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From the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks
-- On Jan. 27, a group of anglers were fishing near the warm-water discharge in Coffey County Lake when they spotted an unexpected wildlife specimen ˜ a 5-foot, 4-inch alligator.
Fortunately, the grizzled reptile was dead, so the anglers netted the critter and notified lake authorities, who called Jason Goeckler, aquatic nuisance species specialist for the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks (KDWP).
"Alligators do not survive Kansas winters," Goeckler said, "so this big guy was likely released by someone and then found refuge in the warm water of Coffey County Lake. We have no way of knowing how long it has been there. Lake staff estimate the animal to be 6-8 years old, but we can't confirm that or at what age it was released. What we can tell folks is that release of exotic wildlife such as this is irresponsible, illegal and potentially dangerous to native species."
In recent years, the spread of harmful, non-native species into Kansas waters has increased. The most notable example is the zebra mussel, which has been discovered in a number of Kansas waters and is known to be extremely destructive to native wildlife and municipal water systems. The cost of invasive species in the U.S. amounts to more than $100 billion annually.
The escape or release of animals and plants from aquariums, terrariums, or ponds and water gardens is harmful to pets and native wildlife, but it is avoidable. KDWP recommends that instead of releasing unwanted pets ˜ including alligators ˜ owners should use one of the following alternatives:
--Find a new home for the pet
--Contact a pet dealer for proper handling advice or for possible returns
--Give/trade with another aquarist, pond owner, or water gardener
--Donate to a local aquarium society, school, or aquatic business
--Contact a veterinarian or pet retailer for guidance about humane disposal of animals or
--Seal aquatic plants and animals in plastic bags, freeze, and dispose in trash.
The American alligator is a warm weather species found from the southern Virginia-North Carolina border along the Atlantic Coast to Florida, and along the Gulf of Mexico as far west as the Rio Grande River in Texas. The only possible way for this animal to have reached Kansas is by human transport.
For more information about being a responsible aquarium hobbyist or aquatic pet owner, go online to www.habitattitude.net. For more information about aquatic nuisance species in Kansas, visit the KDWP website, www.kdwp.state.ks.us.
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A study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association found that most American’s know they need to avoid trans fats, but only 20% actually knew which foods contained trans fats.
Trans fat is a processed fat, produced as a by-product when hydrogen is added to make a substance more solid at room temperature. For example, margarine is hydrogenated vegetable oil – hydrogen was added and the by-product trans fat is produced. Although, it should be noted that many margarine’s have changed production procedures so the trans fatty acid by-product is not produced. Trans fats are just as bad for heart health (if not worse) than saturated fats. Trans fat increased LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and lowers HDL (good) cholesterol.
Trans fats, also known as hydrogenated oils, are artificially produced in the laboratory by adding extra hydrogen atoms to unsaturated vegetable oils. They have long been a favorite of the food industry for their increased shelf life over conventional oils. Unlike natural fats, however, trans fats have no nutritional value and drastically increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Like saturated fats, they increase the body’s levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, but unlike those fats they also lower its levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol.
Many processed foods contain trans fat, such as baked and fried foods, so read the food labels. As of January 2006, most manufacturers are required to list trans fatty acid content on the food label. Also, check the ingredient list for the words “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated” as a sign that the product contains trans fat.
All the best,
Lisa Nelson RD
Be Heart Healthy and Lose Weight
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New York, May 29, 2007 - New research suggests that if parents want to keep alcohol away from their middle school children, the best place to start is at home. The study, reported in the June issue of Preventive Medicine, shows that of 11-14 year olds who choose to drink, only a small fraction (2.4% in the 6th grade, rising to 5.6% at the end of the 8th grade) obtain alcohol from commercial venues. More than one-third of the alcohol consumed by these children came from their own or a friends parents or guardians.
The proportion of alcohol users is also disturbing; 17% at the start of the 6th grade and more than twice as many, 41% by the end of the 8th grade. The study reminds parents that they need to consider their positions as role models at the crucial time when their middle school children are likely to have their first serious encounters with alcohol.
Between 2002 and 2005, Principal Investigator Kelli Komro, lead author Mary O Hearst and colleagues studied a cohort of 3,709 students, mainly of Hispanic and African-American backgrounds, who were surveyed in 58 Chicago public schools at the beginning and end of the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. The study is unique as no other study has followed young, racially diverse, poor urban youth over a two and a half year period, observing patterns of social and commercial alcohol access in this manner.
"Early onset of drinking leads to a long list of alcohol-related problems. It is important to educate parents about the consequences of alcohol use at a young age and try to prevent them from being their childs primary source of alcohol." comments the lead author.
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http://news.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-3/Access-to-alcohol-among-middle-school-children-509-1/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382396/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00058-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
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Easy Sample Problem
This sample problems requires application of only one concept. Test
yourself by following each step described below. Click on for a detailed
description of each step.
The Berliner Lecture Room (PSB 180) at Bryn Mawr College is
approximately 42.8 feet long by 26.3 feet wide by 11.6 feet tall.
What is the volume of this room?
- Read the problem twice. On the first pass, note
the general concepts needed to find the answer. On the second pass
note the details.
- Write down the information given in the problem.
- Find additional information.
- Set up the solution--check units.
- Check the answer--Does it make sense
Return to the problem solving tips page
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Perspectives on Nuclear Issues
Nuclear is a fascinating and complex topic. Countless studies, opinion pieces and news articles are frequently released. Below are a number of links of interest that represent some of the voices contributing to the debates over the use of nuclear technology in Canada, including regulatory aspects.
The CNSC does not, by publishing the information in this section, indicate its endorsement of any of the authors' opinions or conclusions.
- May 2, 2013 - Learning the Right Nuclear Energy Lessons: A New Paradigm for the Future (source: The Energy Collective)
In this editorial, Chair of the World Nuclear Association Economics Working Group, Milton Caplan, discusses the legacy of the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents and the lessons from these incidents that can strengthen the nuclear industry and increase public support of nuclear power.
- March 10, 2013 - Fukushima Radiation Proves Less Deadly Than Feared (source: Bloomberg)
In this editorial, Eric Lax and Robert Peter Gale, M.D., authors of a recent book entitled Radiation: What It Is, What You Need to Know share their observations and thoughts about the consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident.
- The Facts on the KiKK Study: At several Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) hearings, interveners raised concerns over the alleged danger of living near a nuclear power plant based on the findings of a German study on this topic (the KiKK study). The findings of this study have been greatly misunderstood and the CNSC would like to set the record straight, based on extensive research. The KiKK study has been addressed by CNSC staff in the The Health Effects, Dosimetry and Radiological Protection of Tritium report, and in the Setting Radiation Requirements on the Basis of Sound Science: The Role of Epidemiology report, as well as on the Mythbusters section of the CNSC Web site. For more detailed information about the KiKK study, please read our fact sheet.
- On February 6, 2013, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Veterans’ Health released a report on the issue of depleted uranium titled: Depleted Uranium and Canadian Veterans: A Review of Potential Exposure and Health Effects. The report addresses the potential exposure of Canadian soldiers to levels of depleted uranium that could be harmful to their health and the overall potential health effects of depleted uranium exposure. Overall, the report concluded that veteran health problems are unlikely related to depleted uranium.
- The documentary Powering America, created by the Heritage Foundation, provides an overview of the nuclear power industry and advocates the use of nuclear energy in the United States. The documentary, which aired on May 26, 2012, focuses on facilities such as Three Mile Island and the ongoing involvement of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission in enforcing safety measures and keeping nuclear power safe.
- In June 2012, the Journal of Radiological Protection published another rebuttal to the New York Academy of Sciences 2009 publication, “Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment” by Yablokov, Nesterenko and Nesterenko. The 2009 article alleged a number of health effects as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and is occasionally referenced during CNSC public proceedings. The latest article, entitled “On protecting the inexperienced reader from Chernobyl myths”, identifies mistakes in methodology and refutes the conclusions on health effects drawn in the 2009 publication.
- How Deadly is your Kilowatt? We Rank the Killer Energy Sources (source: Forbes, June 10, 2012)
- As referenced during the Commission hearing in Mistissini and Chibougamau on June 5, 6, 7, 2012, read the Northern Saskatchewan Health Indicators Report 2011 produced by the Northern Saskatchewan Population Health Unit: Report (PDF) - News Release (PDF)
- The Energy Compass is a report published in October 2010 by the Canadian Society for Senior Engineers (CSSE), and includes among its authors two of the CNSC's recent guest speakers, Mr. Don Lawson and Mr. Arnold Eyre. The report presents a ranking of the 26 prime Canadian energy alternatives. The ranking was developed through an analysis of these alternatives in the contexts of "using indigenous energy," "conserving energy," and "exporting surplus energy." In consideration of these contexts, the report outlines how and why the use of indigenous nuclear energy emerges from the analysis as the fore-runner ahead of the other 25 primary energy alternatives.
- Work begins at TRIUMF on the Advanced Rare Isotope Laboratory (ARIEL) to develop a new way to produce medical isotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, heart disease, Parkinson's and Alzeimer's. Read the TRIUMF news release about the start of the ARIEL research tunnel construction.
- Teacher and author Larry Aaron from Danville and Pittsylvania County, Virginia, USA, was among a group traveling to Saskatchewan, Canada, to visit a working uranium mine and mill. The trip was funded by Virginia Uranium Inc., which hopes to mine the Coles Hill uranium deposit northeast of Chatham, Virginia, USA. Larry Aaron, as a special to the Star-Tribune, wrote articles about his visit to Cameco Corporation's Rabbit Lake milling operation in northern Saskatchewan, and his meetings with Government of Saskatchewan and Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission officials:
- September 28, 2011: Saskatchewan: Uranium Capital of the World (source: Womack Publishing, WPCVA Web site)
- October 5, 2011: Group visits uranium mine, mill in Canada (source: Womack Publishing, WPCVA Web site)
- October 14, 2011: Uranium mining safe, regulated, according to Canadian officials (source: Womack Publishing, WPCVA Web site)
- Non-nuclear energy failed Fukushima - Interview with John Ritch, Director General, World Nuclear Association (source RT, June 28, 2011)
- Childhood cancer and nuclear power plants in Switzerland: a census-based cohort study (source: International Journal of Epidemiology, July 12, 2011)
- In 2008, the Nuclear Energy Agency’s Radioactive Waste Management Committee (RWMC) established a project to study the issues of reversability and retrievability in geological disposal of radioactive wastes. This project was supported by contributions from member states. Participants from 17 countries, international organizations, and other RWMC groups have contributed to the project. The project's draft report and leaflet are now available for review:
- The Supply of Medical Radioisotopes: An Economic Study of the Molybdenum-99 Supply Chain (PDF) (source: NEA Web site)
- Bill Gates and the development of new nuclear technologies: View Mr. Gates’s presentation at TED 2010 (source: TED 2010 Conference)
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The City actually is patching pavement year round. Pot holes may form at any time in the year. In the winter, pot holes are patched with a special type of asphalt called “winter mix”. Winter mix uses a softer, stickier asphalt that can be compacted into a hole even in below freezing temperatures. Winter patches are mostly temporary as the mix warms with the spring and summer temperatures. The material becomes too soft to stay in place.
In the spring, summer and fall pavement defects and potholes are patched with “hot mix” asphalt. It is the same asphalt that is used to build new roads. Hot mix patches last at least a year to several years. Hot mix is not available until late March or April, depending on the weather conditions.
The City has its own asphalt plant. It is usually the first to open and the last to close in the metro area. The asphalt plant sells asphalt to other municipalities and contractors. In 2010, the City opened its plant on March 1, one of the earliest openings in its history. The early opening was prompted by an early spring pothole season, cold nights and warm sunny days.
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http://www.stpaul.gov/index.aspx?NID=3863
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704752145/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114552-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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The Challenges of Middle Childhood (page 2)
The Challenges of Middle Childhood
They’re long out of diapers but will have to wait before they get behind the wheel. And whether they’re starting first grade or are reigning queens and kings of their elementary schools, your kids’ minds, bodies and emotions are subtly changing to help prepare them for adulthood.
