Datasets:

airtrain-ai

/

fineweb-edu-fortified

like 54

Follow

Airtrain AI 10

2. HOW THE EPA POLLUTES THE NEWS AND THE DIOXIN COVER-UP Reports of improvement in environmental pollution levels were a deliberate attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to mislead and pacify the public according to Jim Sibbison, a former EPA press officer. Equally disturbing, the news media have contributed to this disinformation campaign by treating EPA press releases as reliable news reports. For example, on July 28, 1988, in the midst of a summer during which medical waste washed up on East Coast beaches, The New York Times published a reassuring story by Philip Shabecoff, its environ-mental reporter, on page one. Shabecoff reported from Washington that nearly 90 percent of the nation's publicly owned sewer systems had met their pollution-control The Reagan Administration, in an effort to reduce EPA appropriations from Congress, encouraged EPA officials to soft-pedal pollution stories. Sibbison also revealed another previously unknown administration policy. Since Reagan first took office, executives from industry met secretly over the years with officials of the White House's Office of Management and Budget to discuss pending new EPA regulations affecting their companies. The OMB allowed the executives to suggest revisions in these regulations to reduce costs to their industry. Then the EPA makes the necessary changes and the "acceptable" regulations go into An example of EPA malfeasance is found in the dioxin cover-up reported by Greenpeace earlier this year. It started in February 1987 when the American Paper Industry (API) discovered dioxin, a highly hazardous substance, within the bleaching process of its paper mills. As a result the industry had to conclude the inevitability of dioxin being present in some of its products including disposable diapers, office stationery, coffee filters, tampons, milk cartons, butter cartons, cereal boxes, tissues and paper plates. A month later, a confidential API plan treated the public health threat posed by dioxin as a public relations problem and established a primary goal to "keep all allegations of health risks out of the public arena." Subsequently, internal documents from API, sent to Greenpeace, substantiated how EPA and industry officials were working together to limit public knowledge about the hazards of dioxin. According to U.S. District Judge Owen M. Panner, the documents revealed an agreement "between the EPA and the industry to suppress, modify or delay the results of the joint EPA/industry (dioxin) study or the manner in which they are publicly presented." suggest that the North American pulp and paper industry used delaying tactics to avoid legal liability for medical problems that people may have suffered as a result of exposure to dioxin, similar to the Agent Orange litigation, and that the EPA is hesitant to regulate dioxins for the same reason. While the Reagan administration has been in bed with the Dioxin polluters, several European governments are dealing with the problem head on. Throughout Europe, the need for highly bleached paper products is being re-evaluated. Sweden, for example, has stopped the sale of Chlorine-bleached disposable diapers. In Austria, consumers are using unbleached brown coffee filters and milk cartons. REVIEW, Nov/Dec, 1988, "Dead fish and red herrings: how the EPA pollutes the news," by Jim Sibbison, pp 25-28. GREENPEACE, Mar/Apr 1989, "Whitewash: The Dioxin Cover-up," by Peter Von Stackelberg, pp 7-11.

<urn:uuid:e270720b-109e-41b4-9aff-4db5aa73a6b0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ringnebula.com/project-censored/1976-1992/1988/1988-story2.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697552127/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094552-00011-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most unusual joints in the whole body. You have one on each side of your head; they can differ in size and shape and even in how they function. Because these joints are activated simultaneously by the lower jaw, you cannot move one joint without consequently moving the other. It is possible to have a problem in one joint and yet have the symptoms expressed in the other joint. You could also have pain that starts on one side of the head and migrates to the other. A second reason the TMJ is unique is that another structure dictates its function. This other structure is our teeth. The problem of malocclusion—a poor fit between the upper and lower teeth, and a crowding together of teeth—occurs especially among people with developmental disabilities. Nearly 25 percent of the more than 80 cranial abnormalities that can affect oral development contribute to malocclusion. Malocclusion can potentially cause a misalignment within the joint capsule, causing muscles to spasm. These muscles are simply caught between two positions, the tooth position and the jaw position. The last factor that makes the TMJ unique is that it has a disc within it, located between the ball (condyle) and the socket (fossa). The disc moves forward when the jaw opens and closes. Because the disc is a mobile structure, it is capable of moving independently and of being displaced—this is temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), a cause of numerous problems. TMD is a distressing syndrome. Its ultimate cause may be trauma, genetic predisposition or developmental complications, and it brings pain, limited jaw movement and sounds of clicking, popping or grating (crepitus). Symptoms of TMJ dysfunction: - Presence of joint sounds (clicking, popping, grating) - Pain in the TMJ region - Lock or limitation of movement in one or both joints - Objective symptoms (via palpation of moving condyles, recording of joint sounds) Other possible symptoms: - Muscle pain Treatment ranges from many non-invasive therapies to arthroscopy or invasive surgery. I offer basic, non-invasive therapies: - Removable splint therapy - Hard appliances - Soft appliances - Physical therapy—at home exercises - Nutritional guidelines - Hypnosis referrals - X-ray (radiographic changes) I will incorporate this all-important and sometimes forgotten subject into my discussion with you at the time of your comprehensive dental examination.

<urn:uuid:37d89864-c726-4f4c-8f79-167eefe041bc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://brucebblaudds.com/general-dentistry/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction-tmdtmj/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702777399/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111257-00068-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Glenview ,IL (PRWEB) January 06, 2013 LCR Hallcrest is pleased to release for sale a unique approach to science education featuring thermochromic color changing labels. Janice VanCleave has published over 50 books which show that science is fun and exciting! A former school teacher, she has taught science in public schools, science method courses in college and presented science curriculum development programs for numerous districts and organizations. Janice's books appeal to kids, parents and teachers because she has a unique way of mixing science with fun. This color kit is a collection of science investigations designed to show you that even complex science concepts can be broken down into bite-size pieces that are easy to understand. These investigations incorporate a color change driven by temperature designed to engage and connect the student with the subject creating a colorful engaging learning experience. Science becomes a fun hands-on experience! The labels used in this kit change color in response to temperature fluctuations. Students of all ages will have fun performing the "magic-like" investigations as they learn about changes in leaf pigments. The Teaching Tips for each unit provide FACTS AND CLUES to engage and prepare students for the hands-on-experiments. The investigations are sequential "bites" of information students can easily understand. With this collection of science knowledge, students will be able to relate the color changing thermochromic labels to the color changes in autumn leaves from green to yellow and red. For Information or label sample contact: info(at)hallcrest(dot)com or visit http://www.hallcrest.com Phone: 847.998.8580

<urn:uuid:9729b752-0390-464f-b459-e44f49abbee6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweb2013/1/prweb10289943.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702454815/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110734-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (+$3.3 million) Earthquakes strike without warning. Within the United States, more than 75 million people are located in urban areas considered to be at moderate to high risk for earthquakes. Just the economic value of the physical structures within these regions—not including the potential loss of life and economic disruption—is valued at close to $8.6 trillion. A single large earthquake in the United States, like the one that struck Kobe, Japan, in 1995, can easily cause damage of $100 billion to $200 billion. A critical gap exists between the results produced by basic research and the implementation of that knowledge in the field. New construction materials, techniques, building codes, and standards do not reflect the current state of knowledge. Through the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), NIST is tasked with conducting problem-focused research to bridge this gap and to promote its application by the private sector. In addition to enhancing the resiliency of new structures, it is important to establish accurate evaluation techniques for assessing the robustness of existing buildings and to develop cost-effective rehabilitation techniques for those structures that are most vulnerable to collapse or major damage. According to a 2003 National Research Council study, “Perhaps the greatest overall risk in the United States is the severe earthquake damage (including collapse) to existing facilities and lifelines designed without consideration of earthquake effects.” Proposed NIST Program At the proposed funding level, NIST will: Results expected from the research conducted through this initiative include:

<urn:uuid:fc867e9d-e72b-4550-9b2e-c1eb69bef9e7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/earthquake2009.cfm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705575935/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115935-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

New Report Pinpoints NASA's 16 Biggest Space Tech Needs UPDATED at 2:46 pm ET: Now includes a response from NASA to the NRC report. Protecting future astronauts from radiation, generating power from the sun's light and heat, and creating better optical sensors are some of the top issues the National Research Council suggests NASA focus on in the next five years. The council published a NASA-commissioned "technology roadmap" report Feb. 1, after a year of analysis. The report is designed to give the agency feedback on draft roadmaps they submitted in 2010 and to help the space agency prioritize its research. The council took into account NASA's "likely" level of funding for new technology, approximately $500 million to $1 billion a year. "The agency wanted to get a sense of what the technical community thought were the high priorities," said Raymond Colladay, chair of the report committee and owner of a space consulting company, RC Space Enterprises Inc. "There were so many [possible technologies], I think NASA knew that they had no hope of accomplishing progress in all of them. So they just asked us to prioritize." The shortlist of priorities includes 16 technologies that should help people stay in space past low Earth orbit for extended periods of time, aid in the search for extraterrestrial life, and expand scientists’ understanding of the universe and the origin of the Milky Way. The National Research Council briefed NASA's Office of the Chief Technologist on their findings early in the week, said Lorin Hancock, a council spokesperson. "The report confirms the value of our technology development strategy to date," chief technologist Mason Peck said in a prepared statement. "NASA currently invests in all of the highest-priority technologies and will study the report and adjust its investment portfolio as needed." Though flight demonstrations are expensive, the National Research Council report encourages NASA to test-fly technologies that are nearly ready. One example is technology for handling and storing super-cold cryogenic propellant in low gravity. Another is the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator, which provides power for deep-space missions from the heat of radioactive decay of plutonium-238, using a quarter of the plutonium that previous generators required. The report warns, however, that the U.S. should restart its supply of plutonium-238, or "it will be impossible for the United States to conduct certain planned, critical deep-space missions after this decade." The National Research Council has been worried about the United States’ plutonium-238 supply for several years now. On the other end of the spectrum, NASA should save 10 percent of their budget for technologies in their earliest stages, the council said. NASA is now asking for "American citizen-inventors," "educators working out of their garage" and small-business owners to submit their futuristic ideas, said Michael Gazarik, director of NASA's Space Technology Program in Washington, D.C., in a statement. Promising proposals could get up to $100,000 from NASA. Overall, NASA should cooperate more with other groups, Colladay told InnovationNewsDaily. "Because of scarce resources in this climate particularly, NASA needs to work closely with other government agencies and industry and universities." The agency should work with commercial space companies, the report suggested, and it should also make its scientific and engineering findings available to companies that don’t partner with NASA and may be working on technology that doesn’t apply to NASA’s space missions. The panels that contributed to the 400-plus-page report included dozens of scientists from universities, private companies such as Lockheed Martin, and research groups such as the Smithsonian Institution. The report also considered public input—the first such roadmap to do so. The council solicited input from noncouncil scientists and other space experts in meetings in 2011 and in online comments from around the world. By focusing on these high-priority research problems, the council hopes NASA will regain its position at "the frontiers of technology," where it believes NASA has slipped lately, Colladay said. It also hopes that the U.S. agency will work especially on exploring space in manned missions. "Human exploration now is a component that really will push our space program to a new post-Apollo, post-Space Station era," he said.

<urn:uuid:c4e60458-2d99-4280-97f3-b82e24850945>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.technewsdaily.com/5473-scientists-create-shortlist-top-nasa-tech.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705957380/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120557-00067-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Iowa , a state in the Midwest of the United States of America, was admitted to the Union in 1846 as the 29th state. The people are very friendly, enjoy good food, and enjoy being in the political hotbed every four years when the Caucuses roll through the state. The state is quite rural, with plenty of fields of corn and soybeans and hog farms, although some cities, such as Des Moines, have a strong metropolitan feel. - Northwest - Siouxland - North Central - Central - Greater Des Moines area - South Central - Ames - home of Iowa State University - Cedar Rapids - Council Bluffs - "Iowa's Leading Edge" - Des Moines - state capital and considered to be the "insurance capital of the US" and third in the world - Iowa City - home of University of Iowa - Quad Cities - Sioux City - home of Morningside University - Amana Colonies - Effigy Mounds National Monument - Antique Car Museum of Iowa - Coralville/Iowa City - Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail - Between May 1804 and September 1806, 32 men, one woman, and a baby traveled from the plains of the Midwest to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. They called themselves the Corps of Discovery You should find Midwestern English quite easy to understand. Most people enter (and leave) Iowa via Interstate 80 on their way towards points east or west of the state. I-80 will get you where you're going, but you won't see much. In fact, that highway has done more to perpetuate the myth that Iowa is "flat" than just about anything else. If you want to see the true face of the state, get off the interstate, ignore the fast-food signs, and find one of the small towns that make the Midwest so charming. State maps are available free of charge at state 'Welcome Centers' and rest areas. State maps list points of interest such as "Cedar Rock" (a rare Usonain example of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture) as well as scenic routes, often found on county roads. Most people get around Iowa by car. Certain, more rural parts of Iowa - like much of the Midwest - are laid out on a grid pattern. Drive on any of the state's outer highways, and you will quickly come to realize that there is an intersection at every mile. This makes figuring out where you are and getting from there to where you need to be a relatively simple undertaking. Travellers unaccustomed to ice and snow may have trouble driving in Iowa winters - plan ahead if you need to travel during the colder parts of the year. - RAGBRAI (the Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa). Cycling enthusiasts from across the nation descend on the state for this road bike event. Riders start in a different town each year. They take seven days to cross the state, dipping their wheels in the Missouri River on one side and the Mississippi River on the other. Iowans still consider themselves the "breadbasket of the world," and their cuisine reflects this. Get ready for pork chops, corn-on-the-cob, casseroles, and more just-plain-good Midwestern cooking than you can possibly eat in a lifetime. Most rural towns have a fast-food restaurant or two if you absolutely have to have McDonald's, but the best places to eat are often found by chatting with the locals. Note that there are many fast food places in more urban parts of the state. Towns with strong ethnic identities sometimes have restaurants devoted to a particular country's cuisine. Iowa has a substantial Latino population, and there are many family-run Mexican restaurants which generally have quite good food. Iowa City is known for its wide variety of ethnic cuisine and finer dining. Before Prohibition, Iowa had a healthy wine industry, which is growing once again. There are vineyards scattered throughout the state, each producing their own wines. Bustling college towns of Cedar Falls, Ames and Iowa City provide the most avid nightlife in the state. Scores of young adults pack local bars and clubs Thursday through Saturday nights. The rural parts of Iowa are quite safe, to such an extent that many people don't bother to lock their car doors. This is not a good plan in more metropolitan areas, however. You will find that most Iowans are friendly, warm, and happy to help you if you have trouble. Iowa does have many tornadoes, though rarely severe. Check the Tornado safety page if you are visiting Iowa. Iowa has been a historically progressive state. It is an unusually political state, owing in large part to its unusually large role in the presidential nomination process. While Iowans tend to welcome political discussion more than most, their usual friendliness does not allow for much hostile or particularly contentious debate. Feel free to ask Iowans about the caucuses, and don't hesitate to offer your own opinion about political matters, but be respectful. - Nebraska - Iowa's western neighbor has a rich agricultural heritage, offering visitors a glimpse into America's heartland. - South Dakota - Home to such natural and cultural wonders as Badlands National Park, Wind Cave National Park and Mount Rushmore, Iowa's neighbor to the northwest offers a surprising amount for travelers to see and do. - Minnesota - Known for cold winters and its ten thousand lakes, Iowa's northern neighbor is an ideal destination for wilderness enthusiasts. - Wisconsin - The Cheese State borders Iowa to the northeast. - Illinois - America's crossroads and home of Chicago, Illinois lies across Iowa's eastern border. - Missouri - The state's southern neighbor is home to St. Louis, the Gateway to the West. This page was last edited at 03:26, on 28 February 2009 by Anonymous user(s) of Wikitravel. Based on work by Ryan Holliday, D. Guillaume, M. Hogue and Bill Johnson, Wikitravel user(s) (Bala Cynwydd), Episteme, Ypsilon, Morph, Texugo and Tygartl1, Anonymous user(s) of Wikitravel and others.

<urn:uuid:c1cf7ade-44ca-46cb-8e97-fb3a180488f0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://traveltips24.com/Iowa.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700497024/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103457-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Do you know what an otolaryngologist is? Test yourself. Is an otolaryngologist With more than 20 accredited medical specialties in the United States, it's easy to confuse pediatrics with podiatry or forget altogether what an otolaryngologist does. Here's a chance to brush up on your knowledge of medical specialties and find out if you answered our mini-quiz correctly. Click on each specialty for a description. While many of us associate anesthesiologists with operations, these doctors also play a central role in the care of patients outside the operating room. Both before and after surgery as well as during operations, anesthesiologists closely monitor their patients' circulation, respiration, blood-gas levels, and pain in order to facilitate a successful surgery and recovery. Because anesthesiologists must tailor-make an anesthetic program to suit the specific condition of each patient, their specialty is one of the broadest in medicine, requiring knowledge of all aspects of clinical medicine, especially respiratory and circulatory physiology, the devices used to support and monitor these systems, and the drugs that act upon them. Some anesthesiologists specialize in pain management or intensive care. [+] descriptionAllergy and Immunology Doctors specializing in the fields of allergy and immunology focus primarily on treating patients under siege by their own immune systems. Whether their patients suffer from a minor rash brought on by exposure to an allergen in nature or an auto-immune disease such as multiple sclerosis or lupus, allergists and immunologists must be careful diagnosticians, analyzing tests and gathering specific information about their patients' environments in order to prescribe the best mode of treatment or prevention. Cardiologists treat patients with conditions of the heart, blood vessels, and circulation. They often serve as consultants to other physicians with patients whose illnesses involve the circulatory system. To evaluate a patient's condition, cardiologists use tests such as the electrocardiogram (EKG), which graphically records electric currents generated by the heart. Some cardiologists specialize in procedures such as cardiac catheterization. Dermatologists diagnose and treat medical disorders that cause problems with the skin, the most common of which are acne, psoriasis, and eczema. Though dermatologists usually treat their patients using prescription drugs, they also perform outpatient procedures, from mole removals to chemical peels. [+] descriptionEmergency Medicine Made famous by the television blockbuster "E.R.," emergency medicine often requires a doctor's split-second, life-or-death decision under conditions of extreme pressure. An emergency physician's primary role is to quickly recognize, evaluate, and stabilize patients who come into the emergency department. Because the conditions of patients in the emergency room run the gamut, these doctors must be well-versed in almost every area of medicine, at least enough to preliminarily care for a patient and call upon the correct specialist to administer further care. (For an inside look at this specialty, see One Night in an E.R..) Endocrinologists commonly treat patients with thyroid disorders, diabetes, and eating disorders in order to bring the body's chemistry, cellular functions, and metabolism under control. [+] descriptionFamily Practice Family practitioners are responsible for the total care of their patients, old and young, following their health over a number of years and coordinating their care with specialists when needed. With their vast range of medical knowledge, family practitioners are generally the first stop for most patients seeking medical advice, whether for a sore throat or a more serious medical concern. [+] descriptionGeneral Surgery General surgeons have broad-based experience in anatomy, physiology, wound healing, shock and resuscitation, and intensive-care medicine. They perform surgery to treat conditions in the abdomen, breasts, head and neck, and vascular system. They repair hernias and remove appendixes and cysts. Though many of the procedures that general surgeons perform may also be done by surgical specialists, general surgeons are often called in to perform surgeries in conjunction with a specialist or after a specialist has already diagnosed a patient and ordered a surgical treatment. Gastroenterologists care for patients who have conditions of the esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, and intestines. In addition to performing procedures related to conditions in these organs and providing preventive screening for diseases such as colon cancer, gastroenterologists also treat patients with common disorders such as heartburn and ulcers on an outpatient basis. Hematology is the medical field concerned with the treatment of blood and blood-tissue disorders. Using special methods to examine the structure of a patient's blood, hematologists diagnose and treat a range of blood-related diseases such as leukemia, hemophilia, and myeloma. Hematologists often work in conjunction with other specialists to care for a patient with a disease of the blood. [+] descriptionInternal Medicine Internal medicine is the specialty that deals with the general medical treatment of adults. Rather than focusing on a particular organ or body system, internal-medicine physicians are concerned with the total body health of their patients. Internists have wide-ranging medical knowledge and are capable of treating a host of medical problems, from minor to severe. Many internists choose to focus their expertise to include special care in certain areas, such as geriatrics. Neurologists specialize in the treatment of all aspects of nervous-system health, from migraine headaches to stroke and epilepsy. Neurologists work closely with psychiatrists when dealing with neurological disorders that affect emotional or mental functioning. [+] descriptionObstetrics and Gynecology Obstetricians and gynecologists focus on the health of the female reproductive system. Although they are not separate specialties, doctors often choose to spend more time in either obstetrics or gynecology. Technically, however, obstetricians care for women during pregnancy and through delivery, while gynecologists diagnose, treat, and screen for disorders and diseases of the female reproductive system. Gynecologists administer "Pap" smears to test for reproductive cancers, prescribe various methods of birth control, perform abortions, treat urinary tract illnesses, and examine breasts for irregularities. Ophthalmologists prescribe glasses and perform routine checks for diseases of the eye such as glaucoma. They also conduct surgeries on the eye to remove cataracts, correct various eye disorders, and transplant corneas, among other procedures. [+] descriptionOccupational Medicine The field of occupational medicine focuses on the preservation of health and prevention and treatment of workplace-related disease and injury. Occupational-medicine specialists must be well versed in the effects of radiation, in toxicology, orthopedics, and environmental hazards. They work both in and out of their offices, treating patients who have been injured in the workplace and surveying work environments to ensure that they are safe. Specialists in occupational medicine also advise employees and employers on how to work more safely, both in terms of handling equipment and dealing with psychological and environmental stresses. Oncologists examine, diagnose, and treat patients with cancer. Oncologists often work in close conjunction with surgeons and radiologists in order to treat patients with cancer. [+] descriptionOrthopedic Surgery Orthopedic surgeons treat patients with medical conditions of the musculoskeletal system. They handle broken and fractured limbs, perform surgeries to correct sports-related injuries, do joint replacements and see patients with congenital skeletal malformations and degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis. In their treatment of patients, orthopedic surgeons use the techniques of physical and rehabilitation therapies in addition to performing surgery and prescribing medicine. Otolaryngologists are otherwise known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT) doctors. They treat patients with a range of problems in these areas of the upper body, from ear infections to sinus problems and disorders of the larynx, or voice box. Otolaryngologists perform surgery and, because they regularly operate in conspicuous locations on the face and neck, are often trained in the art of plastic and reconstructive surgery. Patients rarely come into direct contact with pathologists, since their work is primarily lab-related, but the discreet role of pathologists in the daily administration of medicine is extremely vital. Pathologists examine tissues and conduct lab tests, confer with clinicians about which tests to order and which treatments to prescribe, and are crucial in helping to determine the correct diagnosis. Pediatricians care for the physical health of children and closely monitor their development from birth to adolescence. They not only provide primary and preventive health care for children, but they also treat chronic and acute pediatric diseases, such as diabetes and epilepsy, and help to educate parents on how to maintain the health of their children at home in their day-to-day lives. [+] descriptionPlastic Surgery Plastic surgeons perform operations to restore or correct their patients' appearance. Whether the goal of a procedure is to beautify a nose, correct a physical birth defect, repair facial structures after serious trauma, or reconstruct parts of the body ravaged by cancer, plastic surgeons use meticulous and often artful methods of surgery to help their patients feel better about their appearance and function better in their everyday lives. Psychiatrists treat mental, addictive, and emotional disorders, medically managing patients with drug treatments and helping patients and their families cope with problems and stress. Often psychiatrists work in conjunction with a patient's primary-care physician to help treat a range of disorders, such as depression, anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse. [+] descriptionPublic Health and General Preventative Medicine Public-health specialists, though they may see patients, are usually not involved with day-to-day clinical care. Overall, doctors in this specialty serve as advocates for community health and address the public and public officials on matters of health likely to affect us all, such as diet, stress, infectious diseases, and environmental contamination. Public-health and general-preventative-medicine specialists are often involved in research and educational activities that increase public awareness of health risks. Pulmonologists treat patients with lung disorders and diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer. Pulmonologists often work in such diverse areas as occupational medicine, intensive-care units, and direct respiratory-therapy departments. Two fields fall under the umbrella of radiology: diagnostic radiology and oncological radiology. Diagnostic radiologists administer, read, and interpret CT scans, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance images, and X-rays, all of which are diagnostic tools that help doctors assess and monitor a range of medical conditions, from sprained ankles to brain tumors. Some radiologists perform special procedures that can break up blood clots and turn off misfiring nerve endings. Radiation oncologists, now a separate subspecialty, see patients after they have been diagnosed with a condition such as cancer for which radiation therapy is the prescribed course of treatment. Radiation oncologists use various forms of radioactive energy to penetrate a patient's body and eradicate tumors. [+] descriptionThoracic Surgery Thoracic surgery, also called cardiothoracic surgery, involves surgery to the chest. Thoracic surgeons are trained to diagnose and operate on conditions of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Thoracic surgeons often consult with pulmonologists and cardiologists in their treatment of patients. Urologists diagnose and treat illnesses and disorders of the male and female urinary tract and male reproductive organs. Though urologists treat female patients with urinary disorders, many of a urologist's patients are men with sexual dysfunction or cancers of the kidneys, bladder, prostate, or testicles. Urologists perform surgical procedures, such as vasectomies, prostatectomies, or operations to remove bladder cancers. A drawing from the late-19th-century medical textbook entitled Anatomie normale du corps humain: atlas iconographique de XVI planches (Normal anatomy of the human body: an iconographic atlas of 16 plates), written by Sigismond Laskowski, illustrated by Sigismond Balicki, and published in Geneva in 1894 This feature originally appeared on the NOVA website in 2001, when Sydney Rose was an intern and Lexi Krock the editorial assistant at NOVA Online. Sydney Rose later went on to study medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College in Manhattan. As of April 2009, she was still deciding on her specialty. © | Created February 2009 Support provided by For new content visit the redesigned

<urn:uuid:e803a4e2-e2c6-4fab-b609-76e4f224891f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/specialties.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704253666/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113733-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

March is National Nutrition Month With warm weather approaching, the thought of pulling out my summer wardrobe is a motivator to pay attention to how much I’m putting on my plate. During National Nutrition Month, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics encourages everyone to “Get Your Plate in Shape.” Here are a few practical tips: Eat at least three meals a day and plan your meals ahead of time. Whether you’re eating at home, packing a lunch or eating out, an overall eating plan for the day will help keep you on track. Balance your plate with a variety of foods. Half your plate should be filled with fruits and vegetables, about one fourth with lean meat, poultry or fish, and one fourth with grains. Focus on your food. Pick one place to sit down and eat at home. Eating while doing other things may lead to eating more than you think. Know when you’ve had enough to eat. Quit before you feel full or stuffed. It takes about 20 minutes for your brain to get the message that your body is getting food. When your brain gets this message, you stop feeling hungry. So, fast eaters, slow down and give your brain a chance to get the word. Get plenty of fiber from fruits, vegetables, beans and whole grains. Fiber can help you feel full longer and lower your risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Snack smart. Plan for nutritious snacks to prevent between-meal hunger. Avoid oversized portions by using smaller plates, bowls and glasses. The standard 10-inch plate may be too large for you. Switch to 8-inch or appetizer-sized plates, and you will automatically portion and eat less. Get into the kitchen and stay in charge of what you’re eating. Cooking more often at home not only allows you to balance what’s on your plate, but also enables you to choose healthier fats, less sodium and increase the fiber in your diet, while balancing the amount of calories you eat. Watch out for liquid calories. The calories in fruit juices and drinks with added sugar, sports drinks, sugar-laden coffee beverages, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages can add up fast. This recipe will help your plate look like it should, with plenty of vegetables. Basic Vegetable Stir-Fry Use 1-2 cups of vegetables per person. Common choices include onion, broccoli, celery, carrots, peppers, mushrooms, summer squash, cauliflower, cabbage, bok choy. Use ¼ cup or so of sauce per four servings. Common choices include reduced sodium soy sauce, teriyaki sauce, stir-fry sauce, sweet chili sauce. Serve with 1 cup of starch choice per person. Choices include rice, couscous, rice noodles and pasta, with whole grain choices being most nutritious. May serve with your choice of protein: tofu, chicken and seafood are all great in stir-fry. Wash and cut vegetables into small, even sized pieces. Heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil over medium high heat in a 10-inch fry pan or a stir-fry pan. Add vegetables to the pan in order of firmness — harder foods first, such as cauliflower, and ending with softer foods like mushrooms. Move vegetables around in the pan to keep them from sticking. Cook them for a few minutes until they are brightly colored and still crisp. Add the sauce to taste and stir until thoroughly coated. If your protein choice is uncooked, repeat stir fry process with small pieces of protein. Serve with your choice of starch. Margie Mansure, M.S., R.D. is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and extension agent with N.C. Cooperative Extension. She offers personalized classes to improve the health of citizens in Watauga County through worksites, schools and community groups. For more information, email [email protected] or call (828) 264-3061.

<urn:uuid:430f684d-3ff0-477e-b965-cb6e9d22195d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mountaintimes.com/columns-serves-you-right/articles/March-is-National-Nutrition-Month-id-022641

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698150793/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095550-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

TRIANGLE, Va. – One of the sledgehammers used by Marines during John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 is now on display in the “Defending the New Republic” gallery at the National Museum of the Marine Corps. The sledgehammer is displayed near a diorama depicting the historic scene, and was donated to the Museum by the Rissler family of Charles Town, W.Va., who owned the sledgehammer for nearly 100 years. The sledgehammer has a storied past. In October 1859, abolitionist John Brown raided the Unites States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in an attempt to arm slaves and initiate a revolt throughout the South. In addition to taking over the arsenal, Brown captured local civilians and held them hostage in the engine house of the Armory. Upon hearing news of the raid, the Marines responded promptly. Under the command of Col. Robert E Lee, USA, and led by Lt. Israel Green, USMC, a detachment of Marines from 8th and I were sent to quell the uprising. They arrived at Harpers Ferry on Oct. 17, 1859. On the morning of Oct. 18, Lee’s aid, Lt J.E.B. Stuart offered to accept Brown’s surrender, which Brown vehemently refused. Upon Stuart’s signal, three Marines wielding sledgehammers attempted to break down the engine house doors, but the doors held fast. Another group of Marines picked up a nearby ladder and successfully penetrated one of the doors, which allowed Lt. Green to rush inside where he quickly captured Brown. One Marine, Private Luke Quinn, lost his life in the raid. John Brown was arrested and later tried and hung for treason. In the wake of the raid, a local bystander, Dr. Robert Randolph, picked up one of the three sledgehammers used by the Marines. Upon Dr. Randolph’s death, the sledgehammer was left to Joseph A. Dewar who subsequently sold it at an auction in 1914 to Richard Johnston. The tool was passed down through the family to Johnston’s great-grand-nephew, John Rissler. In August 2011, Rissler’s widow, Alice, presented the sledgehammer to the National Museum of the Marine Corps on behalf of the Rissler family. “The Marines were told to take part in this assault with unloaded muskets, just bayonets, because they didn’t want to harm any of the hostages,” Ron Rissler, a member of the family said. “These men, within 24 hours of being on guard duty at the Navy Yard in Washington, came to Harpers Ferry and led the assault… One lost his life, Luke Quinn… If anyone deserves (the sledgehammer), it’s the Marine Corps.” The National Museum of the Marine Corps is located at 18900 Jefferson Davis Highway, Triangle, Va., and is open from 9 a.m.-5 p.m. every day except Christmas. Further information about museum activities and programs can be found at www.usmcmuseum.org. To learn more about Civil War collectibles, check out our Warman’s Civil War Collectibles Identification and Price Guide, 3rd Ed. By Russell E. Lewis YOU MAY ALSO BE INTERESTED IN: MORE RESOURCES FOR COLLECTORS - Great Militaria Books, CDs & More - Sign up for your FREE email newsletter - Share your opinions in the Military Forum

<urn:uuid:0690fca3-f734-48c7-8576-f2afe7fe92dc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.militarytrader.com/military-trader-news/sledgehammer-used-during-harpers-ferry-raid-on-exhibit

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706298270/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121138-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE The Optical Society Photo Gallery: Applied Optics Special Issue on Light and Color in the Open Air Images capture beauty and science behind natural optical phenomena WASHINGTON, Oct. 6– Nature creates countless stunning optical phenomena. Some of the most familiar are rainbows, fog bows, coronas, sprites, and mirages, but other, more complex and often more compelling phenomena are also witnessed and imaged, though far less frequently and often under challenging conditions that require great patience. When captured as images, these phenomena also reveal important scientific insights into the properties of light under normal and extreme natural conditions. To highlight research in this area, the editors of the Optical Society's (OSA) journal Applied Optics, have published a special focus issue on Light and Color in the Open Air. Accompanying the issue is an online photo gallery of the most striking images of natural optical phenomena contained in the papers in this special issue. The images in the gallery were selected for their evocative qualities, inspirational presentation, and their ability to represent complex optical principles simply. Images include optical phenomena such as moon glitter on the ocean, a lunar corona, noctilucent clouds, mirages, supersuns, and underwater 3-D imaging. The papers in the special issue were contributed by a mix of physicists, engineers, meteorologists, astronomers, and enthusiasts in the field of natural optical phenomena. Also in the issue, a separate news release with images of the first-ever photographs of both triple and quadruple rainbows is available online. EDITOR'S NOTE: Each image in the gallery contains a brief descriptive caption as well as a more thorough lay-language summary. This lay-language summary describes the subject matter and the basic optics involved in its interpretation. The captions also include a link to their respective papers, which present a thorough analysis of the phenomena and contain other related images. High-resolution versions of any of the images in the gallery are available to members of the media upon request. Please contact Angela Stark, [email protected]. About Applied Optics Applied Optics is the Optical Society's most widely read journal. Published three times each month, the journal reports significant optics applications in areas such as optical testing and instrumentation, medical optics, holography, optical neural networks, LIDAR and remote sensing, laser materials processing, and more. Each issue of Applied Optics contains content from three divisions of editorial scope: Optical Technology; Information Processing; and Lasers, Photonics, and Environmental Optics. For more information, visit www.OpticsInfoBase.org/AO. Uniting more than 130,000 professionals from 175 countries, the Optical Society (OSA) brings together the global optics community through its programs and initiatives. Since 1916 OSA has worked to advance the common interests of the field, providing educational resources to the scientists, engineers and business leaders who work in the field by promoting the science of light and the advanced technologies made possible by optics and photonics. OSA publications, events, technical groups and programs foster optics knowledge and scientific collaboration among all those with an interest in optics and photonics. For more information, visit www.osa.org.

<urn:uuid:ec26dff8-b891-4d9d-a860-3563ec892872>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.osa.org/en-us/about_osa/newsroom/newsreleases/2011/applied-optics-special-issue/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00040-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

This weekend's nuclear shutdown in Japan is being greeted with a mixture of anxiety and optimism, just over a year since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident signaled the beginning of the end of the country's dependence on atomic energy. By May 6, the last of Japan's 50 working reactors – another four were crippled in the disaster – will be offline when the Hokkaido Electric Power Company closes the No. 3 unit at its Tomari plant in the far north, in the industry's first enforced closure in Japan since 1965. Debate is now swirling around the prospects for the economy and environment post-Fukushima, as Japan braces itself for a long, hot summer and the possibility of power cuts that could prove the most severe test of public resolve yet. RELATED – 10 most nuclear dependent nations: where does Japan fit? Before the 11 March disaster, Japan relied on nuclear power for about 30 percent of its electricity, and planned to increase its share to more than 50 percent by 2030. To make up the shortfall in power production it has dramatically increased its dependence on liquefied natural gas (LNG), coal and oil for use in thermal power stations. LNG imports alone rose 52 percent in value to 5.4 trillion yen ($67 billion) in the year through March. That may have kept the lights on in the world's third-biggest economy, but it has also rung alarm bells among manufacturers and cast doubt on Japan's ability to meet greenhouse-gas emissions targets agreed on in Copenhagen in 2009. In a preliminary report released this week, the government's national policy unit projected a 5 percent power shortage for Tokyo, while the Kansai Electric Power Company predicted a 16 percent power shortfall in western Japan, which includes the major industrial city of Osaka. "I have to say we are facing the risk of a very severe electricity shortage," said the economy, trade and industry minister, Yukio Edano, adding that the extra cost of importing fuel for use in thermal power stations could be passed on to individual consumers though higher electricity bills.Public mood Despite the risks, Mr. Edano and other government ministers have failed to persuade local authorities to restart two reactors at Oi nuclear power plant in Fukui Prefecture, situated in western Japan – the first to pass mandatory stress tests to gauge their ability to withstand disasters such as the tsunami that sent three of Fukushima Daiichi's six reactors into meltdown. Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda does not require local approval to order a restart, but the public mood is such that it will take a brave – or possibly reckless – politician to override residents. In a recent national poll by Kyodo News, almost 60 percent of Japanese citizens were opposed to restarting the Oi reactors, while 26.7 percent were in favor. Significantly, the Mainichi Shimbun recently became the first major newspaper to come out in favor of ditching nuclear power. "The illusion of nuclear power safety has been torn out by the root," it said in an editorial. "The Fukushima nuclear disaster that followed the great waves of 11 March last year made sure of that." Opposition from leaders representing areas served by the Oi plant have also made an immediate restart unlikely. "The first evaluation of the stress test is absolutely not sufficient grounds for restarting the Oi reactors," Osaka Mayor Toru Hashimoto told reporters. "I'm totally against it. We are not even sure yet if there will be a power shortage this summer, or by how much."Resistance to abandoning nuclear energy But last month, Yoshito Sengoku, the acting president of the governing Democratic Party of Japan, likened the abandonment of nuclear energy to "mass suicide." Along with grim forecasts from Japan's biggest business lobby, Keidanren, that power rationing and higher fuel bills will hit production and earnings, come warnings that the nuclear shutdown will derail the country's attempts to reduce its carbon footprint. The environment ministry projects that, without nuclear power, Japan will produce about 15 percent more greenhouse-gas emissions this fiscal year than it did in the baseline year of 1990. But a ministry panel believes that Japan can still reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions by 25 percent by 2030 from 1990 levels without nuclear, provided it makes energy savings and speeds up the adoption of renewables, which currently account for just 10 percent of the energy mix. "A nuclear-free Japan is a safer Japan," says Junichi Sato, executive director of Greenpeace Japan. "To ensure a safe, secure and prosperous future, Japan must remain nuclear free by ditching atomic energy in favor of renewable energy." If Mr. Sato is right and Japan manages to brave the summer heat without power blackouts, the pressure to make the temporary nuclear shutdown permanent could be almost impossible to resist. IN PICTURES – Nuclear Japan: from meltdown to shutdown Get daily or weekly updates from CSMonitor.com delivered to your inbox. Sign up today.

<urn:uuid:0475a454-0083-43d0-a3e4-fceca6d7f6c1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://news.yahoo.com/japan-shuts-down-last-nuclear-reactor-tests-end-150000087.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701409268/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105009-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Cycles of the Earth System Our planet is constantly changing. Natural cycles balance and regulate Earth and its atmosphere. Human activities can cause changes to these natural cycles. Life on Earth is well adapted to our planet’s cycles. In our solar system, Earth is the only planet with air to breathe, liquid water to drink, and temperatures that are just right for life as we know it. Because our existence depends on our planet and its climate, we need to understand how what we do affects the Earth. Scientists try to figure out how our planet works by studying Earth’s cycles. Changes to Earth’s cycles can cause changes in the climates of our planet. The more we know about these cycles, the more we will understand how humans are affecting them and how that might change the planet. Click on the cycles below to learn more about how they work!

