune profiles improved. Thirteen patients experienced a 0-10% increase in CD4 lymphocytes (a higher number of CD4 lymphocytes suggests a stronger immune response) and 10 patients experienced a greater than 10% increase. Because there is a tendency for people with HIV to have continually decreasing CD4 lymphocytes, this study suggests that homeopathic medicines provided a benefit to the subjects. A San Francisco Bay Area homeopath, Lawrence Badgley, MD, reported on a six month study of 36 patients with AIDS or HIV whom he treated with homeopathic and other natural medicines. He observed a 13% increase in T4 helper cells and an average weight gain of two pounds.8 AIDS tends to have increasingly degenerating effects on the body, and improvement in the immune profile and weight gain seem to be rarely experienced under conventional medical treatment. In addition to what homeopathy offers in the prevention of AIDS, other natural therapies that strengthen the body's own defense should also be considered. For instance, a recent study of HIV+ patients who were given only a multivitamin/mineral supplement were found to develop AIDS at a substantially slower rate than those who did not supplement their diet. If this simple addition to one's prevention program is so effective, it isn't hard to imagine what more individualized nutritional and natural medicine programs can do to slow down onset of this dreaded disease. Treatment of Acute Illnesses During AIDS Because of the seriousness of this disease, the treatment of people with HIV or AIDS requires professional health care, even when their ailments are seemingly minor. Ideally, they should receive treatment from a homeopath who is an M.D. or a D.O., but otherwise the best care is one that integrates homeopathic treatment with appropriate medical diagnosis and, in emergency situations, with appropriate medical treatment.

<urn:uuid:743661ff-ac7e-4535-ac3c-6b5207806b74>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/AIDS_Homeopathy/700/2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698090094/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095450-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Assistive Technology (AT) can be defined as any software or hardware that the user with a disability employs. AT can make the computer, the Internet or other electronic tools or resources accessible to, and usable by a person with a disability. Some forms of AT are quite expensive, and can be purchased only from specialized manufacturers, while others forms can be bought at local electronics stores. Who benefits from AT? AT may be a reasonable modification for students with disabilities who experience a number of functional limitations. These are some of the functional effects of disabilities that AT is used for to level the playing field: - Reading Barriers, due to blindness, learning disabilities or other disabilities. - Hearing limitations due to deafness or other hearing impairment. - Keyboard or writing barriers, due to repetitive motion injuries, spinal cord injuries, etc. - Spelling or expressive writing limitations. How can I find out about AT? Disability Services Coordinators work with individual students to determine which reasonable modifications the student is eligible to use and may want to use, including AT. If there are possibilities of assistive technology being useful to the student, the Coordinator may then refer the student to our AT Coordinator for demonstration and training in use of a particular assistive technology. Where is AT on campus? Disability Services maintains assistive technology in the Mansfield Library and in computer labs on the Mountain Campus and at the Missoula College and at the Bitterroot College campuses with the cooperation and support of other UM departments. The AT in these locations is available for use whenever these libraries or labs are open. Here are descriptions of AT available in UM’s Mansfield Library and general computer labs: JAWS is the premier screen reading program for computer users who are blind, have low vision or experience other significant reading barriers, including learning disabilities. JAWS makes your computer talk, and can be used with nearly every standard application; including word processors, databases, spreadsheets, web browsers and email applications. It can read virtually all text that appears on the computer screen, including navigation elements, dialogue boxes, menus, and, of course content. JAWS also allows users to select which of those elements it will read and which it will not read. In UM labs, JAWS is activated by pressing the Control + Al + J keys simultaneously. WYNN (What You Need Now) will scan and read print documents and books back to you. In addition, WYNN reads word processing files, web sites, e-mail, the powerful text-only DAISY format, Adobe .PDF and scanned documents aloud, and provides a variety of tools to help you read, learn and understand the material you are studying. WYNN is great for students with reading barriers not related to vision, including learning disabilities and ADHD. It can improve reading speed and comprehension. It also has assistance for writing. Using WYNN, you can access text and add your own notes, highlight words and phrases, and insert bookmarks. WYNN can enlarge the displayed text, increase line and word spacing and decrease column width to improve access to text material. In addition, WYNN provides language tools, including a thesaurus, a dictionary, a pronunciation guide, and spell-check. Open Book scans and reads back print documents to the user. It is built for blind and low vision users, relying on keyboard commands rather than "point-and-click" functions using the mouse. Open Book can also read Adobe .PDF files, any word processor or other formats, including formatted digital Braille files. Open Book’s display options include font choices, enlarged fonts, and a variety of background/foreground color choices. It also has bookmarking features, and can translate files into electronic Braille formats, as well as back-translating them (out of electronic Braille format). Dragon Naturally Speaking (DNS) DNS is speech recognition software that enables users to control a computer and enter information by speaking. With DNS, a microphone takes the place of the keyboard, and, for some, the mouse. Dictating word processing documents is easy even for beginning users, and Dragon can be trained to accomplish more complicated tasks as well. Dragon works in conjunction with many popular software packages, including the Microsoft Office suite of programs. Once Dragon is running, you can use your voice to start a program ("Start Microsoft Word"), open a file ("File, Open, File Name"), dictate your document, save your document ("File, Save"), print your document ("File, Print") and close the program ("File, Exit") Recent versions render high accuracy without "training" the software to recognize the user's voice. Even so, an initial half-hour training enables most users to achieve 90% or better accuracy, and accuracy increases the more you use the program. FS Reader is installed on all Windows machines that also have JAWS. It is able to play audio DAISY formats from Learning Ally as well as text-only DAISY from Bookshare.org and from our Alternate Materials department. In addition to the hardware and software Disability Services integrates into UM's computing, some AT is checked out to students through Presentation Technology Services (PTS). This equipment is authorized by the student's Coordinator at Disability Services, as part of their discussion and identification of reasonable accommodations. Here is a partial list of the PTS AT hardware: Victor Reader Stream Stream can play audio DAISY formats from Learning Ally as well as text-only DAISY from Bookshare.org and from our own Alternate Materials department. In addition, they can play text files that are not in the DAISY format. Disability Services has a small number of Apple iPads equipped with software for reading a variety of alternate formats. They are useful in augmentative communication, document magnification, and other AT applications as well. What are ALDs? A number of UM classrooms and other public venues are pre-wired for transmission to Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) for students with hearing impairments. ALDs (sometimes referred to as FM loops), are issued to students with hearing impairments in order to provide better auditory access to class lectures. The student receives both a microphone, which is given to the instructor to wear, and a receiver. The particular equipment issued depends on the type of hearing loss, hearing aids, etc. Disability Services Coordinators work with students regarding equipment and authorization to use them.

<urn:uuid:05e9dac1-b165-4285-86f6-953702ca6f74>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://life.umt.edu/dss/Current_Students/Assistive%20Technology.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705749262/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120229-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Your liver is one of the largest and most important organs in your body. Where is my liver? Your liver is behind the lower right part of your ribs. Your ribs help keep your liver from being injured. - Stores vitamins, sugars, fats and other nutrients from the food that you eat. - Builds chemicals that your body needs to stay healthy. - Breaks down harmful substances, like alcohol and other toxic (poisonous) chemicals. - Removes waste products from your blood. - Makes sure that your body has just the right amount of other chemicals that it needs. What are some of the diseases that can affect my liver? Many diseases can affect your liver. If you have one of these diseases, your liver may not work as well as it should. Some of the most common diseases that can affect your liver include: VIRAL HEPATITIS. Hepatitis is a medical term that means "inflammation (swelling) of the liver." Viruses that attack the liver cause some of the most common forms of hepatitis. In most cases, your doctor can use a simple blood test to see if you have been exposed to one of these viruses. What is CIRRHOSIS? Cirrhosis is a medical term that means "scarring of the liver." When you have cirrhosis, large parts of your liver are damaged. Because it has been damaged, your liver may not work as well as it should. Cirrhosis of the liver is often the result of drinking too much alcohol. Other common causes of cirrhosis include hepatitis, especially hepatitis C. Cirrhosis can be very dangerous if it is not treated properly. It is important to follow your doctor's advice if you have cirrhosis. What exactly is LIVER CANCER? Like many other body organs, your liver can get cancer. Liver cancer is a disease in which some of the cells in your liver begin to reproduce faster than they should. These cells form growths called tumors. Having hepatitis B or hepatitis C can increase your chances of getting liver cancer. Liver cancer can be deadly. If you find out that you have liver cancer, you need to get treated as soon as possible. What are liver function tests (also called a liver panel)? Your doctor can see how well your liver is working by looking at certain substances in your blood. When your liver is working well, the levels of these substances are low. When your liver is not working as well as it should, they can become much higher. These substances include liver enzymes (chemicals that your liver uses to do its work) and bilirubin (pronounced "billy-roo-bin"). Albumin (pronounced "al-byoo-men") is a protein made by the liver. The albumin level is below normal when the liver is injured.Your doctor will compare the results of tests on your blood with the results that are normal for most people. If your results are high, your doctor may suspect that you have a liver disease. Usually, your doctor will have to perform other tests to make sure. How can I protect my liver from disease?Your liver is one of the most important organs in your body, so it's a good idea to keep it healthy. There are many things you can do to protect your liver, including: - Don't have unsafe sex. - Don't inject drugs like heroin or cocaine. - Don't share any personal items that might have blood on them. - Don't drink alcohol. Alcohol can also make liver diseases like hepatitis much worse. - Get vaccinations (shots) against HAV and HBV. A simple series of shots can protect most people from getting infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis A and B. There is currently no vaccine against the virus that causes hepatitis C. - Make sure that the water you drink and the food you eat are clean. Most cases of infection with HAV result from poor cleanliness, especially in restaurants and cafeterias. If you take any medications, make sure your doctor knows about them. Also tell your doctor about any over the counter medicines, supplements, natural or herbal remedies that you use. Certain medicines taken at the same time can cause damage to your liver, even if you can buy them without a prescription. Prevent liver problems with Liver DTX Complex, a unique botanical blend, promotes comprehensive liver health. Plant-based healers such as milk thistle seed extract, dandelion, and turmeric help flush out toxins, thwart free radicals, and support liver regeneration. For comprehensive liver health, detoxify, protect, and renew with Liver DTX Complex!! Visit www.mgmsupplement to shop through our products!! MGM Supplment is a Shaklee Distributor!!

<urn:uuid:ae67037b-ab1c-4622-b5d2-d31bad3e1db7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mgmsupplement.blogspot.com/2007_02_01_archive.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00029-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

SOLUTION: A two-digit number is four Customizable Word Problem Solvers -> SOLUTION: A two-digit number is four Over 600 Algebra Word Problems at edhelper.com solves your algebra problems and provides step-by-step explanations! : algebra software solves algebra homework problems with step-by-step help! Word Problems: Numbers, consecutive odd/even, digits Click here to see ALL problems on Numbers Word Problems A two-digit number is four put this solution on YOUR website! problem repeated at least three times

<urn:uuid:af595ee5-6141-47ef-ab8c-9646cec84958>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/word/numbers/Numbers_Word_Problems.faq.question.302102.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711406217/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133646-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Sep. 4, 2006 An article in the September 2006 issue of BioScience, the monthly journal of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS), provides some rare good news for conservation biologists. Authors L. J. Gorenflo and Katrina Brandon used GIS (geographic information system) technology to study some 4,000 "gap" locations worldwide identified in previous research as harboring animals vulnerable to extinction yet unprotected by conservation regulations. Gorenflo and Brandon concluded that many of the gaps, which tend to occur disproportionately in the tropics, on islands, and in mountains, are locations where conservation measures appear feasible, because they include large tracts of conservation-compatible habitat and have a sparse human population, yet are not attractive for agriculture. Most of the gap locations did not feature high levels of threat from humans. Gorenflo and Brandon's analysis did point to potential difficulties in establishing protected areas in some parts of the world. Human presence seems to be a hindrance to conservation in gap locations situated near coasts, including islands. In other regions, including parts of the Andes, Mexico, Brazil, and Africa, some gap locations have agricultural potential, which suggests that conservation measures there might be opposed by farming interests. Nevertheless, although other factors besides those analyzed by Gorenflo and Brandon influence the likelihood that protected areas are established, the findings suggest that efforts to establish new protected areas may be worthwhile in many parts of the world. BioScience publishes commentary and peer-reviewed articles covering a wide range of biological fields, with a focus on "Organisms from Molecules to the Environment." The journal has been published since 1964. AIBS is an umbrella organization for professional scientific societies and organizations that are involved with biology. It represents some 200 member societies and organizations with a combined membership of about 250,000. Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above. Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

<urn:uuid:cf8be63a-0dd8-42ab-9d1e-19c30e662656>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060901161251.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711406217/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133646-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

INDORE: While the state health department is battling the high rate of tuberculosis population, the spread of the disease among paediatric population is turning out to be a major concern. Nearly 15% of the state's paediatric population numbering about 90,000 children are diagnosed with TB last year. This has left the officials worried. They say that as against the national average that pegs TB cases at 7%, the state's 15% figure reflects that a high number of patients are not diagnosed. Of late, it has been observed that TB is spreading among children through schools and caretakers at affluent homes. Dr Vijay Chhajlani, District TB officer, says that middle and upper middle class families have caretakers and servants, who can be a carrier of the disease. "TB is no more a poor man's disease and it can infect children in affluent families too if the susceptibility is high," he says. Specialists say that parents from affluent families refuse to accept that their child has TB as they see it as symptoms of asthma. This attitude of parents can prove to be dangerous as the infected children can spread the infection to their schoolmates easily. Health practitioners suggest that awareness among parents is crucial. They need to be told that TB can be completely cured though the treatment period is long, spanning six to eight months. Awareness about cough hygiene is equally important, say doctors. Dr Atul Kharate, a senior chest specialist says, "Factors like crowded living areas and huge malnourishment rate are augmenting the TB risk. Timely diagnosis is important in curbing TB." According to an official of health department, government sponsored DOTS strategy is directed towards adults and the children are largely ignored. The state has huge shortage of skilled practitioners to diagnose the infected children. "It is extremely difficult to diagnose tuberculosis in children, unlike in adults, and the low knowledge among many health workers about the symptoms of the disease is leading to at least 50% of the cases being missed or misdiagnosed," says an official. As per WHO recommendations, once an adult has been diagnosed with TB, the child's contacts should be identified and treated. But this advice is also being overlooked in Madhya Pradesh. Experts also insist that the government needs to launch a dedicated programme for children and sensitize the health workers. Dr Pramod Jhawar, a senior chest specialist said, "To diagnose and treat patients we need to have strong manpower. If separate programme is launched for children and sensitizing health workers that it can boost the screening system." India ranks among the top three countries with TB in the world with every fifth TB patient hailing from India.

<urn:uuid:a1214b11-e89f-4ba9-9343-1a1eeb70a5d6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://m.timesofindia.com/PDATOI/articleshow/13015480.cms

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700212265/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103012-00067-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Robert W. Reneker Professor of Industrial Chemistry Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel High Temperature Superconductivity Our main area of research is material science of high temperature ceramic superconductors. Since the discovery in 1986 of superconductivity in ceramic cuprates, there is a major effort to give these materials desirable physical and mechanical properties to make them useful candidates for application in micro-electonics as magnetic sensors, superconducting tapes and wires, frictionless bearings and magnetic suspension devices. We have focused on two topics: - Preparation of mercury cuprates films by a novel sol-gel method developed in our group. These films exhibit currently the highest critical transition temperature to the superconducting state, 134° K. - Preparation of bulk YBa2Cu3O7-d melt-textured superconductors using a fast melt fast quench process in a solar furnace. The product exhibits high critical current density ~104 Amp/cm2 at liquid nitrogen temperature and in a field of a few Tesla. This performance is achieved by inclusion of microscopic normal particles, which serve as effective pinning centers for the magnetic flux, in the superconducting melt-textured matrix. The Meissner effect: magnetic disk floating above a ceramic superconductor cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature - Structural and Magnetic Properties of Silver Doped Melt-Textured YBCO Prepared in a Solar Furnace T.Godin and S.Reich Applied Superconductivity (1998). - Growth Mode of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+dS.C. Films Prepared by a Sol-Gel Method on Y0.15Zr0.85O1.93 Substrates S.Reich and Y.Tsabba Advanced Materials 9, 329 (1997).

<urn:uuid:8d8a091a-6855-45db-bab6-13fe7377cb62>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.weizmann.ac.il/materials/ReichPage.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00097-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Report says how to avoid sage grouse protections Colorado Hunter magazine For more information about hunting in Northwest Colorado as well as stories from local residents, see the 2012 Colorado Hunter Magazine. Click here to see the e-edition. Cheyenne, Wyo. (AP) — Conservation groups are welcoming a federal report spelling out how sage grouse should be managed in 11 Western states to avoid new federal protections. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's draft report issued Thursday advises states and federal land management agencies to act immediately to "stop the bleeding of continuing habitat and population losses." The report is certain to command attention in Western states where listing sage grouse as endangered could result in federal restrictions on energy development and other activities. Sage grouse are found in California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. They also inhabit Canada. Federal and state sage grouse experts, collectively called a conservation objectives team, wrote the report. A final version should be out this fall after other scientists review it. Brian Rutledge, with the Rocky Mountain region of the Audubon Society, said Friday the report underscores the importance of avoiding federal protections for the bird. "We all know that this is about fragmentation of habitat, and that stopping the fragmenting is how we stop the problem," Rutledge said. He said new technologies, particularly in energy development and mining, can help limit development's disturbance in sage grouse areas. "There's no one way that's going to work every place," Rutledge said. "But the common theme has to be to limit the disturbance and reclaim the areas that we've already damaged and haven't reclaimed." The report follows a meeting that Wyoming Gov. Matt Mead held with Interior Secretary Ken Salazar and representatives from other Western states in Cheyenne in December. Salazar has said sage grouse have experienced a 90 percent decline in their numbers and a 50 percent decline in their habitat over the last century. The Fish and Wildlife Service announced in 2010 that sage grouse deserved protection under the Endangered Species Act but that other species demanded more immediate attention. The agency has committed to make a final listing decision for sage grouse by late 2015. Wyoming, perhaps more than any other Western state, has much riding on the sage grouse listing decision. It's the nation's largest coal-producing state and a leader in natural gas production. It's also home to more than 30 million acres of sage brush and the largest surviving sage grouse population. Wyoming state government years ago steered a pioneering course, established a regulatory system that limits energy development and other disturbances in sage grouse "core areas." Steve Ferrell, wildlife policy adviser to Gov. Mead, said Friday that Wyoming's management plan dovetails well with the recommendations in the federal report. He said other states have their own plans under way. Ferrell said it's too early to tell whether the effort will succeed in convincing the Fish and Wildlife Service not to list the sage grouse as endangered. "I'm optimistic. I think we have a good chance of avoiding a listing," he said. Noreen Walsh, deputy regional director for the Fish and Wildlife Service in Denver, noted that the report identifies sage grouse populations around the West. She said the agency will consider the total picture of how the species is doing as it decides whether listing is necessary. "What we have to look at is, 'is the species secure into the future?'" Walsh said. "'Have the threats been reduced such that the species is not in danger of extinction, or likely to become in danger of extinction?'" Walsh said her agency regards Wyoming's core area strategy as a robust plan for sage grouse conservation. "I think Wyoming has set out a process already that is going to be extremely helpful in the conservation of the species," she said. Mark Salvo, director of the Sagebrush Sea Campaign for the conservation group WildEarth Guardians in Phoenix, said Friday the report's core message that sage grouse survival depends on preservation of their habitat is nothing new in conservation circles. But he said it's important that it's a message now coming loud and clear from federal and state officials. "It is important and helpful that this report was produced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in conjunction with sage grouse and sage brush experts from across the federal government and representing state governments," Salvo said.

<urn:uuid:a6cbc8f4-5df0-445c-ae13-aa174af6a7a1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.craigdailypress.com/news/2012/aug/27/report-says-how-avoid-sage-grouse-protections/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708664942/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125104-00007-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Jeannette Y. Wick, RPh, MBA, FASCP According to the results of a literature review, proton pump inhibitors can help prevent wakening during the night due to acid reflux. People who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often approach what is meant to be the most restful part of the day—sleep—with trepidation. In fact, up to 10% of Americans report nocturnal GERD. The reasons make sense physiologically, because 3 functions that can protect against acid reflux are less effective during sleep: swallowing rate, esophageal sphincter pressure, and gastric emptying. Lying down also forces gastric content to flow toward the esophagus. The authors of a systemic literature review published in the April 2012 edition of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery set out to evaluate the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on sleep disturbance in GERD patients. Clinicians have no problem finding guidelines for the treatment of GERD in general, but lack specific guidelines to treat patients who have sleep problems secondary to their GERD. The authors focused on studies that used either sleep time or sleep quality as measures of improvement. Although they identified only 8 papers that met their inclusion criteria, the authors did identify some consistent findings. They determined that using PPIs improves sleep in patients with reflux disease, with 3 of the highest-quality randomized controlled studies bolstering this finding. Most findings were highly statistically significant. The authors singled out 1 study for its unusual design. In it, the researchers had study subjects eat 1 hour before retiring in order to provoke acid reflux. (Other studies advised not eating for several hours before bed, which is consistent with the advice we give patients who have acid reflux in general.) As might have been expected, the provocative meal resulted in a greater likelihood that patients would experience nocturnal acid reflux. Of note, these patients also had more episodes of nocturnal non-acid reflux, a condition that is currently receiving increased attention. Participants were also more likely to wake up during the night. Although improved sleep is probably a secondary outcome related to acid suppression, it is clearly of great value to patients who have suffered due to nocturnal wakening. Ms. Wick is a visiting professor at the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy and a freelance writer from Virginia.

<urn:uuid:f343f5ce-321d-416f-b0e5-a87ab5b4f82e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/Nocturnal-Awakenings-Acid-Reflux-as-a-Cause

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701153213/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104553-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Accessibility to Healthcare Services National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched in April 2005 to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially the vulnerable sections. Healthcare services are provided through a network of 148124 Sub centres, 23887 Primary Health Centres, 4809 Community Health Centres and 985 District Hospitals across the country. Apart from this, tertiary care to the people especially the poor and under privileged is provided through the Government Medical Colleges and other super-speciality Hospitals. One of the key strategies NRHM is to ensure inter-sectoral convergence with other Ministries dealing with proximate determinants of health like drinking water, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene, literacy especially female education etc. Addressing inequalities through different programmes of healthcare like Janani Suraksha Yojana, Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram(JSSK), Universal Immunization Programme(UIP), various National Disease Control Programmes etc.is a major objective of NRHM. Government is taking effective steps through Schemes and programmes of different Ministries e.g., NRHM, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(MNREGA), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA), Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM),Total Sanitation Campeign(TSC), Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGND WM) etc. to address the social determinants of health. The above information was laid in the Rajya Sabha today by the Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad.Tags: HEALTH, health

<urn:uuid:bc4e865c-9e76-41ed-852b-706aed3c4126>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.gservants.com/2012/04/24/accessibility-to-healthcare-services/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700132256/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102852-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Simple Economics on the Web Your handy guide to economics Internal Rate of Return (IRR) A basic criteria for a good investment is that it have a positive Net Present Value (see the previous page on Net Present Value). A second, related criteria is that the investment have an Internal Rate of Return that exceeds the economy’s rate of interest, r. The Internal Rate of Return is the rate of interest than an investment pays on your money. As a consequence, if we calculate an investment’s Net Present Value using its Internal Rate of Return as the interest rate, the investment will just break even – that is, its Net Present Value = 0. When we calculate an investment’s Net Present Value using the economy’s rate of interest, r, the investment’s Net Present Value will be positive only if the rate of interest it pays you – its Internal Rate of Return – is larger than the economy’s rate of interest. Below, we have expanded the Net Present Value calculator of the previous page to include a calculation of an investment’s Internal Rate of Return. The diagram shows the Net Present Value of the investment you have entered using different interest rates. The interest rate that causes the investment’s Net Present Value to be zero is the investment’s Internal Rate of Return. Using the investment numbers in the table, substitute the Internal Rate of Return for the interest rate used to calculate the Net Present Value. Observe the Net Present Value when this new interest rate is used. Then experiment with your own investment project and economy rate of interest to explore the relationship between an investment’s Net Present Value, its President Discounted Value and the economy’s rate of interest.

<urn:uuid:05c67c75-da1e-485c-b42d-d89c351ca706>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://web.mit.edu/11.203/www/econ/index.php%3Fid=34.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382360/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00070-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

ArchivesTag : Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder In a recent study conducted in Thailand, scientists learned that certain genetic and environmental factors could predispose children to ADHD. The research was done at Vajira Hospital in Bangkok, where two groups of children — an ADHD group and a control group —were evaluated for risk factors and tested for allergies. Among the forty children [...]Full Story Scientists in Taiwan have learned that ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) patients experience abnormal sleep patterns.1 In a 2010 study, the scientists found that young people with this psychological disorder had sleep problems, altered sleep schedules, and inadvertent napping in some cases. The study appeared in the Journal of Sleep Research and is entitled, Association [...]Full Story ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral condition diagnosed to our children. According to the CDC, 9.5% of children age 4-17 have been diagnosed with ADHD since 2007 – that’s 5.4 million children! On average, there is a 3% increase in children diagnosed each year. That is an alarming number, and what is leading to this drastic increase? A recent study published in the CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) found that the youngest children in the classroom are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.Full Story Biofeedback, a mind-body technique, is now being used to help children suffering from ADHD. German scientists recently published a study showing that a variation of biofeedback may help alleviate ADHD symptoms.The published results show that a significant portion of the participating children benefited from this specialized training technique.Full Story A new study revealed that exercise can be beneficial for people with ADHD. When exercising, your brain releases dopamine and serotonin, which are known to be low in children and adults with ADHD. Dopamine and serotonin are chemicals released in the brain that make us feel “good”. These chemicals regulate things such as mood, anger, and attention.Full Story Two recent studies have linked ADHD to possible problems with the body’s ability to create serotonin, a neurotransmitter that’s essential for good psychological health. According to the research results, the abnormalities could involve the amino acid, tryptophan, and a gene that helps produce serotonin.Full Story According to a research abstract which was presented at the 25th meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC (APSS), lack of sleep in adolescence may have a direct link to ADHD symptoms. Around 6,680 children were analyzed and the results showed that lack of sleep in pre-school aged children was a predictor for inattentive and hyperactive problems during kindergarten. The ratings of amount of sleep and inattentive/hyperactive problems were reported by the children’s parents.Full Story Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become a significant problem in the United States. This year, the CDC reported that ADHD had become more prevalent in American children and was affecting 9% of them between 2007 and 2009. A previous CDC report showed that food allergies in children had also increased during a very similar time period.Full Story Unfortunately, stress is often synonymous with the holidays – and if you or a family member has ADHD, a little simple planning is crucial to surviving and enjoying the season! Maintain a Schedule. Loss of routine is often the biggest challenge for individuals and families alike, as ADHD sufferers function best with structure. Of course, patterns will deviate as children are off from school and adults from work, and guests come and go.Full Story Many of us reserve ‘spring cleaning’ as a once-a-year project. However, if time management, concentration problems, and organization are your biggest challenges on a daily basis, clearing out distractors can help you start the year off right. Especially during the hectic holidays, straightening up can also help you unwind, as having a sense of control over environment can greatly alleviate the pressures of daily stressors. While we’re powerless over things like traffic or the weather, taking charge over a manageable variable has the ability to pave the way for less stress and clearer thinking.Full Story

<urn:uuid:d5dbdbec-9f57-4833-a7c1-b49ecfbacd83>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blog.nativeremedies.com/tag/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382851/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00094-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Photo courtesy of National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The largest source of energy in the United States is fossil fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas). Use of individual fossil fuels changed at different rates over the decades, but all three major forms have been essential to meeting the nation’s energy requirements. In 1949, fossil fuel consumption in the United States totaled 29 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu); in 2005, the total was 86 quadrillion Btu. A second major form of energy is nuclear power, which got its start in the United States in 1957 when the Shippingport, Pennsylvania, nuclear electric power plant came on line. By 2005, the industry had expanded to supply 19 percent of the nation’s electrical output and 12 percent of all energy used in the country. The third form of energy is the renewable forms, which include conventional hydroelectric power; biomass such as wood, waste and alcohol fuels; geothermal; solar; and wind. Before the expansion in fossil fuel use that began with coal in the late 1800s, wood was the primary fuel used in this country. Today, the United States is looking again at renewable resources to find new ways to use them to help the country meet its energy needs. In recent years, all forms of renewable energy together accounted for 6 percent of U.S. total energy consumption. April 2009 . . . Energy Industry Profile Energy Industry Structure Energy Market Trends

<urn:uuid:c01b5fe8-1cc0-4c99-bf13-4b9b021bceb3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.agmrc.org/markets__industries/energy/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699899882/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102459-00042-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Toda is tribal embroidery from the Southern State of Tamil Nadu. The tribe known as Todu inhabit the Nilgiri hills. Both men and women wear a shawl known as"Puthukuli", which is their traditional costume and looks some what like Roman attire Toga. But the way women wear this is different from the way men wear it. The shawl is adorned with embroidered .Heavily embroidered attires are worn during ceremonies and festivities. About Toda embroidery : This is a very distinctive and intricate form of embroidery. It is known as"Pugur" meaning flower.The women of the tribe do the embroidery. The ground fabric used is cotton, which is coarse in texture and unbleached-off white colour. The fabric has alternate broad stripes of red and black length wise.,each six inches apart. Embroidery is done in a long, continuous length wise bands between these stripes. The technique used is an intricate form of Needle Weaving using only one stitch that is Darning. Motifs are worked, by counting the threads. So the beauty of the embroidery depends upon the precision with which these ladies count the threads of the fabric and then embroider. Embroidery is done from the back side of the fabric using a long darning needle, weaving a short distance, turning around the fabric and weaving the thread back. The embroidery is so finely executed that it looks like weaving. Embroidery is reversible and Todas use the rougher under side of the fabric as the right side. The patterns used are geometric, reflect Macedonian influence and are inspired by the nature; Sun, Moon, stars, flowers, snakes, etc. Buffalo horn is widely used motif. Other motifs used are Izhadvinpuguti, which is a motif named after their priest, mettvi kanpugur is a box. Rabbit ears is always embroidered at the edge of the fabric to avoid it from unraveling itself. These days the embroideries are not just restricted to shawls but also to borders, table mats, bags, pouches and other such articles are made for tourists. But this art is dying and may vanish altogether if not properly safeguarded. Toda woman wearing the Puthukuli These are some of the wares on display at a recently held exhibition See the red and black embroidery and the motifs used I spoke with the person managing the stall. He gave the above information. I just could not resist buying two bags and some borders These are the bags, I bought from the stall. Another pattern on the bag below This is the waist coat with the embroidery This is a skirt below with the embroidery These are the borders which I bought. These can be used as attachment to a blouse or a tunic. Somehow I don't feel like cutting them up and using. I may retain them in my album of textiles and embroideries. Just look at the beauty of the hand work. Below the design on the reverse. It looks like its woven. So how do you like it? let me know please.