“This period is a critical time for social, physical, cognitive and emotional development,” says Danny Plax, MD, board-certified pediatrician on staff with St. Louis Children’s Hospital. “Parents can help their children leave this stage with a good sense of self by focusing on what that child does well without making comparisons to other children. Instill a sense of responsibility by positively reinforcing them for good decisions and establishing consequences -- but still offering your support -- for choices that could be better.”
As a parent, you may be wondering if your children are developing on target. “It’s essential to remember that a great deal of variability among this age group is completely common,” says Suzanne Thompson, PhD, pediatric psychologist on staff with St. Louis Children’s Hospital. “Differences in personality, talents, activity choices and challenges should be expected -- even among siblings.”
During middle childhood, your kids will continue to grow at a steady rate -- though perhaps not as rapidly as in infancy and early childhood.
“Boys and girls typically have similar growth patterns during this period,” says Dr. Plax. “Until puberty (which begins on average at age 10 1/2 for girls and 11 1/2 for boys) both sexes often gain two to three inches in height and three to eight pounds in weight annually.”
In addition to overall changes in size, middle childhood is also characterized by the development of small muscles, which helps to increase fine motor skills necessary for tasks like writing and learning to play musical instruments.
Moreover, some children (especially girls) may even begin to show the signs of puberty like breast buds or development of pubic hair toward the end of the 6 to 12 age range. If your child shows concern or anxiety about these characteristics, offer reassurance that the changes are completely normal.
Beyond the changes they experience in their bodies, children at this age also experience a significant shift in the way they think. During the preschool stage, children tend to think concretely, but during middle childhood, they begin to grasp more abstract concepts. Their increasing cognitive capabilities help them master the challenges of school.
The perfect time to learn to read and write, the mental maturation of middle childhood enables both boys and girls to better focus their attention as well as take time to locate necessary information. In addition, the ability to order and sequence events and objects enhances mathematical abilities.
“This age span can be the time when learning problems may appear. Watch for difficulties with tasks like remembering facts; basic spelling, grammar and math skills; and organizing information, materials and concepts,” explains Dr. Thompson. “Teachers can be excellent resources for parents looking for feedback about their child’s development. They can also help point parents in the right direction for intervention by recommending strategies to try at home or a counselor trained in learning disabilities.”
The Social Situation
Though the cognitive changes are equally as important, they may not be as clearly observable as the transforming social ties your children experience at this age. Between the ages of 6 and 12, children often become more concerned with friendships and attachments with peers and choose to play with same-sex friends.
“Around this age, a child’s peer group becomes increasingly important,” explains Dr. Plax. “Though parents still serve a vital role, friends are also starting to play a more active part in forming their opinions and perceptions.”
In addition, your children will likely show interest in activities outside of school. “Children at this age generally want to be involved in hobbies like Scouts, music, sports and church,” says Dr. Thompson. “However, parents should be careful not to overschedule their children’s time. Try to provide a mix of adult-directed, structured activities as well as unstructured free play.”
Though the complexity of social relationships can vary greatly depending on age, individual personality and possibly even gender, the impact of the changing social landscape is incredibly important for your children.
“Though it may change from day to day, try to remain in touch with your children’s moods,” says Dr. Plax. “Be sure that they have and interact well with friends and pay attention to their concerns about peers and social settings.”
Communicate with Your Child
As with other age groups, the key to helping your kids make the most of middle childhood is maintaining open communication with your children and the other adults involved in their lives. If your child seems distressed, don’t hesitate to talk with your doctor about your concerns.
Want to learn more? Dr. Thompson recommends Raising a Thinking Preteen: The “I Can Problem Solve” Program for 8 to 12 Year Olds by Dr. Myrna B. Shure and The Heart of Parenting: Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child by Dr. John Gottman. Stop by our FamilyResourceCenter or call 314.454.2350 to check out these books.
Add your own comment
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] | 1 |
IPCC Third Assessment Report
|UNFCCC | WMO | UNEP|
The IPCC Third Assessment Report, Climate Change 2001, is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by the IPCC. The IPCC was established in 1988 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN's World Meteorological Organization (WMO) "... to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."[IPCC website] The Third Assessment Report (TAR) is the third of a series of assessments; it has been superseded by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), released in 2007.
Statements of the IPCC or information from the TAR are often used as a reference showing a scientific consensus on the subject of global warming, although a small minority of scientists take issue with the UN assessments (see also Global warming controversy and Politics of global warming).
Working groups
- WGI: Scientific aspects of climate (see IPCC TAR WG1 2001).
- WGII: Vulnerability, consequences, and options (see IPCC TAR WG2 2001).
- WGIII: Limitation and mitigation options (see IPCC TAR WG3 2001).
- Task Force: National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
WG I covers the same areas as the Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1995, but WG II & III cover slightly different areas in the TAR.
Working Group I
- An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system (The global average surface temperature has increased over the 20th century by about 0.6°C; Temperatures have risen during the past four decades in the lowest 8 kilometres of the atmosphere; Snow cover and ice extent have decreased)
- Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate (Anthropogenic aerosols (i.e., human emitted aerosols) are short-lived and mostly produce negative radiative forcing; Natural factors have made small contributions to radiative forcing over the past century)
- Confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased (Complex physically based climate models are required to provide detailed estimates of feedbacks and of regional features. Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols. Nevertheless, confidence in the ability of these models to provide useful projections of future climate has improved due to their demonstrated performance on a range of space and time-scales .)
- There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities
- Human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century
- Global average temperature and sea level are projected to rise under all IPCC SRES scenarios.
The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period. The wide range in projections is based upon several different scenarios that assume different levels of future CO2 emissions (see the section below on Projections in the TAR).
Synthesis Report
- Observed warming of the Earth's surface, attribution of observed warming to human activities, projected increases in future global mean temperature, rising sea levels, and increased frequency of heat waves.
- Future warming will have both beneficial and adverse effects, but for higher levels of warming, adverse effects will predominate.
- Developing countries and poor persons are most vulnerable to climate change.
"Key uncertainties" in the TAR include:
- Estimated climate forcings of natural climatic factors and anthropogenic aerosols (e.g., sulfate, which is produced when sulfur-rich coal is burnt), future changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the role of climate feedbacks, which may amplify or reduce the magnitude of future climate change;
- Assigning probabilities to projections of changes in sea level and temperature, as well as uncertainties related to regional projections of climate change.
Projections are used in the TAR as a guide to the possible future effects of climate change, e.g., changes in global mean temperature and sea level. In the TAR, the word "projection" is favoured over "prediction". This is because many future changes related to climate are highly uncertain. For example, climate change projections are affected by highly uncertain changes in future GHG emissions.
The TAR projects impacts according to possible future changes in global mean temperature. Other projections are based on scenarios that the IPCC has developed. In 2000, the IPCC published 40 different scenarios (the "SRES" scenarios) which contain estimates of future changes in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. The SRES scenarios project a wide range of possible changes in future social and economic development, and projected climate change impacts vary according to the scenario considered. The IPCC has not assigned probabilities to the 40 SRES scenarios. Some authors have argued that some SRES scenarios are more likely to occur than others.
Scientific opinion
The IPCC is backed by the scientific community. For example, a joint statement of support was issued in May 2001 by the science academies of Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the Caribbean, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Sweden and the UK. It states: "We recognise the IPCC as the world's most reliable source of information on climate change and its causes, and we endorse its method of achieving consensus."
In 2001, the executive branch of the US federal government asked the US National Research Council (US NRC, 2001) to produce an assessment of climate change science. Part of the assessment by US NRC (2001) looks at the report produced by Working Group I (WG I) in the TAR. Working Group I's contribution to the TAR assesses the physical scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change. US NRC (2001) generally agrees with findings of the WG I report, for example, US NRC (2001) state that "[the] IPCC’s conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue."
US NRC (2001) emphasize the need for governments to have a good understanding of uncertainties in climate change science. The example cited by US NRC (2001) is the uncertainty over future changes in GHG emissions, which may be less or more than that projected by the TAR. US NRC (2001) also state:
The most valuable contribution U.S. scientists can make is to continually question basic assumptions and conclusions, promote clear and careful appraisal and presentation of the uncertainties about climate change as well as those areas in which science is leading to robust conclusions, and work toward a significant improvement in the ability to project the future.
The IPCC's work has been the subject of criticism, and there are small number of climate scientists who disagree with aspects of the IPCC's work. Perhaps the best known is Richard Lindzen, professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Royal Society, the UK's national academy of science, has argued that "[there] are some individuals and organisations, some of which are funded by the US oil industry, that seek to undermine the science of climate change and the work of the IPCC."
IPCC process
A report by the UK Parliament's House of Lords Economic Affairs Select Committee (EAC, 2005) contains criticisms of the IPCC's work, including the "SRES" greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, which are used in the TAR. The Economic Affairs Select Committee is made up of members of the House of Lords, which scrutinizes and votes on government legislation. One of the criticisms made by the EAC (2005) is an apparent inconsistency between the Working Group II Summary for Policymakers and a statement made in the full WGII report: "The IPCC Summary for policy makers says that economic studies underestimate damage, whereas the chapter says the direction of the bias is not known."
The UK Government issued a response to the report by EAC (2005). The UK Government acknowledged the discrepancy between the WGII SPM and full WGII report which was referred to by the EAC (2005), but remained generally supportive of the IPCC's procedures. The UK Government rebutted a number of other criticisms of the TAR which were made by the EAC (2005).
See also
- Attribution of recent climate change
- Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, and an international conference on the topic.
- Climate change
- Carbon dioxide equivalent
- Effects of global warming
- Energy conservation
- Energy policy
- Global warming controversy
- Global climate model
- World energy resources and consumption
- "Summary for Policymakers", Question 9, in IPCC TAR SYR 2001
- "Summary for Policymakers", Question 3, in IPCC TAR SYR 2001
- Ahmad, Q.K., et al., "2. Methods and Tools", 2.6.1. Treatments of Uncertainties in Previous IPCC Assessments, in IPCC TAR WG2 2001
- "Annex B. Glossary of Terms", Definitions of "climate projection" and "projection", in IPCC TAR SYR 2001
- "Question 3", Box 3-1, in IPCC TAR SYR 2001
- "19. Vulnerability to Climate Change and Reasons for Concern: A Synthesis", 19.8.2. What does Each Reason for Concern Indicate?, in IPCC TAR WG2 2001
- Morita, T., et al., "2. Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications", 22.214.171.124 IPCC Emissions Scenarios and the SRES Process, p.143 in IPCC TAR WG3 2001
- Morita, T., et al., "2. Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications", 126.96.36.199 SRES Approach to Scenario Development, pp.143-144 in IPCC TAR WG3 2001
- "Summary for Policymakers", Figure SPM-3, in IPCC TAR SYR 2001
- Dietz, S., et al. (2007). "Reflections on the Stern review (1): a robust case for strong action to reduce the risks of climate change" (PDF). World economics 8 (1): 164. ISSN 1468-1838.
- Tol, R.S.J. (15 January 2005), "Economic Affairs - Minutes of Evidence (Tuesday 1 February 2005)", Memorandum by Professor Richard S J Tol, Hamburg, Vrije and Carnegie Mellon Universities, in Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- Royal Society (13 April 2005), "Economic Affairs – Written Evidence", Letter from The Royal Society: A GUIDE TO FACTS AND FICTIONS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE: Misleading arguments: The IPCC has become too politicised and does not accurately reflect the wide range of views within the scientific community. The IPCC summary for policy-makers does not adequately represent the scientific uncertainty., in Economic Affairs Committee 2005. This document is also available in PDF format
- "Foreword", p.VII, in US NRC 2001
- "Summary", p.1, in US NRC 2001
- "Summary", p.3, in US NRC 2001
- "7 Assessing Progress in Climate Science", pp.22-23, in US NRC 2001
- e.g., see: "Chapter 7: the IPCC Process", , in Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- King, D. (24 February 2005), "Economic Affairs - Minutes of Evidence (Tuesday 1 March 2005)", Memorandum by Professor Sir David King, Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government: THE CLIMATE CHANGE SCEPTICS, in Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- "Economic Affairs - Minutes of Evidence", Tuesday 18 January 2005, Examination of Witnesses: Sir John Houghton's reply to Q45, in Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- "Ch. 4: Forecasting greenhouse gas emissions and Temperature Change", , in Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- "Ch. 7: the IPCC Process: The policy-makers' summaries, paragraphs 112-114", , in Economic Affairs Committee 2005
- UK Government 2005
- "Appendix: Response to paragraphs 111 and 114 of the Report", , in UK Government 2005, pp. 19-20
- e.g.: "Appendix: Response to paragraph 32 of the Report", , in UK Government 2005, pp. 8-9
The Third Assessment Report consists of the following reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report. On-line text and PDFs are available at GRID-Arendal (a collaborating centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)). Additional reports and documents can be found at the IPCC's documents web page.