<urn:uuid:5030c673-5ed9-4842-95ed-a50c3f2ad1b1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eo.ucar.edu/kids/green/cycles1.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711240143/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133400-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Mexico Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions from Mexico grew exponentially at a rate of 6.5% per year from 1891 to 1982. Since 1982, total fossil-fuel CO2emissions have slowly grown and now stand at 130 million metric tons of carbon. Emissions growth over time has been due to increasing oil production and in 2008, 59.8% of emissions were from petroleum products, the highest fraction of crude oil dependence of the major CO2-emitting countries. Per capita emissions (1.20 metric tons of carbon in 2008) are slightly below the global average. Consumption of natural gas has become increasingly important in Mexico and now accounts for 23.6% of fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. CITE AS: Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2011. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2011

<urn:uuid:e3632fd4-f8ad-43dd-a67a-de62633a47be>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_mex.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705955434/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120555-00098-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Stem Cells and Lupus Research The LFA believes that research on stem cells holds promise to better understand how diseases occur, and discover new ways to treat disabling and potentially fatal conditions such as lupus, which affects an estimated 1.5 million Americans and at least five million people worldwide. Expanding stem cell research will accelerate the pace of discovery on the potential therapeutic benefits of stem cells and help basic and clinical researchers learn how stem cells can be used to develop life-saving treatments. About Stem Cells Stem cells possess the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are taken from human embryos. They are found exclusively in early-stage embryos, from which all the body’s 200-plus types of tissue ultimately grow. They are the body’s master cells. Adult stem cells are found in mature tissues that have already developed and are more specialized than embryonic stem cells. The body uses these cells to replace other cells that die off throughout the normal course of life. The most common source of tissue-specific stem cells is the bone marrow, located in the center of some bones. Learn more about stem cells from the National Institutes of Health Website About Stem Cell Research for Lupus Current research on lupus involves the use of adult stem cells. Stem cell transplantation is currently being studied for treatment of severe lupus. In this procedure, stem cells are taken from the patient and are re-infused, or put back, into the patient after researchers have eliminated defective white blood cells that are responsible for lupus disease activity. Results of several early clinical studies of stem cell transplantation for lupus have been promising. In one study, half of the patients remained disease-free five years after undergoing the procedure. Another form of adult stem cells being studied in lupus are mesenchymal stem cells. These cells derived from bone marrow or umbilical cords, are anti-inflammatory and in studies in lupus mice clearly lead to improvement in disease. Uncontrolled studies primarily done in Asia suggest that mesenchymal stem cells may also be effective in humans with lupus. About LFA-Funded Stem Cell Research The aim of the LFA Research Program is to bring down barriers and advance the science of lupus. Stem cell transplantation holds promise as an alternative for lupus patients in whom other therapies have been tried unsuccessfully. The LFA thus far has awarded six grants to advance basic and clinical adult stem cell transplantation research in humans as a treatment for lupus. Richard Burt, M.D. Northwestern University, Chicago Gary Gilkeson, M.D. Medical University of South Carolina Mariana Kaplan, M.D. University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor Kenneth Kalunian, M.D. University of California, San Diego Igor Slukvin, M.D., Ph.D. University of Wisconsin, Madison Carol Webb, Ph.D. Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation

<urn:uuid:2dffbc67-db03-4394-8d28-517ab5d79f6e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.lupus.org/webmodules/webarticlesnet/templates/new_researchlfa.aspx?articleid=4335&zoneid=31

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708546926/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124906-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases: Lesson plans and teaching resources Commas: Introductory Prepositional Phrases Interactive practice with punctuation of long introductory phrases. Appropriate for elementary students and older. Finding Prepositional Phrases Students find the prepositional phrases in the sentences given. Kinds (Function) of Prepositional Phrase Recognition Practice An explanation, 10 practice sentences, and answers. Filling in the Blanks: Using Modifiers to Provide Detail Students develop voice and style by adding details to their writing. Phrase/Clause Recognition Practice An explanation of the difference, examples, and 15 practice items. Answers available. Playing with Prepositions through Poetry Students play with words as they explore how prepositions work in Ruth Heller's picture book Behind the Mask. They first explore the use of language in the text and identify how prepositions are used. They then read and identify prepositions used in a poem. Finally, students compose their own original prepositional poems, which they publish in a multimodal format modeled on Heller's text. This slide presentation is a good review activity for independent work by individual students or small groups. The Preposition Song Students memorize a list of prepositions sung to "Yankee Doodle." Prepositional Phrase Identification Interactive practice identifying prepositional phrases, appropriate for elementary students and older. Follow links on the left for additional exercises. Prepositional Phrase Recognition Practice This page offers a definition, examples, a list of prepositions, and 10 sentences for students to practice with. Students can check their responses by clicking on "answers." A collection of teacher-tested activities for teaching prepositions to elementary students. Third graders read Find the Puppy by Felicity Brooks and identify the prepositions. After practicing prepositions by completing worksheets (not included), students write their own preposition books. Students complete a variety of activities including identifying prepositions, expanding sentences using prepositional phrases, and distinguishing prepositions and adverbs. In cooperative groups the students will analyze the last three lines of the Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln as well as write prepositional phrase poetry. Designed for grades 6-8. Rosie's Walk by Pat Hutchins Four activities to develop literacy skills, including one that helps students learn prepositions. Print this card and send it home with students to work on with parents.

<urn:uuid:a29bf2ec-b585-4fc1-9978-f4561a6ddf09>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.webenglishteacher.com/prepositions.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703293367/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112133-00052-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Visit Salford | Discover the city The Restoration of Ordsall Hall Between February 2009 and May 2011, Ordsall Hall enjoyed a complete restoration and redevelopment, thanks to the generosity of funding bodies and individuals from across the United Kingdom. Before money was secured to sustain its future, the hall was falling into disrepair with the roof in a bad state and historically significant rooms being completely inaccessible. Costing just under £6.5 million, the Extraordinary Ordsall Hall Project allowed new life to be breathed into the old timbers of the hall. In terms of building restoration and conservation, activity included work on all architectural elements of the hall including the roof, woodwork, stained glass, plaster, stoneware, terracotta and paint. Why is Ordsall Hall so special? The hall represents the continual evolution and use of an almost unique building from the fourtheenth century to the modern day and is one of the finest records of construction techniques and materials of its kind in the North West of England. Ordsall Hall is only of only eight comparable, Grade 1 listed, timber-framed, large houses in Lancashire and one of only three which retains significant fourteenth century fabric. The hall contains a number of nationally significant rooms and architectural features, including: - The East Wing, some of which dates back to the 1360s. This also contains rare, surviving examples of medieval domestic apartments which makes it especially significant - The Great Hall - one of the largest, open, timber framed halls in the North West - Quatrefoils (four leaf repeating pattern found on the Tudor interior and exterior of the hall). These are more usually associated with halls in the South East of England. Ordsall Hall appears to have set a fashion in the North for the quatrefoil pattern when it had it emblazoned on the interior and exterior of its Great Hall in 1512 - Six, medieval pieces of armorial stained glass - The Italian Plaster Ceiling Room - As its name suggests, the main feature of this room is a rare plaster ceiling of Italianate 'lozenge' design. Never before seen by the public, the ceiling has been carefully restored to its original 1500s appearence - Restored medieval paintwork depicting pomegranates and oak leaves on the roof brace in the Great Chamber. Pomegranates were an early symbol of unity and fertility, with oak leaves being used to represent strength of faith Overall objective of the restoration project The objective of the project was to allow the hall to be fit for purpose for the next 800 years. The team involved also wanted to use the hall's own distinctive and unique building features to tell its story. A story of which only a small part had been properly told before. As part of this, the following objectives were reached: - The installation of 2 lifts to allow unlimited access for all to every part of the hall - The opening up of the previously unseen and unused roof space and upper floor of the medieval East Wing - The restoration and conservation of the unique, sixteenth century Italian plaster ceiling room that had suffered years of decay and bad maintenance - The complete restoration of six medieval, armorial stained glass panels that had languished in both dust and pieces for many years in Salford Heritage's stores - The complete restoration and conservation of medieval paintwork - The stripping back of Victorian blackened wood throughout the building to reveal sixteenth century honey-coloured oak beams beneath, replete with original carpentry marks. This has resulted in the entire internal and external appearance of the hall altering, for the positive Strategy for implementation Because of the significance of the building and site all repairs, maintenance and general conservation work were carried out in compliance with best conservation principles. Formalized policies were drawn up to guide this process. These included the focus on retaining as much of the original material as possible and to pursue a policy of minimum intervention to the historic fabric. On all aspects, workmanship of the highest standard was expected and delivered. Original materials, or those as close to the originals as possible, were used. For example, lime and hair were key ingredients in the restoration of the Italian Plaster Ceiling, air dried English Oak was used in the timber frame repairs, and mud and daub dug out from the grounds of the hall were used to replicate the mix of the West Wing roofspace trusses. Wireless technology was used for elements such as a the fire alarm to avoid visually intrusive cabling. The hall offers a true and honest interpretation of building styles over the centuries. We have kept everything - from medieval wattle and daub to 1970s concrete lintels - to allow the visitor to read the true development of the building over time. Accessible specialist reports Reports were produced for the project by a number of specialists. You can access a range of these by viewing our downloadable documents section. - Archaeology report (Adobe PDF format, 277kb) - Ordsall Hall Gazetteer (Adobe PDF format, 9.14mb) - Conservation Management Plan (Adobe PDF format, 30.9mb) - Ordsall Hall Stage 2 Stained Glass report (Adobe PDF format, 16.7kb) - Hirst Conservation - Paintwork final treatment report (Adobe PDF format, 3.2mb) - YJA Conservation - The Conservation of the Plasterworks of Ordsall Hall (Adobe PDF format, 1.29mb)

<urn:uuid:cc77868b-0e62-4783-8178-7e61464380cd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.visitsalford.info/ordsall-restoration.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698411148/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100011-00046-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Collective bargaining is a process in which a union and an employer negotiate a collective agreement. A collective agreement is a written contract of employment covering a group of employees who are represented by a trade union. This agreement outlines the terms and conditions of employment. It also contains the rights, privileges and duties of the employer, the union and the employees. The first step in the collective bargaining process is for either party to formally give notice to bargain. The Labour Relations Act states that notice to bargain can be given by either party within 90 days of the expiration of the collective agreement. In the Ontario education sector, all collective agreements expired August 31, 2012. Under the Labour Relations Act, contracts stay in effect after their expiry date until a new contract is reached. Local bargaining began between the TDSB and its union partners in September 2012. The parties are required by legislation to meet and to bargain in good faith. This means that each side must make every reasonable effort to reach a collective agreement. At any time after bargaining starts, either party can apply for conciliation. Conciliation involves an application to the Ministry of Labour requesting the appointment of a conciliation officer. If parties are in negotiations, they must use the government's conciliation services before they can get into a position to engage in a strike or lock-out. Conciliators do not have a formal mandate or authority but work with the parties to see if they can help resolve differences and reach a collective agreement. At any time after conciliation begins, either party can apply to the Minister of Labour for a “no board” report. When conciliation fails, the Minister can issue a notice informing the parties that he or she does not consider it advisable to appoint a Conciliation Board. This has become known as the “no board report”. As a matter of practice, the Minister generally will issue a “no board” report within one week of a request being made. Once a no board report is issued, a 16-day wait period starts before further actions can be taken. When this period has expired on the 17th day, employees are in a legal strike position and the employer can impose a lockout or new terms and conditions of employment. Strike and Lockout A strike is any action or activity by teachers that is designed or expected to have the effect of curtailing, limiting, or interfering with: the normal activities of the board or its employees; the operation or functioning of schools or programs; and the performance of teachers as set out in the Education Act or a regulation including the withdrawal of services. A lock-out is when an employer closes a workplace, suspends work or refuses to continue employing a number of employees during a labour dispute. There are several things that need to happen to get into a legal position to strike or lock-out: Employees cannot lawfully strike unless a strike vote by secret ballot is taken within 30 days of the collective agreement expiring or at any time after the agreement expires, and more than 50 per cent vote in favour of the strike.

<urn:uuid:aa257899-51e5-405a-8059-08f43770959e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tdsb.on.ca/_site/ViewItem.asp?siteid=10639&menuid=41028&pageid=34394

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704655626/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114415-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Tree giveaway is going on this morning at the Baker Building. Many businesses have contributed to the event. It will last from 8-10 am. Three types of trees are being given away, and each family gets one set. Trees are important to the environment and are known for coolness of shade on hot days. Trees are known for living hundreds of years and adding beauty to any landscape. The attached article lists more important aspects of a tree. If you like trees or would just like to participate, please be encouraged to go on out now to get a tree. The Bible utilizes the tree throughout the Scripture. It is used as analogy to describe types of people either good or bad. What kind of tree are you? What types of fruit do you produce or do you produce any at all? These are some tree aspects talked about in the Bible. Jesus utilized the tree in many stories. Here are some verses: - “Make a tree good and its fruit will be good, or make a tree bad and its fruit will be bad, for a tree is recognized by its fruit.(Matthew 12:33) - By their fruit you will recognize them. Do people pick grapes from thorn bushes, or figs from thistles? Likewise, every good tree bears good fruit, but a bad tree bears bad fruit. A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, and a bad tree cannot bear good fruit. (Matthew 7:16-18) Even your faith is compared to a tree, the mustard seed that grows to have branches for the birds. Do not forget the tree of life that will be for all believers in the New City of Jerusalem. Believers will you be a good tree with exponential faith in Jesus. Challenge: Examine yourself to see if you are a tree with belief in Jesus to last throughout eternity. Please see attached article below:

<urn:uuid:ff9c3f48-9237-448f-8ce0-5187d23cf35f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.examiner.com/list/what-kind-of-tree-matthew-7-16-18?cid=rss

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00055-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

FOREIGN COUNTRIES' POLICIES AND PROGRAMS WORLD AND U.S. GRAIN OVERVIEW Global wheat trade in 1998/99 is projected at 97.7 million tons, 2 million tons lower than the 1997/98 level. World production is forecast to be 601 million tons, down 9 million tons from the 1997/98 record. A decrease of 3 million tons is expected in Argentina, while only a slightly lower crop is projected in the United States. A record harvest (over 101 million tons) is expected in the European Union while Australias crop is projected up 1.5 million tons and Canadas crop is forecast near the last years level. Lower import demand is mostly attributed to higher production in several key import markets, including most of North Africa, Iran, and Pakistan. Global consumption is forecast to reach record levels and for the first time in three years, is projected to exceed production, drawing down ending stocks by 1.4 million tons. The global stocks-to-use ratio is expected to be slightly lower at 21.8 percent. Global rice trade in calendar year 1999 is projected at 20.2 million tons, down 3.2 million tons from 1998, as a return to normal weather will allow production to rebound in the importing countries that are driving 1998 trade to record levels. 1998/99 world production is projected at a record 575 million tons (rough), up nearly 7 million tons from the previous year. While most of the major exporters are expected to increase production or match last years level, the critical difference is expected in Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Brazil. 1998/99 production by these importers is projected to increase by a total of 6.4 million tons. The projected surge in production is expected to allow global consumption to rise to record levels. Trade in calendar year 1998 is forecast to reach a record 23.4 million tons. The high level of trade is the result of production shortfalls in Indonesia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, and throughout most of Latin America. However, record crops in Thailand, China and India have allowed these countries to increase exports to meet the demand. The United States and Vietnam also have had increased exportable supplies available, and Japan has emerged as a major exporter of rice as food aid. World coarse grain trade in 1998/99 is forecast marginally lower this month (at 88.0 million tons), and is expected to decline slightly from 1997/98 (estimated 600,000 tons higher this month, at 88.4 million). This is the second consecutive year of falling coarse grain trade. Estimated corn trade was increased for both years, with 1997/98 trade up 1 million tons to 63.9 million and 1998/99 trade raised 500,000 tons to 62.1 million. Barley trade, however, is estimated lower for both years, down 400,000 tons to 14.1 million in 1997/98 and 600,000 tons to 15.3 million in 1998/99 as demand for feed barley continues to soften. Projected coarse grain consumption in 1998/99, while still at record levels, is forecast 8 million tons lower this month, at 892 million tons. Download the tables in: Adobe Acrobat Format Lotus Spreadsheet Format Return to Table of Contents

<urn:uuid:d6509512-7b49-4f7a-be54-a82efe9b7ccc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fas.usda.gov/grain/circular/1998/98-07/execsumm.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704662229/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114422-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

See what questions a doctor would ask. Swollen calf: Swollen calf is listed as an alternate name or description for symptom: Causes of Calf swelling (Swollen calf): See detailed list of causes below. Calf swelling (medical symptom): Swelling of the calf muscle (behind the lower leg) The list of medical condition causes of Calf swelling (Swollen calf) includes: Research the causes of these related symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom Swollen calf: Research the causes of these symptoms that are more broader types of symptom than Swollen calf: For a medical symptom description of 'Swollen calf', the following symptom information may be relevant to the symptoms: Calf swelling (symptom). However, note that other causes of the symptom 'Swollen calf' may be possible. More information on symptom: Calf swelling: Research related medical symptoms or conditions such as: Search Specialists by State and City

<urn:uuid:4d762bea-8dd3-4e0b-9b55-de617a617133>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/symptom/swollen-calf.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- When mad cow disease occurred in England in 1986, it dealt a severe economic blow to the British beef industry. A scientist has developed a way to identify the presence of an abnormal protein in the blood of animals that gives rise to diseases such as mad cow disease. The technique might lead to a diagnostic test for such diseases. - "The big breakthrough is that to this point no one has been able to pick up the agent that causes the diseases in the blood of animals," said Mary Jo Schmerr, the Agriculture Research Service chemist who developed the - The technique tags the abnormal proteins, called prions, they are pushed through a small capillary. If the florescent tag binds to the proteins, it is an indicator that prions are present and the animal is infected. With further development, the assay could be packaged as a test kit and shipped around the country. - The tagging of prions also allows researchers to learn how the proteins move in the blood stream and at what stage the disease infects the brains of animals, where it causes the most damage. - Mad cow disease is the best known of these diseases, known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. When mad cow disease occurred in England in 1986 it dealt a severe economic blow to the British beef industry. Mad cow disease would have a similar devastating impact if detected in North America. - All sheep in North America are susceptible to scrapie, another form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathie. development of this assay may lead to a diagnostic test for this fatal disease agent in animals and humans. Such a diagnostic test would be an important tool for the control of these diseases," administrator Floyd Horn said in a statement. - "This is the kind of tool needed to prevent that kind of disaster," said Schmerr. With a test kit, researchers could go in and find out what animals have the disease and "put a wall around the sick animals." - Other forms of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies include scrapie, which all sheep in North America are susceptible to. Elk and mule deer get the chronic wasting disease and mink are susceptible to yet another - Humans are susceptible to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is rare in the United States and kuru has never been seen outside New Guinea, according to the Agricultural Research - Copyright 1999, Environmental News Network, All Rights

<urn:uuid:0b3aa515-1080-4701-bba3-bca88a667612>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://rense.com/health3/cowtests_h.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704658856/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114418-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

According to Hindu beliefs, humans have to go through different cycles of birth and death or incarnations to cleanse their sins through good thoughts and actions to attain salvation or moksha. Thus, the ultimate purpose of human life as per Hindu religious beliefs is to attain a state of release from the bondages, sufferings and strife caused by bad deeds or karmas. Legend has it that a dip in the holy rivers on the occasion of Maha Kumbh Mela will wash away the sins committed in present and previous births to attain moksha by devotees. It is said after visiting the Kumbh Mela of 1895, Mark Twain wrote thus: “It is wonderful, the power of a faith like that, that can make multitudes upon multitudes of the old and weak and the young and frail enter without hesitation or complaint upon such incredible journeys and endure the resultant miseries without repining. It is done in love, or it is done in fear; I do not know which it is. No matter what the impulse is, the act born of it is beyond imagination, marvelous to our kind of people, the cold whites." The next Kumbh called "Simhastha" will be held at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh on the bank of river Shipra in 2016. The most popular citizen journalists' reports on merinews chosen automatically on the basis of views and comments View more jobs

<urn:uuid:3c30403f-211b-409e-896c-e33dbdcd6fac>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.merinews.com/article/millions-of-devotees-take-a-dip-in-ganga-to-cleanse-sins/15880474.shtml

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697917013/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095157-00073-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists. Search native plant database: Bransford, W.D. and Dolphia Viola pubescens Ait. Downy yellow violet Synonyms: Viola pubescens var. pubescens, Viola pensylvanica USDA Symbol: VIPU3 USDA Native Status: Native to U.S. This is a softly hairy violet, 9-12 in. tall. The bright yellow flowers, veined with purple toward the throat, grow on leafy stems above sturdy green foliage. Among the numerous yellow violets, the hairy nature of this species is usually distinctive. However, one variety of this species, Smooth Yellow Violet (V. pubescens var. pubescens), has non-hairy foliage, including 1-3 heart-shaped basal leaves. Full species of yellow violet that are both stemmed and non-hairy include the Three-part-leaved Violet (V. tripartita), a southern and western species with 3-lobed leaves, and the Prairie Yellow Violet (V. nuttallii), with lanceolate leaves. Our only stemless yellow Violet (with flowers and leaves on separate stalks) is the Round-leaved Yellow Violet (V. rotundifolia), with a small flower and roundish basal leaves. Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial Habit: Herb Leaf: Dark Green Fruit: Size Class: Bloom InformationBloom Color: Orange , Yellow Bloom Time: May , Jun AL , AR , CT , DC , DE , GA , IA , IL , IN , KS , KY , LA , MA , MD , ME , MI , MN , MO , MS , NC , ND , NE , NH , NJ , NY , OH , OK , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , VA , VT , WI , WV , WY Canada: MB , QC Native Distribution: N.S. to SD, s. to VA uplands, MS & OK Native Habitat: Rich, dry woods; alluvial woods USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(N) Growing ConditionsWater Use: Medium Light Requirement: Part Shade Soil Moisture: Dry Soil pH: Acidic (pH<6.8) CaCO3 Tolerance: Low Soil Description: Rich, dry soils. Conditions Comments: Not Available BenefitUse Food: Flowers edible. Conspicuous Flowers: yes PropagationDescription: This violet can be propagated by seed. If seeds are sown in flats, do not disturb the seedlings until the second year. Seed Collection: Use wire cages over plants to deter chipmunks, if you want to collect seeds. Watch the seed pods closely and pick them just as they are about to turn tan. Drop them into a glass jar with a piece of tissue to keep them from molding. Seed Treatment: Not Available Commercially Avail: yes Mr. Smarty Plants says Ground cover for trails in Northeast Texas January 09, 2008 I have several acres of wooded land in Northeast Texas, Southern Lamar County. Both sandy and black land. I have created trails through the woods and would like to plant a native ground cover or gras... view the full question and answer From the National Suppliers Directory According to the inventory provided by Associate Suppliers, this plant is available at the following locations: American Native Nursery - Quakertown, PA Recommended Species Lists Find native plant species by state. Each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. Once you have selected a collection, you can browse the collection or search within it using the combination search. View Recommended Species page Record Modified: 2010-05-08 Research By: TWC Staff

<urn:uuid:36e1fe5b-8ef1-446c-a110-fedd2a47d5d3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VIPU3

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705575935/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115935-00038-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Now don’t get offended with the title of this music theory book…I use it as a reference book for my piano teaching and composing. The title…“The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory”. The description on the front cover of this book gives an excellent overview: “Essential information on reading and writing—including basic notes, rhythms and scales” “Helpful hints on creating your own melodies, chords and harmonies” “Audio exercises (CD included) to develop your ear training skills” My favorite chapter in the Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory deals with chords…(chapter 9). This chapter gives the reader an overview of the basic types of chords used in today’s music. For example…the basic types of chords mentioned in this chapter include the following: Major, minor, diminished and augmented. The chapter then goes into “chord extensions”…my favorite section! Oh, and the “power” chords are interesting too There is a complete chord appendix in the back of the book that covers every kind of chord–in every key! The writer of this book says to use this appendix when you want to write a chord but don’t know how. List of the Appendixes A. The Complete Idiot’s Music Glossary B. The Complete Idiot’s Chord Reference C. Answers to Chapter Exercises D. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD Click on following link to view a sample chapter of this book: You may purchase the book at the above link or try to find on Ebay or Amazon for a more reasonable price. (make sure the CD is included)

<urn:uuid:5cb5b9e8-e083-4fec-a5f7-62ab4959da31>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://thechurchpianist.com/tag/the-complete-idiots-guide-to-music-theory/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701233842/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104713-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The transition from late winter conditions to early summer tends to be a protracted and erratic process over much of Newfoundland. Purely from the standpoint of climate and weather, "spring" in this region implies an overall rise of mean daily temperatures through the melting point, causing gradual disappearance of snow and ice. Snow line and forest limit, near Grand Bay, southwestern Newfoundland. © 1998, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. The average daily air temperature reaches 0° C near April 1st over the Avalon and Burin peninsulas, but not until about a month later near the Strait of Belle Isle and lowland southeastern areas of Labrador (including Lake Melville). North of a line from the Hopedale area to Schefferville (Québec) this degree of warming is delayed until mid or late May. Ice accretion from freezing rain. Often referred to colloquially as "glitter", "glaze" or "silver thaw". Reproduced by permission of Ben Hansen. From Ben Hansen, Newfoundland Gems (St. John's, Newfoundland: Vinland Press, ©1996). periods produce accumulations of dense, clear "glaze" ice on ground surfaces and objects. This can be dangerous for ground and air transport, and for power/telephone lines and equipment. This hazard is most likely over eastern areas of the island, because air circulation patterns bring relatively mild, above freezing, air and rain across surfaces whose temperature is still below freezing. Annual average number of hours with freezing rain and freezing drizzle. From Joyce and Alan Macpherson, The Natural Environment of Newfoundland and Labrador, Past and Present (St. John's, Newfoundland: Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, © 1981) 118. Adapted by Duleepa Wijayawardhana with permission of MUNCL, 1998. From April until June stormy weather is less frequent. Fair and dry weather periods occur with slowly increasing frequency, but occasional bouts of wintry precipitation occur until at least mid May in most years. The risk of slight frost continues until late May or early June over low-lying sections of the island, and a couple of weeks later over much of Labrador. districts, especially, usually endure a number of spells of cool, damp weather with occasional light rain, drizzle or wet snow (temperatures of 0-6°C). This comes from onshore airflow off a mixture of open water and sea ice. However, this same airflow pattern will bring dry, fair and mild daytime conditions (8-15°C) to western sections of both the island and Labrador. Sea ice off the coast of the Avalon Peninsula. Reproduced by permission of Trevor Bell. Photo ©1984. ©1999, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project

<urn:uuid:73de57e8-dfe4-42b9-ae2d-5fcb5058606e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/seasonal_spring.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702448584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110728-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Issue Date: March 26, 2012 Watching Battery Anodes In Action By zooming in on a nanosized lithium-ion battery with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), researchers have mapped out chemical and physical changes caused by charging and discharging the anode (Nano Lett., DOI: 10.1021/nl204559u). Through its details about electrochemically induced changes in the experimental anode material, the study may lead to strategies for designing low-cost batteries with greater capacity and longevity than today’s commercial Li-ion batteries. The investigation, which took place at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), also broadens the capabilities of high-resolution microscopy techniques for examining batteries during charging and discharging—a technically challenging analytical problem that several research groups are pursuing. Researchers think that swapping commercial Li-ion batteries’ carbon anodes with anodes made from silicon could boost battery capacity severalfold. That switch has not occurred, however, because the charging process—the electrochemical lithiation of silicon—causes Si anodes to swell to more than three times their initial size. That expansion, and the contraction that accompanies discharge, fatigues and cracks the anode material and leads to battery failure. Nonetheless, silicon’s large charge capacity makes it an attractive anode candidate material with potential application in electric vehicles. So researchers in industry and academia continue to study its properties. For example, 3M just announced that it is matching a $4.6 million Department of Energy grant to develop Si-anode Li-ion batteries. The PNNL team, which was led by Chongmin Wang and Fei Gao and included researchers at General Motors, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Applied Sciences, conducted its investigation on anodes made from a silicon-carbon nanocomposite. In non-TEM electrochemical tests, the group found that the potentially low cost material, which features hollow carbon nanofibers, remained stable through 100 charge-discharge cycles and exhibited a charge capacity more than five times as great as that of conventional carbon anodes. On the basis of its TEM investigation coupled with density functional theory analysis, the team observed that as the silicon-coated carbon nanofibers were charged with lithium, the composite material initially formed an amorphous Li-Si film on the anode’s exterior. But as the charging process continued, the amorphous material suddenly adopted a crystalline structure with a Li-to-Si ratio of 15 to 4. The researchers found that crystallization proceeded in an unusual manner. Upon lithiation, the material didn’t crystallize from a nucleation point, as typically occurs, but instead spontaneously and instantly crystallized as Li15Si4 when that ratio of elements was reached. Discharging the battery caused the crystalline material to revert to the amorphous form. Wang says that although the electrochemical findings reported in this study might lead to better anode materials, as of now, “unfortunately, the material does not behave like a rubber band,” which can stretch without damage. The PNNL Li-Si anode material expands and contracts during cycling, he says, but does so more evenly and with less damage than pure silicon does. Clare P. Grey of Cambridge University and the State University of New York, Stony Brook, says, “This is an interesting study that helps researchers understand why the crystalline but metastable silicide, Li15Si4, is formed instead of the thermodynamic phase, Li21Si5.” She adds that it shows how the in situ TEM method, in this case in combination with density functional theory, can be used to understand structure and morphological changes in battery materials. - Chemical & Engineering News - ISSN 0009-2347 - Copyright © American Chemical Society

<urn:uuid:f922cb5f-b484-423a-aef7-d294055e22d1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i13/Watching-Battery-Anodes-Action.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701153213/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104553-00015-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Transformational learning “is the process of effecting change in a frame of reference.” (Mezirow, 1997, p.5) We all possess a body of experience that is the basis for our assumptions about the way in which our world operates. We tend to reject ideas that contradict our preconceptions (Mezirow, 1997). This resistance to contradictions is rather strong. Something has to occur that gets the learner’s attention – that jars them into wondering about a new way of thinking. This goes beyond learning about information. Going Beyond the Information Given Informational learning adds to the capacity of a learner to deal with situations in their world. By contrast, transformational learning alters the way in which a learner views the world in which she lives. Mezirow takes a cognitive/rational approach to this form of transformational learning. (Baumgartner et al., 2003, p.23) He emphasizes reflection upon previously held assumptions on the world and how it operates. Mezirow’s approach to transformational learning also has a social aspect. He claims that we need to have a reflective discourse with others to assist in the transformational process. Going beyond instrumental learning, Mezirow’s transformational learning involves communicative learning (Baumgartner et al., 2003, p.24)—learning not simply the words that are spoken in an interaction, but learning what people mean. Reflection on the assumptions imbedded in the social discourse creates new understandings. This transformational process can be sudden or gradual. Mezirow (2000, p. 22) developed a ten step process related to transformation: disorientation (this situation does not fit my preconceptions), emotional reaction (fear, anger, guilt, shame), assessment of presently held assumptions, understanding that one is not alone, exploration of new roles, creating a plan of action, gaining knowledge for the plan, trying on the selected new role, development of confidence in the new role, and finally, integration of the new perspective into one’s life. The key to all of these steps is critical reflection and reflective discourse—concepts that have also been explored, on the teaching side, by Donald Schön (1993) and Ernest Boyer (1990) and those involved in the classroom research movement (Cross, 1990, Angelo and Cross, 1993). Reflection and Transformation Critical reflection on one’s assumptions can lead to altered world views and changes in schemes of meaning and an appreciation of other views and cultures. Reflective discourse requires that people talk with others about what is happening to find the truth of their perspectives. This involves challenging each others’ assumptions and building consensus. (Mezirow, 1996) Mezirow claims that transformations are recursive and that they are irreversible (Mezirow, 2000; Baumgartner, 2001): “Research supports aspects of his 10-step process as well as his claims that the process is recursive and that people’s perspective transformations are lifelong.” (Baumgartner, et al., 2003, p. 27) In a classroom that recognized the significance of transformational learning (as opposed to instrumental learning), there would be a high degree of critical reflection and reflective discourse. The students and the instructor would have to interact extensively (Mezirow, 1997, p. 10): "To facilitate transformational learning, educators must help learners become aware and critical of their own and others’ assumptions. Learners need practice in recognizing frames of reference and using their imaginations to redefine problems from a different perspective. Finally, learners need to be assisted to participate effectively in discourse. Discourse is necessary to validate what and how one understands, or to arrive at a best judgment regarding a belief. In this sense, learning is a social process, and discourse becomes central to making meaning." Educators must assume responsibility for setting objectives that explicitly include autonomous thinking and recognize that this requires experiences designed to foster critical reflectivity and experience in discourse. Education that fosters critically reflective thought, imaginative problem posing, and discourse is learner-centered, participatory, and interactive, and it involves group deliberation and group problem solving. Instructional materials reflect the real-life experiences of the learners and are designed to foster participation in small-group discussion to assess reasons, examine evidence, and arrive at a reflective judgment. Learning takes place through discovery and the imaginative use of metaphors to solve and redefine problems. The goal would include informational learning but would emphasize communicative learning (Mezirow, 1997, p. 11): "The process involves transforming frames of reference through critical reflection of assumptions, validating contested beliefs through discourse, taking action on one’s reflective insight, and critically assessing it. This understanding of the nature of significant adult learning provides the educators with a rationale for selecting appropriate educational practices and actively resisting social and cultural forces that distort and delimit adult learning." Both behaviorists and constructivists can promote self-directed learning. They each have different methods because they each have different beliefs about how humans learn. Constructivists see self-directed learners as being intrinsically motivated to achieve their full potential independently. Behaviorists believe that learners are positively reinforced (or punished) in the self-directed acquisition of new information which will in turn affect their behaviors. Self-directed learning, in its ideal form, is found among individuals who are able to learn independently. Self-directed learning “is a process, a goal, and a personal attribute of a learner.” (Baumgartner, et al., 2003, p. 31). A learner does not need to be either self-directed in their learning or dependent on the teacher; the development of self-directed learning can be on a continuum where control by the teacher decreases and self-direction increases as competencies increase (Candy, 1991, p.9). Self-directed learning models fall into three categories. Sequential models prescribe a specific number of steps that are usually followed. Interwoven models focus on learner characteristics that play a role in the learning interactions and results. Instructional models focus on educators who integrate self-directed learning within the instructional sequence (Baumgartner, et al., 2003, p. 31). PSP and Transformational/Self-Directed Learning At PSP we believe that Independent learning relies on the learners’ existing knowledge structures. It encourages deep-level learning (qualitative changes in people’s understandings) and increased question asking. Attention is given to the development of critical thinking skills, enhanced reading and comprehension skills, and development of a climate that is supportive of self-directed learning. (Candy, 1991, p. 322-337). In higher education the self-directed aspects of instruction are founded on the belief that learners are inherently self-motivated to learn or can develop this self-motivation: "The conventional approach to the development of competence as a self-directed learner has been to place adults into situations where they are expected to assert control over valued instructional functions, This approach is based on the combined beliefs (1) that adults are inherently self-directing, (2) that the best way to learn autonomous behavior is to behave autonomously, and (3) that the ability to learn independently in one situation or context is generalizable to an ability to do so in a different setting." (Candy, 1991, p. 339.) To include self-directed learning in our instructional approaches at PSP we must believe that our learners have lives beyond our classrooms and that the development of self-directed learning will assist them in their future learning.

<urn:uuid:8f48abc0-e930-40d3-9936-9ebd8dc6c63f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.psychology.edu/about/four-models-of-adult-education/model-threethe-nature-of-transformational-learning/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700958435/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104238-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Strange Bridges (May, 1929) A shopping district is housed in the Ponte Vecchio, over the Arno River at Florence Italy. The roofed bridge is lined with stores’ Building this viaduct across the gorge of a small stream near Nice, France, engineers saw that a central vertical support would clog the gorge. So they devised an unusual masonry arch support set at right angles to the span. Natives of Yunnan province, China, built this sturdy suspension bridge of tough wistaria vines, proving the plant useful for more than its flowers. On the grounds of the Summer Palace of former Chinese rulers at Peking stands this ornate bridge, humped like a camel. The covered bridge, like the covered wagon, has all but vanished in America. Here is one of the last of the line, battered by the ravages of time but still creaking under traffic three miles from Covington, Va. You couldn’t jump from this bridge if you tried. Savages in jungle country of India built it across a swift-moving mountain stream, using homemade ropes for the main cables, interwoven with withes.

<urn:uuid:bdb670c8-4cbe-48d8-8403-e4cdc864cfce>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blog.modernmechanix.com/strange-bridges/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699856050/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102416-00055-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Vipassana Centre is organising an introductory meditation course for children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, on Saturday, February 18, 2012, from 9.00 am to 4.30 pm, at a location in Onehunga, Auckland. Children learn Anapana, which is a technique of the observation of natural, normal respiration as it comes in and goes out. The Anapana technique: • Is simple yet scientific • Is morality-based but non-religious • Uses a natural object to focus • Is non-commercial The aim is to let children experience the benefits of meditation. Regular practice of Anapana technique gives many benefits, including: • Improved concentration and memory • More self-confidence • Greater capacity to study • Ability to deal with agitation, fears, anxieties and pressures • Increased goodwill for others Meditation sessions are combined with discussion, creative activities, and games in smaller groups. Courses are run solely on the basis of voluntarily offered donations. Please visit website www.children.dhamma.org, for more information. To enroll for a course please • go to website www.medini.dhamma.org and click on “Apply for a course” tab on left menu and scroll down to “Teenagers' & children's courses” section and click on “Apply” or • contact on the phone number 630 7009 or email [email protected]

<urn:uuid:dbb889f4-6f38-4d58-a38d-80b8926604ba>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/7/2818/New-Zealand/Vipassana-for-Auckland-kids

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697974692/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095254-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Part of Lesson Plan: Why Be an Engineer? by John Rose Activity Overview / Details An introductory lesson to be delivered on the first or second day of school. **Nothing grabs attention better than a disaster.** Start lesson by asking students why they may want to become an engineer. Students will have varying answers. Continue calling on students until the basic answers have been covered. (build bridges, buildings, make lots of money, counselor put me here, etc.) Acknowledge all valid answers. Slide #1- 5 Reasons to be an Engineer. Explain that all those reason are good reasons to be an engineer (accept for " the counselor put me in here.....i didnt have a choice"). Go on to explain that you have 5 REALLY good reasons to become an engineer. Shock and Awe- Slide #2- play video clip of Pinto rear end crash. Say "This is a good reason to become an engineer". "Hundreds of people were burnt to death in these cars." Slide #3- play video clip of AA Flight 191. (DC-10 engine mounts) "You could be the engineer that discovered that a flaw in the design of the engine mounts would lead to the crash that killed 271 people". Refer to diagram on slide showing flaw. Slide #4- play video clip of Space Shuttle Disaster. "You could be the engineer that designs a better system of sealing joints on rockets that in turn would prevent the death of astronauts and billions of dollars of equipment.. Slide #5- play video clip of Concorde. (Zero Growth Tires) "You could be the engineer that invents a tire that will not expand at high speeds Slide #6- play video clip Tahcoma Narrows bridge. (Wind and resonance frequency) "You could be the engineer that discovers the effects of resonance with structures and nature. Continue emphasising that they could be the engineer that discovers a better way to do something, a fix to a recurring problem, designs a better system after analyzing a failure.... saving future lives. Students may point out that they could also be the engineer that creates one of these disasters. (If a student does not bring this up, be sure to bring it up yourself). Explain that this is true. There is always the chance for mistakes. Engineering is not a perfect science and engineers are not perfect beings, HOWEVER... that should be even more motivation to become an engineer. Engineers create things that do not exist. Engineers step boldly into the unknown many times to make our world better than it is. Materials / Resource - 5 reasons to be an Engineer ppt [ Download ] - Concorde video [ Watch Video ] [ Download Original Video ] - DC-10 Video [ Watch Video ] [ Download Original Video ] - Pinto Video [ Watch Video ] [ Download Original Video ] - Space Shuttle Video [ Watch Video ] [ Download Original Video ] - Tacoma Narrows Video [ Watch Video ] [ Download Original Video ]

<urn:uuid:3bb8d5e5-cea7-4c2f-96e8-f412aa21bada>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cteonline.org/portal/default/Curriculum/Viewer/Curriculum?action=2&cmobjid=199292&view=viewer&refcmobjid=132950

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708835190/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125355-00068-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Gregor Novak, professor of physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. Novak makes complex and abstract physics concepts concrete by using computers to design hands-on problem-solving experiments. --credit Novak decided to reach his students by making some changes from the standard lecture. He broke up the course work into smaller, more manageable modules, and then, in a time well before interactive learning had become an educational mantra, designed exercises that required active student input for their solution. The results convinced Novak that students, even tired adults with competing priorities, can and will learn when they are truly engaged. Since then, Novak has steadily moved to the forefront of curriculum and methods development in physics education, at every step meeting new challenges in motivating and engaging his students. In the early 1970s, Novak developed a Physics 200 course for education majors. "Those students had little interest in physics, and a lot of fear because of the cognitive challenge," Novak recalls. "I had to find ways to reach them, to reassure them, and to connect physics with the real world." He broke his course material into a series of fifteen-minute structured activities for small groups and developed examples and exercises that connected physics theory to common sense or familiar activities. The students learned by doing; Novak's role was to monitor the group work and then to give a summary and closure at the end of the activities. The results were gratifying; the education students became adept at bringing science into their own classrooms. The Physics 200 course was cited in the Directory of Teaching Innovations in Physics, published by the American Association of Physics Teachers. In the 1980s, as a logical outgrowth of this early experimentation, Novak turned his attention to the expanding area of computer-assisted learning. He developed a software tutorial program to enable students to solve physics problems and do exercises at their own speed, on personal computers. "The idea was that individual students could go at a pace that suited them, at a time that suited them. The computer is infinitely patient," Novak explains. But the limits soon became apparent to Novak. The technology allowed self-directed learning, but only up to a point. "We know from cognitive learning studies that group interaction is a key ingredient in enhancing learning. The computer-assisted learning programs of the 1980s, including mine, lacked that one ingredient," Novak points out. "They were isolating, solitary. There was no sharing of ideas with peers or teachers." Rather than give up on the technology, Novak stored the lessons he learned, looking to the future. Throughout his years of teaching and course development, Novak also has kept abreast of the research in pedagogy and cognitive development. Evidence indicates that peer interaction enhances and speeds learning, thus supporting his early innovations. Novak's breaking of large chunks of material into simpler, shorter modules has been buttressed by findings that such a method increases long-term retention. As he has honed his course design, Novak also has researched the needs of the workplace. Some of his findings were surprising. "A 1995 survey of employers who hired physics majors found that it wasn't technical proficiency that mattered most to them," Novak recounts. "What employers valued was the ability to communicate effectively and to work well in a team." Novak has now, characteristically, incorporated these skills into his course design, so thatcommunication of ideas and team problem solving are integral parts of his physics courses. This image is based on a NASA drawing of the trajectory of the Cassini probe that will reach Saturn in July, 2004. Novak uses the NASA drawing on his "What is Physics Good For?" Web site (webphysics.iupui.edu/introphysics) to accompany a lesson on gravitation and space in the engineering physics course. --credit The culmination of Novak's thirty years of experience and research is a Web-based, classroom-linked strategy termed "JiTT" or Just-in-Time Teaching. Novak developed JiTT jointly with Andrew Gavrin, assistant professor of physics at IUPUI, and Evelyn Patterson, associate professor of physics at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado. Now in use in introductory physics classes at IUPUI, the Air Force Academy, and other universities, JiTT promotes physics instruction as dialogue. "Much of the dialogue, whether student-student or student teacher," Novak points out, "can occur outside the classroom, thanks to the maturation of electronic technologies." Interaction is not simply electronic, but also occurs in the classroom with fellow students and with instructors. Student feedback shows the approach meets its primary goal: engaging students by allowing them to control the learning process. "The core element of JiTT is the interactive lecture" Novak explains. At IUPUI, students do World Wide Web-based preparatory assignments, termed WarmUp Exercises, which are due by electronic transmission a short time before class begins. Instructors in the interactive lecture then adjust and organize lessons based on those student responses. "In that way," Novak says, "the students largely determine the way the physics is presented in the classroom." The student input is "Just in Time" for the lesson, hence the name. With knowledge of those responses to the subject matter, instructors engage the students at their level of background knowledge and use their answers as input for class discussion. A second part of the course, the collaborative recitation, is held on alternating days from the interactive lectures. The recitations do not use the Web for communication; instead, interactivity is promoted by breaking students into groups of two to four, and these teams then solve problems on a whiteboard, sharing their ideas and communicating solutions. Instructors, graduate assistants, and student mentors circulate among the groups, giving input when needed. "The recitation portion of the course is designed not only to give hands-on experience in problem solving," Novak explains. "Because students work in groups, they have to attempt explanations to their peers. They often learn that a particular method or idea is more complex than they realized. The exercise improves both critical thinking andcommunication skills." Most importantly, students find the JiTT approach helps learning. Of those surveyed after two semesters of JiTT courses, 92 percent preferred the approach to a standard course. A former student, Jerry Travelstead Jr., recalls, "The Web provided a level of connectedness to the class that otherwise would have been lacking." With JiTT now in successful use in introductory physics courses at IUPUI, Novak spends some of his time promoting its principles for wider use. Several times a year, he gives workshops to show how the approach can be used by other physics faculty in their courses; Novak also presents at national conferences, including a 1997 Project Kaleidoscope-sponsored conference on urban campus issues held in New York City. Project Kaleidoscope is an informal national alliance of individuals, institutions, and organizations committed to strengthening undergraduate science, mathematics, engineering, and technology education. Prentice-Hall will soon publish a guide to the JiTT approach, written by Novak and his colleagues. Why has Novak devoted so much time to finding better ways to engage his students? He thinks for a moment and then answers, "I like the challenge. Physics teachers in some places have superb students who love physics and devote their time to learning it. Not much challenge in that. For me, finding ways to get busy, tired, uninterested students engaged in learning physics--that's a real challenge. It keeps me interested." Return to the Table of Contents

<urn:uuid:284de629-61fc-405d-ba68-6bfe167c5fa2>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v22n1/p08.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701153213/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104553-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Against all my better judgment, I’m presenting the following hymn, a metrical rendering of 2 Maccabees 10.1-7 in the KJV — just in time for sunset of the first night of Hanukkah. You can sing it to any Common Meter tune, although it goes well with Consolation (no. 53 in Singing the Living Tradition). I tried to keep my interpretation of the KJV text to a minimum. So before you ask, yes, the original text mentions boughs, branches, and palms, and the fact that they remembered their last feast which they spent hiding out in the mountains. It’s easy to forget how weird some of these Bible stories are. I did add the references to freedom and to tyranny, though I feel they are implicit in the story; ditto the reference to the curséd idols. 1. When Maccabeus and his band Did free Jerusalem, When they did cast the tyrant out, ‘Twas God who guided them. 1. Good Maccabeus and his band: They freed Jerusalem. They cast the wicked tyrant out, For God was guiding them. 2. The altars which the heathen built Out in the public square, They pulled them down, and then destroyed The curséd idols there. 3. They cleansed the temple, kindled flame, Gave thanks they now were free. They then besought God keep them safe From barb’rous tyranny. 4. They celebrated eight glad days, Rememb’ring their last feast, Which they had held in mountain dens Where they had lived like beasts. 5. Therefore they bore fair branches forth, Green boughs, and also palms. They praised the strength that set them free: To God they raised their psalms.