<urn:uuid:c54f0064-fcb8-4c29-ada3-a5d9731f6fba>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://summersofindia.blogspot.com/2009/10/toda.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698354227/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095914-00082-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

LEG REG EXAM OUTLINE INTERPRETING STATUTES IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK If you’re making an argument that your interpretation of a statute is right, first, refer to the statute and see if it helps, make textual argument. If not, then try to argue that it’s ambiguous. If so, you can use legislative history. EXAMPLE STATUTE = FMLA o Purpose: prevent discrimination, gender neutral. o Legislative history: Major compromise = making the required leave unpaid, balancing the econ interests of the employer. There’s a precedent of taking certain things off the table for collective bargaining agreements (or indiv employment agreements), for ex, having an established minimum wage. Background = contract law which wasn’t seen as deterring employers enough. o There IS a private right of action. 3 canons of statutory interpretation: o purposivism = the overall goal of congress is the most important (Rector) o intentionalism = congress had an intent as to how this case should come out (TVA v Hill) o textualism = Scalia’s view, text of the bill is all that matters. (Locke) DEFINITIONS OF WORDS: o AVERAGE PERSON’S MEANING: Nix v Hedden 1893 à There were diff tarriff rates for fruits v vegetables, and P wants tomato to count as fruit, D wants them to count as vegetable. Court says it’s not dictionary definition, and not congress’ intent as to the item, but the common person’s definition, i.e. is it used in desert or main course. o PRECISE MEANING OF WORDS, WHEN NOT CONTRARY TO CONGRESS’ INTENT AND WHERE CONGRESS HAS SPOKEN: US v Locke 1985 à Does “prior to Dec 31st” include the 31st? D wants it to mean “on or before Dec 31st,” because otherwise they filed paperwork a day late and waived mining rights. Court says the literal reading of the statute is in line with congress’ intent in the act. If congress had left a gap, then court could fill it, same if it was ambiguous, but congress has spoken clearly. o ESJUDEM GENERIS: People v Smith, 1975, Supreme Court of Michigan: when a statute includes a list of specific terms followed by a general term, the general term only covers subjects comparable to the specific terms. So when it said “any person who shall carry a dagger, dirk, stiletto, or other dangerous weapon” that was only meant to cover other knives, and even more evidence for this is that there’s another law that covers “other firearms.” o EXPRESSIO UNIUS EST EXCLUSIO ALTERIUS: Dillon v Maryland National Capital Park & Planning Commission, Maryland District Court, 2005: Claim under FMLA, P wants “parent” to include her grandmother bc she was raised by her. The FMLA only covers the relationships it lists, and excludes others, bc of expressio unius, if congress listed some, then they must have purposely excluded any they didn’t list. o If a word is used in a certain way (ex. Parent in law = parent) even once in a statute, you could argue that it should always be read that way. SEPARATION OF POWERS ISSUE: Are the courts supposed to just follow congressional intent all the time, or only if there’s no ambiguity in the text o TVA v Hill 1978: Majority says that judges are just supposed to figure out what congress’ intent was, as long as there’s no ambiguity they need to follow it. Endangered Species Act says that agencies have to make sure that any “action” that is “carried out” by them does not hurt endangered species. Here, there’s a dam that’s essentially ready to be completed, but then an endangered species fish was found to be harmed by it if it opened. Congress did keep funding it, but court says an appropriations committee isn’t an authoritative guide to congressional intent the same way an actual statute is. Majority (fish should live) Minority (dam should open) “Carried out” = Fund, finish project, open dam. Decide to be carried out, i.e. establish project Which interpretation to use Most likely to be congress’ intent Best option for public out of possible congressional intents “action” = Any action Prospective action Statute = clear / ambiguous? Clear Ambiguous Minority = Powell. Judges can choose out of the possible interpretations and choose the one that’s best for the public good. Maybe he injected ambiguity, there’s always going to be SOME ambiguity. Majority = Burger. once you interpret a statute and see what congress’ intent was, if that fits with the text, then your job is done. But maybe this interp just accords with his values, is he being less honest than the minority? WHEN CONGRESSIONAL INTENT IS CONTRARY TO LITERAL MEANING: o Rector v Hill 1892: Go with Congress’ intent. Congress had passed an act that limited who could come into the country and work as a “laborer” but it was for wage deflation concerns not immigration level concerns. The common meaning of “laborer” would include a priest, but court says that bc of the country’s religious foundations they couldn’t have meant to include priests. Intent over letter of the law. Arguments court uses for going against literal meaning: § Precedent: Examples of other cases where court says things are within the intent but not the letter of the law · Counterarg = all the other cases are extraordinary/bizarre situations, this one isn’t, not analogous § Congressional intent · What problem is it meant to redress · Legislative history: senate report o Counterarg = is this really authoritative? · Title of act o Counterarg = this is just an abbreviation, we cant expect all the intents to be in there. o First see if statute is ambiguous. If not, no need to look to legislative history. If it IS, then you look to legislative history. o Senate reports: audience = the rest of the senate that wasn’t involved in the bill, the public, the agency administrators it will effect. It’s usually very general, doesn’t discuss specific situations. Makes arguments for the bill, does cost benefit analysis. You can look to this for definitions of words, etc. § Blanchard v Bergeron 1989: A contingency fee arrangement is not a cap on the award of attorney’s fees allowed under the Civil Rights Attorney’s Fees Awards Act. The statute allowed for ‘reasonable’ attorneys fees. Court looks to legislative history (senate reports and the cases they refer to) to determine that the intent of congress was to encourage civil rights litigation, and capping attorney’s fee awards would be contrary to this bc would encourage lawyers to take only cases with high damage awards. · Scalia concurs but says legislative history isn’t as important as precedent or other statutes, bc it’s not realistic to think that a senate report really represents the intent of congress. § W. VA Univ Hospitals v Casey 1991: Where there’s no ambiguity, no need to look to legislative history. And we can find a lack of ambiguity by looking at other statutes. Expert witness fees are not included in the award of “reasonable” attorney’s fees. Scalia refers to the way the term “attorneys fees” is used in other statutes and finds that congress generally treats them as 2 separate things. Also finds times when statutes award both attorneys fees and expert fees, and we should interpret them to mean different things, otherwise congress was being redundant. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AGENCIES IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT LIMITS OF EXEC POWER o Youngstown Sheet Co v Sawyer 1952: Truman’s executive order to tell the Secretary of Commerce to nationalize most of the nation’s steel mills was unconstitutional because it was a usurping of legislative power. Majority opinion said it’s a binary thing, if it’s executive, the prez can do it, if not, he can’t. And here it’s not exec bc: § It’s a legislative issue so he cant act in his commander in chief role § The language of the exec order looked like a statute. § The exec order doesn’t say any law is being broken § In labor dispute statutes congress has passed, prez does not have power of seizure. · JACKSON’S CONCURRENCE: It’s not a binary thing, power is power, it is instead about the interrelationship of the power each branch has, and when the president is acting against the will of congress, as opposed to when they are silent or agree, he has the least power. OSHA = Example statute. o Background = tort law which wasn’t seen as giving enough deterrence to employers. o NO private right of action, the only penalties are citations/fines/ civil and criminal penalties, so those are very important. o The act just gave general guidelines, and Secr of labor is supposed to make specific rules and promulgate them, except for toxic chemicals there are more specific guidelines. § CONGRESS CAN CREATE AGENCIES THAT DO NOT HAVE SPECIFIED RULES THEY’RE SUPPOSED TO PROMULGATE, INSTEAD THEY MAKE THE RULES, BUT ARE RESTRICTED BY THE ACT. Industrial Union v American Petroleum 1980: Secr of Labor promulgated a very low PPM of benzene allowed in the air, question for the court is whether that is “reasonably necessary to provide safe places of employment” which is the main OSHA req, and also the toxic chemicals special req that Secr make sure that no employee will suffer material health harm even if employee is exposed to risk for the whole of their working life. (Won’t decide whether Secr should do cost benefit analysis, and wont decide whether Secr has to promulgate standards that lower the risk as much as possible.) · Majority: Secr used wrong standards, didnt show that there’s significant risk of harm from a higher PPM of benzene, instead operated on no risk policy, which isn’t what congress delegated to them. · Marshall’s dissent: standard should be upheld bc statute is clear and the Secr was within their discretion to promulgate standard. · Powell’s concurrence: Congress did intend Secr to do cost benefit analysis · Renquist’s concurrence: The statute is unconstitutional bc delegates too much power to Secr, legislative power is usurped. DELEGATION: tension bw Art 1 Sec 1 of the constitution that says all legislative powers HEREIN GRANTED shall be vested in Congress, and Art I Sec 18 which is the necessary and proper clause. But the herein granted language is only in Art I about the legislature… does that imply delegation? So it’s a spectrum. How do we know if an instance of delegation passes constitutional muster? o INTELLIGIBLE PRINCIPLE (Art I delegating Art I power to Art II) Whitman v American Trucking Assn 2001 (citing JW Hampton Jr v US): The test of whether congress has delegated power to an agency unconstitutionally is whether the statute gives the agency an intelligible principle with which the agency has to conform, and that can be pretty vague (see the benzene case). It’s no solution for the agency, when given legislative power, to choose not to use it. But here it IS constitutional, there is an intelligible principle in the EPA’s instructions to set air quality standards “requisite to protect the public health.” o In reality, congress has been permitted to delegate widely, and it’s very rare that a statute is deemed an unconstit delegation of legislative power. Ways they have justified it include: § If the regulations are just “filling up the details” (Wayman v Southard) § If it’s limited to a certain circumstance (omnicompetence can’t be delegated) § If there’s external monitoring (Yakus v US) o Pros of delegation: § Congress doesn’t have time to set all the rules, maybe it IS necessary and proper § Let’s rules be set by experts at agencies § Agencies aren’t elected so less political o Cons of delegation § Separation of powers issue, too much power granted to executive branch § Agencies will be less secure, vague guidance, more discretion § Congress is insulated from political ramifications of the rules agencies set o IMPERMISSIBLE INTRUSION TEST (Art I delegating art III power to Art II) More stringent. When legislature delegates power to agency COURTS, the test is (COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING V SCHOR, Supreme Court, 1986): § Are the essential attributes of judicial power reserved for article III courts · These are: jury trial, right to suspend habeus corpus, general jurisdiction, tenure of office for judges. § Do the non article III courts have any essential attributes of article III courts § The origin/importance of the right to be adjudicated · It helps if art III courts retain the power of enforcement, which was the case here. (this is not that common) · It helps if there’s the option to go to an art III court instead (this is not that common tho was the case here) § Intent of congress in delegating judicial power to a non-art III court · Here intent was seen as pro-delegation, weigh benefit of a cheap and convenient way to resolve disputes against level of intrusion upon art III. o There are MORE cases tried in admin courts now that in art III courts. § Pros: Keeps costs down, these are usually routine matters that involve only questions of fact, not law § Cons: Supposedly they only adjudicate “public rights,” things that are prohibited by statute, but more and more things are becoming that way, so these courts will grow o Separation of powers in general: Agency system has a bit of power from each branch of government, for example, for the SEC: § Legislative à make rules for securities trading § Executive à investigate whether people follow the rules § Judicial à impose sanctions for rulebreaking · But agencies are also controlled by the branches, in that congress can control them by cutting their budget or passing laws that go against their rules, and they are subject to judicial review. RELATIONSHIP BW EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND AGENCIES , REMOVAL o Myers v US 1926: The President is allowed to remove agency posts without the consent/advice of congress, even though he must seek the consent of congress for their appointment. Post at issue was postmaster general. So the statute that said that the govt needs the approval of congress before removing an executive official is unconstitutional, bc it conflicts with article II of the constit giving president all exec power. Reasons: § Requiring the consent of congress for apptmt was a political compromise so we should read it strictly, not to imply other things. § The power of appointment is different from removal bc in appointment the senate might be more knowledgeable than the prez about the person, but in removal everyone can see how good a job he did § The constit has no express limit on removal or on exec power, unlike legis power o Humphrey’s Executor v US 1935: Restricts Meyers, says that the president has removal power without consent of congress ONLY when the post is purely executive, not quasi-legislative or -judicial. If it’s not an entirely executive post, look to statute to see whether it provides for the post in question to be fired for cause or at will. § Here it was a member of the Federal Trade Commission, and letting the prez remove him at will was seen as particularly dangerous because he has so much expertise. § The FTC was supposed to be nonpartisan, independent, which also mattered here. o Morrison v Olsen 1988: New test = balancing test, do restrictions on removal at will prevent the president from doing his constitutional duties of carrying out the laws faithfully? Most extreme case = the cabinet, under this test, the prez can definitely fire the cabinet at will. Issue in this case: can congress delegate to the judicial branch the power to appoint an officer in the executive branch, and allow the exec branch to fire them only for cause? § This case was about title IV of the Ethics in Govt Act, which let congress delegate to the justice dept the appointment of a special investigator who would have the power of the attorney general. This WAS deemed constitutional, because · She was an inferior officer · Prez still has removal power, even if it’s limited to for cause, he still has it · The executive power it takes away from the exec branch is limited · The appointment power congress delegated to the judicial branch, i.e. to appoint a special prosecutor, is a fitting role for the judicial branch. PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE: DUE PROCESS: When the agency action is legislative, no DP necessary, but where it is adjudicative, DP applies, so the issue is whether the agency action makes a general rule or affects individuals. (test laid out in Bi-metallic). Rationale is that there’s no right for notice and a hearing before congress passes a law, and even though congress is elected whereas agency officials aren’t, congress has delegated their power to these agencies and we elected congress, so we must abide by the RULES agencies set, but for adjudications, DP rights apply. o Londoner v Denver 1908: P says they didn’t get notice and a hearing before the board of public works (an agency) made a final assessment of taxes they’ll have to pay for the benefit conferred on their property by the paving of a road abutting it. o Bi-Metallic Investment Co v State Board of Equalization of Colorado 1915: The agency regulation raised the valuation of all property in Denver by 40% which in turn raises residents taxes. action makes a general rule. o Types of arguments to make for a case like this: § Analogical = this looks more like legislative/adjudicative § Functional = what would a hearing look like and how useful would it be STATUTORY STRUCTURE: APA à takes up supreme court’s separation of powers lens through which to view DP clause, separates adjudicatory / legislative functions in rulemaking / adjudication divide. Informal 553 (notice and comment) If there’s no statutory instructions for formal hearing, DP clause applies (Goldberg v Kelly), not full trial guaranteed, and 555 Formal 553 à 556 and 557 based on statute (rare) 554 à 556 and 557 based on statute o Rulemaking: makes rules/regulations. Can have general or particular application. Ratemaking is included in rulemaking. § Section 553: Notice and Comment rulemaking, informal rulemaking. · NOTICE: Requires notice in the fedl register · COMMENT: No right to an oral hearing, but right to submit written data · You don’t have to be a party to participate in rulemaking, just interested party. · Does not apply to interpretative rules, general statements of policy, rules of agency organization procedure or practice · Final rule must include concise general statement of basis and purpose · When statute requires rules to be made on the record, 556 and 557 apply. (very rare) o Adjudication: makes orders. Includes the issuing of licenses. § Section 554: Formal Adjudication · Kicks us over to sections 556 and 557 · Only applies when the statute requires an on the record adjudication · Limited to “parties,” not anyone can enter the adjudication · The adjudicator may not - Be the prosecutor/investigator (except for licenses, then it’s OK) - Talk privately with one side - Supervise the prosecutor o Sections 556/557: Formal hearings on the record, pretty much a full trial. § Usually ALJ presides § Agency has burden of proof § Oral and written evidence is admissible § 556e Only evidence on the record will be considered in reaching the verdict § Right to cross examine § 557b: agencies have final decision making power, can overrule ALJs, at issue in Universal Camera o WHICH APA CLAUSES APPLY AND HOW DO WE KNOW? § 554 CAN BE GUARANTEED BY THE CONSTITUTION, NOT JUST STATUTES Wong Yung Sang v McGrath 1950: Was overruled by legislation, but said that section 554 applied to deportation proceedings even though it didn’t say so by statute, but rather because to do otherwise would be to violate an alien’s DP rights. The part of 554 that made this important was the separation of prosecutor/judge. Important bc: · Psychology of a prosecutor prevents them from being impartial · Perception of unfairness § Sec 706 (AGENCY/COURT STANDARD OF REVIEW) APPLIES TO AGENCY FACTFINDING: Dickinson v Mary Zurko 1999: Section 706, which sets out the standards for judicial review for agencies, does not apply when exempted by Section 559, which says that the APA does not repeal additional limits on judicial review requirements recognized by law. Court says the difference is very subtle and doesn’t lead to any real ‘additional’ limits on judicial review, and they don’t want to start granting exceptions to 706 bc the point of the APA was uniformity. · Court/court standard of review of factfinding: higher court can reverse only if clearly erroneous · Court/agency standard of review of factfinding: court can reverse only if agency decisions are arbitrary and capricious. § WHEN IS 554 REQUIRED BY STATUTE? · First step, is it an adjudication (remember if license/permit then yes) · Second step, is it formal. Does statute say that a hearing on the record is required for adjudication? - STATUTE DOESN’T NEED TO SAY THOSE EXACT WORDS: Seacoast Anti Pollution League v Costle 1st Cir 1978: If it is adjudicatory not legislative, then you do get section 554. It’s based on congressional intent, what kind of hearing did they intend to give. As long as it doesn’t say that the hearing does NOT need to be on the record, then if it’s adjudicatory, it does need to be on the record. “Public hearing” was taken to mean evidentiary hearing. - IT DEPENDS ON THE RIGHTS TO BE ADJUDICATED: Chemical Waste Management v EPA DC Cir 1989: “public hearing” requires 554 ONLY if the hearings could lead to a civil penalty or the interference with the right to continue operations. - EFFECT OF CHEVRON: Dominion Energy Brayton Point v Johnson, 1st Cir 2006: The EPA says that ONE possible interpretation of “public hearing” is NOT to have a hearing on the record. Now that Chevron has been decided since Seacoast, court says that as long as there is ambiguity in the statute about whether or not congress intended to guarantee an evidentiary hearing, then the agency interp gets Chevron deference, and here there IS ambiguity so despite Seacoast, agency’s interp that section 554 doesn’t apply is upheld. o INFORMAL ADJUDICATIONS: § SECTION 555 provides guidelines for informal adjudications: Pension Benefit Guarantee Corp v LTV Corp 1990: for informal adjudications, section 555 gives maximum standards the court can hold the agencies to. In cases where DP rights don’t apply, then the courts use 555 to have something to say about procedural reqs, but 555 gives you LESS than arguing DP would give you, bc you don’t get to hear the evidence against you, whereas with DP you do, generally. So mostly ppl try to argue DP not 555 because you get more. § DUE PROCESS: only applies to adjudications. Applies to “life, liberty and property.” Also things that you get as statutory entitlement (Goldberg). Assymetry: doesn’t apply to beneficiaries of regulations if those benefits are infringed upon, but does apply when parties are regulated. What do you get? Matthews test, balancing test between: · Private interest · Risk of error · Value of addl procedure o APA general features § Was a response to the growth of agency system § Was a political compromise § One purpose was uniformity amongst agencies § Hasn’t been amended much bc any changes can be made in the organic statutes of each agency § Defers a lot to the organic statutes of the agencies, notably for whether to have trial-like procedures under the APA for both rulemaking and adjudication § Informal adjudications aren’t covered by the act, and those are very important, a limitation of the APA. o In 1947, justice dept released a manual about the APA that you can use as a guide to interpretation bc the justice dept helped draft the APA. In that: § The word “hearing” doesn’t automatically trigger an on the record hearing, but that req can be either express or implied. § Agencies have to release a concise general statement of the purpose of any regulation they promulgate. Doesn’t have to have specific findings of fact or law. Formal rulemaking is rare, most often used is informal notice and comment rulemaking, section 553. As long as the final rule is a “logical outgrowth” of the original proposal, it’s OK. If it weren’t, they could just re-notice it. Movement towards rulemaking and away from adjudication bc: o Rulemaking will produce a solution across the board, so is more efficient o Allows more interested people to be involved in decisions o New statutes requiring regulation are on the books Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative v Veneman 2002, DC Circuit court of appeals: Even if it’s not clear how much difference notice and comment would have made to the eventual rule, the agency still has to go through the process. o Govt had argued that farm subsidy awards weren’t rules bc were individual awards, similar to award of a contract to a bid, but court says no, it laid out rules for future bids, it is a rule so they have to follow 553. US v Nova Scotia Food Products Corp 1977 2nd Circuit: FDA issued across the board rule for smoked fish, didn’t go species by species, even though the risks of botulism differed between species. This was a 553 rulemaking. o Court says agency’s statement of purpose was inadequate bc it must: § Set out what policies are behind the rule and why they thought the rule was the solution § Must address severe economic consequences, like destroying the whole whitefish industry § Must justify why an across the board rule was best. o Court says agency was wrong not to disclose the scientific data it relied on bc the evidence used to make the rule should be on the record. How much did they have to disclose? Agency can use its own expertise outside the record since it’s informal, but here they should have because: § The agency gathered the info themselves, it wasn’t interested parties § They must present for notice and comment all the evidence they have, otherwise people can’t comment, which means agency hasn’t considered all factors, which means agency’s decision could be deemed arb/cap. · *** this case could come out the same way post VT Yankee, but not with the same reasoning, you’d have to ground it more solidly in the APA, which you could do just by saying it’s arb/cap not to let ppl comment on your scientific data. · Generally it’s a good idea for agency’s to disclose info just so they don’t risk their rules being deemed arb/cap. Also a good idea for agencies to respond to a few comments. · You can challenge a rule bc they didn’t disclose the info they based it on, but only if it would have changed your comments (unlike how you can always complain if they don’t do notice and comment at all, no matter what you would have done) Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp v NRDC 1978: The court cannot hold the agency to any more procedural requirements than the APA dictates, unless DP, the organic statute or the agency’s own rules require more process. o APA is seen as a compromise, we shouldn’t require things that aren’t in the text, even if it would bring more uniformity o 1947 guide says adding extra procedure is at the discretion of the agencies not the courts. o In this case, the issue was the granting of a license for a power plant and whether the disposal of nuclear waste and cost benefit analyses were considered. o This wasn’t a “compelling circumstance.” INSUFFICIENT NOTICE/COMMENT: NRDC v EPA 9th circuit 2002: Logging case. Agencies have to resubmit rules for comment if interested parties would not be able to anticipate the changes that were made during the initial notice and comment period. Here it was ruled as inadequate notice because: o Numerous new issues arose in petitition for review o Paradigm shift o Change was substantive, agency even said that they have “changed their approach” Other than the APA, procedural reqs for rulemaking can be found: o In the organic statute of the agency o Agency regulations and practice o Wild card of judicial ruling of “compelling circumstance” Hybrid rulemaking: despite VT Yankee, congress can add more procedural requirements than the APA requires in the agencies’ own statutes. Maybe the APA should be expanded to include more categories of procedure, as Scalia argues on page 509, because he says “one of the functions of procedure is to limit power – not just the power to be unfair, but the power to act in a political mode, or the power to act at all.” P 508. Ossification = risk that imposing too much procedure on rulemaking will paralyze it, as per the ice cream example. AGENCY EXPLANATION/JUSTIFICATION FOR ACTION REQS: a way of making sure that there’s not arbitrariness in agency decisions without requiring formal rulemaking. o Indep US Tankers Committee v Dole DC Circuit 1987: Court rejects the rule the agency made bc it’s statement of purpose didn’t address how the rule will further the goals of the organic statute of the agency, whereas this just gives policy reasons for the rule, and doesn’t say why they rejected alternative suggestions. o COURT WON’T TELL AGENCY TO PROCEED BY RULE RATHER THAN ADJUDICATION: § SEC v Chenery Corp 1947: The Supreme Court heard this case twice, about the SEC making an order that rejected a plan for a company’s reorganization. The first time they remanded the agency’s decision to the agency for a better explanation bc it wasn’t supported by the evidence, but the second time around they approve it bc the agency gave an explanation that was fine. So they don’t have to make only a forward looking rule, doesn’t conflict with Chenery I. · Benefits of informal rulemaking: o More notice to regulated agencies o More efficient o You could adjust it by only having the rules apply to certain restricted entities o Will make policy based on what’s good overall, not just based on which cases people decide to press · Benefits of formal adjudication: o Adjudication for one would provide notice for others o Relief structure would be different o Would cause less public outrage maybe o Can be used as an interim measure while the rule is formed § Bell Aerospace v Natl Relations Labor Board 2nd Cir 1973: If agency is reversing a longstanding position, they have to go through the rulemaking procedure, they cant just use adjudication because: · they’ll benefit from the notice and comment · regulated entities will be able to be heard. · Gives notice to regulated entities § NLRB v Bell Aerospace 1974: Reversed, it’s at the agency’s discretion whether they want to proceed by rule or adjudication, even if it’s a departure from agency precedent o THIRD CATEGORY OF PROCEDURE? VT Yankee says this doesn’t exist, but all the requirements the courts have put on agencies have basically created a category between informal and formal rulemaking, ex. = requirements for the concise and general statement of purpose. INTERPRETATIVE RULES: these do NOT need to go through notice and comment (APA 553bA). o How to tell if it is interpretative? § Not legally binding on either regulated entities or agency employees § Often instruct the field personnel of the agency, standardizes, lessens their discretion § Fairly encompassed by previous regulations, doesn’t impose any new duties/rights § Doesn’t amend any previous rules/regulations § Not published in the code of fedl regulations § Agency hasn’t explicitly envoked it’s legislative power o Pros to these § Businesses might want them bc leads to more predictability to regulation § This is something the agency would be doing anyway (interpreting its statutory duties) they’re just writing them down o Air Transport Assn of America v FAA DC Cir Ct of Appeals 2002: The FAA’s rule about how to calculate rest time is interpretative and so doesn’t need to go through notice and comment bc: § the rule is fairly encompassed within previous regulations § it doesn’t change earlier agency interpretations § this was an unresolved issue, and it doesn’t impose any new rights or duties. § In theory, an ALJ judge presiding over a case where the regulated entity did not follow the interpretation could accept a defense that they were following the old interpretation. o GE v EPA DC Cir Ct of Appeals 2002: GE’s rule (guidance doc) about how regulated entities have to do their risk assessments for PCBs is NOT an interpretative rule, it’s a legislative rule, because § The wording was more mandatory/binding § It doesn’t give agency employees discretion, it issues binding ways they have to regulate o Chamber of Commerce of US v Dept of Labor DC Cir 1999: OSHA’s use of a “policy statement” that said they planned to target the 12,500 most hazardous workplaces to get them to participate in a scheme that encouraged them to enter consultant relationships with the agency about safety and used the “carrot” of less frequent inspections was NOT a policy statement, is a substantive rule that required notice and comment, is binding on agency employees to inspect the plants that don’t participate. Doesn’t matter that it doesn’t impose a new legal sanction. o Guidance documents = no legal consequence but immense practical consequence, explain how the agency plans to apply existing regulations. See Rakoff article 731 about the FDA’s use of them, they are published in the fedl register, and allow for comments. Could be seen as a way to circumvent the APA, could be seen as expedient. o No judicial oversight of interpretative rulings bc supposedly they don’t have any binding force. o One interpretational bite? In theory, any rule that substantively changes prior regulations must follow 553 procedures, but in Shalala v Guernsey Memorial Hospital 1995, the Supreme Court said that the agency’s interpretation of its statutes and regulations was ‘reasonable’ and the new interpretation was fairly found within them. Problem with this is that it encourages agencies to “promulgate mush” so that they can have broad latitude in interpreting their regulations. But in US v Chrysler Corp, DC Cir 1998, a regulation was struck down for being too vague and not giving “fair warning” to regulated entities. And in Chief Probation Officers v Shalala 9th Cir 1997, Guernsey’s ruling that “adopting a new position inconsistent with any existing regulations” was taken in a LIMTED way, in that it only bans new positions inconsistent with the language of existing regulations, not with the interpretations of existing regulations. So agencies can change their mind about interpretations whenever they want. EXECUTIVE ORDER 13422: Originated in Reagan administration. Sets up OIRA (Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs) and OMB (Office of Management and Budget). Within executive branch. Reagan used it to deregulate, Clinton used it to regulate. Triggered not just limited agency actions. § Executive branch agency § Staffed by people knowledgeable about regulation, lots of expertise § Gets an annual list from each agency of the regulations they are considering for the following year. o OIRA REVIEW: Agency cant publish a regulation in the fedl register until OIRA completes it’s review and doesn’t request further consideration. OIRA review begins right way bc a regulation is defined as something that will lead to a rule. And you cant begin notice and comment until a regulation is published in the fedl register § Limitation, OIRA can only review “significant” rules, which is defined as · Annual effect on economy of over 100mil · Raises novel legal/policy issues. § When OIRA reviews they are checking for: · Conflicts with other agencies’ plans · Compliance with president’s priorities · Consistent with applicable laws · Principles in exec order 13422, which includes cost benefit analysis, a hesitance to regulate o If the organic statute doesn’t give an agency discretion, then you have to follow the statute, but if it does, then the president has oversight via OMB/OIRA, though it just says that he will inform the agency of his decision, doesn’t actually give him approval power. o “INDEPENDENT” AGENCIES: if the head of an agency can be fired only for cause, not at will, then it is an independent agency. They are NOT subject to executive orders. § Kagan article: Congress delegated to the president the ability to oversee agencies that are not independent. “Influence” not directives. It will lead to more transparency bc the president’s actions are more in the public view. § Strauss article: Presidential oversight means there is no check on executive power. Clinton’s exec order amendment appointed an RPO (regulatory policy officer) within each agency who will be OIRA’s point person within that agency, and the Bush administration’s amendment allows the RPO to control the initiation of rulemaking and it’s progress in the agency. This is more than congress delegated to the exec branch officials. If we let the president oversee the agencies, then he will be omnipotent. JUDICIAL REVIEW: there’s no automatic judicial review, when an agency makes a rule it only gets to the courts if someone files a lawsuit. The organic statutes always include judicial review of the agency actions, or delegation would be unconstitutional. The reviewing court reviews the agency’s decision, NOT the ALJ’s decision, because the agency has the power to make the final decision (APA 557B) though the ALJ’s decision becomes part of the record the reviewing court will review. 2 things you worry about for judicial review: 1) words on paper, what’s the standard of review, and 2) what’s the “mood” congress wants the courts to have. APA section 702: Standing, a bit broader than the people listed in the statutes, because includes people “adversely affected” by agency actions. Also, there is a waiver of immunity for the US as long as you are NOT suing for monetary damages. APA section 703: Jurisdiction à since if you’re suing a fedl agency it will almost always be under fedl law, you have fedl question jurisdiction. So that would get you into district court, but then, we let the agencies do the factfinding, because… APA section 704: Only FINAL agency actions are reviewable, so we only get review of the final order, not the evidentiary ruling, so it goes to appeals court. But if the agency statute doesn’t set up agency adjudications, then it goes to district court. APA section 706: Standards of review: Reviewing court will hold unlawful agency actions found to be: o 7062A à arbitrary and capricious = for all informal proceedings, including the factual basis for notice and comment rulemaking o 7062B – D à These apply to factfinding o 7062E à unsupported by ‘substantial evidence’ on the whole record = for all formal proceedings that are covered under 556 and 557. o 7062F à rare, trial de novo All these are based on the WHOLE RECORD, meaning both sides (Universal Camera) The agency’s organic statutes can dictate the standard of review, for instance, the OSHA statute specifies “substantial evidence” even for informal proceedings, as opposed to arbitrary and capricious. Pros to judicial review: o Perception of fairness of agency action o Part of the rationale of delegation is that the courts will check the agencies o Judges aren’t as political as agencies so will check the politicization of agency action JUDICIAL REVIEW OF AGENCY FACTFINDING: o INFORMAL PROCEEDINGS (is it arbitrary and capricious based on the facts?): Shaws v National Labor Relations Board, 1st Cir 1989: Shaws workers voted not to unionize, but the NLRB said it was a tainted election based on behavior of a Shaws VP and ordered a new one, whereas in the past that same behavior had not been seen as tainting elections. Court says that if an agency is going to depart from its own precedent, it has to explain why because · The courts need a basis for review, the explanation is needed to see if it is arbitrary and capricious · Regulated entities rely on the predictability of agency actions · Courts want to make sure the agencies are being evenhanded, so need an explanation if treat one entity diff from the others. o FORMAL PROCEEDINGS (is it supported by substantial evidence based on the whole record?): “Substantial evidence” = enough to justify refusal of a directed verdict if it were put to a trial judge. Not “preponderance of the evidence,” Universal Camera Corp v NLRB, 1951: Review of whether an employee had been fired bc he accused a manager of drunkenness or whether it was bc he had testified supporting the union in an NLRB proceeding. In reviewing an agency action, the court should look at the whole record to see whether it is supported by substantial evidence, not just the evidence SUPPORTING the agency’s action. Arguably a slightly higher standard than arbitrary and capricious. o How different are the standards? Pretty much the same in application, since courts are hesitant to turn over agency actions even in “substantial evidence” cases. Association of Data Processing Service Orgs v Board of Governers of Fedl Reserve System, DC Cir court of appeals 1984: The APA is cumulative, so the arb/cap clause just catches things the other clauses don’t. The 2 standards are pretty much the same, there couldn’t be a nonarbitrary judgment not supported by substantial the evidence. But then it did lead to a different result with AFL-CIO v OSHA 11th Cir 1992, when OSHA set permissible exposure limits for 428 different substances and didn’t really explain why bc said they didn’t have the resources, and court said well the OSH Act says substantial evidence not just arb/cap. And then in Troy Corp v Browner DC Cir 1997, EPA added 286 chemicals to a list of toxic chemicals that have to be reported to them if released, and this was not deemed arb/cap but court suggested it might have been struck down under sub/ev standard. Only 2 of them were deemed arb/cap, one because it was only based on only 2 old USSR studies and other evidence was undocumented. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF NON-FACT-FINDING AGENCY ACTIONS, WHEN TO DEFER TO AGENCY INTERPRETATIONS OF THEIR STATUTES/QUESTIONS OF LAW? o DIFFERENTIAL REVIEW: Courts use various factors to decide when to defer, sliding scale. Pros = subtle and complex, allows case by case analysis. Cons = gives judges a lot of discretion, cumbersome, unpredictable. o NLRB v Hearst Publications, 1944 (pre-APA) : There was a dispute over whether newsboys were “employees” within the meaning of the NLR Act, NLRB said they ARE. 4 questions: 1 = Should NLRB use common law definition of employee? No, because that would be contrary to the purposes of the Act, which was uniformity. 2 = What are the criteria for deciding what an employee is? 3 = Are newsboys employees? 4 = What are the raw facts involved? Court gives a certain answer to questions 1 and 2, but then defers to the agency on questions 3 and 4, because this is a specific application of a statutory term to the facts at hand, because: o Comparative expertise o Congressional intent (this is what’s delegated) o Comparative size of the question, 3 and 4 relate to the specific case at hand, whereas 1 and 2 are more loftier and only have to be decided once. o Comparative procedural adequacy (agency was the one who saw the witnesses, etc.) o Skidmore v Swift 1944: Deference is a spectrum, not an on/off switch. Question of whether waiting time can be working time. The administrator of the Fair Labor Standards Act issued a bulletin saying waiting time WAS working time. Court says that you should defer to the agency’s decisions based on: · Thoroughness of the agency’s consideration · Validity of its reasoning · Consistency with earlier and later pronouncements · Persuasive power § NO PRESUMPTION OF DEREGULATION, REVOCATIONS OF RULES ARE JUDGED BY ARB/CAP STANDARD: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn v State Farm Auto Ins, 1983: Review of an agency’s decision to rescind a rule that there had to be EITHER airbags OR nonpassive seatbelts, leaving only a rule that there has to be seatbelts. Court uses arbitrary and capricious standard of review, but agency wants them to judge their revocation of the rule by the standard used to review the LACK of a rule, not arb/cap. So wants them to use a presumption of deregulation. But court says no, there is no natural baseline, the agency’s decision is based on the existing standard. There wasn’t enough explanation, though, political explanation would have been OK too, just has to be rational. Arb/cap applies to rescission as well as as rule promulgations. Defines arb/cap as: · Agency has relied on factors congress didn’t intend for them to consider · If failed to consider an important aspect of the problem · Offered an explanation that ran counter to the evidence before the agency · It’s so implausible that it cannot be just a question of a difference in view or agency expertise. o MOVE TO A RULE, NOT A STANDARD, FOR DEFERENCE: CHEVRON § Chevron v NRDC 1984: You might reach the same result using the Hearst factors, but, instead of looking to legislative intent / expertise needed / size of the question etc, you do a textual analysis. Congress delegated this gapfilling function to the agencies. On/off switch. 2 step test: · Is the statute ambiguous? Whether “congress has directly spoken to the precise question.” · Is the agency’s answer “based on a permissible construction of the statute” reached using “traditional tools of statutory construction” (p 1028). (Includes legislative intent.) § Pros: simpler (so lower court costs), keeps judges out of policymaking § Cons: maybe congress didn’t really delegate this to the agencies (APA section 706 seems to give more power than this to the reviewing court), maybe this allows for too much political flipflopping (defining abortion as a type of family planning, etc) § Changes emphasis from purpose of statute to whether congress has spoken on a particular issue. § Stare decisis is divided into stage 1 precedent and state 2 precedent. It’s binding if the court decides that at step 1 the statute is unambiguous. But step 2 precedent is limited to the precise interpretation, and each new one has to be evaluated about whether it is permissible or not. § Puts more emphasis on explanation (reasonable construction) than whether it’s the BEST reading of the statute. § The 2 steps will theoretically prevent agencies from deciding matters of law (because those are where congress has spoken) but will allow them to make policy (bc that’s the gap congress wanted them to fill. § CHEVRON STEP ZERO: INTERPRETATIVE RULES ONLY GET SKIDMORE DEFERENCE: US v Mead Corporation 2001: Chevron only applies when Congress delegated the ability to an agency to act with the force of law, and the thing that the agency seeks deference on has the force of law. Here, the agency’s classification letter that planners are “diaries” for tariff purposes doesn’t have force of law bc only apply to one party. Skidmore deference does apply, though, because lots of agency expertise needed, and because it’s very persuasively explained. The rationale for Chevron was that congress implied the delegation of gapfilling to the agency, but for things that don’t have the force of law, the lack of a formal process means that the court shouldn’t give it deference. The fact that it’s a routine decision done 10K times per year could go either way as to deference, could be that makes it too much of a burden on the courts to review so we want deference, or, it could be that you don’t want that many decision to be made arbitrarily and so we want no deference. Says most things that have gotten Chevron deference have been notice and comment rulemaking and formal adjudications. o STEP ONE PRECEDENT: § TEXTUAL ANALYSIS: MCI Telecommunications Corp v AT&T, 1994: Scalia says that there is NO ambiguity in a statute, uses textual argument, dictionary definition, and exclusio unius. We use many of the same tools in statutory analysis in the first and second steps, just that the first step is to see if the statute is ambiguous, and second is to see if the agency’s interpretation is a reasonable construction. Definition of “modify” for tariff requirements holds it to be a small modification. § ALL TOOLS OF STAT CONSTRUCTION CAN BE USED: Zuni Public Schools v Dept of Ed 2007: Justice Breyer says that whether there’s ambiguity depends on which tool of statutory construction you use, and you shouldn’t be limited to textual analysis. § FDA v Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp 2000: The FDA is not permitted to regulate tobacco, because even though there is technically a gap in the statute, congress cant have intended to leave this gap for the agency to fill, which is the grounds for Chevron deference, and they have already created a regulatory scheme for tobacco. Cites MCI for a purposive argument that congress did not mean to delegate whether an industry will be rate regulated to industry discretion, doesn’t rest on Scalia’s textual analysis. o STEP TWO PRECEDENT: § Bellum v PCE Constructors, 5th Cir 2005: An interpretative ruling issued by the Secr of Labor said that the FMLA exception for worksites more than 75 miles away means by surface roads, not as the crow flies, is a permissible construction of the statute, which was ambiguous as to this point. It’s true that in another case, the FRCP 4k1b about bulge jurisdiction is 100 miles, the court interpreted it as the crow flies, but it doesn’t have to be BEST interpretation, just permissible, so this is OK bc: · Avoids absurd results · Secretary of labor has experienced with practical issues involved in the FMLA · Consistent with intent of congress o When the issue is whether an agency’s interpretation of its own regulation is permissible, a lot of deference is given, see Thomas Jefferson Univ v. Shalala, 1994, where a LOT of deference was given, esp because the regulation involved scientific know how, also in Udall v Tallman 1965. o How to tell if you use arb/cap review or Chevron review? P 1038. In Arent v Shalala DC Cir 1995, they say use § Chevron if it’s an issue of whether an agency has authority to act under a statute, has the agency stays within the constitutionally delegated boundaries of authority. § APA 706 review assumes that they had the authority, and asks whether or not the authority was reasonable, so uses arb/cap review, which is State Farm review. § In this case it was about FDA making rules under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, they clearly had the power to make these rules, congress did delegate that power to them, and they pass arb/cap review because: · The FDA took into account all relevant factors · The FDA made a good explanation · There’s no clear error of judgment § But there’s a concurrence that says this is step 2 Chevron analysis, bc arb/cap review focuses more on the procedure/decision making process, not the substance. Says that an agency’s decision could fail Chevron because it’s inconsistent with the statutory mandate, but is not an arbitrary policy choice so does not fail State Farm arb/cap. And an agency’s decision could fail State Farm arb/cap because it hasn’t articulated a rationale or considered all relevant factors, but pass Chevron because it could be in line with statute. § A professor argues that step 2 analysis IS arb/cap review RETREATING FROM CHEVRON o Ragsdale v Wolverine World Wide 2002: Seems as though the courts skip step 1, as the statute is unambiguous, but they instead assess whether the agency regulation is contrary to the purpose of the statute as a whole, balancing the social interest. Someone who already got 30 wks of leave wants more leave bc wasn’t given notice according to the FMLA. Here the purpose of the statute was unambiguous, and to say that the company had to give her more leave was contrary to the intent of the statute which was a hard won compromise so should be followed to the letter, so the penalty scheme is not permissible. Instinctive rxn to the facts of the case. Not much expertise at issue, and the Act lets disputes be brought into court, no agency adjudications. § In TVA v Hill, the court let something kind of unreasonable happen because it was in accordance with congressional intent, here they will prevent something unreasonable from happening because that’s in accordance with congressional intent. In both cases they interpreted the statutes to prevent unreasonableness happening. o MA v EPA 2007: Court says that the EPA is shirking their responsibilities by not regulating greenhouse gases, claims that the Clean Air Act forecloses the EPA’s argument that they don’t have the power to regulate them, says it’s unambiguous that it DOES. And finds their arguments that congress doesn’t want them to regulate them bc it would be a piecemeal approach, already covered by other agencies etc, isn’t convincing, and they also haven’t submitted scientific data that says that the link bw global warming and greenhouse gases is unclear. It again comes down to whether their explanation for not taking action was sufficient, but also pretty clear policy choice here over sticking to Chevron. List out materials given. Start with procedure, then move to substance. Is the statute a constitutionally permissible delegation of power? For rules, did it go through notice and comment, if it’s legislative? Or, is it interpretative? Run through the differences. If it’s an adjudication (which if it’s forward looking, it probably isn’t), look to the statute to see if 556/7 is needed, maybe this is where you’d apply some statutory interpretation. If not 556/557 required, then was 555 followed and was DP ok (remember that only applies if someone’s life liberty or property is being taken away, not if they’re trying to get something new) Use tools of statutory construction to defend/attack the agency’s interpretation of their statute. On the side of the agency, you’d say what their interpretation of it is and why. Then you’d try to say that congress’ intent is actually the opposite, or that it’s arb/cap. Then you’d have to address deference. First say what the agency is interpreting that they seek deference for. For Mead, see first if the agency has the power to make things that have the force of law, and whether they are using it in this case. If no notice and comment and no formal adjudication, chances are they are not using it in this case, but you’d look at whether congress intended to delegate this gapfilling to the agency, and that depends on how much agency expertise is at hand. But, if it was one of those things, then passes Mead step zero. So then, you look to see whether the statute was ambiguous (chevron step 1). If so, then agency’s interp gets deference (chevron step 2) as long as it’s a permissible construction. If no ambiguity, has to follow congress’ intent. For intent of congress, if something was a hardwon compromise, don’t read more into it than is on the face of it, bc it was carefully designed. Use textual analysis. Substantial evidence based on whole record How those are basically the same Agency expertise v. generalist judges Is Chevron right in assuming that any ambiguity is a failure to legislate and a purposeful delegation? Should policy come into play? State Farm: no, they have to follow the intent of congress in the statute, problem = what IS the intent of congress? TVA v Hill they were wrong… Tankers: have to stick to statute in brief statement of purposes Mashaw article: it’s a legal fiction to pretend that there’s no administrative policymaking, that they’re just carrying out statutory instructions. The president does have an impact over the policy of agencies through OMB, and appointment power