- Economic Affairs Committee (2005), The Economics of Climate Change, the Second Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee, London, UK: The Stationery Office Ltd., by order of the House of Lords
- IPCC TAR WG1 (2001), in Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; and Johnson, C.A., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80767-0 (pb: 0-521-01495-6).
- IPCC TAR WG2 (2001), in McCarthy, J. J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; and White, K. S., Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80768-9 (pb: 0-521-01500-6).
- IPCC TAR WG3 (2001), in Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; and Pan, J., Climate Change 2001: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80769-7 (pb: 0-521-01502-2).
- IPCC TAR SYR (2001), in Watson, R. T.; and the Core Writing Team, Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80770-0 (pb: 0-521-01507-3).
- UK Government (28 November 2005), 3rd Report of the 2005–2006 session: Government Response to the Economics of Climate Change (the 2nd Report of the 2005–2006 session, produced by the UK Parliament House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee), London, UK: The Stationery Office Ltd. Also available as a high-resolution PDF.
- US NRC (2001), Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. A report produced by the Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (US NRC), Washington, D.C., USA: National Academy Press
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NOT `SO MANY FISH IN THE SEA'
In April, Canadian officials charged into international waters off Newfoundland and impounded the Portuguese-owned trawler Kristina Logos. In its hold they found more than 50 tons of young cod--a violation of an international fishing agreement. Canada has banned catching cod and most other "groundfish" within its own 200-mile limit, hoping to save its once-rich Grand Banks fishing ground. The April seizure expanded that effort, and Brian Tobin, Canada's Fisheries & Oceans Minister, promises more vigilance. "We have to put aside our lust for more and understand that [the fish] are disappearing," says Tobin. "It would be irresponsible not to act."
Today, fully one-third of the 200 fisheries worldwide monitored by the U.N.'s Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) are depleted or being overfished. Some 40% of species the U.S. monitors are too, while an additional 42% have lower populations than needed to produce the best catches. "We need to rebuild depleted stocks to provide long-term, healthy economic conditions for fishing communities," says Rolland A. Schmitten, director of the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).
HIGH STAKES. This view is prompting action on two fronts. Short-term, six countries agreed last year to stop pollack fishing for two years in the "donut hole," international waters in the Bering Sea. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas has cut 1995 quotas for Atlantic tuna 50% from 1993 levels. Salmon fishing is banned this year off the Pacific Northwest. And in May, rules to stop overfishing off New England took effect.
Meantime, governments are working to lay the foundation for better long-term management. In August, delegates from 80 nations will meet at the U.N. in New York to forge an agreement for harvesting the high seas. This summer, Congress is scheduled to reauthorize the Magnuson Act, the law that regulates fishing in U.S. waters. Environmentalists, the Clinton Administration, and some in industry will press for measures to strengthen conservation.
The stakes are high. Worldwide, the FAO estimates, overfishing and poor management lower the optimum revenues from fishing by at least $15 billion a year. Since 1989, too many boats chasing too few fish have kept the world fleet operating at a loss, despite $54 billion in annual subsidies. In jeopardy in the U.S. are a fishing and processing industry that added $18.5 billion to the gross domestic product in 1992. Fish are also a key source of protein for nearly 20% of the world's people, and essential for maintaining ocean ecosystems.
A variety of factors has created the current crisis. Since 1960, the total catch of ocean fish and shellfish has risen 66%, to 82 million metric tons in 1992. To reach that level, fleets fish for more species and catch younger fish, which cuts the number of adults of spawning age. Meanwhile, the explosion of people living near seacoasts has damaged critical fish habitats and spawning grounds in estuaries. Sophisticated technology, such as sonar, and the use of factory ships continue to make fishing more efficient. Larger, more effective nets have increased bycatch--the hauling of unintended species that are thrown back dead. In the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic, shrimpers' bycatch helps explain an 85% decline in snappers and groupers in those waters over the past 20 years.
The most serious problem may be the surplus of boats. Overcapitalization has created a "crazy race for fish," says Joseph R. Blum, executive director of the American Factory Trawler Assn. Fueled by subsidies, the world fleet now totals 1.2 million boats; since 1975, the number of trawlers on the high seas has risen 30%. With more boats, the catch per vessel falls, as do profits--even though prices soar (charts). In Alaska, it now takes the 5,000 or so boats that fish for halibut just 36 hours to catch the limit--vs. 120 days in the mid-1970s.
To make matters worse, quotas are hard to enforce, often set too high, and come too late. Although NMFS scientists started advising the New England Fisheries Management Council--one of eight set up under the Magnuson Act--to cut catches of groundfish such as cod and haddock in the late 1970s, the council refused. Throughout the 1980s, it tried stopgap measures that Vaughn Anthony, NMFS chief scientific adviser in New England, calls "window dressing." Sure enough, catches of groundfish plunged 39% from 1990 to 1993.
Even then, it took a lawsuit from environmentalists and pressure from Commerce officials to force the council to act. The May 1 plan includes a moratorium on boat licenses. It also cuts the number of allowed days at sea by as much as 50% over five years, with the goal of reducing the number of fish taken each year, now 70% of the population, to 30%. To ease the pain for 20,000 fishers, some of whom are sure to go broke, the Commerce Dept. has committed $30 million in aid, some of which will pay for low-interest loans to help restructure debt. It also plans to mount a boat-buyout program. Even so, "the plan just gets rid of overfishing, it doesn't rebuild stocks," says Anthony.
Other initiatives are aimed at that. In the Gulf Coast this summer, the shrimp industry is testing nets that may cut the bycatch of finfish 50%. More fisheries are experimenting with individual transferable quotas, or ITQs, to limit entry. ITQ systems allocate a share of an allowable catch to ITQ holders, who then can use or trade the rights. Next year, Alaska will try ITQs in its halibut and sable fisheries. But ITQs are controversial, in part because overfishing is still a danger. Without strong enforcement and limits on catches that are low enough to maintain fish populations, they don't work.
DICEY WATERS. In the meantime, the Clinton Administration is pushing for changes in the Magnuson Act: They would require the Commerce Dept. to annually report overfished stocks, then give the management councils one year to design a plan to stop overfishing and rebuild stocks. If they didn't, Commerce could. The changes would also mandate efforts to reduce bycatch, preserve critical fish habitats, and allow fisheries managers to charge user fees to help finance better management. There will certainly be debate over these proposals, but Commerce Secretary Ronald H. Brown foresees a "positive climate for reauthorization."
Forging a U.N. agreement on high- seas fishing will be dicier. Fish from international waters are about 10% of the world catch. Although some agreements exist, they are violated with impunity, and some 20% of high-seas vessels are registered in countries that haven't signed. Canada, Chile, environmentalists, and some U.S. industry groups want a deal that includes quotas to conserve fishing stocks and "enforcement mechanisms so that no nations can escape them," says Tobin. So far, though, countries with large fleets--Taiwan, Japan--and the European Union have balked. Success, says Tobin, depends on whether the European Union and the U.S. back quotas and enforcement. By late June, the EU's opposition seemed to be softening, but the U.S. government hadn't tipped its hand.
In the meantime, waiting for action can be frustrating for scientists who track the fish. Says NMFS biologist Anthony: "I hope we've learned our lesson, so that we'll manage ocean ecosystems for future generations of fish and fishermen."Emily Smith in New York, with William C. Symonds in Toronto
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It’s not easy to survive century after century, through droughts and storms and oscillations of the climate. So California’s majestic coastal redwoods have developed a few tricks, like their great height: The trees can grow to more than 350 feet high, allowing their treetops to pull in moisture from the fog to keep their water levels refreshed. But, according to a new study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the fog is on the decline, which could spell trouble for redwoods and other area species.
Fog often rolls ashore along the California coast from June through September. The hot, dry inland air rises and creates a vacuum that sucks in the cold, vaporous air from over the ocean [Wired.com]. While the small strip of land about 50 miles inland from the coast where the redwoods live is dry and hot, this influx of moisture keeps the giant trees hydrated.
To obtain a historical record of coastal fog, the researchers looked at data on ceiling heights recorded hourly at several airports from 1951 to 2008. And they extrapolated back to 1901 using long-term land temperature data [The New York Times]. With the sea becoming warmer, less fog formed in the first place: Coastal fog cover decreased by more than an hour a day since 1951, researchers Todd Dawson and James Johnstone found. Temperature changes affected the fog, too. The coast has heated up faster than the redwood’s inland habitat, lessening the temperature difference between the two, which lowers the force pulling the fog inland. As a result of all this, the scientists propose that the redwoods receive at least three hours less fog per day in the summer than they used to.
Redwoods are tough enough to survive anyway, the researchers say, but there’s another problem. “As fog decreases, the mature redwoods along the coast are not likely to die outright, but there may be less recruitment of new trees” [Reuters], says Dawson. That means fewer seeds are likely to sprout and take root along the coast, and then to grow to maturity. In addition, climate scientist Phil Duffy tells Wired.com that we shouldn’t focus exclusively on the towering, awe-inspiring sequoias, because lower levels of fog will affect many ecosystems that rely on it for moisture.
DISCOVER: The Strange Forests That Drink—And Eat—Fog
DISCOVER: The Life, Death, And Life of a Tree
Discoblog: Treehuggers vs. Solar Supporters: Who Cares More About the Environment?
80beats: Is Google the Guardian Angel of Rainforests?
Image: flickr / morgenlandfahrer
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This last post focuses on what influences perception and shows the importanc of awareness when dealing with perception. At the end of the post, you’ll find a summary of the key findings. The 6 previous posts can be found here:
The accuracy of perception depends on the observer
The external perception, in the opinion of the experts, is influenced by the knowledge, perception and stereotypes of the observer as well as by the structures and understanding of reality by the observed system.
For example, in Germany football is viewed far more as a science and the team’s coaching is built on scientific, measurable methods. In turn German football is viewed by external observers as well organised, reliable and in the mould of quality engineering.
Where Germans are all about statistics, Brazilians are considered to be all about dance, rhythm, movement and tempo adjustment, nevertheless their system is still highly organised and complex as is the Brazilian football team. In Brazil, however, football is seen as an art form and this internal reality is to a certain extent matched by the external perception of foreign observers.
The extent of the overlap and accuracy between the two depends on the observer’s technical knowledge of football, their general knowledge of the nation in question as well as their own cultural upbringing.
Perception influences policing
In Euro 2000 England fans were perceived as a symbol of fear by the police in Belgium (Reicher et al., 2004 – for more detail on references, click here). Interestingly, this led to the police behaving differently towards England (as well as German) supporters, in contrast to supporters that were perceived as more peaceful and potentially led to a vicious cycle of perceived aggression from both sides and ultimately conflict and violence:
This is also an important point why perception and influencing perception is crucial, in this case maybe even life-saving, and can lead to a vicious circle of perceived realities embedded in stereotypes that are difficult to change.
Two important principles
Psychological crowd behaviour underlines two important principles that run through this series and are core for nation building, branding and communication: Firstly, crowds (and therefore populations) are not in their nature homogenous, however they behave homogeneously when faced with an external attack (even a perceived one) on their values and beliefs. Secondly the importance of soft power:
“…public order policing has shifted from a focus on force to a focus on escalating force to a focus on negotiation – and moreover, on which appreciates the need to treat different sections of the crowd in different ways (Reicher, et al, 2004, p.565).
Creating positive awareness and external perception for a nation is desirable and can be positive as described above. It might even in the short term allow internal and external communities to turn a blind eye to problems, it nevertheless never eradicates them.
Ultimately, the creation of a strong and successful nation brand starts from within, otherwise discrepancy between internal and external perception as well as clear disconnection manifested in real life counteracts all positive external achievements, therefore will need to be solved for lasting impact and a truly holistic brand experience.
This was the last post of the series “how does the performance of a national football team impact the external perception of a nation brand”. Here’s a short summary of all the key findings
- The performance of a national football team influences the external perception of a nation brand in relation to the degree of awareness, perceptions and knowledge that already exists in the mind of the audience.