<urn:uuid:54698f7a-1b42-4c2c-b160-a42ff58da4d6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.danielharper.org/blog/?tag=bible

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00077-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Chigi Chapel Possibly the most outstanding section is the Chigi Chapel (cappella Chigi). It is one of five side chapels within the Church. It was the initiative of Augustino Chigi (1465-1520), a local banking supremo who had origins in Siena. He wished his family name ever to be remembered in Rome, and the chapel was built to serve the Chigi family as a mausoleum. (The Palazzo Chigi – the Chigi house in Rome – is now the official residence of the Prime Minister of Italy.) Providing examples of the High Renaissance, Raphael designed the entire chapel, and also prepared the cartoons for the mosaics on the ceiling. He gave the chapel a circular plan. This reflected the architectural influences on Raphael of his close friend Bramante, (his birth name: Donato D'Angelo, 1444 – 1514). Both a painter and an architect like Raphael himself, Bramante designed St Peter’s Basilica, and Raphael took over from him there when Bramante died. The Chigi chapel was in turn completed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) after Raphael died 1520 at the age of thirty seven years. Raphael painted a fresco of four classical sibyls over the archway of the door to the chapel. The chapel contained the early panel of The Marriage of the Virgin (now in the Brera, Milan) by Raphael. The Chigi chapel, unlike other rooms within the church, is replete with statues, bronze reliefs, paintings, marbles and mosaics. The altar piece of the chapel was painted by Sebastiano del Piombo (1485 – 1547). The statues of Jonah and Elijah were carved by Lorenzetto. The Baroque style of the chapel is witnessed in the niche which contains the statues, Habakkuk and the Angel and Daniel by Bernini The tomb of Maria Flaminia Odescalchi Chigi, designed by Posi, is also located within the Chigi Chapel. The Chigi coat of arms is inlaid in marble on the floor at a point where it opens to allow coffins to be placed. The chapel is like a small church in its own right, for it has a dome. Raphael prepared the cartoons for the underside of the dome, and they were painted by others. By this time, Raphael was dead and Gianovanni Lorenzo Bernini was in charge of the completion of the project. His influence is sensed in the clear lines of the dome, reminiscent of Brunes and Bramante of slightly earlier times. (Continued on the next page.) Photos (at right): Chigi Chapel. Two lateral views, and the interior of its dome. For the Augnet photo gallery on the Church of Maria del Popolo, click here.

<urn:uuid:fd1a32d5-fd91-4262-abbe-b712c5b2e921>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.augnet.org/default.asp?ipageid=1304&iParentid=979

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698554957/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100234-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Kahn Family History Kahn Surname History The last name Kahn is an old family line that has migrated all across the world over time, and as the Kahn family has migrated, it has evolved making its origin a challenge to uncover. This Kahn history and genealogy page contains the contributed history of the Kahn last name made up of user-submitted content from users like you. Kahn family history has a rich and complex origin of which the particulars have been accumulated over the years by Kahn family members. No content has been submitted here about Kahn. The following is speculative information about Kahn. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The evolution of Kahn begins at it's earliest origins. Even in the earliest days of a name there have been variations in that single name simply because family names were infrequently written down at that stage in history. Kahn family members have moved around the world all throughout history. It was not unusual for a family name to change as it enters a new country or language. As Kahn families emigrated between countries, the Kahn name may have changed with them. Kahn country of origin No content has been submitted about the Kahn country of origin. The following is speculative information about Kahn. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The nationality of Kahn may be complicated to determine because regional boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. The original ethnicity of Kahn may be in dispute depending on whether the surname originated naturally and independently in various locales; for example, in the case of surnames that are based on a craft, which can crop up in multiple regions independently (such as the last name "Dean" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy). Meaning of the last name Kahn No content has been submitted about the meaning of Kahn. The following is speculative information about Kahn. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The meaning of Kahn come may come from a craft, such as the name "Carpenter" which was given to woodworkers. Some of these trade-based surnames might be a profession in a different language. This is why it is good to know the ethnicity of a name, and the languages used by its progenitors. Many western names like Kahn originate from religious texts such as the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, and other related texts. Often these surnames relate to a religious expression such as "Worthy of praise". - Dalik Kahn - Rosette Oppenheimer Kahn - Louis-Camille Kahn - Sophie Hirsch Kahn - Claire Hemmerdinger Kahn - Joseph Kahn - Joseph Kahn - Abraham Kahn - Eugene Michel Kahn - Ada Chaya Kahn Kober 1903 - 1961 - Caroline Kahn Zeliqzon - Effie (Broadbent) Kahn - Melanie Kahn Jaudel - Elisa Kahn - Victor Kahn 1827 - ? - Antoinette Nicole Eugenie Kahn 1910 - present - Daniel Kahn - Eugene Edmond Kahn - Irene Kahn - Leon Fernand Yehuda Kahn Kahn Family Tree Famous people named Kahn No famous people named Kahn have been submitted. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. Nationality and Ethnicity of Kahn No content has been submitted about the ethnicity of Kahn. The following is speculative information about Kahn. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. We do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name Kahn. Many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace. More about the name Kahn Fun facts about the Kahn family We have no fun facts about Kahn. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. Kahn spelling variations No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Kahn. The following is speculative information about Kahn. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. Family names like Kahn change in spelling and pronunciation as they travel across villages, family branches, and languages over the years. In the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as Kahn were transcribed based on how they were heard by a scribe when people's names were recorded in official records. This could have given rise misspellings of Kahn. Researching misspellings and alternate spellings of the Kahn last name are important to understanding the history of the name.

<urn:uuid:fa345847-d2af-4aeb-b8a4-7fcb8e3d2bea>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/kahn-family-history/39901

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698554957/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100234-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Shapur II or Sapor II, 310–79, king of Persia (310–79), of the Sassanid, or Sassanian, dynasty. He was the posthumous son of Hormuz II and therefore was born king. His long reign was marked by great military success. Central Asian tribes had taken advantage of his minority to regain much of their former territory, then held by Persia. Later, however, Shapur crushed their kingdom in the east and annexed the area as a new province. Cultural expansion followed this victory, and Sassanian art penetrated Turkistan, reaching as far as China. Having removed the threat from the east, Shapur resumed warfare against the Romans over the control of Armenia. Although driven back at first, the Roman army counterattacked and threatened Ctesiphon. But when the emperor Julian the Apostate was killed (363) in battle, the Romans withdrew. The emperor Jovian made a humiliating peace, and Shapur recovered Armenia, which he placed under military occupation. Armenia had in the meantime accepted Christianity, and Shapur, an orthodox Zoroastrian, at first persecuted the Christians but later recognized their autonomy and respected their religion. He had a large rock sculpture made near Shapur to commemorate his victory over the Romans. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. More on Shapur II from Fact Monster: See more Encyclopedia articles on: Iranian History: Biographies

<urn:uuid:c0bc468d-fb0d-4026-a9d7-278f097d00c1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/shapur-ii.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704933573/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114853-00068-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Single-wall carbon nanotubes are an important class of carbon nanomaterials with significant potential for commercial applications. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is supporting the development and commerce of these materials through metrology development and the production of documentary standards and reference materials (RMs). In December 2011, NIST released the first reference material for SWCNTs, SRM 2483, which was designed to serve an industry need for a comparable as-produced material. Additional SWCNT reference materials based on purified nanotube populations are in development. Carbon nanomaterials are expected to play an important role in future technological developments of transistors, photovoltaics, transparent thin film conductors, sensors, and fuel cell electrodes among many potential applications. However, the potential of these materials has been hindered by a lack of both standard protocols (i.e. documentary standards) for determining the quality and properties of a sample material, and physical standards (RMs), which allow for common inter-comparison of measurements and a baseline from which developments can be made. To enable and promote the potential applications for carbon nanotubes NIST will be releasing three types of single wall carbon nanotube reference materials. These are: SRM 2483, homogenous vials of single wall carbon nanotube soot released in 2011, RM 8281, a set of different average length nanotube populations in aqueous dispersion expected in 2012, and RM 8282, pieces of "paper" made from purified single wall carbon nanotubes, also expected in 2012. Outreach to industrial users (producers and consumers) and to academic investigators identified these materials as the primary, currently feasible, reference materials necessary to enable commerce of SWCNT materials. SRM 2483 (single wall carbon nanotube soot) was released in December 2011. It is available a id="http://www.nist.gov/srm/|" href="http://www.nist.gov/srm/">here. This material is certified to be homogenous within and across bottles for elemental composition, including residual metal (catalyst) content, nanotube content, and thermogravimetric measurands. The importance of this SRM, is that as the first available lot of homogenous material it will enable comparisons and repeatability tests between users of nanotube soots for the first time. Calibration of instruments, a reference for determining processing artifacts, and potential use as an environmental, health, and safety reference for nanoparticles have been expressed as desired end uses for this material. Characterization on SRM 2483 was performed using multiple independent techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA), induced neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), resonant Raman scattering, UV-visible-near infrared fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Values (certified, reference, or informational) are available without purchase on the SRM 2483 certificate (enter 2483 here). Upcoming reference materials include RM 8281 and RM 8282 (may be SRM 2482). RM 8281 will be a set of dispersed nanotube populations with different average lengths; the set includes a long, medium and short fraction, as well as a 1 % (mass/volume) surfactant blank. A set contains a sealed, sterilized, ampoule (~2.6 mL) of each component. These sets were produced using centrifugation based separation of a common parent dispersion produced from SRM 2483. Applications of these materials include fundamental research, instrument calibration, and EHS applications. Lead Organizational Unit:mml Related Programs and Projects: 100 Bureau Drive, M/S 8542

<urn:uuid:0087ec04-7b40-4c61-913d-3a72b26fa0b9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.nist.gov/mml/msed/complex_fluids/nanotube-reference-materials.cfm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705305291/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115505-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Here's the grammar for symbol names in XML: Now, "Letter" and "Digit" are internationalized things with not terribly surprising contents; "CombiningChar" is mostly accent characters, and "Extender" is mostly just some characters in other alphabets that aren't exactly letters but which occur in the middle of words (lots of them meaning "repeat previous syllable" or "lengthen previous vowel"). But what's interesting here is "." as a legal character for use in XML elements or attributes -- I've just never ever seen that used. Has anyone here ever seen <foo.bar

<urn:uuid:3db57131-7880-49ff-8797-7c4b7ebd35fb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://use.perl.org/use.perl.org/_TorgoX/journal/17988.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705618968/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120018-00018-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Moon is Looking Younger Man in the Moon looking younger The prevailing theory of our moon’s origin is that it was created by a giant impact between a large planet-like object and the proto-Earth. The energy of this impact was sufficiently high that the Moon formed from melted material that was ejected into space. As the Moon cooled, this magma solidified into different mineral components. Analysis of lunar rock samples thought to have been derived from the original magma has given scientists a new estimate of the Moon’s age. According to this theory for lunar formation, a rock type called ferroan anorthosite, or FAN, is the oldest of the Moon’s crustal rocks, but scientists have had difficulty dating FAN samples. The research team, led by Lars E. Borg of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, included Carlson of Carnegie’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Boyet -- now at Université Blaise Pascal -- and James N. Connelly of the University of Copenhagen. They used newly refined techniques to determine the age of a sample of FAN from the lunar rock collection at the NASA Johnson Space Center. This study is the first in which a single sample of FAN yielded consistent ages from multiple isotope dating techniques. This result strongly suggests that these ages pinpoint the time at which the sample crystallized. “The extraordinarily young age of this lunar sample either means that the Moon solidified significantly later than previous estimates, or that we need to change our entire understanding of the Moon’s geochemical history,” Carlson said. The Moon is our nearest celestial neighbor and is thought to be linked to the formation and evolution of Earth. Studying our moon can provide clues about how the Earth became habitable for life as we know it. Funding for this work was provided by the Department of Energy, and portions of the work were supported by the NASA Cosmochemistry Program.

<urn:uuid:1507f308-7cf0-4272-82f6-7841f5d7ca0d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.astrobio.net/includes/html_to_doc_execute.php?id=4159&component=news

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700380063/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103300-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Cancer biology: Keeping bad company Work at A*STAR that is unlocking the mechanisms that drive invasive tumor growth and metastasis could give new hope to cancer patients. Credit: iStockphoto.com/Thinkstock The p53 tumor suppressor protein manages DNA repair mechanisms in response to genetic damage and kills off precancerous cells before they multiply. The loss of p53 due to mutation greatly increases risk of tumorigenesis. Even worse, however, are the various 'missense' mutations that change the amino acid sequence of p53: they warp its function to promote rather than prevent cancer. "Mutated forms of p53 are found in 50% of human cancers," says Jayantha Gunaratne of the A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology. "We hypothesized that mutant p53 proteins interact with selected proteins that do not bind to wild-type p53 to promote processes involved in cancer progression." To test this theory, Gunaratne teamed up with colleagues including David Lane, chief scientist of A*STAR and one of the initial discoverers of p53, to hunt for binding partners that specifically interact with the common p53R273H mutant. The researchers used stable isotopes to label all the proteins in cultured cells expressing either wild-type p53 or p53R273H. Then they used a technique called mass spectrometry that enabled them to accurately catalogue the subset of proteins associated with either p53 variant. "We captured at least 15 protein binding partners specific to the p53R273H mutant," says Gunaratne. Among the most immediately interesting was a protein called nardilysin (NRD1), which is associated with the invasive growth and migratory behavior observed in aggressive cancers. After determining that NRD1 exclusively binds p53R273H but not to other p53 mutants, Gunaratne and co-workers proceeded to explore how it specifically collaborates with this variant. By selectively reducing the expression of NRD1 in cultured cancer cells, they learned that this protein is a critical component of the invasive behavior manifested by p53R273H-expressing cells in response to a particular chemical trigger, a cellular signal called heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF). This HB-EGF-oriented invasion appears to occur via a cellular mechanism distinct from those that direct cell movement in response to other growth factors, indicating a novel biological process involving both p53R273H and NRD1 that needs further elucidation. Abnormal production of HB-EGF manifests in a broad array of cancers. Gunaratne and co-workers are intrigued by the possibility that NRD1 might therefore represent a critical factor involved in tumor spread. "This study indicates that molecules that modulate NRD1 or other p53 mutant-specific protein partners could offer an exciting and defined therapeutic approach to reduce cancer metastasis," says Gunaratne. More information: Coffill, C., et al. Mutant p53 interactome identifies nardilysin as a p53R273H-specific binding partner that promotes invasion. EMBO Reports 13, 638–644 (2012). www.nature.com/emb… 201274a.html Journal reference: EMBO Reports - Effect of mutant p53 stability on tumorigenesis and drug design May 15, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - Cancer is a p53 protein aggregation disease Mar 29, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - Chemopreventive isothiocyanates selectively depletes mutant p53 in tumor cells Apr 20, 2009 | not rated yet | 0 - Stabilizing cancer-fighting p53 can also shield a metastasis-promoter May 22, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - Drug kills cancer cells by restoring faulty tumor suppressor May 14, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - Separate lives: Neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled Mar 27, 2013 | 4.9 / 5 (8) | 0 - Sizing things up: The evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance Feb 28, 2013 | 4.8 / 5 (10) | 14 Pressure-volume curve: Elastic Recoil Pressure don't make sense May 18, 2013 From pressure-volume curve of the lung and chest wall (attached photo), I don't understand why would the elastic recoil pressure of the lung is... If you became brain-dead, would you want them to pull the plug? May 17, 2013 I'd want the rest of me to stay alive. Sure it's a lousy way to live but it beats being all-the-way dead. Maybe if I make it 20 years they'll... MRI bill question May 15, 2013 Dear PFers, The hospital gave us a $12k bill for one MRI (head with contrast). The people I talked to at the hospital tell me that they do not... Ratio of Hydrogen of Oxygen in Dessicated Animal Protein May 13, 2013 As an experiment, for the past few months I've been consuming at least one portion of Jell-O or unflavored Knox gelatin per day. I'm 64, in very... Alcohol and acetaminophen May 13, 2013 Edit: sorry for the typo in the title , can't edit I looked around on google quite a bit and it's very hard to find precise information on the... Marie Curie's leukemia May 13, 2013 Does anyone know what might be the cause of Marie Curie's cancer - More from Physics Forums - Medical Sciences More news stories The use of a smartphone application significantly improves patients' preparation for a colonoscopy, according to new research presented today at Digestive Disease Week (DDW). The preparation process, which begins days in ... Cancer 15 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 Research presented at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) explores new methods for managing digestive health through diet and lifestyle. Cancer 15 hours ago | not rated yet | 1 A ground-breaking advance in colonoscopy technology signals the future of colorectal care, according to research presented today at Digestive Disease Week(DDW). Additional research focuses on optimizing the minimal withdrawal ... Cancer May 18, 2013 | 5 / 5 (2) | 0 (HealthDay)—Concurrent use of two immune checkpoint antibodies—ipilimumab and nivolumab—may be effective for the treatment of advanced melanoma, according to a proof-of-principal study presented in ... Cancer May 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 (HealthDay)—The risks of metastasis and death associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) are low, but significant, and risk factors for poor outcome include tumor diameter, invasion beyond ... Cancer May 17, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 | 3 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | 3 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 | 8 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 4 hours ago | 5 / 5 (1) | 0 | 4 hours ago | 5 / 5 (1) | 0 | 6 hours ago | not rated yet | 0

<urn:uuid:fa04bb9f-f98c-4860-bf90-65d49480369d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-01-cancer-biology-bad-company.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698090094/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095450-00011-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|UNESCO World Heritage Site| |Criteria||ii, iii, iv, vi| |Region**||Europe and North America| |Inscription||1990 (Fourteenth Session)| |* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. The island of Delos (Greek: Δήλος, Dhilos, meaning "clear," or "brought to light") is in the center of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos, off the coast of Greece. It was once a major religious site, as well as a vital center of international commerce. Delos was already a holy sanctuary by the tenth century B.C.E., long before Olympian Greek mythology made it the famous birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. Its highest point, Mount Kynthos (Cynthos), is also crowned with a sanctuary of Dionysus. Legend states that Delos, the island of sun, appeared from amid the waves when the pregnant goddess Leto, who was being pursued by the jealous Hera because of Leto's affair with Zeus, took refuge there and brought her twin children, Apollo and Artemis, into the world. Delos is a 15-square-mile island, rocky and barren, where light dominates from the first moments of the breaking day until dusk. There are neither high mountains, nor the shade from trees, to shut out the light's perfect reflection. The ruins of the Delos settlement—the surviving marble columns, marketplaces, the amphitheater, temples, the gymnasium, as well as numerous the pieces of important mosaic artwork—are spread about all over the island, giving testimony to the island's glorious history. In 1990, UNESCO inscribed Delos on the World Heritage List, citing it as the "exceptionally extensive and rich" archaeological site which "conveys the image of a great cosmopolitan Mediterranean port." |Time zone:||EET/EEST (UTC+2/3)| |Elevation (min-max):||0 - 11 m (0 - 36 ft)| |Population statistics (as of 2006)| |- Area:||40 km² (15 sq.mi.)| |- Density:||0 /km² (0 /sq.mi.)| The island's first inhabitants were Carians, whose settlements date back to the third millennium B.C.E. Thucydides identifies the original inhabitants as piratical Carians who were eventually expelled by King Minos of Crete. After the Ionians had arrived on the island in the beginning of the tenth century B.C.E., Delos was transformed into a religious center, developed commercially, which increased its political influence. By the time of the Odyssey, the island was already famous as the birthplace of the twin gods Apollo and Artemis. Indeed, between 900 B.C.E. and 100 C.E., Delos was a major cult center, where Dionysus is also in evidence as well as the Titaness Leto, mother of the above mentioned twin deities. By the middle of the sixth century B.C.E., Athenians dominated Delos, together with most of the Aegean Islands. In the fifth century B.C.E., during the sixth year of the Peloponnesian war and under instruction from the Delphic Oracle, the entire island was purged of all dead bodies. It was then ordered that no one should be allowed to either die or give birth on the island due to its sacred importance and to preserve its neutrality in commerce, since no one could then claim ownership through inheritance. Another expression of Athenians' religious respect toward Apollo, was the festival which was organized in honor of the island's god every five years. After the Persian wars, Delos became the meeting-ground for the Delian League, founded in 478 B.C.E. The congresses were held in its temple, with a separate quarter reserved for foreigners and the sanctuaries of foreign deities. The League's common treasury was kept here as well until 454 B.C.E. when Pericles removed it to Athens. Delos' imposing houses with courts and atria were adorned with impressive mosaics and mural decorations. However, the island had no productive capacity for food, fiber, or timber, requiring its importation. Limited water was exploited with an extensive cistern and aqueduct system, wells, and sanitary drains. Various regions operated agoras (markets). The largest slave market in the larger region was also maintained here. Athenian control over the island ended when the Macedonians arrived on Delos in 315 B.C.E. Their presence signaled the island's independence and its commercial growth and wealth. Delos was later conquered by the Romans who declared it a free port, transforming the island into an important trade center drawing Egyptians, Syrians, and Italians. During the war initiated by King Mithridates VI of Pontus (88 B.C.E.), Delos was attacked twice resulting in the island's depopulation and eventual abandonment. From the seventeenth century, an increasing number of European travelers visited Delos, sketching its ruins and recording information on the site. In 1873, the Ecole Française d'Athenes began official excavations on the island, bringing to light a large sector of the once large and affluent city with its sanctuaries, harbors, market places, and residential quarters. - The Temple of the Delians is a classic example of the Doric order. - The small Sacred Lake in its circular bowl, now dry, is a topographical feature that determined the placement of later features. - The Minoan Fountain was a rectangular public well hewn in the rock, with a central column. It formalized Delos' sacred spring, which was reconstructed in 166 B.C.E., according to an inscription. Water can still be reached by a flight of steps that fill one side. - The Hellenistic Agora of the Competaliasts was a market square near Delos' harbor. Two powerful Italic merchant guilds dedicated statues and columns there. - The Terrace of the Lions, dedicated to Apollo by the people of Naxos shortly before 600 B.C.E., had originally nine to 12 marble guardian lions along the Sacred Way. The lions create a monumental avenue comparable to Egyptian avenues of sphinxes. - The Hall of the Poseidoniasts of Beirut housed an association of merchants, warehousemen, ship-owners, and innkeepers during the early years of Roman hegemony, in the late-second century B.C.E. - The platform of the Stoibadeion dedicated to Dionysus bears a statue of the god of wine and the life-force. On either side of the platform, a pillar supports a colossal phallus, the symbol of Dionysus. The southern pillar, which is decorated with relief scenes from the Dionysiac circle, was erected c. 300 B.C.E. to celebrate a winning theatrical performance. - The Doric Temple of Isis was built at the beginning of the Roman period to venerate the trinity of Isis, the Alexandrian Serapis, and Anubis. - The Temple of Hera, c. 500 B.C.E., is a rebuilding of an earlier Heraion on the site. - The House of Dionysus is a luxurious second century private house named for the floor mosaic of Dionysus riding a panther. - The House of the Dolphins is similarly named from its atrium mosaic, where Erotes rode dolphins; its Phoenician owner commissioned a floor mosaic of Tanit in his vestibule. - Cadogan Guides. Mykonos: Delos. 2000. ISBN 978-9605401031 - Hellander, Paul. Lonely Planet Greek Islands. Lonely Planet Publications, 2006. ISBN 978-1740599146 - Lacombe, Aimee. Delos, Island of Light. Fern Canyon Press, 1998. - Laidlaw, William A. A History of Delos. B. Blackwell, 1933. ASIN B000867N4W - Sackas, George K. Delos Island, A Tourist Guide Book. Zeno, 1972. ASIN B0007APC1K All Links Retrieved January 22, 2008. - Archaeological World: Delos www.archaeology-classic.com. - Grisel Gonzalez, 2000, "Delos" www.grisel.net. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

<urn:uuid:c66caa4b-c370-4209-ab36-b6d44e053642>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Delos

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701445114/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105045-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Everybody knows the Easter bunny is a vegetarian! Remember the trouble Peter Rabbit got into in Mr. MacGregor’s vegetable garden? Well, the Easter bunny loves vegetables too!...why not have your kids make all the Easter Bunny’s favorite spring vegetable dishes? As usual Chef-K provides, shopping list, tool list and instructions to create this celebration that the kids make themselves. Number of sessions: 1 Duration: 2 hours Other: Full Kitchen required These are simple lessons with information about planning, planting and the easiest vegetables to harvest with a class of school aged children. It includes ideas for weekly activities and garden tasks to do with the participating children. It includes a Journal template that can be used by the participating children to document garden changes and tasks accomplished throughout the planting and harvest season. There is an optional final activity to recap the season’s harvest allowing the participants to identify success as well as learning during the spring and summer. These 6X4 formatted recipe cards are ready for download and printing. There are over 20 simple recipes featuring over 40 seasonal ingredients that are ready to use. They were created to follow the harvest season from May to October in most parts of the U.S. It includes an index by seasonal produce and herbs. The recipes are perfect companion to a summer garden project or farmer's market visits. If you are looking to license for one site and pass out to your organization's members or clients, this is perfect.

<urn:uuid:61d48cea-1bac-438e-9239-fd594a53622d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.chef-k.com/catalog/30

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702900179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111500-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You've probably seen an intervention in a film or television show. In real life, an intervention is a big step, and not one to be taken lightly. If someone you care about has a serious problem with drinking or drugs, you may feel that the only way to help is to stage an intervention. An intervention is when an addict's friends and family get together to confront a loved one about the seriousness of his or her addiction; while also communicating how much he or she means to them. The hoped-for outcome is that the addict will recognize the reality of his situation and get treatment. Some of these meetings end with acknowledgment of the problem by the addict. But, unfortunately, interventions can also be met with intense anger, denial, and disbelief. If unsuccessful, an intervention can create a large rift between the addict and family members and friends, possibly leading to problems that were not present before. For this reason, it's vital to go about an intervention with as much knowledge and preparation as possible. For starters, contact a trained professional to help stage an intervention. Try the National Intervention Referral's website as a resource. In the past, interventions were staged by a counselor and loved ones to take the addict completely by surprise. Today, however, many professionals recommend telling the addict in advance that you are speaking with a counselor about his or her problems with addiction. That way, when the intervention does occur, he's less likely to feel ambushed by the talk. Whichever way works best for you, try to pick a time when the person you're planning the intervention for will be sober and in a comfortable environment. Practice the intervention with the counselor, discussing what everyone will say, and rehearsing responses to potential reactions by the addict. An intervention is not the time to seek revenge for past transgressions. Instead confront your loved one as kindly and honestly as possible. Recognize that whether the person you care about gets help or not, you may need counseling after the fact, and that's OK. Ask your intervention counselor to make a recommendation, or contact your college's health center to find someone with whom you can talk. Fan or Fanatic? Drinking in College: Some Demographics Dating Violence Overlooked in Schools When NOT To Take Another One Is Lance Armstrong Another Fallen Hero? Paralyzed by Fear on Friday the 13th You May Already Be an Alcoholic! Anxious or Depressed? Or Both? Last Updated:December 20, 2012

<urn:uuid:43b42a21-7773-4358-8b6d-61317d927686>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.1-800-therapist.com/videos/staging-intervention.html?qt-related=1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699056351/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101056-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

There aren’t any ways to heal chronic fatigue syndrome appropriate now, even if research proceeds to discover out the potential brings about and corresponding solutions for CFS. Yet not absolutely everyone who encounters serious exhaustion, really suffers from your serious tiredness syndrome. Fatigue is a human body issue where there would seem to get not enough strength within just the application to help the pursuits the individual would love to interact in. Here is the objective why fatigue is involved with inadequate focus, memory problems, head aches and immune technique boueux. Fatigue is current in many chronic diseases in addition to in additional substantial viral infection. To understand more about Circulation Booster Evaluation or any other ailments, it is actually vital to understand every thing you quite possibly can about receiving wholesome. The tips on how to treatment continual tiredness for excessive wellness troubles depend over the scenario. If you can find emotional instability suspected with the root of serious fatigue (i.e. depression, an anxiousness predicament), then, a psychiatric method of solution will be adopted. Anti-depressants together with cognitive behaviour cure symbolize regular examples of medicines utilized for chronic tiredness indicators. In the event the individual is diagnosed acquiring a viral infection, anti-biotics and immune features boosters will probably be utilized for well being healing. Should you similar to this document, then you may possibly like my web-site, which you can locate the following. In many cases the sole ways to get rid of long-term fatigue would be to make serious living fashion modifications so that you make the many appropriate whole system premises to operate in optimum recommendations. Quitting smoking cigarettes cigarettes, shedding weight, strengthening diet software and lowering worry ranges stand for the foremost conflicts of battling against persistent tiredness with lifestyle style modifications. The solutions to cure continual tiredness fluctuate from one individual to a different and predicament to predicament. And as it takes place virtually in all places within just the health-related planet, the nice benefits of almost any treatment method finally would depend within the unique reaction of the impacted particular person. The net also is full of approaches to treatment long-term exhaustion within the property. A handful of of those may be genuinely put in to apply in a incredibly efficient and thriving way, even so, there exists lots of inconsistent and unclear specifics on-line. You simply cannot believe that something you read. The most beneficial aid you could possibly get hold of is likely to be to initially discover your remedy choices jointly along with your Basic practitioner, referring to all the healthcare assessments you can expect to have to have for prognosis. In the event that the medical professional will not learn the resource within your predicament, it doesn’t imply you come about to get creating all of it up. New methods to cure persistent exhaustion syndrome are examined each day. Ideally the medicine from the long term might have much more answers and therapy options for humanity. On the other hand, until finally lastly a actual ‘cure’ becomes accessible for CFS, sufferers must do with what there is at hand. The fight towards long-term fatigue may be considered a extended a single, even so it genuinely is properly value fighting. Are you currently struggling with hair thinning? It truly is now extremely simple to quit hair loss! You will find a number of items offered in the marketplace which assists fortify the hair and assist to create the scalp a much more wholesome 1. This kind of goods are available more than fairly a few organizations and you’ll find a selection of methods via which 1 might merely obtain them, it’s generally a great concept to seek the advice of a skin doctor just prior to starting nearly any therapy to stop hair loss merely because you can find situations exactly where the items usually are greatest suited only for one particular type of hair, and may harm others. There are numerous elements for hair loss, some becoming tension, air pollution, utilizing the improper hair shampoo. Several goods in the market can be acquired within the kind of shampoo-conditioner duets, you’ll find other people that are much more software primarily based and consequently are intended to become left on the hair for your lengthier time in comparison with the shampoos. They could be utilized and left, the vitamins and minerals present in this type of choices help top hair thinning effectively. You will find some companies that produce vitamin health supplements to stop hair loss; these dietary supplements promote the foundation base of this hair and assist make these much better thereby decreasing hair loss. You will find herbal along with chemical objects to stop hair thinning. There are various organic objects that happen to be available in the market place, these types of items by natural means assist in nourishing the hair and help to create the hair a great deal more fragile and silky also as making the root base durable therefore they assist quit hair thinning, listed here are a few firms which have many natural shampoos and conditioners created of natural goods and these assist stop hair loss to some significant extent. It truly is recommended to create utilization of this type of natural solutions as they don’t wreck your hair. There are many goods as well as drinking water or oiled based options which assist stop hair loss. These types of products are quite helpful for individuals who have big baldness plus they assist quit hair thinning. You will find couple of women and men that desires these as they are very simple to spread and therefore are far more cost-effective compared to other remedies for that hair. To quit hair loss one of the greatest treatments which physicians recommend would be to reside a anxiety free existence, something that just is not simple in today’s globe. To stop hair thinning, hair transplant can be regarded as a wonderful remedy for all those who can handle to obtain a hair transplant. Then protect it as there are a number of techniques to become adopted following it. When you’re losing weight, it can be tempting to run out and buy the new pill or the new book that promises you a quick drop in pounds. But it seems like the same tips that have worked for years still work to lose weight and keep it off as well. Here are a few tips that have stood the test of time. Save calories all year long on the drinks, as well as the meals. Have a diet soda instead of a sugary soft drink or add sparking water to your white wine for a marvelous spritzer. Other non-threatening drinks for dieters include low-cal ice tea, sugar-free lemonade and the always-trustworthy water. It is common practice to increase the intensity of a workout routine to shed extra pounds, but it is also a good idea to increase the density- the amount of work done in the time frame allowed. This method will increase your stamina and endurance while also helping you drop a size or two. Instead of eating ice cream, you can try this handy tip. Freezing some low-fat whipped topping and adding it to the top of some fresh berries, can leave you feeling just as satisfied as you would if you had ice cream. This has much less sugar, calories and fat. Knowing exactly what is in your food is the first step you need to take before you can lose weight. You might think that you know exactly what’s in your food, but you’d be surprised. Do some research and make sure that anything you eat on a daily basis is as healthy or unhealthy as you think it is. If you want to start an exercise program but hate the idea of running don’t fret, you have many other great cardio options. For people with bad joints or higher age swimming is a great option for weight loss and it also helps to tone up your body. There are also dance classes which are good. So now you have what it takes to lose weight the right way. It’s really very simple. As long as you remain aware of how many calories you’re eating, you should have no trouble losing weight. All you have to do is remember the information in this article.

<urn:uuid:48632997-e7fc-4646-a9d8-3df98001c5a1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.camarenastamp.com/tag/exercising/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697745221/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094905-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Some scientists say that climate change may have been part of the cause of Hurricane Sandy’s strength and breadth. Atmospheric scientist Anthony Barnston, who studies seasonal climate patterns at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said, “Climate change affects all weather and climate to a slight degree.” The change could have contributed to particular aspects of the storm, “its exact path, its strength and its huge radius of influence,” but it’s unlikely the storm is to blame for anything beyond that. “I’ve been prepared for this for about 10 years knowing that this type of storm was going to impact New York City,“ she said. The East River overflowed late on Monday, Oct. 29, night sending contaminated water through East Harlem and parts of the Upper East Side. One resident reportedly found fish in her car. Yet the northwestern part of Manhattan got through the storm relatively unscathed. The high winds damaged trees, but flooding did not reach the northernmost parts of Manhattan. Barnston said that Lower Manhattan has a much greater risk of flooding than Upper Manhattan. Bennett Park at Pinehurst Avenue and 183rd Street in Washington Heights is the highest point in Manhattan, at 265 feet above sea level. Most of Central Harlem falls between 20 and 30 feet. But parts of East Harlem drop as low as 5 feet, which is well below the 10-foot minimum elevation recommended by environmental scientists, making its flood risk far more comparable to that of lower Manhattan. Cooper said that Washington Heights is where you most want to be in Manhattan during a storm. It lies on schist rock, which makes its foundation very stable. Most significantly, the high elevation, which falls between 100 and 200 feet above sea level, keeps Washington Heights safe from flooding. “It’s called the heights for a reason,” she said. “Environmentally, this area is extremely sound.” Climate change is an easy scapegoat to blame for environmental disasters, but they’re not always viable claims. For Sandy, “it contributed, but only by a few inches, while the full moon contributed by closer to a foot,” Barnston said. “Since the storm surge was nearly 13 feet, we can say that sea level rise was only a small player.” Barnston said, however, the impact of climate change should not be downplayed. “In 50 years, though, its cumulative effect will of course be much larger.”