<urn:uuid:13cff52e-0c9d-424c-b4fc-14788b6e4888>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://carolinacrimereport.com/civil-rico-checklist/leg-reg-argument-checklist/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705926946/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120526-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Communication and Culture | Current Topics in Communication and Culture (Topic: Cultures of Books and Reading) C334 | 10093 | Striphas, T. MW, 11:15 AM-12:30 PM, TE F260 Instructor: Ted Striphas Office: C2 213 Many people have claimed that ours is an age in which electronic media predominate. Amid the flow of 24-hour radio and television, the spectacle of cinema, the dizzyingly connective internet maze, the kaleidoscopic intensity of digital gaming, and the breakneck pace at which new media develop, it gets harder to imagine an “old- fashioned” medium like books having much importance these days. Yet, in many respects, books and book culture seem to be booming well beyond college classrooms. Bookstores have been supersized. Online bookstores promise even greater accessibility. Book clubs like Oprah Winfrey’s, and book franchises like Harry Potter, inspire legions of people to read—and to buy. Meanwhile, large multi- national corporations publish more and more books every year, and new types of digital reading devices are emerging. Given these and other developments, now seems an appropriate time to figure out how to talk about book culture. In this class, we will explore how and why the shape of books has transformed over time. We’ll also consider how relations of race, class, and gender influence who reads what, with whom, and under what conditions, and why we make value judgments about one another on the basis of which books we read. Finally, we’ll investigate questions of authorship, ownership, and originality as they arise within the context of books’ mass reproducibility. More broadly, you’ll learn specific skills by which to research, and critical frameworks by which to assess, the history and politics of

<urn:uuid:696c7e87-cb6a-41f5-a7c9-645a6e3ea6a9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blfal11/cmcl/cmcl_c334_10093.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700132256/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102852-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Increases in obesity, diabetes and children in poverty are offsetting improvements in smoking cessation, preventable hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths, says a new report out today. According to America’s Health Rankings, an annual state-by-state assessment of the nation’s health, the country’s overall health did not improve between 2010 and 2011 — a drop from the 0.5 percent average annual rate of improvement between 2000 and 2010 and the 1.6 percent average annual rate of improvement seen in the 1990s. The report, published jointly by United Health Foundation, the American Public Health Association and Partnership for Prevention, indicates that 2011 is the first year no state had an obesity prevalence under 20 percent. For every person who quit smoking in 2011, another person became obese. As for which state is the healthiest, Vermont came out on top for the fifth year in a row. States that showed the most substantial improvement include New York and New Jersey, both moving up six places, largely because of improvements made in smoking cessation. Idaho and Alaska showed the most downward movement. Idaho dropped 10 spots, from number nine to 19 in this year’s Rankings, and Alaska dropped five places. The report offers a state-by-state snapshot of population health based on 23 measures. “Where people live matters. Every state can make improvements to ensure healthier quality of lives for their residents,” said Reed Tuckson, MD, United Health Foundation board member and executive vice president and chief of medical affairs, UnitedHealth Group. “States such as Tennessee and Maine — which made explicit efforts to improve their rankings — have shown us that improved public health is achievable but must be tackled in a concerted and aggressive way.” The fact that the country did not improve in overall health status means there was a balance between improvements and detriments across all 23 measures. And while the report shows improvement in the number of smokers, levels of tobacco use are still far too high. “Addressing the leading causes of these largely preventable diseases is essential if we are going to improve the nation’s health,” said Georges C. Benjamin, MD, FACP, FACEP (E), executive director of APHA. “America’s Health Rankings gives us a tool to gauge where we are and where we need to go, and the numbers should drive us to action.” “The Rankings provides comprehensive data states can use to develop prevention solutions and health-improvement plans — empowering their residents to live long, healthy and productive lives,” said Jud Richland, MPH, president and CEO of Partnership for Prevention. To see the Rankings in full, visit http://www.americashealthrankings.org/.

<urn:uuid:7c16e7fb-adf2-4068-b929-47a40d37e7e8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.publichealthnewswire.org/?p=1969

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706964363/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122244-00011-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Two years ago, New Jersey Democrats introduced a bill that would legalize gay marriage, and failed to pass it. A lot has changed in two years, though, and today the New Jersey legislature will re-introduce a bill that, if passed, would bring marriage equality to the state. In 2009, New Jersey had a Democratic governor who said he would sign the bill if it made it to his desk. The original bill needed 21 votes in the state Senate to pass, and received 14. Now, in 2011, the bill has been assigned the number S1 to mark its importance as the first bill of a new session. Steve Sweeney, a Democrat who abstained from voting on the issue in 2009, now calls that decision his "biggest mistake" as a legislator, and is sponsoring the new bill as a way to make amends. Democratic lawmakers reportedly consider this a "key issue" for their legislative agenda. What's different in 2011 that a gay marriage bill seems possible now? The legalization of marriage equality in New York seems to have been a major factor in Democrats now apparently feeling that "momentum is in their favor." It's also possible that cases like Prop 8 have made a difference in thinking on both a national level and in legislators; several anonymous sources who are working on the still-being-drafted bill told the Associated Press that "denying gay couples the ability to marry violates their civil rights," and that they were hopeful the governor would agree. (New Jersey currently allows gay couples access to civil unions.) Of course that's always been the case, but after Prop 8 was ruled both discriminatory and unconstitutional for making marriage a straights-only club, it may be more likely that lawmakers will see it that way. The other thing that's changed since 2011, though, is that New Jersey no longer has a Democratic governor who's willing to sign this bill into law. Republican Governor Chris Christie has been very open about not supporting gay marriage, and Steven Goldstein, the head of Garden State Equality, says that he "doesn't believe there are any circumstances under which Christie, a national GOP figure who is often talked about as a future presidential prospect, would sign a gay marriage bill." Christie seems very likely to end this bill before it becomes a reality, but he does have the option of ignoring it if it makes it to his desk. After 45 days, it would pass into law by default, without his having to actually sign it. It's unclear what his motivation would necessarily be for doing that, though -- aside from doing the right thing, being the governor under whose watch gay marriage passed in New Jersey may not bode well for his future career as a Republican. There may not be much to be optimistic about for gay marriage in New Jersey in the very near future -- while the Democratic sponsors of the bill are counting on some level of Republican support for it, getting the governor on board seems like an impossibility. There is, however, an ongoing lawsuit against the state filed by several gay couples, and in November a Superior Court judge ruled that it could move forward. It's possible that there hasn't been enough change over the past few years for marriage equality to come to New Jersey in the next few months. But it may be enough to have created an irreversible momentum; even if New Jersey doesn't see marriage equality this year, it seems increasingly clear that it's only a matter of time.

<urn:uuid:c6a07d97-6379-4515-b7b9-6ea35eec5ed3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.autostraddle.com/new-jersey-democrats-have-high-hopes-for-second-try-on-gay-marriage-127519/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703592489/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112632-00029-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The crisis in Syria is on-going and so is the debate about the West’s options to help end the bloodshed. Those in favour of a more pro-active policy are regularly confronted with a variety of arguments against intervention. Some of them are perfectly legitimate and rightly point at the potential risks of Western involvement. The validity of others, however, has to be questioned. In the following, four common myths will be addressed. 1) “Syria is primarily a humanitarian crisis” The humanitarian crisis in Syria is heart-breaking. According to UN figures, 60,000 people have died since March 2011 and the actual number is likely to be much higher. Thousands are fleeing the violence across the border every day – 84,000 in December 2012 alone – bringing the total number of those displaced to around half a million. However, as much as Syria is a humanitarian catastrophe, it is also a geo-political, strategic crisis. Syria is not an isolated case like, for instance, Libya. It is central to holding together the Middle East, as it touches upon various, complex interests. Due to the sectarian nature of the conflict, the spill-over effects into other countries are severe. Turkey is not only subject to repeated border violations but watches the mobilisation of Kurdish forces in northeast Syria with sheer horror. A sharp increase of terrorist attacks can be witness in Iraq with al-Qaeda exploiting the conflict to regain momentum. Baghdad, like Turkey, is equally concerned about the Kurdish factor. So far, the number of Kurds fleeing into Iraq has been relatively small but if they were to unite, they could shift the balance of power in the country and put pressure on the Turkish government. Meanwhile, Iran is actively supporting the Assad regime and its proxy militia, Lebanese Shia terrorist group Hezbollah, is smuggling fighters and weapons into Syria. Syria’s Sunni population, in particular the Islamist fractions among the opposition, are propped up by Saudi Arabia and Qatar. As such, the brutal conflict is not only pushing Syria into the humanitarian abyss but is destabilising various other countries to a dangerous degree. It is a recipe for a long-term sectarian strife, destruction, and death across the entire region that will make post-war Iraq look simple. 2) “Syria is lost to Islamic extremists” The Islamist fractions in Syria are powerful and their influence is steadily growing. Among the 13 Islamic extremist groups are al-Qaeda jihadists, such as Jabhat al-Nusra and the al-Tawheed Brigade, as well as Muslim Brotherhood sympathisers. In particular, the northern Syrian town of Aleppo has turned into one of their strongholds and in November 2012, they declared it an independent Islamic state. The Islamists, however, were not the ones who triggered the revolution, though they profited immensely from it. How did they manage to hijack the cause? On the one hand, the Islamic rebels are supported by Saudi Arabia and Qatar, but even more importantly the moderates have been considerably weakened by the lack of outside support. As one Syrian man stated, he can understand why people turn to the extremists and shout “Allahu akbar”. “Who else has helped us?” he asks. “No one.” While the post-Assad era is likely to be violent and chaotic, it is not too late to fix some of the damage caused. Western help can counteract the rise of extremist ideologies. The US-led intervention in Kosovo has pushed back the spread of such ideologies, which are likely to emerge in situations of war and despair, and effectively manifested pro-Western attitudes among the predominantly Muslim population. Assad has not fallen yet and there is still opportunity to influence, at least to a certain extent, the direction the country will take. When the time for making decisions comes, there is a strong argument for the West’s need to be in that room, rather than outside. 3) “Assad is the guardian of minorities” A common argument in favour of Assad’s reign is that Syria’s religious minorities have so far enjoyed relative freedom and protection in the country. It is true that most Christians and Alawites stick with Assad, an autocratic, but secular leader as they fear revenge attacks and religious oppression. They are not giving the Syrian opposition the benefit of the doubt, after what happened in Iraq, Egypt, and Lebanon. A Christian man from Syria expressed the dilemma vividly: “If the regime goes, you can forget about Christians in Syria. […] Look what happened to the Christians of Iraq. They had to flee everywhere, while most of the churches were attacked and bombed.” In contrast, another ethnic minority has long suffered oppression under Assad and his predecessors. The Kurds are the second largest minority in Syria and were among the first to rise up against Assad in 2004. Since then, they have engaged in anti-Assad protests and many have joined the Free Syrian Army. Nevertheless, there is also doubt among the Kurdish people about their perspectives under a new regime: “Maybe things will be worse for us.” However, Assad is not the only source of stability and security available to Syria’s Kurds, Christians and Alawites, Druze and Ismaelites. The Syrian Support Group has developed a detailed transitional-justice plan with considerable security-guarantees to stem the danger of post-Assad sectarian violence and lawlessness in rural regions. As a part of the plan, the Syrian opposition wants to employ carrots and sticks, like partial or full amnesty, to motivate former Assad officials to defect and initiate the process of his fall. Moreover, safe-passage will be guaranteed to Alawites who are not in Assad’s inner circle. In addition, there will also be a fund to compensate war victims and their families. The plan was developed by a London-based legal firm called McCue & Partners, which is advising the Syrian Support Group. Hopes are that the plan will gain international support at the next Friends of Syria meeting in Italy. Washington Post journalist David Ignatius even went so far as to call the plan “the best idea advanced so far by the Syrian rebels”. 4) “There are no effective military strategies available” “There is nothing we can do” has become the favourite mantra of the opponents of potential military intervention in Syria. The truth is that we have various options at our disposal, short of a full-scale invasion. Firstly, we should consider arming the moderate fractions among the opposition. While such undertaking is not without risk, it is indefensible that right now everyone is receiving support but the people that are Syria’s only hope for a brighter future. Secondly, the Patriots stationed along the Turkish-Syrian border provide us with a unique opportunity to establish a partial No-Fly-Zone. Given that Assad is increasingly killing from the air, the casualty number could be significantly reduced. Once such a zone is created and upheld, humanitarian corridors to address the civilian suffering could be established. Contrary to what opponents of military intervention claim, Assad’s army is not nearly as strong as perceived and his capabilities greatly exaggerated. Syria’s military forces are better equipped than those of Libya under Gaddafi but the average standard of military efficiency in the Middle East, is relatively low, especially in countries where most weaponry consists of outdated Soviet-era purchases. The number of ground troops are not higher than 100,000, the navy fleet is limited in scope, the air force lacks regular maintenance and Assad has failed to get hold of 60% of his ill-trained reserves. Thirdly, Syria is not Iraq. Not even the strongest supporters of military intervention, like Republican Senator John McCain, suggest putting boots on the ground. Furthermore, in the case of Iraq a relatively small group of defected intellectuals called for military intervention but in Syria, the animosity against the West is growing precisely because of a lack of action. Syria, like Libya, has never been a traditional ally of us. But as a Gallup poll in the post-Gaddafi era has shown, Libyans now like Americans more than Canada and several European countries. Maybe it is time to see the revolution in Syria not only as a threat, which it clearly is, but also as an opportunity. But to turn the uprising into something more positive, it is not enough to remain on the side-line and watch as the chaos unfolds.

<urn:uuid:8a94152e-f118-4187-9ed0-a6dcfd7b99f0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://juliesthinktank.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/syria/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00016-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|Located in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States, Utah is a land of snow-covered peaks, natural rock formations, and beautifully colored canyons. Utah's geography is characterized by three major land areas; the Rocky Mountains, the Basin and Ridge Region, and the Colorado Plateau. Rocky Mountains: Running north to south through the United States, the Rocky Mountians are an imposing presence in many of the western states. In Utah, two ranges of the Rockies extend through the northeast corner of the state; the Uinta Range and the Wasatch Range. The Uinta Range extends from Colorado in the east almost all of the way to Salt Lake City in north central Utah. It is the only range of the Rocky Mountains that runs east and west. Lakes and flat-bottomed canyons, formed by glacial activity, are interspersed with mountains that reach over 13,000 feet above sea level. Kings Peak, the highest point (13,528 feet above sea level) in Utah, is found in the Uinta Range. The Wasatch Range stretches from Mount Nebo in north central Utah northward into Idaho. On the west, the mountains range from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Basin and Ridge Region: One of the driest areas of the United States, the Basin and Ridge Region covers parts of several states, including Utah. The Basin and Ridge Region of Utah, which spreads over the western part of the state, is covered by small mountains and basins except on the east and west edges where the mountains are higher. Great Salt Lake is located in the northeastern corner of the Basin and Ridge Region with the Great Salt Lake Desert to the west and southwest of the lake. About 4,000 acres of hard flat salt beds are found in the center of the Great Salt Lake Desert; Bonneville Salt Flats. The Bonneville Salt Flats are named after the ancient sea that covered the area, Lake Bonneville. "Utah's Dixie" is located in the extreme southwestern corner of the Basin and Ridge Region. This area is the warmest and the lowest part of the state. Colorado Plateau: The Colorado Plateau covers most of the southern and eastern areas of Utah. The area is characterized by broad high country cut by deep canyons and valleys. The western part of the region is comprised of high plateaus such as Aquarius, Fish Lake, and Markagunt. These plateaus are more than 11,000 feet above sea level. Famous Bryce Canyon, Cedar Breaks Canyon, and Zion Canyon are found in the Colorado Plateau area. The Colorado River passes through Utah in the east with the Henry Mountains on the west banks of the river and the Abajo and La Sal mountains to the east of the river. Photograph by James Bynum Utah's southeastern corner meets the corners of Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. Referred to as "Four Corners," this is the only place in the United States where four states meet. ( Utah Close-up )

<urn:uuid:1f9d643e-879d-42ef-8bb5-4abd42954234>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://netstate.com/states/geography/ut_geography.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698222543/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095702-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What is a Vendor In Reply to Parent Post by raknaja I just would like to ensure the meaning of them whether they are same meaning or not? Definition: A Vendor is a person or company providing merchandise or services to a retail store. Also known as: Supplier. General Use: Manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and service providers can all be vendors. Most retailers separate their vendor lists into merchandise and non-merchandise vendors. Supplier may refer to - Manufacturer, uses tools and labor to make things for sale - Processor (manufacturing), converts it from one form to another - Packager (manufacturing), encloses products for distribution, storage, sale, and use - Distributor (business), the middleman between the manufacturer and retailer - Wholesaler, sells goods or merchandise to retailers - Dealership, local franchised distribution Within the context of quality management systems, the meaning is identical.

<urn:uuid:3918b8b5-7711-4750-8185-c1871a6d3af9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://elsmar.com/Forums/showthread.php?t=23619

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703317384/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112157-00042-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In AutoCAD (2005, 2006, 2007), you can use Fields to automate textual data within your drawings. It may seem like a new and scary concept but it really isn’t. Have you ever inserted an automatic page number or date in a Word doc? Those are fields! You can add fields to text, attributes and tables in your AutoCAD drawings. While creating or editing any of these objects, simply right-click and select Insert Field from the right-click menu. (Note: While you *can* add fields to attribute values within block instances, I strongly discourage that practice. If you want block attributes to include fields, you should add them as attribute defaults for the attribute definitions within the block definitions.) Here are some of my favorite examples of where you might want to use fields in your AutoCAD drawings. You can combine field functionality with familiar Mtext editing to create a plot stamp that is as flexible in appearance and location as any other piece of text. Since the plot stamp is actually an Mtext object, you can view and modify its appearance in an intuitive WYSIWYG environment without having to first plot the drawing. You can create the plot stamp in your drawing template so that it is automatically included in any new drawings that you create. The field values automatically update to display data based on the new drawing. You can even copy the plot stamp into an existing drawing with the assurance that the field data will update accordingly. - In AutoCAD, open the drawing (DWG) or template (DWT) to which you want to add a plot stamp. - Create a new Mtext object. - In the Mtext editor create any labels that you want to include in your plot stamp. For example, you might want a label for the drawing file name, plot date, plot device, named page setup, and who plotted the drawing. Creating labels is optional. You may choose to insert field data without preceding text. - After each label, right-click in the Mtext editor and choose Insert Field. - In the Field dialog box, select a field category and a field name. The field category and field name that you choose depends on the data that you want to display. The drawing file name field is in the Documents field category but all of the plot-specific fields are in the Plot field category. If you want to display the plot date, for example, select the Plot field category and the PlotDate field name. Depending on the field that you choose, you may have the option to select from various formats such as month/day/year or year-month-day. If you are using sheet set functionality, you might want to include SheetSet fields such as the name of the sheet set to which this drawing belongs. When you exit the Field dialog box, the field value appears in the Mtext editor. If the field cannot be evaluated, it will display dashes “----“. For example, AutoCAD can’t evaluate the PlotDate field until the drawing is actually plotted. After you insert your fields in an Mtext object, you can modify their appearance using typical editing features. You can change a field by double-clicking on it and choosing an alternate one from the Field dialog box. You can use fields to display information about a selected object. For example, you can display the diameter of a circle or the area of hatch. When you edit those objects, the field values update to reflect the changes in geometry. - Open the drawing to which you want to add the object field. - Access the Field dialog box by using the Field command (this will create a field within an Mtext object) or by right-clicking within a table cell, text object, or attribute. - In the Field dialog box, select the Objects field category. Notice there are various types of object fields to select from including named objects such as layers, views, etc. - If you want to display field data for a graphical object in the drawing (like a hatch), select the Object field name. - Choose the Select Object button and select the object for which you want to display field data. Depending on the type of object you select, various properties will be listed in the Field dialog box. - Select the property, specify the format and choose OK. If you used the Field command to access the field dialog box, you will need to specify the location for the new field data. If you used any other method to access the field dialog box, you should see the new field data displayed in the existing object. One of the most powerful uses of fields is in combination with sheet set functionality. You can use fields to automate the data in view labels, callout blocks, and title blocks by managing that data from a central location within the project’s sheet set. For more information on using Fields with sheet sets, refer to the Sheets Happen! series and these posts in particular:

<urn:uuid:cc5d7d4f-ff95-4429-a68e-31c9a344e5a7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://heidihewett.blogs.com/my_weblog/2006/03/automating_text.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Environmental Impact of Road Salt and Deicers New York Law Journal Since snow has been on everyone’s mind this winter, it seemed fitting to write this month’s column about snow. Central Park recorded 56.2 inches of snow through January, making this the snowiest winter through January since 1869, when the National Weather Service started keeping track. In addition to plowing and shoveling, keeping New York’s roads and walkways passable also involves tons of road salt and other deicing chemicals. Common salt, sodium chloride, is the primary deicing chemical used, with up to 12 million tons used in the United States each year. The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) reports that it uses an average of 950,000 tons of salt annually. New York City alone has used over 300,000 tons so far this winter. In a survey of 22 states, New York State ranked as the largest user of road salt. Although road salt is popular among states and municipalities because it is relatively cheap, readily available, and effective, its use also causes environmental harm, much of it unregulated and unmonitored. Melting snow dissolves salt into charged sodium and chloride ions which can lead to elevated levels of sodium and chloride in soil and water. Road salt is a major culprit for elevated chloride levels in ground and surface waters of the northern United States and in many urban streams. According to the United States Geological Survey, many streams have chloride levels toxic to aquatic life and that also exceed the chronic water-quality criteria recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure to high levels of chloride in water, especially for an extended term, affects abundance and reproduction of fish and other aquatic organisms. In addition to the direct effects of chloride, salty water is denser than fresh water, so it sinks to the bottom of water bodies, impairing complete circulation of water, which in turn can deplete oxygen levels and affect the survival of fish and invertebrates. Road salt runoff also enters drinking water supplies. While chloride in drinking water is not considered harmful to human health, it affects the taste of water and is listed as a secondary standard under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act. In addition, elevated sodium levels in drinking water may be a concern for people on restricted-sodium diets, although dietary sources of sodium are far greater than water. Roadside plants and vegetation are damaged by road salt runoff and spray. Polluted runoff causes plant dehydration, nutrient imbalance, and even toxicity. Salt spray from roads accumulates on foliage and causes “leaf burn” and tissue desiccation. Interestingly, road salt also serves as artificial salt licks, attracting moose and other sodium-deficient animals to roadways, which can cause increased traffic accidents and road kills. In addition to the salt itself, additives, like ferrocyanide, are used to prevent caking in large salt supplies. Ferrocyanide can release cyanide ions into the environment, and the EPA has determined that ferrocyanide is one of the “cyanides” in its list of toxic pollutants under section 307(a) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Alternatives to rock salt are available, and some of these alternative deicers are currently being used either alone or together with road salt in varying ratios. Although alternative deicers may perform as well as, or better than, ordinary road salt under certain conditions, they have their own disadvantages. The first group of commonly used alternative deicers are other chloride-based salts such as calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium chloride. However, using these salts entails environmental impacts similar to road salt, since they all release chloride when dissolved. These chemicals also are corrosive and are generally too costly for widespread implementation. The second group of alternative deicing agents are organic-based deicers such as acetate-based deicers and agricultural byproducts. The most commonly used acetate-based deicers are potassium acetate, commonly used for deicing in the airline industry, and calcium magnesium acetate, which is used for deicing in more environmentally sensitive areas and on bridges or other structures sensitive to salt corrosion. These acetate-based chemicals are reported to be more environmentally-friendly than chloride-based salts, but cost more and may mobilize heavy metals in soil. Their decomposition also consumes oxygen, resulting in lower oxygen levels in water. A variety of agricultural byproducts derived from sources such as corn, beets, and grains can be used for slowing down the formation of ice or pre-wetting salt to make it more effective, but they are costly, are not effective alone at melting ice, and also consume oxygen by decomposition. Road salt appears to have escaped the permitting requirements of the CWA. Even in New York City’s watershed areas, road salt use is not restricted, though storage is. The city’s watershed regulations instead reference the NYSDOT best management practices. Because road salt is applied to land surfaces and is washed away by snowmelt and rain, it generally is treated as non-point source pollution. We are not aware of any instance where the application of salt or other deicer required its own individual or general State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permit. For treated runoff that enters a municipal stormwater system, discharge into water bodies is permitted in accordance with the applicable individual or general SPDES discharge permit for that stormwater system, which likely does not specifically address road salt. However, an argument could be made that the application of road salt and other deicing chemicals might require a CWA permit because it could be considered a “pollutant” that is discharged from a “point source.” While sodium, chloride, and additives such as ferrocyanide would likely not be considered “chemical waste” when being used for their intended purpose of melting snow and ice, these residual chemicals when washing into storm drains and water bodies could become “chemical wastes,” which is included in the definition of “pollutant” under the CWA. And a truck spreading salt could be considered a “point source” under the CWA. In an analogous situation, environmental groups brought CWA citizen suits challenging the spraying of pesticides for mosquito control above or near waterways. EPA had previously issued a rule concluding that such spraying did not require a CWA permit if the spraying was done in accordance with the pesticide’s label. EPA took the position that spraying in compliance with the label was not the discharge of a “pollutant” from a “point source,” because the pesticide was not a “pollutant” discharged into water at the time it was sprayed; it only became a pollutant later, after excess residual pesticide found its way into water. In American Cotton Council of America v. EPA, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit invalidated the EPA’s rule, holding that at some point following application, excess pesticide…finds its way into the navigable waters of the United States. Pesticides applied in this way and later affecting the water are necessarily “discarded,” “superfluous,” or “excess” chemical. Such chemical pesticide residuals meet the Clean Water Act’s definition of “chemical waste.” In a recent related case, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit also disagreed with the district court’s conclusion that spraying pesticides from applicators attached to trucks or aircraft were not “point sources” because the spray went directly into the air, not the water. The court held that “the spray apparatus was attached to trucks and helicopters, and was the source of the discharge. The pesticides were discharged ‘from’ the source, and not from the air.” Although the word “salt” might not conjure up the same visions of a silent spring that “pesticide” does, the CWA and relevant case law would seem to allow treating its discharge as a regulated activity. Moreover, both sodium and chloride are listed on New York’s list of water quality standards and EPA lists chloride as a secondary contaminant under the Safe Drinking Water Act. While requiring individual SPDES permits for the application of road salt would not be practical or cost-effective, the issuance of a general permit, or several general permits based on particular watersheds, might be a reasonable way to identify the particular environmental impacts of salt use and require the use of best management measures and training to minimize the amount of salt used. In Canada, road salt use currently is not regulated. However, in a comprehensive assessment of road salt published in 2001, Canada’s environmental agency, Environment Canada, concluded that deicers containing inorganic chloride salts with or without ferrocyanide have adverse impacts on the environment and are therefore toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA). Following the publication of the assessment, Environment Canada initiated the risk management process as required by the CEPA, which resulted in the Code of Practice for the Environmental Management of Road Salts. Mitigation and Management Because chloride and sodium remain in solution in water, it is difficult to treat water after the fact. Currently, reduction in the amount of salt used is the only effective management strategy. Best management practices can reduce the negative environmental impacts of road salt without compromising public safety. Many states and municipalities have adopted best management practices. For instance, Maryland recently adopted a law requiring the development and use of a road salt management best practices guidance document for use by local and state governments to minimize the adverse environmental impacts of road salt runoff. Also, in 2011, the New Hampshire legislature introduced HB202, which would require state certification for anyone who applies salt to public and private roads and parking lots, as a means to limit the amount of deicing salt spread in New Hampshire and to enforce best management practices. New York State does not have legislation addressing this issue, but Bill S02020 was introduced in the Legislature last month, which would direct the Commissioner of Transportation to use salt substitutes near environmentally sensitive highways. On the local level, a bill was recently introduced in the New York City Council recognizing the environmental impacts of road salt on water and plants and the costs of salt-related corrosion on cars, roads, and bridges. If enacted, the bill would create a task force to study salt use and issue recommendations for alternative methods of melting snow and ice. A principal best management practice to enhance the effectiveness of road salt, thus reducing the overall amount of road salt needed, is to pre-wet the salt by mixing salt with a liquid deicing chemical before applying it to the road. The dissolved salt begins working sooner and results in faster deicing. The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services found that pre-wetting road salt reduced salt application by 20 percent. Moreover, pre-wetted salt adheres to the pavement better than solid salt, reducing the amount of salt bouncing off the roads. “Anti-icing” is a proactive snow and ice control strategy of preventing the hard-packing of snow and ice by applying chemical freezing-point depressant prior to or very early into snowfall, rather than trying to “de-ice” the compacted snow and ice that have already adhered to the pavement. Anti-icing lowers the freezing temperature before the snow or ice accumulates on the ground and facilitates plowing and can reduce the amount of chemical to less than one third of the amount needed for deicing. Another strategy is using advanced technologies to analyze current and expected weather events, temperatures, and traffic levels, therefore helping managers select the most effective deicing strategy. Networked road weather-information systems (RWIS) provide real-time information on road and weather conditions, and the data from RWIS can be used to determine where and when anti-icing and de-icing should take place. As part of the road salt reduction initiative, New Hampshire Department of Transportation varies its application mixtures for ice and snow control materials on a per mile basis depending on traffic and weather conditions. Several other states reported successful cost savings from investing in advanced technologies like the RWIS. Other recommended best management practices include investing and calibrating equipment for precise application and providing worker training. The Salt Management Plan (SMP) that began in Toronto and is now in use nationwide in Canada, effectively implemented the best management practices. The City of Toronto reported 35 percent-50 percent decrease in salt spread on local roads within a few years since its introduction. In addition to the environmental benefits, implementing best management practices is fiscally prudent, as it requires less spending on deicing materials, equipment, and labor, as well as the indirect costs due to salt-related corrosion of roads, bridges, vehicles, and other infrastructure. For instance, Colorado reported that implementing anti-icing reduced the total annual cost of winter operations from $5,200 per lane mile to $2,500 per lane mile and Toronto saved nearly $1.9 million in one year in decreased salt use alone after the SMP. Christine A. Fazio is a partner and Ethan I. Strell an associate in the environmental practice group at Carter Ledyard & Milburn. Jayun Koo, an associate at the firm, assisted in the preparation of this column. This article is reprinted with permission from the February 24, 2011 issue of the New York Law Journal © 2011 ALM Media Properties, LLC. Further duplication without permission is prohibited. All rights reserved. National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters, http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate/records/monthseasonsnowfall.html (last visited Feb. 17, 2011). The New York State Department of Transportation, https://www.nysdot.gov/divisions/operating/oom/transportation-maintenance/snow-and-ice (last visited Feb. 17, 2011). Transportation Research Board, Guidelines for the Selection of Snow and Ice Control Materials to Mitigate environmental Impacts, Annex B (2007), available at http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/Guidelines_for_the_Selection_of_Snow_and_Ice_Contr_158876.aspx (follow “Phase 1” hyperlink). U.S. Geological Survey, Chloride in Groundwaster and Surface Water in Areas Underlain by the Glacial Aquifer System, Northern United States (2009), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5086/pdf/sir2009-5086.pdf; Steven Corsi, U.S. Geological Survey, a Fresh Look at Road Salt: Aquatic Toxicity and Water-Quality Impacts on Local, Regional, and National Scales (2010), available at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es101333u. Environment Canada, “Priority Substances List Assessment Report: Road Salts” (2001), available at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/contaminants/psl2-lsp2/road_salt_sels_voirie/road_salt_sels_voirie-eng.pdf. Daniel L. Kelting and Corey L. Laxson, Review of Effects and Costs of Road De-icing With Recommendations for Winter Road Management in the Adirondack Park (2010), available at http://www.adkaction.org/Salt.pdf. Environment Canada (2001). Transportation Research Board (2007); Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Salt SMART: Environmental Damages Caused by Road Salt (2010), available at http://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/160660/binary/298413. Connecticut Department of Transportation, Improving Winter Highway Maintenance: Case Studies for Connecticut’s Consideration (2006), available at http://www.ctcase.org/summaries/winterhighway_execsum.pdf; New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Environmental Fact Sheet: Road Salt and Water Quality (2011), available at http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/wmb/documents/wmb-4.pdf. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (2011). Norwegian Public Roads Administration (2010). New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (2011); Norwegian Public Roads Administration (2010). 553 F.3d 927, 936-7 (6th Cir. 2009). Peconic Baykeeper v. Suffolk County, 600 F.3d 180, 188 (2d Cir. 2010). USGS 2010. A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to the creation of a Road Salt Task Force, File no. Int 0469-2001. Transportation Research Board (2007); Kelting and Corey (2010); The Connecticut Department of Transportation (2006).