- The stronger these perceptions are, and the better well known a nation is, the less the performance of a national football team influences the external perception directly nevertheless slow gradual change can be achieved.
- The lower the level of awareness, perception and knowledge that exists in the mind of the audience and therefore, the less well known a nation is, the higher the impact of the performance of a national football team on the external perception.
- Participation in a football world cup, especially if repeated, can lead to lasting change for less well known nation states.
- The World Cup will become even more important as a stage for nation branding, as media usage is expected to become more personalised and fragmented.
- The building of a successful football culture becomes beneficial for any nation brand. It can be achieved on different levels: national football teams, famous football clubs and/or internationally renowned star players.
- The more top players of a given nation play in the top international football clubs, the higher the impact on the external brand perception.
- The combination of creative star players and a successful campaign of a national football team in a major tournament will lead to the highest impact on a nation brand.
- As the structure of the society is mirrored on the pitch, it suggests that established traditional nation states will be the most successful footballing nations.
- Postmodern states will continue to build on their success if they manage to integrate foreign talent which will be helped through their still significant reputation as a football power.
- Increased heterogeneity and changed media consumption will put even more importance on the individual as a personalisation of the nation brand and on public diplomacy through interaction between citizens of different nations.
- Star players are the anchor of a nation brand and can influence its perception by transferring their own values onto the values of the nation brand.
- The citizen becomes an increasingly important actor in nation branding, which signifies that successful nation branding needs to be built on pride, ownership and voluntary participation.
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The core curriculum provides fundamental knowledge and links the Humanities, the Natural Sciences, the Arts, and the Social Sciences so that learning is dynamic, synergistic, and connected among the disciplines.
- Computer Science
- The Arts
- Foreign Language
- Physical Education
- Religion and Philosophy
The SMES community is empowered by emerging technologies without boundaries, transcending traditional approaches to teaching and learning by integrating technology into established disciplines and campus life. Through a process that promotes experiential, collaborative and creative learning, we demystify the complexities often associated with technology by assuaging fears and promoting the freedom to explore.
Students, faculty and staff will develop a greater capacity for problem solving, expand competencies to translate and communicate ideas through a variety of electronic tools, and engage in research and scholarship which will be applied to life-long pursuits and participation in the global community. Consequently, the Computer Technology Department seeks to impart to its students through its K-12 curriculum an enduring understanding of specific knowledge, principles, and habits of mind such as:
- Select appropriate technologies and critically examine sources
- Engage in research and problem-solving utilizing technologies applicable to each curricular area
- Learn in a collaborative community that is connected to the world at large
- Become confident in using technology to enhance the learning processes and utilize as a life long tool
- Facilitate the development of being student and teacher of life long skills
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Zheng HeArticle Free Pass
Zheng He, Wade-Giles romanization Cheng Ho, original name Ma Sanbao, later Ma He (born c. 1371, Kunyang [in present-day Jinning county], Yunnan province, China—died 1433, Calicut [now Kozhikode], India), admiral and diplomat who helped to extend Chinese maritime and commercial influence throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean.
Zheng He was the son of a ḥājjī, a Muslim who had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. His family claimed descent from an early Mongol governor of Yunnan province in southwestern China as well as from King Muḥammad of Bukhara. The family name Ma was derived from the Chinese rendition of Muḥammad. In 1381, when he was about 10 years old, Yunnan, the last Mongol hold in China, was reconquered by Chinese forces led by generals of the newly established Ming dynasty. The young Ma Sanbao (later Ma He), as he was then known, was among the boys who were captured, castrated, and sent into the army as orderlies. By 1390, when these troops were placed under the command of the prince of Yan, Ma He had distinguished himself as a junior officer, skilled in war and diplomacy; he also made influential friends at court.
In 1400 the prince of Yan revolted against his nephew, the Jianwen emperor, taking the throne in 1402 as the Yongle emperor. Under the Yongle administration (1402–24), the war-devastated economy of China was soon restored. The Ming court then sought to display its naval power to bring the maritime states of South and Southeast Asia in line.
For 300 years the Chinese had been extending their power out to sea. An extensive seaborne commerce had developed to meet the taste of the Chinese for spices and aromatics and the need for raw industrial materials. Chinese travelers abroad, as well as Indian and Muslim visitors, widened the geographic horizon of the Chinese. Technological developments in shipbuilding and in the arts of seafaring reached new heights by the beginning of the Ming.
The emperor having conferred on Ma He, who had become a court eunuch of great influence, the surname Zheng, he was henceforth known as Zheng He. Selected by the emperor to be commander in chief of the missions to the “Western Oceans,” he first set sail in 1405, commanding 62 ships and 27,800 men. The fleet visited Champa (now in southern Vietnam), Siam (Thailand), Malacca (Melaka), and Java; then through the Indian Ocean to Calicut (Kozhikode) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Zheng He returned to China in 1407.
On his second voyage, in 1408–09, Zheng He again visited Calicut—stopping as well in Chochin (Kochi) to the south—but encountered treachery from King Alagonakkara of Ceylon. Zheng defeated his forces and took the king back to Nanjing as a captive. In October 1409 Zheng He set out on his third voyage. This time, going beyond the seaports of India, he sailed to Hormuz on the Persian Gulf. On his return in 1411 he touched at Samudra, on the northern tip of Sumatra.
On his fourth voyage Zheng He left China in 1413. After stopping at the principal ports of Asia, he proceeded westward from India to Hormuz. A detachment of the fleet cruised southward down the Arabian coast, visiting Djofar and Aden. A Chinese mission visited Mecca and continued to Egypt. The fleet visited Brava and Malindi and almost reached the Mozambique Channel. On his return to China in 1415, Zheng He brought the envoys of more than 30 states of South and Southeast Asia to pay homage to the Chinese emperor.
During Zheng He’s fifth voyage (1417–19), the Ming fleet revisited the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa. A sixth voyage was launched in 1421 to take home the foreign emissaries from China. Again he visited Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa. In 1424 the Yongle emperor died. In the shift of policy his successor, the Hongxi emperor, suspended naval expeditions abroad. Zheng He was appointed garrison commander in Nanjing, with the task of disbanding his troops.
Zheng He’s seventh and final voyage left China in the winter of 1431, visiting the states of Southeast Asia, the coast of India, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa. He died in Calicut in the spring of 1433, and the fleet returned to China that summer.
Zheng He was the best known of the Yongle emperor’s diplomatic agents. Although some historians see no achievement in the naval expeditions other than flattering the emperor’s vanity, these missions did have the effect of extending China’s political sway over maritime Asia for half a century. Admittedly, they did not, like similar voyages of European merchant-adventurers, lead to the establishment of trading empires. Yet, in their wake, Chinese emigration increased, resulting in Chinese colonization in Southeast Asia and the accompanying tributary trade, which lasted to the 19th century.
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Technical textiles are manufactured products for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. It is a large and growing sector and supports a vast array of other industries.
The category includes, but is not limited too, textiles for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g., implants), geotextiles(reinforcement of embankments), agro-textiles (textiles for crop protection), and protective clothing (e.g., heat and radiation protection for fire fighter clothing, molten metal protection for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests, and spacesuits). Over all, global growth rates of technical textiles are about 4% per year greater than the growth of home and apparel textiles, which are growing at a rate of 1% per year.
Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. At least one portion of each type is required. The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials, while the wide variety of matrix and strengthening materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose an optimum combination*.
The American composites and technical textile market represents approx. 36% of the global Composites industry in value ($35B) and 35% in volume (3 million metric tons). Moreover composites in the USA represents 16% of the US structural materials market (steel: 76%, aluminum: 8%) following a 6% annual growth since 1960. During the same period, steel growth had stagnated and aluminum growth more or less remained under 1% per year. End-user applications include aeronautics, automotive, mass transportation,renewable energy, construction/civil engineering/infrastructures, pipes & tanks, marine, sports & leisure, consumer goods, medical, etc.
Typical materials range from pre-impregnated (aka pre-preg), carbon or glass fibers and a non-hardened thermoplastic matrix to Kevlar™ woven, knitted, or uni-directional textile structures. Glasfibers woven, knitted or uni-directional textile structure. Garment fabrics such as cotton, polyester, velour, net; reinforced nylon fabrics, balloon material polyester, polyamides. Awning material coated polyester, cotton. Felt materials non-woven cotton or synthetics. Metal foils Stretch fabrics aluminum, copper foil, spandex, spacer fabrics. Foam material polystyrene, polyurethane, polypropylene. Filter materials felt, synthetics, carbon, paper. Gasket materials based on paper, carton, graphite, rubber, silicone, cork. Technical Textiles such as canvas, vinyl, sail cloths, pvc banner materials. The materials can be woven or unwoven.
The many composites and textiles materials are efficiently processed by the Blackman & White/MCT flatbed cutting systems using one tool, a or combination, of tangential blade cutting, driven cutting wheel, tangential drag knife, laser beam cutting, milling spindle, and automated material loading and off-loading utilizing simple roll-off trolleys and/or a conveyed vacuum belt system. Which system is best to use is determined by the type of materials to be processed and their width.
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Get Involved With Boy Scouts
In times of war, soldiers would use scouts to spy on the enemy and be on the lookout for danger. To do that, scouts had to have savvy outdoor skills. So back in 1907, a guy named General Robert Baden-Powell decided all boys should know how to survive in difficult conditions. Get the 411 on the Boy Scouts here!
Boy Scouts - Boys Will Be Boys
Boy Scouts began when Robert Baden-Powell took 20 boys on a camping trip to the south coast of England. The boys were from different social backgrounds, but he wanted to help all of them develop their character, courage and fitness level though outdoor activities like camping, hiking and water sports. Boy Scouts are organized into troops and they do all their Scouting activities together. Every time they learn a new activity or skill, like how to swim or how to make a fire, they earn a merit badge. Though it started with only 14, there are now over 121 merit badges you can earn!
Boy Scouts - From Boys to Men
There are three levels of Boy Scouts, but there are rankings within each level, based on your age.
- Cub Scouts - Cubs are seven to 10 years old. You make your way up from Tiger Cub to Wolf Cub to Bear Cub and finally to Webelo.
- Boy Scouts - Once you're 11 and have earned a special award called the Arrow of Light, you become a Boy Scout. It's for 11-17 year olds. The ranks within Boy Scouts include Tenderfoot, Star, Life and Eagle.
- Venturers - Venturing helps young peeps become young adults. It's for both guys and girls aged 14-20 years old. You gain experience in six areas - social, citizenship, service, leadership, fitness and outdoor.
Boy Scouts - Did U Know?
- The Boy Scout motto is the same as the Girl Scout's - Be prepared.
- Scoutcraft is a term used to describe all the skills that a Scout should know. It includes things like first aid, map reading and using a compass.
- Fashion designer Oscar de la Renta designed the Boy Scout's uniform in 1980.
- Want to join? Check out the official websites of Boy Scouts of America and Scouts Canada!
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What is Asperger Syndrome?
Asperger Syndrome or (Asperger's Disorder) is a neurobiological disorder that lies on the Autistic Spectrum and affects more boys than it does girls.
The O.A.S.I.S. organization describes Asperger's as the following:
“Individuals with AS can exhibit a variety of characteristics and the disorder can range from mild to severe. Persons with AS show marked deficiencies in social skills, have difficulties with transitions or changes and prefer sameness. They often have obsessive routines and may be preoccupied with a particular subject of interest. They have a great deal of difficulty reading nonverbal cues (body language) and very often the individual with AS has difficulty determining proper body space. Often overly sensitive to sounds, tastes, smells, and sights, the person with AS may prefer soft clothing, certain foods, and be bothered by sounds or lights no one else seems to hear or see. It's important to remember that the person with AS perceives the world very differently. Therefore, many behaviors that seem odd or unusual are due to those neurological differences and not the result of intentional rudeness.”
All accommodations are made for students on an individual basis.
- Admission to Cook Dining Hall and Kletz Snack Bar
- Single room accommodations
- Academic support
- Writing Lab
- Counseling Center
- Support Group
- Life Coaching
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Your child, who has been sleeping peacefully, suddenly begins to scream. His eyes are glazed and he doesn`t seem to see you at all, but there is a look of terror on his face. What you think might help murmuring words of comfort and trying to take him into your arms-just causes even more agitation.