<urn:uuid:3e9add63-95b1-4daf-9c40-b571b0bfec74>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://northattan.com/2012/11/02/scientists-say-sandy-was-a-long-time-coming/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701314683/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104834-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

SAM Training Programs High School and College Females - Females ages 16-24 are more vulnerable to intimate partner violence than any other age group - at a rate almost triple the national average. - Approximately 1 in 5 female high school students report being physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner. - Among female victims of intimate partner violence, a current or former boyfriend or girlfriend victimized 94% of those between the ages of 16-19. - 1 in 4 women will be sexually assaulted on a college campus, and - Nearly 90% of women who were raped knew their assailant - 1 in 8 women will be raped while in college. - 84% of women who were raped knew their assailant. - 57% of rapes occur on a date. - 75% of male students and 55% of female students involved in date rape had been drinking or using drugs. - 13% of college women have been stalked. Violence in Schools - Each year, 3 million young people in the U.S. fall victim to crimes at school and almost 2 million of these incidents involve some form of violence. (CRF-USA) - In the 2005-2006 school year, among students ages 12-18 there were about 1.5 million victims of nonfatal crimes, including thefts and violent crimes (rape, sexual assault, robbery and aggravated assault) (Department of Education. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007). - During 2005-2006, 86 percent of public schools reported one or more serious violent incidents, theft or other crime occurred at their school, amounting to an estimated 2.2 million crimes. This figure translates into a rate of 46 crimes per 1,000 students enrolled in 2005-2006. (Department of Education. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007). - The overall rate of violent incidents for all public schools was 31 per 1,000 students. The rate of violent incidents was significantly higher in middle schools (52 incidents per 1,000 students) than in primary schools (25 incidents per 1,000 students) or high schools (26 incidents per 1,000 students). (Department of Education. Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools) - In 2005-2006, 24 percent of public schools reported that student bullying was a daily or weekly problem. (Department of Education. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007) - Regarding other discipline problems occurring at least once a week, 18 percent of public school principals reported student acts of disrespect for teachers; 9 percent reported student verbal abuse of teachers. (Department of Education. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007) - While 52 percent of all schools reported at least one student threat of physical attack without a weapon, 9 percent of schools reported such a threat with a weapon. (Department of Education. Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools)

<urn:uuid:87ab86ab-d854-49eb-80b4-ab0f0114c2e6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.samprograms.com/programs/statistics.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702019913/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110019-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Science and technology in Pakistan In Pakistan, science and technology served as an important part of national politics, practices, and extreme national identities. From 1960s till the present, both science and technology were immediately linked to the national ideology and practical functioning of Pakistan, notably the Pakistan Armed Forces, while science and technology is a growing and flourishing field in Pakistan. Many scientists, who worked in India and United Kingdom (like, e.g. Razi Siddiqui and Salim Siddiqui), migrated to Pakistan and helped give birth to science in Pakistan. Since its independence from Great Britain in 1947, the newly-found nation of Pakistan has seen a large influx of scientists, engineers, doctors, and technicians assuming an active role in its fields of science and technology. Liaquat Ali-Khan (office: 14 August 1947 – 16 October 1951), the first Prime minister, invited hundreds of scientists from India and made various reforms to initiate improvement in higher education and scientific research. Marked by highly developed pure sciences and innovation at theoretical level, interpretation and application fell short. Physics (theoretical, nuclear, particle, laser, and Quantum physics), Material science, Metallurgy (Engineering), Biology, Chemistry (Organic), and Mathematics, are the fields in which Pakistan citizens excelled. During the 1960s till the present, the Pakistan government made the development and advancement of science a national priority and showered top scientists with honours. With the government making efforts to make science a part of national politics, there are several examples of budget cuts in the science funds where corruption remains a vital part of Pakistan politics. In the most notorious case, the government dissolved the Higher Education Commission — an administrative body that supervised research in science — in 2011. Mega science projects such as Black-Garden Dam, Thar Coal programme, and the Reko Dique gold mine programme were severely undermined by the political forces in Pakistan which contributed to the halt of scientific research in the country. Pakistani scientists won acclaim in several fields. They were at the cutting edge of science in fields such as mathematics and in several branches of physical science, notably theoretical and nuclear physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Professor Abdus Salam, a theoretical physicist, was the first and the only Pakistan citizen to have won the prestigious Nobel Prize in 1979. Furthermore, technology is mostly high developed in the fields of nuclear physics and explosives engineering, where the arms race with the India convinced policy makers to set aside sufficient resources for research. Due to a crash programme directed by Munir Ahmad Khan and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Pakistan is the seventh nation to have developed an atomic bomb, which the global intelligence community believes it had done in 1983 (see Kirana-I), nine years after the India (see Pokhran-I). Pakistan first publicly tested its devices (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) on 28 and 30 May 1998, a mere two weeks after the Republic of India carried out its own tests(See Pokhran-II). Space exploration was hastily developed in 1990 Pakistan launched Badr-I followed by Badr-II in 2001. Since the 1980s, the space programme dedicated itself to military technologies (Space weapons programme and Integrated missile systems), and maintains a strong programme developed for military applications. The Scientific and Technological Research Division was established in 1964 for (i) coordination and implementation of national science and technology policy; (ii) promotion and coordination of research and utilization of the results of research; (iii) development, production and utilization of nuclear energy; and (iv) coordination of utilization of scientific and technological manpower. The Division was administratively responsible for National Science Council, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Atomic Energy Commission and the Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Committee. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MoS&T) has been functioning since 1972. It is the national focal point and enabling arm of Government of Pakistan for planning, coordinating and directing efforts; to initiate and launch scientific and technological programs and projects as per national agenda for sound and sustainable Science & Technology Research base for the socio-economic development. From the areas of industrial development to renewable energy and rural development, the Ministry suggests technological development for higher growth-rates and to improve standards of living. Its principal focus is on building Pakistan's technological competence and developing a larger pool of human resources to reverse brain drain, and for integrating the existing technological infrastructure for strengthening of technology institutions, effective governance of S&TR and enhancing the capacity of indigenous innovation systems. State controlled science Unlike some Western countries, the majority of the research programmes are conducted not at the institutions (such as universities) but at the specially set up research facilities and institutes. These institutes are performed under the government's Ministry of Science that overlooks the development and promotion of science in the country, while others are performed under the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, other specialized academies and even the research arms of various government ministries. At first, the core of fundamental science was the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, originally set up in 1953 and moved from Karachi to Islamabad in 1964. The Pakistan Academy of Sciences has a large percentage of researchers in the natural sciences, particularly physics. From 1947 to 1971, the research was being conducted independently with no government influence. The High Tension Laboratories (HTL) at the GCU was established by R.M. Chaudhrie with funds given by the British government in 1950s. In 1967, Prof. Abdus Salam led the foundation of the Institute of Theoretical Physics (ITP) at the Quaid-e-Azam University, and the establishment of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology and the Centre for Nuclear Studies; all were independently established by Pakistan's academic scientists with financial assistance provided by European countries. However, after Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President, he took over the control of scientific research in 1972 as part of his intensified socialist reforms and policies. With advice taken from Dr. Mubashir Hassan, Bhutto established the Ministry of Science with Ishrat Hussain Usmani, a bureaucrat with a doctorate in atomic physics. During 1950s and 1960s, both West Pakistan and East Pakistan had their own academies of science, with the East Pakistan relying on West Pakistan to allot the funds. Medical research is coordinated and funded by the Health Ministry and agricultural research is led by Agriculture Ministry and likewise, the research on environmental sciences is headed by the Environment Ministry. An aftermath of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan Winter War was that Bhutto funded around more than 200% funding of science, dedicated to military research and development. Bhutto, with the help of his Science Adviser Dr. Salam, gathered hundreds of scientists working abroad to develop what became an atom bomb. This crash programme was directed at first by Dr. Abdus Salam until 1974 and then directed and led by Munir Ahmad Khan from 1974 until 1991. For the first time an effort was made by the government when Pakistan's citizens made advancements in nuclear physics, theoretical physics and mathematics. In 1980s, General Zia-ul-Haq radicalized the science by enforcing pseudoscience - by his Muslim fundamentalists as administrators - in Pakistan's schools and universities. One of the premiers were Mazhar Mahmood Qurashi, a physicist educated in the United Kingdom, and Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, a nuclear engineer, also educated in the United Kingdom. They played a major role in radicalizing the science in Pakistan. General Zia-ul-Haq later promoted Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan to export the sensitive industrial (military) technologies to Libya, Iran, and North Korea. Because of government control, academic research in Pakistan remains highly classified and unknown to the international scientific community. There have been several failed attempts made by foreign powers to infiltrate the country's research facilities to learn how much research has progressed and how much clandestine knowledge has been gained by Pakistan's scientific community. One of the notable cases was in the 1970s, when the Libyan intelligence made an unsuccessful attempt to gain knowledge on critical aspects of nuclear physics, and crucial mathematical calculations in theoretical physics, but was thwarted by the ISI Directorate for Joint Intelligence Technical (JIT). From the 1980s and onward, both the Russian intelligence and the Central Intelligence Agency made several attempts to access Pakistan's research but because of the ISI, they were unable to gain any information. From the period 1980 to 2004, research in science fell short until General Pervez Mushrraf established the Higher Education Commission (HEC) which heightened the contribution of science and technology in Pakistan. Major research was undertaken by Pakistan's institutes in the field of natural sciences. In 2003, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Pakistan and the United States Department of State signed a comprehensive Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement that established a framework to increase cooperation in science, technology, engineering and education for mutual benefit and peaceful purposes between the science and education communities in both countries. In 2005, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) joined with the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan to support the joint Pakistan-U.S. Science and Technology Cooperation Program. Beginning in 2008, the United States Department of State (DOS) joined USAID as U.S. co-sponsor of the program. This program, which is being implemented by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences on the U.S. side, is intended to increase the strength and breadth of cooperation and linkages between Pakistan scientists and institutions with counterparts in the United States. However, with the unfavourable situations, research declined. In 2011, the government dissolved the HEC and the control of education was taken by governmental ministries. Scientific research institutions (SRI) A large part of research is conducted by science research institutes with semi-controlled by the Government. - H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry - National Center for Physics - National Institute of Mathematics - PU Centre for High Energy Physics - Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics - National Engineering and Scientific Commission - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Physics - Institute of Space Technology - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology - Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture - Technology Resource Mobilization Unit - Federal Bureau of Statistics - Mathematics Statistical Division Notable scientists Nobel Prize - Abdus Salam — winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1979) for his theory of Electroweak theory that combines weak and electromagnetic forces. Professor Salam is the most and highly decorated scientist of Pakistan, with honoring with most state awards including the Sitara-e-Pakistan (Star of Pakistan) in 1959 with no other scientist has received that honor to date yet. Albert Einstein Award - Riazuddin — winner of Einstein Award (2000) for his contribution in theoretical physics, notably the contribution in neutrinos. Riazuddin, pupil student of Salam, remains the most state decorated scientist of Pakistan with receiving state honors and international prizes, second to Abdus Salam. - Mujahid Kamran — winner of Einstein Award (2001) for the leading research in quantum mechanics. Order of Excellence Scientists who are awarded the highest hierarchy of Pakistan, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Order of Excellence). - Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry — honored in 1998 for his contribution in the advancement of nuclear physics. - Abdus Salam — honored in 1979 for outstanding contribution in developing the Pakistan science. - Ishfaq Ahmad — honored with Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1998) for his contribution in nuclear physics. - Abdul Qadeer Khan — honored twice (1996 and 1999) for developing the gas-centrifuge programme. - Riazuddin — awarded and honored (1998) for his contribution to theoretical physics. - Atta ur Rahman — honored in 2002 for his edge leading research in Natural product chemistry. - Samar Mubarakmand — honored in 2003 for the contribution in space programme and accelerator physics. - Ishrat Hussain Usmani — honored in 1998 for his enhancing the science in Pakistan. - Munir Ahmad Khan — honored in 2012 for his contribution to physics and nuclear engineering in Pakistan. Order of Crescent Scientists who are conferred with second highest honored, the Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Order of Crescent). - Munir Ahmad Khan — honored in 1989 for building Pakistan's nuclear fuel cycle programme. - Tasneem M. Shah — honored in 1998 for leading research in mathematics and pioneering and instrumental research computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL). - Asghar Qadir — honored in 2008 for his international research in mathematics and pioneering research in mathematical science at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission - Salimuzzaman Siddiqui — honored in 1980 for his leading research in medical chemistry. National prizes The most prestigious government prize awarded for achievements in science and technology is Nishan-e-Imtiaz (or in English Order of Excellence). While Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz occupies a unique role and importance in Pakistan's civil society. In 1961, international achievements first recorded in 1961 when Pakistan became third Asian country and tenth in the world when the Rehbar-I — a solid fuel expandable rocket— was launched from Sonmani Spaceport. The Rehbar-I was launched and developed under the leadership of dr. W. J. M. Turowicz, a renowned Polish-Pakistani scientist and then-project-director of this program. Since then, the program began taking flights which continued until 1970s. However, a major-breakthrough was internationally recorded in 1979, when the Nobel Prize Committee announced to award the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physics to Abdus Salam for formulating the Electroweak Theory — a theory that provides the basis of unification of weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. In 1990, Suparco launched her first and locally designed communication satellite, Badr-I, from Xichang Satellite Launch Center of the Peoples Republic of China. With launch of this satellite, Pakistan became first Muslim majority country to have been succeeded to developed artificial robotic satellite, and was the second South Asian state to have launched its satellite, second to India. One of the widely reported achievement was internationally recorded in 1998, when country joined the elite Nuclear club. In response of India's nuclear tests on May 11 and May 13 of 1998, under codename Operation Shakti, in long-constructed Indian Army Pokhran Test Range (PTR). Pakistan under the leadership of Prime minister Navaz Scharief, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), conducted five simultaneous tests at the Chagai Hills under codename Chagai-I on May 28, 1998. To even the score with India, the PAEC carried another and test at the Kharan Desert, under Chaga-II, making it has tested a total of six devices in under one week. With the testing of these atomic devices, Pakistan became 7th nuclear power country in the world, and the only Muslim-majority country to have mastered the technology. In August 13 of 2011, the Suparco launched its first and indigenously developed geosynchronous satellite, Paksat-IR from Xichang Satellite Launch Centre of the People's Republic of China. Information technology Pakistan’s information technology industry has gone through a dramatic change in recent years and the country has taken lead in adopting some technologies while also setting an example for others in global best practices. Information technology in Pakistan is a growing and rising industry that has a large potential. Matters relating to the IT industry are overseen and regulated by the Ministry of Information Technology of the Government of Pakistan. The IT industry is regarded as a successful sector of Pakistan economically, even in financial crisis. The government of Pakistan has given numerous favors to IT investors in the country since last decade, that resulted in the development of the IT sector. In the years 2003-2005 the country's IT exports saw a rise of about fifty percent and amounted a total of about 48.5 million USD. The World Economic Forum, assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 102nd among 144 countries in the Global Information Technology report of 2012. As of 2011, Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in internet penetration. Overall, it has the 15th largest population of internet users in the world. In the fiscal year 2012-2013, the Government of Pakistan aims to spend Rs. 4.6 billion on information technology projects, with emphasis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure development. Golden age of Science Pakistan is the home of Dr. Abdus Salam who became the first Pakistan winner of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Abdus Salam was the father of scientific research in Pakistan. Under the watchful direction of Salam, mathematicians and physicists tackled the greatest and outstanding problems in physics and mathematics. From 1960 to 1974, Salam was responsible for leading the research at its maximum point. This prompted the international recognition of Pakistani mathematicians and physicists, that resulted the for the Pakistani scientists and mathematicians to conduct their research at CERN. This period is often regarded as the Golden age of Physics in Pakistan, where physicists, particularly from Pakistan, had shared and applied an effort to the advancement of physics and mathematics. Abdus Salam and his students (Riazuddin, Fayyazuddin and others) revolutionized the particle and theoretical physics, are thought to be modern pioneers of particle physics at all aspect of it. A pure research was taken in Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum field theory, protonic decay and major fields in physics, were pioneered by Pakistan's scientists. With the establishment of nuclear and neutron institutes in the country, Pakistan's mathematicians introduced complex mathematical applications to study and examine the behaviors of elements during the fission process. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui is the pioneering personality for studying the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rauwolfia, and various other flora. The 1960s and the 1970s period is regarded as the rise of Pakistan's science, which gained an international reputation in the different science communities of the world. During this period, scientists contributed to the fields of, particularly, Theoretical, Particle, Mathematical, and the Nuclear physics, and other major and sub fields of Physics. The research was preceded by such key physicists as Riazuddin, Ishfaq Ahmad, Pervez Hoodbhoy and Samar Mubarakmand, among others. Pakistan has been known internationally for some of its major achievements in science and technology such as successful development of media and military technologies and a growing base of doctors and engineers, as well as a fair amount of its new influx of software engineers who have been actively contributing to Pakistan's potential in the Information Technology industry. However due to present situation in Pakistan, around 3,000 Pakistani doctors emigrate to Western economies in search of suitable employment opportunities and hence contribute intellectually to the health sector of developed countries and at the same time leaving the effects of a brain drain in Pakistan. Despite some progressive scientific achievements, Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy published a report on scientific output in Pakistan in which he pointed out that research and scientific activities are significantly lower than many other developing countries Hoodbhoy cites that Pakistan has produces far fewer papers than neighboring India. In terms of the number of published scientific research papers, together with the citations to them, Hoodbhoy demonstrates that the output of Pakistan for physics papers, over the period from 1 January 1997 to 28 February 2007, together with the total number of publications in all scientific fields, is substantially lower than Brazil, India, China, and the United States. Hoodbhoy attributes this dearth to militant Islam in Pakistan and the promotion of pseudoscience by Muslim fundamentalists in Pakistani schools and universities. Despite its decline and fall, Science in Pakistan is still a powerful proponent in Pakistan's bureaucracy. Science in Pakistan served as an extreme level national pride and from junior scientists to top scientists are bestowed with national prizes and honors each and every year. However, these honors are not roughly restricted to Pakistan's academic scientists. Foreign scientists are also bestowed with these honors and publicly televised their achievements. The word "Professor" occupies a unique role in Pakistan's society and its roughly equivalent to any descent military rank in the society. Each and every year, the Government of Pakistan delegated and invited scientists from all over the world, by issuing special visas, to attend seven day long International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics where scientists, from all over the world, are visited in specially designated hotels especially made for scientists by the government. Despite its strained and trouble relations with India, Government of Pakistan issues special visas to Indian scientists. Science community of Pakistan - NUST Science Society - Pakistan Mathematical Society - Pakistan Academy of Sciences - Pakistan Astrophysicist Society - Pakistan Nuclear Society - Pakistan Atomic Scientists Society - National Information and Communication Technologies Research and Development Funds - Pakistan Science Foundation - Department of Pakistan Survey - Pakistan Geo-engineering and Geological Survey - Pakistan Cave Research and Caving Federation - Pakistan Physical Society - Pakistan Optical Society - Khwarizmi Science Society - Pakistan science club - Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology - Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology - Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology - Pakistan Institute of Science and Technology(PINSTECH) - National Institute of Food Science and Technology - USTAD Institute of Science & Technology Abbottabad - Royal Institute of Science & Technology Karachi - Gandhara Institute Of Science & Technology - Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology - Bright Institute of Science and technology - Peshawar - Pakistan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology See also - Helmenstine, Ph.D., Anne Marie. "This Day in Science History - May 28 - Pakistan Goes Nuclear". Anne Marie Helmenstine of the chemistry.com. - MoST, Ministry of Science and Technology; Pakistan Government and the Electronic Government Directorate (Updated). "Ministry of Science and Technology". Government of Pakistan. Directorate for Electronic Government (DEG)and the Directorate for the Scientific and Technological Research Division (STRD). - PAS, Pakistan Academy of Science (Updated). "Introduction". PAS Press Directorate. Directorate for the Information and Public Press of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS). - Ahmad, Ph.D. and D.Sc., Professor Hameed Ahmad (November 2004). "Education, Science and Technology in Developing Countries: Some Thoughts and Recollection: §Higher Education in Pakistan: Current and Future Scenarios." (PDF). COMSATS Journal of Science (Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) Headquarters: Dr. Hameed Ahmad Khan, Doctor of Science in (Astroparticle Physics) and Doctor of Philosophy in (Nuclear Physics) from the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.) 1 (1): 212. Retrieved 2011. - (MH), Ministry of Health (Pakistan); Government of Pakistan. "Ministry of Health". Government of Pakistan and the Ministry of Health of Pakistan. Directorate for the Electronic Government (DEG) and the Directorate for the Health Research and Public Research and Development (HERPURD). - (minfal), Ministry of Food and Agriculture; Government of Pakistan. "Ministry of Agriculture". Electronic Government Directorate and Directorate for the Agriculture Research and Applied Science (ARAS). - (moenv), Ministry of Environment; Government of Pakistan. "Ministry of Environment". Electronic Government Directorate and Directorate for the Environmental Research and Applied Science (ERAS). - Brigadier-General Syed A. I. Tirmazi (1985). Profiles of Intelligence. Combined Printers. Library of Congress Catalogue No. 95-930455. - Riazuddin (1998-11-21). "Physics in Pakistan". ICTP. Retrieved 2011. - Science and the Islamic world—The quest for rapprochement, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Physics Today - The seven most scientifically productive Islamic countries as of early 2007 compared against a selection of other countries, Philadelphia-based science information specialist, Thomson Scientific - Muslim science must join the 21st century, Athar Osama, Scidev.net - Islamic failure, by Pervez Hoodbhoy, Prospect Magazine

<urn:uuid:8f8380ef-c495-4266-ab1f-f76b8c83c561>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697681504/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094801-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

E-Books sind auch über alle bekannten E-Book Shops erhältlich. Kurzbeschreibung The Haitian Revolution was the only successful slave revolt in world history and the first time people of color overthrew a European colonial regime to establish an independent country. This book offers students a concise and clearly written overview of the events of the Haitian Revolution. Drawing on the latest scholarship in the field as well as on the author's original research, the book presents a chronological account of the complex historical contexts that produced and shaped the revolution, while paying due attention to important underlying themes. Aus dem Inhalt List of Illustrations vi Series Editor's Preface vii 1 A Colonial Society in a Revolutionary Era 10 2 The Uprisings, 1791-1793 35 3 Republican Emancipation in Saint-Domingue, 1793-1798 62 4 Toussaint Louverture in Power, 1798-1801 90 5 The Struggle for Independence, 1802-1806 114 6 Consolidating Independence in a Hostile World 141 Afterword: The Earthquake Crisis of 2010 and the Haitian Revolution 167

<urn:uuid:36103b99-ca3a-4131-a691-16ba2e05b7c8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/bySubjectHI00/bySubSubjectHI10/1-4051-9821-4/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705936437/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120536-00092-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Included is cover pages, B/W student response sheets, and these five centers: Time to Color - Time to the hour *****updated with option to use time to the half hour Counting Supplies - counting by 2s, 5s, and 10s Handy Helper Fact Sorting - sorting facts that equal either 7, 8, 9, or 10 Recess Tallies - matching tally marks to numbers Double the Supplies - a game board that lets them practice their doubles facts Ask The Teachers' Cauldron a question. They will receive an automated email and will return to answer you as soon as possible. Please Login to ask your question. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: Any chance you could consider adding time to the half hour to this? It needs a little more challenge for my second graders even this early in the year before I feel I can justify purchasing it. It's a great center! I am in my 10th year teaching, I have taught grades 2-5, six years of them in 3rd grade. I am back in 2nd again, and I love it! I have my masters in Elementary Reading, and I am a National Board Certified Teacher.

<urn:uuid:8420279e-2dfe-44e6-a00f-a4f1303811f9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/School-Days-Math-Centers-285997

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709337609/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516130217-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

It's a digital, interactive, online, tricked-out Google map called The Atlas of Ingenious Ireland. Dedicated to "Putting Irish Science on the Map," it locates and annotates key science, tech and natural history landmarks. Click on the blue "Astronomy" icon with the silhouette of Saturn in the center of the Irish map for the story and a photo of the Birr Castle Telescope, which was the world's largest telescope 150 years ago and even mentioned in a Jules Verne novel. To learn more, just click the link to the Birr Castle website. Or click the blue icon just north of Dublin to learn about a much older -- maybe the oldest -- astronomical observatory, Newgrange. Tucked behind the Newgrange marker is an orange icon with the engineering symbol of a drafting compass, indicating the location of the Boyne Viaduct, carrying the Dublin-Belfast railway across a steep gorge at Drogheda, which was the longest lattice construction of its kind when it opened in 1855. The engineer's eye will travel north to another orange icon marking the Antrim Coast Road, a feat of engineering with great geology and scenery and the perfect approach to the Giant's Causeway, itself is marked by a gray icon with a stylized mountain range indicating a Geology and Earth Science site. The Atlas of Ingenious Ireland notes many more sites to see, among them Mayo National Park, the birthplace of 19th century science great George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903), Lismore Castle, birthplace of the first modern chemist Robert Boyle and Hook Head, the world's oldest working intact lighthouse. Soon another layer of interactivity will be turned on, enabling visitors to add their own picks to the map's highlighted attractions. The project is one of many for the dynamic Mary Mulvihill, a noted science journalist. IngeniousIreland.ie is her portal to a world of walks, talks and audio guided tours of Ireland and an outgrowth of her award-winning book Ingenious Ireland, which ferreted out the intriguing inventions and discoveries, fascinating fossils and landscapes in all 32 counties. So the next time you tour, take in some science with the scenery. For me, I want to stop at Leighlinbridge, birthplace of great 19th century scientist John Tyndall (1820-93). In a land where skies are completely covered by cloud roughly half of the time, he was the first person to explain why the sky is blue. Follow John Lee on Twitter: www.twitter.com/johnleemedia

<urn:uuid:c2e34007-5965-4a5b-a7ed-cfaf52a66f1e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-lee/putting-irish-science-on-_b_1527074.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704818711/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114658-00063-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The legend is that the great rulers of Canaan, the ancient land of Israel, were all men. But a recent dig by Tel Aviv University archaeologists at Tel Beth-Shemesh uncovered possible evidence of a mysterious female ruler. Tel Aviv University archaeologists Prof. Shlomo Bunimovitz and Dr. Zvi Lederman of the Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations have uncovered an unusual ceramic plaque of a goddess in female dress, suggesting that a mighty female "king" may have ruled the city. If true, they say, the plaque would depict the only known female ruler of the region. The plaque itself depicts a figure dressed as royal male figures and deities once appeared in Egyptian and Canaanite art. The figure's hairstyle, though, is womanly and its bent arms are holding lotus flowers – attributes given to women. This plaque, art historians suggest, may be an artistic representation of the "Mistress of the Lionesses," a female Canaanite ruler who was known to have sent distress letters to the Pharaoh in Egypt reporting unrest and destruction in her kingdom. "We took this finding to an art historian who confirmed our hypothesis that the figure was a female," says Dr. Lederman. "Obviously something very different was happening in this city. We may have found the 'Mistress of the Lionesses' who'd been sending letters from Canaan to Egypt. The destruction we uncovered at the site last summer, along with the plaque, may just be the key to the puzzle." A Lady Ruler in Pre-Exodus Canaan Around 1350 BCE, there was unrest in the region. Canaanite kings conveyed their fears via clay tablet letters to the Pharaoh in Egypt, requesting military help. But among all the correspondence by kings were two rare letters that stuck out among the 382 el Amarna tablets uncovered a few decades ago by Egyptian farmers. The two letters came from a "Mistress of the Lionesses" in Canaan. She wrote that bands of rough people and rebels had entered the region, and that her city might not be safe. Because the el-Amarna tablets were found in Egypt rather than Canaan, historians have tried to trace the origin of the tablets. "The big question became, 'What city did she rule?'" Dr. Lederman and Prof. Bunimovitz say. The archaeologists believe that she ruled as king (rather than "queen," which at the time described the wife of a male king) over a city of about 1,500 residents. A few years ago, Tel Aviv University's Prof. Nadav Naaman suggested that she might have ruled the city of Beth Shemesh. But there has been no proof until now. "The city had been violently destroyed, in a way we rarely see in archaeology," says Prof. Bunimovitz, who points to many exotic finds buried under the destruction, including an Egyptian royal seal, bronze arrowheads and complete large storage vessels. They suggest a large and important city-state, well enmeshed within East Mediterranean geo-political and economic networks. Time for a New Interpretation of Biblical History? Tel Aviv University archaeologists say that the new finds might turn the interpretation of pre-biblical history on its head. The people of the time were pagans who had a very elaborate religious system. "It was a very well-to-do city," says Lederman. "Strangely, such extensive destruction, like what we found in our most recent dig, is a great joy for archaeologists because people would not have had time to take their belongings. They left everything in their houses. The site is loaded with finds," he says, adding that the expensive items found in the recent level points to it as one the most important inland Canaanite cities. The discovery of the plaque, and the evidence of destruction recorded in the el-Amarna tablets, could confirm that the woman depicted in the figurine was the mysterious "Mistress of the Lionesses" and ruled Canaanite Beth Shemesh. "There is no evidence of other females ruling a major city in this capacity," Lederman and Bunimovitz say. "She is the only one. We really hope to find out more about her this summer." American Friends of Tel Aviv University (www.aftau.org) supports Israel's leading and most comprehensive center of higher learning. In independent rankings, TAU's innovations and discoveries are cited more often by the global scientific community than all but 20 other universities worldwide. Internationally recognized for the scope and groundbreaking nature of its research programs, Tel Aviv University consistently produces work with profound implications for the future. AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

<urn:uuid:210b1d45-2e55-4812-9a41-7f980e72c7d4>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-04/afot-wa040609.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704133142/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113533-00041-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Medieval period begins with the Norman invasion , lead by William the Conqueror - were from Northwest of France, - brought "Norman-French" to England, - were superior soldiers and administrators, - lacked inventiveness - provided the model for a more democratic society than the existing Norman one. - the avenues of upward mobility were those of the church (Roman) and the court. - the language of the church was latin - the language of the court was Norman French William the Conqueror - became the most powerful leader in Europe. - brought the Feudal system to England. - is responsible for dividing up the land among his faithful followers. - drew up the Doomsday Book which inventorized the land holdings of England. Language and Culture - England was heterogeneous and multilingual. - French was the language of the prestige and of trade. - The idea of Chivalry was French. - The language of romance (poetry), was French. People favored chivalric romances, tales of love, enchantment and adventure. The Medieval Church - was the most powerful unifying force in Europe. - Latin, the language of the church, was considered the language of the educated. - the church was the dominant force in preserving and transmitting culture - the abbeys and monasteries were centres of learning - the church began to come under attack for abusing its power. Middle Class England - the emergence of the wool-making industry saw the beginning of the merchant class. - Guild system was formed to help assure fair wages for workers. Soceity as a whole: a very small percentage of society was considerred gentil (between 4 and 4.5 percent of society - England's population: 3,500,000 (this is after the Black Death) - Members of the court: 8,000 - 10,000 (this includes the families of the lords) or roughly less than 0.5% of the population. - Members of the ecclesiastical order (Church): 50,000 or about 2% of the population. - City dwellers: merely 100,000 + were at all urbanized. - the popular ballad --> folk ballad - the romance - the acceptance of English as a language of literature The Folk Ballad - was a popular song - four line stanza called a quatrain - each stanza alternated eight syllable and six syllable lines. - lines were iambic (a metre which consisted of an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable) - rhyme: 2nd and 4th lines in each stanza - narrative form with shifts from speaker to speaker. - often uses a refrain or repeated last line of each stanza. Sometimes the refrain changes slightly with each repetition (incremental repetition)

<urn:uuid:02c6b3ed-e909-474e-88c7-9ec53099afbe>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://everything2.com/title/Medieval+Period

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707437545/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123037-00002-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What is Wicker Wicker Definition - Wicker is a material that when woven becomes hard. It is then used to construct furniture, baskets, and other household items. The material that makes up wicker is made out plastics fibers or plant stems. Ideal Home Garden Explains Wicker is a durable material that that is intertwined to create, most commonly, home goods. Wicker furniture is commonly used in homes and dates back to ancient Egypt. Wicker chairs are very popular and often found in a backyard space. These chairs are either made completely out of wicker, or have a harder outer frame material, like plastic or aluminum.

<urn:uuid:8b05bb0e-7208-4083-8d57-dbff09474086>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.idealhomegarden.com/glossary/wicker/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706635944/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121715-00098-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Residential Market - Light Commercial Market - Commercial Market - Indoor Air Quality - Components & Accessories - Residential Controls - Commercial Controls - Testing, Monitoring, Tools - Services, Apps & Software - Standards & Legislation - EXTRA EDITION Air duct leakage should be a concern to both the design engineer and the building owner because of its potential impact on the initial construction costs, energy usage, and system performance. Every duct system requires power. Power drives the fan or blower unit needed to move the air over or through the resistance elements, and power operates the compressor or heating elements depending on the desired function. No matter the size, the total benefit of the duct system is based and measured on the peak fan efficiency for that system. Small commercial buildings typically use a packaged air handling unit where all of the supply and return air ductwork is in the conditioned space. If the design airflows are not properly delivered to the building HVAC loads, the occupants will respond with corresponding higher or lower temperature settings to meet their comfort requirements. The end result is higher energy costs. In large complex buildings, particularly those with variable air volume systems (VAV), recent research has found that a more complex interaction occurs which requires computer simulation to quantify the energy impact. The Public Interest Energy Research Program (PIER) reported that “When conditioned air leaks from the supply ducts, the heating or cooling energy associated with leakage heats or cools the return air and changes its temperature.” Typically “one-third of the total annual energy consumption is related to HVAC. In addition, 39 percent of this HVAC consumption is associated with fan operation.” The key elements influencing ductwork leakage start with the very basics - size, shape, and construction materials. Ductwork is made from a wide range of materials - galvanized steel, carbon steel, aluminum, stainless steel, fiberglass, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl steel (PVS), ductboard, and others. Perhaps the most common material used is galvanized steel. Ductwork is available in rectangular, round, and flat oval geometric shapes. The particular shape that is selected for a specific system should adhere to minimizing the initial installed cost and annual operating costs, as well as conform to the constraints of the building envelope. There are many reasons why SMACNA HVAC Systems Duct Design Manual recommends the following: • Use the minimum number of fittings. • Consider the use of semi-extended plenums. • Seal ductwork to minimize air leakage. • Consider using round duct. • When using rectangular ductwork, maintain an aspect ration as close to 1-to-1 as possible. There are several reasons for specifying round ductwork versus rectangular ductwork: • Lowest possible duct friction loss for a given perimeter. • Lowest weight based upon the same airflows, pressures, and friction loss rates. • Requires less supports per running foot. • Handles negative pressures with less weight and reinforcement. • Handles higher air velocities than rectangular ductwork while achieving the same acoustic design criteria. • Least expensive to seal for air leakage. As reported in the SMACNA 1990 HVAC Systems Duct Design Manual, duct leakage previously specified as an arbitrarily established percentage of the airflow was impossible to attain by the installing contractor. Joint research conducted by SMACNA and ASHRAE has since developed a methodology used to relate the amount of ductwork leakage to the ductwork surface area and the design static pressure independent of the actual airflow in the ductwork. In addition, the leakage class recognizes that under the best conditions, rectangular ductwork will leak air at a rate twice greater than round. Various recognized methods of sealing ductwork also vary in degrees of cost, quality, visual appearance, and performance. Choices range from various types of flanges, to slip fit connections that require liquids, mastics, tapes, or heat-applied materials to seal the joints. In addition, several ductwork manufacturers offer a factory-applied gasket with self-sealing characteristics that do not require the field application of external sealants. Exposed ductwork remains in vogue with the architectural tastes of designers and building owners, a trend that requires more attention be paid to the ductwork sealing methods than in the past because of the visual aesthetics. A typical response to unanticipated ductwork air leakage has: • Increased design airflows, which increase the initial construction costs for equipment and ductwork. • Increased fan energy. • Increased energy for heating, cooling, and dehumidifying the airstream. • Increased difficulty in air balancing the system airflows. • Impacts on the indoor air quality (IAQ). • Compromised occupant comfort. Publication date: 10/04/2010

<urn:uuid:25051f67-55f1-483d-bddf-3b21f10c58f1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.achrnews.com/articles/duct-leakage-white-paper

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706624988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121704-00009-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

PDF [149 KB] In the time it takes for the driver to yawn, a vehicle traveling at highway speeds can cross a highway median and strike opposing traffic head-on. Head-on crashes at highway speed are generally more severe than other types of highway crashes. In 2006, on the National Highway System alone, there were 821 median crossover crashes that resulted in fatalities. Median barriers are longitudinal barriers most commonly used to separate opposing directions of traffic on a divided highway. While these systems may not reduce the frequency of crashes due to roadway departure, they can definitely help prevent a median crash from becoming a median crossover head-on collision. Barrier Design and Placement Considerations Barrier design and placement needs to effectively protect motorists traveling in opposing lanes, while also considering the safety of the occupants of the errant vehicle. Among the factors involved in selection of a barrier system are the types of vehicles using the roadway, the roadway geometry, and the potential severity of a median crossover crash. Standard barriers capable of redirecting passenger cars, light vans and trucks are considered cost effective for most situations. However, at locations with adverse geometrics, high traffic volumes and speeds, significant amounts of heavy truck traffic, or special environmental considerations, a higher performance median barrier may be more appropriate. Pros and Cons of Barrier System Options There are three basic categories of median barriers: rigid barrier systems, semi-rigid barrier systems, and flexible barrier systems. Ease of maintenance and repair for these barrier systems is an important consideration. When several posts are hit during a single crash, the barrier system may then be vulnerable to subsequent crossovers until the damaged section is repaired. Some high tension systems are designed to reduce deflection and resist impact forces. These high tension systems can be easier to repair when posts are hit, and have the added advantage of being practical for use in narrower spaces. For More Information AASHTO-AGC-ARTBA Online Barrier Hardware Guide: http://aashtotf13.tamu.edu/ AASHTO's Technology Implementation Group Cable Median Barriers Website: http://tig.transportation.org/?siteid=57&pageid=2197 Charles F. McDevitt: "Basics of Concrete Barriers," Public Roads, Vol. 63 No. 5, March/April 2000: http://fhwicsint01.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/00marapr/concrete.cfm FHWA Crash Test Acceptance Letters for Longitudinal Barriers: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/policy_guide/road_hardware/barriers/ Frequently Asked Questions: Barriers, Terminals, Transitions, Attenuators, and Bridge Railings: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/policy_guide/road_hardware/qa_bttabr.cfm Roadside Design Guide, AASHTO, 2006: https://bookstore.transportation.org/Item_details.aspx?id=148 Median Barriers: A Solution to Cross-Median Crashes, DVD, FHWA-SA-08-007. Roadside Design: Steel Strong Post W-beam. A guidance memo was issued on May 17, 2010 on the height of guardrail for new installations. Guidance regarding existing guardrail will be developed in the next several months, in consultation with AASHTO’s Technical Committee on Roadside Safety.

<urn:uuid:7082ded6-e98b-4457-8e24-fdbd6992b402>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/policy_guide/road_hardware/ctrmeasures/median_barriers/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The story of sunflower (Helianthus Annuus ) is indeed amazing. The wild sunflower is native to North America but commercialization of the plant took place in Russia. It was only recently that the sunflower plant returned to North America to become a cultivated crop. But it was the American Indian who first domesticated the plant into a single headed plant with a variety of seed colors including black, white, red, and black/white striped. From: National Sunflower Assn. The Sunflower is a habitat for Ants and Spiders as seen in these MacroShots. It's always such a fun surprise to find them when processing the photos digitally. As mentioned in the History of the Sunflower, commercialized and cultivated fields of Sunflowers are found throughout North America. Here in Texas, they grow wild everywhere as well as in cultivated fields. These shots were taken on a Texas Farm Road on a windy day as is evident in the Sunflower Field.

<urn:uuid:d6387418-6d5b-4f69-8489-e339761fb4b1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://collectintexgalphotos.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706153698/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120913-00075-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Search Health Information Wellness LibrarySearch Health Information How Much Do You Know About the Hantavirus? First identified in the early 1990s in the desert Southwest, the hantavirus has been reported in more than 30 states. Learn more about the virus and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) by taking this quiz, based on information from the CDC. Online ResourcesCDC http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/faq.htm

<urn:uuid:a48f0377-fda3-4b0d-b435-70704a61d4aa>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.montefiore.org/body.cfm?id=1724&action=detail&AEProductID=Staywell_22&AEArticleID=HantavirusQuiz_40

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705926946/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120526-00090-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Magnesium is one of those beautiful healing minerals that is largely ignored by the medical profession, but is absolutely essential to good health. Luckily for us, magnesium is found in plentiful quantities in a raw food diet – especially in green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, some fruits, avocados and of course raw cacao powder! Here are 10 facts (out of 1000?s) you should know about magnesium: 1. Magnesium is the mineral of rejuvenation, and prevents the calcification of our organs and tissues that is characteristic of the old-age related degeneration of our body. 2. Magnesium deficiency contributes to an exaggerated response to immune stress and oxidative stress is the consequence of the inflammatory response. 3. Prolonged use of magnesium will prevent chronic complications of diabetes. 4. Evidence is mounting that deficient levels of magnesium contribute to the heavy metal deposition in the brain that precedes Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. 5. When a doctor’s patient dies of influenza, it is not the virus that is deadly, but the patient’s compromised immune system due to chronic, long-standing deficiencies of vitamin C and magnesium intake, combined with the drugs and vaccines that doctors use that send old and young alike to their graves. 6. Cholesterol cannot be synthesized without magnesium and cholesterol is a vital component of hormones. 7. Women who suffer from premature menopause, or an early failure of the ovaries report that magnesium often helps fight the crashing fatigue that often comes at the beginning of premature or early menopause by boosting energy levels. 8. Diuretics help flush magnesium as well as potassium from the body. The resulting magnesium deficiency hinders potassium use by the cells. Magnesium deficiency keeps people from replenishing potassium. 9. Magnesium treatment has been repeatedly shown to reduce the incidence of both temporary and permanent noise-induced hearing loss and supplementation is now being found to significantly improve acute onset hearing loss. 10. All physiological processes deteriorate in the face of magnesium deficiency vastly accelerating the aging process and hastening the onset of death. For more information see: http://www.phaelos.com/transdermal.html and check out the Green Smoothie Lesson for an easy way to get plenty of magnesium into your diet.

<urn:uuid:7def19c2-9803-495d-ac54-bffbf07244af>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.embracinghealthblog.com/2012/04/23/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-magnesium/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699755211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102235-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

I have written some small, simple bits of Matlab software that can generate scattering patterns in the range you request for polydisperse, dilute spheres or ellipsoids. While nothing new per se, this implementation is guaranteed to produce correct scattering patterns irrespective of the width of the distribution. Allow me to quickly explain. The normal way of calculating these patterns in fitting functions and the likes, is to choose an upper size limit (perhaps related to the width and mean of the distribution), and divide the size range between zero and this upper limit into perhaps 100 different sizes. Then the scattering pattern of each of these contributions is calculated, multiplied with their probability (obtained from the probability (or size) distribution function), multiplied with the square of the particle volume for that size, and then summed. In all, then, this is a numeric integration over the volume-square weighted size distribution. The problem lies in the determination of the upper limit and the number of divisions required. In the past, I have tried using the cumulative distribution function to select “smart” divisions, or adjusting the width and mean to compensate for the volume-square weighting, but this often resulted in the appearance of oscillatory behaviour in the scattering patterns. An alternative solution was therefore required. These functions are not necessarily fast enough for fitting purposes, but they can be used for checking the applicability of your fitting procedures. You should get out of your fitting functions what you put into these simulated patterns. These functions work by random generation of a number of spheres or ellipsoids. A scattering pattern is calculated from an initial number of spheres or ellipsoids. Then, the scattering pattern is calculated of the original block with the addition of a new set of shapes. This is repeated until the effect of adding a new block on the scattering pattern no longer exceeds a certain threshold. Included are the programs for generating scattering patterns using polydisperse distributions of spheres or ellipsoids. All distributions supported by the “statistics library”‘s RANDOM function are available. For ellipsoids, an additional distribution can be used for the aspect ratio. If the use is not clear, let me know and I will write some more extensive documentation.