<urn:uuid:7893b43e-9dad-4f15-9187-1aeab354babd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.clm.com/publication.cfm?ID=321

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703489876/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112449-00007-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Surprising new evidence suggests the pace of Earth’s most abrupt prehistoric warm-up paled in comparison with what we face today. The episode has lessons for our future. - Global temperature rose five degrees Celsius 56 million years ago in response to a massive injection of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. - That intense gas release was only 10 percent of the rate at which heat-trapping greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere today. - The speed of today’s rise is more troubling than the absolute magnitude, because adjusting to rapid climate change is very difficult.

<urn:uuid:0e357083-21fc-4ebc-a0d5-b94e0c264cb7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://climateinsight.wordpress.com/2011/07/08/the-last-great-global-warming/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698354227/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095914-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

During pre-Columbian times, the region around Santa Rosa was a transition zone between the Lenca tribes, centered farther east and south, and the Chortí Maya, who inhabited the hill country along the Guatemalan border. The remnants of indigenous villages have been discovered at several sites near Santa Rosa, such as El Pinal, Yarushin, and Zorosca. Early in the colonial period, the Spaniards established a major settlement nearby at Gracias, but Santa Rosa itself was not founded until 1705. Juan García de la Candelaria, a captain of the Gracias town militia, applied for and was granted an encomienda in the name of Santa Rosa de los Llanos, also known as La Sábana. The site was strategically chosen on a hill above a fertile valley, along the royal road between Guatemala City and Gracias; the town quickly prospered as a transport way station and a cattle-ranching area. A major boost in the nascent town’s fortunes came in 1793, when the Spanish crown chose to move the Royal Tobacco Factory from Gracias to Santa Rosa, as the young town was nearer to the producing regions of the Valle de Copán. Santa Rosa grew steadily after this, with migrants coming from Guatemala and directly from Spain to establish their own small farms and businesses. In the late colonial period and well into the 20th century, the tobacco industry based in Santa Rosa was by far the most important economic activity in western Honduras, and as a result the city quickly eclipsed Gracias as the most important urban center in the region. Santa Rosa, along with Comayagua and Tegucigalpa, was deeply involved in the independence wars and the resulting strife between the different Central American republics. Honduran president José Trinidad Cabañas briefly made Santa Rosa the country’s seat of government in 1853, when Honduras was under constant threat from Guatemala. In 1869, when the department of Copán was established, Santa Rosa was designated as its capital. © Chris Humphrey and Amy E. Robertson from Moon Honduras, 5th Edition

<urn:uuid:6490750f-ca4b-472d-a58f-82079a87b9be>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.moon.com/destinations/honduras/western-honduras/santa-rosa-de-copan/history

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703748374/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112908-00020-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A Democratic senator from Texas, Morris Sheppard (1875-1941) fought for progressive reforms such as banking regulation and women's suffrage. Although he served as Senate Democratic Party whip for four years, Sheppard is best remembered as the "Father of Prohibition." He supported temperance reform on the grounds that alcohol was a scourge on society and a threat to the family. In 1913 he introduced a constitutional amendment to prohibit the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors." Congress enacted it in 1917, and the states ratified the 18th Amendment in 1919. Unexpectedly, Prohibition fostered lawlessness in the 1920s, and in 1933 Congress and the states repealed the amendment. Although disappointed, Sheppard remained an active legislator, promoting legislation to aid farmers and low-income Americans, and for military preparedness in the years before World War II.

<urn:uuid:16034a31-1c66-4a87-bf59-9f7f6f4c0c4c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Featured_Bio_Sheppard.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703728865/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112848-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Remotely sensed images from mountainous terrains are subject to important radiometric variations which we desire to correct. A quantitative analysis of a remote sensing model is presented and the different aspects of radiometric correction are overviewed. A computer simulation is performed in order to better understand the combined effects of anisotropic reflectance characteristics and variable surface orientations, as encountered in remote sensing of mountainous terrains covered with vegetation. The results illustrate typical reflectance effects and show that the possibilities for a radiometrical correction are limited. This is due to the practical difficulty of exactly determining all reflection properties in a mountain environment. However, as a practical approach to the correction, a compensation method is proposed, which considers the particularities of vegetated surfaces in mountainous regions. Date of this Version

<urn:uuid:8e4eb4fa-2af4-4822-82e3-00d7ae93e6f9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lars_symp/446/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

By Bill Loomis / Special to The Detroit News Celebrations of Christmas in Detroit over the centuries have been highlighted by feasts and charity, toys and trees — and fires caused by lighted candles on those trees. Although Protestant churches in Detroit did not embrace the Christmas holiday until the 1840s, it was long celebrated in the French Catholic Churches such as Detroit’s oldest parish, St. Anne’s. Before Christmas trees became the rage, the French holiday tradition in Detroit was represented by yule logs, reveillon feasting, and horse races. Yule logs were enormous logs or sometimes entire tree stumps that filled the hearth along with a half cord of wood to get it started. Holiday feasting began on Christmas Eve in a tradition called reveillon (pronounced Ray-veh-yon), which is still celebrated in Quebec and New Orleans (at least for the tourists). In Detroit, families would carry a lantern to midnight mass and leave it with a beggar at the church door. When the Christmas mass was over, they would pick up their lantern and give a Christmas tip to the beggar. They then would go home for the feast that would last until 8 a.m. The reveillon supper was a sumptuous menu that included la tourtiere — a meat pie made with pigeons in the 19th century and later with pork, veal or other game. Other dishes might include a stew of meat balls and pork, minced pork pie, turkey, pumpkin pie, mince pie and new cider. If turkeys were available, they were cleaned, seasoned, suspended from a cord over the hearth fire, and then slowly turned and basted. They were wild turkeys and not nearly as big as current birds. “Too much for one, not enough for two” was a quote recorded by city historian Friend Palmer in his book “Early Days in Detroit.” The men raced their French ponies up Michigan Avenue when there was snow. In 1851, Ulysses S. Grant was a lieutenant stationed in Detroit after the Mexican war. He was frequently seen racing horses during the holiday on the streets or on the frozen Detroit River. In the French homes, small gifts for children were put in shoes. Indians were also welcomed and exchanged gifts and food with Detroiters on both Christmas and New Year’s Day. Prominent early Detroiters Joseph Campau, Antoine Dequindre and Peter Desnoyer were among the generous contributors to the festivities of the day. Much later in Victorian days, Detroit hotels competed for locals and it became a custom for Detroiters to spend holiday dinners at the hotel restaurants. The following is the bill-of-fare from the famed Russell House Hotel in 1888. The meal was enjoyed with rousing Christmas music from the Russell House Orchestra: Millponds (oysters) on the half shell Kenebec salmon broiled a la maitre de hotel Filet of beef larded with fresh mushrooms Sweetbreads braised with French peas Pineapple fritters, glace a maraschino Christmas beef with horseradish Turkey stuffed with chestnuts Hubbard squash. Green peas. Sweet potatoes. Chicken salad. Boned turkey in aspic. Pate fois gras. Currant jelly. Apple jelly. Apple butter. Prairie hen. Mallard duck. Partridge. Quail. Cauliflower. Boiled potatoes. String beans. Christmas pudding. Brandy sauce. Apple pie. Mince pie. Fruit cake. Angel food. Charlotte russe. Madeira jelly. Tutti frutti ice cream. Roquefort. Stilton. Pineapple cheese. Bent crackers. Coffee. The hotel most likely had a Christmas tree, which was becoming a tradition in the latter half of the 19th century. Prior to electric tree lights, people used candles. They were attached to the tree using melted wax, glue, special pins, or small metal cups. People also put candles on wreaths and roping. Open flames on a real Christmas tree was perhaps the most dangerous Christmas idea ever conceived, especially when the tree began to dry out. On top of this, people decorated the floor beneath the tree with cotton batting sprinkled with silver-colored confetti to look like snow. Sometimes they surrounded the candles with cotton sprinkled with sugar to make it look like snow was on the tree. It was popular to use highly combustible, sometimes exploding, ornaments made from aniline dye, discovered in 1856, which produced a rich purple color. It also produced toxic fumes when burning. Celluloid ornaments were popular as well, also extremely flammable. On top of this, many homes from the Civil War until the 20th century were lit with gas. The gas lighting system was done through thin pipes that came out from the wall about one foot and angled upward. At the pipe’s end was a jet nozzle, which emitted an open flame. Families loved to loop pine roping around the pipes of the gas jets. Once the tree was lit, the gas light was turned down for dramatic effect, then, after experiencing the beauty of the Christmas tree lit with candles in a darkened room, the gas was cranked way up to bathe the room in bright light and “capture the spirit of Christmas” — and occasionally catch the roping on fire. Disasters were inevitable, as these reports from Detroit newspapers indicate: 1902 : “… 213 East Palmer Street was damaged to the extent of $200 by fire at five o’clock yesterday afternoon. The blaze was caused by a Christmas tree catching fire from a candle.” 1902: “A Christmas tree loaded with inflammable ornaments and candles caused a six story building to burn down the Alexander Student building…” 1904: “A false beard worn by Burritt M. Tuttle, judge of the town court, who was enacting the part of Santa Claus at the Christmas Celebration at the Methodist Church, caught fire from the Christmas tree candles and Judge Tuttle was severely burned. The church was threatened by fire and a panic was prevented with great difficulty.” Holiday decorating had grown so dangerous that it became an annual Christmas tradition for the Detroit Fire Marshal to issue fire warnings about trees. In 1909, Detroit Fire Chief James Broderick summed up his views succinctly: “Don’t have a Christmas tree at all! … The worst of it is they go up like tinder once they get a good start.” The first Christmas tree lights The first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree was the creation of Edward H. Johnson, an associate of inventor Thomas Edison. While he was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Co., he had Christmas tree light bulbs made especially for him. He proudly displayed his Christmas tree, which was hand-wired with 80 red, white and blue electric incandescent light bulbs the size of walnuts, on Dec. 22, 1882, at his home on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Local New York newspapers ignored the story, seeing it as a publicity stunt. However, it was published by a Detroit newspaper and the rest of the nation picked up on the story. Johnson became widely regarded as the father of electric Christmas tree lights. Electric lights on trees did not become widespread until the 1930s. Giant municipal Christmas trees appeared because electric lights made them possible. Detroit’s first municipal tree appeared in 1912, ordered by Mayor Oscar Marx. It was set up on Woodward Avenue opposite City Hall, and the tradition for three years was to have Mayor Marx’s son “Junior” throw the switch to light up the tree. Finding a Christmas tree in Detroit in the 19th century wasn’t always easy. Forest fires had ravaged landscapes and harvesting trees in big quantities on reforested land was restricted. This led to an enterprising idea by Detroit businessman G.S. Ferguson in 1909: a Christmas tree farm. He formed the Evergreen Tree Company and planted fir trees in Alcona County near Lake Huron on 80 acres of land. His initial reason for doing so was not to grow and sell Christmas trees. On a trip to Paris in 1900, he learned that a Parisian pharmaceutical company would pay $16 a pound for evergreen fir sap. It was later that he began getting requests from around the United States for small trees for Christmas. Business was so good he immediately expanded from 80 to 600 acres. He claimed he could never meet demand and encouraged others to open Christmas tree farms. Demand for Christmas trees grew every year, especially at the start of the 20th century. In 1908, 15,000 trees were reported sold; in 1910 30,000, and by 1912 Detroiters bought 75,000 trees. At that time Detroiters preferred spruce trees over pines. From wooden toys to rifles Then as now, the charm of Christmas came from children. The earliest purchased Christmas toys were described as sugar roosters, gingerbread horses or Indians, and bobsleds. By the 1840s Detroit stores advertised wooden toys for boys, such as wooden guns, sabers, rocking horses, whips, soldiers with gold helmets and toy horses with real manes. Girls had dolls advertised in the paper with “white satin robes, real shoes, genuine hair, round faces, snow white cheeks touched with spots of red, pinched up mouths, and large blue eyes…” By 1882, toy kitchens were marketed with something new — a tin stove. Boys could get locomotives, toy velocipedes (bicycles) and the usual guns, knives, whips, swords and cannons. Toys and soldier uniforms corresponded to the current conflict, so in 1899 it was the Spanish American war. One toy was a cannon that shot rubber balls at a Spanish fort so when the fort was hit a waving American flag sprung up. By 1892, toys had become more mechanical, at least for boys: iron toy banks, wind-up painted tin toys of monkeys churning butter, slithering snakes, tricycle-riding Uncle Sam, and a wind up naphtha launch, which was a toy version of a nationally popular, ultra modern aluminum body sail boat. In 1902, batteries that lasted six months drove a new toy that began to appear: toy automobiles. There were battery-driven farm yard chickens that really pecked grain, flying vessels (no airplanes yet — the Wright Brothers first flight was in 1903), soldiers dressed like Rough Riders and a new game based on the Boer War. Boys could get “miniature rifles that shoot real bullets to bring down sparrows,” which perhaps might have given birth to the parental admonishment, “You’ll put somebody’s eye out.” Christmas store displays of toys and adult gifts could be magnificent. One unique Christmas display at Edward W. Alexander’s umbrella shop on Monroe Street featured umbrellas surrounded by pretty plants, colored lights and live alligators. In December 1890, J.L. Hudson’s advertised silk and bowler hats for the gents, and for the ladies fur muffs “in black lynx, natural lynx, Japanese monkey, opossum, beaver, or cape seal.” Shoppers crowded downtown streets in the tens of thousands in the 1900s. The large department stores on Woodward Avenue were mobbed to capacity. In 1903 it was necessary to wait in line to even get into the stores. A tradition of giving Nothing captures the spirit of Christmas in Detroit better than the virtue of generosity. Detroiters annually supplied dinners, presents and good cheer for thousands of people, such as a dinner given for 200 to 300 wounded Civil War soldiers convalescing in Detroit in 1863, as reported in the Detroit Free Press: “The Christmas Dinner given to invalid soldiers at Fireman’s Hall was in all respects a success. … the old and established character of the citizens did not fail in this emergency; enough and more was brought in with tables loaded with luxuries which usually abound on those of first class hotels. … The Detroit City Band furnished the music for the occasion. The good old air of Yankee Doodle was played and caused visible commotion among the feet of the guests making even the cripples and crutches keep time to its lively notes. … Not even those (soldiers) whose (tendency) to sin brought them to the guard house were omitted from the festivities … Both the giver and receiver are equally blessed.” In 1881, more than 6,000 Christmas dinners were served. Christmas dinner for 2,000 people was served in Cadillac Square in 1899. Men at the Detroit House of Corrections, Wayne County Jail, and 200 men at the McGregor Mission on Brush Street got Christmas dinners in 1902. Campfire girls provided dinner and gifts for 200 children younger than 8 years old in 1921. The Old Newsboys’ Goodfellow Fund was started in 1914 by James J. Brady with the sole mission of bringing Christmas to poor children. Brady, along with about 300 Detroit businessmen, sold newspapers on street corners to raise money to purchase gifts for kids. By 1922, the Goodfellows were serving more than 17,000 children with food, baseballs, dolls, infant nursery needs, gloves, mittens and more. Other civic organizations also contributed food baskets, clothing, Christmas parties and Santas. The total number of people taken care of in 1922 was 35,000. In some years, three tons of coal was handed out in small amounts to go along with dinner gift baskets so that people had a way to cook their dinners once they got them home. Shoes, stockings and underwear were regularly given out along with toys to children. The tradition continues today. The notion of helping and sharing was deeply ingrained, as this 1847 newspaper exhortation indicates: “You that delight in doing good — and who is there that should not — search out a destitute family and by the small donation of a turkey, pig or some such thing make a “Merry Christmas” for those who otherwise would return to their beds hungry and starving.”

<urn:uuid:a689f451-7b88-4fd8-bb8d-4a7d6621245a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blogs.detroitnews.com/history/2011/12/18/christmas-traditions-in-old-detroit-pigeon-pie-horse-racing-tapers-on-trees/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699798457/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102318-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

liturgy of the Word Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. celebration of mass ...its participation in the mass, expresses its unity and its dependence upon God and seeks nourishment in its attempt to bring the gospel message to all people. The mass consists of two parts: the liturgy of the Word, which includes readings from Scripture and the homily (sermon), and the liturgy of the Eucharist, which includes the offertory, the eucharistic prayer (canon), and the communion... The second phase of the mass, the liturgy of the Word, typically consists of three readings: a reading from the Old Testament, a non-Gospel reading from the New Testament, and a reading from the Gospels; the first two readings are done by a lector (a lay reader), and the Gospel is proclaimed by the deacon. A responsorial psalm and a Gospel acclamation divide the three readings. The priest then... What made you want to look up "liturgy of the Word"? Please share what surprised you most...

<urn:uuid:8411e543-d562-4898-9b9d-f782ff30f198>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/647919/liturgy-of-the-Word

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709337609/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516130217-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Did you know that Google has a built-in calculator you can use right in the search box? It's handy, for example you can type in "nibbles in a byte?" and the answer comes back "1 byte = 2 nibbles." So a nibble is half of an eight-bit byte. Here's a better <a href="http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci212659,00.html">Whatis.com definition</a>. Last Wiki Answer Submitted: October 2, 2007 3:15 pm by BrentSheets6,580 pts.

<urn:uuid:702e9fd3-d43c-4f5a-a07b-5eff524a058f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/itanswers/whats-the-answer/?watch=28056

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710299158/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131819-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

logging in or signing up The Story of Creation sonataclassic Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Copy Does not support media & animations WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1065 Category: Spiritual/ Ins.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: March 28, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript The Story of CreationGenesis 1:1-31 : God, creator of Heaven and Earth The Story of CreationGenesis 1:1-31 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 Before Christ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slide 2: Introduction This world is so beautiful to behold! God created a beautiful world for us. He created the sun, the sky, the stars, the moon, the animals, the mountains, the seas, the rivers and the plants. Slide 3: The Story of Creation In the beginning, when God created the heavens and the earth, the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face of the deep, while a wind from God swept over the face of the waters. Then God said, “Let there be light” and there was light. And God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light, “Day” and the darkness He called “Night.” And there was evening and there was morning, the first day. Slide 4: And God said “Let there be a dome in the midst of the water, and let it separate the waters from the waters.” So God made a dome, and separated the waters that were under the dome from the waters that were above the dome. And it was so. God called the dome “Sky.” and there was evening and there was morning, the second day. Slide 5: And God said “Let the waters under the sky be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear.” And it was so. God called the dry land “Earth” and the waters that were gathered together He called “Seas.” And God saw that it was good. Then God said, “Let the earth put forth vegetation: plants yielding seed, and fruit trees of every kind on earth that bare fruit with the seed in it.” And it was so. The earth brought forth vegetation: plants yielding seeds of every kind, and trees of every kind bearing fruit with the seed in it. And God saw that it was good. And there was evening and there was morning, the third day. Slide 6: And God said, “Let there be lights in the dome in the sky to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years, and let them be lights in the dome of the sky to give light upon the earth.” And it was so. God made the two great lights – the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night – and the stars. God set them in the dome of the sky to give light upon the earth, to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was from the darkness. And God saw it was good. And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day. Slide 7: And God said, “Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the dome of the sky.” So God created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves of every kind, with which the waters swarm, and every winged bird of every kind. And God saw that it was good. God blessed them, saying, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.” And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day. Slide 8: And God said, “Let the earth bring forth living creatures of every kind: cattle and creeping things and wild animals of the earth of every kind,” and it was so. God made the wild animals of the earth of every kind, and the cattle of every kind, and everything that creeps upon the ground of every kind. And God saw that it was good. Slide 9: Then God said, “Let us make human kind in our image, according to our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over the wild animals of the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth.” So God created human kind in His image, in the image of God He created them; male and female He created them. God blessed them, and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.” Slide 10: God said, “See, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them food. And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything the creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food.” And it was so. God saw everything that He had made, and indeed, it was very good. And there was evening an there was morning, the sixth day. Slide 11: Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their multitude. And on the seventh day God finished the work that He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all the work that He had done. So God blessed the seventh day and hallowed it, because on it God rested from all the work that He had done in creation. Slide 12: These are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created. The End You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.

<urn:uuid:d9856b71-ae6f-47ad-9cfb-ce6762e706be>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/sonataclassic-358852-story-creation-love-god-us-spiritual-inspirational-ppt-powerpoint/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701543416/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105223-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Date of Award Nutrition and Food Science Folate is the naturally occurring form of water-soluble B vitamin that is found in foods such as leafy vegetables, fruits, legumes, etc. Dietary supplementation of folate has shown to be protective against neural tube defects and other congenital disorders, and of recent, its role in carcinogenesis has been of special interest. Though mechanistically unclear, a positive correlation has been observed between folate deficiency in the diet and decrease function of DNA base excision repair pathways. DNA base excision repair, commonly referred to as BER, is an important cellular process that is responsible for the removal and repair of individual damaged nitrogenous bases, effectively restoring proper DNA sequence and stability. Folate is believed to be somehow involved in the mechanisms by which BER enzymes function. It has been shown in animal model studies that by decreasing folate in the diet, the cell’s capability for BER is also decreased. Interestingly, more recent studies have indicated that under specific conditions folate deficiency may be associated with an up-regulation of apoptotic activity, suggesting a potential for therapeutic application of folate deficient diets. Further research is still needed, especially in the determining the specific mechanism by which folate affects BER and the enzymes associated with this pathway. Lanni, Lydia, "BER and Folate Deficiency: A comprehensive overview of DNA base excision repair and the effect of dietary folate" (2012). Honors College Theses. Paper 2.

<urn:uuid:4eddd705-4afa-49f2-9e4b-c970b2ee6821>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/honorstheses/2/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706470197/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121430-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The White House Office of the Press Secretary Presidential Proclamation-- World AIDS Day Our Nation joins the world in celebrating the extraordinary advancements we have made in the battle against HIV and AIDS, and remembering those we have lost. Over the past three decades, brave men and women have fought devastating discrimination, stigma, doubt, and violence as they stood in the face of this deadly disease. Many of them would not be here today, but for the dedication of other persons living with HIV, their loved ones and families, community advocates, and members of the medical profession. On World AIDS Day, we rededicate ourselves to developing a national AIDS strategy that will establish the priorities necessary to combat this devastating epidemic at home, and to renewing our leadership role and commitments abroad. Though we have been witness to incredible progress, our struggle against HIV/AIDS is far from over. With an infection occurring every nine-and-a-half minutes in America, there are more than one million individuals estimated to be living with the disease in our country. Of those currently infected, one in five does not know they have the condition, and the majority of new infections are spread by people who are unaware of their own status. HIV/AIDS does not discriminate as it infiltrates neighborhoods and communities. Americans of any gender, age, ethnicity, income, or sexual orientation can and are contracting the disease. Globally, there are over 33 million people living with HIV. While millions have died from this disease, the death rate is slowly declining due, in part, to our Nation's global effort through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program. However, HIV remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Women and children around the world are particularly vulnerable due to gender inequalities, gaps in access to services, and increases in sexual violence. While the statistics are distressing, new medications and scientific advancements give us reason for hope. Tackling this disease will take an aggressive, steadfast approach. My Administration is developing a national HIV/AIDS strategy to bolster our response to the domestic epidemic, and a global health initiative that will build on PEPFAR's success. We will develop a strategy to reduce HIV incidence, improve access to care, and help eliminate HIV-related health disparities. We have already ensured that visitors to our shores living with HIV are not marginalized and discriminated against because of their HIV status. We have also secured the continuation of critical HIV/AIDS care and treatment services. Today, we recommit ourselves to building on the accomplishments of the past decades that have dramatically changed the domestic and global HIV/AIDS landscape. NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 1, 2009, as World AIDS Day. I urge the Governors of the States and the territories subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and the American people to join in appropriate activities to remember those who have lost their lives to AIDS, and to provide support and comfort to those living with this disease. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand nine, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-fourth.

<urn:uuid:ac4bf30d-3840-4850-8b2f-4fe72163424f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-proclamation-world-aids-day

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00015-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Pediatric Disclosure Materials: Booklet 1—How to Keep Healthy How to Keep Healthy is the first in a series of four booklets designed to help adults facilitate health-related discussions with children and adolescents. It was written to be used with children from 2 to 6 years of age, an age when children may ask many questions about why they go to the clinic or why they have to take medicines. The booklets are available for download in color and in black-and-white. Accompanying cue cards offer guidance for health care providers to use in introducing these booklets to caregivers. The other booklets in this series include:

<urn:uuid:3cf9c76e-8616-43c0-b85c-a9ddc9525c93>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/treatment/resources/pediatric_disclosure_materials/how_keep_healthy

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The term "tomahawk" is a derivation of the Algonquian words "tamahak" or "tamahakan". The earliest definitions of these words (early 1600's) applied to stone-headed implements used as tools and weapons. Subsequent references involved all manner of striking weapons; wood clubs, stone-headed axes, metal trade hatchets, etc. Prized for their deadliness in close combat well into the 19th century, these replicas match the balance and beauty of the originals. Made by Windlass Steelcrafts. (A) Ball-headed Club Predecessor to the metal tomahawk, this late form of the club was observed by early English colonists. Two piece hardwood construction with contoured shaft. 22" overall. Wt. 1 lb. 2 oz. Made by Windlass Steelcrafts. (B) Gunstock Club Shaped to capture the power of the gun, with an imposing blade adding its own powerful touch. Decorated with steel tacks. Copied from an original in the New York Metropolitan Museum. 30 1/2" overall. Blade 6" long. Wt. 1 lb. 10 oz. Made by Windlass Steelcrafts. Maintain our respect for our past. These are perfect display pieces with any Native American display or Revolutionary War collection.

<urn:uuid:a08950ec-a2c1-4ad2-b6e7-bdb3f1795133>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.iloveswords.com/REV_Clubs.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005985/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What do you think of when you hear Cleopatra? Do you image a dark haired beauty, queen of sin, an enchantress? Cleopatra was born in 69 BC and what we know of her was written by several historians – mostly Roman and some with a grudge against her. From the few accounts that exist, movies and books have been born, adding speculation and fiction to the picture. Did you know that Cleopatra was not Egyptian, but rather Greek? That she was not the first queen to be named Cleopatra? In fact she was Cleopatra VII. That she may not have been beautiful in the way we imagine her? There are few images of her to be found – mostly of coins with her portrait. Take a look at the coin above – does she meet your definition of beauty? Is she as beautiful as Angelina Jolie who will play Cleopatra in an upcoming movie? Last fall, a new biography of Cleopatra was released written by Stacy Schiff. The book is a fascinating reconstruction of what we know about Cleopatra using the original sources of the day and those written after Cleopatra’s death. What makes this account different is that Schiff doesn’t take the sources at face value. She digs deeper. Typically if Cicero or Plutarch is quoted by biographers or college professors – there is a tone of reverence and absolute acceptance. Schiff dares question these sources. She quotes Cicero as “hating” the queen. Schiff notes that Cicero, a Roman contemporary of Cleopatra’s, had taken a dislike to her – perhaps because she had promised him a book from her famous library in Alexandria and forgot to bring it to him, on one of her trips to Rome. How might have the story of Cleopatra been different had she written the account and not a Roman who disliked her? In Schiff’s book Cleopatra, we see a portrait of Cleopatra VII as a powerful queen, a master strategist, a cool pragmatist, a towering intellect, mother of four children, loyal lover of two famous Romans, woman of enormous confidence and daring,a commander of armies. Schiff describes the dichotomy of West and East – the Roman culture – male, war-like, judgemental, and based on fear and the Egyptian society – often ruled by women, rich, sensuous, imbued with the learning and history of the world as collected in the greatest library of its time in Alexandria. Schiff says “We still fight the battle of East and West, still lurch as uneasily as did Cicero between indulgence and restraint. Sex and power continue to combust in spectacular ways. Female ambition, achievement, authority, trouble us as they did the Romans, for whom Cleopatra was more a monster than a marvel, but undeniably a little of both. Read more…

<urn:uuid:fb14b914-0c99-4e1b-9bb6-1cd8474d8f12>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.girlsguidetoswagger.com/category/swagger-international/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706474776/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121434-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Sir Roger L’EstrangeArticle Free Pass Sir Roger L’Estrange, (born December 17, 1616, Hunstanton, Norfolk, England—died December 11, 1704, London), one of the earliest of English journalists and pamphleteers, an ardent supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1649–60), who was eventually rewarded for his loyalty by being appointed surveyor of the imprimery. In this position he had the power to license and control the press, and he energetically weeded out unlicensed printers who issued antigovernment propaganda. L’Estrange was deeply implicated in an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the town of Lynn, Norfolk, from anti-Royalist forces in 1644, and he was imprisoned for four years. He later withdrew to the Netherlands. Just before the restoration of the monarchy he attacked the poet John Milton, a leading apologist for the Commonwealth, in a pamphlet called No Blinde Guides (1660), a reference to Milton’s blindness. Appointed surveyor in 1663, he also published three news sheets: the Intelligencer and the News (both 1663–66) and the Observator (1681–87), as well as numerous pamphlets in support of the government. He was knighted in 1685 after helping to discredit the Popish Plot, a fictitious story alleging that the Jesuits were planning to assassinate King Charles II. The Glorious Revolution (1688–89), in which King James II lost the throne, cost L’Estrange his official post. Accomplished in languages, he afterward supported his wife and himself chiefly by translations of many standard authors, including the lively Fables of Aesop, and other Eminent Mythologists: with Morals and Reflexions (1692). What made you want to look up "Sir Roger L'Estrange"? Please share what surprised you most...

<urn:uuid:87466c9d-3ecf-486d-9cdb-15528d3fa482>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337355/Sir-Roger-LEstrange

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705069221/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115109-00025-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Weather also has two additional properties that make forecasting even more difficult. First, weather is nonlinear, meaning that it abides by exponential rather than by arithmetic relationships. Second, it’s dynamic — its behavior at one point in time influences its behavior in the future. Imagine that we’re supposed to be taking the sum of 5 and 5, but we keyed in the second number as 6 by mistake. That will give us an answer of 11 instead of 10. We’ll be wrong, but not by much; addition, as a linear operation, is pretty forgiving. Exponential operations, however, extract a lot more punishment when there are inaccuracies in our data. If instead of taking 55 — which should be 3,125 — we instead take 56, we wind up with an answer of 15,625. This problem quickly compounds when the process is dynamic, because outputs at one stage of the process become our inputs in the next. Given how daunting the challenge was, it must have been tempting to give up on the idea of building a dynamic weather model altogether. A thunderstorm might have remained roughly as unpredictable as an earthquake. But by embracing the uncertainty of the problem, their predictions started to make progress.Nate Silver promoting his new book, “The Signal and the Noise: Why most predictions fail but some don’t”.