Unlike the more common nightmares, night terrors occur during the deepest stages of sleep. Episodes can last from five to 40 minutes, during which your child can be extremely agitated. He may suddenly sit up in bed, thrash, speak incoherently, scream, cry inconsolably, appear pale and terrified, perspire, and/or stare with eyes wide open and pupils dilated. Hard as it is to believe, a child experiencing a night terror is actually asleep through the whole episode and won`t remember it in the morning. Normally when we rouse from sleep, our body and mind wake up together. But in a night terror, the mind is still fast asleep.
Night terrors are more common in boys than in girls and are more apt to occur if there`s a family history of nigh terrors, sleepwalking, or bedwetting. And some children experience night terror occasionally; while others suffer bouts of them every night for weeks at a time.
How to make it better (not worse)?
Don`t try to rouse him out of it. Trying to wake a child having a night terror usually just makes it worse. Instead, try to help your child lie back down in bed so that he can fall back to sleep.
If your child has bouts of night terrors, don`t let him sleep through the night. If you wake your child once, about 30 minutes after he`s fallen asleep, then allow him to go back to sleep, you`ll short-circuit a night terror. A night terror strikes about 90 minutes into a night`s sleep. By waking the child, you`ll break up the first, deepest sleep of the night, so the terror can`t occur.
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Author Jan Brett's HomePage
English Language Arts (2007)
Includes coloring pages and activities to accompany the books
Education Place (Houghton Mifflin)
Resources for elementary-school teachers, students, and parents. Includes Reading/Language Arts, Math, Science, and Social Studies Centers, Intervention, Professional Development, searchable activity database, educational games for kids, and textbook support.
Students can email their grammar questions and receive prompt responses.
Students may submit their reviews of children's or young adult books to this web site and read the comments of other kids'.
Story starters for creative writing.
Fun kids' site contains approximately 100 replayable, original and visually stimulating activities that entice kids to explore. Digital tools let kids create their own stories and plays, artwork and characters.
New York Times Learning Network
This site has something for everyone: fun kids' activities which boost reading skills, a teacher area with lesson plans and resources, and a parenting area with advice and home learning activities.
Wacky Web Tales
Students grades 3 and above are given parts of speech so they can fill in the appropriate word and after submitting, a wacky web tale returns. The story can then be posted on the site for everyone to view.
Weekly Reader Galaxy
Articles from the well-known children's publication with related web links, field trips categorized by grade levels, parent projects and advice
Includes a variety of word-play activities, online dictionaries, daily buzzword
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Mallard Drake (Anas platyrhynchos) photos by Larry Jordan
The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most abundant duck species in North America1. I mean, we see these ducks everywhere! But just because they are common (for some folks around the world) doesn’t mean they are not beautiful and deserved of our attention.
This is the worldwide distribution map for the Mallard.
Notice the Mallard drake pictured above (click on images for full sized photos). His characteristic iridescent green head, seen as bluish or purple in certain light, the white neck ring, yellow bill, orange legs and that curly black tail make him easy to identify.
The female is not quite as easy to identify, having similar characteristics to other female dabbling ducks, but she sports a bluish speculum with noticeable white borders on the leading and trailing edges, distinguishing her from any other species.
They usually begin nesting in March but I stumbled upon this female, well hidden, sitting on her eggs at the beginning of June. This is a typical ground nest for the Mallard, hidden among tall vegetation and grass.
Once she has completed laying her clutch, the female will incubate the normally 10 to 12 eggs for 26 to 29 days, covering them with down when away from the nest. The ducklings will all hatch within a 6 to 10 hour period, usually during the day1.
It takes about 12 hours for the precocial duckling to dry and begin moving around the nest. They usually leave the nest the morning after they hatch, the hen vocalizing up to 200 times per minute1 as she leads her brood to nearby water.
The ducklings stick close to mom as she is their only protection until they can fly at around two months of age. This mamma duck brought her brood onto the shore of Clear Lake when I was down there in May. There were a couple of drakes on that shore but she was in charge of the brood. Aren’t they cute?
The young ducks become independent when they begin to fly and make forays out of their natal marsh about three weeks after that. They will join adult flocks in the fall to migrate1.
This past week I noticed a small group of Mallards swimming in a cove on the Sacramento River at Turtle Bay. They look to be juvenile ducks going through their molt into adult birds.
You can see that this young drake is beginning to attain the green feathering on his head, his breast feathers are mostly chestnut color but the central two rectrices of his tail are still straight, not yet showing the adult recurve.
This young female shows the plumage similar to the adult female but her bill is a solid yellow color with no hint of the dark spotted or saddled beak of the adult female.
Here is a close up of the young drake just beginning to get his characteristic green head feathers.
And a close-up of another drake showing how that iridescent head can look bluish or purple in the sunlight.
The Mallard is the most sought after and harvested duck in North America; in some years hunters harvest 20–25% of the autumn population, that harvest averaging over 4 million birds per year in the United States alone between 1979 and 19841.
Even taking these numbers into account, the Mallard population is considered stable. The concern is the use of lead ammunition by hunters and lead tackle by fishermen.
At least 75 wild bird species in the United States are poisoned by spent lead ammunition, including bald eagles, golden eagles, ravens and endangered California condors. Thousands of cranes, ducks, swans, loons, geese and other waterfowl ingest lead fishing sinkers lost in lakes and rivers each year, often with deadly consequences2.
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Everyone’s heard of the famous ‘hub and spoke’ system of air transportation, right? Well, turns out there are actually TWO different types of hubs: (1) airline hubs and (2) airports designated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as hubs. Every airline hub is also an FAA hub, but not every FAA hub is an airline hub. Got it?
Airlines tend to designate direct point-to-point routes based on a system of hubs, which are airports where passengers can transfer to many other routes (the spokes). These airline hubs are well-known and typically dominated by a particular carrier. For example:
- American Airlines at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW)
- Continental Airlines at Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH)
- Southwest Airlines at Dallas Love Field (DAL).
Hmm…notice how they tend to congregate in Texas? That’s because it’s a good warm-weather region in the central U.S. and in the middle of North America. (Or maybe they’re just wannabe Texans, like yours truly!)
But actually, our own San Diego International Airport is a hub too!
While SDIA, pictured here at takeoff, may not be an airline hub where major passenger transfers take place – and is typically thought of as an ‘origin and destination’ airport instead – it IS classified as a hub by the FAA because of the volume of passengers it attracts. In fact, by the FAA’s accounting, Lindbergh Field is one of 30 large hub airports in the country. Together, these large hubs comprise greater than one percent of the national level of passenger enplanements. That’s a lot of passengers when you think of how many millions of people travel!
This actually puts SDIA – which served 18.3 million passengers last year – in the company of the big leagues, joining other FAA-designated large hub airports you might be familiar with, like:
- Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)
- Chicago O’Hare International Airport (ORD)
- New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK)
Along with large hubs, the FAA also designates medium and small hubs – just like clothing and beverage sizes! And there’s even an official ‘non-hub’ (honorable mention?) category for the smallest commercial airports, which together comprise just 0.05 percent of the national passenger enplanement level.
So even if we are at that southwestern-most edge of the country, SDIA is still a major hub of activity. But we already knew that about America’s Finest City!
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Global Youth and Media
UNESCO Associated Schools are working together with the University of Melbourne, and international project partners, to gather information about the use of media by today’s youth. The Global Youth & Media project, scheduled to be completed in late 2011, is an international collaborative research project funded by the Australian Research Council.
The aim of the project is to investigate the correlation between the experience of media and the understanding of globalization amongst 14-17 year olds in fourteen countries worldwide. In each country 1000 students aged between 14 and 17 attending ASPnet schools in metropolitan areas will be involved.
Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Trinidad & Tobago and the United Arab Emirates.
The project is based at the University of Melbourne and led by Ingrid Volkmer.
Other international partners are:
University of Queensland, Australia
University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Oxford University, United Kingdom
University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Zwimpfer Communications, New Zealand
ASPnet International Coordination:
Project leader: Ingrid Volkmer
|
<urn:uuid:3355b77f-1c5f-4288-be00-58c5d391a097>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/networks/global-networks/aspnet/laboratory-for-pilot-testing-and-research/global-youth-and-media/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701281163/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104801-00009-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.866958 | 244 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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By: Earl Martin Phalen
Unfortunately, less than half of parents in the U.S. read to their children daily. As a result, millions of our children go to school unprepared to learn.
A third of our nation’s children enter kindergarten without the ability to recognize the letters of the alphabet. Many do not know that you read from left to right and others don’t even know how to hold a book.
The saddest part is that most of these children will never catch up.
The great news is that the key to school readiness is relatively simple – read and talk with your child.
It’s crucial that we read to our sons and daughters, our younger siblings, our cousins, and our friends. Below are five reasons you should read to the child you love.
Children who are read to show a dramatic increase in:
3. Language skills
4. Happiness – Reading reduces stress and restless behavior!
5. Overall development – Children read to show a 6-month developmental gain over their peers.
There are many organizations to help your child or family member read. Two great national resources are Reach Out and Read and public libraries.
Reach Out and Read, an organization that I lead, serves nearly 4 million children and families annually via 28,000 pediatricians and medical volunteers who “prescribe reading.” We’re an evidence-based nonprofit organization that promotes early literacy and school readiness in pediatric exam rooms nationwide by giving new books to children and advice to parents about the importance of reading aloud.
To see if your doctor participates in Reach Out and Read, I encourage you to visit www.reachoutandread.org
Public libraries across the nation have reading activities for children of all ages and wonderful books in the children’s section. Encourage your child to sign up for a library card. Checking out books and reading them at home leaves your child with lasting memories – and prepares her for future success in school.
If we love our children and want them to succeed, we must make books part of our daily routine!
Earl Martin Phalen is the CEO of Reach Out and Read, which impacts early literacy efforts for 4 million children annually. Phalen is also the Founder of Summer Advantage USA. Recognized by TIME Magazine, Summer Advantage uses research based summer programs to help school districts increase student performance. A graduate of Yale University and Harvard Law School, Phalen was an education advisor to President Obama and Governor Deval Patrick.
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Uveal Melanoma in Cats
The uvea is the part of the eye that is made up of the iris (the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil), the ciliary body (which produces the fluid within the eye [aqueous humour] and controls the ciliary muscle contractions that aid in near focus), the choroid (which provides oxygen and nourishment to the retina – the inner surface of the eye), and the pars plana (at the front of the eye, where the iris and sclera [white of the eye] touch). A melanoma is clinically characterized by malignant growth of melanocytes, cells that are dark in appearance due to the inclusion of the melanin pigment.
Uveal melanomas in cats usually arise from the front of the iris’ surface, with extension to the ciliary body and choroid. These tumors tend to be flat and diffuse, not nodular (unlike intraocular melanomas, which are raised masses). Such tumors initially have a benign (non-spreading) clinical and cellular appearance. However, an affected cat may develop metastatic disease (due to the spread of the uveal melanoma) up to several years later. The metastatic rate may be up to 63 percent. These tumors are also called diffuse iris melanomas – that is, melanomas of the iris that are capable of spreading. This is the most common type of eye tumor in cats.
Symptoms and Types
- Possible iris color change
- Dark spot(s) on surface of eye
- Thick and irregular iris
- Possible secondary glaucoma (high pressure in the eye)
- Dilated pupil
- Enlarged (bulging) eyeball
- Leads to blindness
Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam on your cat, including a complete ophthalmic exam (including testing pressure within the eye and proper drainage of the eye’s aqueous humor). During the ophthalmic exam, tonometry will be used to measure the pressure in the eyes, and gonioscopy will be used to see if the melanoma has spread to the drainage angle. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy can be used to gage the size and location of the mass.
A complete blood profile will also be conducted, including a chemical blood profile, a complete blood count, a urinalysis and an electrolyte panel. Evidence of metastasis may may be present in the blood profile, or the blood count may show increased white blood cells, which can be indicative of the body's immune system fighting the malignant cell growth. You will need to give a thorough history of your cat's health and onset of symptoms.