<urn:uuid:d75383f7-b521-41eb-8232-dcf92424376b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.lookingatnothing.com/?p=164

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699899882/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102459-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You’ll live to be read another day, sweet Catcher in the Rye. Beautiful illustration by naomi yamada. Dear sweet baby Jane. So if you want a rage stroke, read the articles I’ve listed below. If you want to just read an accurate description of how the fiction/nonfiction actually breaks down in the Common Core, just read this one. I think the way everyone (yes, LITERALLY* EVERYONE EVER) was misquoting the 70% figure and assiduously babycrying about Recommended Levels of Insulation being an exemplary text (which it IS, for INFORMATIONAL TEXTS, not LITERATURE) really shows us that our ability to read different types of text SUCKS. Listen. I think the common core probably has flaws, but I don’t care, because it has at least one major strength: knocking lexile off its perch as the definitive way we give kids books to read. See, a major component of CC is text complexity. This concept forces us (us referring to teachers, parents, and librarians, mostly) to consider a whole text when we’re deciding when to read it and who to read it with. (I love this mostly because it reminds me a lot of the whole child approach to teaching). Lexile is only one piece of the puzzle. It must be used in conjunction with theme, levels of meaning, structure, prior knowledge demands, etc, to decide where a piece of writing would best be used. (I’d never be able to explain it better than Jackie Owens did in this presentation, so if you want to see how to evaluate a text, check that out, bookmark it, print it out and laminate it–it’s an excellent tool to use.) The idea is that we want to empower kids to be stronger, more well-rounded readers. We want them to be exposed to a wealth and breadth of reading materials so that they can discover their talents and passions. You know that some kid is going to geek out intensely on that insulation text (well maybe not, but don’t we all know kids who pore over game manuals who could easily and happily make the leap to, say, car repair texts? or mortgage applications?), and who are we to deny that kid that opportunity? Being able to adjust one’s reading style to the text at hand is an important skill, and one that we’re sorely lacking. You don’t read a verse novel the same way you read your tax form, and if we don’t teach kids that, we’re setting them up for failure. Maybe if more kids knew that it was okay to skim the boring parts of a novel (hello, flensing in Moby Dick and architecture in The Hunchback of Notre Dame) they’d be more able to stick with a difficult novel and get out of it what they could. Further, if we read more informational and technical texts, maybe we’d have been better able to avoid some of the effects of the financial crisis because it wouldn’t have been so damn difficult to read and understand loan documents and mortgage applications. So teachers, don’t worry, you can keep teaching The Catcher in Rye (shudder) until they pry Holden Caulfield’s literary corpse out of your cold dead hands. But you can also spend a little time reading biographies of some of the famous people mentioned in the text (such as Gary Grant, or the Lunts, perhaps, although I can see many a middle schooler having a field day with that name), or looking at articles of the period from the Saturday Evening Post. CC isn’t about taking anything away, it’s about adding supporting materials to deepen and enrich the experience of reading. It’s also a great opportunity to insist that literacy isn’t solely the responsibility of the LA teachers and librarians any more. Read a novel in math class (Alice in Wonderland and The Phantom Tollbooth both lend themselves wonderfully to big, beautiful, crazy making math discussions), or read Silent Spring in biology class. I read Silent Spring in biology class when I was in high school, and it’s pretty much the only damn thing I really remember, frankly. For kids who aren’t technically minded, having stories to hang these concepts on is a wonderful scaffolding and support technique. And for kids who love to crunch numbers and muck about with beakers, being exposed to the lyricism of Rachel Carson’s prose or the sheer goofiness of Milo’s adventures will remind them of the human element inherent in every discipline, no matter how far removed it may seem. SO FRET NOT FRIENDS. The world of literature for children has expanded, not contracted; there is a bounty out there, with something for everyone. Rejoice. AND DING DONG LEXILE’S DEAD. Or, at least, not so very powerful. Now I want a ding dong. Or actually, a zinger. *Chris Trager style How To Do it Right Rage Stroke Articles

<urn:uuid:0188df46-d778-4be6-a470-602c926e0898>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://himissjulie.com/2012/12/12/lets-stop-worrying-and-love-the-common-core/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705300740/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115500-00048-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

On November 2, 2004, President George W. Bush signed a bill into law to create the 59th national park in the United States. The Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks honor explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, whose journey in 1804–1806 paved the way for the American settlement of the West. The park focuses on the sites at the mouth of the Columbia River, where the Corps of Discovery spent the famously wet winter of 1805. The park is somewhat unusual in that it is essentially a rebranding of current National Park facilities and a federalization of current state parks. The new park includes a dozen sites linked to Lewis and Clark exploration, campsites, and lore. One of these, Fort Clatsop National Memorial , south of Astoria and where the Corps actually spent the winter, was already operated by the National Park Service, while Cape Disappointment State Park formerly Fort Canby State Park, on the Washington side of the Columbia, remains a Washington state park but is managed by the national park entity. Besides these two existing facilities, units of the new national park include the Fort to Sea Trail , a path linking Fort Clatsop to the Pacific; Clarks Dismal Nitch, a notoriously wet campsite near the Washington base of the Astoria-Megler Bridge; Station Camp, another improvident campsite for the Corps; the Salt Works in Seaside , where the Corps boiled seawater to make salt; Netul Landing, the canoe launch area used by Lewis and Clark near Fort Clatsop; and a memorial to Thomas Jefferson yet to be constructed on the grounds of Cape Disappointment State Park. The new national park also encompasses the existing Fort Columbia State Park in Washington, which preserves a turn-of-the-20th-century military encampment, and Fort Stevens , Sunset Beach , and Ecola State Parks in Oregon. The national park designation changes little for these once disparate sites, at least in the near future. Fort Clatsop has been expanded to 1,500 acres, and the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center at Fort Disappointment State Park was revamped. Visitors will mostly notice new and consistent signage throughout the park units. Ranger-guided hikes and living history reenactors promise to bring to life the famous, often very wet, events that took place here over 200 years ago.

<urn:uuid:8cc823da-68b0-4b11-be26-ddb2c0288d5b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://moon.com/print/92181

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706624988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121704-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Assumption Revelation 11:19; 12: 1-6 & 10; 1 Cor 15; 20-26; Luke 1: 39-56 ‘Christ has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of all who have fallen asleep... just as all men die in Adam, so all men will be brought to life in Christ; but all of them in their proper order.” Salvation, for St Paul, is an established fact rather than a devout hope for the future. “Christ has died! Christ is risen! Christ will come again!” What was begun in Christ is the daily unfolding of our lives. We are not mere spectators. Christ lives in us. As our lives unfold there is the daily death that turns away from sin, the daily resurrection that embraces life in Christ. We never stand still. Each day leads us forward to the conclusion of all things, the final victory of the Father’s grace when we, and the whole of creation, shall be renewed in Christ. The Feast of the Assumption celebrates Mary who has entered into the fullness of her Son’s resurrection. It also reminds us that we, who share the life of her Son, will one day stand with Mary, rejoicing in his Risen Life. The journey to that fullness will not always be easy. The Book of Revelation sketches the darkness that threatens faith. Its imagery is truly shocking. A woman, adorned with the sun, standing on the moon, is in labour, about to give birth. At the very moment when life beckons, death threatens to extinguish all hope. “The dragon stopped in front of the woman as she was having the child, so that he could eat it as soon as it was born from its mother.” We might find it difficult to relate to such imagery, but a moment’s reflection should convince us of the truth that it describes. The Father graces each and every day of our lives. As we are formed in the likeness of his Son, his love and goodness are brought to birth within us. Because we are sinful there are other forces at work within us. Like the dragon in John’s vision, our inner darkness stands ready to overwhelm the light of God’s presence. The conclusion of the vision assures us that the Grace of God is greater than our darkness. The Woman escapes to safety and her Son is brought to the throne of God. The Assumption of Mary celebrates this victory, promising that the victory of her Son is also our victory. The Gospel brings together Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist. Together they rejoiced in the wonder of God’s life at work within them. The child in Elizabeth’s womb, moved by the Holy Spirit, leapt for joy. Mary rejoiced in God her Saviour, proclaiming that in her nothingness God’s Son had come to her. On this feast of the Assumption we celebrate the conclusion of what was begun in Mary when she consented to the love of the Father. Today we celebrate the completion of God’s love in Mary. Once again we are not mere spectators. Day by day the Father’s grace invites us to welcome his Son. Day by day we are formed in his likeness. One day we shall share in the fullness of his risen life. The Week Ahead Divine Office Week IV Monday, August 15: St Tarsicius (feria) Judg 2:11-19; Ps 105; Mt 19:16-22 Tuesday, August 16: St Stephen of Hungary (om) Judg 6:11-24; Ps 84; Mt 19:23-30 Wednesday, August 17: St Clare of Montefalco (feria) Judg 9:6-15; Ps 20; Mt 20:1-16 Thursday, August 18: St Helena (feria) Judg 11:29-39; Ps 39; Mt 22:1-14 Friday, August 19: St John Eudes (om) Ruth 1:1..3-6.14-16.22; Ps 145; Mt 22:34-40 Saturday, August 20: St Bernard Ruth 2:1-3. 8-11; 4;13-17; Ps 127; Mt 23:1-12

<urn:uuid:2ca34f44-162b-4b53-9e87-5e3fab26cb71>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/12th-august-2005/14/father-david-mcgough

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706484194/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121444-00072-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Kids are fascinated by their own bodies and often ask a lot of questions that even their parents don’t know the answers to. Why do we have earwax? What’s a scab? Why do mosquito bites itch? Prompted by the tough questions her own children and patients have asked her over the years, Dr. Beth Ann Ditkoff, a former New York surgeon, decided to find some answers. With the help of her fifth- and seventh-grade daughters, she compiled a list of unusual medical questions about the weird, ugly and gross. The result is “Why Don’t Your Eyelashes Grow? Curious Questions Kids Ask About the Human Body” (Avery, 2008), a clever exploration of the anatomy and health issues that most matter to children. Boogers, hiccups, pee, warts and farts are just some of the topics covered in this handy guide. The book is fun, easy to read and seems to appeal to kids, at least it did to the kid in my house. My 9-year-old daughter spotted it while I was working and asked if she could read it. “Why Don’t Your Eyelashes Grow?” provides the questions and answers for the Well blog’s latest health quiz. To test your weird body knowledge, click here to take the quiz.

<urn:uuid:8e696457-7d66-4921-be81-39006493c809>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/the-weird-body-quiz/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698354227/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095914-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|accretionary wedge or accretionary prism| |geology a body of deformed sediments, wedge-shaped in two dimensions or prism-shaped in three dimensions, that has been scraped off the surface of the oceanic lithosphere as it moves downwards beneath a continent or island arc. The sediments are added to the continental edge| |accretionary prism or accretionary prism| |a calculus or concretion found in the stomach or intestines of certain animals, esp. ruminants, formerly reputed to be an effective remedy for poison.| |a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.| Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries.

<urn:uuid:85f76b54-c678-4325-af33-a4dd40fa3369>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/accretionary+wedge

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707434477/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123034-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What is THE NEW US DEBT CEILING? News about Federal Debt Ceiling (National Debt), including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. The national debt rose $238 billion (or about 60% of the new debt ceiling) on August 3, the largest one-day increase in the history of the United States. ... History of United States debt-ceiling increases; Financial crisis of 2007–2008; United States debt-ceiling crisis may refer to one of several disputes over the United States debt ceiling United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013 United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011 Events related to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- It's official: The U.S. government hit the debt ceiling on May 16. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner told Congress he would have to suspend investments in federal retirement funds until Aug. 2 in order to create room for the government to continue borrowing in the ... Increasing the statutory limit on the debt from $14.294 trillion to $16.7 trillion would give the Treasury Department the additional money it needs to keep borrowing through the 2012 elections. It would be the fourth time the debt limit has been increased since February 2009. This calculator ... NEW: Geithner calls the deal a good result of a terrible process; Moody's maintains an AAA rating for U.S. credit, for now ; Obama signs the debt ceiling bill into law NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- It's official: The U.S. government hit the debt ceiling on May 16. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner told Congress he would have to suspend investments in federal retirement funds until Aug. 2 in order to create room for the government to continue borrowing in ... Until a debt limit deal is reached, the government must draw down its cash balances to avoid issuing new debt, ... We've hit the debt ceiling again, and the U.S. is on life support. Are we headed for another blowout? On Our Radar. The U.S. debt ceiling is a limit on how much debt the U.S. government can have. ... News & Issues; US Economy; Definitions; Fiscal Policy Definitions; US Debt Ceiling ; Advertise on About.com; Our Story; News & Events; SiteMap; All Topics; Reprints; Help; Write for About; Republican and Democratic leaders have reached a tentative agreement on raising the US debt limit and avoiding default. A day after its passage by the House of Representatives, the bill is expected to be approved by the Senate on Tuesday and be signed by President Barack Obama, before ... News | About | Sitemap | Contact Us; Applications & Programs; Reports; Interest Rates & Prices; ... The Debt Subject to Limit is the maximum amount of money the Government is allowed to borrow without receiving additional authority from Congress. Find out how the debt ceiling works, and how the debt ceiling debate could impact financial market performance in the months ahead. The debt ceiling, or debt limit, is the maximum amount that the U.S. Treasury can borrow to fund government spending. The debt limit is the total amount of money that the United States government is authorized to borrow to meet its existing legal obligations, including Social Security and Medicare benefits, ... The debt limit does not authorize new spending commitments. What’s the debt ceiling? The legal limit on borrowing by the federal government. Before 1917, Congress had to approve borrowing each time it came up. In order to allow for more flexibility as the The U.S. debt ceiling history began way back in 1917 with the Second Liberty Bond Act, ... News & Issues; US Government Info; Business and Money; Federal Budget Process; US Debt Ceiling History; Advertise on About.com; Our Story; News & Events; SiteMap; The House of Representatives approved legislation to raise the U.S. debt limit by at least $2.1 trillion and cut federal spending by $2.4 trillion or more, one day before a threatened default. The House voted 269-161 for the plan negotiated by leaders and President Barack Obama over ... The maximum amount of monies the United States can borrow. The debt ceiling was created under the Second Liberty Bond Act of 1917, ... Sign up for our free newsletters and receive weekly news and articles delivered right to your inbox! Stock Watch Weekly; Forex Weekly; News To Use; Congressional leaders are making the final push for a deal to raise the debt-ceiling ahead of Treasury’s Tuesday deadline to avoid default. The final package was posted by the House Rules Committee Sunday night, taking the form of a 74-page amendment that will serve as the “Budget Control Act of For a time it seemed safe for many people going about their summers to try to ignore the debt ceiling drama playing out in Washington. If Wall Street had not seemed overly concerned that the United States was headed toward default, why should anyone else worry? And there is the long ... When will the United States hit its debt ceiling? What can the government do if the debt limit isn't raised? ... the government is able to auction off new debt (typically in the form of U.S. Treasury securities) in order to finance annual deficits. In almost any other year, Aug. 2 would be just another midsummer day. But, as most Americans have probably heard by now, this Aug. 2 is the deadline for Congress to raise the nation's $14.29 trillion debt ceiling to prevent the U.S. government from defaulting on its obligations. But ... US debt ceiling: Why is America facing a borrowing crisis? ... The suspicion is that neither side wants to take the blame for pushing the US into a new financial crisis. What impact would a default have? Some experts have predicted a major panic. The United States government hit the legal limit for the amount of money it can borrow Monday, but Treasury officials say they can take other measures to pay the bills. Ray Suarez discusses questions about how the debt ceiling works and the ongoing political debate with The New York Times ... Find out what the debt ceiling currently is in the United States. Discover what the debt ceiling has been in the recent past. News & Issues; US Government Info. Search. US Government Info; Government 101; Grants & Assistance; Take Part; Share; Barack Obama and Republican leaders in the House of Representatives are deadlocked over how to raise the US debt ceiling. As the deadline of August 2 fast approaches, the IMF has warned of a "severe shock" to the world economy if the US runs out of cash to pay its bills. The debt ceiling is the Well, first…let's define debt ceiling: "It is the level of government borrowing allowed by Congress." Think of the debt ceiling like the government's credit card limit... and it's maxed out. The current [...] Skip to search. New User? Register; Sign In; Help ... ABC News Network ... Estimates on when the United States will reach its debt limit vary, but they leave little room for the Treasury to cope with an economic shock, ... New Jersey. "It is unlikely that we would burn through the total amount and all the normal accounting maneuvers." What is the debt ceiling, and does the United States really need one? By Annie Lowrey | Posted Friday, Jan. 7, 2011, at 6:44 PM . Tweet; Paul Ryan Yet again ... Is a Reviving American Economy Really Bad News for Wal-Mart? Earlier today, outgoing Treasury Secretary and tax challenged part-time pathological liar (see here) Tim Geithner said that any worries of the US debt ceiling are misplaced, and that at best such an event would occur "late in the year" (and to think the August 2011 extended $16.394 trillion debt ... With the debt limit set to be reached on Monday, the Treasury Department has been forced to "set in motion a series of extraordinary measures" that will enable the world's richest nation to pay its bills through early August. What is the current debt ceiling of the United States? ... Hedge Fund News Internet Companies Making Money Online Motivational Online Forex Trading Real Estate News Stock Market Education Stock Market Scandals The Economic Meltdown Trader Profiles; The debt ceiling is fixed to limit the amount of new debt that the U.S. Treasury may issue after the debt ceiling level is reached. As history shows, the ceiling of our U.S. Treasury house can be raised! The debt ceiling, or the Statutory Debt Limit, is used by the U.S. Treasury to manage national debt. ... Must-Know Tips for New Homeowners . Watch Video. 10 Basic Auto Performance Mods. Watch Video. The 411 on Budgeting for a Home. Watch Video. Others Also Viewed. The debt ceiling isn't a limit on spending, it is a limit on borrowing. The United States, like all countries, ... If we don't, we won't be able to borrow new money and without borrowing new money, ... Only Denmark has a fixed debt limit comparable to that of the U.S. There, the debt limit is raised through legislation in a separate action from the annual budget process. In Denmark, however, ... The United Kingdom, New Zealand, ... US politicians are in last minute talks to raise America's $14.29 trillion debt ceiling / Fox News Charles Dharapak, File/APIn his announcement last night of the deal between Congress and the White House to raise the debt ceiling, President Obama declared that Washington leaders now "should be devoting all of our time" to addressing the country's broader economic woes. But the ... News about The Deficit and National Debt. Articles and blogs about The Deficit and National Debt published by U.S. News & World Report. US News & World Report. ... Republicans Prepare a New Debt Ceiling Hostage Tweet Share on Facebook By Robert Schlesinger. Debt ceiling history in the United States - the debt ceiling limit in the United States has been raised early and often since 1917. Sunday, May 19, 2013 Click Here to ... which is why the topic of increasing the debt ceiling in the country is all over the news right now. The Tea Party's gravitational pull has made this the new, moderate, reasonable position. And in fact, ... this one or another one, when they request us to raise the debt ceiling, it will not be clean anymore." So, we should expect more standoffs like this one? ... The current U.S. debt ceiling sits at $14.3 trillion dollars (raised in February 2010). ... (this news is at least 2 months old already). In November 2010, we saw the US Fed become the biggest central buyer of US debt, ... What is the US debt ceiling and how has it changed over time? Every raise and fall listed since 1940 Some time very soon, the government either has to raise the debt ceiling or stop spending more than it takes in ... News. U.S. World; Opinion; Politics; Business; Technology; Science; Health; Sports; Arts & Life. Books; Movies; Pop Culture; Food; Performing Arts; Games & Humor; As you're all aware (or should be) by now, the U.S. government has officially hit their $14.294 trillion debt ceiling. The Treasury Department will stop... RSS Feed | Twitter. Home; About; Blogroll; Books; theCL Report; Topics; US Declaration; ... NEW YORK (AP) -- Treasury ... The clock is slowly ticking toward Aug. 2, the date on which the U.S. faces “fiscal Armageddon” — according to the Obama administration — unless Congress agrees to raise the debt ceiling. But would we? The Obama administration, as well as much of the media and many economists, tend to equate Breaking News Visit Yahoo! ... what is the US debt/credit limit? with the US 16 trillion in debt and rising, how much more debt can the us accumulate? I have seen various sources that estimate the US credit/debt ceiling to be 17-25 billion, ... President Obama and House Speaker John Boehner did not wrap-up negotiations or hostilities with the New Year’s Day agreement on the fiscal cliff. Lawmakers still have to raise the debt ceiling to keep the government operating. Also known as the debt limit, the debt ceiling is the maximum amount of New Answers; Q&A Categories; Coupons; Guides; Sign In | Sign Up; Home; Search; Settings; Top Contributors; Help Center; Home Answers. ... Debt ceiling is the limit on how much money the US Federal government can owe. When will the US be out of debt? debt ceiling - the maximum borrowing power of a governmental entity. debt limit. ... Mounting government deficit threatens Taiwan's economy by The Taiwan Economic News . Debonairness. debone. deboned. debonnaire. Deborah. Debosh. Deboshment. debouch. Debouche. debouchment. debouchure. Debrecen ... The U.S. Debt Ceiling. First of all, ... a law has to be passed to raise the debt ceiling, rather than on each new debt issuance. In theory, the debt ceiling is supposed to keep spending in check so that it doesn’t exceed revenues by too much, ... If you didn't find what you were looking for you can always try Google Search Add this page to your blog, web, or forum. This will help people know what is What is THE NEW US DEBT CEILING

<urn:uuid:166f0259-03e5-4e7e-8e8e-d2ad4cc65fe9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://mrwhatis.com/the-new-us-debt-ceiling.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701670866/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105430-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Review of the education system in the Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.1 Political Context (15) The present constitution of the country has as its origin Annex IV of the Dayton Agreement, which ended the war in BiH (see OHR, 1996). Under the constitution, Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of two "Entities", the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The central Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina retains only those functions that enable it to act as the Government of the internationally recognized State of Bosnia and Herzegovina; other functions, including education, science and culture, are transferred to the Fed.BiH and RS. For Fed.BiH, the Agreement further provides for a high degree of autonomy at the local level, to be exercised by cantonal government, which assume responsibility for educational policy, legislation, and content. The Peace Accords do not impose any similar measures of decentralization on RS, whose authorities have tended to opt for greater degrees of centralization than were prevalent before the breakup of the former Yugoslavia. (16) In spite of a difficult situation, the implementation of the Dayton Agreement has occurred progressively. Progress has been made to create central organs of Government, which are responsible for foreign affairs, foreign trade, customs policy, some legislation matters, monetary policy, common communication facilities, inter-entity transportation, air-traffic control and common financial obligations. General elections were held under the supervision of the OSCE and the protection of IFOR troops and concluded on 14 September 1996 with the election of the new collective presidency of the central BiH government. The presidency consists of three co-presidents representing the three principal ethnic groups: Mr. Alija Izetbegovic (Bosnian Muslim), Mr. Momcilo Krajisnik (Bosnian Serb) and Mr. Kresimir Zubak (Bosnian Croat). The proposed Constitution foresees a rotating post of "APresident of the Presidency" but, as a transition measure for the first two years (until the next elections in 1998), the senior post will be held by Mr. Izetbegovic. Central legislative responsibility is exercised by the Parliamentary Assembly, comprising two chambers. The House of Peoples consists of fifteen delegates, two-thirds from the Federation (five Bosnian Croats and five Bosnian Muslims) and one-third Serb from Republika Srpska. The House of Representatives consists of forty-two members, one-third from Republika Srpska and the rest from the Federation. The presidency members decided on 30 November 1996 to establish a State Government, called the Council of Ministers, to be headed by two co-chairmen, a Bosnian Muslim and a Bosnian Serb, who alternate in the job of chairman on a weekly basis, and one vice-chairman, a Bosnian Croat. Three ministries have been created: Foreign Affairs; Civil affairs and Communications; and Foreign Trade and Economic Affairs. Each minister has a vice-minister from the other two ethnic groups. (Cf. Annex 6.1.) (17) Within BiH two different forms of organization for education currently exist. Under the Dayton Agreement, cantonal authorities are being organized in ten cantons of Fed. BiH. Each canton is to contain several municipalities. Each canton elects its own legislature and sets up a cantonal government with persons occupying posts of cantonal ministers. By contrast, the RS has adopted a political and administrative structure that is more centralized. The main political organs of government for the entity are concentrated at Pale; most of the major administrative organizations are based at Banja Luka, a larger city that served as an administrative centre prior to independence and the outbreak of hostilities. Instead of a cantonal structure, local government is in the hands of municipalities [which may include various villages or settlements] that report directly to the central authorities. (18) Officially 64 municipalities exist in RS, but not all have an operating administration at present. According to information given to the mission by Mr. Ostojic, the philosophy of governmental organization adopted by the RS is based in large measure upon having a small central organization of political governance which acts primarily through "republic institutions" in dealing with matters at the local levels. The mission visited one such institution, the Republic Pedagogical Institute, whose structure and organization are described below. The mission also visited a few municipal governments, which exercised certain responsibilities with respect to education up to secondary level, such as providing for student transport and paying for school maintenance and heating. Universities have a status at the entity-wide level and report through other mechanisms to the Government, also described below. (19) The RS Government is still in the process of developing and implementing new administrative systems for the entity. For this reason, the description of administrative structures given in this report should be treated as provisional in many respects. 2.2 Economic and Social Context 2.2.1 Pre-war period: Overview of BiH economic situation (20) The population of BiH before the war was 4.4 million, with annual demographic growth of less than 1 % and a dependency rate of 55 %. About 1,050,000 persons, or 24 % of the total population, were employed in non-agricultural sectors of the economy. Of these, some 480,000 were engaged in the industrial, mining and energy sectors, which consisted of 1,550 enterprises. The most important branches in terms of employment were mining (31,000 employees), hydro-electric (20,000), non-ferrous metal (6,600) and oil refining (3,300). The remaining sectors employed something less than 600,000 persons. (21) The main characteristics of the industrial sector were intensive capital investment, specialization in the first stages of processing mineral resources (e.g. coal, aluminum-oxide, chemical products and steel) and a high level of depreciation (65 %). (22) The breakdown in 1991 of the total active population according to educational qualifications was: |13 %||university or other higher education| |20 %||secondary school| |5 %||primary school| |7 %||highly skilled workers or technicians| |40 %||skilled and semi-skilled workers| |15 %||unskilled workers| (23) In the pre-war period and particularly in the 1980s, unemployment caused by a growing surplus of manpower in relation to the economy's absorption capacity was a serious problem. According to the last existing pre-war data (1991) and in spite of constant emigration from BiH, approximately 27 % of the non-agricultural labour force was unemployed. It is estimated that during the same period more than a third (approximately 14,000) of secondary-school graduates and a higher percentage of university graduates faced unemployment upon completion of their studies. No estimates exist for the underemployment of persons holding jobs in inefficient and marginal enterprises of the socialist economy. (24) The break-up of the former Yugoslavia led to the loss of BiH's traditional markets and consequently to a dramatic drop in the output of its main export-oriented sectors, such as metallurgy, coal and aluminium. A new economic development policy for the industrial sector was developed in order to address over-capacity in certain basic industries and under-capacity in production of consumer goods. The implementation of this policy was interrupted by the war. 2.2.2 Current economic situation: BiH as a whole (25) Major international sources provide economic information on BiH as a whole with only very rare mentions of data separately for the Republika Srpska. Although the UNESCO mission was not in a position to gather economic data systematically, the backdrop of current major trends for the whole country makes it possible to comment on the general structure of socio-economic needs in RS and their likely impact upon education. [Those requiring detailed economic data should consult the major international donor agency publications cited in this report.] (26) A recent report by the European Commission and the Central Europe Department of the World Bank provides an overview for the whole country that bears the subtitle "From Emergency to Sustainability". The following extract from the executive summary sets the tone : 2.2.3 Human dimensions of the current crisis in BiH |Of whom children killed|| |Disabled from war injuries|| |Survivors of war|| |Of whom refugees and internally displaced persons|| |Persons receiving emergency food from UNHCR & WFP|| |Persons still internally displaced in BiH 1997|| |total now in BiH who have suffered displacement|| (27) The whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina remains a humanitarian disaster area where the toll in human suffering will last for many years after economic conditions begin to show signs of sustained recovery. The human losses and misery are symbolized by a few estimates on the current situation in BiH: (28) Out of the original population of BiH, approximately 3.9 million survived the war. Of the survivors, 2.5 million or nearly 65 % were driven out of, or fled from, their homes. Of the latter, one million left the country. Of those remaining in BiH, it is estimated that 50% suffered displacement at one time or another. Even today, one out of every three inhabitants is still living as a displaced person. (See also Annex 6.7). (29) The personal implications of displacement of populations combined with economic paralysis can be seen in the fact that nearly two-thirds of the population has been receiving emergency food aid from UNHCR. The gradual revival of economic life is expected to reduce the rate of dependency on food aid, but the anticipated return of refugees from abroad (and the possibility of arrival of refugees from other troubled areas) will add new persons in need of special assistance for transition. (30) Housing conditions are of particular importance to education because of the immediate impact on families, children, students, and educational personnel. Damage and destruction are particularly important in areas near front lines, but much additional deterioration has resulted from the combination between movement of populations and lack of maintenance of the building stocks. The figures currently available on housing damage are: (31) The disastrous cumulative effect of all these factors on families, children and youth, is best described by a survey conducted during the war under UNICEF sponsorship: over 65% of school children in Sarajevo indicated they had been in a situation where they were certain they would die. Such results can be extrapolated to most children living in or near any of the many war zones. 2.2.4 The social and human crisis in the Republika Srpska (32) The situation in BiH as a whole, as just described, provides a nuanced vision of an extreme humanitarian crisis which has been reduced through diligent effort by many persons and organizations. The human suffering continues and the needs far outstrip available aid efforts, but there is a collective sense that years of effort are finally beginning to have a visible effect: in at least some respects, the situation is improving. The phrase "From Emergency to Sustainability" indicates a clear sense that a second phase is beginning. (33) For a complex set of reasons, including international sanctions and the refusal of RS authorities to collaborate in certain international aid efforts, the situation in the Entity shows few signs of the modest amelioration described for the country as a whole. For much of the population of RS, the situation resembles closely that of the remainder of the country a year earlier. (34) The very factors that have impeded recovery in RS also make it difficult to provide reliable quantitative indicators of the current social and economic situation. The following comments are subject to extreme caution but correspond to the situation as observed by those participating in the current review. (35) The reported recovery of employment and of industrial activity in BiH appears to have occurred mainly in Fed. BiH. The near paralysis of most sectors of the economy of RS appears to be continuing almost unabated, i.e. at levels similar to those prevailing in all of BiH in 1994-95: unemployment around 90%, and industrial production almost non-existent. The implications of having only 10%-20% employment are best understood in terms of the estimated average monthly wage of about 120 dinars, roughly 35 DM, in mid-1996. (36) Sources such as UNHCR Repatriation Information Reports from localities in RS tend to confirm this appreciation (see UNHCR, 1996). A report on Banja Luka, the main regional centre for a considerable portion of what is present-day Republika Srpska, indicates in late 1996 the following picture of economic activity in the largest urban centre of the entity: |Refugees and displaced persons|| (37) Population pressures on the job market are rapidly increasing. An anticipated 425,000 soldiers have been or are being demobilized across the country: 245,000 in Fed. BiH and 180,000 in RS. Large numbers of widows of soldiers killed during the war are also in search of employment to care for their families. The following table gives some figures of the population displacements in RS: Population movements in the Republika Srpska |Population of RS (1991)|| |Population of RS (1993)|| |Resettled, displaced and refugees (1993)|| |Refugees and displaced in RS (1996)*|| |Refugees from RS registered in Serbia (1996)*|| |Estimated population if refugees in Serbia return to RS (1996)* * Estimates for 1996-97 |Source: Basic Facts about Education System of Republic of Srpska. Banja Luka, July 1996.| (38) The direct and indirect consequences of the war are particularly difficult to estimate in rural areas because of sparse settlement patterns and problems of communication. During the field work in RS, members of the review team visited a war-damaged municipality (i.e. near the inter-entity demarcation lines) in a difficult mountain area. The majority of the population appeared to live in isolated farms and villages where they were dependent upon agricultural pursuits. The impact of war on a traditional way of life was overwhelming. In response to our questions, the municipal representatives said that farms in their administrative district had 11,000 head of cattle prior to the outbreak of war; the current figure was approximately 300. Of several thousand head of sheep, almost none survived the hostilities. (39) In spite of a gradual decline in numbers, approximately 10,000 displaced persons and refugees still live in some 66-70 collective centres. The majority of those remaining are elderly, but younger persons (including some children) are still in such facilities. Most collective centres are located in school buildings, which reduces available classroom space and often requires schools to operate with two or three shifts. Events in nearby countries may result in sudden new surges. During the period when the mission was conducted, particular concern was expressed by UNHCR staff regarding the possibility that as many as 60,000 - 70,000 refugees might arrive in RS from Croatian Eastern Slavonia in late winter and early spring of 1997.

<urn:uuid:20174989-5380-47f0-94b1-f2cfc02addf0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/erd/english/com/docs/eur/bih2/srp_cont.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698493317/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100133-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

On this spot a few years ago, okay in 1531 to be precise, a Mexican Indian peasant fellow named Juan Diego, had a vision of the Virgin Mary. The local bishop wasn't so sure about this but when Juan saw the same woman again shortly thereafter, this time she instructed him to collect a bunch of roses which began growing in the rocky soil at his feet . When he dumped them out, his cloak had her image on it and that bishop changed his tune, fast. He had a church built here straight away, and the now holy cloth was hung up on a wall for the masses to see. Then, a bigger shrine was building in 1561-1575. In 1601-1622 a rich shrine was erected; a newer one, much richer, in 1695-1709. Other structures of the 17th century and 18th century connected with it are a parish church, a convent and church for Capuchin nuns, the Well Chapel, and the Hill Chapel. About 1750 the shrine got the title of collegiate, a canonry and choir service being established. It was aggregated to St. John Lateran in 1754; and finally, in 1904 it was created a basilica. When this Old Basilica (from 1709) became dangerous due to the sinking of its foundations, a modern structure called the New Basilica was built nearby between 1974 and 1976, designed by architect Pedro Ramírez Vásquez. It has a circular floorplan and the original image of the Virgin is located high up on one wall, so it can be seen from any point within the building. An empty crucifix symbolizes Christ's resurrection. The choir is located between the altar and the churchgoers to indicate that it, too, is part of the group of the faithful. Its seven front doors are an allusion to the seven gates of Celestial Jerusalem. It can accommodate 10,000 worshippers at a time, which is often necessary because a mass is almost always taking place inside. Street vendors line the winding uphill path behind the other chapels, the Plaza de las Américas (Americas Square) and main streets around the site. Mexico is the second largest Catholic nation in the world now. Over 90 percent of Mexicans consider themselves Catholic. Waves of pilgrims flood the place year-round, but are especially thick on December 12 since 1531. Basilica de Guadalupe is considered by many Catholics to be the holiest place in all of the Americas and it is the most visited sanctuary in Latin America. Well, the basilica may be the second most visited shrine in all the Catholic world, second only to St. Peter's (Vatican). This series of 7 churches is considered the holiest place in Mexico and sits on the site where in 1531 a local shepard had visions of the Virgin Mary. Since then the site is now a pilgrimage site and the Virgin of Guadaluape is credited with many miracles. According to the legend, The Holy Virgin appeared here. It was the Indian farmer Juan Diego who saw her here at the foot of the hill, Cerro Del Tepeyac on December the 9th 1531. And since that day his whole Indian community took the Virgin as their patroness. But even nowadays this Virgin of Guadalupe plays an important role in the religious life of most Mexicans, This Virgin is even more important then Jesus Christ. At the place where the Virgin appeared they built a church around 1566, later on around 1709 they built this Basilica. Located near of Tepeyac hill, north of Mexico City. The site is nearby the place where it is said Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared in front of Juan Diego. The Basilica is the most important religious building in Mexico. It houses the original tilma (or apron) of Juan Diego that shows the icon of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It is visited by several million people every year, especially around December 12, Our Lady of Guadalupe's Feast day. Whether or not you choose to believe the story surrounding the foundation of the church at this location (the present Basilica is the third structure on the site), you will certainly appreciate the devotion of the Mexican people to their patroness, the Virgen de Guadalupe. Legend has it that a simple peasant, one Juan Diego (recently canonized by the Catholic Church), received a visitation from the Blessed Virgin, only this apparition had the darker skin of the indian population. He reported the visitation to the local priest, who doubted him. Juan returned to the site and the Virgin reappeared, this time offering Juan red and white roses to bring back as proof -- it was December, when they were not in bloom. These he wrapped in his cloak and brought back to show the priest. However, when the roses tumbled out, something miraculous was seen: the image of the Virgin was imprinted in the cloak. That cloak is one of Mexico's holiest icons, and its home is the Basilica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, on the northern edge of the city limits. The new Basilica isn't as impressive as its predecessor (still on the site, but listing sadly and unsafe for touring), but for the many thousands who visit each year, the draw is the sacred image. Viewing the image in itself is interesting. You go to an area behind the altar and down below it. From there, you step on a little moving walkway and are whisked past the icon! A museum is also part of the complex, situated to the rear of the older Basilica. The tradition of La Villa de Guadalupe (commonly known as "la Villa"), involves a miracle and an Indian saint: manifested in the apocalyptic fashion of the Virgin emblazoned in rough cloth, brought to the attention of XVI century Indians living their own end of the world, the image then fascinated Creoles, who multiplied it until it became a national phenomena in the XIX century. It was the Indian Juan Diego whose vision of Virgin Mary in 1531 started a saga of stories that aided the conversion of millions of Indians to Catholicism and became a symbol of Mexican people around the world. The Basílica, located in the North side of the Americas Square there is a church that used to house the image of the Virgin, from the beginning of the XVII century until 1976, when the new Basilica was built following the design of architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez. The former building, in contrast, has the features of Pedro de Arrieta's style: Baroque forms and refined ornaments that include volcanic red stone and colored tiles on the domes and bell towers. 1- the image of the virgin (from the miracle). 2- The church that house the image of the virgin until 1976 3- Me and my son in front of the new "Basilica de guadalupe" the church that houses the image of the virgin today. 4- the image of the virgin (from the miracle) in the cloth over the Mexican flag. La Villa de Guadalupe like many modern sanctuaries in Mexico found its origin in sacred hills and caves, however its location north of Mexico City has given it national importance. The tradition of La Villa de Guadalupe, as it is now known, involves a miracle and an Indian saint: manifested in the apocalyptic fashion of the Virgin emblazoned in rough cloth, brought to the attention of XVI century Indians living their own end of the world, the image then fascinated Creoles, who multiplied it until it became a national phenomena in the XIX century. It was the Indian Diego whose vision of Virgin Mary in 1531 started a saga of stories that aided the conversion of millions of Indians to Catholicism and became a symbol of Mexican people around the world. A circular modern church (the New Basilica) was built when the original one started to sink making it unsafe under the weight of the 10 million people who make the pilgrimage to her shrine every year. The Old Basilica is still open to the public. As you enter, you are greeted by a bronze statue of St. Juan Diego whose cloak is engraved with the famous image. Hanging from his left arm and pinned to the red board behind him are rosaries, letters, pictures and prayers of all kinds. It is in an unassuming hallway of the new church though where you will find hanging the cloak of Juan Diego framed in gold. It was transferred here from the high altar to allow more people to view this sacred image without obstructing the mass. As I stared at it in awe, passing it slowly on the walkalator and almost forgetting to take a picture, I felt the hair on my arms and the back of my neck stand. I felt her presence. It easy to understand how this vision has captivated both believers and non-believers alike. I felt unworthy to be in her presence and I was humbled before it. We came here after amorning in the ruines of Teotihuacan. First of all there are two Basilicas. One is the original Basilica and the other is the new one. There are also a fewother churches in the area. Even if you are not Catholic you should pay a visit to the Basilica. We parked in the down stairs garage area and then went into the shops that are located right there to purchase some religious items so that the priest can bless them. I purchased a beautiful crucifix and a rosary that smells like roses. It is interesting to know that church is everyday here starting at 6am at the last service is at 9pm. They have service almost every hour. We went to the gardens right next to the Basilica which are so beautiful and very well maintained. You can see the two waterfalls there that celebrate the union or joining of two cultures. Also if you go all the way up the hill past more gardens you will get to the exact place where the Virgen Mary appeared to Juan Diego. To me, it was all very fascinating. At the top of the hill there is a church which depicts the whole story of Juan Diego and the Virgen Mary on Frescos. Four Seasons Mexico City Mexico City 6 Reviews and 323 Opinions If you are there over the weekend, do forget to check-out the rate. We paid about US$165 excl tax... Hotel Nikko Mexico Mexico City 4 Reviews and 215 Opinions This hotel is usually preferred by businessmen traveling to Mexico City and also by high-profile... Hotel Catedral Mexico City 11 Reviews and 365 Opinions perfect location, perfect service. My room was pretty new, clean, huge flat screem, immaculate new...