<urn:uuid:621a967e-66f2-44a5-ac62-7dd0c3d3729a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://climateadaptation.tumblr.com/tagged/chaos

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700380063/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103300-00042-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

South Florida Wildlands Association (SFWA) was founded in March of 2010 to protect the unparalleled beauty and biodiversity of the greater Everglades. For over 10,000 years the home of diverse groups of native Americans including the Calusa, Tequesta, Mayaimi – and later the Seminole and Miccosukee – south Florida has seen waves of newcomers come and go. Spain, England, the United States, and the Confederate States, have all staked claims here. In the modern era massive migrations from all directions have created a cultural melting pot of incredible richness and vitality. But the recent explosion of south Florida’s population – the Metro area of Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, and Palm Beach is today the most populous urban area in the southeastern United States and the seventh largest in the nation – has come at a heavy price. Many of south Florida’s native ecosystems have been completely transformed by agriculture, commercial and residential development, roads, canals, seaports, airports, and rock mines. Even its most protected natural areas, four units of the National Park Service containing a mix of habitats and wildlife found nowhere else on earth, have not escaped degradation as a result of outside pollutants and high impact motorized recreation. SFWA is a local not-for-profit organization committed to aggressively defending what remains of one of our planet’s most unique natural areas. Join us on these pages (some still under construction) and explore these special places. Learn more about the various threats and challenges the greater Everglades faces today. Find out also what you can do to help. Stay informed. Our new Facebook Page is updated on an almost daily basis. “Like” us and you’ll receive updates as they are posted. Find us here. South Florida Wildlands Association also sends out occasional emails and action alerts on important wildlife habitat issues in the greater Everglades. Generally about one per month. Please send an email to: to be added to our mailing list.

<urn:uuid:31f0540a-b580-4096-9ef0-1256ad0cdab3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://southfloridawild.org/wordpress/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381630/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

1. <microbiology> Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication or antigen antibody response. The infection may remain localised, subclinical and temporary if the bodys defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. (11 Mar 2008) |Bookmark with:||word visualiser||Go and visit our forums|

<urn:uuid:0c2e27cf-0293-46af-8a93-081adb633e34>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?infections

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706413448/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121333-00041-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Fireworks can mean big dangers for pets October 2, 2008 · Updated 6:04 PM Fireworks are all fun and games unless you have four legs and fur. Traditional Fourth of July celebrations trigger stress in many family pets, resulting in the greatest influx of lost and runaway pets of the year, according to King County Animal Care and Control. People are not the only victims of firework burns. Animal control reports that curious dogs will sometimes grab or chase fireworks only to have them explode at close range, causing injuries more serious than just a scorched fur coat. Burns and other fireworks-related injuries are just the beginning of a family pets worries. The loud noise and bright flashes produced during Fourth of July celebrations frighten animals who are left alone. Unaware of their furry friends fear of explosions, owners often leave their animals outside. Distressed pets have a tendency to lose their senses and act out of character, according to animal control officers. Unusual behavior may include chewing through leashes, digging under fences and escaping backyard enclosures. Attempting to run from firework noise, pets often lose their sense of direction, run into traffic or end up disoriented and lost. King County Animal Control recommends several steps pet owners may take to make their pets more comfortable on the Fourth of July: Keep pets indoors. Draw windows and blinds. Play the radio or television to distract from the fireworks. Make sure your pets registration is current in case they escape. If your pet is sensitive to noise, talk to your doctor about using a mild sedative to keep them calm.

<urn:uuid:533f6a88-9e95-4f16-9d75-29fa3e89cc72>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.valleyrecord.com/news/22776424.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697917013/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095157-00049-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

May 30, 2012 Contact: Barbara Hosler 517-351-2555 Recovery Plan Outlines Steps to Help Rare Plant Dwart Lake Iris. Photo by Joel Trick/USFWS The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced availability of a draft recovery plan for the threatened dwarf lake iris, a species native to the Great Lakes coastline of Michigan, Wisconsin and Ontario, Canada. The recovery plan provides federal, state and tribal natural resource managers and their partners with a blueprint of actions needed to prevent the extinction of the plant and recover it to the point that protection under the Endangered Species Act is no longer needed. Recovery actions focus on conserving the iris’ habitat through a variety of protection strategies, including the preparation of management and monitoring plans. Additional efforts will focus on improving understanding of dwarf lake iris ecology. Listed as threatened by the Service in 1988, the dwarf lake iris occurs along the shorelines of northern lakes Huron and Michigan, where it ranges from the Door Peninsula of northeastern Wisconsin eastward through the Mackinaw Straits region of Michigan and then south to the Bruce Peninsula of Ontario. Dwarf lake iris typically grows in shallow soil over moist sand, gravel and beach rubble, and limestone crevices. Dwarf lake iris is vulnerable to both natural processes, such as shading from forest growth, and human activities that can modify or destroy its habitat. Copies of the Recovery Plan for the dwarf lake iris are available from the East Lansing, Michigan Field Office, 2651 Coolidge Road, Suite 101, East Lansing, Michigan 48823. The plan may also be downloaded from the Service’s website at: http://midwest.fws.gov/endangered. Comments may be submitted to the East Lansing Field Office at the address above, and must be received by June 29, 2012. The mission of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. We are both a leader and trusted partner in fish and wildlife conservation, known for our scientific excellence, stewardship of lands and natural resources, dedicated professionals and commitment to public service. For more information on our work and the people who make it happen, visit www.fws.gov. Connect with our Facebook page at facebook.com/usfwsmidwest, follow our tweets at twitter.com/usfwsmidwest, watch our YouTube Channel at youtube.com/usfws and download photos from our Flickr page at flickr.com/photos/usfwsmidwest.

<urn:uuid:6935cbfa-2ee1-470a-8d20-cdf785319c44>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fws.gov/midwest/news/541.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697745221/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094905-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The camp was planned for a capacity of 10,000 prisoners, but with the breakdown in prisoner exchanges, which would have removed much of its prison population, its numbers swelled to more than 30,000. As the number of imprisoned men increased, it became increasingly hard for them to find space to lie down within the vast pen. The prisoners, nearly naked, suffered from swarms of insects, filth, and disease, much of which was generated by the contaminated water supply of the creek. Andersonville had the highest In the summer of 1864 camp administrators, using the labor of Union prisoners and slaves, expanded the prison's size and facilities by constructing a hospital, a bakery, and some barracks. They also extended the stockade walls, adding an additional ten acres to the original site. Yet the overwhelming number of prisoners rendered their efforts hopelessly inadequate. Prisoners did little Camp inmates often preyed upon each other. Gambling tents and "stores," operated mainly by prisoners from Union general William T. Sherman's western troops, fleeced new arrivals. Roving gangs of raiders, chiefly from eastern regiments, robbed fellow inmates, despite efforts by guards to stop them. The prisoners hanged six of the raider leaders on July 11, 1864. After that, a new police force made up of prisoners sought to impose discipline on their fellow inmates. They tried to enforce sanitation practices, In late March 1864 Captain Hartmann Heinrich "Henry" Wirz took charge of the prison. The Swiss-born commander, a physician in Louisiana when the war broke out, tried to impose order and security, but his lack of authority over the guards and supply officers limited his effectiveness. He quickly became the primary target of prisoners' resentment and hostility. By August the prison population reached its greatest number, with more than 33,000 men incarcerated in the camp. But as Sherman's troops moved deeper into Georgia, the threat of attacks on Andersonville led to the transfer of most prisoners to other camps, particularly Camp Lawton, near Millen, and Camp Sorghum, in Columbia, South Carolina. By November the prison population was a mere 1,500 men. Transfers back to Andersonville in December brought the number back up to 5,000 prisoners, where it remained until the war's end five months later. Andersonville's garrison consisted of troops from various units over the course of its fourteen months in operation. Most of the prisoners who did escape Andersonville fled from work details on duties that took them outside the camp walls. Inmates also attempted to dig at least eighty tunnels, nearly all of which were exposed by informants. Compared with other Confederate prisons, very few of those incarcerated at Andersonville made successful escapes. Those who did received help from sympathetic or war-weary white Southerners but found slaves to be their greatest allies. Winslow Homer's famous painting Near Andersonville portrays the irony of the imprisonment of Union soldiers who had come south to free slaves. After the War On May 7, 1865, just after the war's end, In the decades following the war Andersonville's notoriety was fueled by memoirs written by former prisoners, many of whom were inspired by public interest in the prison and by efforts to lobby Congress for special veterans' benefits for POWs. The propagandistic nature of these accounts perpetuated several myths and misconceptions about the prison and its officials. John McElroy's Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Prisons, published in 1879, typifies the tone and interpretation of the narratives of former prisoners writing about their experiences. Writer MacKinlay Kantor drew on such memoirs for his best-selling novel Andersonville, which won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1956 and was adapted as a television miniseries for Turner Network Television in 1996. Another fictionalized account of the prison's history is found in Saul Levitt's 1959 play, The Andersonville Trial, which is based on the Wirz case and serves as a morality tale about criminal acts committed under military orders. The play was adapted for television in 1970. The prison site was preserved as a national cemetery soon after it closed, Barry L. Brown and Gordon R. Elwell, Crossroads of Conflict: A Guide to Civil War Sites in Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010). Ovid L. Futch, History of Andersonville Prison (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1968). Lesley Gordon-Burr, "Storms of Indignation: The Art of Andersonville as Postwar Propaganda," Georgia Historical Quarterly 75 (fall 1991): 587-600. Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York: Pantheon, 1998), chap. 12. William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880-1901). Robert Scott Davis Jr., Wallace State College, Hanceville, Alabama A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor.

<urn:uuid:c8ca3010-8933-4908-85b1-15038f7711dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/CivilWarandReconstruction/Places-12&id=h-789

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710313659/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131833-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Soccer is a sport that requires an athlete to perform short and long sprints throughout a match, which utilizes both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. These two systems differ by the fuel that the body uses to complete the short and long sprints. The duration of a game is 90 minutes which taps into the athlete’s aerobic endurance system, but to perform repeated fast sprints over time requires anaerobic endurance capacity as well. An easy way to train both these systems at once is through interval training. Interval training entails high work levels interspersed with periods of low activity or rest. This type of training will effectively train both of these important fuel systems. Another way to optimize any athlete or athletic team, no matter what the sport, is to focus on three key aspects: speed, strength, and power. Exercises that will ensure these three things are met should focus on multi-joint (whole body) exercises, core strength/stability, and explosiveness. This doesn’t mean that ball work, team drills, and distance running are not important for success on the soccer field, but to gain a competitive edge a change to your normal practice routine may need to be made. Deceleration and changing direction are two fundamental attributes a well rounded soccer player must have. When coaching an athlete to become proficient at these two things, make sure to emphasize proper body position and mechanics. Setting up drills that simulate game-like situations can be very beneficial to educating an athlete on proper technique. Videotaping these drills if possible can be a useful tool to show an athlete what they are doing well and what they can improve on. If the previously mentioned concepts are incorporated into a practice schedule, be it pre-season or in-season, there should be so noticeable improvements in performance and hopefully prevention of unnecessary injuries.

<urn:uuid:69f6cca4-0ed5-4ca4-b571-938b9b5cce0e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.slysa.org/index.php?option=com_kunena&Itemid=179&func=view&id=341&catid=17

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|MakerBot CupCake CNC| While most new ideas start as drawings and sketches, there comes a moment when one must see the work in their hands. When I started creating my own robot I tried using many forms of media to create rough drafts. I used Paper mache', a slew of different plastic parts, motors, and wires stripped from different objects around the house, nothing was safe from becoming apart of my bot. In college I entered a mechanical engineering class that taught the students to draw sketches on computer programs. These programs included Autocad, Inventor, and Solidworks. This class used two different rapid prototyping 3D printers, the Dimension Series from Stratasys and Z-Printer from Z corp . These two printers cost $30-50K each. Not the price a to ordinary robot hobbyist like myself could afford. Luckily, less expensive rapid prototypers are available. An art teacher named Bre Pettis was passionate about invention, innovation, and all things DIY. He helped start a small company called Makerbot Industries. Their MakerBot is capable of printing any plastic objects within a 6"/6"/8" tall area. These objects or things are stored in a growing upen source data base called Thingiverse then downloaded and printed free of charge. They recently added a build platform belt that spits out one creation after another on the cache. This CupCake model runs $699 and is said to be on it's *absolute last batch*. The company is moving to their more expensive model the Thing-O-Matic, priced at $1299. Replacement parts can be printed directly from the unit. Some smarter enthusiasts have built replica MakerBots from existing models. The RepRap Darwin is the original Godfather of homemade 3D printers. RepRap comes from Rapid Replication. The idea was to make a machine that could create a copy of itself. It theorized that appliances like these would change the entire economy. Imagine it, being able to have any product produced for only the price of the materials. This cuts out shipping, labor, tools, and all the other overhead costs. While only a percentage of the parts are actually printed, the project hopes to be able to print it's own circuit boards. There is newer model called the Mendel after the scientist that discovered genetics. Make a RepRap printer of your own.

<urn:uuid:fd3d3074-7afb-40d8-9131-1da7b68428b7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://robotsfuture.blogspot.com/2011/05/3d-printers-are-becoming-roboticist.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700107557/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102827-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

PANNA: Alternative Agriculture Success Stories in the U.S. Pesticide Action Network Updates Service (PANUPS) September 18, 1998 Farmers around the U.S. are switching from conventional pest management practices, which are heavily reliant on pesticides, to profitable alternative agricultural practices that substantially reduce pesticide use, according to a new report by the Natural Resources Defense Council. "Fields of Change: A New Crop of American Farmers Finds Alternatives to Pesticides" looks at 22 farmers from 16 states who produce a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, cotton and dairy products. As recently as 15 years ago, all of these farmers relied extensively on pesticides to manage insects, weeds and diseases. In many cases, pesticides were applied prophylactically or on a calendar basis without regard to the level of pest pressure or presence of natural controls. In response to economic, environmental, health and/or ethical concerns, each of the farmers profiled decided to experiment with alternative practices. Most of the farmers in the report began their transition to alternative agriculture on a small scale, practicing on a portion of their acreage before expanding. With experience, they have each developed localized, economically viable pest and farm management methods that have led to substantial reductions in synthetic pesticide use, ranging from 10% to 100%, depending on the crop and type of pesticide. Two-thirds of the farmers have reduced one or more synthetic pesticide types between 50% and 100%. Close to 30% of the farmers produce all or a portion of their crop or commodity organically, without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. According to the report, all of the farmers made the conversion from conventional pest management systems to alternative pest management systems while maintaining and in many cases improving, the profitability of their operations. "The motivations to change were strikingly similar among the farmers we surveyed. They wanted lower production costs, less soil erosion, incomes that could withstand fluctuations in markets and regulations, reduced health risks from toxic chemicals and less water pollution from farm runoff," says Jennifer Curtis, author of the report. The report notes that these farmers managed to change their systems despite significant government, market and cultural barriers. Each farmer can identify at least one person or program that has helped them reduce pesticide use. Many of the farmers have found, for example, that hiring an independent pest control advisor (one without an economic interest in pesticide sales) has been critical to their success. Others received help from neighboring farmers, non-profit education organizations, university researchers and local extension agents. That report points out the biologically-based pest management projects make up less than 0.5% of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) research and education budget. USDA spent about US$132 million directly or indirectly on Integrated Pest Management research in 1997, roughly 7% of the total agency research and education budget of US$1.9 billion. Only about 1% of 30,000 agricultural research projects supported by USDA were pertinent to organic farming, and only 0.1% were explicitly focused on organic farming. NRDC proposes increasing funding for USDA's sustainable agriculture research and education program by US$50 million over the next five years. Since 1988, funding in this area amounts to less than US$11 million, barely 0.5% of USDA's total research and education budget. In addition, NRDC advocates a US$38 million funding level for research on organic farming methods and systems. "There is a tremendous untapped potential for alternative farming methods to reduce pesticide use in U.S. agriculture," said Curtis. "The challenge is to break down walls and the stigma in industrial agriculture that prevent farmers from knowing about and using biologically-based pest control methods." Copies of the report are available from NRDC, Publications Dept., 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011 for US$14 plus US$3.00 shipping. Make checks payable to NRDC in U.S. dollars only. Source: NRDC press release , July 22, 1998. "Fields of Change," NRDC, 1998. Contact: NRDC, 1200 New York Ave., NW, Suite 400, Washington DC 20005; phone (202) 289-1060; fax (202) 289-1060; www.nrdc.org.

<urn:uuid:25328a21-a10c-4adb-9f1d-915241fbbe36>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.panna.org/legacy/panups/panup_19980918.dv.html?quicktabs_1=0

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00087-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Poor measles vaccine coverage in India has caused the UN to miss its target of reducing measles mortality by 90 percent. India accounted for 47 percent of measles deaths in 2010.Tuesday Apr 24, 2012 UN countries have failed to meet a target for reducing the death toll from measles, mainly due to poor vaccine coverage in India and outbreaks in southern Africa, The Lancet reported on Tuesday. In 2008, all members of the UN's World Health Organisation (WHO) endorsed a target of reducing measles mortality by 90 percent by 2010 compared to levels in 2000. In 2010, global deaths were 139,300, 74 percent less than the tally of 535,300 in 2000. India accounted for 47 percent of measles deaths in 2010 and African countries for 36 percent, according to the study, led by Peter Strebel of the WHO's Department of Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals. It said it expected a substantial fall in measles mortality in India by 2015 under a 2011-2013 plan to immunise 134 million children. This article was distributed through the NewsCred Smartwire. Original article © Agence France Presse 2013

<urn:uuid:4fdb8089-07aa-4443-bfba-1deb3e8ad09b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://india.nydailynews.com/newsarticle/4f982c16c110c0915c000000/un-misses-measles-target-with-india-the-big-laggard

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705749262/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120229-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The economics of Ebenezer Scrooge LONDON, September 1843: a queer little journal called The Economist is published for the first time. Meanwhile, less than a mile away, a 31-year-old writer, Charles Dickens, faces mounting debts and his wife is expecting their fifth child. He begins writing Christmas stories in an attempt to ease the financial strain. On December 19th "A Christmas Carol" appears and introduces to the world one of literature's most notorious misers, Ebenezer Scrooge. The initial run of 6,000 copies—financed by the author himself—sells out by Christmas eve. (It takes The Economist until 1920 to match similar circulation figures.) Dickens's 66-page novella is credited with popularising many aspects of the holiday (including the very phrase "Merry Christmas!"). The story has since sold millions of copies and inspired myriad adaptations in print and on the screen, most recently Disney's 2009 computer-animated version, in which Scrooge was voiced by Jim Carrey. But who is the top-earning Ebenezer? To mark the 200th anniversary celebration of Dickens's birth in 1812, we have charted Amazon’s sales of every "A Christmas Carol" adaptation available on DVD over the past two years to see which one piled up the most cash. Perhaps surprisingly, despite having the advantage of being at the forefront of public consciousness, the 2009 adaption still only manages fourth place, dwarfed by the appeal of a cockney and a fabric frog. What of Dickens himself? Earlier this year, a survey by the BBC and Interbrand declared Dickens to be worth £280m ($455m) annually to the British economy. Not a bad return for a down-on-his-luck writer trying to scrape together the cash for a family Christmas 169 years ago. Surely even Marley's ghost would approve.

<urn:uuid:e36a4303-f15b-4282-9f25-08d0588fdecd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/12/daily-chart-17

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382398/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00016-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

I’ve had a few requests for a cut-n-paste template to use for vocabulary, so I made a generic one that can be modified using Microsoft publisher. I do not have a template for word, I find its so much easier to use publisher for this application. There are three pages. You can fit up to 12 vocab words and definitions in one document. To change the word, click on “Vocab” and enter the word you would like to use in each box. Click on “definition” to type your definition. Replace the picture with a picture of your choice or you can leave it blank, the kids can draw their own picture in that space. After you have created your vocab set, you can save it as a pub or pdf file. I usually save it as a pdf, its looks more finished and can be opened by anyone if they don’t have Publisher to open the original file. Let me know if you use it, would love to post a copy of it on this blog! Thanks! http://www.middleschoolscience.com/vocab-cut-n-paste-template-isn.pub - when prompted to, save it to your computer. In the past few weeks, we learned about the periodic table, atoms, Bohr diagrams, Lewis structures, and bonding. The kids are really comfortable with using the periodic table and we’ve been having fun with it. Below is a list of teacher lead activities that we completed. We also enjoyed the Periodic Videos from our friends in England! Today we set up and started our stations lab for building molecular models. I don’t have enough models for everyone to have their own set, so I broke it down and set up stations for the kids to build them. I also added some “make your own” for those pairs of students who are waiting for one of the other stations. The kids will rotate through the stations making 3-4 molecules per station. For the Lewis Structures, I have the students try it, if not, they just draw the Lewis Structure for the individual atoms. For a 5th grader, drawing a Lewis structure for more than 2 atoms bonded together is a tough concept. Below are some pics of how I set up the stations. I am using large 4×6 colored index cards for the stations. Glucose is a challenge station, each year I have one or two groups figure it out with only one or two clues from me. I don’t tell them its a ring structure, my clue is that it’s not a straight chain. - pg. 84 – Color the Periodic Table Notes, PPT, and Periodic Table (kept in folder) - pg. 85 – Read About it: BrainPOP- Mendeleev - pg. 86 – Shells and Valence Electrons Study Guide Notes, PPT - pg. 87 – Practice: Periods & Groups - pg. 88 – Atoms Vocab pg. 1 - pg. 89 – Atoms Vocab pg. 2 - pg. 90 – How to Draw Bohr Diagrams: Notes, PPT, - pg. 91 – Practice: Bohr Diagrams - pg. 92 – Lewis Structure Notes Booklet/Foldable Pgs 1, 4 & pgs 2, 3, PowerPoint Lesson - pg. 93 – Practice: Lewis Structures - pg. 94 – Ionic and Covalent Bonding Notes, Smart Board File - pg. 95 – Practice – Ionic or Covalent Bond? - pg. 96 – 101 – Making Molecular Models, Models Answer Key PPT “The Atoms Family” is an activity I have used many times and I still enjoy, and the kids get a kick out of it. There is a great power point to go along with it and I reformatted the handouts to fit into their interactive notebooks. I did find a great video clip that another teacher posted showing her class singing the song. After we sang it, I showed the video to my classes and they thought it was so cool to see these older kids singing the same song. We then did the Atoms Family Math handout. After doing a problem together, I had volunteers come up to the SmartBoard to solve the problems while everyone else tried them on their own, checking their answers with the ones on the board. After the first few problems, they worked at their own pace, and I checked their answers individually. To glue the handout into the notebook, I folded over the whole left edge into a 1/2 in tab and showed them how to glue the tab part into their notebook so that the handout was attached to the page and they were able to flip the handout back and forth to see both sides. Here are the handouts and ppt:

<urn:uuid:5af6cebe-503e-42b8-b7f3-666eefa5897c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mysciencelessons.wordpress.com/2010/01/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700107557/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102827-00037-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Busy-wait without blocking for a period of time #include <time.h> int nanospin_ns( unsigned long nsec ); - The number of nanoseconds that you want to busy-wait for. Use the -l c option to qcc to link against this library. This library is usually included automatically. The nanospin_ns() function busy-waits for the number of nanoseconds specified in nsec, without blocking the calling thread. Because of the nature of time measurement, the function might actually wait longer than the specified time. For more information, see the Tick, Tock: Understanding the Neutrino Microkernel's Concept of Time chapter of the QNX Neutrino Programmer's Guide. The first time you call nanospin_ns(), the C library invokes nanospin_calibrate() with an argument of 0 (interrupts enabled), if you haven't invoked it directly first. - The delay specified by nsec is greater than A delay of more than a few milliseconds might not work on some processors. For longer delays, use the POSIX timer_*() functions. - A too-high rate of interrupts occurred during the calibration routine. - This system's startup-* program didn't initialize the timing information necessary to use nanospin_ns(). |Interrupt handler||Read the Caveats| You should use busy-waiting only when absolutely necessary for accessing hardware. It isn't safe to call this function in an interrupt handler if nanospin_calibrate() hasn't been called yet.

<urn:uuid:935bd945-2595-45e3-ad26-e97d0fe2dbea>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://developer.blackberry.com/native/reference/bb10/com.qnx.doc.neutrino.lib_ref/topic/n/nanospin_ns.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706635063/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121715-00080-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Paleo diet follows the basic principles of the eating habits in the Stone Age; following the lead of our ancestors. It focuses on the basic food groups, which are meat, fruit, vegetables, seafood, nuts and seeds. The foods on this meal plan are natural and healthy; eliminating all processed foods, dairy, wheat and sugar. It provides a variety of health benefits and it can be followed by anyone. The diet is also naturally low in saturated fat and carbohydrates; focusing on lean animal proteins. The main focus of the Paleo diet is on healthy food groups; basically eliminating any food group that was not available to the cavemen in the Paleolithic era. Our ancestors did not have access to any dairy products; and the same goes for cereal grains. These items were only introduced to us less than 10,000 years ago. Since research has proven that the human genome has changed about 0.02% during the last 40,000 years, our bodies still carry the genetic memory of our ancestors’ digestive systems. The aim of the diet is to follow their dietary patterns; eating only when you are hungry and staying within the basic natural food groups. As mentioned above, there are certain food groups to avoid on this diet. Processed foods are on top of this list. Anything that has been packaged or processed should be avoided. The same goes for grains; even if the label says “wheat free” you should still avoid them completely. Avoiding these items will mean that you would need to avoid foods such as bread, pasta, pizza, cookies and rice. Dairy products are also on the avoid list; so try to steer clear of milk, cheese, yoghurt, butter and ice cream. Syrups and sweeteners should also be avoided on this program; they have a negative influence on your blood sugar levels. When you are looking for something sweet, rather try to snack on a piece of fruit, or a handful of nuts and seeds. The Paleo offers a lot of health benefits; including a reduced risk of cancer and heart disease; as well as increased energy levels. Your metabolism will also increase over time; meaning that you will lose excess weight when following the Paleo diet. Research has shown that you can lose as much as fifteen pounds in six months on the Paleo plan; and even more when you incorporate a sound exercise plan as well. It will improve your digestive system too; providing you with essential fatty acids and fiber in your meals. You will find a lot of Paleo diet information online; including recipes, articles, success stories and books. It is a good idea to read up on other individuals’ experience on this diet, and the way that their lives improved. The Paleo book from Dr. Loren Cordain is also jam-packed with essential information, tips and guidance for anyone considering following the Paleo diet. The diet is ideal for anyone; increasing your energy levels, reducing your risk of heart disease and improving your digestive system.

<urn:uuid:63dc8e92-ad72-44e6-9f2c-f21101edc86c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.medicrit.org/eating-the-paleo-way.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704713110/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114513-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Technology in the Chamber What are the broadcast lights in the Chamber? The lights behind the Speaker and on the wall opposite the Speaker’s Chair are turned on when the proceedings of the House are being broadcast. Parliamentary proceedings are broadcast on radio Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). The proceedings of the House of Representatives and the Senate are aired live days. On days when it is not broadcast live, House of Representatives Question Time is recorded and shown on ABC television later in the week. Why are there cameras on the Chamber walls? The cameras on the walls of the Chamber are part of an in-house sound and vision system. The system records proceedings in the Chamber for television and also transmits a live broadcast building. This allows Members to keep up with events Chamber while they are working in their offices. A live broadcast of proceedings in the Chamber is also available on the Internet. technology in the Chamber Each Member’s seat is fitted with a network connection for lap-top computers, as are the central Table and the Clerk’s

<urn:uuid:656781f2-9e01-4c96-9342-535e90b9ceb2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.houseforthenation.gov.au/explore/ahn03_c14.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698554957/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100234-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

While prosecution of animal cruelty cases is generally considered the exclusive purview of law enforcement, veterinarians who routinely examine and treat sick and injured animals occupy a unique role in the legal process of identifying cruelty and bringing its perpetrators to justice. Determining the cause, severity and duration of an animal’s injuries (or death)—as well as the extent to which the animal suffered or experienced pain—are important legal elements of a cruelty case. Yet these elements cannot be established without the expertise of the veterinarian who has examined or treated the animal in question. For the veterinarian, this unanticipated status as a critical resource (and often witness) in animal cruelty investigations and prosecutions brings both rewards and frustrations. This article seeks to help veterinarians better understand the laws that govern animal cruelty as well as veterinarians’ integral role in the identification, reporting, and prosecution of these cases. What is Animal Cruelty? There is no simple answer to this question, since the definition of “animal cruelty” differs from state to state. Adding to the confusion, “cruelty” is often used as a catchall for offenses against animals generally, including abuse, neglect, animal fighting, abandonment, and practicing veterinary medicine without a license. The meaning of these offenses also differs from one jurisdiction to the next. Here, we will speak in more general terms, focusing on elements common to many state cruelty laws. Defining “Animal” in Cruelty Statutes Animal cruelty generally means causing unjustified injury or death to an animal. Many state cruelty laws cover just about any animal, particularly in their provisions defining lesser cruelty offenses (misdemeanors). For example, New York law covers “every living creature except a human being,” while California law covers “every dumb creature.” Some states are more specific in the application of their misdemeanor cruelty laws. For example, in Arizona Criminal Code, “animal” includes mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. In Alaska criminal law, “animal” means vertebrates, but not fish. Among the 43 states that have felony animal cruelty statutes, some make the felony offense applicable to any animal, much the same as the misdemeanor provisions. New York limits its “aggravated cruelty” law to companion animals. In New York, “companion” animals include all dogs and cats and other domesticated animals normally kept in or near the household of the owner or custodian. Other states apply their felony provisions to dogs and cats, livestock, and animals acting in certain official capacities, such as law enforcement and service animals, search and rescue dogs, or dogs used by peace officers. Defining Intentional Cruelty States also differ as to the level of culpability, or mental state required to establish a misdemeanor or felony offense. While many states require only a knowing or neglectful mental state to prove misdemeanor cruelty, most require a heightened level of culpability, or more egregious circumstances (intent, maliciousness, depravity), to make out the more serious felony offense. Many states also reserve the more serious, felony level punishments for situations where serious injury or death is the result, or when the behavior constitutes “torture.” Torture is a concept that is sometimes defined within the cruelty law and sometimes not. Typical definitions include any behavior that causes unjustifiable pain or suffering. What we think of as neglectful behavior generally involves a failure to provide an animal with adequate food, drink, veterinary care, shelter. The neglectful behavior either endangers the animal’s health or causes physical injury or death. These behaviors the basis for the majority of cruelty complaints in many parts of the country - are usually covered in state misdemeanor cruelty laws and are often found in the company of archaic language. Statutes may include wording such as “overdriving” an animal or “depriving of necessary sustenance,” or “failure to provide proper food.” What precisely constitutes “necessary” or “proper” food, drink, shelter, and veterinary care goes largely undefined in these statutes. This often makes proof of these elements dependent on the expert skill and educated opinion of the veterinarian. Exceptions to Cruelty Some states expressly exempt certain practices from the coverage of the animal cruelty laws. For example, customary agricultural practices, pest control, lawful hunting, fishing, trapping, animal experimentation, as well as cosmetic veterinary procedures (tail docking, ear cropping, declawing) may be expressly exempted from the cruelty provisions. Whether or not these procedures are expressly exempted from a cruelty provision, questions often arise as to whether they can nonetheless constitute animal cruelty. The answer is not an easy one nor is it the same in every case. Procedures such as ear cropping, tail docking, declawing and even euthanasia can be considered cruelty if not performed by a licensed veterinarian, without appropriate pain management, or otherwise in violation of accepted veterinary practices: Some states have begun considering laws to ban ear cropping and tail docking when done solely for cosmetic purposes, even when these procedures are performed by licensed veterinarians. Procedures such as declawing, tail docking and ear cropping, when done by someone other than a licensed veterinarian, may also constitute practicing veterinary medicine without a license, which is a serious crime in many states. How Do Veterinarians Get Involved in Cruelty Cases? 1) Just Doing their Jobs First, and perhaps most commonly, veterinarians become involved as a routine function of their everyday practice; that is, while treating their patients. Veterinarians discover evidence of abuse, neglect, and animal fighting while examining and administering to the needs of their animal charges. While the most overt and heinous cases, such as those involving severe beating, burning, shooting or stabbing, may be less common, potentially “neglectful” situations may present themselves more routinely in veterinary offices. Each day, veterinarians examine and treat patients who are malnourished, underweight, flea or worm infested, dehydrated, suffering from severe ear or eye infections, heartworm, upper respiratory ailments, mange. These and hosts of other conditions may be curable with appropriate treatment. Whether the illness or injury was either caused by, or prolonged unnecessarily by, the action (or inaction) of the animal’s owner or custodian is a judgment peculiarly within the reasoned professional expertise of the treating veterinarian. 2) At the request of law enforcement or through court order Veterinarians are sometimes asked to accompany the police or cruelty investigators to the scene of suspected animal cruelty or neglect to conduct an examination of the animals. Similarly, veterinarians often examine, treat and perform necropsies on animals seized for cruelty, neglect and animal fighting at the behest of law enforcement. Veterinarians can also be ordered by the court (through a subpoena) to turn over records or other information concerning animal clients they have treated. A subpoena may also be used to compel the testimony of a veterinarian concerning his or her clients and their condition and treatment. These situations should not implicate the same liability issues as enumerated in 1) above since here the veterinarian is either working for law enforcement (and not for the owner or caretaker of the animal) or the veterinarian is being ordered by the court to disclose information. Note, however, that some states have nonetheless expressly included testifying in court in their “veterinary immunity” statutes. When Veterinarians Report Cruelty Still, these situations create a dilemma for veterinarians in deciding when it is appropriate to report their suspicions to law enforcement or other animal welfare authorities. Veterinary licensing agencies in some states advise veterinarians not to disclose client information and confidences. (There is often an express exception to this caveat when there is reasonable suspicion that an animal or the public safety is in danger, but this does not always deter the oversight agency from cautioning against disclosure.) Several states require a licensed veterinarian to report instances of animal abuse/cruelty in either statute or regulation. As of 2007 these include: Laws differ as to when the veterinarian is required to report. Some states require that the veterinarian has direct knowledge of the abuse or neglect while others require only a “reasonable suspicion. “ California Arizona, Illinois, Minnesota and Wisconsin mandate reporting when there is a reasonable belief that a dog was injured or killed as a result of its participation in a staged animal fight. Suspicion of abuse creates conflict for veterinarians who wish to protect their patients from further harm, but who do not want to subject themselves to license revocation, civil or criminal liability. Many states have responded to this problem by passing laws that grant veterinarians immunity from civil and criminal liability if they act in good faith in reporting animal cruelty to the appropriate authorities. States that expressly provide civil lawsuit immunity for good faith reporting, unless otherwise specified, include: Why is the Veterinarian So Vital to a Cruelty Case? To successfully prosecute an animal cruelty case, the state must commonly show: Speaking for the Victim As in many child abuse cases, the animal victim cannot speak for itself and therefore cannot describe the severity or duration of pain it has experienced. This lack of a victim who can also serve as a prosecution witness creates a potentially fatal failure of proof. The degree of injury and attendant suffering caused are, even in misdemeanor cruelty cases, elements of the crime that must be proven by the prosecution beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, proof of severe injury, suffering, or confirmation that a body part was impaired or disfigured are often necessary to elevate a misdemeanor to a felony offense. The veterinarian who treated the animal (or who examined the animal at the behest of law enforcement) has the professional expertise to establish the nature, duration, and severity of the animal’s injury. And, he or she alone can draw a reasoned conclusion concerning the likely cause of the bruised kidney suffered by the golden retriever, the multiple broken bones of the cat found dead in an alley, the scarring covering the head and ears of the pit-bull, or the severe emaciation and rain rot discovered in a horse left standing in a field with no shelter. Because of this expertise, the veterinarian is an integral part of the prosecution team. Working closely with the prosecutor, the veterinarian should visually document (through high quality photos and/or video) the animal’s injuries and condition as close in time to the incident as possible and continuing throughout all stages of healing and recuperation. Careful documentation of the recuperation process is also important, including mention of any signs of pain, suffering, loss of bodily function, and any other complications such as weight loss, fever, restlessness, anxiety, etc. The veterinarian may also be called upon to review records that document the animal’s condition prior to the alleged abuse or neglect, as well as medical records for other animals residing in the same home or business. The veterinarian should also be prepared to present his or her findings to the judge or jury in the form of testimony. Though it may seem daunting, effective testimony really just means stating what you know for a fact in a simple, coherent fashion that can be understood by those without your medical training. Too often, witnesses believe they should think like lawyers. This tends to get everyone in trouble. The veterinarian’s value to a cruelty case lies in his or her medical expertise. Leaving the legal mumbo-jumbo to the attorneys is always for the best. (Lawyers themselves tend to prefer it this way since their livelihoods can depend heavily on the use of language nobody else can understand). Veterinarians are among the most trusted professionals whose expert testimony can carry enormous weight when telling the story of an animal that may have suffered or died as the result of an act of cruelty or neglect. By understanding their role in identifying and reporting cases of suspected animal cruelty, and by using their expertise to assist the police and prosecution in the investigation and prosecution of the case, veterinarians play a critical role in preventing further acts of animal neglect and abuse. They not only protect their own animal patients, they help make their community a safer and more humane place to live for both its human and animal inhabitants. The following websites contain helpful and useful information about veterinarians’ reporting of animal abuse: Stacy Wolf, Esq., is ASPCA Vice President & Chief Legal Counsel, Humane Law Enforcement.