X-rays and an ultrasound may also help to determine the extent of metastatic disease in the eye. If there are melanoma cells in the angle between the iris and the cornea, and if there are melanoma cells in the ciliary venous plexus (where veins from the ciliary body drain blood from the eye), then metastatic (cancerous) cells have probably spread throughout the body. However, this metastasis may not be evident until a few years after the initial growth of cells.
- Older cat with slow progression of the disease – consider simply performing periodic examinations and serial photography to monitor the progress of the lesion(s)
- Younger cat with rapidly progressive disease – consider removing the eye (enucleation)
- There is some evidence that small, isolated, freckle-like lesions have been successfully treated with laser (diode) photoablation (laser surgery), although no controlled or long-term follow-up studies have been performed to conclusively confirm this
- Mild to moderate diffuse iris involvement – most ophthalmologists prefer a conservative approach consisting of periodic examinations and serial photography to monitor the growth progress of the lesion(s); enucleation is an alternative if progression can be documented or the owner is highly concerned about the potential for spread of the cancer
- Extensive iris involvement resulting in changes in pupil shape or mobility, extra-iris extension, invasion into the drainage angle (where the aqueous humor drains) or secondary glaucoma (high pressure in the eye due to cancerous cells blocking the drainage angle) – enucleation of the eyeball is suggested
- Removal of the eyeball must be undertaken with caution and precision; in humans removal of an eyeball afflicted with cancer has been associated with metastasis to the left orbit or to the body
Living and Management
One long-term study shows that patients with early iris melanoma have no increased risk of life-threatening cancer spread compared to controls, but patients with advanced lesions had dramatically shortened survival times. Your cat's prognosis will depend on if and how much the melanoma has spread within the eye. Your veterinarian will schedule follow-up appointments with you every three months to monitor your cat's intraocular pressure if you decline to have surgery performed on the eye. X-rays to check for metastasis should be taken every six months after the initial diagnosis was made.
A network of nerves and vessels that intersect with one another
Anything having to do with the eye or care of the eye
The growth of pathogens away from the original site of the disease
The prediction of a disease’s outcome in advance
The outer layer of the eye that helps it to keep its round shape; the eye white.
The term used to refer to the part of the eye containing the iris, the cilia, and the choroid.
An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness
The term for the dark pigment in the cells of skin and hair
The layer of the eye that is charged with receiving and processing images
A change in the way that tissue is constructed; a sore
A disorder that has resulted from intraocular pressure
The removal of a whole organ; usually the eye ball
Not being able to cause harm; the opposite of malignant.
A nonliving substance in a cell
Found inside the eye
Term used to refer to the liquid that gives nourishment to the structures inside the rear segment of an animal's eye.
A type of light device that transfers a bright beam; this is used for many medical purposes
The colored layer around the pupil
Something that becomes worse or life threatening as it spreads
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By Steven Reinberg
WEDNESDAY, Sept. 5 (HealthDay News) -- One of the worst outbreaks of West Nile virus ever to strike the United States has yet to subside, federal health officials said Wednesday, with a new total of 1,993 cases involving people, including 87 deaths.
While all states except Alaska and Hawaii have reported at least one case of West Nile virus, more than 70 percent of cases have come from six states -- Texas, South Dakota, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Michigan.
The outbreak has hit hardest in Texas, where nearly half (45 percent) of the total U.S. cases have been reported.
"The 1,993 cases reported thus far in 2012 is the highest number of West Nile disease cases reported to CDC through the first week in September since West Nile virus was first detected in the United States in 1999," Dr. Lyle Petersen, director of CDC's Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, said during a noon press conference.
As of Tuesday, 1,069 cases (54 percent) were classified as neuroinvasive disease -- when the virus enters the nervous system causing conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. The remaining 924 cases (46 percent) were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease, the CDC said.
Petersen said the epidemic probably peaked in mid to late August. And though "we may be past the historical peak, we expect that a great many cases of West Nile virus disease have not yet been reported, largely because of a lag when a person gets sick and the disease is reported," he said.
The reasons for the outbreak this year aren't clear. A drought in Texas may have played a role, but there are probably other factors as well, officials said.
The best way to avoid the virus is to wear insect repellant and support local programs to eradicate mosquitoes, Petersen said.
There is currently no treatment for West Nile virus and no vaccine to prevent it, he added.
Dr. David Lakey, commissioner of the Texas Department of State Health Services, said health officials in his state "continue to be very concerned about the West Nile outbreak we are seeing."
"Historically, August is the peak but this year has been unpredictable, the virus has been unpredictable, and we have a large number of cases," he said, adding "2012 is now officially our worst year for West Nile."
Generally speaking, 80 percent of people who are infected with West Nile virus develop no or few symptoms, while 20 percent develop mild symptoms such as headache, joint pain, fever, skin rash and swollen lymph glands, according to the CDC.
People older than 50 and those with certain medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease and organ transplants, are at greater risk for serious illness.
There are no specific treatments for West Nile virus.
Although most people with mild cases of West Nile virus will recover on their own, the CDC recommends that anyone who develops symptoms should see their doctor right away. The best way to protect yourself from West Nile virus is to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes, which can pick up the disease from infected birds. The CDC recommends the following steps to protect yourself:
- Use insect repellents when outside.
- Wear long sleeves and pants from dawn to dusk.
- Don't leave standing water outside in open containers, such as flowerpots, buckets and kiddie pools.
- Install or repair windows and door screens.
- Use air conditioning when possible.
For more on West Nile virus, visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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Cervical cancer, which now affects some 530,000 women around the world each year, could be eradicated in the coming decades if HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccination programs become widespread. This is the opinion of experts participating in the scientific meeting organized by B·Debate —a joint initiative of Biocat and “la Caixa” Welfare Projects— the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) Cancer Epidemiology Research Program and the Department of Health, held from 22 to 24 March in Sitges (Barcelona).
Among other aspects, the sessions held over these three days deal with the latest breakthroughs in second-generation vaccines, vaccination in men and adult women, the adverse effects of the vaccine, other tumors caused by HPV and the impact of HPV screening on early detection.
The scientific leader for this meeting is Dr. F. Xavier Bosch, head of the ICO Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, who recently received the 2012 Lilly Foundation award in biomedical research. Bosch and some members of his team have been studying HPV and cervical cancer for three decades and their work has been fundamental in establishing the link between this virus and cancer.
International experts in this subject include Dr. Tom Broker, president of the International Papillomavirus Society and basic researcher and expert in the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis; Dr. Lynette Denny, professor of Gynecology in Cape Town (South Africa) and expert in the connections between HPV and AIDS; and Dr. Jane Kim, professor at Harvard University and expert in models to predict the impact of healthcare strategies like HPV vaccination and screening in various regions depending on the prevalence of this disease and the options and costs of preventative actions.
HPV, responsible for more than 5% of all cancers
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection around the world: over the course of their lifetime, more than 80% of all sexually active women will be exposed to this virus. The HPV family includes more than 150 different genotypes (viral strains), some fifteen of which have a high probability of leading to cancer. An infection caused by one of these high-risk strains lasts on average 8 to 12 months and severe cases can last up to two years.
The human papilloma virus is present in 100% of all cases of cervical cancer, 80% of all anal and vaginal cancers, 40% of vulva and penile tumors, and a small fraction of oropharyngeal cancers. Around the world, HPV is responsible for 5.2% of all cancers, according to ICO data, although this percentage is much lower in developed countries, where it contributes to 2.2% of all cancers. Each year 530,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed around the world, half of which cannot be cured. In Spain, there are roughly 2,000 new cases of cervical cancer and some 700 deaths. This tumor is the fifth most prevalent in Europe (after breast, colorectal, lung and endometrial cancers) and the second most common in women aged 15 to 44.
Two preventative vaccines have been available for years now: a tetravalent vaccine (protecting against viral strains 6, 11, 16 and 18), and a bivalent vaccine (against strains 16 and 18). Nearly 70% of all cervical cancers are caused by these two subtypes of HPV.
After 100 million doses, the vaccine is becoming standardized and meeting efficacy and safety requirements. According to the experts, so far most adverse effects associated with the vaccine have no causal relationship.
Phase III trials are currently being carried out on second-generation vaccines, which protect against 90% of all HPV strains that could cause cervical cancer. These vaccines are also expected to protect against a significant percentage of vulva, vagina, anal and oropharyngeal cancers, as well as genital warts.
So far, the target public for this vaccine has been women, but men also carry and transmit this virus and can suffer its effects in anal, penile and other types of cancers. Therefore, in recent years, scientists and healthcare experts have become increasingly interested in male vaccination. In some countries, like Australia and Austria, this has been accepted and is recommended by doctors.
The case of adult women is similar. Although the main target of this vaccine is young women that are not yet sexually active, it has been shown to be equally effective in women under 45. Australia, for example, covers the vaccine not only for adolescents but for all women under 26. Some 70% of all women chose to be vaccinated and in less than three years genital warts have practically disappeared.
Opinion articles, interviews and documents related to this scientific debate and its participants will be available soon in the B-Debateca area of the B·Debate website.
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Khuzdul is the fictional language of the Dwarves in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, written with Cirth script. It appears to be structured, like the Semitic languages, around triconsonantal roots: kh-z-d, b-n-d, z-g-l. Not much is known of the language, as the Dwarves kept it to themselves, except for their battle-cry: Baruk Khazād! Khazād ai-mźnu! meaning Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!
Among the languages of Middle-earth, Khuzdul is unique in belonging to a separate language phylum, not related to the languages of Elves. Nevertheless there are many similarities between Khuzdul and the native tongues of men, such as Taliska, the language of the first and third houses of the Edain. This is because in the early days of Middle-Earth, before men crossed the mountains into Beleriand, they had contact to the Dwarves of the Blue Mountains and further East. Taliska was the ancestor of Adūnaic, the tongue of Nśmenor and the direct ancestor of the Common Speech, and both languages still had Khuzdul influences.
The Dwarvish language sounds much like Hebrew, and indeed Tolkien noted some similarities between Dwarves and Jews: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" (Letters, 176). Another reason Hebrew was chosen as a basis for Khuzdul is that it is unlike any of the European languages, and thus sufficiently alien to western ears to show just how different the Dwarven speech was from the Elvish languages.
For The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, the linguist David Salo used what little is known of the Khuzdul to create enough of a language for use in the movies. This is usually referred to as neo-Khuzdul by Tolkienists.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details
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In Ireland’s West Cork county the number of measles cases rose from 51 to 64 during the month of June. In Great Britain measles rates are more than five times higher than last year - 496 cases reported since January this year compared with 90 for the same period last year. While the outbreaks in Merseyside and Wales appear to have come under control the spread of the virus disease in Sussex shows no signs of slowing. There have been 129 cases of measles in Brighton and Hove since January , with 15 adults among those affected. At least 95% of a population should be vaccinated to prevent an outbreak but in Brighton and Hove the number of under-fives who have had both doses is below 80%. Health officials believe the disease is being spread by families holidaying on the continent, particularly France, which is currently in the grip of a major epidemic. Across Europe in general there have so far been more than 11 000 cases this year.
Two vaccinations with the mumps-measles-rubella (MMR)vaccine are necessary to induce protective immunity and adults born before 1982 may not have had both. If in doubt, or if there is no clear history of having had the disease, vaccination before travel is strongly recommended.
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In 25 years after the American Civil War American railroad track miles more than doubled, changing the face of America forever. American railroads allowed products made in the East to be shipped to the expanding West less expensively than in previous years. This allowed for an economy of scale – larger, more efficient factories. The agricultural heartland of America was no longer confined to a market of single day’s trip by wagon. Railroad and railroad construction became one of the largest industries during that era. By 1881 one out of 32 people in the United States was either employed by a railroad or engaged in railroad construction.
Starting about 1877, two great railroad developers, William H. Vanderbilt and Jay Gould, began competing for the railroad traffic along the south shore of the Great Lakes. By 1878 William Vanderbilt had a monopoly on rail traffic between Buffalo, New York; Cleveland, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; and Chicago, because he owned the only railroad linking those cities – the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. In addition, he was the richest man in America at that time. By 1881 Jay Gould controlled about 15% of all U.S. railroad mileage, most of it west of the Mississippi River and he was considered the most ruthless financial operator in America. Gould’s major railroad east of the Mississippi River was the 335-mile (539 km) Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway (Wabash). The Wabash mainline ran from St. Louis, Missouri to Toledo, Ohio where it was forced to deliver its railroad traffic to William H. Vanderbilt’s Lake Shore Railroad for delivery to the eastern United States.