<urn:uuid:d66ca03c-520d-47c5-b81f-535690e3ace8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/Mexico/Distrito_Federal/Mexico_City-957620/Things_To_Do-Mexico_City-Basilica_de_Guadaluape-R-1.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705097259/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115137-00088-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Sometimes you need to display a string of characters of a specified length for a column value in a SQL query. To this end, SQL Server supports a function called Replicate() which takes two parameters: the character you want to print and the count (the number of times you want to print the character). The first parameter is the character you want to print and the second is the count up to which you need to print the character. For example, suppose you need to print an asterisk character ('*') some number of times based on a value contained in a Quantity column. Here's how you can do that: SELECT Quantity, REPLICATE( '*', Quantity) FROM [Order Details] WHERE Discount IS NOT NULL

<urn:uuid:28f0008d-8546-4673-b69b-f3d74f0d95bb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.devx.com/tips/Tip/29849

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699924051/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102524-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Flags held a special place of honor among many of the soldiers we study and write about. Many men gave their lives for these banners, and even today, are irreplaceable artifacts connected to the past. The North Carolina Museum of History in Raleigh has the third largest collection of Confederate flags in existence. However, the flag of the 1st North Carolina Cavalry, pictured here, is not one of them. This flag, and a small number like it, are held in private collections. The 1st North Carolina Cavalry was organized on August 12, 1861, in Warren County. The first colonel was Robert Ransom, and the regiment served under the command of JEB Stuart. Actions included the Seven Days, Antietam, Brandy Station, the Wilderness, Reams Station, and Appomattox. This photograph was taken in April 2011 at the Wilkes County Heritage Museum. The flag is no longer on display.

<urn:uuid:4de2a357-4817-41b5-b590-ece4773bad1d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://michaelchardy.blogspot.com/2012/08/looking-for-ncs-civil-war-flag-of-1st.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702849682/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111409-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Days to Harvest: 60 days for bush; 70 days for pole. Temperature: Warm season, 65° to 80° F Companions: Eggplant and summer savory. Avoid Planting Near: Tomatoes, chili peppers, sunflowers, onions, garlic, kale, cabbage and broccoli. Preparation: Pole beans need trellising for support. Trellises should be 6 to 8 feet tall and sturdy enough to withstand wind and rain. Planting: Direct seed after danger of frost is past and when soil warms. Beans can rot in cold soil. Plant several crops of bush beans 2 to 3 weeks apart for continuous harvest. Pole beans generally bear over a longer period of time than bush beans. Spacing: Bush snap beans, 4 inches apart, rows 2 feet apart. Pole snap beans, 6 inches apart, rows 3 feet apart. Water: 1 inch a week. Harvest: Pick beans daily to keep plants producing heavily. Tips: Inoculating seeds with nitrogen-fixing bacteria may increase yields.

<urn:uuid:ed0f2aba-9ae2-41ac-bc0d-e2360e781645>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.goindie.com/grow/index.cfm/growguides/veg/id/5B8116FD-D16B-3152-E626E2A0C6138D2E

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705956263/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120556-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - adj. Of or belonging to the geologic time, rock series, or sedimentary deposits of the fourth epoch of the Tertiary Period, characterized by the development of grasses and grazing mammals. See Table at geologic time. - n. The Miocene Epoch or its system of deposits. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - In geology, one of Lyell's subdivisions of the Tertiary. See Tertiary. - n. In geology, the Miocene strata. Also spelled Meiocene. - adj. geology Of a geologic epoch within the Neogene period from about 23 to 5.3 million years ago; marked by the drift of continents to their present position. - n. geology The Miocene epoch. GNU Webster's 1913 - adj. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the middle division of the Tertiary. - n. from 25 million to 13 million years ago; appearance of grazing mammals - From Ancient Greek μείων (meiōn, "less") + καινός (kainos, "new"). (Wiktionary) - Greek meiōn, less, + -cene. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) “The term Miocene (from Greek meion, less; and Greek kainos, recent) is intended to express a minor proportion of Recent species (of testacea); the term Pliocene (from Greek pleion, more; and Greek kainos, recent), a comparative plurality of the same.” “Discovered in Miocene rocks of Comallo, Argentina, it appears to be a phorusrhacine closely related to Devincenzia, another of those obscure taxa known from pretty good remains.” “First Captain Miocene hires a drifter named Pamir - the umpteenth identity of a former captain that has been hiding for centuries - to find the killer.” “Rainfall increased, too, called the Miocene pluvials.” “The strata next below the Pleistocene gravels and cave deposits are ascribed to the "Pliocene age" -- older than these are the "Miocene" and the "Eocene," and then you come to the Chalk, a good white landmark separating newer from older strata.” ““The Miocene was my father’s main interest when I started in this business,” Richard explained.” “So, two years ago, Miocene anomalies looked important, now not so clear – looks like CO2 and temperature do track.” “In jail after an unwise decision, he contemplates "the Miocene logic and cruel outcomes afflicting all those with pluck but no punctilio.” “The fossil skeleton was recovered from Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic, from Miocene-aged sediments.” “Last night I enjoyed a decent, if juvenile, 1998 Gulf of Mexico Miocene Sand Light Sweet Crude from Chateau Chevron notes of wax paper, tire tread, asphalt -- could have benefited from another 14 million years of maturation.” ‘Miocene’ hasn't been added to any lists yet. Looking for tweets for Miocene.

<urn:uuid:0d5045fb-8eab-402d-909a-e154affea36b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.wordnik.com/words/Miocene

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707437545/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123037-00032-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

After talking about unemployment last week, I thought I should explain more about how and why the government calculates these numbers every month. As outlined in a blog post on wsj.com, there are several misconceptions regarding unemployment. The unemployment rate is a very important number.A high unemployment rate indicates a loss of productivity in a country and suffering at an individual level. These numbers often are used to decide if measures should be taken to influence the economy or help the unemployed. After disappointing numbers were released on Friday of last week, talk has re-emerged of further “quantitative easing,” which is a monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate the economy. The Bureau of Labor Statistic (BLS) of the U.S. Department of Labor releases this number every month. It receives a great deal of coverage in the media, but the majority of us do not understand exactly how this system works. Among these misconceptions are beliefs that every household is somehow contacted to receive an exact count for unemployment or that unemployment insurance records are used. Neither of these are the case for several reasons, amongst them are time, financial costs and the fact that individuals can only draw unemployment for a certain amount of time. So how do they calculate the unemployment rate then? The government conducts a sample survey called the Current Population Survey (CPS). This form of measure began in 1940 and has been modified several times. It covers approximately 60,000 households or 110,000 individuals each month. According to the BLS website, “The CPS sample is selected so as to be representative of the entire population of the United States.” All counties and county-equivalent cities are grouped into 2,025 sampling units with 824 of these units being chosen by the Census Bureau to represent each state and the District of Columbia. Each month, one-fourth of the households in the sample are changed so that no household is interviewed more than four consecutive months. The Census Bureau has 2,200 employees conduct interviews of persons in the sample households every month. When a household is first interviewed, the interviewer prepares a roster of the household members; their personal characteristics such as race, sex, and date of birth and their relationships to the person maintaining the household. This information, relating to members 15 years of age or older, is then transmitted to the Bureau’s main computer in Washington, D.C. Classification is made in regards to the activities the person is engaged in during the reference week. These numbers are then “weighted” or adjusted to independent population estimates that are based on updated decennial census results. This weighting accounts for the age, sex, race, Hispanic ethnicity and state of residence of the person. This weighting helps ensure that these characteristic are represented in the proper proportions in the final estimates. “Chances are 90 out of 100 that the monthly estimate of unemployment from the sample is within about 290,000 of the figure obtainable from a total census,” the BLS website claims. “Because these interviews are the basic source of data for total unemployment, information must be factual and correct.” The survey respondents never are asked specifically if they are unemployed or given an opportunity to decide their own labor force status. Individuals are classified as employed, unemployed or not in the labor force based on the questions they answer in the survey that is processed through the Bureau’s definitions programmed into their computer. So who is counted as employed? Individuals are considered employed if they do any work for pay during the survey week. This can be part-time, full-time or temporary work. They also are counted if they have a job but were not there during the survey week because they were on vacation, ill, experiencing child care problems, taking care of family, on maternity leave, involved in an industrial dispute or prevented from working by bad weather. Who is unemployed? Individuals are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior four weeks and are currently available for work. Actively looking for work is classified by contacting: an employer directly or having a job interview, a public or private employment agency, friends or relatives, a school or university employment center, sending out résumés or filling out applications, placing or answering advertisements, checking union or professional registers or some other means of active job search. Passive methods do not qualify as actively searching for jobs. Activities that are considered passive are attending a job training program or just reading about openings and not applying for them. Workers that are expecting to be recalled from temporary layoff also are counted as unemployed. There are also seasonal adjustments to account for hiring and layoff patterns. This technique takes past history of the series to identify seasonal movements and calculate the size and direction of these movements. The seasonal adjustment factor is then developed and applied to the estimates to eliminate the effects of regular seasonal fluctuations. All of this data can be found in a monthly news release by BLS titled “The Employment Situation.”

<urn:uuid:1f3d4273-5f2e-4a21-9d36-79ab80d4ea89>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://statenews.com/index.php/blog/dollars_and_sense/2012/04/breaking_down_unemployment_numbers

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703293367/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112133-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950-1999 Author: Richard J. Ripani Publication date: 2006 American Made Music Series University Press of Mississippi “Rhythm & blues emerged from the African American community in the late 1940s to become the driving force in American popular music over the next half-century. Although sometimes called "doo-wop," "soul," "funk," "urban contemporary," or "hip-hop," R&B is actually an umbrella category that includes all of these styles and genres. It is in fact a modern-day incarnation of a musical tradition that stretches back to nineteenth-century America, and even further to African beginnings. The New Blue Music traces the development of R&B from 1950 to 1999 by closely analyzing the top twenty-five songs of each decade. The music of artists as wide-ranging as Louis Jordan, John Lee Hooker, Ray Charles, James Brown, Earth, Wind & Fire, Michael Jackson, Public Enemy, Mariah Carey, and Usher takes center stage as the author illustrates how R&B has not only retained its traditional core style, but has also experienced a "re-Africanization" over time. By investigating musical elements of form, style, and content in R&B—and offering numerous musical examples as proof—the book shows the connection between R&B and other forms of American popular and religious music, such as spirituals, ragtime, blues, jazz, country, gospel, and rock 'n' roll. With this evidence in hand, the author hypothesizes the existence of an even larger musical "super-genre" which he labels "The New Blue Music." |Buy from amazon.com|

<urn:uuid:75a7fcc6-5239-488b-9fa1-94e829fa84ca>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://deaddisc.com/books/AMM_New_Blue_Music.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704517601/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114157-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Comment: 17:33 - 19:00 (01:27) Source: Annenberg/CPB Resources - Earth Revealed - 12. Minerals: The Materials of Earth Keywords: "J. Lawford Anderson", mineral, "atomic structure", "physical property", diamond, graphite, "environment of formation", "crystal structure", gem, carbon, atom, "covalent bond", "soft bond", hardness Our transcription: The conditions under which a mineral is created may be clearly reflected in its atomic structure, and, therefore, in its physical properties. Diamonds and graphite are perfect illustrations of the relationship between the mineral's environment of formation, crystal structure, and physical characteristics. Diamonds have long been coveted as perhaps the most beautiful and precious of all gems. Graphite, which is used in pencils is extremely commonplace and far less valuable; yet both minerals are made of the same substance: pure carbon. The great contrast between their physical properties can be attributed to the differing structural arrangements of their carbon atoms. Diamond is the hardest of all minerals. Why is it so hard? It's because it has a very special and unique covalent bond that holds the different carbon atoms so tightly that they cannot be scratched. In contrast, graphite, also a carbon mineral, the same carbon atoms are held with a very different kind of bond, and it's a very soft bond, and that mineral becomes soft, and that's why we can use graphite in pencils. So hardness is one aspect, and it's directly related to the bonding that holds the structure together. Geology School Keywords

<urn:uuid:3e87a73e-bea7-465c-b96e-963f2c231f36>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/school/moviepage/11.01.23.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704666482/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114426-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

A History Of The World in 100 Objects A History of the World is a partnership between the BBC and the British Museum that focuses on world history, involving collaborations between teams across the BBC, and schools, museums and audiences across the UK. The project focuses on the things we have made, from flint to mobile phone.A History Of The World in 100 Objects Making History on Facebook Air your historical questions and research with other listeners.Join the Making History Facebook community Contact Making History BBC Radio 4 PO Box 3096 Making History explores ordinary people's links with the past. The programme is presented by Helen...

<urn:uuid:1e0c5929-ee27-4d3c-8e30-ebce74de828b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qxrc

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382185/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|Abstract||In economics, models are built to answer specific questions. Each type of question requires its own type of models; in other words, it defines the requirements that a model should meet and thereby instructs how the models should be built. An explanation is an answer to a ‘why’-question. In economics, this answer is provided by a white-box model. To answer a ‘how much’-question, which is asking for a measurement, economists can make use of black-box models. Economic phenomena are often so complex that white-box models that should function as explanations for them appear not to be intelligible. So, for questions concerning understanding - e.g. ‘Can you clarify this phenomenon‘’ ‘Can you tell me what would happen if‘’ - it would appear that grey-box models are more adequate. This implies a twofold revision of de Regt and Dieks’s (2005) criteria for understanding phenomena. First, whenever the term ‘theory’ is used it should be substituted by ‘model’. Secondly, the Criterion for the Intelligibility of Models (CIM) is now simplified as: ‘A model M is intelligible for economists (in context C) if they have built M as a grey-box construction’. A grey-box construction implies that they ‘can recognize qualitatively characteristic consequences of M without performing exact calculations’.| |Keywords||No keywords specified (fix it)| |Through your library||Only published papers are available at libraries| Similar books and articles Mario Bunge (1963). A General Black Box Theory. Philosophy of Science 30 (4):346-358. David Papineau (2003). Why You Don’T Want to Get in the Box with Schrödinger's Cat. Analysis 63 (277):51–58. L. Taper Mark, F. Staples David & B. Shepard Bradley (2008). Model Structure Adequacy Analysis: Selecting Models on the Basis of Their Ability to Answer Scientific Questions. Synthese 163 (3). Carl Knight (2010). Justice and the Grey Box of Responsibility. Theoria 57 (124):86-112. Walter Schaeken & Philip N. Johnson-Laird (2000). Strategies in Temporal Reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning 6 (3):193 – 219. Mark L. Taper, David F. Staples & Bradley B. Shepard (2008). Model Structure Adequacy Analysis: Selecting Models on the Basis of Their Ability to Answer Scientific Questions. Synthese 163 (3):357 - 370. Mary S. Morgan (2004). Imagination and Imaging in Model Building. Philosophy of Science 71 (5):753-766. Added to index2009-07-19 Total downloads19 ( #64,282 of 548,984 ) Recent downloads (6 months)1 ( #63,327 of 548,984 ) How can I increase my downloads?

<urn:uuid:11aa7550-99ef-49db-9d4a-e8de7b419e74>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://philpapers.org/rec/BOUGUI