<urn:uuid:9936793f-a4aa-44af-a901-82c4eea863e4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aspcapro.org/the-veterinarians-legal-role-in-animal-c.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696384213/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092624-00029-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Missed your daily protein supplement? Don’t worry; top up the next day by consuming whey protein… A new study has suggested that whey protein may still aid the build-up of muscle even up to a day after a workout session. In a joint study between researchers at McMaster University, Canada and the a team at University of Nottingham, England, 15 men experienced in resistance training were recruited to test the rate of muscle building after consuming 15 grams of whey powder 24 hours after a workout session. The men were asked to perform both light and heavy lifting exercises on a leg extension machine until they felt fatigued. They were also asked to perform the same exercise but made to stop before fatigue set in. The participants then returned the next day and consumed 15 grams of whey protein – a common dairy constituent found in low-fat yogurt.Image Credit: Optimum Nutricion. After analyzing the results, the teams found that no matter how heavy a load, muscle mass increased after eating whey protein, even though the protein was eaten 24 hours later. As WebMD’s Bill Hendrick points out, “the findings suggest that muscles may make better use of dietary amino acids eaten 24 hours after exercise, regardless of exercise load as long as the exercise is being performed until fatigue.” The researchers hope their findings will lead to a new understanding on how exercise translates into muscle building, which could hopefully lead to better weight building supplements. The study is published in the April 2011 issue of The Journal of Nutrition. TAGS :Fitness, Health, Health Care, Mens Health, Muscles, Scientific Study, Supplements - Bill Hendrick: Whey Protein May Help Build Muscles. WebMD, 03/15/2011.

<urn:uuid:66f53f06-61fb-4d94-9844-b883287fd25c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.thaimedicalnews.com/news/whey-protein-build-muscles-24-hours-after/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Kenya is a large country in eastern Africa. It has received a lot of international attention in recent years, partly because it has been ruled by a cruel and ruthless dicator, partly because it has become a hotbed of fundamentalist Muslim terrorism. The things we don't hear as much about on the news are the country's natural beauty, its many peoples with wildly different languages and rich cultures. geography and people Kenya is flanked by Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Burundi, and Tanzania. It is home to over 70 ethnic groups fitting into 14 tribes, which again belong to three greater linguistical groups: Bantu, Nilote and Cushite. The two official languages are English and Kiswahili. The majority of the people are Christians, but there is a sizeable Muslim minority as well as many indigenous religions. The country meets with three impressive bodies of water: The Indian Ocean in the southeast, Lake Victoria in the southwest, and Lake Rudolf in the northwest. The capital of Nairobi lies in the highlands, which have brought the world a number of Kenyan long-distance runners with an admirable stamina. The sea port town of Mombasa is the second most important city, and Kisumu on Lake Victoria the third. Kenya is bisected by two important lines, the equator and the Great Rift Valley. Although the equator can't be seen, the tropical climate can easily be felt. The Valley separates the western highlands of the country from Mount Kenya and the landscape sloping down to the sea on the eastern side. The country has several natural parks and great lakes with an abundance of thriving African wildlife. The country is heavily based on agriculture and 75% of the people live in the countryside. The most important products are sisal and cut flowers. About a half of the population knows how to read. Kenya has just gained a democratic government, and only time will tell whether it will stay a servant of the people. Its new politicians began writing a new constitution in May 2003. Following electoral defeat in december 2002, longtime president Daniel arap Moi stepped down after 24 years in power. He was replaced by Mwai Kibaki of the Democratic Party of Kenya, which finally united the different ethnical interests of the diverse country. In the past Kenya has been ruled by strong and power-hungry men. When Arap Moi got power in 1978, he took over from Jomo Kenyatta, who had ruled the republic since it became independent in 1964. Previously, the area was called British East Africa and was a protectorate of Great Britain. Before the British, Kenya's coastline belonged to the sultan of Zanzibar and to the Portuguese. And during the 2 million years before the country's discovery by traders, the people who lived there presumably ruled themselves. a long fight against everything Every dictator has experienced protests against their rule. Against the British, it was the Mau Mau rebellion of the Kikuyu people. Kenya's Human Rights Commission is currently preparing a lawsuit against the British for human rights abuses at the time of the rebellion, which lasted from 1952 until Kenya got its independence. Widespread poverty and a general feeling that the government doesn't care has led to a growing support of Islamic fundamentalism, because Muslim organisations offer food, water and education to those who have nothing. As a result, terrorist groups like Al Qaeda have gotten hold over many minds. In 1998, a devastating attack on the American embassy in Nairobi killed 200 Kenyans and 12 Americans. In 2002, another attack aimed at Israeli tourists in Mombasa shook the country. After Kenyan authorities said they had spotted the mastermind behind Al Qaeda's terrorist attacks, Britain suspended all flights to the country. Kenya's greatest countrywide problem is the AIDS epidemic, of which over 2 million people of the country's 31 million are victims. Corruption is also an omnipresent disease within the administration. Finally, there is a water problem as floods and droughts replace one another in the changing climate of the globe. Is there hope for progress among all these seemingly unsolvable problems? I offer you the glass of water - and, do not despair if today you have to eat off the floor. Tomorrow you might have a plate.

<urn:uuid:eec2baac-a60e-43e9-bc21-e2b9ce6ddf4e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://everything2.com/title/Kenya

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

October is another month with two birthstone choices – Tourmaline and Opal. Tourmaline has become a favorite gemstone among jewelry designer, and gem collectors the world over. Since it is available in a wide variety of colors, it is ideally suited to almost anyone's taste. Tourmaline also is known for displaying several colors in the same gemstone. These bi-color or tri-color gems are formed in many combinations; gemstones with clear color distinctions are highly prized. One multi-color variety is known as watermelon tourmaline, and features green, pink, and white colors bands; to resemble its namesake, the gemstone is cut into thin slices having a pink center, white ring, and green edge. Tourmaline is found in many localities including Brazil, Afghanistan, East Africa, and the USA. The name opal derives from the Greek Opallos, meaning "to see a change (of color)." Opals range in color from milky white to black with flashes of yellow, orange, green, red, and blue. An opal's beauty is the product of contrast between its color play and its background. Opal is a formation of non-crystalline silica gel that seeped into crevices in the sedimentary strata. Through time and nature's heating and molding processes, the gel hardened into the form of opals. The opal is composed of particles closely packed in spherical arrangements. When packed together in a regular pattern, a three-dimensional array of spaces are created that give opal its radiance.

<urn:uuid:1055c897-096c-41f6-9e2e-0f7bce848e78>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americangemsociety.org/october-birthstones

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701233842/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104713-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

(NaturalNews) The common question surrounding plant-based diets concerns the source of protein. Although food calories also consist of carbohydrates and fats, protein is typically considered the most essential of the three groups. In fact, Americans have long been dogmatic in their regard for the quality and quantity of this nutrient since its discovery in 1839. Protein is made up of amino acids -– the "building blocks" with which our bodies construct and repair tissue. Among the twenty or so different amino acids are at least eight which are considered essential because they must be obtained from foods. Animal sources –- especially beef –- are commonly thought to be the most efficient means of obtaining the nutrient since they provide "quality" proteins similar to human flesh and contain all of the essential amino acids. In the recent past it was believed that each daily meal should include complete proteins –- containing all the amino acids, and even though science has since disproved this notion, the misconception persists. This has led to an over consumption of animal protein in most western diets and the mistaken belief that plants are an inferior source of the coveted nutrient. Protein is responsible for tissue development. Growing infants, among all humans, have the highest requirement of the nutrient. Approximately 6% of the calories in mother's milk come from protein, which adequately meets the infant's needs (1). A wealth of research indicates that more than 10% of calories from protein –- especially when the bulk of it is from animal sources –- leads to many chronic illnesses, including cancer. On average, Americans consume more than this amount, yet a collective fear of not getting enough "quality" protein persists. Virtually all plant food provides protein, in addition to their other health benefits. In his essential book The China Study, T. Colin Campbell, PhD. discloses undisputed evidence that plant protein is the healthiest source of this nutrient. With heart disease, cancer and diabetes on the rise many individuals have discovered the health benefits and wisdom of a plant-based diet. As they seek healthier lifestyles however, they may be confused by conflicting information and surprised by the various options to the Standard American Diet. The Plant-Based Diet Spectrum Among the many plant-based diets that have helped individuals reverse chronic illness and disease are the macrobiotic; natural foods; fruitarian; raw foods; vegetarian; vegan, raw vegan and low-fat raw vegan diets. This report will not give space to any of the calorie reducing, nutritionally unsound fad diets such as the Atkins and the South Beach. Knowledge of the various plant-based diets' basic aspects is necessary before deciding which is best for one's health and healing. Further individual research and application is the only way to determine which diet will be most feasibly incorporated into one's lifestyle. Whole grains, green leafy vegetables and root vegetables –- primarily locally grown –- are the bases of the macrobiotic diet. Soybean products and other beans are consumed often, if not daily. Among the occasional foods are fruit; seeds and nuts; fermented condiments; sea vegetables, and fish which are typically consumed two or three times per week. Beef, poultry, dairy products, sugar and processed foods are avoided. Macrobiotic meals are combined with the principals of balance in mind, with consideration of season, climate, gender and the general health of the individual. Natural foods are preferred over refined foods, and light foods are favored over heavy foods that drain the body of energy. This low-fat, high fiber diet involves careful planning and provides many health benefits, at least in the short term. Opponents suggest that the diet is too restrictive and results in nutritional deficiencies over time. While there are numerous accounts of healing from cancer by following a macrobiotic diet, several long-term practitioners, teachers and authors espousing the lifestyle have ironically succumbed to the disease (2). A diet that includes fresh fruits, vegetables and other whole foods while eliminating or severely restricting processed foods is considered a natural foods diet. Refined grains; sugar; table salt; carbonated beverages; hydrogenated oils; chemical additives, and food coloring are considered harmful to the body and are generally avoided. Healthier choices include whole grains; honey; herbal teas; olive oil; sea salt and culinary herbs and spices. Wild or ocean-caught fish as well as pasture-fed beef and poultry are preferred over the factory-farmed varieties. Clearly, a natural foods diet provides superior nourishment than the Standard American Diet and is useful for health maintenance and disease prevention; however, it is not considered a cleansing diet. When optimal health is the goal, or if a life-threatening disease occurs, a more restrictive diet may be necessary to allow the body to cleanse and heal itself. The original human diet seems likely to have been one consisting solely of fruits, and this concept is the basis of the fruitarian philosophy. Fruitarians maintain a diet of whole raw fruits, including the non-sweet varieties such as cucumbers, tomatoes and avocados, and embrace this diet and lifestyle as the most natural to our existence. Unlike other natural food sources, fruit is harvested without killing the plant and is therefore considered by the fruitarian to be the most sustainable, natural and humane diet. The purist consumes only raw fruit and believes that the consumption of nuts, seeds and grains are unnatural, although some fruitarians include small amounts of these foods in their diets. A fruitarian diet is extremely cleansing and useful for short-term detoxification; however, existing solely on fruit for the long-term may be difficult and detrimental to health as some practitioners eventually experience severe food cravings and unpleasant symptoms signaling nutritional deficiencies. Vegetarian and Vegan Many individuals opt for a vegetarian or vegan diet due to health, concern for animals and the environment, and/or philosophical reasons. A vegetarian diet excludes all animal flesh but does not restrict animal by-products. For instance, a lacto-ovo vegetarian eats dairy and eggs while refraining from meat. A vegan diet on the other hand excludes all animal products, including honey. There are no restrictions from any of the other food groups, nor are their limitations on the method of food preparation. Food may be raw, cooked, whole or processed. Simply eliminating meat, fish and animal by-products does not necessarily ensure good health; in fact, many vegetarians regularly consume a high-fat, highly processed diet of refined grains, sugar, coffee, alcohol and other empty calorie foods. However, the vegetarian and vegan diet is conducive to good health when it consists of a wide variety of natural foods. According to the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada "appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate and provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases". Vegetarians run the risk of developing a vitamin B-12 deficiency since plant foods don't provide adequate amounts of this essential nutrient. Among its many functions B-12 is responsible for growth in children, a healthy nervous system, and the formation of red blood cells. Prolonged deficiencies may lead to anemia and neurological damage. Spirulina and sea vegetables are thought to contain B-12, yet studies show that these food sources actually contain a form that is structurally similar to B-12 (a B-12 analog), which is not utilized by the body and may in fact compete with the vitamin for absorption (3). Vitamin B-12 is made by microorganisms in the soil, (as well as in animal intestines), and research indicates that plants will absorb the vitamin if grown in healthy organic soil containing a concentration of B-12 (4). Nevertheless, to avoid the possible risk of a deficiency, vegetarians and vegans should have their levels checked periodically and supplement with a sublingual form of methylcobalamin, if necessary. Any diet that excludes cooked animal or plant food is considered a raw foods diet. Cooking food at high temperatures reduces its nutrient value and destroys enzymes that would otherwise aid the body in the digestion and absorption of food. Common practices among raw foodists include warming, drying, and dehydrating food up to approximately 115 degrees Fahrenheit as this low heat will not compromise enzyme activity. Countless studies have revealed that cooking food produces toxic by-products, and once consumed, the body reacts by generating white blood cells to attack the foreign debris. Raw Vegan Diets In 1878, Louis Pasteur published his "germ theory of disease" which led to the widespread fear of germs and the popular belief that all foods must be cooked to protect health (1). Diets that once contained very little cooked food and an abundance of fresh, raw fruits and vegetables were switched to a predominance of cooked food. Today the concept of a high raw diet is foreign to most people, although it continues to regain popularity and credibility as its advocates and practitioners increase globally and exponentially. A raw food diet may contain fish, eggs, unpasteurized milk and other raw animal products; however, a raw vegan shuns all animal flesh and by-products in favor of raw fruits, vegetables, (including seaweeds), sprouts, juices, herbs, nuts, seeds and their unprocessed oils. Raw vegan preparations often include dehydrated and fermented foods. Fat content can be extremely high on a raw vegan diet when nuts, seeds, avocados and oils comprise the largest percentage of calorie intake. 80-10-10 Raw Diet The low-fat raw vegan diet known as the 80-10-10 diet is thoroughly explained in the book by the same name, written by Dr. Douglas Graham. The numbers refer to the recommended ratio of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the diet. Graham, who has followed this lifestyle for nearly thirty years, asserts that a minimum of 80% of total caloric intake should come from carbohydrates, a maximum of 10% from protein and up to 10% from fat. The concept may seem radical and unacceptable to many but it nevertheless takes the raw vegan diet to the next level of health. With science to back him up Graham makes a convincing case for a diet of whole, fresh, ripe, raw and unprocessed fruit, tender greens, and small amounts of nuts and seeds, as the most natural to our anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. If left to fend for ourselves in nature with our bare hands and without the convenience of stoves, utensils, refrigeration and other modern devices we would seek out and thrive on this dietary model. Fruit sugar provides energy to cells within a matter of minutes as long as there is a relatively small amount of fat in the diet. Without excess fat to slow it down, the natural sugar travels easily from the digestive tract through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream where it then makes its way to nourish cells. Fats on the other hand take twelve to twenty-four hours to finally reach the cells. An excess consumption causes the bloodstream to remain congested with fat which in turn slows sugar from reaching the cells. The resultant elevated blood sugar contributes to candida, diabetes and many other illnesses. Excess dietary fat (more than 10% of total caloric intake), not natural sugar, is the offender as it holds up digestion and adversely affects blood sugar levels. According to Graham, high fat intake "contributes not peripherally, but directly and causally to all the misleadingly named 'blood-sugar metabolic disorders.' Graham maintains that fruit is the most nutritionally-complete food and should be the basis of a healthy diet. Vegetable fruits (cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.) and tender greens are also cleansing and alkalizing, and are an important component of the 80-10-10 diet as well. For most people addicted to the Standard American Diet the transition to any one of the healing diets may be difficult. Instead of eliminating foods it may be easier to initially begin adding raw vegetables and fruits to one's daily diet. This may take a period of several days or weeks, but once this has become habit some of the health-damaging foods may be easier to release. The next level might be a natural foods diet before attempting a further restrictive cleansing diet. The strategy is to follow an incremental path to the optimum dietary lifestyle, regardless of how long it takes. Many chronically ill individuals have made their transitions literally overnight in an effort to end their suffering or save their lives. These individuals endured the symptoms of detoxification until finally arriving at renewed health, and many have subsequently published their remarkable accounts of healing. Among the scores of noteworthy testimonies are The Raw Family: A True Story of Awakening by Victoria, Igor, Sergei and Valya Boutenko, (http://rawfamily.com/index) , A Way Out by Matthew Grace, (http://www.matthewgrace.com) , and Dying to Get Well by Shelly Keck-Borsits (http://www.rawandjuicy.com) . Transitioning to a plant-based diet for optimum health is a lifestyle adjustment rather than a temporary phase, and determining the best option is an individual investigation that takes time. We tend to eat for reasons having less to do with nutrition and more to do with comfort, emotional attachment and tradition, and it's been said that changing one's diet is more difficult than changing religions. Nevertheless, once the addictive and highly processed foods are eliminated and the restorative powers of healing foods are realized it becomes easier and more desirable to stay the course. 1. Graham, Dr. Douglas N.: The 80-10-10- Diet. Key Largo, FL: FoodnSport Press, pp. 100; pg. 106; pg. 54, 2006 4.Campbell, PhD., T. Colin and Campbell II,Thomas M.: The China Study. Dallas, Texas: Benbella Books, pg. 232. 2006 About the author Mary Laredo is an artist, educator and gallery curator who lives and works in Detroit, MI. As a breast cancer survivor who shunned conventional treatment, she is writing a book about her experience with natural therapies and nutritional healing. Visit http://marylaredo.blogspot.com FREE online report shows how we can save America through a nutrition health care revolution. "Eating healthy is patriotic!" Click here to read it now... Healing Power of Sunlight and Vitamin D In this exclusive interview, Dr. Michael Holick reveals fascinating facts on how vitamin D is created and used in the human body to ward off chronic diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, mental disorders and more. Click here to read it now... Get the Full Story The International Medical Council on Vaccination has released, exclusively through NaturalNews.com, a groundbreaking document containing the signatures of physicians, brain surgeons and professors, all of which have signed on to a document stating that vaccines pose a significant risk of harm to the health of children. Click here to read it now... Ranger Storable Organics GMO-free, chemical-free foods and superfoods for long-term storage and preparedness. See selection at www.StorableOrganics.com

<urn:uuid:30a16831-60f4-493f-9791-095442972bb8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.naturalnews.com/023837_diet_food_foods.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436824/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00038-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Botswana — Weather In general, Botswana’s climate is classified as semi-arid, although seasonal and regional variations occur. It’s hot and dry across the country for the majority of the year with rains running through the summer months. During the wet season, heavy monsoon-style downpours are unpredictable, and very erratic. Summer weather runs from November to March, bringing soaring temperatures cooled by the annual rains. May through August is Botswana’s winter: extremely dry, sunny and cool to warm with never a drop of rain. In winter, nighttime lows can sink below freezing, especially in the southwest region. April to early May and September through October are the shoulder seasons, tending towards the dry and with warmer nights and cooler days than in winter or summer. Immediately before the summer rains, the humidity hits up to 80 percent and the mercury soars to 100°F and higher. In winter, the humidity falls to between 20 and 30 percent and clear skies allow temperatures to drop dramatically at night. Best Time to Visit Botswana Most visitors arrive from April through to October as the weather is less harsh and the wildlife viewing is at its best around the lakes, natural waterholes and dams fed by underground water. However, for the experience of a lifetime, visit the Okavango Delta after the first rain to see the streams, rivers and lagoons in full flood, the land carpeted with flowers and the vast herds gathering around the fresh waters. Game lodge prices are seasonal, with June through October the high season, and December through March the least expensive.

<urn:uuid:4260b622-49ff-4463-95eb-2c04e6ff8ad5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.iexplore.com/travel-guides/africa/botswana/weather

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707436332/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123036-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A surveillance camera at White Island has captured a small eruption at its crater lake, raising the Volcanic Alert Level to a stage two. During the past week, the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (GNS) has reported an increase in volcanic activity and gas levels at the island. Images from a web camera between 4.54am and 4.57am on August 4 reveal a small eruption from the Crater Lake. Today, the Aviation Colour Code has been changed to Orange, meaning that the volcano is "exhibiting heightened unrest". A white steam plume at the crater lake can sometimes be seen from areas of the Bay of Plenty coast. Last Saturday, the lake level in the Crater Lake rose by about three metres to five metres and a volcanic earthquake was also recorded indicating an eruption may have occurred at that time. GNS volcanologists say that a flow of gas and steam has been present through the lake and from vents near the lake since then, along with an increase of sulphur gases in the steam and volcanic gas plume. Since early July there have been intermittent periods of volcanic tremor, becoming more continuous since July 28. Volcanologists say that although these phenomena are not unknown for White Island, this is the first substantial confirmation that small scale eruptions are now occurring on the island. The Bay of Plenty Civil Defence Emergency Management Group is monitoring volcanic activity in the region. People visiting the island are reminded that White Island is an active volcano, and eruptions can occur at any time.

<urn:uuid:3b9c192b-9afc-4446-a9e1-cbc9efb6f8dc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/small-eruption-recorded-white-island-5009566

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703326861/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112206-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This article in the Economic and Political Weekly is based on a comparative analysis of different irrigation systems. It argues that while the consequences of negative groundwater draft have mostly been viewed as an ecological disaster, the externalities of groundwater depletion pose greater concern for socio-economic equity in the access to this resource. This empirical analysis signifies the concerns for the livelihoods of farmers, when the cost of depletion is disproportionately borne by the resource-poor farmers as they are unable to invest in capital and technology and are hence denied the benefits of groundwater irrigation that is subsidised by free electricity. This situation is perpetuated with further scarcity leading to unequal economic returns and, finally, takes the most exploitative form where the “large landlords” also emerge as “water lords” through surplus accumulation, forcing the small and marginal landholders to become landless agricultural labourers. The study brings to light the fact that profitability in agriculture declines with falling water tables and the cost of depletion is disproportionately borne by the resource-poor farmers as they fail to invest capital in changing technology and well deepening. The study concludes that - - In the overall process the resource-poor farmers get excluded from the state-financed free electricity in agriculture. While in mixed irrigation systems, these marginalised farmers can avail of canal irrigation and sustain agriculture, in completely groundwater dependent irrigation systems the farmers are forced to buy water to sustain agriculture or lease out land and sell their land. - Thus, with continuous depletion, the skewedness in the distribution of land facilitates a prior appropriation of irrigation water transforming the landlords to powerful “water-lords” in the rural economy. - Tube well technology, being capital biased, strengthens the process of social deprivation as increasingly small and marginal farmers in groundwater dependent rural economy sell their land and turn into agriculture labourers, when they lose access to groundwater irrigation. - The policies of the government which affect the groundwater development in agriculture of the state include subsidised input prices, remunerative prices for output (high MSP for rice and wheat), and most importantly, free electricity in agriculture. - In the absence of a clear legislative framework, state’s indirect forms of regulation of groundwater have led to miserable consequences for the farmers. Regulations stipulating the minimum space between wells have become an opportunity for graft, and have served to exclude the least well connected and the poorest. - The limits on access to formal credit for drilling wells and for applications for new electricity connections have suffered the same fate. - Since more than 60 per cent of irrigated land is under groundwater irrigation, and depletion is an inevitable phenomenon, the challenge is to establish a broad framework which addresses the problem of depletion, while enabling the local institutions to play a positive role within a broader regulatory context to positively affect the livelihood of those which continue to be shaped by dependence on groundwater. - Since the right to livelihood is getting increasingly dependent on the right to water, there is a greater need to find legislative solutions to delineate land and groundwater rights. In the coming decades an equitable distribution of water rights will pose as the major challenge for reducing agrarian inequalities, and if available water resources are more equitably distributed, it will have a marked impact on the income distribution. Download the paper:

<urn:uuid:91d94dde-8686-497b-ab07-d5aabed5e33a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/socio-economic-implications-depleting-groundwater-resource-punjab-comparative-analysis

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702452567/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110732-00082-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Defenders of Wildlife produces many reports, fact sheets, tip sheets and other types of publications. Use the dropdown boxes below to find publications related to specific animals, conservation issues, and regions. Conservation Community's Principles and Recommendations for Strengthening the Farm Bill Conservation Title » This document outlines the priorities for improving the conservation title of the Farm Bill as agreed to by an extensive group of regional, national and international conservation organizations. Our National Forests contain some of the most exceptional natural places in the United States, with immeasurable recreational, scientific, ecological, and cultural value. In February 2013 the U.S. Forest Service released proposed directives to guide implementation of the new Planning Rule for the National Forest System. Using ecosystem services to encourage decision-makers to balance the interests of nature and society. Includes case studies highlighting the benefits of biodiversity. When President Richard M. Nixon signed the Endangered Species Act (ESA) into law, America was at a conservation crossroads. Would we as a nation accept a future of vanishing species? Or would we have the wisdom, courage and vision to protect our nation’s natural heritage for future generations? Thankfully, we chose the path of protection, passing the ESA and paving the way for some of our nation’s greatest conservation success stories. Today this landmark legislation faces new challenges that require the same measure of courage and vision. Defenders of Wildlife will reimburse 50% of the cost of an electric fence (up to $500) for securing grizzly bear attractants, such as garbage, fruit trees and livestock, in eligible counties in Washington, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. Defenders of Wildlife ESA Policy White Paper Series: Assessing and Improving Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances » This is the first study to evaluate every candidate conservation agreement with assurances (CCAA) issued through 2012. It first analyzes how and when CCAAs have been used, and then describes recommended improvements to CCAA implementation. For almost 40 years, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) has helped prevent the extinction of our national treasures. Learn about the species of the West that the ESA has saved from the threat of extinction and put back on the road to recovery. Included in this factsheet: Aleutian Canada goose, Columbia whitetail deer, grizzly bear, gray wolf of the northern Rockies, and southern sea otter. For almost 40 years, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) has helped prevent the extinction of our national treasures. Learn about the species of the Southwest that the ESA has saved from the threat of extinction and put back on the road to recovery. Included in this factsheet: Aplomado falcon, Apache trout, southwestern willow flycatcher and whooping crane.