Jay Gould and William Vanderbilt together oversaw all east-west rail traffic in the mid-west. The Seney Syndicate, owners of a 350-mile (560 km) railroad, the Lake Erie and Western Railroad, were interested in tapping new sources of revenue. The stage was set for the creation of the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad.
The Seney Syndicate, headed by George I. Seney, met at Seney’s New York bank and organized the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway Company on 3 February 1881. The original proposal for the NYC&StL was a 340-mile (550 km) railroad west from Cleveland, Ohio to Chicago, Illinois with a 325-mile (525 km) branch to St. Louis, Missouri.
On April 13, 1881, the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway Company bought the Buffalo, Cleveland and Chicago Railway, a railroad that been surveyed from the west side of Cleveland, Ohio to Buffalo, New York running parallel to Vanderbilt’s Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway.
The idea of an east-west railroad across northern Ohio was very popular with the people of Ohio. They wanted to break the high freight rates charged by Jay Gould and William Henry Vanderbilt. No one was less popular in Ohio than William Vanderbilt since the December 29, 1876 collapse of Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway’s Ashtabula River trestle, where 64 people had been injured and 92 were killed or died later from injuries.
Another reason for the popularity of the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railway was the positive economic impact on cities that any new railroad went through at that time. During a newspaper war to attract the New York, Chicago and St. Louis the Norwalk, Ohio Chronicle Newspaper referred to the New York, Chicago and St. Louis as “… double-track nickel-plated railroad.” The New York, Chicago and St. Louis adopted the nickname and it became better known as the Nickel Plate Road.
It was decided to start building along the surveyed route between Cleveland, Ohio and Buffalo, New York rather than build the branch to St. Louis, Missouri. Five hundred days later the Nickel Plate’s 513-mile (825 km) single-track mainline from Buffalo, New York to Chicago was complete. The railroad was estimated to require 90,000 long tons (80,000 metric tons) of steel rails, each weighing sixty pounds per linear yard (30 kg/m) and 1.5 million oak crossties. Additionally, the railroad required forty-nine major bridges. It was characterized by long sections of straight track, mild grades and impressive bridges. The Nickel Plate ran its first trains over the entire system on October 16, 1882.
During construction, Vanderbilt and Gould had watched with great interest. If either of them could acquire the Nickel Plate, they could end the threat to their railroads. If the Nickel Plate remained independent it would be able to create a substantial dent in both entrepreneurs’ railroad earnings.
Vanderbilt tried to lower the value of the Nickel Plate by organizing a campaign to smear its reputation before a train ever ran on its tracks. If Vanderbilt was successful he could scare the Seney Syndicate into selling to him or drive the railroad company into bankruptcy. However, Vanderbilt’s plan came with two important risks. If he slandered the line he risked chasing the Seney Syndicate into an alliance with Gould. The other risk was that his plan to smear the Nickel Plate’s reputation might fail and it could quickly grow. Vanderbilt claimed the road was being built with substandard materials and it would use unsafe practices once completed. He succeeded in creating long-standing rumors about the line, but failed to devalue the company or scare the investors.
The cost of construction was higher than expected and the Seney Syndicate began to negotiate with Gould to purchase the railroad, but unlike Vanderbilt, Gould lacked the capital. Frustrated at the failing talks, Gould broke off negotiations and gave up on his attempt to break Vanderbilt.
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How to Build a Supercomputer Using LEGO and Raspberry Pi
When news of the Raspberry Pi first came out, hope bloomed in the hearts of real computer enthusiasts. When I say real, I mean those who actually do not mind getting their hands dirty digging into the guts of devices and doing mods here and there. Old school computer tinkering. Creativity and technology coming together in a beautiful blend.
If that didn’t make your jaw drop and your mind explode with possibilities, I don’t know what will!
This is not a joke or a whimsical story. It is for real, thanks to Simon Cox of Britain’s University of Southampton. Together with a team of engineers, Cox set out to showcase just how much potential the Raspberry Pi has. And to add even more fun to the mix, Cox threw in an irresistible element: LEGO.
A supercomputer made with LEGO and Raspberry Pi. It really sounds too good to be true, doesn’t?
His goal is simple enough: to make supercomputing accessible to hobbyists – kids of all ages, including his son who is only six years old. So how cool would it be to have a dad like him? I sure hope his son realizes this!
If you want to give building a LEGO and Raspberry Pi supercomputer a go, you can get instructions straight from Cox himself. You’ll need about 64 Raspberry Pis, some LEGO blocks (no color preference), power supplies, and some wires. Oh, of course, a little know-how.
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The Orion nebula is the closest region of large scale star formation to Earth sitting just 1340 light years from where you are reading this post.
The nebula is in the process of birthing the next generation of stars, with many still cocooned within the clouds from which they are forming, from peering eyes. Well that’s in the visible spectrum at least. Using infra red observations we can looks through the obsuring dust as if it isn’t there at all.
This is exactly what astronomers using the Sptizer and Hershel Space telescopes have done to produce this gorgeous image:
The rainbow effect is due to the combination of different sets of observations through different filters. by combining the individual images the compound image can reveal the nebula in stunning detail with each colour displaying a different wavelength of I-R radiation. Using two telescopes also has advantages, as Sptizer is designed to observe at shorter wavelengths than Hershel and so by combining the two sets of data astronomers can get a more complete view of what is going on.
In this case the data revealed something very unusual indeed. Several of the young protostars have been flickering wildly, with their brightness fluctuating by as much as 20% in just a few weeks. Based on the cool temperatures of the material involved, the fluctuations had to occur far from the hot regions near the growing star, but such material should be far enough away from the star to spend years or even centuries in a slow decaying orbit before accreating onto the star’s surface.
Currently the explanation for how such a process could be so drastically accelerated is still up for debate though there are several suggestions. The other material may not be evenly distributed around the star, with some regions being more densely occupied than others. That may allow some of the denser clumps or filaments to collide with an inner, warmer shell of material causing the flare ups. It could also be caused by material piling up at the edge of the inner disk and so casting a shadow on the outer disk.
- The Worlds with Two Suns | The Young Astronomers on Binary Stars Blitzed – Updated
- Ed.A on Image of the Week – A Peculiar Pencil – 18/09/2012
- Saint on SS 433 – A Magnificent Microquasar
- SS 433 – A Magnificent Microquasar » The Young Astronomers on Binary Stars Blitzed – Updated
- John Fairweather on A Star’s Death Giving Life to a Monster – Recovered
- New Post from @Lightbulb500 - The Worlds With Two Suns - bit.ly/RUQKuk 7 months ago
- We will also be posting about our plans for the next while both here, on the blog and our Facebook page - on.fb.me/RUQCuA 7 months ago
- Sorry for the long delay in posts, we have all been very busy. We will hopefully have a more regular post program shortly. 7 months ago
- Our latest Image of the Week highlights the star cluster NGC 1929 and the surrounding nebula N44 - bit.ly/QbkwY6 - by @Lightbulb500 8 months ago
- New post by @Lightbulb500 - How to Understand Spectra – Part 2 - bit.ly/NveYoX 8 months ago
TagsAGN Astronomy Astrophysics Big Bang Black Holes Cassini Chandra Curiosity Emission Nebulae ESA ESO Exoplanets Galaxies Gravity High Mass Stars HST Hubble Hubble Space Telescope Image of the Week Infra-red IOTW ISS Kepler Life LMC Mars NASA Nebula Nebulae Planets Russia Saturn Solar System Spacecraft Spitzer Starbirth Star death Star Formation Stars Star Sailor Podcast Supernova Supernovae VLT WISE Young Astronomers
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] | 1 |
ever there was a poet within whose works one could count on finding examples
of the poet’s self it certainly would be Sylvia Plath.
Because almost all of her poetry is an unashamedly open window on her
life and feelings, almost all who have critiqued her work have labeled her a
confessional poet. Because her
life is so integral to her poetry, knowledge of her life is important toward
the understanding of her use of words and images.
“Few poets demand that we know as much about their lives as Sylvia
Plath does. Her intensely
personal poetry was often rooted in everyday experiences, the knowledge of
which can often open obscure references on cryptic images to fuller meaning
for the reader.” (Magill, 2593)
Birthday Present was the
first of about thirty poems written in September of 1962; about six months
before she committed suicide. I
believe it is important to realize that this was a very prolific month in her
life, and that the poetry written during this time may have been a result of
her definite decision to take her life. “With
her perfectionism and her ruthless zeal to excel in every activity, Sylvia had
always put herself under the greatest possible pressure.
When she was lashing herself forward, the idea of suicide could work as
an extra goad.” (Hayman, 132)
seems a very plausible explanation for such a effusion of poetry in one
month’s time. Thus, the first
of this flow of poems may have been both the result and the cause of her
suicide. The result of her
suicide in that she had mastered her will, so to speak, and made the decision
to kill herself. Though she had
not yet committed suicide, the fact that she was able to make up her mind must
have given her the “pressure” she needed to “goad” her into writing so
abundantly. When the pressure was
gone, when she could say no more, this frenzy of poetry could be construed as
that which ultimately caused her suicide.
writing A Birthday Present first during this month it is as though
Plath was attempting to convince herself that this was the best thing she
could do for herself. By putting it down in writing she was able to release the
gush of poetry that followed. Up
to now the veil that hides what is beyond death has caused some turmoil.
Even though she had attempted suicide about ten years previous, she had
in many ways found aspects of life that seemed to try to keep her on this side
of the veil. But now the decision
has been made. There is no more
struggle. It doesn’t matter if
what is behind the veil is “ugly” or “beautiful,” It doesn’t matter
whether it is rough or smooth. She
somehow knows that, “...it is unique, I am sure it is just what I want.”
mocks herself a little bit in the following lines, as though she is deriding
herself for looking for pleasure and completeness in trying to be the perfect
wife, mother, and daughter. She
sees that death has been there all along just waiting for her to make this
decision. While death waits it
watches her and thinks what a joke she has made of her life by pursuing this
I am quiet at my cooking I feel it looking, I feel it thinking
the flour, cutting off the surplus,
this the one for the annunciation?
is the one who has worn herself out trying to be perfect, thus the black
eye-pits. She is the one who has
been scarred because her life was literally spent out in doing what was
expected of women. “A woman who
went to college between 1945 and 1960, [Betty] Friedan concludes, ‘could
hardly avoid learning ‘...not to get interested, seriously interested in
anything besides getting married and having children, if she wanted to be
normal, happy, adjusted, feminine.” (Bennett, 102)
is what Sylvia Plath tried to do, but somehow knew she could not, and would
never be able to do. “Like most
women in the 1950s,...Sylvia Plath appears to have accepted the basic
assumptions of this doctrine or ideology even though she knew that in many
respects they ran counter to the springs of her own nature.”
(Bennett, 103) By
dedicating herself to committing suicide she freed herself from this
principle; this need to adhere “...to rules, to rules, to rules.”
she is free to look at the veil and not really be concerned about what it
conceals. She does “...not mind
if it was bones, or a pearl button.” All
that she sees now is the fact that what ever is behind that veil “wants”
her. If the birthday present is
the freedom to express herself so prolifically in poetry, she does not care if
it is a great number of poems, or just a few.
In her mind she is living on borrowed time anyway.
She now sees that any inspiration given her since her last attempt at
suicide is a gift far greater than she wanted anyway.
do not want much of a present, anyway, this year.
would have killed myself gladly that time any possible way.”
this poem can be seen as the gateway to Plath’s determination to kill
herself, we can also see in it her struggles to let go of those things that
keep her from suicide. “As the poem develops, the ‘mirrory variety’ of the
speaker’s existence becomes a tortuous self-consciousness, a self-watching
that makes every act compulsive.” (Bundtzen, 230) If suicide is an act of
killing one’s self then it is the self that needs to be convinced to give
that act. In Plath’s mind this
act is a gift to herself, and she must assure herself that giving it is the
right thing to do.
you not give it to me?
is as if she has two selves – a disembodied consciousness that thinks and
observes and a two-dimensional figure, a woman who performs her kitchen duties
like a robot.” (Bundtzen, 230)
One needs to convince the other that what is on the other side of the veil is
not something of which she needs to be afraid.
She does not want to make a big show of this suicide.