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698063918/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095423-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized. Naturally occurring xenon consists of eight stable isotopes. There are also over 40 unstable isotopes that undergo radioactive decay. The isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System. Radioactive xenon-135 is produced from iodine-135 as a result of nuclear fission, and it acts as the most significant neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps, and as a general anesthetic. The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe2) as its lasing medium, and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps. Xenon is also being used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles and as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft. Xenon was discovered in England by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers on July 12, 1898, shortly after their discovery of the elements krypton and neon. They found xenon in the residue left over from evaporating components of liquid air. Ramsay suggested the name xenon for this gas from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning 'foreign(er)', 'strange(r)', or 'guest'. In 1902, Ramsay estimated the proportion of xenon in the Earth's atmosphere as one part in 20 million. The current symbol for Xenon is Xe, however historically it was also written as X. During the 1930s, American engineer Harold Edgerton began exploring strobe light technology for high speed photography. This led him to the invention of the xenon flash lamp, in which light is generated by sending a brief electrical current through a tube filled with xenon gas. In 1934, Edgerton was able to generate flashes as brief as one microsecond with this method. In 1939, American physician Albert R. Behnke Jr. began exploring the causes of "drunkenness" in deep-sea divers. He tested the effects of varying the breathing mixtures on his subjects, and discovered that this caused the divers to perceive a change in depth. From his results, he deduced that xenon gas could serve as an anesthetic. Although Russian toxicologist Nikolay V. Lazarev apparently studied xenon anesthesia in 1941, the first published report confirming xenon anesthesia was in 1946 by American medical researcher John H. Lawrence, who experimented on mice. Xenon was first used as a surgical anesthetic in 1951 by American anesthesiologist Stuart C. Cullen, who successfully operated on two patients. Xenon and the other noble gases were for a long time considered to be completely chemically inert and not able to form compounds. However, while teaching at the University of British Columbia, Neil Bartlett discovered that the gas platinum hexafluoride (PtF6) was a powerful oxidizing agent that could oxidize oxygen gas (O2) to form dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate (O2+[PtF6]–). Since O2 and xenon have almost the same first ionization potential, Bartlett realized that platinum hexafluoride might also be able to oxidize xenon. On March 23, 1962, he mixed the two gases and produced the first known compound of a noble gas, xenon hexafluoroplatinate. Bartlett thought its composition to be Xe+[PtF6]–, although later work has revealed that it was probably a mixture of various xenon-containing salts. Since then, many other xenon compounds have been discovered, along with some compounds of the noble gases argon, krypton, and radon, including argon fluorohydride (HArF), krypton difluoride (KrF2), and radon fluoride. By 1971, more than 80 xenon compounds were known. CharacteristicsXenon flash (animated version) Xenon has atomic number 54; that is, its nucleus contains 54 protons. At standard temperature and pressure, pure xenon gas has a density of 5.761 kg/m3, about 4.5 times the surface density of the Earth's atmosphere, 1.217 kg/m3. As a liquid, xenon has a density of up to 3.100 g/mL, with the density maximum occurring at the triple point. Under the same conditions, the density of solid xenon, 3.640 g/cm3, is higher than the average density of granite, 2.75 g/cm3. Using gigapascals of pressure, xenon has been forced into a metallic phase. Solid xenon changes from face-centered cubic (fcc) to hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal phase under pressure and begins to turn metallic at about 140 GPa, with no noticeable volume change in the hcp phase. It is completely metallic at 155 GPa. When metalized, xenon looks sky blue because it absorbs red light and transmits other visible frequencies. Such behavior is unusual for a metal and is explained by the relatively small widths of the electron bands in metallic xenon. Xenon is a member of the zero-valence elements that are called noble or inert gases. It is inert to most common chemical reactions (such as combustion, for example) because the outer valence shell contains eight electrons. This produces a stable, minimum energy configuration in which the outer electrons are tightly bound. However, xenon can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents, and many xenon compounds have been synthesized. In a gas-filled tube, xenon emits a blue or lavenderish glow when the gas is excited by electrical discharge. Xenon emits a band of emission lines that span the visual spectrum, but the most intense lines occur in the region of blue light, which produces the coloration. Occurrence and production Xenon is obtained commercially as a byproduct of the separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen. After this separation, generally performed by fractional distillation in a double-column plant, the liquid oxygen produced will contain small quantities of krypton and xenon. By additional fractional distillation steps, the liquid oxygen may be enriched to contain 0.1–0.2% of a krypton/xenon mixture, which is extracted either via adsorption onto silica gel or by distillation. Finally, the krypton/xenon mixture may be separated into krypton and xenon via distillation. Extraction of a liter of xenon from the atmosphere requires 220 watt-hours of energy. Worldwide production of xenon in 1998 was estimated at 5,000–7,000 m3. Because of its low abundance, xenon is much more expensive than the lighter noble gases—approximate prices for the purchase of small quantities in Europe in 1999 were 10 €/L for xenon, 1 €/L for krypton, and 0.20 €/L for neon; the much more plentiful argon costs less than a cent per liter. Within the Solar System, the nucleon fraction of xenon is 1.56 × 10−8, for an abundance of approximately one part in 630 thousand of the total mass. Xenon is relatively rare in the Sun's atmosphere, on Earth, and in asteroids and comets. The planet Jupiter has an unusually high abundance of xenon in its atmosphere; about 2.6 times as much as the Sun. This high abundance remains unexplained and may have been caused by an early and rapid buildup of planetesimals—small, subplanetary bodies—before the presolar disk began to heat up. (Otherwise, xenon would not have been trapped in the planetesimal ices.) The problem of the low terrestrial xenon may potentially be explained by covalent bonding of xenon to oxygen within quartz, hence reducing the outgassing of xenon into the atmosphere. Unlike the lower mass noble gases, the normal stellar nucleosynthesis process inside a star does not form xenon. Elements more massive than iron-56 have a net energy cost to produce through fusion, so there is no energy gain for a star when creating xenon. Instead, xenon is formed during supernova explosions, by the slow neutron capture process (s-process) of red giant stars that have exhausted the hydrogen at their cores and entered the asymptotic giant branch, in classical nova explosions and from the radioactive decay of elements such as iodine, uranium and plutonium. Isotopes and isotopic studiesMain article: Isotopes of xenon Naturally occurring xenon is made of eight stable isotopes, the most of any element with the exception of tin, which has ten. Xenon and tin are the only elements to have more than seven stable isotopes. The isotopes 124Xe and 134Xe are predicted to undergo double beta decay, but this has never been observed so they are considered to be stable. Besides these stable forms, there are over 40 unstable isotopes that have been studied. The longest lived of these isotopes is 136Xe, which has been observed to undergo double beta decay with a half-life of 2.11 x 1021yr. 129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I, which has a half-life of 16 million years, while 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe are some of the fission products of both 235U and 239Pu, and therefore used as indicators of nuclear explosions. Nuclei of two of the stable isotopes of xenon, 129Xe and 131Xe, have non-zero intrinsic angular momenta (nuclear spins, suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance). The nuclear spins can be aligned beyond ordinary polarization levels by means of circularly polarized light and rubidium vapor. The resulting spin polarization of xenon nuclei can surpass 50% of its maximum possible value, greatly exceeding the equilibrium value dictated by the Boltzmann distribution (typically 0.001% of the maximum value at room temperature, even in the strongest magnets). Such non-equilibrium alignment of spins is a temporary condition, and is called hyperpolarization. The process of hyperpolarizing the xenon is called optical pumping (although the process is different from pumping a laser). Because a 129Xe nucleus has a spin of 1/2, and therefore a zero electric quadrupole moment, the 129Xe nucleus does not experience any quadrupolar interactions during collisions with other atoms, and thus its hyperpolarization can be maintained for long periods of time even after the laser beam has been turned off and the alkali vapor removed by condensation on a room-temperature surface. Spin polarization of 129Xe can persist from several seconds for xenon atoms dissolved in blood to several hours in the gas phase and several days in deeply frozen solid xenon. In contrast, 131Xe has a nuclear spin value of 3/2 and a nonzero quadrupole moment, and has T1 relaxation times in the millisecond and second ranges. Some radioactive isotopes of xenon, for example, 133Xe and 135Xe, are produced by neutron irradiation of fissionable material within nuclear reactors. 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons, 2.6×106 barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or "poison" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Fortunately the designers had made provisions in the design to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel). 135Xe reactor poisoning played a major role in the Chernobyl disaster. A shutdown or decrease of power of a reactor can result in buildup of 135Xe and getting the reactor into the iodine pit. Under adverse conditions, relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes may be found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of fission products from cracked fuel rods, or fissioning of uranium in cooling water. Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, xenon isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the solar system. The iodine-xenon method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula. In 1960, physicist John H. Reynolds discovered that certain meteorites contained an isotopic anomaly in the form of an overabundance of xenon-129. He inferred that this was a decay product of radioactive iodine-129. This isotope is produced slowly by cosmic ray spallation and nuclear fission, but is produced in quantity only in supernova explosions. As the half-life of 129I is comparatively short on a cosmological time scale, only 16 million years, this demonstrated that only a short time had passed between the supernova and the time the meteorites had solidified and trapped the 129I. These two events (supernova and solidification of gas cloud) were inferred to have happened during the early history of the Solar System, as the 129I isotope was likely generated before the Solar System was formed, but not long before, and seeded the solar gas cloud with isotopes from a second source. This supernova source may also have caused collapse of the solar gas cloud. In a similar way, xenon isotopic ratios such as 129Xe/130Xe and 136Xe/130Xe are also a powerful tool for understanding planetary differentiation and early outgassing. For example, The atmosphere of Mars shows a xenon abundance similar to that of Earth: 0.08 parts per million, however Mars shows a higher proportion of 129Xe than the Earth or the Sun. As this isotope is generated by radioactive decay, the result may indicate that Mars lost most of its primordial atmosphere, possibly within the first 100 million years after the planet was formed. In another example, excess 129Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation. CompoundsSee also category: Xenon compounds After Neil Bartlett's discovery in 1962 that xenon can form chemical compounds, a large number of xenon compounds have been discovered and described. Almost all known xenon compounds contain the electronegative atoms fluorine or oxygen. HalidesXenon tetrafluoride XeF4 crystals, 1962 The solid, crystalline difluoride XeF2 is formed when a mixture of fluorine and xenon gases is exposed to ultraviolet light. Ordinary daylight is sufficient. Long-term heating of XeF2 at high temperatures under an NiF2 catalyst yields XeF6. Pyrolysis of XeF6 in the presence of NaF yields high-purity XeF4. The xenon fluorides behave as both fluoride acceptors and fluoride donors, forming salts that contain such cations as XeF+ and Xe 2F+ 3, and anions such as XeF− 5, XeF− 7, and XeF2− 8. The green, paramagnetic Xe+ 2 is formed by the reduction of XeF2 by xenon gas. Whereas the xenon fluorides are well-characterized, the other halides are not known, the only exception being the dichloride, XeCl2. Xenon dichloride is reported to be an endothermic, colorless, crystalline compound that decomposes into the elements at 80°C, formed by the high-frequency irradiation of a mixture of xenon, fluorine, and silicon or carbon tetrachloride. However, doubt has been raised as to whether XeCl2 is a real compound and not merely a van der Waals molecule consisting of weakly bound Xe atoms and Cl2 molecules. Theoretical calculations indicate that the linear molecule XeCl2 is less stable than the van der Waals complex. Oxides and oxohalides Three oxides of xenon are known: xenon trioxide (XeO3) and xenon tetroxide (XeO4), both of which are dangerously explosive and powerful oxidizing agents, and xenon dioxide (XeO2), which was reported in 2011 with a coordination number of four. XeO2 forms when xenon tetrafluoride is poured over ice. Its crystal structure may allow it to replace silicon in silicate minerals. The XeOO+ cation has been identified by infrared spectroscopy in solid argon. Xenon does not react with oxygen directly; the trioxide is formed by the hydrolysis of XeF6: - XeF6 + 3 H2O → XeO3 + 6 HF XeO3 is weakly acidic, dissolving in alkali to form unstable xenate salts containing the HXeO− 4 anion. These unstable salts easily disproportionate into xenon gas and perxenate salts, containing the XeO4− 6 anion. - Ba2XeO6 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 BaSO4 + 2 H2O + XeO4 To prevent decomposition, the xenon tetroxide thus formed is quickly cooled to form a pale-yellow solid. It explodes above −35.9 °C into xenon and oxygen gas. A number of xenon oxyfluorides are known, including XeOF2, XeOF4, XeO2F2, and XeO3F2. XeOF2 is formed by the reaction of OF2 with xenon gas at low temperatures. It may also be obtained by the partial hydrolysis of XeF4. It disproportionates at −20 °C into XeF2 and XeO2F2. XeOF4 is formed by the partial hydrolysis of XeF6, or the reaction of XeF6 with sodium perxenate, Na4XeO6. The latter reaction also produces a small amount of XeO3F2. XeOF4 reacts with CsF to form the XeOF− 5 anion, while XeOF3 reacts with the alkali metal fluorides KF, RbF and CsF to form the XeOF− 4 anion. Recently, there has been an interest in xenon compounds where xenon is directly bonded to a less electronegative element than fluorine or oxygen, particularly carbon. Electron-withdrawing groups, such as groups with fluorine substitution, are necessary to stabilize these compounds. Numerous such compounds have been characterized, including: - C6F5–Xe+–N≡C–CH3, where C6F5 is the pentafluorophenyl group. - C6F5–Xe–X, where X is CN, F, or Cl. - R–C≡C–Xe+, where R is C2F− 5 or tert-butyl. - C6F5–XeF+ 2 An unusual ion containing xenon is the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, AuXe2+ 4, which contains Xe–Au bonds. This ion occurs in the compound AuXe4(Sb2F11)2, and is remarkable in having direct chemical bonds between two notoriously unreactive atoms, xenon and gold, with xenon acting as a transition metal ligand. In 1995, M. Räsänen and co-workers, scientists at the University of Helsinki in Finland, announced the preparation of xenon dihydride (HXeH), and later xenon hydride-hydroxide (HXeOH), hydroxenoacetylene (HXeCCH), and other Xe-containing molecules. In 2008, Khriachtchev et al. reported the preparation of HXeOXeH by the photolysis of water within a cryogenic xenon matrix. Deuterated molecules, HXeOD and DXeOH, have also been produced. Clathrates and excimers In addition to compounds where xenon forms a chemical bond, xenon can form clathrates—substances where xenon atoms are trapped by the crystalline lattice of another compound. An example is xenon hydrate (Xe•5.75 H2O), where xenon atoms occupy vacancies in a lattice of water molecules. This clathrate has a melting point of 24 °C. The deuterated version of this hydrate has also been produced. Such clathrate hydrates can occur naturally under conditions of high pressure, such as in Lake Vostok underneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Clathrate formation can be used to fractionally distill xenon, argon and krypton. Xenon can also form endohedral fullerene compounds, where a xenon atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule. The xenon atom trapped in the fullerene can be monitored via 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Using this technique, chemical reactions on the fullerene molecule can be analyzed, due to the sensitivity of the chemical shift of the xenon atom to its environment. However, the xenon atom also has an electronic influence on the reactivity of the fullerene. While xenon atoms are at their ground energy state, they repel each other and will not form a bond. When xenon atoms becomes energized, however, they can form an excimer (excited dimer) until the electrons return to the ground state. This entity is formed because the xenon atom tends to fill its outermost electronic shell, and can briefly do this by adding an electron from a neighboring xenon atom. The typical lifetime of a xenon excimer is 1–5 ns, and the decay releases photons with wavelengths of about 150 and 173 nm. Xenon can also form excimers with other elements, such as the halogens bromine, chlorine and fluorine. Although xenon is rare and relatively expensive to extract from the Earth's atmosphere, it has a number of applications. Illumination and optics Xenon is used in light-emitting devices called xenon flash lamps, which are used in photographic flashes and stroboscopic lamps; to excite the active medium in lasers which then generate coherent light; and, occasionally, in bactericidal lamps. The first solid-state laser, invented in 1960, was pumped by a xenon flash lamp, and lasers used to power inertial confinement fusion are also pumped by xenon flash lamps.Xenon short-arc lamp Space Shuttle Atlantis bathed in xenon lights Xenon gas discharge tube Continuous, short-arc, high pressure xenon arc lamps have a color temperature closely approximating noon sunlight and are used in solar simulators. That is, the chromaticity of these lamps closely approximates a heated black body radiator that has a temperature close to that observed from the Sun. After they were first introduced during the 1940s, these lamps began replacing the shorter-lived carbon arc lamps in movie projectors. They are employed in typical 35mm, IMAX and the new digital projectors film projection systems, automotive HID headlights, high-end "tactical" flashlights and other specialized uses. These arc lamps are an excellent source of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation and they have intense emissions in the near infrared, which is used in some night vision systems. The individual cells in a plasma display use a mixture of xenon and neon that is converted into a plasma using electrodes. The interaction of this plasma with the electrodes generates ultraviolet photons, which then excite the phosphor coating on the front of the display. Xenon is used as a "starter gas" in high pressure sodium lamps. It has the lowest thermal conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the non-radioactive noble gases. As a noble gas, it does not interfere with the chemical reactions occurring in the operating lamp. The low thermal conductivity minimizes thermal losses in the lamp while in the operating state, and the low ionization potential causes the breakdown voltage of the gas to be relatively low in the cold state, which allows the lamp to be more easily started. In 1962, a group of researchers at Bell Laboratories discovered laser action in xenon, and later found that the laser gain was improved by adding helium to the lasing medium. The first excimer laser used a xenon dimer (Xe2) energized by a beam of electrons to produce stimulated emission at an ultraviolet wavelength of 176 nm. Xenon chloride and xenon fluoride have also been used in excimer (or, more accurately, exciplex) lasers. The xenon chloride excimer laser has been employed, for example, in certain dermatological uses. Xenon has been used as a general anesthetic. Although it is expensive, anesthesia machines that can deliver xenon are about to appear on the European market, because advances in recovery and recycling of xenon have made it economically viable. Xenon interacts with many different receptors and ion channels and like many theoretically multi-modal inhalation anesthetics these interactions are likely complementary. Xenon is a high-affinity glycine-site NMDA receptor antagonist. However, xenon distinguishes itself from other clinically used NMDA receptor antagonists in its lack of neurotoxicity and ability its to inhibit the neurotoxicity of ketamine and nitrous oxide. Unlike ketamine and nitrous oxide, xenon does not stimulate a dopamine efflux from the nucleus accumbens. Like nitrous oxide and cyclopropane xenon activates the two-pore domain potassium channel TREK-1. A related channel TASK-3 also implicated in anesthetic actions is insensitive to xenon. Xenon inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine alpha4beta2 receptors which contribute to spinally mediated analgesia. Xenon is an effective inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase. Xenon inhibits Ca+ ATPase by binding to a hydrophobic pore within the enzyme and preventing the enzyme from assuming active conformations. Xenon is a competitive inhibitor of serotonin 5HT3. While neither anesthetic nor antinociceptive this activity reduces anesthesia-emergent nausea and vomiting. Xenon has a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of 72% at age 40, making it 44% more potent than N2O as an anesthetic. Thus it can be used in concentrations with oxygen that have a lower risk of hypoxia. Unlike nitrous oxide (N2O), xenon is not a greenhouse gas and so it is also viewed as environmentally friendly. Xenon vented into the atmosphere is being returned to its original source, so no environmental impact is likely. Xenon induces robust cardioprotection and neuroprotection through several a variety of mechanisms of action. Through its influence on Ca2+, K+, KATP\HIF and NMDA antagonism xenon is neuroprotective when administered before during & after ischemic insults. Xenon is a high affinity antagonist at the NMDA receptor glycine site.Xenon is cardioprotective in ischemia-reperfusion conditions by inducing pharmacologic non-ischemic preconditioning. Xenon is cardioprotective by activating PKC-epsilon & downstream p38-MAPK. Xenon mimics neuronal ischemic preconditioning by activating ATP sensitive potassium channels. Xenon allosterically reduces ATP mediated channel activation inhibition independently of the sulfonylurea receptor1 subunit, increasing KATP open-channel time and frequency. Xenon upregulates hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1a). Xenon gas was added as an ingredient of the ventilation mix for a newborn baby at St. Michael's Hospital, Bristol, England, whose life chances were otherwise very compromised, and was successful, leading to the authorisation of clinical trials for similar cases. The treatment is done simultaneously with cooling the body temperature to 33.5 °C. Gamma emission from the radioisotope 133Xe of xenon can be used to image the heart, lungs, and brain, for example, by means of single photon emission computed tomography. 133Xe has also been used to measure blood flow. Xenon, particularly hyperpolarized 129Xe, is a useful contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the gas phase, it can be used to image empty space such as cavities in a porous sample or alveoli in lungs. Hyperpolarization renders 129Xe much more detectable via magnetic resonance imaging and has been used for studies of the lungs and other tissues. It can be used, for example, to trace the flow of gases within the lungs. Because xenon is soluble in water and also in hydrophobic solvents, it can be used to image various soft living tissues. Because of the atom's large, flexible outer electron shell, the NMR spectrum changes in response to surrounding conditions, and can therefore be used as a probe to measure the chemical circumstances around the xenon atom. For instance xenon dissolved in water, xenon dissolved in hydrophobic solvent, and xenon associated with certain proteins can be distinguished by NMR. Hyperpolarized xenon can be used by surface-chemists. Normally, it is difficult to characterize surfaces using NMR, because signals from the surface of a sample will be overwhelmed by signals from the far-more-numerous atomic nuclei in the bulk. However, nuclear spins on solid surfaces can be selectively polarized, by transferrering spin polarization to them from hyperpolarized xenon gas. This makes the surface signals strong enough to measure, and distinguishes them from bulk signals. In nuclear energy applications, xenon is used in bubble chambers, probes, and in other areas where a high molecular weight and inert nature is desirable. A by-product of nuclear weapon testing is the release of radioactive xenon-133 and xenon-135. The detection of these isotopes is used to monitor compliance with nuclear test ban treaties, as well as to confirm nuclear test explosions by states such as North Korea.A prototype of a xenon ion engine being tested at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Liquid xenon is being used in calorimeters for measurements of gamma rays as well as a medium for detecting hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. When a WIMP collides with a xenon nucleus, it should, theoretically, strip an electron and create a primary scintillation. By using xenon, this burst of energy could then be readily distinguished from similar events caused by particles such as cosmic rays. However, the XENON experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy and the ZEPLIN-II and ZEPLIN-III experiments at the Boulby Underground Laboratory in the UK have thus far failed to find any confirmed WIMPs. Even if no WIMPs are detected, the experiments will serve to constrain the properties of dark matter and some physics models. The current detector at the Gran Sasso facility has demonstrated sensitivity comparable to that of the best cryogenic detectors, and the sensitivity was expected to be increased by an order of magnitude in 2009. Xenon is the preferred propellant for ion propulsion of spacecraft because of its low ionization potential per atomic weight, and its ability to be stored as a liquid at near room temperature (under high pressure) yet be easily converted back into a gas to feed the engine. The inert nature of xenon makes it environmentally friendly and less corrosive to an ion engine than other fuels such as mercury or caesium. Xenon was first used for satellite ion engines during the 1970s. It was later employed as a propellant for JPL's Deep Space 1 probe, Europe's SMART-1 spacecraft and for the three ion propulsion engines on NASA's Dawn Spacecraft. Chemically, the perxenate compounds are used as oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry. Xenon difluoride is used as an etchant for silicon, particularly in the production of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil can be produced by reacting xenon difluoride with uracil. Xenon is also used in protein crystallography. Applied at pressures from 0.5 to 5 MPa (5 to 50 atm) to a protein crystal, xenon atoms bind in predominantly hydrophobic cavities, often creating a high quality, isomorphous, heavy-atom derivative, which can be used for solving the phase problem. Many oxygen-containing xenon compounds are toxic due to their strong oxidative properties, and explosive due to their tendency to break down into elemental xenon plus diatomic oxygen (O2), which contains much stronger chemical bonds than the xenon compounds. Xenon gas can be safely kept in normal sealed glass or metal containers at standard temperature and pressure. However, it readily dissolves in most plastics and rubber, and will gradually escape from a container sealed with such materials. Xenon is non-toxic, although it does dissolve in blood and belongs to a select group of substances that penetrate the blood–brain barrier, causing mild to full surgical anesthesia when inhaled in high concentrations with oxygen. At 169 m/s, the speed of sound in xenon gas is slower than that in air due to the slower average speed of the heavy xenon atoms compared to nitrogen and oxygen molecules. Hence, xenon lowers the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract when inhaled. This produces a characteristic lowered voice timbre, an effect opposite to the high-timbred voice caused by inhalation of helium. Like helium, xenon does not satisfy the body's need for oxygen. Xenon is both a simple asphyxiant and an anesthetic more powerful than nitrous oxide; consequently, many universities no longer allow the voice stunt as a general chemistry demonstration. As xenon is expensive, the gas sulfur hexafluoride, which is similar to xenon in molecular weight (146 versus 131), is generally used in this stunt, and is an asphyxiant without being anesthetic. It is possible to safely breathe heavy gases such as xenon or sulfur hexafluoride when they are in a mixture with oxygen; the oxygen comprising at least 20% of the mixture. Xenon at 80% concentration along with 20% oxygen rapidly produces the unconsciousness of general anesthesia (and has been used for this, as discussed above). Breathing mixes gases of different densities very effectively and rapidly so that heavier gases are purged along with the oxygen, and do not accumulate at the bottom of the lungs. There is, however, a danger associated with any heavy gas in large quantities: it may sit invisibly in a container, and if a person enters a container filled with an odorless, colorless gas, they may find themselves breathing it unknowingly. Xenon is rarely used in large enough quantities for this to be a concern, though the potential for danger exists any time a tank or container of xenon is kept in an unventilated space. |Books View or order collections of articles|| |Portals Access related topics|| |Find out more on Wikipedia's Sister projects|| - ^ Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989). "Xenon". Oxford English Dictionary. 20 (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-861232-X. - ^ "Xenon". Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2010. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/xenon. Retrieved 2010-05-06. - ^ "Krypton". Gas Encyclopedia. Air Liquide. 2009. http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?LanguageID=11&GasID=40. - ^ Section 4 "Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements" in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. - ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. - ^ a b Ackerman, N.; et.al (2011). "Observation of Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay in 136Xe with the EXO-200 Detector". Physical Review Letters 107 (21): 212501. Bibcode 2011PhRvL.107u2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.212501. - ^ . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003. - ^ Staff (2007). "Xenon". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0852881.html. Retrieved 2007-10-23. - ^ a b Husted, Robert; Boorman, Mollie (December 15, 2003). "Xenon". Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemical Division. http://periodic.lanl.gov/54.shtml. Retrieved 2007-09-26. - ^ Rabinovich, Viktor Abramovich; Vasserman, A. A.; Nedostup, V. I.; Veksler, L. S. (1988). Thermophysical properties of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon (English-language ed.). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.. ISBN 0-89116-675-0. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988wdch...10.....R. Retrieved 2009-04-02.—National Standard Reference Data Service of the USSR. Volume 10. - ^ a b Freemantel, Michael (August 25, 2003). "Chemistry at its Most Beautiful" (PDF). Chemical & Engineering News. http://www.chem.umn.edu/class/2301/barany03f/fun/beautiful1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-13. - ^ a b Kaneoka, Ichiro (1998). "Xenon's Inside Story". Science 280 (5365): 851–852. doi:10.1126/science.280.5365.851b. - ^ a b Stacey, Weston M. (2007). Nuclear Reactor Physics. Wiley-VCH. p. 213. ISBN 3-527-40679-4. http://books.google.com/?id=y1UgcgVSXSkC&pg=PA213. - ^ a b c Burke, James (2003). Twin Tracks: The Unexpected Origins of the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0-7432-2619-4. - ^ a b Mellor, David (2000). Sound Person's Guide to Video. Focal Press. p. 186. ISBN 0-240-51595-1. http://books.google.com/?id=g93XXNA8Wf4C&pg=PA186. - ^ Sanders, Robert D.; Ma, Daqing; Maze, Mervyn (2005). "Xenon: elemental anaesthesia in clinical practice". British Medical Bulletin 71 (1): 115–35. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh034. PMID 15728132. - ^ a b Basov, N. G.; Danilychev, V. A.; Popov, Yu. M. (1971). "Stimulated Emission in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region". Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 1 (1): 18–22. Bibcode 1971QuEle...1...18B. doi:10.1070/QE1971v001n01ABEH003011. - ^ a b Toyserkani, E.; Khajepour, A.; Corbin, S. (2004). Laser Cladding. CRC Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-8493-2172-7. http://books.google.com/?id=zfvbyCHzVqMC&pg=PA48. - ^ a b Ball, Philip (May 1, 2002). "Xenon outs WIMPs". Nature. http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020429/full/news020429-6.html. Retrieved 2007-10-08. - ^ a b Saccoccia, G.; del Amo, J. G.; Estublier, D. (August 31, 2006). "Ion engine gets SMART-1 to the Moon". ESA. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMLZ36LARE_0.html. Retrieved 2007-10-01. - ^ Ramsay, W.; Travers, M. W. (1898). "On the extraction from air of the companions of argon, and neon". Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: 828. - ^ Gagnon, Steve. "It's Elemental – Xenon". Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele054.html. Retrieved 2007-06-16. - ^ Anonymous (1904). Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby. ed. The New International Encyclopædia. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 906. - ^ Staff (1991). The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories. Merriam-Webster, Inc.. p. 513. ISBN 0-87779-603-3. http://books.google.com/?id=IrcZEZ1bOJsC&pg=PA513. - ^ Ramsay, William (1902). "An Attempt to Estimate the Relative Amounts of Krypton and of Xenon in Atmospheric Air". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 71 (467–476): 421–426. doi:10.1098/rspl.1902.0121. - ^ Anonymous. "History". Millisecond Cinematography. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20060822141910/http://www.millisecond-cine.com/history.html. Retrieved 2007-11-07. - ^ Paschotta, Rüdiger (November 1, 2007). "Lamp-pumped lasers". Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. RP Photonics. http://www.rp-photonics.com/lamp_pumped_lasers.html. Retrieved 2007-11-07. - ^ Marx, Thomas; Schmidt, Michael; Schirmer, Uwe; Reinelt, Helmut (2000). "Xenon anesthesia" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 93 (10): 513–7. PMC 1298124. PMID 11064688. http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/reprint/93/10/513.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-02. - ^ Bartlett, Neil; Lohmann, D. H. (1962). "Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate (V), O2+[PtF6]–". Proceedings of the Chemical Society (London: Chemical Society) (3): 115. doi:10.1039/PS9620000097. - ^ Bartlett, N. (1962). "Xenon hexafluoroplatinate (V) Xe+[PtF6]–". Proceedings of the Chemical Society (London: Chemical Society) (6): 218. doi:10.1039/PS9620000197. - ^ Graham, L.; Graudejus, O.; Jha N.K.; Bartlett, N. (2000). "Concerning the nature of XePtF6". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 197 (1): 321–334. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00190-3. - ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, Egon (2001). Bernhard J. Aylett. ed. Inorganic Chemistry. translated by Mary Eagleson and William Brewer. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.; translation of Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, originally founded by A. F. Holleman, continued by Egon Wiberg, edited by Nils Wiberg, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995, 34th edition, ISBN 3-11-012641-9. - ^ Steel, Joanna (2007). "Biography of Neil Bartlett". College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley. http://chemistry.berkeley.edu/publications/news/2006/bio_bartlett.php. Retrieved 2007-10-25. - ^ Bartlett, Neil (2003-09-09). "The Noble Gases". Chemical & Engineering News (American Chemical Society) 81 (36). http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/noblegases.html. Retrieved 2007-10-01. - ^ Khriachtchev, Leonid; Pettersson, Mika; Runeberg, Nino; Lundell, Jan; Räsänen, Markku (2000-08-24). "A stable argon compound". Nature 406 (6798): 874–6. doi:10.1038/35022551. PMID 10972285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6798/abs/406874a0.html. Retrieved 2008-06-04. - ^ Lynch, C. T.; Summitt, R.; Sliker, A. (1980). CRC Handbook of Materials Science. CRC Press. ISBN 0-87819-231-X. - ^ MacKenzie, D. R. (1963). "Krypton Difluoride: Preparation and Handling". Science 141 (3586): 1171. Bibcode 1963Sci...141.1171M. doi:10.1126/science.141.3586.1171. PMID 17751791. - ^ Paul R. Fields, Lawrence Stein, and Moshe H. Zirin (1962). "Radon Fluoride". Journal of the American Chemical Society 84 (21): 4164–4165. doi:10.1021/ja00880a048. - ^ "Xenon". Periodic Table Online. CRC Press. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070410040717/http://chemnetbase.com/periodic_table/elements/xenon.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-08. - ^ Moody, G. J. (1974). "A Decade of Xenon Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education 51 (10): 628–630. Bibcode 1974JChEd..51..628M. doi:10.1021/ed051p628. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ111480. Retrieved 2007-10-16. - ^ Williams, David R. (April 19, 2007). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html. Retrieved 2007-10-04. - ^ a b Aprile, Elena; Bolotnikov, Aleksey E.; Doke, Tadayoshi (2006). Noble Gas Detectors. Wiley-VCH. pp. 8–9. ISBN 3-527-60963-6. http://books.google.com/?id=tsnHM8x6cHAC&pg=PT1. - ^ Caldwell, W. A.; Nguyen, J.; Pfrommer, B.; Louie, S.; Jeanloz, R. (1997). "Structure, bonding and geochemistry of xenon at high pressures". Science 277 (5328): 930–933. doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.930. - ^ Fontes, E.. "Golden Anniversary for Founder of High-pressure Program at CHESS". Cornell University. http://news.chess.cornell.edu/articles/2006/RuoffAnnv.html. Retrieved 2009-05-30. - ^ Eremets, Mikhail I.; Gregoryanz, Eugene A.; Struzhkin, Victor V.; Mao, Ho-Kwang; Hemley, Russell J.; Mulders, Norbert; Zimmerman, Neil M. (2000). "Electrical Conductivity of Xenon at Megabar Pressures". Physical Review Letters 85 (13): 2797–800. Bibcode 2000PhRvL..85.2797E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2797. PMID 10991236. - ^ Bader, Richard F. W.. "An Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules". McMaster University. http://miranda.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/. Retrieved 2007-09-27. - ^ Talbot, John. "Spectra of Gas Discharges". Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen. http://web.physik.rwth-aachen.de/~harm/aixphysik/atom/discharge/index1.html. Retrieved 2006-08-10. - ^ Watts, William Marshall (1904). An Introduction to the Study of Spectrum Analysis. London: Longmans, Green, and co.. - ^ Hwang, Shuen-Cheng; Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (5th ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 0-471-48511-X. - ^ Kerry, Frank G. (2007). Industrial Gas Handbook: Gas Separation and Purification. CRC Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 0-8493-9005-2. http://books.google.com/?id=cXNmyTTGbRIC&pg=PA101. - ^ "Xenon – Xe". CFC StarTec LLC. August 10, 1998. http://www.c-f-c.com/specgas_products/xenon.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07. - ^ a b Singh, Sanjay (May 15, 2005). "Xenon: A modern anaesthetic". Indian Express Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 2007-08-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20070813212536/http://www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com/20050515/criticare10.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-10. - ^ a b Häussinger, Peter; Glatthaar, Reinhard; Rhode, Wilhelm; Kick, Helmut; Benkmann, Christian; Weber, Josef; Wunschel, Hans-Jörg; Stenke, Viktor; Leicht, Edith; Stenger, Hermann (2001). "Noble Gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (6th ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 3-527-20165-3. - ^ Arnett, David (1996). Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01147-8. http://books.google.com/?id=PXGWGnPPo0gC&pg=PA30. - ^ Mahaffy, P. R.; Niemann, H. B.; Alpert, A.; Atreya, S. K.; Demick, J.; Donahue, T. M.; Harpold, D. N.; Owen, T. C. (2000). "Noble gas abundance and isotope ratios in the atmosphere of Jupiter from the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer". Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (E6): 15061–15072. Bibcode 2000JGR...10515061M. doi:10.1029/1999JE001224. - ^ Mass fraction calculated from the average mass of an atom in the solar system of about 1.29 atomic mass units - ^ Owen, Tobias; Mahaffy, Paul; Niemann, H. B.; Atreya, Sushil; Donahue, Thomas; Bar-Nun, Akiva; de Pater, Imke (1999). "A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter". Nature 402 (6759): 269–70. Bibcode 1999Natur.402..269O. doi:10.1038/46232. PMID 10580497. - ^ Sanloup, Chrystèle et al. (2005). "Retention of Xenon in Quartz and Earth's Missing Xenon". Science 310 (5751): 1174–7. Bibcode 2005Sci...310.1174S. doi:10.1126/science.1119070. PMID 16293758. - ^ Clayton, Donald D. (1983). Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10953-4. http://books.google.com/?id=imjwZdXExQIC&pg=PA604. - ^ Heymann, D.; Dziczkaniec, M. (March 19–23, 1979). "Xenon from intermediate zones of supernovae". Proceedings 10th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, Texas: Pergamon Press, Inc.. pp. 1943–1959. Bibcode 1979LPSC...10.1943H. - ^ Beer, H.; Kaeppeler, F.; Reffo, G.; Venturini, G. (November 1983). "Neutron capture cross-sections of stable xenon isotopes and their application in stellar nucleosynthesis". Astrophysics and Space Science 97 (1): 95–119. Bibcode 1983Ap&SS..97...95B. doi:10.1007/BF00684613. - ^ Pignatari, M.; Gallino; Straniero; Davis; Gallino, R.; Straniero, O.; Davis, A. (2004). "The origin of xenon trapped in presolar mainstream SiC grains". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 75: 729–734. Bibcode 2004MmSAI..75..729P. - ^ a b c Caldwell, Eric (January 2004). "Periodic Table – Xenon". Resources on Isotopes. USGS. http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/xe_iig.html. Retrieved 2007-10-08. - ^ Rajam, J. B. (1960). Atomic Physics (7th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand and Co.. ISBN 81-219-1809-X. - ^ Barabash, A. S. (2002). "Average (Recommended) Half-Life Values for Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay". Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 52 (4): 567–573. arXiv:nucl-ex/0203001. Bibcode 2002CzJPh..52..567B. doi:10.1023/A:1015369612904. - ^ Otten, Ernst W. (2004). "Take a breath of polarized noble gas". Europhysics News 35 (1): 16. Bibcode 2004ENews..35...16O. doi:10.1051/epn:2004109. - ^ Ruset, I. C.; Ketel, S.; Hersman, F. W. (2006). "Optical Pumping System Design for Large Production of Hyperpolarized 129Xe". Physical Review Letters 96 (5): 053002. Bibcode 2006PhRvL..96e3002R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.053002. - ^ Wolber, J.; Cherubini, A.; Leach, M. O.; Bifone, A. (2000). "On the oxygenation-dependent 129Xe T1 in blood". NMR in Biomedicine 13 (4): 234–7. doi:10.1002/1099-1492(200006)13:4<234::AID-NBM632>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10867702. - ^ Chann, B.; Nelson, I. A.; Anderson, L. W.; Driehuys, B.; Walker, T. G. (2002). "129Xe-Xe molecular spin relaxation". Physical Review Letters 88 (11): 113–201. Bibcode 2002PhRvL..88k3201C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.113201. - ^ von Schulthess, Gustav Konrad; Smith, Hans-Jørgen; Pettersson, Holger; Allison, David John (1998). "The Encyclopaedia of Medical Imaging". The Encyclopaedia of Medical Imaging. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 1-901865-13-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=zvDY5unRC4oC&pg=PA194. - ^ Warren, W. W.; Norberg, R. E. (1966). "Nuclear Quadrupole Relaxation and Chemical Shift of Xe131 in Liquid and Solid Xenon". Physical Review 148 (1): 402–412. Bibcode 1966PhRv..148..402W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.148.402. - ^ Staff. "Hanford Becomes Operational". The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2009-12-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20091210094859/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hanford_operational.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10. - ^ Pfeffer, Jeremy I.; Nir, Shlomo (2000). Modern Physics: An Introductory Text. Imperial College Press. pp. 421 ff.. ISBN 1-86094-250-4. http://books.google.com/?id=KmMYWP56t98C&pg=PA421. - ^ Laws, Edwards A. (2000). Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text. John Wiley and Sons. p. 505. ISBN 0-471-34875-9. http://books.google.com/?id=11LI7XyEIsAC&pg=PA505. - ^ Staff (April 9, 1979). "A Nuclear Nightmare". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920196-4,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-09. - ^ Clayton, Donald D. (1983). Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-226-10953-4. http://books.google.com/?id=imjwZdXExQIC&pg=PA604. - ^ Bolt, B. A.; Packard, R. E.; Price, P. B. (2007). "John H. Reynolds, Physics: Berkeley". The University of California, Berkeley. http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb1r29n709&doc.view=content&chunk.id=div00061&toc.depth=1&brand=oac&anchor.id=0. Retrieved 2007-10-01. - ^ Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Mars Fact Sheet". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html. Retrieved 2007-10-10. - ^ Schilling, James. "Why is the Martian atmosphere so thin and mainly carbon dioxide?". Mars Global Circulation Model Group. http://humbabe.arc.nasa.gov/mgcm/HTML/FAQS/thin_atm.html. Retrieved 2007-10-10. - ^ Zahnle, Kevin J. (1993). "Xenological constraints on the impact erosion of the early Martian atmosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (E6): 10,899–10,913. Bibcode 1993JGR....9810899Z. doi:10.1029/92JE02941. - ^ Boulos, M. S.; Manuel, O.K. (1971). "The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth". Science 174 (4016): 1334–6. Bibcode 1971Sci...174.1334B. doi:10.1126/science.174.4016.1334. PMID 17801897. - ^ a b Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the p block. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-85404-690-9. http://books.google.com/?id=W0HW8wgmQQsC&pg=PA93. - ^ Dean H Liskow, Henry F I I I Schaefer, Paul S Bagus, Bowen Liu (1973). "Probable nonexistence of xenon monofluoride as a chemically bound species in the gas phase". J Amer Chem Soc 95 (12): 4056–4057. doi:10.1021/ja00793a042. - ^ Weeks, James L.; Chernick, Cedric; Matheson, Max S. (1962). "Photochemical Preparation of Xenon Difluoride". Journal of the American Chemical Society 84 (23): 4612. doi:10.1021/ja00882a063. - ^ Streng, L. V.; Streng, A. G. (1965). "Formation of Xenon Difluoride from Xenon and Oxygen Difluoride or Fluorine in Pyrex Glass at Room Temperature". Inorganic Chemistry 4 (9): 1370–1371. doi:10.1021/ic50031a035. - ^ a b Tramšek, Melita; Žemva, Boris (December 5, 2006). "Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Xenon(II) Fluoride" (PDF). Acta Chimica Slovenica 53 (2): 105–116. doi:10.1002/chin.200721209. http://acta.chem-soc.si/53/53-2-105.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-18. - ^ Ogrin, Tomaz; Bohinc, Matej; Silvnik, Joze (1973). "Melting-point determinations of xenon difluoride-xenon tetrafluoride mixtures". Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 18 (4): 402. doi:10.1021/je60059a014. - ^ a b Scott, Thomas; Eagleson, Mary (1994). "Xenon Compounds". Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1183. ISBN 3-11-011451-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&pg=PA1183. - ^ Proserpio, Davide M.; Hoffmann, Roald; Janda, Kenneth C. (1991). "The xenon-chlorine conundrum: van der Waals complex or linear molecule?". Journal of the American Chemical Society 113 (19): 7184. doi:10.1021/ja00019a014. - ^ Richardson, Nancy A.; Hall, Michael B. (1993). "The potential energy surface of xenon dichloride". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 (42): 10952. doi:10.1021/j100144a009. - ^ Brock, D.S..; Schrobilgen, G.J. (2011). "Synthesis of the missing oxide of xenon, XeO2, and its implications for earth's missing xenon". Journal of the American Chemical Society 133 (16): 6265–9. doi:10.1021/ja110618g. PMID 21341650. - ^ "Chemistry: Where did the xenon go?". Nature 471 (7337): 138–138. 2011. doi:10.1038/471138d. - ^ Zhou, M.; Zhao, Y.; Gong, Y.; Li, J. (2006). "Formation and Characterization of the XeOO+ Cation in Solid Argon". Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 (8): 2504–5. doi:10.1021/ja055650n. PMID 16492012. - ^ Holloway, John H.; Hope, Eric G. (1998). A. G. Sykes. ed. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry Press. Academic. p. 65. ISBN 0-12-023646-X. http://books.google.com/?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC&pg=PA65. - ^ a b Henderson, W. (2000). Main group chemistry. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 152–153. ISBN 0-85404-617-8. http://books.google.com/?id=twdXz1jfVOsC&pg=PA152. - ^ a b c d Mackay, Kenneth Malcolm; Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002). Introduction to modern inorganic chemistry (6th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 497–501. ISBN 0-7487-6420-8. http://books.google.com/?id=LpJPWKT3PNcC&pg=PA497. - ^ Smith, D. F. (1963). "Xenon Oxyfluoride". Science 140 (3569): 899–900. Bibcode 1963Sci...140..899S. doi:10.1126/science.140.3569.899. PMID 17810680. - ^ K. O. Christe, D. A. Dixon, J. C. P. Sanders, G. J. Schrobilgen, S. S. Tsai, W. W. Wilson (1995). "On the Structure of the [XeOF5]− Anion and of Heptacoordinated Complex Fluorides Containing One or Two Highly Repulsive Ligands or Sterically Active Free Valence Electron Pairs". Inorg. Chem. 34 (7): 1868–1874. doi:10.1021/ic00111a039. - ^ K. O. Christe, C. J. Schack, D. Pilipovich (1972). "Chlorine trifluoride oxide. V. Complex formation with Lewis acids and bases". Inorg. Chem. 11 (9): 2205–2208. doi:10.1021/ic50115a044. - ^ Holloway, John H.; Hope, Eric G. (1998). Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. Contributor A. G. Sykes. Academic Press. pp. 61–90. ISBN 0-12-023646-X. http://books.google.com/?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC&pg=PA61. - ^ Frohn, H; Theißen, Michael (2004). "C6F5XeF, a versatile starting material in xenon–carbon chemistry". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 125 (6): 981. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.01.019. - ^ Goetschel, Charles T.; Loos, Karl R. (1972). "Reaction of xenon with dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate. Preparation of FXe-BF2". Journal of the American Chemical Society 94 (9): 3018. doi:10.1021/ja00764a022. - ^ Li, Wai-Kee; Zhou, Gong-Du; Mak, Thomas C. W. (2008). Gong-Du Zhou; Thomas C. W. Mak. ed. Advanced Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford University Press. p. 678. ISBN 0-19-921694-0. http://books.google.com/?id=2qAa5hp6KX4C&pg=PA678. - ^ Gerber, R. B. (2004). "Formation of novel rare-gas molecules in low-temperature matrices". Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 55 (1): 55–78. Bibcode 2004ARPC...55...55G. doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.091602.094420. PMID 15117247. - ^ Khriachtchev, Leonid; Isokoski, Karoliina; Cohen, Arik; Räsänen, Markku; Gerber, R. Benny (2008). "A Small Neutral Molecule with Two Noble-Gas Atoms: HXeOXeH". Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (19): 6114–8. doi:10.1021/ja077835v. PMID 18407641. - ^ Pettersson, Mika; Khriachtchev, Leonid; Lundell, Jan; Räsänen, Markku (1999). "A Chemical Compound Formed from Water and Xenon: HXeOH". Journal of the American Chemical Society 121 (50): 11904–11905. doi:10.1021/ja9932784. - ^ Pauling, L. (1961). "A molecular theory of general anesthesia". Science 134 (3471): 15–21. Bibcode 1961Sci...134...15P. doi:10.1126/science.134.3471.15. PMID 13733483. Reprinted as Pauling, Linus; Kamb, Barclay, ed. (2001). Linus Pauling: Selected Scientific Papers. 2. River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific. pp. 1328–1334. ISBN 981-02-2940-2. http://books.google.com/?id=2QduA19d_X8C&pg=PA1329. - ^ Henderson, W. (2000). Main group chemistry. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 148. ISBN 0-85404-617-8. http://books.google.com/?id=twdXz1jfVOsC&pg=PA148. - ^ Ikeda, Tomoko; Mae, Shinji; Yamamuro, Osamu; Matsuo, Takasuke; Ikeda, Susumu; Ibberson, Richard M. (November 23, 2000). "Distortion of Host Lattice in Clathrate Hydrate as a Function of Guest Molecule and Temperature". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104 (46): 10623–10630. doi:10.1021/jp001313j. - ^ McKay, C. P.; Hand, K. P.; Doran, P. T.; Andersen, D. T.; Priscu, J. C. (2003). "Clathrate formation and the fate of noble and biologically useful gases in Lake Vostok, Antarctica". Geophysical Letters 30 (13): 35. Bibcode 2003GeoRL..30m..35M. doi:10.1029/2003GL017490. - ^ Barrer, R. M.; Stuart, W. I. (1957). "Non-Stoichiometric Clathrate of Water". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 243 (1233): 172–189. Bibcode 1957RSPSA.243..172B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1957.0213. - ^ Frunzi, Michael; Cross, R. James; Saunders, Martin (2007). "Effect of Xenon on Fullerene Reactions". Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 (43): 13343–6. doi:10.1021/ja075568n. PMID 17924634. - ^ Silfvast, William Thomas (2004). Laser Fundamentals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83345-0. http://books.google.com/?id=x3VB2iwSaxsC&pg=RA1-PA152. - ^ Webster, John G. (1998). The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook. Springer. ISBN 3-540-64830-5. http://books.google.com/?id=b7UuZzf9ivIC&pg=PT2427. - ^ McGhee, Charles; Taylor, Hugh R.; Gartry, David S.; Trokel, Stephen L. (1997). Excimer Lasers in Ophthalmology. Informa Health Care. ISBN 1-85317-253-7. http://books.google.com/?id=pg0bUc_GcVoC&pg=PA4. - ^ Staff (2007). "Xenon Applications". Praxair Technology. http://www.praxair.com/praxair.nsf/1928438066cae92d85256a63004b880d/32f3a328e11bb600052565660052c139?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2007-10-04. - ^ Baltás, E.; Csoma, Z.; Bodai, L.; Ignácz, F.; Dobozy, A.; Kemény, L. (2003). "A xenon-iodine electric discharge bactericidal lamp". Technical Physics Letters 29 (10): 871–872. Bibcode 2003TePhL..29..871S. doi:10.1134/1.1623874. - ^ Skeldon, M.D.; Saager, R.; Okishev, A.; Seka, W. (1997). "Thermal distortions in laser-diode- and flash-lamp-pumped Nd:YLF laser rods" (PDF). LLE Review 71: 137–144. Archived from the original on October 16, 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20031016171340/http://www.lle.rochester.edu/pub/review/v71/6_thermal.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-04. - ^ Anonymous. "The plasma behind the plasma TV screen". Plasma TV Science. http://www.plasmatvscience.org/theinnerworkings.html. Retrieved 2007-10-14. - ^ Marin, Rick (March 21, 2001). "Plasma TV: That New Object Of Desire". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/style/plasma-tv-that-new-object-of-desire.html?sec=&spon=. Retrieved 2009-04-03. - ^ Waymouth, John (1971). Electric Discharge Lamps. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press. ISBN 0-262-23048-8. - ^ Patel, C. K. N.; Bennett Jr., W. R.; Faust, W. L.; McFarlane, R. A. (August 1, 1962). "Infrared spectroscopy using stimulated emission techniques". Physical Review Letters 9 (3): 102–104. Bibcode 1962PhRvL...9..102P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.102. - ^ Patel, C. K. N.; Faust, W. L.; McFarlane, R. A. (December 1, 1962). "High gain gaseous (Xe-He) optical masers". Applied Physics Letters 1 (4): 84–85. Bibcode 1962ApPhL...1...84P. doi:10.1063/1.1753707. - ^ Bennett, Jr., W. R. (1962). "Gaseous optical masers". Applied Optics Supplement 1: 24–61. - ^ "Laser Output". University of Waterloo. http://www.safetyoffice.uwaterloo.ca/hse/laser/documents/laser_types.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07. - ^ Baltás, E.; Csoma, Z.; Bodai, L.; Ignácz, F.; Dobozy, A.; Kemény, L. (2006). "Treatment of atopic dermatitis with the xenon chloride excimer laser". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 20 (6): 657–60. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01495.x. PMID 16836491. - ^ Tonner, P. H. (2006). "Xenon: one small step for anaesthesia ... ? (editorial review)". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 19 (4): 382–4. doi:10.1097/01.aco.0000236136.85356.13. PMID 16829718. - ^ a b Banks, P; Franks, NP; Dickinson, R (2010). "Competitive inhibition at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediates xenon neuroprotection against hypoxia-ischemia". Anesthesiology 112 (3): 614–22. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cea398. PMID 20124979. - ^ Ma, D; Wilhelm, S; Maze, M; Franks, NP (2002). "Neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties of the 'inert' gas, xenon". Br J Anaesth 89 (5): 739–46. PMID 12393773. - ^ Nagata, A; Nakao Si, S; Nishizawa, N; Masuzawa, M; Inada, T; Murao, K; Miyamoto, E; Shingu, K (2001). "Xenon inhibits but N(2)O enhances ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices". Anesth Analg. 92 (2): 362–8. PMID 11159233. - ^ Sakamoto, S; Nakao, S; Masuzawa, M; Inada, T; Maze, M; Franks, NP; Shingu, K (2006). "The differential effects of nitrous oxide and xenon on extracellular dopamine levels in the rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study". Anesth Analg 103 (6): 1459–63. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000247792.03959.f1. PMID 17122223. - ^ Gruss, M; Bushell, TJ; Bright, DP; Lieb, WR; Mathie, A; Franks, NP (2004). "Two-pore-domain K+ channels are a novel target for the anesthetic gases xenon, nitrous oxide, and cyclopropane". Mol Pharmacol 65 (2): 443–52. doi:10.1124/mol.65.2.443. PMID 14742687. - ^ Yamakura, T; Harris, RA (2000). "Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels. Comparison with isoflurane and ethanol". Anesthesiology 93 (4): 1095–101. doi:10.1097/00000542-200010000-00034. PMID 11020766. - ^ Rashid, MH; Furue, H; Yoshimura, M; Ueda, H (2006). "Tonic inhibitory role of alpha4beta2 subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord in mice". Pain 125 (1–2): 125–35. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.011. PMID 16781069. - ^ Kosk-Kosicka, D.; Maria M. Lopez and Danuta Kosk-Kosicka (1995). "How Do Volatile Anesthetics Inhibit Ca2+-ATPases?". The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 28239-28245. 270 (47): 28239. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.47.28239. http://www.jbc.org/content/270/47/28239.full. - ^ Suzuki, T; Koyama, H; Sugimoto, M; Uchida, I; Mashimo, T (2002). "The diverse actions of volatile and gaseous anesthetics on human-cloned 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes". Anesthesiology 96 (3): 699–704. PMID 11873047. - ^ Nickalls, R. W. D; Mapleson, W.W.. "Age‐related iso‐MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in man". British Journal of Anesthesiology. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/91/2/170/T1.expansion.html. - ^ Goto, T; Nakata Y, Morita S (2003). "Will xenon be a stranger or a friend?: the cost, benefit, and future of xenon anesthesia". Anesthesiology 98 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1097/00000542-200301000-00002. PMID 12502969. http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Fulltext/2003/01000/Will_Xenon_Be_a_Stranger_or_a_Friend___The_Cost,.2.aspx. Retrieved 2010-09-15. - ^ Xenon Attenuates Cerebral Damage after Ischemia in Pigs. 102. May 2005. pp. 929-936. http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/fulltext/2005/05000/xenon_attenuates_cerebral_damage_after_ischemia_in.11.aspx. - ^ "Xenon Provides Short-Term Neuroprotection in Neonatal Rats When Administered After Hypoxia-Ischemia". Stroke. 2006; 37: 501-506. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/37/2/501.abstract. - ^ Weber, NC; Toma, O; Wolter, JI; Obal, D; Müllenheim, J; Preckel, B; Schlack, W (2005). "The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC-epsilon and p38 MAPK". Br J Pharmacol 144 (1): 123–32. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706063. PMC 1575984. PMID 15644876. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1575984/. - ^ Bantel, C; Maze, M; Trapp, S (2009). "Neuronal preconditioning by inhalational anesthetics: evidence for the role of plasmalemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels". Anesthesiology 110 (5): 986–95. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819dadc7. PMC 2930813. PMID 19352153. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930813/. - ^ Bantel, C; Maze, M; Trapp, S (2010). "Noble gas xenon is a novel adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener". Anesthesiology 112 (3): 623–30. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cf894a. PMC 2935677. PMID 20179498. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935677/. - ^ Staff (April 9, 2010). "First baby given xenon gas to prevent brain injury". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/8611130.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-09. - ^ Newman, Sian. "Xenon gas used in a bid to reduce brain injury in newborns". Swansea University. http://www.swan.ac.uk/medicine/newsandevents/ilsnewsbulletinhiddenpages/drjohndingley-babyriley/. Retrieved 2011-10-19. - ^ Van Der Wall, Ernst (1992). What's New in Cardiac Imaging?: SPECT, PET, and MRI. Springer. ISBN 0-7923-1615-0. http://books.google.com/?id=PypZMUhqnK8C&pg=PA41. - ^ Frank, John (1999). "Introduction to imaging: The chest". Student BMJ 12: 1–44. http://student.bmj.com/issues/04/01/education/8.php. Retrieved 2008-06-04. - ^ Chandak, Puneet K. (July 20, 1995). "Brain SPECT: Xenon-133". Brigham RAD. http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/education/online/BrainSPECT/Theory/Xenon133.html. Retrieved 2008-06-04. - ^ Albert, M. S.; Balamore, D. (1998). "Development of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 402 (2–3): 441–53. Bibcode 1998NIMPA.402..441A. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00888-7. PMID 11543065. - ^ Irion, Robert (March 23, 1999). "Head Full of Xenon?". Science News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040117194538/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1999/323/3. Retrieved 2007-10-08. - ^ Wolber, J.; Rowland, I. J.; Leach, M. O.; Bifone, A. (1998). "Intravascular delivery of hyperpolarized 129Xenon for in vivo MRI". Applied Magnetic Resonance 15 (3–4): 343–352. doi:10.1007/BF03162020. - ^ Driehuys, B.; Möller, H.E.; Cleveland, Z.I.; Pollaro, J.; Hedlund, L.W.; (2009). "Pulmonary perfusion and xenon gas exchange in rats: MR imaging with intravenous injection of hyperpolarized 129Xe". Radiology 252 (2): 386–93. doi:10.1148/radiol.2522081550. PMC 2753782. PMID 19703880. SSRN 2. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753782/. - ^ Cleveland, Z.I.; Möller, H.E.; Hedlund, L.W.; Driehuys, B. (2009). "Continuously infusing hyperpolarized 129Xe into flowing aqueous solutions using hydrophobic gas exchange membranes". The journal of physical chemistry 113 (37): 12489–99. doi:10.1021/jp9049582. PMC 2747043. PMID 19702286. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747043/. - ^ Luhmer, M.; Dejaegere, A.; Reisse, J. (1989). "Interpretation of the solvent effect on the screening constant of Xe-129". Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 27 (10): 950. doi:10.1002/mrc.1260271009. - ^ Rubin, Seth M.; Spence, Megan M.; Goodson, Boyd M.; Wemmer, David E.; Pines, Alexander (August 15, 2000). "Evidence of nonspecific surface interactions between laser-polarized xenon and myoglobin in solution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97 (17): 9472–5. Bibcode 2000PNAS...97.9472R. doi:10.1073/pnas.170278897. PMC 16888. PMID 10931956. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16888/. - ^ Raftery, Daniel; MacNamara, Ernesto; Fisher, Gregory; Rice, Charles V.; Smith, Jay (1997). "Optical Pumping and Magic Angle Spinning: Sensitivity and Resolution Enhancement for Surface NMR Obtained with Laser-Polarized Xenon". Journal of the American Chemical Society 119 (37): 8746. doi:10.1021/ja972035d. - ^ Gaede, H. C.; Song, Y. -Q.; Taylor, R. E.; Munson, E. J.; Reimer, J. A.; Pines, A. (1995). "High-field cross polarization NMR from laser-polarized xenon to surface nuclei". Applied Magnetic Resonance 8 (3–4): 373. doi:10.1007/BF03162652. - ^ Galison, Peter Louis (1997). Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics. University of Chicago Press. p. 339. ISBN 0-226-27917-0. http://books.google.com/?id=HnRDiDtO5yoC&pg=PA339. - ^ Fontaine, J.-P.; Pointurier, F.; Blanchard, X.; Taffary, T. (2004). "Atmospheric xenon radioactive isotope monitoring". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 72 (1–2): 129–35. doi:10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00194-2. PMID 15162864. - ^ Garwin, Richard L.; von Hippel Frank N. (November 2006). "A Technical Analysis: Deconstructing North Korea's October 9 Nuclear Test". Arms Control Today (Arms Control Association) 38 (9). http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_11/tech. Retrieved 2009-03-26. - ^ Gallucci, G. (2009). "The MEG liquid xenon calorimeter". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 160 (1): 012011. Bibcode 2009JPhCS.160a2011G. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/160/1/012011. - ^ Schumann, Marc (October 10, 2007). "XENON announced new best limits on Dark Matter". Rice University. http://xenon.physics.rice.edu/. Retrieved 2007-10-08. - ^ Lebedenko, V. N. et al. (2009). "Results from the first science run of the ZEPLIN-III dark matter search experiment". Physical Review D 80 (5): 052010. arXiv:0812.1150. Bibcode 2009PhRvD..80e2010L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.80.052010. - ^ Boyd, Jade (August 23, 2007). "Rice physicists go deep for 'dark matter'". Hubble News Desk. http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=9902&SnID=1256234278. Retrieved 2007-10-08. - ^ Zona, Kathleen (March 17, 2006). "Innovative Engines: Glenn Ion Propulsion Research Tames the Challenges of 21st century Space Travel". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html. Retrieved 2007-10-04. - ^ "Dawn Launch: Mission to Vesta and Ceres" (PDF). NASA. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/dawn-launch.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-01. - ^ Brazzle, J. D.; Dokmeci, M. R.; Mastrangelo, C. H. (July 28 – August 1, 1975). "Modeling and Characterization of Sacrificial Polysilicon Etching Using Vapor-Phase Xenon Difluoride". Proceedings 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Maastricht, Netherlands: IEEE. pp. 737–740. ISBN 978-0-7803-8265-7. - ^ Staff (2007). "Neil Bartlett and the Reactive Noble Gases". American Chemical Society. http://portal.acs.org/portal/PublicWebSite/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/bartlettnoblegases/index.htm. Retrieved June 5, 2012. - ^ Staff (December 21, 2004). "Protein Crystallography: Xenon and Krypton Derivatives for Phasing". Daresbury Laboratory, PX. Archived from the original on 2005-03-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20050316174727/http://www.srs.ac.uk/px/facilities/xenon_notes_1.html. Retrieved 2007-10-01. - ^ Drenth, Jan; Mesters, Jeroen (2007). "The Solution of the Phase Problem by the Isomorphous Replacement Method". Principles of Protein X-Ray Crystallography (3rd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 123–171. doi:10.1007/0-387-33746-6_7. ISBN 978-0-387-33334-2. - ^ a b Finkel, A. J.; Katz, J. J.; Miller, C. E. (April 1, 1968). "Metabolic and toxicological effects of water-soluble xenon compounds are studied". NASA. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=306918&id=2&qs=No%3D40%26Ne%3D26%26N%3D297%2B140%26Ns%3DPublicationYear%257C0. Retrieved 2007-10-04. - ^ LeBlanc, Adrian D.; Johnson, Philip C. (1971). "The handling of xenon-133 in clinical studies". Physics in Medicine and Biology 16 (1): 105–9. Bibcode 1971PMB....16..105L. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/16/1/310. PMID 5579743. - ^ 169.44 m/s in xenon (at 0°C and 107 KPa), compared to 344 m/s in air. See: Vacek, V.; Hallewell, G.; Lindsay, S. (2001). "Velocity of sound measurements in gaseous per-fluorocarbons and their mixtures". Fluid Phase Equilibria 185 (1–2): 305–314. doi:10.1016/S0378-3812(01)00479-4. - ^ Spangler, Steve (2007). "Anti-Helium – Sulfur Hexafluoride". Steve Spangler Science. http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/from-donald-duck-to-barry-white-how-gases-change-your-voice. Retrieved 2007-10-04. - ^ Yamaguchi, K.; Soejima, K.; Koda, E.; Sugiyama, N (2001). "Inhaling Gas With Different CT Densities Allows Detection of Abnormalities in the Lung Periphery of Patients With Smoking-Induced COPD". Chest Journal 51 (6): 1907–16. doi:10.1378/chest.120.6.1907. PMID 11742921. - ^ Staff (August 1, 2007). "Cryogenic and Oxygen Deficiency Hazard Safety". Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070609173316/http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/hazardous_substances/cryogenic/p_hazards.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10. - WebElements.com – Xenon - USGS Periodic Table – Xenon - EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Xenon - Xenon as an anesthetic - Sir William Ramsay's Nobel-Prize lecture (1904) - Xenon compounds - Noble gases - Chemical elements - General anesthetics - NMDA receptor antagonists - Rocket propellants 600 x 900px oh god . really? Report Abuse View Full Size. Log in to report abuse. Sat May 18 23:24:40 2013 Q. How come US Christians say bible is word of God but then use a bible that has many parts removed ? Asked by Mary Lamb - Mon Nov 1 21:00:18 2010 - Religion & Spirituality - 4 Answers - Comments A. Martin Luther translated the German Bible. See how many translations there are of the English Bible... and besides these, there are many more - but they all basically agree. Answered by wefmeister - Mon Nov 1 21:22:55 2010 Fri Mar 1 01:09:24 2013

<urn:uuid:c26a8280-4ba5-4dba-9b42-8e84338b34fd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://guidinglight.com/xenon/encyclopedia.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705956263/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120556-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Race, Education Linked to Differences in HIV Mortality Rates October 10, 2012 The Archives of Internal Medicine recently published an article on what is thought to be the first analysis of its kind -- researchers assessed HIV mortality rates among different racial and ethnic groups, including their level of education and gender. The authors analyzed records of more than 91,000 HIV-related deaths among adults between the years of 1993 and 1997. The study concluded that even though the extensive usage of multidrug treatments has greatly reduced HIV-related deaths, mortality rates remain disproportionately high for African Americans, particularly those with limited education, and HIV death rates were significantly elevated among blacks, compared to whites, within every category. Findings covered the following: For males with the highest education levels, mortality rates per 100,000 population decreased from 118 to 15 for blacks and from 26 to 2 for whites. The mortality rate for black women with low education remained steady at 27 per 100,000. The authors of the study suggested that black men and low-income black and Latino women faced greater risks due to lack of knowledge about their own testing status, HIV prevention, social stigma, and marginalization, and a lack of accessibility to healthcare. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV has caused HIV mortality rates to drop significantly for all groups since 1996, except black women with 12 or fewer years of education. "These findings suggest the need for focused interventions and resources to facilitate the identification of high-risk individuals, as well as entry and retention into care for these most vulnerable groups affected by the HIV epidemic in the United States," the authors wrote. [Editor's Note: The Influence of Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Educational Attainment on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Death Rates Among Adults, 1993-2007, Edgar P. Simard, PhD, MPH; Mesfin Fransua, MD; Deepa Naishadham, MA, MS; Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD. Arch Intern Med. 2012;():1-8. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.4508. Published online October 2012]. Los Angeles Times 10.09.2012; Monte Morin This article was provided by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update. Visit the CDC's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services. Add Your Comment: (Please note: Your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)

<urn:uuid:9c8ef70c-e73b-4a1b-9028-94da2bfc8c1e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.thebody.com/content/69375/race-education-linked-to-differences-in-hiv-mortal.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Art Making from Unconventional Objects Contemporary artists are constantly stretching the boundaries of art by using unconventional materials to craft their artwork. Way back when, “true art” consisted of things like realistic oil paintings and finely carved marble statues. These days, even things you find in your kitchen, office or trash bin can be turned into respectable art. Perhaps it started in 1917 with Marcel Duchamp’s submission of a urinal that he signed “R. Mutt” to an art show in which purportedly “all submissions” would be accepted. In the end, the urinal was not placed on display, but Duchamp’s impish act revolutionized the art world. Thanks to YouTube and various social-networking websites, unorthodox works of art are now reaching a wide, and very appreciative, audience. Artists who create portraits of Elvis out of Cheetos or detailed architectural renderings on an Etch-a-Sketch are now celebrated as innovative and amusing contributors to our contemporary pop culture. Next time you sift through your junk drawer or finish a bag of chips, think about how those everyday things could be turned into a work of art! Are you a person that makes are from unconventional object? If so, have you ever considered painting them for yourself? Even if you don’t consider yourself an artist, you can be one today – see more details here). - Art and Science – A Genius Combination (segmation.com) - Free iPad/Mobile Phone Paint By Numbers App (segmation.wordpress.com) abstract, activities for children, Art, Art Appreciation, art bargain, fashion, Segmation, self portraits, Students, summer, summer colors comment below, or link to this permanent URL from your own site.