<urn:uuid:f03f26a4-8899-4037-8fe8-41cfc7787fcd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.defenders.org/publications

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The term bicycle-friendly describes policies and practices which may help some people feel more comfortable about traveling by bicycle with other traffic. The level of bicycle-friendliness of an environment can be influenced by many factors resulting from town planning and cycling infrastructure decisions. Assuming people prefer to get to their destination quickly, town planning and zoning may have an impact on whether schools, shops, public transport interchanges and other destination are within a reasonable cycling distance of the areas where people live. If urban form influences these issues, then compact and circular settlement patterns as in Elizabeth, NJ may promote cycling. Alternatively, the low-density, non-circular (i.e., linear) settlement patterns characteristic of urban sprawl as in nearby Downtown Newark tends to discourage cycling. In 1990, the Dutch adopted the "ABC" guidelines, specifically limiting developments that are major attractants to locations that are readily accessible by non-car users. The manner in which the public roads network is designed, built and managed can have a significant effect on the utility and safety of cycling as transport. Settlements that provide a dense roads network consisting of interconnected streets will tend to encourage cycling. In contrast, other communities may use a cul-de-sac based, housing estate/housing subdivision model where minor roads are disconnected and only feed into a street hierarchy of progressively more "arterial" type roads. Designs that propose to resolve the contradiction between the cul-de-sac and the traditional interconnected network, such as the Fused Grid, have been proposed and built with varying levels of success. In the UK, the principle of 'filtered permeability' has been proposed in some Government guidance, to maximise the ease of movement of cyclists and pedestrians, whilst constraining it for motor vehicles, see: Permeability (spatial and transport planning). Aspects of the cycling infrastructure may be viewed as either cyclist-hostile or as cyclist-friendly. In general, roads infrastructure based on prioritising certain routes in an attempt to create a state of constant "flow" for vehicles on that route, will tend to be hostile to those not on that route. In 1996, the British Cyclists Touring Club (CTC) and the Institute for Highways and Transportation jointly produced the document "Cycle-friendly infrastructure: Guidelines for planning and design". This defined a hierarchy of measures for cycling promotion in which the goal is to convert a more or less cyclist-hostile roads infrastructure into one which encourages and facilitates cycling. - Traffic reduction. Can motor traffic levels, particularly of heavy vehicles, be reduced? - Traffic calming. Can speed be reduced and driver behaviour modified? - Junction treatment and traffic management. These measures include: - Urban traffic control systems designed to recognise cyclists and give them priority. - Exempt cyclists from banned turns and access restrictions. - Provide contra-flow cycle lanes on one-way streets. - Implement on-street parking restrictions. - Provide advanced stop lines/bypasses for cyclists at traffic signals. - Junction alterations, signalise roundabouts, cycle-friendly junction design. - Redistribution of the carriageway -such as by marking wide curb lanes or shared bus/cycle lanes. - Cycle lanes and cycle tracks. Having considered and implemented all the above, what cycle tracks or cycle lanes are considered necessary? Removing motor traffic can be achieved by straightforward diversion or alternatively reduction. Diversion involves routing through-traffic away from roads used by high numbers of cyclists and pedestrians. Examples of diversion include the construction of arterial bypasses and ring roads around urban centres. Traffic reduction can involve direct or indirect methods. A proven indirect method of reducing motor traffic, and facilitating cyclist and pedestrian use, is to adopt the shared space system. This system, by giving equal priority to all road users, and by removing conventional road markings, road signs and road conventions, capitalises on the tendency for all road users to respect and trust each other when they are interacting on an equal basis. No explicit, or even implicit priority is given to traffic travelling along the road, so with no assumptions of priority being possible, all road users need to be aware of all other road users at all times. New Road in Brighton was remodelled using this philosophy, and the results were a 93% reduction in motor traffic and a 22% increase in cycling traffic. Other indirect methods involve reducing the infrastructural capacity dedicated to moving or storing road vehicles. This can involve reducing the number of road lanes, closing bridges to certain vehicle types and creating vehicle restricted zones or environmental traffic cells. In the 1970s the Dutch city of Delft began restricting private car traffic from crossing the city centre. Similarly, Groningen is divided into four zones that cannot be crossed by private motor-traffic, (private cars must use the ring road instead). Cyclists and other traffic can pass between the zones and cycling accounts for 50%+ of trips in Groningen (which reputedly has the third highest proportion of cycle traffic of any city). The Swedish city of Gothenburg uses a similar system of traffic cells. Starting in the 1970s, the city of Copenhagen, which is noted for high cycling levels, adopted a policy of reducing available car parking capacity by several per cent a year. The city of Amsterdam, where around 40% of all trips are by bicycle, adopted similar parking reduction policies in the 80s and 90s. Direct traffic reduction methods can involve straightforward bans or more subtle methods like road pricing schemes or road diets. The London congestion charge reportedly resulted in a significant increase in cycle use within the affected area. - Traffic calming Speed reduction has traditionally been attempted by statutory speed limits. Recent implementations of shared space schemes have delivered significant traffic speed reductions. The reductions are sustainable, without the need for speed limits or speed limit enforcement. In Norrköping, mean traffic speeds in 2006 dropped from 21 to 16 km/h (13 to 10 mph) since the implementation of such a scheme. Even without shared street implementation, creating 30 km/h zones (or 20 mph zone) has been shown to reduce crash rates and increase numbers of cyclists and pedestrians. Other studies have revealed that lower speeds reduce community severance caused by high speed roads. Research has shown that there is more neighborhood interaction and community cohesion when speeds are reduced to 20 mph. - One-way streets German research indicates that making one-way streets two-way for cyclists results in a reduction in the total number of collisions. In Belgium, all one-way streets in 50 km/h zones are by default two-way for cyclists. A Danish road directorate states that in town centres it is important to be able to cycle in both directions in all streets, and that in certain circumstances, two-way cycle traffic can be accommodated in an otherwise one-way street. - Junction design On large roundabouts of the design typically used in the UK and Ireland, cyclists have an injury accident rate that is 14-16 times that of motorists. Research indicates that excessive sightlines at uncontrolled intersections compound these effects. In the UK, a survey of over 8,000 highly experienced and mainly adult male Cyclists' Touring Club members found that 28% avoided roundabouts on their regular journey if at all possible. - Traffic signals/Traffic control systems How traffic signals are designed and implemented directly impacts cyclists. - Coexistence with other road users Several methods of altering or reallocation of the carriageway (UK) or roadway (USA) to decrease the potential for social friction during overtaking and passing have been added to many of the manuals used by designers. Benefits of bicycle-friendly communities A community’s infrastructure can have an impact on its citizens’ health, especially in regard to obesity and physical activity. Cities that incorporate bicycle routes have a higher percentage of bicycle commuters. Studies have shown that even moderate increases in physical activity can have a substantial impact on health. Bicycling to work has been shown to decrease mortality by as much as 40%. Bicycling is often used as an alternative to travel by car. Automobile travel provides increased mobility and convenience for travelers, but also has high costs associated with taxes, insurance, fuel, maintenance, road construction and repair, and contributes to air pollution. When infrastructure is built to allow consumers to choose between automobile and other forms of travel, it reduces a community's automobile dependency and allows for more efficient land usage. Bicycle parking/storage arrangements Other trip end facilities Some people need to wear special clothes such as business suits or uniforms in their daily work. In some cases the nature of the cycling infrastructure and the prevailing weather conditions may make it very hard to both cycle and maintain the work clothes in a presentable condition. It is argued that such workers can be encouraged to cycle by providing lockers, changing rooms and shower facilities where they can change before starting work. In the U.S., the League of American Bicyclists has formally recognized some cities as bicycle-friendly communities for "providing safe accommodation and facilities for bicyclists and encouraging residents to bike for transportation and recreation." - Bicycle safety - Bicycle transportation engineering - Cycling infrastructure - Road safety - Principles of Intelligent Urbanism - Legislative Tools for Preserving Town Centres and Halting the Spread of Hypermarkets and Malls Outside of Cities: Land Use Legislation and Controls of Conflicts of Interest in Land Use Decision Making, by Ken Baar, Ph.D. Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, New York NY 10001, 2002 - Durning 1996 cited in Safe Travels, Evaluating Mobility Management Traffic Safety Impacts by Todd Litman & Steven Fitzroy Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 1250 Rudlin Street, Victoria, BC, V8V 3R7, CANADA - Cycle-Friendly Infrastructure: Guidelines for Planning and Design, Institution of Highways and Transportation, Cyclists Touring Club, 1996. - "New Road City Centre Shared Space, Brighton (December 2007)". Scheme of the Month: January 2008. Cycling England. Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-03-18. - Woonerf revisited Delft as an example, Steven Schepel, Childstreet2005 conference, Delft 2005 (Accessed 21 February 2007 - Transport Planning in Groningen, Holland Bicycle Fixation (Accessed 27 January 2007) - The Impacts of Reallocating Roadspace on Accident Rates: Some Initial Evidence Sally Cairns Note from Road Danger Reduction Forum conference, Leicester, 16 February 1999. (Accessed 2 February 2007) - DIVV Amsterdam - "No accidents after road conversion in Norrköpping" (PDF). Newsletter (Shared Space). 2007. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-18. - Elizabeth Press (2010-08-30). "No Need for Speed: 20′s Plenty for Us". Streetfilms. Retrieved 2011-11-27. - Joshua Hart. "Driven To Excess: A Study of Motor Vehicle Impacts on Three Streets in Bristol UK". Walk21. Retrieved 2011-11-27. - Traffic safety on one-way streets with contraflow bicycle traffic, Alrutz, D., Angenendt, W., Draeger, W., Gündel, D., Straßenverkehrstechnik, 6/2002 - Le SUL Cyclistes a contresens dans les sens uniques Groupe de Recherche et d’Action des Cyclistes Quotidiens, Brussels 2006, (Accessed 27 January 2007) - "Collection of Cycle Concepts". Danish Roads Directorate. 2000. Retrieved 2008-03-18. - Multilane Roundabouts, An Information Sheet, Galway Cycling Campaign, February 2001 - Accidents at Three Arm Priority Junctions on Urban Single Carriageway Roads Summersgill I., Kennedy J.V. and Baynes D. TRL Report 184, Transport Research Laboratory, 1996. - Layout and Design Factors Affecting Cycle Safety at T-Junctions, Henson R. and Whelan N., Traffic Engineering and Control, October 1992 - Cyclists and Roundabouts-A review of literature, Allot and Lomax, 1991 - Russell P Lopez and H Patricia Hynes. Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: public health research needs. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. Vol. 5, pg. 25, 2006. - Arthur C. Nelson and David Allen. If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them: Association Between Bicycle Facilities and Bicycle Commuting. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Vol.1578, pg. 79-83, 1997. - Lars Bo Andersen, Peter Schnohr, Marianne Schroll and Hans Ole Hein. All-Cause Mortality Associated With Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work. Arch Intern Med, Vol. 160, pg. 1621–1628, 2000. - Todd Litman Felix Laube. Automobile Dependency and Economic Development. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 2002. - Guide for Employers: Showers, lockers and drying room, London Cycling Campaign, 13 September 2006 (Accessed 16th August 2007) - , VisitEngland accreditations, (Accessed 31th March 2012) - Cycling for Everyone: Lessons for Vancouver from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany (video of lecture by John Pucher) - Walking, Bicycling and Public Spaces: Experiences from Bogota and Beyond (video of lecture by Gil Peñalosa of Walk and Bike for Life) - Shared Space. No code on German roads (Video, 2:42). France 24 English. - Livable Communities Resource Guide

<urn:uuid:b5a678a2-fa9f-40b9-a395-b44dae9cd0e5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle-friendly

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|War of the Sixth Coalition| |Part of Napoleonic Wars| Battle of Leipzig After Battle of Leipzig | French Empire Until January 1814 |Commanders and leaders| | Alexander I Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Frederick William III Gebhard von Blücher Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Prince Charles John Karl Philipp von Wrede | Napoleon I Louis Nicolas Davout Eugène de Beauharnais Józef Poniatowski † |approx. 800,000, 1,200,000+ after Napoleon's allies defect||approx. 650,000. After German defection 400,000| In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German States finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia, the continental powers joined Russia, the UK, Portugal and the rebels in Spain. With their armies reorganized, they drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813 and invaded France in 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and restoring the Bourbons. Two-and-a-half million troops fought in the conflict and the total dead amounted to as many as two million, including the casualties of the 1812 Russian campaign (some estimates suggest that over a million died in Russia alone). The War of the Sixth Coalition included the battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden and the epic Battle of Leipzig (also known as the Battle of Nations), which was the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars, and, indeed, the largest in Western history before the First World War. Ultimately, Napoleon's earlier setbacks in Russia and Germany proved to be the seeds of his undoing, and the Allies occupied Paris, forcing his abdication. Invasion of Russia In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia to compel Emperor Alexander I to remain in the Continental System. The Grande Armée, consisting of as many as 650,000 men (roughly half of whom were French, with the remainder coming from allies or subject areas), crossed the Neman River on 23 June 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, while Napoleon proclaimed a "Second Polish War". But against the expectations of the Poles, who supplied almost 100,000 troops for the invasion force, and having in mind further negotiations with Russia, he avoided any concessions toward Poland. Russian forces fell back, destroying everything potentially of use to the invaders until giving battle at Borodino (7 September) where the two great armies fought a devastating but inconclusive battle. Following the battle the Russians withdrew, thus opening the road to Moscow. By 14 September the French had occupied Moscow but found the city empty. Alexander I (despite having almost lost the war by the standards of the time) refused to capitulate, leaving the French to wallow in the abandoned city of Moscow with little food, shelter (large parts of Moscow had burned down) and winter approaching. In these circumstances, and with no clear path to victory, Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Moscow. So began the disastrous Great Retreat, during which time the retreating army came under increasing pressure due to lack of food, desertions, and increasingly harsh winter weather, all while under continual attack by the Russian army led by Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Kutuzov and other militias. Total losses of the Grand Army were at least 370,000 casualties as a result of fighting, starvation and the freezing weather conditions, and 200,000 captured. By November, only 27,000 fit soldiers were among those who crossed the Berezina River. Napoleon now left his army to return to Paris and prepare a defence of Poland against the advancing Russians. The situation was not as dire as it might at first have seemed; the Russians had also lost around 400,000 men and their army was similarly depleted. However, they had the advantage of shorter supply lines and were able to replenish their armies with greater speed than the French, especially because Napoleon's losses of cavalry and wagons were irreplaceable. Formation of the Sixth Coalition The Convention of Tauroggen was a truce signed 30 December 1812 at Tauroggen (now Tauragė, Lithuania), between Generalleutnant Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg on behalf of his Prussian troops (who had been compelled to augment the Grande Armée during the invasion of Russia), and by General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Russian Army. According to the Treaty of Tilsit, Prussia had to support Napoleon's invasion of Russia. This resulted in some Prussians leaving their army to avoid serving the French, like Carl von Clausewitz, who joined Russian service. When Yorck's immediate French superior Marshal MacDonald, retreated before the corps of Diebitsch, Yorck found himself isolated. As a soldier his duty was to break through, but as a Prussian patriot his position was more difficult. He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for starting a war of liberation; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff-officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head, and negotiated with Clausewitz. The Convention of Tauroggen armistice, signed by Diebitsch and Yorck, "neutralized" the Prussian corps without consent of their king. The news was received with the wildest enthusiasm in Prussia, but the Prussian Court dared not yet throw off the mask, and an order was despatched suspending Yorck from his command pending a court-martial. Diebitsch refused to let the bearer pass through his lines, and the general was finally absolved when the Treaty of Kalisch (28 February 1813) definitely ranged Prussia on the side of the Allies. Seeing an opportunity in Napoleon's historic defeat, Prussia re-entered the war, proclaiming a crusade of German Liberation against Napoleonic France. On 9 January 1812, French troops occupied Swedish Pomerania to end the illegal trade with the United Kingdom from Sweden, which was in violation of the Continental System. Swedish estates were confiscated and Swedish officers and soldiers were taken as prisoners. In response, Sweden declared neutrality and signed a secret treaty with Russia against France and Denmark–Norway on 5 April. Later on 18 July, the Treaty of Örebro formally ended the wars between the United Kingdom and Sweden and Russia. On 3 March 1813, after the United Kingdom agreed to Swedish claims to Norway, Sweden entered an alliance with the United Kingdom and declared war against France. War in Germany Napoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as that he had sent into Russia, and quickly built up his forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000. Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at Lützen (2 May) and Bautzen (20–21 May 1813). Both battles involved total forces of over 250,000 – making them some of the largest conflicts of the wars so far. The belligerents declared an armistice from 4 June 1813 and lasting until 13 August, during which time both sides attempted to recover from approximately quarter of a million losses since April. During this time Allied negotiations finally brought Austria out in open opposition to France (like Prussia, Austria had slipped from nominal ally of France in 1812 to armed neutral in 1813). Two principal Austrian armies were deployed in Bohemia and Northern Italy, adding an additional 300,000 troops to the Allied armies. In total the Allies now had around 800,000 frontline troops in the German theatre with a strategic reserve of 350,000. Napoleon succeeded in bringing the total imperial forces in the region up to around 650,000 (although only 250,000 were under his direct command, with another 120,000 under Nicolas Charles Oudinot and 30,000 under Davout). The Confederation of the Rhine furnished Napoleon with the bulk of the remainder of the forces with Saxony and Bavaria as principal contributors. In addition, to the south Murat's Kingdom of Naples and Eugène de Beauharnais's Kingdom of Italy had a combined total of 100,000 men under arms. In Spain an additional 150–200,000 French troops were being steadily beaten back by Spanish and British forces numbering around 150,000. Thus in total around 900,000 French troops were opposed in all theatres by somewhere around a million Allied troops (not including the strategic reserve being formed in Germany). The figures are however slightly misleading as most of the German troops fighting on the side of the French were unreliable at best and on the verge of defecting to the Allies. It is reasonable to say that Napoleon could count on no more than 450,000 troops in Germany. Thus he was effectively outnumbered by about two to one. Following the end of the armistice Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at Dresden, where he defeated a numerically-superior allied army and inflicted enormous casualties, while sustaining relatively few. However at about the same time Oudinot's thrust towards Berlin was beaten back and Napoleon himself, lacking reliable and numerous cavalry, was unable to fully take advantage of his victory. He withdrew with around 175,000 troops to Leipzig in Saxony where he thought he could fight a defensive action against the Allied armies converging on him. There, at the so-called Battle of Nations (16 October–19 1813) a French army, ultimately reinforced to 191,000, found itself faced by three Allied armies converging on it, ultimately totalling more than 430,000 troops. Over the following days the battle resulted in a defeat for Napoleon, who however was still able to manage a relatively orderly retreat westwards. However as the French forces were pulling across the Elster, the bridge was prematurely blown and 30,000 troops were stranded to be taken prisoner by the Allied forces. Napoleon defeated an army of his former ally Bavaria at the Battle of Hanau before pulling what was left of his forces back into France. Meanwhile Davout's corps continued to hold out in its siege of Hamburg, where it became the last Imperial force east of the Rhine. Meanwhile, Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington finally broke the French power in Spain and forced the French to retreat over the Pyrenees and into France itself. In a strategic move, Wellington planned to move his supply base from Lisbon to Santander. The Anglo-Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos; they then outflanked the French army, forcing Joseph Bonaparte into the valley of the River Zadorra. At the Battle of Vitoria, 21 June, the 65,000 French under Joseph were routed by 53,000 British, 27,000 Portuguese and 19,000 Spaniards. Wellington pursued and dislodged the French from San Sebastián, which was sacked and burnt. The allies chased the retreating French, reaching the Pyrenees in early July. Soult was given command of the French forces and began a counter-offensive, dealing the allied generals two sharp defeats at the Battle of Maya and the Battle of Roncesvalles. Yet, he was put again onto the defensive by the British army and its Portuguese allies, lost momentum, and finally fled after the allied victory at the Battle of Sorauren (28 and 30 July). The Battle of the Pyrenees saw Wellington fighting very far from his supply line and winning by a mixture of manoeuvre, shock and persistent hounding of the French forces. On 7 October, after Wellington received news of the reopening of hostilities in Germany, the allies finally crossed into France, fording the Bidasoa river. On 11 December, a beleaguered and desperate Napoleon agreed to a separate peace with Spain under the Treaty of Valençay, under which he would release and recognize Ferdinand VII as King of Spain in exchange for a complete cessation of hostilities. But the Spanish had no intention of trusting Napoleon, and the fighting continued. The Peninsular War went on through the allied victories of Vera pass, the Battle of Nivelle, the Battle of Nive near Bayonne (10–14 December 1813), the Battle of Orthez (27 February 1814) and the Battle of Toulouse (10 April). This last one was after Napoleon's abdication. In Spain, the French forces were harassed and hounded constantly by a large element of the Spanish population. The French forces, having to deal with this guerilla war, in-fighting among its marshallate, and the British campaign by the Duke of Wellington based in the Peninsula, were eventually forced to retreat into France after large losses of troops, culminating in the abdication of Napoleon and his banishment to the Isle of Elba. War in Denmark In December 1813, the Swedish army attacked Danish troops in Holstein. General Anders Skjöldebrand defeated the Danes at Bornhöved on 7 December 1813. Three days later, the Danish Auxiliary Corps scored a victory over the Swedes at Sehested. However, the Danish victory could not change the course of war. On 14 January 1814, the Treaty of Kiel was concluded between Sweden and Denmark–Norway. By the terms of the treaty, Norway was to be ceded to the king of Sweden. However, the Norwegians rejected the terms of the treaty, declaring independence and adopting their own constitution on 17 May. On 27 July, Swedish forces invaded Norway and after a short war, an armistice was concluded at the Convention of Moss on 14 August. Norway accepted to enter into a personal union with Sweden as a separate state with its own constitution and institutions, except for the common king and foreign service. The Union between Sweden and Norway was formally established on 4 November 1814, when the Norwegian parliament adopted the constitutional amendments necessary to allow for the union, and elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway. War in France After retreating from Germany, Napoleon fought a series of battles, including the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, in France, but was steadily forced back against overwhelming odds. During the campaign he had issued a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts, but only a fraction of these were ever raised. In early February Napoleon fought his Six Days' Campaign, in which he won multiple battles against numerically superior enemy forces marching on Paris. However, he never managed to field more than 70,000 troops during this entire campaign against more than half a million Allied troops. At the Treaty of Chaumont (9 March) the Allies agreed to preserve the Coalition until Napoleon's total defeat. The Allies entered Paris on 30 March 1814 after a short battle. Abdication and Peace Napoleon was determined to fight on, proposing to march on Paris. His soldiers and regimental officers were eager to fight on. But Napoleon's marshals and senior officers mutinied. On 4 April, Napoleon was confronted by his marshals and senior officers, led by Ney. They told the Emperor that they refused to march. Napoleon asserted that the army would follow him. Ney replied, 'The army will follow its chiefs.' Napoleon abdicated on 11 April 1814 and the war officially ended soon after, although some fighting continued until May. The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on 11 April 1814 between the continental powers and Napoleon, followed by the Treaty of Paris on 30 May 1814 between France and the Great Powers including Britain. The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba, and restored the Bourbon monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII. The Allied leaders attended Peace Celebrations in England in June, before progressing to the Congress of Vienna (between September 1814 and June 1815), which was held to redraw the map of Europe. - The Hundred Days or the War of the Seventh Coalition - Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, though most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon - Commanded Bavarian forces nominally allied to the French Empire until Bavaria defected to Allied cause on 8 October 1813 - Rothenberg, Gunther Erich (1999). The Napoleonic Wars. London: Cassell. ISBN 0304359831. - Lüke, Martina (2009). "Anti-Napoleonic Wars of Liberation (1813–1815)". In Ness, Immanuel. The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500–present. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 188–190. ISBN 9781405184649. - Bogdanovich Modest I. (1863) (in Russian). History of the War in 1813 for the independence of Germany (История войны 1813 года за независимость Германии) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats - Bogdanovich Modest I. (1865) (in Russian). History of the War in 1814 in France and the deposition of Napoleon I, according to reliable sources (История войны 1814 года во Франции и низложения Наполеона I, по достоверным источникам) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats - Napoleon, His Armies and Tactics - Collection of historical eBooks about the War of the Sixth Coalition (German)

<urn:uuid:ddb1d311-c481-424a-9e09-1d4e67898c51>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://readtiger.com/wkp/en/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697503739/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094503-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Managing Your Child's Anger Got a big kid who's prone to temper tantrums or flies into a rage? Here are six steps to help parents successfully 'fight' back Neither of my kids, who are 8 and 10, have so-called "bad tempers." But I've noticed that if they're around each other too long, such as when they're home together during the summer, they start to get on each other's nerves. By the end of a typical day, if I'm not careful, someone will be "losing it." Sound familiar? Whatever it is that sets your kids off, keep in mind that "anger is as legitimate an emotion as joy or sadness and it's the most common way children express feelings of frustration," says Sal Severe, Ph.D., a school psychologist and author of the best-seller, How to Behave So Your Children Will, Too! But anger can cause problems later. According to Mitchell H. Messer, president of the Anger Institute in Chicago, children who don't learn to express their anger properly can develop an attitude of perceived unfairness. This mindset can linger into adulthood and contribute to social maladies such as road rage, violence, and the syndrome in which grown men and women act like 4-year-olds when the going gets tough. To manage their anger constructively, children need their parents' help. Here are some temper-taming tactics that can help your kids learn to handle this powerful emotion – and help you keep your sanity. 1. Be a role model. "Children learn by imitating your behavior and emotions," Messer says. So, if you don't want them to carry on when they're angry, be sure to avoid that behavior yourself. 2. Don't take it personally. When your child lashes out at you – "Mommy, I hate you!" – don't strike back in anger. "Reacting angrily teaches children what to say and do to push your emotional buttons in the future when you do something else that hurts their feelings," says Severe. Instead, neutralize your child's anger by acknowledging it with phrases, such as, "I'm sorry you're so angry," or "I'm sorry you hate me today, but I still love you." 3. Give your child choices. After you've acknowledged your child's anger, give her choices. "What do you want to do about this?" "How long do you want to stay angry?" The goal: You want your child to calm down enough to talk about solutions to the problem. 4. Negotiate. Let's say you allow your son an hour of computer time a day, but he won't abide by the rule you've set. "Don't hit him head-on by forcing him off the computer at the end of the hour," Severe says. Instead, sit down and talk with your child about solutions to the problem. "He might have a better resolution than you do," Severe says. When you come up with a rule, write it down—even make it a contract for both of you to sign. By soliciting your child's cooperation, "you'll take away the reason for the power struggle," Severe says. 5. Think ahead. Anticipate tough situations that are likely to cause your child to have an outburst. If you're food shopping, for example, engage your kids in the activity and make them part of the process, such as helping you pick out a healthy breakfast cereal. "The more involved they are in any situation, the better they're going to behave," says Severe. If that doesn't work and a tantrum ensues anyway, leave the store and try again later. 6. Reinforce good behavior. Praising kid for what they do well. "It's a very simple idea, but it's something we all forget to do," says Severe. "Kids live for acknowledgment and approval."

<urn:uuid:68c3bd65-b589-4197-9321-1a4149bee96c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.metroparent.com/Metro-Parent/July-2010/Managing-your-child-rsquos-anger/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705543116/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115903-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Conference of the Environmental Consortium of Hudson Valley Colleges and Universities: Enhancing Undergraduate Environmental Education in the Hudson Valley: Expositions and Connections. Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY Boylan, J. and Y. Kang. 2004. Population ecology of butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa) in Westchester County, New York. Butterfly weed is a milkweed plant known for its bright orange-colored flowers, its ability to attract butterflies as a food source, and its production of secondary metabolites that have been used as traditional medicines. Unfortunately, native stands of the plants are disappearing in New York State such that the plant is now protected under New York State law. In light of the rapid disappearance of wild butterfly weed in New York State, a research project involving undergraduate students was started at Iona College in conjunction with Alison Beahl of the Westchester County Parks Department to gain a better understanding of the butterfly weeds’ growth, reproductive habits, distribution, and genetic diversity. The research is composed of a field component, where a survey of the plant’s distribution has been conducted at Marshlands Conservancy in Rye, NY; it also has a laboratory component, where genetic analysis has been performed on leaf samples of butterfly weed from Marshlands Conservancy and from other areas of Westchester County. The results from the project (which is on-going) are presented here.

<urn:uuid:eae2fa0b-30c5-4878-8f78-a8b8158b0527>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.iona.edu/faculty/ykang/ECabstract-04.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699684236/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102124-00072-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Nano Punch Cards IBM has retooled punch cards for the coming nanotechnology age. Code-named Millipede, IBM 's new prototype of a nanomechanical storage device uses thousands of tips (see photo) to punch indentations into a plastic strip, with each indentation representing 1 bit. IBM researchers claim that the plastic strip can fit the storage equivalent of 25 DVD discs onto an area no bigger than a postage stamp. Millipede can write, read, erase, and rewrite data to the thin plastic strips. To write data, a tip is heated to 400 degrees Celsius and sunk into a thin layer of plexiglass atop a silicon chip, creating an indentation; to read data, the same tip is heated to 300 degrees Celsius, which does not affect the strip as the tip passes along and notes the indents. Erasing data involves creating offset indents that fill the old ones. With the Millipede prototype, IBM researchers have achieved a storage density of 1 trillion bits per square inch, which is 20 times that of today's densest magnetic storage capabilities. Millipede won't be manufactured in volume for another two years. The technology promises to store data in spaces smaller than electrical and magnetic storage formats can reliably function in, given their physical limits. Millipede project leader Peter Vettiger says that "the Millipede project could bring tremendous data capacity to mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular phones, and multifunction watches." blog comments powered by Disqus

<urn:uuid:49eefe48-ad33-489b-8f55-7d0d6a19c32f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,382089,00.asp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711441609/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133721-00067-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The arrival of soybean rust in the United States will present farmers with a number of uncertainties about exactly how to respond to the problem for the upcoming growing season, according to a recent study by Peter Goldsmith and Gary Schnitkey, assistant professors in the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics at the University of Illinois. The situation for farm managers in the United States is much different than for producers in South America, says Goldsmith, who also serves as the Fellow in Agricultural Strategy at the National Soybean Research Laboratory. "Because the spores are present all year round in that region, growers can make the simple decision to apply multiple spray treatments each year. In the higher latitudes, where killing frost is present, the extent of the rust problem will differ considerably from year to year." He notes that this key difference leaves U.S. growers with important decisions about what do about the threat for the upcoming growing season. "Farmers will have to respond in some way to this new threat," says Goldsmith. "The decisions can range from doing nothing at all to applying multiple spray treatments. Growers can even decide to avoid planting soybeans completely. Organic soybean growers face a special challenge because there is no known organic treatment for rust." An area of concentration should be on cropping decisions and preparation of spraying equipment and materials. To make this process easier, Goldsmith and Schnitkey developed a decision support tool that is available on the Internet at www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/. "The results show that the corn-soybean ratio will have less impact than the activities involved with scouting and good spray management," Goldsmith says. "Because timing of the spray is critical, growers should make sure the proper equipment and fungicides will be available if needed. One way to begin this process is to develop good communications with fungicide sales representatives and spray contractors." According to Goldsmith, managers will need to focus on a few key variables in making the decision about how to respond to the rust situation. "One variable creating uncertainty is the lack of experience in dealing with this disease," he says. "Most soybean growers are unfamiliar with using fungicides. Spraying for rust will add many new demands on the state's spraying infrastructure, protocols, and skills. More narrowly, growers have no previous experience with this disease to guide them in making decisions." Goldsmith points out that there are also many uncertainties about the extent and range of the disease and how it will impact markets. "We still do not know if the disease will even be present in 2005. If it is present, it is still uncertain when rust might arrive during the growing season or how it might be distributed across a particular region or farm," he says. "We also do not have any idea what its final impact will be on crop yields and prices." He suggests in the study that one way of dealing with all the uncertainties is to focus management on a few key activities that are both controllable and have positive impacts. At the top of the list are management activities that focus on scouting, disease management, and spray-related decision making. "There is plenty of time before the infection might make its appearance," Goldsmith says. "There is a large amount of high-quality educational materials available. This creates an opportunity for generating returns to good management. Those who are prepared will outperform those who are not." He points out that there are some variables that are completely uncontrollable, such as grain prices and the rate and location of the rust infection. "These variables need to be factored in and analyzed, but they cannot be directly managed," he says. "The key is for growers to place the major focus on the high impact, controllable variables. That means learning about the disease and about how to scout and treat it."

<urn:uuid:3a136c3e-d087-4f5a-85e0-3df94e03dc20>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://farmprogress.com/story-control-your-variables-to-manage-soybean-rust-0-3496

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704433753/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114033-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Click on any phrase to play the video at that point.Close I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened over the past six million years. All right. We all have come from a long way, here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa, which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place. And I say that not because I am African, but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence for human ancestors, upright walking traces, even the first technologies in the form of stone tools. So we all are Africans, and welcome home. All right. I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define man's place in nature and explore what makes us human. And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered, to tell you a story of all of us. Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl who lived and died 3.3 million years ago. She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis. You don't need to remember that. That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika. It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia. And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages. We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet. And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines gives you already an idea of her significance, I think. After I was invited by TED, I did some digging, because that's what we do, to know about my host. You don't just jump into an invitation. And I learned that the first technology appeared in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago. First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old. And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads. And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time. And then, the analysis of living humans and chimpanzees teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material. I think knowing this is a very useful context within which we can think of our ancestry. However, then the analysis informs us only about the beginning and the end, telling us nothing about what happened in the middle. So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence, the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap and see the different stages of development. Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about -- (Laughter) -- it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about how we looked like and how we behaved at different times, and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time. That then gives you an access to explore the biological mechanisms and forces that are responsible for this gradual change that made us what we are today. But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor. It's a systematic and scientific approach, which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access. Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika, where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500, but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers. With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way. I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot. When you get there, this is what you see, and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable. And once you make it there, the big question is where to start. (Laughter) And you find nothing for years and years. When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites, it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park. But what you find are not the human remains, such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis. You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc. But you could ask, how could these large mammals live in this desert environment? Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already that the environment and the carrying capacity of this region was drastically different from what we have today. A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this. Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park. And our ancestors lived in that game park, but were just the minorities. They were not as successful and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are. To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity, I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here, and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys. They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for." I would say, "No, that's an elephant." Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc. So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray. You either don't know what you're looking for, or you're looking in the wrong place," he said. (Laughter) And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions, and the people were scared and went somewhere else. Let's go somewhere else." Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring. It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam, and you see the face here covered by sandstone. And here is actually the spinal column and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block, because she was buried by a river. What you have here seems to be nothing, but contains an incredible amount of scientific information that helps us explore what makes us human. This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor ever found in the history of paleoanthropology, an amazing piece of our long, long history. There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures, that's why I am not in. How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand, but you are in the middle of nowhere? The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement, of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility, of making sure everything is safe. Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning, preparation and description, which was very long, and I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block I just showed you in the previous slide. It took five years. In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years, but the labor was very long. And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone. And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism, who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there. And you see me worried and trying to protect my child, because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child, even a minister. So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is. (Laughter) Once that was done, then it was possible to compare. We were able to tell that she belonged to the human family tree because the legs, the foot, and some features clearly showed that she walked upright, and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity. But in addition, if you compare the skull with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here, you see that you have vertical forehead. And you see that in humans, because of the development of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called. You don't see that in chimpanzees, and you don't see this very projecting canine. So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course, you do detailed analysis, and we know now that she belongs to the Lucy species, known as Australopithecus afarensis. The next exciting question is, girl or boy? And how old was she when she died? You can determine the sex of the individual based on the size of the teeth. How? You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon called sexual dimorphism, which simply means males are larger than females and males have larger teeth than the females. But to do that, you need the permanent dentition, which you don't see here, because what you have here are the baby teeth. But using the CT scanning technology, which is normally used for medical purposes, you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image showing you both the baby teeth here and the still-growing adult teeth here. So when you measure those teeth, it was clear that she started out to be a girl with very small canine teeth. And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three. So, this girl died when she was about three, 3.3 million years ago. So, with all that information, the big question is -- what do we actually -- what does she tell us? To answer this question, we can phrase another question. What do we actually know about our ancestors? We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved, how they walked around, and how they lived and grew up. And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton are included: first, this skeleton documents, for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago. And second, she tells us that she walked upright, but had some adaptation for tree climbing. And more interesting, however, is the brain in this child was still growing. At age three, if you have a still-growing brain, it's a human behavior. In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent. That's why they can cope with their environment very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway. But in humans, we continue to grow our brains. That's why we need care from our parents. But that care means also you learn. You spend more time with your parents. And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood, which is this extended dependence of human children on their family or parents. So, the still-growing brain in this individual tells us that childhood, which requires an incredible social organization, a very complex social organization, emerged over three million years ago. So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history, Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account on what makes us human. But not everything was human, and I will give you a very exciting example. This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here. It supports your tongue from behind. It's, in a way, your voice box. It determines the type of voice you produce. It was not known in the fossil record, and we have it in this skeleton. When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like. So if you were there 3.3 million years ago, to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother, she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human. Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature. What does that tell us?" You know, that is very exciting for us, because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively, and that evolution is in the making. To summarize the significance of this fossil, we can say the following. Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors came essentially from adult individuals because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing. They don't preserve well, as you know. So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors, on how they looked like, how they behaved, was kind of biased toward adults. Imagine somebody coming from Mars and his job is to report on the type of people occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies, the children, and he goes back and reports. Can you imagine how much biased his report would be? That's what somehow we were doing so far in the absence of the fossil children, so I think the new fossil fixes this problem. So, I think the most important question at the end is, what do we actually learn from specimens like this and from our past in general? Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount of scientific information as to what makes us human, you know, the many human ancestors that have existed over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 -- they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications that we, Homo sapiens, have today. But if this species, ancient species, would travel in time and see us today, they would very much be very proud of their legacy, because they became the ancestors of the most successful species in the universe. And they were probably not aware of this future legacy, but they did great. Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more. So the question is, are we up to the challenge? And can we really do better than these primitive, small-brained ancestors? Among the most pressing challenges that our species is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa. Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people to talk about this. Still, in my opinion, we have two choices. One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa, carrying guns, that depends on other people forever, or to promote an Africa which is confident, peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems and great values at the same time. I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are. And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa. That's because we Africans concentrate -- I am from Ethiopia, by the way -- we concentrate too much on how we are seen from elsewhere, or from outside. I think it's important to promote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves. That's what I call positive African attitude. So finally, I would like to say, so let's help Africa walk upright and forward, then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species. You can share this video by copying this HTML to your clipboard and pasting into your blog or web page. need to get the latest Flash player. Got an idea, question, or debate inspired by this talk? Start a TED Conversation. Paleoanthropologist Zeresenay Alemseged looks for the roots of humanity in Ethiopia's badlands. Here he talks about finding the oldest skeleton of a humanoid child -- and how Africa holds the clues to our humanity. Zeresenay "Zeray" Alemseged digs in the Ethiopian desert, looking for the earliest signs of humanity. His most exciting find: the 3.3-million-year-old bones of Selam, a 3-year-old hominid child, from the species Australopithecus afarensis. Full bio »

<urn:uuid:5bbc9527-8e68-4f93-9efb-7084f63b9603>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ted.com/talks/zeresenay_alemseged_looks_for_humanity_s_roots.html?quote=207

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710963930/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516132923-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Difference Between Diabetes in Children and Adults It's no secret that diabetes is a serious issue that afflicts over 170 million people world wide. For years, doctors have tried to find the secret to cure the disorder completely. Unfortunately, the only way to reduce diabetes and its symptoms is to maintain a stringent diet and exercise program while taking in various medications and insulin injections. Although many assume diabetes is similar in all ages, the truth is in many cases, diabetes is different in children and adults. The Diabetes Dilemma: How It's Different in Children and AdultsTo start, we note the two different types of Diabetes Mellitus: So how is diabetes different in children and adults? Children -Children that suffer from diabetes frequently develop it before age seven if they are normal weight. This is because type one diabetes is more likely from a genetic defect that causes the pancreas to produce too little to no insulin. The good thing is that if discovered early, children can lead a fairly healthy and happy life. Not only that, but type one diabetes patients also have a higher chance of having a successful pancreas transplant. Children that face severe obesity are more likely to develop type two diabetes if symptoms occur. Adults -In adults, the more probable type of diabetes is type two. This is because years of eating unhealthily and working out irregularly can lead to significant weight gain. Combine this with stress from work and family, and the effects can cause extreme insulin resistance. Normally, doctors can predict by a patient's lifestyle if they may acquire type two. In rare cases, those who were diagnosed with type two came out of it after losing weight and eating healthy. If not, the sickness stays and can develop into type one.Join a community of other diabetics to learn more about it and how to live with diabetes. Recently Posted Related Articles Most Popular Related Articles

<urn:uuid:0a821fff-779c-4489-935d-292de9e1c788>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mergemedia.com/health/diabetes/the_difference_between_diabetes_in_children_and_adults.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698554957/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100234-00081-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Edison Junior Inventor ProgramBy By: DirectorPublished on 01/15/2004 Beaumont, Texas – The Edison Museum staff has announced a new, permanent program for children – Edison Junior Inventor. The program offers an excellent opportunity for families and children to learn about America’s Inventor – Thomas Alva Edison. The Edison Junior Inventor program is geared to children of ages from seven through 14 years old. Children who want to participate in the Edison Junior Inventor program simply request a worksheet from a museum attendant. By reading the text in the exhibits, children will find answers to specific questions on the worksheet. Children can have some fun with each of the four Experiment Stations found in the museum – century old music and motion picture samples to coded messages. Children who complete the worksheet and show a basic understanding of Thomas Edison and his work will receive an official Edison Junior Inventor Certificate and a small gift for their efforts. The program requires about 45 to 60 minutes. Bob Valen, director of the Edison Museum said, “We look forward to seeing all the young visitors who will become junior inventors. The recently renovated museum offers great insight into America’s Inventor and a great place to learn. Anyone with an interest in early technology, history, inventions, and innovations should visit. Folks are welcome to any of our series of free flyers - Inventor Bulletin Series - that address specific subjects relating to Thomas Edison.” The Edison Museum is located at 350 Pine Street, downtown Beaumont next to the Edison Plaza Office Building. The museum is open Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Closed on major holidays. The program is possible through a generous grant from the Foundation of Southeast Texas. All NewsJanuary 15, 2004 - Edison Junior Inventor Program

<urn:uuid:cb0a7ea3-3c92-4761-917a-94964b973aad>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.edisonmuseum.org/article0a58.html?type=News

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

-This page is currently under construction!- According to Einstein, by traveling at the speed of light, you effectively warp through time. This is based on the fact that when you travel fast, time slows. This has been proven by an experiment wherein clocks were placed in an jet plane and flown around the world. The amount of time they recorded was less than the time recorded by clocks placed on still ground. This is elaborated on and shown clearly here. (This is an external link)

<urn:uuid:ca3c7f9f-6d23-4530-a784-7665588cb1f3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01528/timetravel.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698554957/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100234-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Teacher Retention Research The primary mission of the Transitioning Our Provisional Stars program (TOPS) was to increase the number of highly qualified teachers in the District of Columbia, but it also generated important findings on retention rates of teachers who complete alternative certification programs. In its evaluation of the seven-year, multimillion dollar program, the College's School of Education, Teaching, and Health (SETH) reported that TOPS graduates remained in teaching at dramatically different rates depending on their professional status entering the program. Recent college graduates who entered the 3-year program had a 58 percent chance of remaining in the teaching profession, while mid-career professionals remained in the classroom at a rate of 88 percent. These data were based on the program's 208 participants from 2002–2009. Of these participants, 132 were recent college graduates and 76 were mid-career professionals. These findings are helping SETH determine the most effective ways to recruit candidates for their additional alternative certification programs, including Math for America and the Capital Excellence program. "We know from other research that a key to long-term student success is retention of teachers. The revolving door effect in urban schools certainly doesn't help students in the long run," says SETH dean Sarah Irvine Belson. "During the recruitment process, we either need to find ways to help recent college graduates consider teaching as a long term career, or we need to focus our efforts on career-switchers. SETH is currently undergoing plans to follow-up these findings with additional research. Sponsored by the Department of Education, the TOPS program was created to train and place elementary education, English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), and special education teachers in the D.C. Public School system. Over the course of three years, participants earned teaching certification in their specialized fields; 96 percent completed additional coursework to receive a Master's degree.

<urn:uuid:ac287b47-b3b0-470a-9a93-1a7c741ae68c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.american.edu/research/news/detail.cfm?newsID=5DC3E518-E00C-448B-620395C9D95209D8

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704658856/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114418-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

April 2009 / Volume 61 / Issue 4| Milling difficult features in titanium By Edward F. Rossman, Ph.D. The minimum web, or pocket floor, thickness in machined titanium alloy parts, such as aircraft spars, was traditionally limited to 0.100 " unless expensive backup tooling was fabricated to enable the normal tolerance of ±0.010 " to be held on thinner pocket floors, or chemical milling was performed instead. The limitation of 0.100 " often blocked efforts to decrease aircraft weight because of higher fixturing costs. The objective of one study was to develop milling methods that would allow thinner webs to be machined to the required ±0.010 " tolerance without the need for backup tooling. Testing was conducted in two phases. A milling process was developed to produce 0.060 "-thick webs within a ±0.010 " tolerance. The process was further refined to produce webs as thin as 0.040 " within the required tolerance without backup tooling. The process imparted the required surface finish of 125 μin. Ra or finer, and no tool chatter or unusual noise were noticed. The sequence of operations began with roughing to within 0.250 " to 0.500 " of net thickness. If desired, the part thickness was measured after roughing. Then, finish milling to net thickness was performed, and the tool tabs were cut off during the final operation. The cutter ramped at 4° from the outside edge of the pocket to the centerline. Work was performed from the pocket’s center to the outside walls to produce the net web thickness and fillet radius. Cutting speed was 150 sfm with a 0.004 ipt. Tool life was 45 minutes. A test part with five pockets was machined and measured to evaluate machinability. Web thickness varied from 0.039 " to 0.046 " with no oil canning, or distortion, of the webs. More than 100 production spars were then produced with pockets similar to the test part, and the ±0.010 " tolerance was met in all cases for the pocket floors. This same process helps to minimize warpage in other thin sections, such as splice plates. Even when the part is resting on a flat plate, which amounts to backup tooling, we achieved effective distortion control. The process allowed designers to reduce weight by about 1 lb. per 100 sq. in. of web surface without the expense of backup tooling. It applies in those instances where thinner webs are of sufficient strength. This process is needed because traditional milling spring passes are not effective when machining titanium alloys. Thin cleanup passes tend to push metal away from the cutter in the Z-axis direction, and they impart heat and surface stresses into the part. Leaving a heavy cut for last works because the pull of the cutter helix balances the push of the cutter. One of Boeing’s suppliers said he achieved superior dimensional results on titanium alloys by leaving plenty of material for the final milling pass on pocket floors. Cutter dullness could certainly upset the balance of forces. By not doing final spring passes, you can save time and produce a dimensionally better part. Cutting from the pocket center first to the outside wall last leaves plenty of solid and rigid material next to the cutter at all times. Milling thin flanges in titanium alloy parts, such as aircraft spars, is also difficult. With a minimum flange thickness of 0.060 ", the height-to-thickness ratio was limited to 20:1. To machine thinner flanges required expensive backup tooling or performing chemical milling. These limitations often blocked efforts to decrease aircraft weight. The objective of another study was to develop methods that would allow thinner flanges to be machined to the required ±0.010 " tolerance without the need for backup tooling. Testing confirmed the original design limitations. A new process allowed flanges as thin as 0.040 " with a ±0.010 " tolerance to be machined, convincing engineering to add a note to the drawing that would allow machine mismatches along the sides of the flanges. The process included roughing to within 0.5 " of net thickness, finish milling the top 0.5 " of the flange, stepping down in the Z-axis and milling the next 0.5 " of flange to net thickness and continuing to step down until the flange was completed. The cutter mismatch is then blended by manual sanding if needed. The new process allows designers to reduce part weight. Fixturing costs are kept low because backup tooling is not required. CTEAbout the Author: The late Edward F. Rossman, Ph.D., was an associate technical fellow in manufacturing R&D with Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, Seattle. Rossman’s Shop Operations column is adapted from information in his book, “Creating and Maintaining a World-Class Machine Shop: A Guide to General and Titanium Machine Shop Practices,” published by Industrial Press Inc., New York. The publisher can be reached by calling (212) 889-6330 or visiting www.industrialpress.com. CUTTING TOOL ENGINEERING Magazine is protected under U.S. and international copyright laws.Before reproducing anything from this Web site, call the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. at (978) 750-8400.|

<urn:uuid:138453eb-514c-421f-ac3e-cbccb86faae3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ctemag.com/aa_pages/2009/0904_ShopOperations.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699068791/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101108-00064-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Written by Renee Goularte's Kindergartners: Our Question and Answer Book About Insects Part of our whole class investigation about insects included making a "question and answer" book from information students gathered while exploring picture books. After "partner reading" each day for about a week, we added students questions and answers to large charts. To make the book, I first typed all the questions and answers from the charts with a large font and cut them so that each student would have an "answer" to copy onto white paper. Since we had twenty students and ten questions, we decided to make two copies of the book. We used the typed versions for the question pages, and the student-written versions for the answer pages. The questions and answers are glued to the same sheet of construction paper, so that you have to turn the pages to read the answers. Here's the whole book....... Hope you enjoyed your visit! Other Student Work To Kindergarten Classroom Tour Back to Share2Learn home

<urn:uuid:aa409e35-da0b-42ec-a7c2-28743748a946>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.share2learn.com/studentworkk7.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701638778/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105358-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

updated 03:20 pm EST, Mon December 3, 2012 Fipel bulbs could be produced within the next year US researchers have claimed to create a new light bulb made of plastic to replace the relatively new LED bulbs. Designed to replace fluorescent bulbs seen in large-scale lighting systems such as within office complexes, the new bulbs use multiple layers of plastic to generate a flicker-free light that is more "natural" than the blue-tinted fluorescent bulbs, potentially saving users from light-induced headaches. The team at Wake Forest University, NC, used the field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology (Fipel) to create the bulb, the process itself using nanomaterials sandwiched between polymer layers to create a glow, according to the BBC. While LED bulbs are slowly becoming more popular, to the level that Ikea is switching to sell them instead of incandescent bulbs or halogen lights, both LEDs and OLEDs are claimed to be limited in terms of how much brightness you can get from them before melting. The Fipel technology also mimics the OLED's ability to be shaped, which could allow the technology to shift into monitors and mobile phones in the future. "What we've found is a way of creating light rather than heat," said Professor David Carroll of the WFU team, continuing "Our devices contain no mercury, they contain no caustic chemicals, and they don't break as they are not made of glass." The team claims the bulb is relatively cheap to manufacture, and has gained the interest of a "corporate partner," which could lead to the first Fipel-based light bulbs being produced in the next year.

<urn:uuid:c1658759-58cd-4c11-92b3-a2ceb7530417>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.electronista.com/articles/12/12/03/fipel.bulbs.could.be.produced.within.the.next.year/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699138006/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101218-00092-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Korean fleet scattered in a night storm and the main portion blundered upon the Japanese fleet the next day. On seeing the Japanese fleet, Won Kyun panicked and retreated. He beached his boats and took to the land but the Japanese overtook and beheaded him. The Korean fleet scattered was mostly destroyed. With the news of Won Kyun's disastrous defeat, a loyal advisor of the king called for Yi Sun-Sin's reinstatement. Fearing for his country's security, the king hastily reinstated Yi Sun-Sin as the naval commander. In spite of his previous unfair treatment, Yi immediately set out on foot for his former base at Hansan. As he traveled, he met scattered remnants of his former force. By the time he arrived at Hansan, he had only twelve boats but no lack of men, for the people along the coast had flocked to him when they heard of his reinstatement. Yi drew up his fleet of 12 boats in the shadow of a mountain on Chin-Do Island off the Myongyang straits. One night his scouts reported the approach of a Japanese fleet. As the moon dropped behind the mountain, the Korean fleet of 12 ships was shrouded in total darkness. When the Japanese fleet of 133 ships sailed by in single file, Admiral Yi's forces gave a large shout and fired point blank. Yi employed one of his tactics, the use of two-salvo fire, which resulted in a continuous barrage causing the Japanese to think that they had run into a vastly superior force. Their fleet scattered in all directions in a total panic. The next day several hundred more Japanese ships appeared and Admiral Yi, fearless as ever, made straight for them. He was soon surrounded, but he sank 30 Japanese boats. The remainder of the Japanese fleet, recognizing the work of the famous Admiral Yi Sun-Sin, turned and fled. Admiral Yi gave chase, decimated the enemy, and killed the Japanese commander Madasi.

<urn:uuid:7e5c1730-31c8-439a-825f-22f0779a0eb1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tkdtutor.com/articles/topics/patterns/144-chang-hon-pattern-set/1243-chung-mu?showall=&start=8

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700477029/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103437-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

During these crossings, the rings of Saturn appeared "edge-on" to observers on Earth, allowing a search for new Saturnian satellites and studies of the fainter rings. However, these crossings yielded no new discoveries of Saturnian moons. Two moons detected during the first ring plane crossing, designated 1995S1 and 1995S2, (see press release at the bottom of this page) were later found to be the known moons Atlas and Prometheus, respectively. Later discoveries, designated 1995S3 to S7, are thought to be transient clumps of unknown origin in the F-ring. These features were not observed again on later ring plane crossings. They were hypothesized to be shattered moonlets, as described in a NASA press release of 5 October 1995. Images of the ring plane crossings are available on a 5 CD-ROM set. Headquarters, Washington, DC Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD Amanda S. Bosh, of Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff AZ, and Andrew S. Rivkin, also of Lowell Observatory, and the University of Arizona/Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, reported the discovery in the July 27 International Astronomical Union telegram (Circular No. 6192). "We were excited to see new satellites in the Hubble pictures. This was not a primary goal of our observations, so we were quite surprised," said Bosh. Two of the satellites seen by Hubble are in orbits similar to those of a pair of moons, called Atlas and Prometheus, discovered in 1980 by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. "If these two satellites are the same seen by Voyager, then their orbital longitudes are different from what we expected," said Bosh. Additional Hubble observation of Saturn, taken when the Earth again crosses the ring plane on Aug. 10, will provide more images that will be used to determine whether two of the four satellites detected by Hubble are truly new or not. If all four satellites are new, then the total number of known moons orbiting Saturn will grow from 18 to 22. Two of the new moons (called S/1995 S1 and S2) lie inside Saturn's thin, eccentric "F" ring; a third moon (S3) lies just outside the F ring; and the fourth moon (S4) is 3,700 miles beyond the F ring. The moons are no bigger than about 45 miles across. Hubble's sharp view is ideal for detecting faint new satellites that have previously gone unseen. The astronomers identified the new moons by first processing the Hubble pictures to remove a residual light from the ring edge, and noting the locations of Saturn's known satellites. After this was done, the researchers saw four objects moving from frame to frame that did not correspond with any of the known satellites. "With the exception of S4, which we're having trouble finding in a few frames, we can follow the other three satellites for 10 hours as they go around the planet," said Bosh. Saturn ring plane crossings happen only once every 15 years and historically have given astronomers an opportunity to discover new satellites that are normally lost in the glare of the planet's bright ring system. Astronomers discovered 13 of Saturn's moons during ring-plane crossings from 1655 to 1980. Other satellites were identified during the Voyager spacecraft flybys of Saturn in the early 1980s. After the upcoming Aug. 10 ring plane crossing, the next such event that will be visible from Earth will be in the year 2038. Saturn will be edge-on in 2009 and 2025, but will be too close to the Sun, as seen from Earth, to be observed. The Space Telescope Science Institute is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. for NASA, under contract with the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency.

<urn:uuid:516afb25-2922-401f-a0f9-4f1000ab0820>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/satmoons_pr.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710313659/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131833-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Religious Studies | Introduction to Religion R133 | 27507 | N. Levene Above course carries COLL A & H distribution. What is religion? A communal system of beliefs and practices? An individual search for meaning and truth? An ideological formation constituting social or political power and authority? This course is an introduction to religion through a consideration of these questions in a global context. We will focus on the creation and formation of a religious self, exploring the meanings and values such a self can embed. Drawing on texts in a wide variety of styles and cultural contexts, we will gather a repertoire of ideas of religion, along with the methods, perspectives, and questions that will enable us to launch fruitful comparisons.

<urn:uuid:e7832bb1-50fd-4e70-9c18-c5baa4d1b733>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blfal10/rel/rel_r133_27507.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703728865/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112848-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Foreign Agricultural Service office in San Jose broke ground on its own People’s Garden in Fall 2009. Ever since that day our embassy employees and their families, as well as members of the local community, have learned about the benefits of eating fresh, healthy foods. “With our People’s Garden, we not only come together as a community to grow healthy foods, we also grow respect for the earth and for those who farm,” said Anne Slaughter Andrew, the U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica. “What a great opportunity for our community—especially the children—to have a first-hand experience with ‘know your farmer, know your food’.” This garden is part of USDA’s People’s Garden Initiative, which challenges USDA employees to establish People’s Gardens at USDA posts in communities worldwide. People’s Gardens vary in size and content, but they all have a common purpose of helping better the community and environment. Those who maintain the Costa Rica garden grow a variety of plants, some native to the area and others more common in the United States. Many of these plants, such as certain lettuces and herbs, are not often available locally for purchase. Of course, learning to grow these in a tropical climate is always an experiment, but I regularly enjoy the lettuce as part of my lunchtime salads! Garden signs are displayed in both Spanish and English, which helps prompt conversation with locals who pass by the garden on a regular basis. When they choose to stop to admire the array of vegetables and herbs, many give advice on alternative ways of maintaining the garden. The garden also provides an opportunity to teach embassy children how food is produced and allows them to experience the full cycle of planting and harvesting. “My five-year-old son loved learning how to plant seeds and found it quite rewarding,” said Sara Roy, an embassy employee. “I loved seeing him learn to do something, and I know it’s a skill he can use now with his dad and me.”

<urn:uuid:55c391ad-1fa0-42f4-af78-92f9b77eaa2f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blogs.usda.gov/2012/01/09/people%E2%80%99s-garden-helps-to-strengthen-a-community-in-costa-rica/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702652631/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111052-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Authors: Azzam AlMosallami In the OPERA experiment the neutrino broke the speed of light. It moved with speed greater than the highest speed in the universe (the speed of light in vacuum) according to the special relativity . This experiment if it is confirmed will contradict the main basis that the special relativity built on which is the constancy of speed of light, and no particle or electromagnetic wave can exceed this speed . In 2000, NEC Research Institute in Princeton claims to have achieved propagation speeds of 310 c (c= speed of light) by Quantum tunneling Comments: 22 Pages. [v1] 1 Nov 2011 Unique-IP document downloads: 464 times Add your own feedback and questions here: You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.

<urn:uuid:f948878e-7905-43c9-836f-93e431ec121d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.vixra.org/abs/1111.0001

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710274484/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131754-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Both the United States and Canada try desperately to ignore the problem Think of some of the most significant news in the past few years: the beating of Rodney King and the events at Waco would certainly be among the top ten. Now imagine these events occurred at the exact same time, and every newspaper, every radio or TV news show is competing to keep the nation abreast of the latest developments, and the nation hangs on every word. But a few miles down the road, you can read a newspaper or listen to a broadcast without hearing either event mentioned at all. The biggest stories of the day have just...disappeared. Unbelievable? Not at all. This is exactly what happened last month, as important events in Canada were all but ignored by the American press. And it certainly wasn't the first time. We have a blind spot when it comes to our nearest neighbor; should Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa simultaneously burn to the ground, the New York Times would probably run a small story headlined, "Smoky Haze Expected Over Northeast." Besides America's provincial attitude, there could be another reason why these recent events were neglected. At the heart of each story is the same troubling dispute, one that both the United States and Canada try desperately to ignore. The problem: the rights of the Native people from whom the land was stolen. Clearcutting had all but destroyed traditional hunting and trapping territory Indian revolution in Canada has begun," wrote one Ottawa columnist in early September. At that time, tensions ran high in Canada. More than a thousand miles apart, different groups of Native people were in stand-offs with police, protecting their claims to small scraps of land. Both were surrounded by heavily-armed troops ready to open fire. Already a Native man was dead, and it appeared that there would soon be more fatalities; at least one man promised he would defend their land to his death. A few days after that column was written, three more were wounded in a gunfight with police. | At the same time, there were other confrontations that didn't make Canadian headlines. Some of these were fought in the forests, others on the rivers. Although these events were not as dramatic, they do more to explain the underlying problems. One battle was fought in the deep woods of British Columbia, just a few miles from the southernmost tip of Alaska. The conflict had been simmering for years, as clearcutting had all but destroyed traditional hunting and trapping territory of a group of Gitksan people. When the timber company obtained a permit from the government in June to cut another 88 acres, the tribe drew the line. "Out of our entire territory, this is the last little piece of forest we have left. The rest is clearcut or alpine," one of the protesters told a reporter. "This particular area is the last remaining stand for our [tribal group]. Now it is threatened." The group blockaded roads used for logging until the timber company obtained a court order. The province of British Columbia also sought an injunction against the tribe, the Attorney General stating that the government will not tolerate any public inconvenience on the roads. The only public suffering an "inconvenience," of course, were the loggers, but no matter; the place to discuss the issue was at the bargaining table, the government said, not the barricades. "We are committed to the legitimate land-claims process at the treaty commission table," said the B.C. Attorney General. "As soon as this kind of blockade occurs, the negotiations are off." Right-wingers claimed that Natives had "special rights" that screwed the hard-working white majority their U.S. counterparts, Canadian Native people say the government doesn't keep its word. Treaties are honored when they serve business interests and conveniently ignored when they don't. And these laws defining Native rights aren't all dusty 19th century agreements; one of the most controversial is a 1990 ruling by the Canadian Supreme Court. Known as the "Sparrow" decision, the court unanimously said that Native rights were not to be infringed -- unless there were no reasonable alternatives. In theory, this meant that tribes no longer had to compete with corporations for the same resources. A group that traditionally fished, for example, would be guaranteed that mammoth trawlers wouldn't be allowed to scoop up the season's entire harvest. But in practice, it was business as usual. On the rivers near Vancouver, five tribes were promised a catch of over 50,000 salmon by Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Yet only a fraction of that number were caught by the tribes; many came away empty handed. What happened to those guarantees? One problem was because 1995 proved a lousy year for salmon; another reason was because of political gamesmanship. Right-wingers in the Reform (conservative) Party claimed that Natives had "special rights" that screwed the hard-working white majority. One politician who hammered on that theme was Member of Parliment John Cummins, a founder of the "Fisheries Survival Coalition." Throughout the summer, Cummins and the Survival Coalition staged media events -- at taxpayer expense -- to press the government into backing away from promises made to the tribes. Cummins and his group won; soon the tribal fishermen found their salmon allocation given to the commercial fisheries. All they could do was watch helplessly as the food for their children was dredged from the rivers with gill nets. Clarence Pennier, Grand Chief of the Sto:lo Nation, wrote of the anger and resentment this decision caused in a letter to a Vancouver newspaper. "The Sto:lo chiefs are left trying to explain to our young people that they should still stay within the law. These same young people turn on their televison sets, and every night they see more Survival Coalition protests. In the newspapers, they read more complaints that the Sto:lo enjoy 'racially-segregated commercial fishing,' 'rights based on race' and 'native-only fisheries.' They stay glued to their radios listening for the latest news out of Gustafsen Lake." It was the events at Gustafsen Lake in central British Columbia that gripped not only the Sto:lo youth, but the entire nation. At the same time of the salmon wars near Vancover, at the same time as the Gitksan logging blockade, at the same time as another conflict in Ontario left a Native man dead, the nation watched as the Canadian army prepared for a bloody siege. Threats to "hang the red nigger" were allegedly made between Gustafsen Lake and the confrontation at Waco, Texas, are easy to make. In both cases, the police and military mobilized unprecedented forces, more appropriate to waging war. Both events were led by a religious man. But the small group of men and women at Gustafsen Lake were hardly a trained, well-armed bunch like the Branch Davidians. And Percy Rosette was certainly no David Koresh. As a sundancer, Rosette approached a white rancher in 1988, asking if he could use a small portion of his 18,000 acres for midsummer religious ceremonies. A vision had led him there, telling him that it was a sacred spot. The rancher didn't mind, as long as no one bothered the sport fishermen and hunters who also used the lake and woods. In the years that followed, Gustafsen Lake gradually became known as a spiritual place. Each July more sundancers gathered to practice their religion, making neighboring whites increasingly nervous. Then this year, Rosette and his followers built a fence around the site to protect it from being defiled by the rancher's cattle. To the whites it broke the informal agreement between the sundancers and the landowner; this was the last straw. The fence was more than a fence; the whites saw it as a landclaim. Like Cummins had stirred up hatred against the Native people over fishing rights, other members of the right-wing Reform Party had hinted darkly that there were secret treaty negotiations going on, that the Canadian government was about to sieze ranch land and hand it over to the Indians. A backlash group calling itself the Foundation for Individual Rights and Equality (FIRE) claimed more than 3,000 members, including the rancher who owned Gustafsen Lake. "The so-called land-claims settlements which these governments propose which to negotiate exceed all legal entitlements and will destroy the livelihoods of many citizens and communities," the group said in a recent release. About a dozen cowboys employed by the rancher confronted the sundancers, ordering them off the land. Threats to "hang the red nigger" were allegedly made to Rosette. One of the cowboys returned later with a bullwhip, promising that a group of ranchers were gathering to burn them out. So here is another parallel to Waco: none of these events had to happen. If the rancher had simply called the RCMP, the situation would likely have defused. But instead, the confrontation spun quickly out of control. The cowboys bragged of their courageous showdown, gaining support of local racists. At the same time, supporters of the Rosette and the other sundancers came to the defense of their sacred site, bringing guns. And then the cars of police began to arrive. Then trucks of soldiers. Then tanks. The press rushed into the area, wiring breathless reports across the nation. British Columbia's Attorney General -- who just days before had made his "no public inconvenience" comments about the logging roadblock -- stated, "There is no point in more meetings. I will not negotiate with renegades. There is only one issue here: law and order. There will be no deals, no talk about land ownership. It is not about land. They can give themselves up to the police for protection or face the consequences. The police will use whatever force is necessary to dislodge them." Tensions increased when two officers were bruised by gunfire aimed at their car, protected from serious injury by bulletproof vests. Things became worse when police and the sundancers engaged in a two hour gunbattle, the mounties firing thousands of rounds. One mountie later compared it to firefights in the Vietnam War. Three Native men were wounded. They did not have the protection of bulletproof vests. The press eagerly followed the government's lead, calling the group at Gustafsen Lake "thugs," "militants," "radicals," "armed rebels," and "nutbars." A lawyer for the sundancers later complained, "The police have deliberately recruited the media to prejudice this case." Until the confrontation was over, none of the Canadian press noted the threats made by the cowboys that escalated the conflict. These are the final comparisons to Waco: it became a media event and an plum assignment for hundreds of cops. Reporters and mounties filled the hotel rooms in the small resort town nearby; restaurants were busy night and day. T-shirts were sold to the idle mounties, reading "Camp Overtime." When the Natives at the site surrendered in mid-September, the bill became due: $6 million dollars -- over $250,000 per day, and that is not even counting military costs. All to capture twelve men and women. Newspapers leaned hard on the "Indians on the warpath" angle but took little notice of legitimate grievances It is easy to see why the latest news from Gustafsen Lake captivated Native youths. Here was a group standing up for what they believed, against impossible odds. No more standing on the roadside, watching the RCMP dismantle barricades protecting their woods, no more standing on the shore watching trawlers sweep their fish from the river. It was possible to fight back. While the stand-off at Gustafsen Lake was ocurring in British Columbia, yet another confrontation was in the Ontario headlines. Like at Gustafsen Lake, it found a group of Native women and men defending land against heavily armed police. But unlike the other conflict, a Native man died from a police bullet. These events took place on the shores of Lake Huron, about 50 miles northeast of Detroit. The lands in question were clearly property of the Chippewa; Canada had acknowledged this, and promised to return it to the tribe -- someday. Behind the events is a classic example of how Natives have been swindled in this century. Some of their lakefront property went to real estate speculators in the 1920's. A major portion was temporarily leased to the Canadian military in the 1930's, and still more was taken by the government under emergency law when WWII began. It would be a temporary army camp, the government said, and returned at war's end. The government lied. For more than half a century it remained Camp Ipperwash -- as the military base was called -- despite repeated demands for its return. With its scenic location on the shores of Lake Huron, it became a recreational facility for the army and a summer training camp for cadets. For decades, resentments simmered at the theft of their homelands. Negotiations for the return of the army base stalled whenever elections brought new politicians into power, and later, the question of how the government would pay for the considerable environmental cleanup required. Most galling was the treatment of their burial grounds, now part of a regional park. The Chippewa rightly wanted this land too, but the government refused to concede that it was their cemetery. The Chippewas took matters into their own hands in early September and occupied the park. Within hours, riot police surrounded the area. Two days later in a confrontation with tribal members, Anthony "Dudley" George was killed and a 16 year-old boy was shot twice in the back. The Chippewa were unarmed. Like the press coverage of Gustafsen Lake, newspapers leaned hard on the "Indians on the warpath" angle but took little notice of the many legitimate grievances behind their anger. Canada has now promised a speedy return of the army base, and after confronted with government documents, agrees that the park was indeed their burial ground. One sticking point: the ultra-conservative government of Ontario still refuses to acknowledge that the graves exist. The most significant legacy might be an emerging militancy Gustafsen Lake, the Sto:lo and Gitksan struggles, there were still other conflicts between Native people and Canada, all during the months of August and September. One is the story of Bella Coola, which we'll feature in a December edition of the Albion Monitor. In each case, the right-wing of Canada used the occasion to gain further ground, pointing to the incident as proof that Natives intend to steal their land or livelihood. Even the recent debate over Quebec sovereignty was tainted by racist appeals when one of the separatist leaders criticized Quebec women as responsible for the lowest birth-rate among "white races." To no one's surprise, the Cree tribe, which with the Inuit and others claim about two-thirds of Quebec territory, voted almost unanimously against the separatists. But the most significant legacy of these events might be an emerging militancy on the part of younger Native men and women. "My predecessor, Georges Erasmus, warned in 1988 that if Canada failed to deal with our leadership now, the next generation of leaders would be much more militant," said Ovide Mercredi, national chief of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN), the officially-sanctioned agency which represents all Canadian tribes. "I am truly afraid that day is coming." Mercredi, who helped negotiate settlements at both Gustafsen Lake and Ipperwash, is seen by some as part of the problem. Also in mid-September, a group of Native protesters occupied AFN offices, complaining that it has not given enough support to natives fighting for land rights. A spokesperson said that Mercredi and all government-sponsored chiefs are government employees whose job is to negotiate forever. "These guys [at the barricades] don't see the AFN as a legitimate Indian voice," an expert in contemporary Native issues told a Canadian newspaper. "It is the creation of a foreign instrument of oppression." Unless the events of August and September were a fluke, dangerous times are ahead for Canada. No longer are the Native peoples willing to negotiate for decades, only to have their small gains ignored. The government will have to acknowledge the wrongs of its past and make amends, which is likely to incite the right-wing to further anger and violence. The Canadian press will have to reexamine its willingness to parrot the anti-Native rhetoric from government and police officials. They could begin by asking themselves a few simple questions: were the events at Gustafsen Lake and Ipperwash really just the actions of isolated "radicals" and "nutbars," or could they be part of an emerging civil rights movement? One of the Natives involved with the peaceful surrender at Gustafsen Lake watched as the sundancers were taken into custody. "This isn't the end of the story -- it's the beginning," he said. Nearby on a fence hung a banner that promised what the future may hold. It read: "Mohawk Warrior Society." The same banner was reported at Ipperwash. None of the Canadian press seem to notice the connection. After all, there were no similarities between the two protests at all, in their eyes. Art by Canadian political cartoonist Don Monet, who publishes a superb daily cartoon through the Internet. All Rights Reserved. Contact [email protected] for permission to reproduce.

<urn:uuid:32cd8060-f4b3-4e60-b83e-aff9477b3edd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.monitor.net/monitor/10-30-95/nativecanada.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701370254/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104930-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

How do you go about promoting literacy outside? After our garden audit we’re gearing up to make more use of our outdoor space now the summer is on the way. Here are five quick and easy ideas we’re using to take our literacy outside. 1. Go inside out: I bet you have plenty of writing materials in your inside playspace but how easy is it for the children to get their hands on things to make their mark when they’re outside? Where could you set up a writing station in the garden? A tub of you pencils on a picnic table. An easel in the shade of a tree. A roll of paper fastened against a wall. Pretty much any way you promote writing inside works out of doors too. 2. Paint a blackboard: A pot of blackboard paint is a worthwhile investment and can transform a plain old garden gate or shed door into a place children can make their mark. You could start them off by drawing a tree trunk or some flower stems and seeing what pictures they add. Or make it an observation station and ask the kids to draw some of the bugs and butterflies they spot around the garden. Chalk works just as well on walls or the floor of course, and is easily washed away with rain or watering cans, leaving a fresh canvas for the next day’s drawings. 3. Plain old water: One activity I remember from my own childhood, and which my kids love too, is painting with a bucket of water and a paintbrush on the patio floor. Using paint pots with lids helps to avoid spills and providing paint brushes in an assortment of sizes, including big decorators paint brushes, invites different styles of drawing and writing. 4. Clipboards: A practical way to promote literacy outside is to have a stash of clipboards and pencils piled up near the door, ready for action. The boards provide a sturdy base for writing and so are easily taken out and about in the garden, to the beach, the woods or wherever you’re playing outside. 5. Story tents: As you’ll be thinking of providing somewhere shady for the children to keep cool, why not transform your shelter into a story tent? Add some big cushions for lounging on and a pile of books. Choose some great outdoor themed stories and also information books on plants and animals, so the young scientists can read up on the nature they observe outside. How are you going to promote literacy outside in your playspace this summer?

<urn:uuid:6f799ed1-69cd-47e5-8a95-c7c709252cf3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://nurturestore.co.uk/literacy-outside

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701562534/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105242-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en