<urn:uuid:81a9d680-f1e2-4a23-8893-8aed1cff649f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://segmation.wordpress.com/2012/07/09/art-making-from-unconventional-objects/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Join 4,649 other members by registering today. Between the ages of 1 and 13, children's physical, intellectual, and emotional capabilities expand tremendously. Children progress from barely tottering to running, jumping, and playing organized sports. At age 1, most children can utter only a few recognizable words. By age 10, most children can write book reports and use computers. Physical, intellectual, and social development, however, proceed at an individual pace.

<urn:uuid:b1b7f1bf-cd7c-49f3-b6a2-ff238239cc9b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.babiesonline.co.za/milestones-2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704007597/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113327-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|Red Skelton recites the Pledge of Allegiance that he learned as a boy in 1923 from his teacher who gave the meaning of the words. I - me, an individual, a committee of one. Pledge - dedicate all of my worldly goods to give without self pity. Allegiance - my love and my devotion. To the Flag - our standard, Old Glory, a symbol of freedom. Wherever she waves, there is respect because your loyalty has given her a dignity that shouts freedom is everybody's job. Of the United - that means that we have all come together. States - individual communities that have united into 48 great states. 48 individual communities with pride and dignity and purpose, all divided with imaginary boundaries, yet united to a common cause, and that's love of country. And to the Republic - a republic, a state in which sovereign power is invested in representatives chosen by the people to govern. And government is the people and it's from the people to the leaders, not from the leaders to the people. For which it stands! One nation - meaning, so blessed by God. Indivisible - incapable of being divided. With Liberty - which is freedom and the right of power to live one's life without threats or fear or any sort of retaliation. And justice - The principle and quality of dealing fairly with others. For all. - which means, boys and girls, it's as much your country as it is mine." Since I was a small boy, two states have been added to our nation, and two words have been added to the Pledge of Allegiance "under God." Wouldn't it be a pity if someone said, "That's a prayer" and that would be eliminated from schools, too?

<urn:uuid:c00848bd-0ca6-4af3-a786-3d3310c3b90b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://llerrah.com/pledgeofallegiance.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699730479/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102210-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Adding to the argument against caffeine use in pregnancy Prior studies have linked caffeine to increased risk of miscarriage, fetal death, and low birth weight, though results have been inconsistent. In this study, researchers explored the link between caffeine intake from coffee and tea and the impact on fetal growth among 7,346 pregnant women from the Netherlands. Women filled out questionnaires during their pregnancy about the amount of coffee and tea they drank. Fetal growth was monitored by ultrasound during each trimester of pregnancy. In this study, each unit of caffeine reflects caffeine exposure equal to 1 cup of caffeinated coffee (90 mg caffeine). Results showed: - Women who drank 6 or more caffeine units per day (540 mg or more of caffeine) were more likely to have fetuses with smaller length growth during each trimester and smaller birth length compared with women who drank no caffeine during pregnancy. - Women who drank 6 or more caffeine units per day tended to have an increased risk of their infants being born small for their gestational age compared with women who drank no caffeine. - There was no link between caffeine intake and fetal head size or estimated fetal weight during any trimester, and no link was found between caffeine intake and the risk of premature birth. The bottom line Say the authors, “Caffeine intake might selectively affect bone and skeletal development. Further follow-up studies are needed that focus on the effects of fetal caffeine exposure on postnatal skeletal and bone measurements.” The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists states that moderate caffeine intake—200 mg a day or the equivalent of two 8-ounce cups of brewed coffee—does not appear to lead to miscarriage or premature birth. The College comments that it is not clear whether caffeine increases the risk of having a low-birth-weight baby. The organization advises that limiting caffeine is good for several reasons during pregnancy including the fact that it may interfere with sleep, increase nausea, lead to more frequent urination and as a result, increase the risk for dehydration. The bottom line? Check with your doctor about the amount of caffeine that is appropriate for you. How much caffeine is in the beverages you drink? Do you know how much caffeine you are drinking each day? Caffeine amounts aren’t normally listed on product labels, so it is important to educate yourself about typical amounts found in beverages and food. Although this study looked at caffeine from coffee and tea, many other beverages and foods and even supplements or medications that may contain caffeine. Also, it is important to know that all coffee and tea is not created equally: the amount of caffeine may vary from beverage to beverage depending on the type of coffee beans or tea leaves used, whether it is caffeinated or decaffeinated, and whether extra caffeine has been added through the addition of other ingredients such as chocolate or kahlua, for instance. The International Food Information Council Foundation estimates the caffeine content of common beverages as follows: - One 8-ounce cup of brewed coffee (drip method) may range from 65 to 120 mg of caffeine or more depending on the way the coffee is brewed, the plant and the brand; decaffeinated coffee may contain 2 to 4 mg of caffeine - One 8-ounce cup of brewed tea (major US brands) may range from 20 to 90 mg of caffeine, imported brands may contain more caffeine; one 8-ounce glass of ice tea may contain 9 to 50 mg of caffeine - One 8-ounce glass of a soft drink may contain between 20 to 40 mg of caffeine or more; and one 8-ounce cup of prepared cocoa 3 to 32 mg (Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1691–8)

<urn:uuid:f71ed4ce-e29b-4aa0-84a7-5877e20aacb0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.easycomforts.com/EasyComforts/library.aspx?resource=%2Fus%2Fassets%2Ffeature%2Fpregnant-caffeine-may-affect-fetal-growth_13076_4%2F~default

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705284037/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115444-00040-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You've heard of the "See-Food" diet haven't you? No, that's not the diet where you load up on fish, lobster, crab and mussels. The See-Food Diet is the one that so many of us crack jokes about – it's the diet where you eat everything in sight! But don't laugh too hard. Scientists at Cornell University and other research institutions have proven that you actually WILL eat more food if you see food more. In fact, if you can see it and it's within arm's reach, you could eat yourself obese within a few years and not even know what hit you because the eating happens unconsciously. It should be common sense that when you're constantly surrounded by food, you tend to eat more. But one thing that hasn't been clear until recently was how seeing food (visibility) and having it within reach (proximity) could influence unconscious eating (and how it influences what I call "eating amnesia"). Developmental psychologists tell us that the more effort or time you invest in a unique activity, the more likely you'll be to remember it. In other words, if you have to go out of your way to get food, you'll remember eating it. If the food is right there within arms reach, you'll munch away and more easily forget it. For years, Dr. Brian Wansink of the Food and Brand Laboratory at Cornell University has been conducting fascinating experiments to find out what really makes you eat more food than you need. Some of his previous studies revealed that taste, palatability, mood, stress, social context, role models (parental influence), visual cues, visibility and convenience can all influence how much you eat (Eating behavior is environmentally and psychologically influenced – appetite is not just biological). To explore the influence of food proximity and visibility on eating behavior, Wansink set up an experiment using 40 female staff members from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champain. The subjects were not told it was a weight loss or calorie-related study. They were told that they would be given a free candy dish filled with chocolates (candy "kisses") and they'd be contacted and surveyed about their candy preferences. They were also told not to share the candies, take them home or move the dish. Participants were divided into four groups: 1) Proximate and visible (can see and reach) 2) Proximate and non-visible (can reach but not see) 3) Less proximate and visible (can see but can't reach) 4) Less proximate and non visible (can't see, and can't reach) During each day of the four week study, 30 chocolates were placed in 20 clear containers and 20 opaque containers and delivered to the 40 subjects. The containers were replenished every afternoon. They were kept in the same location for 4 straight business days and then rotated on the following week. Researchers kept a daily record of the number of chocolates eaten from each container and comparisons were made from the data collected. At the end of each week, each subject was given a questionnaire which asked them how much they thought they had eaten over the entire week and asked them about their perceptions regarding the chocolates (such as "it was difficult to stop eating them," "I thought of eating the chocolates often," etc). When the results were tabulated, here's what Dr. Wansink and his research team discovered: The visibility and proximity of the candy dish also influenced the subject's perceptions. Regardless of whether participants could actually see the chocolates, if the candies were sitting on the desk (as opposed to being a mere 2 meters away), they were rated as more attention-attracting and difficult to resist. Candies in the clear containers were also rated as more difficult to resist and more attention attracting. Most interesting of all, this study confirmed that when food is close by and visible, you'll not only eat more, you'll also be likely to forget that you ate them and therefore, underestimate how much you've eaten (I like to call that "eating amnesia.") Is a few extra candies a day really a big deal? If it becomes habitual it sure is! Over a year, the difference between the candy dish placement would mean 125 calories per day which adds up to 12 extra pounds of body fat over a year. When given the advice to keep junk food out of the house and office, I often hear complaints that it's "impossible" to do because the rest of the family would have a fit, or simply not allow it. As for the office, one of the biggest excuses I've heard for diet failure is that the temptations are always there and it's out of your control to change. Invariably someone else brings doughnuts or candy to the office. Now you know what to do to reduce temptation and successfully stick with your program more effectively: If you can't keep it out of your office or house, keep it out of sight and out of arm's reach. That alone is enough to reduce consumption. At home, if your significant other or family is not willing to remove all offending foods from the premises, then get their agreement that their food is not to remain in plain sight - it goes in the back of a refrigerator drawer and not on the shelf at eye level, or if non-perishable, it goes inside a cupboard that is exclusively the domain of the other person. At work, tell your office pals to keep the candy, doughnuts and other temptations off your desk, at a distance and out of sight. If they put any unhealthy snacks on your desk, promptly remove them! Environmental cues can trigger you to eat impulsively. If you can see it and reach it, you'll eat more of it, and you'll forget how much you ate. So get the junk out of your home and office now and if you can't, then get it out of your sight. If you can't do that, get it out of arms reach. Better yet, setup an "environment for success" with a lifestyle program like my Burn The Fat, Feed The Muscle system. nutrition software nutrition weight loss diet plan program nutrition weight loss plan nutritional analysis software nutritional diet for weight loss nutritional diet plan nutritional diet plan for weight loss nutritional meal plan nutritional plan for weight loss nutritional software nutritional weight loss diets nutritionist diet plan nutritious diet plan nutritious diet plans nutritious meal plans o diet plan oatmeal diet to lose weight oatmeal diet weight loss obese weight loss plan official hcg diet plan on diet plan on line diet on line diet programs on line diets on line weight loss program on line weight loss programs one day diet plan one month diet plan one month weight loss plan one week diet one week diet plan

<urn:uuid:5c8d9665-b5e4-4283-b941-3100af52582d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://telefon-oyunlari.blogspot.com/2011/10/see-food-reach-food-diet.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707184996/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122624-00094-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

1. A purely digital photographic process using Apple's iPhone camera as the primary tool, either as a hobby or simply out of fancy, in capturing and creating photographic images, which may or may not be edited from within the iPhone using built-in third-party applications or on the computer with full-fledged digital imaging software to approximate or appropriate the visual style of lomography or the Polariod, and then shared online via web upload or through email, or even as a printout. 2. The act or practice of snapping quick digital pictures and performing post-processing and sharing from within the mobile phone itself, not only with an iPhone camera, but also with all the other camera hardware and software of all other mobile phones of different makes, brands and models. 1. The art and technology of iPhone photography is iPhoneography. 2. The one who conducts iPhoneography is an iPhoneographer. 3. IPhoneography can be considered the new digital equivalent of lomography and Poloroid photography.

<urn:uuid:ddfd55df-5636-4f6c-a6a4-0f779903f0ac>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=iPhoneography

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697843948/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095043-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The insertCell() method inserts a cell into the current row. |index||An integer (starts at 0) that specifies the position of the new cell in the current row. The value of -1 can also be used; which results in that the new cell will be inserted at the last position. If this parameter is omitted, insertCell() inserts the new cell at the last position in IE and at the first position in Chrome and Safari. This parameter is required in Firefox and Opera, but optional in Internet Explorer, Chrome and Safari. The insertCell() method is supported in all major browsers. Insert new cell(s) in the first table row: Your message has been sent to W3Schools.

<urn:uuid:beb72227-9c0e-413b-8e89-0d59f790ea57>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_tablerow_insertcell.asp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696384181/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092624-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Photons Behind Bars, Busting Loose Quantum mechanics teaches us that light has both wave and particle qualities. For decades Niels Bohr's Complementarity Principle was thought to prevent the wave and particle qualities of light from being measured simultaneously. Recently physicist Shahriar Afshar proved this wrong with a very simple experiment. As a reward, the physics community attacked everything from Afshar's religion to his ethnicity. Prevented from publishing a paper, even on arxiv, he "went public" to NEW SCIENTIST magazine. Afshar's apparatus is based upon the familiar two-slit experiment. Because of the wave nature of light, beams passing through Pinhole 1 and Pinhole 2 form an interference pattern of light and dark fringes. Here Afshar put light behind bars, adding a grid corresponding to the null (dark) fringes. Behind this he placed a lens to refocus the light onto photon detectors. Because the bars correspond to null fringes, no light is lost in passing through. The photon count at the far end is exactly the number of photons going in. This demonstrates both wave and particle nature of light in a single experiment. This doesn't necessarily conflict with quantum mechanics, but it does prove Bohr's interpretation wrong. Despite the simplicity and importance of Afshar's experiment, or maybe because of it, he was treated too poorly to describe. Where have we seen behaviour like that? It could have been worse--he could have been female. Afshar's paper will finally be published in Foundations of Physics. Old theories about light are bound to change. For decades teachers would tell us to shut up, the speed of photons is flat, like the Earth. There is still huge resistance to a changing speed of light. Now look how far we have come! New Scientist's cover features "DARK ENERGY: It's the Biggest Mystery in the Universe." At one time repulsive energy was thought to solve many problems, even providing support to inflation. This would lead to more respect and funding for physicists. As Lawrence Krauss and others agree, the repulsive energy hypothesis is falling apart. Now the big brains are at a complete loss. "That honeymoon period is now well and truly over. Although dark energy is a ubiquitous term in cosmological conversations, no one actually knows what it is. As (Rocky) Kolb says, 'Naming is not explaining.' "Although there are plenty of tentative explanations, each one seems to suffer from some fatal flaw. The simplest of the solutions on offer is the so-called cosmological constant...unfortunately physicists are having trouble finding a way to fit a cosmological constant into their best existing theories. "A small non-zero dark energy is more difficult to explain than zero," says Sean Carroll, "so we are driven to wilder ideas...dark energy could be the ether of the 21st century." As readers know, a simple equation like GM = tc^3 solves the problem precisely, without any hypothetical energies. It also provides a successor to inflation. It makes predictions about the speed of light, the CMB, the 4.507034% of baryons and many other things. Finding the answer to a problem is very, very satisfying.

<urn:uuid:ca6f1011-01da-418f-8547-17f3e7d88c3e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://riofriospacetime.blogspot.com/2007/02/photons-behind-bars-breaking-loose.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703748374/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112908-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Back to School Guide: Teaching kids about bullying NEW YORK (WABC) -- As your kids head back to school, one of the big concerns is bullying. And as parents, you want your children to be safe - so they're not bullied - and you certainly want to make sure they're not the instigator, either. So what can you do to make sure it's not a part of their life? And with all of the attention on bullying, isn't it getting better? "No," said Dr. Alan Hilfer, of Maimonides Medical Center. "I don't think it's getting better." Dr. Hilfer has kids and grandchildren, and advises fighting fire with information, communication and parental kindness. He says to teach your kids that anyone can be bullied for anything. "For their athleticism or lack of athleticism," he said. "They get bullied for their looks. They get bullied for their gender identification. They get bullied for their clothing." He says some of the most important things are to share your own personal experiences about bullying when you were a kid, to never be a silent bystander and let someone bully someone else, and to tell an adult. "A bully is often doing to feel superior and gain approval," Dr. Hilfer said. "And if a bunch of kids are shouting that person down, it does two things. Number one, it gets the bully to notice that what he is doing is not socially acceptable. And it gives the victim a degree of support and reassurance." Let's hope that support part gains momentum. WAKE UP WITH EYEWITNESS NEWS! Click here to download the WABC Eyewitness News Alarm Clock app from iTunes. or search WABC or 7online in the app store. Get Eyewitness News Delivered bullying, seasonal, michelle charlesworth - Metro North: Conn. train outage expected for days 8 min ago - AccuWeather: Dreary Night - Eyewitness News Live - iWitness Photos and Videos - Hofstra remembers Andrea Rebello at graduation - Tornado levels homes in Oklahoma City trailer park 59 min ago - Teen fatally shot on Queens bus identified - Powerball: 1 winning ticket sold in Florida - Man falls out window during Broadway show - 3 wounded after shooting in Bedford-Stuyvesant - Bruins top Rangers 5-2 - Photos: Tornado rips through Oklahoma - Photos: Belly landing at Newark Airport - WATCH ABC is available to Channel 7 viewers

<urn:uuid:4e7ac2a5-6752-487f-a933-4821df7fc9ef>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=resources/lifestyle_community/seasonal&id=8783705&rss=rss-wabc-article-8783705

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698222543/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095702-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

For material on the use of student test scores to evaluate school teachers and administrators, including "value added measurement," see k-12/teachers This page focuses on tests administered to teachers and prospective teachers. Accompanying the increased focus on student testing in the schools, some states, including Massachusetts, are rushing to test prospective and currently employed teachers. Unfortunately, there is no evidence to support the claim that standardized tests predict who will be a good teacher. The teacher tests in Massachusetts and New York were developed by National Evaluation Systems, the same company that created the controversial and doomed Alabama teacher test more than ten years ago. In 1987, the first issue of FairTest's newsletter, the Examiner reported on a legal victory won by four black teachers in their lawsuit against the state of Alabama. Their suit charged that the state's teacher-certification exam discriminated against blacks, violating their 14th Amendment protections and federal civil rights laws. In an out-of-court settlement, subsequently upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals, the State Board of Education in Alabama agreed to develop new tests and not to use the test as the sole criterion for certification. The state also agreed to pay the plaintiffs $500,000. In 1989, we reported on the devastating impact on minority teachers of the use of cut scores on teacher competency tests. For more on teacher testing: April 2006: Settlement Reached in PRAXIS PLT 7-12 Scorring Error Lawsuit. For details, seehttp://www.ppltclaims.com/ - The State of Teacher Education in California - Clarke Fowler's piece on Teacher Tests from Kappan - Bob Schaeffer's Testimony on Teacher Testing Before Mass. Legislature Teacher Test Score Fiasco Southern Ed. Fund Blasts Teacher Tests Teacher Test Scoring Flunks Teacher Tests Blasted Mass. Teacher Test Blasted Again New Mass. Teacher Test Fails Professional Standards North Carolina Lawmakers Alter Testing Plans Teacher Testing Increases CBEST Decision Appealed Complaint Filed Against Teacher Test - K-12 Testing - University Testing - Fact Sheets - Get Involved - Other Resources

<urn:uuid:434853ed-5e25-4116-920d-d3f6ecf75360>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.fairtest.org/empl/tt.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706578727/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121618-00035-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Film about massacre of Jews touches nerve in Poland By Dagmara Leszkowicz and Piotr Pilat WARSAW (Reuters) - A film about a Polish village whose residents help massacre their Jewish neighbors in World War Two has forced Poles to confront one of the most troubling episodes of their past. Most historians take the view that during the war the vast majority of Christian Poles were victims of the Nazi aggression that killed millions of Jews. There are many documented cases of Poles risking their lives to save Jews from Nazi death camps. "Poklosie", or Aftermath, touches on a subject that many Poles prefer not to discuss - cases where Poles were complicit with the Nazis in rounding up, and in some cases, killing Jews. Jewish groups have joined Poland's artistic community and many younger, liberal Poles in applauding the film for lifting the lid on a taboo. Others say it is blackening Poland's name by portraying its people unfairly as Nazi collaborators. "It's our moral duty to make this film. It's a moral challenge to struggle with the topic," Dariusz Jablonski, the producer of the film, told Reuters in an interview. "This is one of our last historical taboos and I have a feeling that it's a topic we've been avoiding. That's not how it should be. "Even if this terrible crime concerns only 1 percent of the Polish nation, it doesn't matter, because we want to know about that." Before World War Two, Poland was home to Europe's largest Jewish community of some 3.2 million. Most of them were killed by the Nazi occupiers. The Nazis built death camps including Auschwitz and Treblinka on Polish soil. Continued...

<urn:uuid:bd3629c9-0b5a-43bd-8fab-adb5bd4fcf02>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://ca.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idCABRE8BD0TU20121214

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703334458/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112214-00030-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ruling by the Courts Read the story. Click the "LISTEN" button at the bottom of the page to hear the story. When you are done, click the "NEXT" button. The Supreme Court said that a federal law was against the Constitution. That law tried to keep children from bad things on the Internet. The Constitution says that it is okay to say anything you want. The new law would put limits on free speech. Some people are happy that the Supreme Court said the law was against the Constitution. They say it is an important victory for free speech. They say there are already ways to stop children from seeing bad things on the Internet. One parent said that kids should be open to everything. Other people are unhappy about what the Supreme Court said. They say that children need to be kept away from some things on the Internet. They say that laws are needed to do that. A mother was worried for her children because of what might be put on the Internet. The people who want a law to stop showing bad things to children on the Internet will try again. They will try to write a law that is not against the Constitution. The president will call a meeting to talk about it. There are already laws that say you cannot show or say bad things on TV and radio. People say that you cannot send these things over the Internet either. The Supreme Court said that these laws are not against the Constitution.

<urn:uuid:e928e8c9-6339-4ad6-9fa8-febb4e20df26>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.cdlponline.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=activity1&topicID=8&storyID=84

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703317384/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112157-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

South America is also a subregion of the South American Continent. South America is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere, and part of the Western Hemisphere. To the west it borders the Pacific Ocean, to the east it borders the Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea and North America are northwest of it. Together with North America it forms the Americas, and it was named after Amerigo Vespucci. It is the fourth largest continent by area at 17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 sq miles), and covers almost 3.5% of the earth's surface. Its population in 2005 was 371 million, the fifth largest of the continents.

<urn:uuid:76f28c76-07eb-4e7e-bcb4-57c6c1a13fd9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://conservapedia.com/South_America

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

SQL Server - User Logins SQL Server allows for the creation of user logins. Each individual who needs access to SQL Server can be given their own user account. When the administrator configures these user logins, he/she can assign them to any number of roles and schemas, depending on the access that the individual is entitled to. In this lesson, we will walk through the steps in creating a user login. To Create a New User Login - Using SQL Server Management Studio, expand the "Security" option and right click on "Logins" - Click on "New Login" - Complete the login properties in the "General" tab by providing a name for the login, choosing the Authentication method (providing a password if you choose "SQL Server authentication"), and selecting the database to use as a default. If you don't choose a language, it will use the default for the current installation of SQL Server. If you get an error that reads "The MUST_CHANGE option is not supported by this version of Microsoft Windows", simply uncheck the "User must change password at next login" option. The error occurs because your operating system doesn't support this option. - Click the "Server Roles" tab if you need to apply any server-wide security privileges. - Click the "User Mapping" tab to specify which databases this user account is allowed to access. By default, the login will be assigned to the "Public" role, which provides the login with basic access. If the login needs more access in one or more databases, it can be assigned to another role with greater privileges. Note that these roles are "Database Roles" and are different to the server roles in the previous tab. Server roles are for administering the SQL Server. Database roles are created within each database and specify what the login can do within that database.

<urn:uuid:f550ee46-c46d-437a-960f-fd7ba2f4f50e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.quackit.com/sql_server/sql_server_2008/tutorial/sql_server_user_logins.cfm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704179963/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113619-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Data reported by the weather station: 842390 (SECU) Latitude: -2.88 | Longitude: -78.98 | Altitude: 2530 Weather Cuenca / Mariscal Lamar |Main||Year 1979 climate||Select a month| To calculate annual averages, we analyzed data of 365 days (100% of year). If in the average or annual total of some data is missing information of 10 or more days, this is not displayed. The total rainfall value 0 (zero) may indicate that there has been no such measurement and / or the weather station does not broadcast. |Annual average temperature:||16.7°C||365| |Annual average maximum temperature:||22.3°C||365| |Annual average minimum temperature:||9.3°C||365| |Annual average humidity:||55.7%||365| |Annual total precipitation:||944.92 mm||364| |Annual average visibility:||12.6 Km||365| |Annual average wind speed:||7.8 km/h||364| Number of days with extraordinary phenomena. |Total days with rain:||123| |Total days with snow:||1| |Total days with thunderstorm:||28| |Total days with fog:||5| |Total days with tornado or funnel cloud:||0| |Total days with hail:||1| Days of extreme historical values in 1979 The highest temperature recorded was 31°C on June 19. The lowest temperature recorded was 0°C on December 24. The maximum wind speed recorded was 37 km/h on November 17.

<urn:uuid:32575541-73bd-40ba-98df-db740dc757bf>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Cuenca_Mariscal_Lamar/1979/842390.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710313659/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131833-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

North Iowa Area Community College 1. What is the status of Quantitative Reasoning programming on your campus? It is a work in progress, in many ways still in its infancy. North Iowa Area Community College (NIACC) has eight General Education goals for all students, and the second goal is quantitative skills: Students will use quantitative skills and the concepts and methods of mathematics to solve problems across disciplines. The Mathematics Department and the Natural Sciences Department are charged with equipping students with these skills. We do not have an organized group or program specifically focused on Quantitative Reasoning but would like to put one together to help not only the Math and Science Departments but other departments in jointly working together to provide these important skills to our students. 2. What are the key learning goals that shape your current programming or that you hope to achieve? We are interested in better articulating and understanding quantitative reasoning skills. We believe that with clearer definitions and a deeper understanding we can find ways to better assess these skills and find ways for other departments to also help students develop these skills. We would also like to find valid and reliable ways to measure whether or not students have these skills and measure whether or not we are providing these skills to our students. Once these measures are identified we would like to incorporate them into our departmental assessment plans and exit exams for graduates to help us identify areas of improvement. 3. Do you have QR assessment instruments in place? If so; please describe: We do not have QR assessment instruments in place, which is one of our challenges. We have a small group that has been working on developing some questions for an exit exam for graduates but it has not been agreed upon and there is some resistance from various individuals and departments in the college. 4. Considering your campus culture; what challenges or barriers do you anticipate in implementing or extending practices to develop and assess QR programming on your campus? The Math and Science departments have a long history of working cooperatively together, but that cooperation does not always carry across to other departments. One challenge will be extending the idea of incorporating QR into other departments. The college has a committee, the Educational Effectiveness Committee, which oversees assessment on campus, periodically reviewing each department's assessment plan. This committee has also worked on developing questions for an exit exam to help evaluate skills of graduating students. This committee has struggled with developing appropriate questions to measure quantitative skills. We believe this workshop can help identify tools for doing so, but there may be some resistance to incorporating these tools. The last challenge will be time. Instructors have a full load and the College continues to ask instructors to do more with in that time. 5. Considering your campus culture; what opportunities or assets will be available to support your QR initiatives? The Mathematics and Natural Science Divisions have a strong commitment to improving student's critical thinking and quantitative reasoning skills. Both of these departments have the support of the administration. NIACC is moving to AQIP for accreditation and this model will provide opportunities for these types of activities.

<urn:uuid:5328842b-7eed-4de0-a013-6737ce53c40a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://serc.carleton.edu/quirk/pkal_workshop10/context/north_iowa_area.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142617/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00039-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

August 24, 2011 Bacterium Blocks Dengue Fever in Mosquitoes Natasha Gilbert, Nature News A common bacterium that infects mosquitoes is showing promise as a way to control the spread of dengue fever. Transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, dengue fever kills around 12,500 people a year. Unlike for malaria, bed nets are not effective in combating dengue as A. aegypti is active during the day. And concerns about rising resistance to insecticides has spurred the search for alternatives. A team led by Scott O'Neill, a geneticist at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, believe they may have the answer. TAGGED: wolbachia, bacterial infection, bacteria, mosquitoes, dengue fever

<urn:uuid:1ea06e67-5f94-442d-9db4-781b911d2cbc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.realclearscience.com/2011/08/24/bacterium_blocks_dengue_fever_in_mosquitoes_242751.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703662159/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112742-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

way back up the thread the statement was made that using SELinux for many processes on one machine was as secure as having the processes on separate machines separated by firewalls. This is an example of capability that you could have to filter communication between apps on different machines that you do not get with SELinux securing things on one machine. as for what this would be useful for. if you have apps that expect things to be text files and throw arbitrary binary data at them you may find a flaw in them and be able to do things as the owner of that process. If you make sure that such bad data can not get to the app you eliminate an entire class of exploits.

<urn:uuid:978078f5-1ae3-4d3e-a630-42b1008511e7>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://lwn.net/Articles/372981/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703592489/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112632-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Literacy in the national and official language is essential; however literacy in the native language and/or other languages is also useful for their lives in their respective societies and communities. We have Khmer literacy programmes and bilingual literacy programmes for the ethnic minority groups managed by all key players in the education sector in Cambodia. Around twenty languages are spoken in the country. Khmer is the official national language and spoken by more than 95% of the population. Whilst Khmer is spoken widely within the country, it is not spoken as generally in the remote highland regions. Various prominent government officials endorsed equitable access to basic education and thus the importance of bilingual education as basic human right as well as a strategy for poverty reduction. However, there is still the lack of the awareness towards mother-tongue based bilingual education in the general public and in some ethnic communities. Moreover, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MOEYS) has very limited budget and capacity for this and bilingual education interventions still depend largely on pilot programmes supported by NGOs.

<urn:uuid:e2c91f32-c4ed-4ca5-a503-1a5154cca760>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/phnompenh/education/learning-throughout-life/bilingual-education/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699068791/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101108-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Few composers deserve the phrase "ahead of his time" more than the French composer Erik Satie (1866-1925). Ideologically committed to a life of poverty, the composer removed his art from the unconscious confinements of class and the corruptible influences of popular acceptance. Though he did study briefly at the Conservatoire de Musique et de Declamation, Satie was primarily self-taught, a luxury that freed him to explore ideas as he found them. As a result, he broke with convention to such an extent as to become the conceptual godfather of the twentieth century's Avant-Garde movement. In an environment where Impressionism and Wagnerism ruled, Satie injected his work with dry, ironic wit and deceptively simplistic progressions. Yet underneath his seemingly casual whimsy lie crisp conceptual models explored with such discipline as to become vaguely spiritual. "Trois Gymnopedies," one of his most well-known works, depicts ancient Greek gymnastic exercises. "Vexations," made famous by a John Cage performance, consists of 152 notes and is to be played 840 times -- a process which lasts over eighteen hours. Godfather of the Avant-Garde, indeed.

<urn:uuid:b0e4b2ce-293d-412f-a335-7e589a3957b1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/Art.61771

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00009-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Protecting Public Health and the Environment. Nitrogen dioxide is a brownish, highly reactive gas present in all urban atmospheres. Nitrogen dioxide is a criteria pollutant that can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Nitrogen oxides contribute to formation of both ozone and acid rain and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The major mechanism for the formation of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is the oxidation of the primary air pollutant nitric oxide. Nitrogen oxide forms when fuel is burned at high temperatures. The two major emission sources of nitrogen oxides are automobiles and stationary fuel combustion sources such as electric utility and industrial boilers. Health effects of exposure to nitrogen dioxide include: Air Quality Toxics AnalystDr. Carl BrownDEQ State OfficeAir Quality Division1440 N. HiltonBoise, ID 83706(208) [email protected] EPA Guide to Nitrogen Dioxide National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

<urn:uuid:d1d1ec02-0638-427a-aabd-89f5ac19d976>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/air-quality/air-pollutants/criteria-pollutants/nitrogen-dioxide.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699776315/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102256-00009-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

|ADI Home > Technical Support >| Ask The Applications Engineer -18 by Peter Checkovich Q. Why is settling time important? A. Op amp settling time is a key parameter for guaranteeing the performance of data acquisition systems. For accurate data acquisition, the op amp output must settle before the A/D converter can accurately digitize the data. However, settling time is generally not an easy parameter to measure. Over the years, the techniques and equipment used to measure the settling time of op amps have been barely able to keep up with the performance of the devices themselves. As each new generation of op amps settles to better accuracy in shorter time, greater demands have been placed on test equipment, its designers, and its users. A major dilemma, often causing dis-agreement among engineers, is whether some combination of techniques and equipment actually measures the device under test (DUT) or just some limiting property of the test setup. So there is continual development of new test equipment and tech-niques in an effort to specify this ever-demanding parameter. In a data-acquisition system, the output of an op amp should settle to within 1 LSB [i.e., 2-nFS] of final value of the A/D that it drives within a time period dictated by the sampling rate of the system. To settle within 1 LSB of full scale implies the settling accuracy of the A/D is ±1/2 LSB. Thus, a 10-bit system will require the op amp to settle to half of one part in 1024, or approximately 0.05%. A 12-bit system will require settling to half of one part in 4096 (0.01%). The requirements for 14-bits and greater are yet more demanding. Settling-time values such as 0.1% and 0.01% are the most widely specified. Although a larger full-scale signal range will increase the size of the LSB, easing the problem somewhat, it is not a feasible approach for high-frequency systems. Most high frequency A/Ds have a full-scale span of 1 V or, at most, 2 V. For a 10-bit system with a 1-V full scale signal, an LSB is about 1 mV. For a 12-bit system, an LSB is approximately 250 µV. To resolve the settling characteristics for a full-scale transition, dynamic ranges approaching four orders of magnitude must be handled. With settling times of new op amps [e.g., the AD9631 and AD9632] dropping to the 20 ns to 10 ns range, the measurement of settling time presents quite a challenge.Q. How is settling time measured? A. A key requirement over the years has been the need to drive the input of the op amp with a fast, precise signal source, often referred to as a flat-top generator. As the name implies, such a generator would have a sharp transition between two levels of known amplitude at time, t0, should have minimal overshoot (or undershoot) and then remain flat for the remainder of the measurement time. In this case flat means significantly flatter than the error to be measured in the amplifier. The great accuracy is required to be certain that any output signal from the op amp is entirely due to its settling response and not its response to a signal that is present at the input after the step transition. Any active device in the path of this signal would require better settling characteristics than the DUT. Such generators are in practice very difficult to develop. A rather low-tech device has served for quite some time as a means for generating a flat-top transition; the contact opening of a mercury-wetted-contact relay connected to a stable low-impedance voltage source can be used to produce a rather clean (and surprisingly fast) flat-topped pulse. The figure shows a simple circuit that performs this function. For a negative-going transition, with the relay closed, a dc voltage, VSTEP, is applied to the input of the DUT and a 50-ohms resistor to ground. When the relay opens, the input node rapidly discharges to ground, creating the input transition. The open relay contact ensures that all other elements are totally isolated from the amplifier input; the input level is held constant (grounded through 50 ohms) for as long as the relay remains open. Next problem: directly measuring the output requires handling a large dynamic range. If the DUT is configured as an inverter, a subtractor circuit can be created that only looks at the error signal and does not have to handle the entire dynamic range of the output. This figure shows a circuit used for measuring the 16-bit settling time of the AD797-800 ns typical to 0.0015%. A1, the DUT in this circuit, is configured for a gain of 1. The voltage divider from input to output forms a second false summing node that will replicate the signal at the amplifierŐs summing node. The 100-ohms potentiometer is used to null the dc voltage. The wiper of the potentiometer is clamped by the diodes at the input of A2 to limit saturation effects in this amplifier. The output is also similarly clamped. Since the pre- and post-transition voltages at the output of A2 will be the same (i.e., the difference will be zero), the settling characteristics of this amplifier due to a step change are not important for measuring A1. Thus, the output of A2 can be measured to find the settling time of A1. This technique requires that the DUT be configured as an inverting amplifier. The circuit can be made to work at other gains, but the resistor values and setting of the dc balance potentiometer will have more influence on the measurement.Q. Any other techniques? A. Another technique for measuring settling time uses the computing power of a digital oscilloscope. It calculates a waveform that represents the settling error as the instantaneous difference between the acquired input and output signals of the DUT and compares them with the values for an ideally settling device. The resulting waveform is the error of the DUT. If there is a gain error in this system, it will show up as a dc offset in the error waveform. The calculation can be adapted for a DUT with any gain, either inverting or non inverting. It also can compensate for a signal generator that itself has a low frequency settling tail. The DUT response to a low frequency input will not be influenced by that settling time. Because such oscilloscopes are designed primarily for speed, in order to determine errors at higher resolutions, averaging must be used. For example, if the A/D used in the oscilloscope has only 8 bit resolution, but accuracy better than 8 bits, a number of cycles can be averaged to increase the effective resolution of the measurement.Q. Any more? A. Yet a third way to measure settling time is to look at the output directly. A Data Precision Data 6000 can directly digitize signals of up to 5 V with 16-bit accuracy and 10-ps resolution. The only fly in the ointment is that the instrument relies on repetitive sampling with a comparator probe. The waveform is built up one bit at a time for each of the sample points. As a result, obtaining a settling characteristic can be very time consuming. This is especially so when using a relay-type flat top generator with a 1-kHz upper frequency.Q. Why do data sheets sometimes define short term and long term settling characteristics? A. The traditional definition of settling time is the time from the input transition to the time when the amplifier output enters the specified error zone and does not leave again. This concept is relatively uncomplicated and straightforward. However, there are some cases where the initial settling is fast, followed by an extended period of settling to the final value. Single-supply amplifiers may exhibit this characteristic in the vicinity of the lower rail. Of greater prevalence for large transients, a thermal tail is a slow drift that continues for a relatively long time after rapid settling to apparently excellent initial accuracy. Thermal tails are produced when voltage level changes within the op amp caused by a step transition create temperature gradients among the transistors. Matched transistors will not track well while they are at temporarily different temperatures. The thermal time constant of the chip determines how long it takes for equilibrium to return. Op amps are designed to prevent or reduce these effects by careful placement of devices and strategies to produce thermal symmetry, but this is easier for low-level high-precision devices than those designed for high-speed, because of the large, rapid swings of power that occur. In particular, the new dielectrically isolated processes (like XFCB) that have worked wonders for improving the raw speed of the op amps can have some difficulty in minimizing the presence of thermal tails. This is because the process provides each transistor a separate dielectric tub. While this dielectric isolation reduces the parasitic capacitance and greatly speeds up electrical performance, it also provides thermal insulation that slows the dissipation of heat to the substrate. The seriousness of long tails depends on the application. For example, some systems sample at rates compatible with the initial short-term settling time and are not seriously affected by longer term drifts. Communication systems and others, where the frequency domain properties of the converted signal are most important, are examples of such systems. Although long-term settling errors can produce variations in gain and offset, the long-term thermal tails will have minimal contribution to the distortion products of the digitized signal. For these systems, frequency domain measurements-such as distortion products-are more important than time domain measurements, such as settling time. On the other hand, systems such as video and scanners might produce a step input, followed by a long-duration plateau of constant value. During this time, repetitive A/D conversions of the op amp output signal will track the long-term settling characteristic. For these systems it is important to understand the long term settling characteristics of the op amp. The figures below illustrate the long- and short-term settling patterns for the AD8036, a unity-gain-stable high-speed clamp amp that is a good candidate for an A/D driver in high speed systems. The figure at left shows that after the initial large transition, the output is still about 0.09% from its long-term final value. However, the right-hand figure shows, on a 300´ faster scale, that after about 16 ns the output has entered a local 0.01% short-term settling region which can be usefully sampled by some systems. The distortion of the AD8036 is extremely low (2nd and 3rd harmonics down by more than 65 dB with 500-ohms load) so it would be a good candidate in systems where this kind of performance is critical. Reference: Demrow, Robert, Settling time of operational amplifiers, in The Best of Analog Dialogue, 1967 to 1991, pages 32-42. Analog-Digital Conversion Handbook. Norwood, MA; Analog Devices, 1986, pp. 312-317 and 436-439 (DAC settling time).

<urn:uuid:a4e976cd-faa6-45a1-be10-e2a7078778be>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/Anniversary/18.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Everyone remembers their favorite teachers–those who took the extra time to explain those tricky equations to you, or the ones who made history come alive as they told it. Teachers like this prove that the way we’re taught something has a huge impact on how well we learn and remember it. So what can you do? Teach yourself a few tricks! The professional dog trainers at ECAD (Educated Canines Assisting with Disabilities) have learned that dogs respond best to CUES and PATTERNING. Learn how to use physical cues and patterning, and eventually you and your dog will be using verbal commands only. Physical cues: hand signals, body positions Verbal cues: sounds, words, kissy noises, commands Patterning: doing something over and over until it becomes automatic You and your dog will make your old teachers proud!

<urn:uuid:0e60d2b5-25ce-4b9c-938b-6ae5c0c59bed>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://blog.petcarerx.com/speak-the-language-your-dog-understands/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705884968/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120444-00048-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en