She does not want the act to hurt; either herself or others. She just wants to open the gift and go quietly.
will only take it and go aside quietly.
is hear that the poem seems to take a sudden turn.
It is as though the veils do not hide what is beyond death, but hide
what life has to offer; it seems to have hidden her potential. Veils that in
her mind keep her from realizing all that she could be.
“Not content with the stereotype of the victim, the poet
energetically celebrates her dissolution in these poems.
She begins in stark terror, realizing how much of her identity has been
jeopardized.” (Broe, 136)
To others it may have seemed transparent. But to her they are like “clouds...[of] carbon
monoxide,” and she was slowly killing herself anyway by breathing in these
clouds and “[f]illing [her] veins” with the poison.
“Sylvia Plath’s sense of entrapment, her sense that her choices are
profoundly limited, is directly connected to her particular time and place in
which she wrote her poetry. Betty
Friedan describes the late fifties and early sixties for American women as a
‘comfortable concentration camp’ -- physically luxurious, mentally
oppressive and impoverished.’” (Davison,
131) As part of convincing
herself that suicide is good, she has proven to herself that she was killing
herself anyway, so why not do it all at once.
it impossible for you to let something go and have it whole?
you kill what you can?
allowing all these veils to take her life from her a piece at a time she was
allowing herself to be bruised by each act.
Only she can give herself the gift of death in one whole piece.
Only then would each veil be lowered and death most likely revealed.
But that would be the present. All
the cares forced onto her by society and her own experiences would “slide”
away giving her a kind of rebirth, thus making the gift of suicide a kind of
birth day present.
passage of time has made it more apparent that Sylvia’s suicide was no
irrelevant accident. Though she
repeatedly used the imagery of death and rebirth, we can’t infer that she
had some crazy belief that she could survive suicide.
The right question is whether the literary flirtation with death could
– by serving as a safety valve – have saved her life.” (Hayman, 130)
these poems were written I do not think they were serving as a safety valve.
I rather think they were the direct result of her decision to take her
own life. It was no longer a
question of do or do not; rather, it was now a question of when, where, and how.
A Birthday Present was her way of saying to herself that she alone
would have to make the decision to kill herself.
And she used the poem to convince herself that she was allowing herself
to be killed little by little anyway. Why
not do it all at once, making it “pure and clean as the cry of a baby,”
because to allow herself to be killed by pieces would mean that once the present
of death did come she would be, “to numb to use it.”
My Life A Loaded Gun, Female Creativity and Feminist Poetics.
Boston: Beacon Press, 1986.
Broe, Mary Lynn.
Protean Poetic, The Poetry of Sylvia Plath.
Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1980.
Bundtzen, Lynda K.
Plath’s Incarnations, Women and the Creative Process.
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1983.
“The Self in the World: The Social Contact of Sylvia Plath’s Late
Poems.” Critical Essays on
Sylvia Plath. Ed. Linda W.
Wagner. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1984. 130-139.
The Death and Life of Sylvia Plath.
New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1991.
MaGill, Frank N., ed. Critical Survey of Poetry English Language Series. Revised Edition. Vol. 5. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1992. 2592-2603.
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Faith and morals [change]
Catholics should follow the example of love Jesus Christ both teaches and gives: to love each other so much that one is even willing to die for another.
The Pope [change]
The leader of the Roman Catholic Church is called the Pope, which literally means "father." Catholics say Jesus Christ established the Catholic Church, and appointed the first Pope, a person named Saint Peter, to lead all Christians.
In addition to the Roman Catholic Church, the Pope also leads the Eastern Catholic churches. Together with the Roman Catholic Church, they are known as the Catholic Church.
Catholics believe that some of the official statements that the Pope makes about faith and morals of their religion are true and cannot be proved incorrect, an idea called infallibility. Infallibility only occurs when the Pope speaks "Ex Cathedra" which is Latin for "From the chair."
Worship practices [change]
Their main form of worship is called the Mass. It is celebrated every day. Catholics are required to attend on Sunday and on a few Holy Days of obligation. In the United States, the Holy Days of Obligation are: Mary, Mother of God (January 1), The Assumption of Mary (August 15), The Immaculate Conception (of Mary) (December 8), The Ascension of Jesus (40 days after Easter), Christmas (December 25) and All Saints Day (November 1). These can be remembered by the following phrase: 3 for Mary, 2 for Jesus and 1 for all the saints.
While these are all practices of Roman Catholics, other Christian churches also use many or all of these same practices.
Catholics put more emphasis on the Virgin Mary (Jesus's mother) than many other Christians, calling her the "Mother of God," "The Queen of Heaven," and praying to her regularly, as "Mediatrix of graces" at a level higher than other saints.
The Catholic Church celebrates seven sacraments. A sacrament is "an outward sign instituted (started) by Christ to give grace" (a supernatural gift of God that someone did nothing to deserve).
The seven sacraments are: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony (marriage). The Holy Eucharist is the most important of the sacraments, because Catholics believe that Jesus Christ becomes truly present in the form of bread and wine. This happens through transubstantiation which takes place in the Mass.
Catholics interpret the Bible (God-given book) according to Tradition. Tradition is the transmission of the early church's life and teaching, as especially recorded in the writings of the Fathers of the Church who lived in the first centuries. At that time the holy books where accepted in the Bible, which is the collection of the books considered revealed.
A basic rule for Catholics is that "Truth cannot contradict truth". They translate the Bible with this in mind. No interpretation can be accepted if it contradicts another revealed truth.
Nicene Creed [change]
"We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, one in being with the Father. Through Him all things were made. For us men and our salvation He came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit, He was born of the Virgin Mary, and became man. For our sake He was crucified under Pontius Pilate; He suffered, died, and was buried. On the third day He rose again in fulfilment of the scriptures: He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son, He is worshipped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. " Nicene Creed, Catholic Prayers
Eastern Orthodox and Protestant people believe many of the same things. They sometime disagree on the role of Mary (the mother of Jesus) and other saints, on what a priest can do, and on how exactly God should be worshipped, among other things.
Other pages [change]
Other websites [change]
|
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http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
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en
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Using a cluster of the same processors that normally show up in netbooks and similar mobile devices, researchers have created a powerful server architecture that draws less power than a lightbulb.
The architecture, dubbed a “fast array of wimpy nodes,” or FAWN, offers a way to decrease by an order of magnitude the amount of power used by the computational infrastructure of Internet giants like Google, Microsoft, Amazon, eBay, Facebook, and others. If the predictions of its inventors are borne out, it could have a significant impact on both the bottom line and the environmental impact of cloud computing.
Power now accounts for up to 50 percent of the cost of operating data centers, and in the United States, its cost per kilowatt-hour is increasing. Even relative newcomers like Facebook use up to $1 million a month in electricity, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) projects that by 2011, data centers in the United States could use up to 100 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, for a total annual cost of $7.4 billion, with an estimated emissions impact of 59 million metric tons of CO².
FAWN, which is described in an as-yet-unpublished paper by David Andersen and his team at Carnegie Mellon University, tackles this problem with a combination of relatively slow processors (the kind used in netbooks and other mobile devices) and flash memory (the kind that stores data in digital cameras and USB drives). The somewhat counterintuitive result is an architecture whose performance per watt of energy is a hundred times better than that of traditional servers, which use faster (but much more energy-hungry) processors and disk-based storage.
The exceptional performance of FAWN is limited to certain kinds of problems–random access of small bits of information–but this kind of input/output-intensive task is exactly what strains the existing infrastructure of Web companies like Facebook.
“When you go to Facebook.com, the home page has hundreds of individual data elements on it, which get translated into hundreds of internal lookups,” says Andersen. Requests for those hundreds of elements, which include friends’ updates, the number of messages in an inbox, and more, are handed off to a specialized piece of software, called memcached, that stores relevant data in RAM. Memcached prevents Facebook’s disk-based databases from being overwhelmed by a fire hose of millions of simultaneous requests for small chunks of information. Amazon, which has more or less the same problem as Facebook with its shopping cart and custom recommendations, uses a similar piece of custom-built software, called Dynamo, to perform nearly the same function.
One way that FAWN replaces software like memcached and Dynamo is by conquering what computer scientists call the memory wall, which is the huge disparity between the rate at which disk-based storage can feed data to a CPU and the rate at which a CPU, which is much faster, can chew through that data. (Andersen points out that modern CPUs use an enormous number of transistors trying to guess what data to expect, fetching data in advance or caching it in memory to make sure that the chip always has a steady supply of bits to process.)
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Geography at Norwell
The geography department at Norwell offers a selection of courses at the academic, applied and essential levels that will help students broaden their knowledge base of world affairs and current events, while effectively promoting research and communication skills.
All students take the Geography of Canada course in grade 9. This introductory course to high school geography provides a comprehensive look at both physical and human aspects of Canada. Students will be introduced to various geotechnologies throughout the course and have the opportunity to participate in field trip activities.
At the senior level, Norwell currently offers 4 distinct courses which may appeal to students with a wide variety of interests and future goals. Optional courses include Natural Disasters (Physical Geography) and Travel and Tourism in grade 11, and World Issues and Environmental Geography in grade 12.
Many Norwell graduates have recently pursued post-secondary education in the areas of geography and the environment and our geography teachers take great pride in providing dynamic lessons and enjoyable courses.
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The Fathers Are Coming Home by Margaret Wise Brown
September 11, 2011 in Creative Writing activities, Elementary Educators, Personal Connections, Picture Book, Preschool to 1st grade teachers, Shared Writing Tags: picture books about family, picture books for preschoolers
First I would like to announce my winner of the Mari L. McCarthy’s e-book on journaling. It is KATE! From Kate’s comment, I can tell she is a journaler (is that a word?), and so I am very happy she won the book! Good luck to both Kate and Mari.
Second, my little one has her first cold. UGH! I realize this is no big deal, but I am a worry-wart parent; and I just feel sorry for the little thing trying to breathe through her nose and then through her mouth. I know how crappy I feel when I have a cold, and so I can only imagine poor Katie. But anyway, my post is short and sweet because I have been up with her tonight. Then our kitchen sink is leaking, from underneath!!!!!, and so I was trying to help my husband with that. All of these excuses. . . Anywho on to the book. . .
I chose to write about The Fathers are Coming Home to keep with my father theme from last week and Bob Shea’s Oh, Daddy!. Katie received this Margaret Wise Brown book as a gift, and she loves it. It is so simple (maybe too simple for some, but that’s why younger children may love it) with wonderful illustrations by Stephen Savage. It celebrates a father’s love–a human father, a bunny father, a fish father, and so on.
So, what do I do with this book?
1. If you are in a classroom, a book like this can be difficult for some students if they live with their mothers only or if their fathers are deceased. I like how Brown brings in the animal fathers, too; and so if you have students like this, you can focus more on the animals when you discuss the book than on the human father in the book. If you don’t have anyone in your class who might be upset with this book, you can always do a shared writing activity, such as: With my dad, I like to _______________________________.
2. What other animal fathers do children know about? Could they write a page or two (as a class) adding some more animal fathers to the book? Study the pages about animals, and how Margaret Wise Brown included them in the story. Then, write a page or two about a new animal.
3. I saw one mom on Amazon.com talk about how her child likes to count the kids in each illustration as all the fathers have different amounts of children. So, you can do a math type activity here, too. Once you count the children, you can ask questions: “Who has the most?” “HOw many more does _____ have than _____?” and so on.
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The arid plains fringing Australia's desert centre are more suited to camels than blooms of coral but here, hundreds of miles from the coast, a piece of the Great Barrier Reef has been put on ice.
Suspended in a liquid nitrogen chamber of minus-196 degrees Celsius (-320 Fahrenheit), the 70 billion sperm and 22 billion coral embryos are part of an ambitious Australian-first project to preserve and perhaps one day regenerate the world-famous reef.
"We know the Great Barrier Reef is in deep, deep trouble because of a number of different things -- global threats including climate change and acidification of waters as well as the warming of waters," said the project's director, Rebecca Spindler.
"We will never have as much genetic diversity again as we do right now on the reef, this is our last opportunity to save as much as we possibly can."
Spindler's team is working with Hawaii-based Mary Hagedorn from the Smithsonian Institute to collect and freeze samples from the World Heritage-listed reef, a sprawling and vivid natural wonder visible from space.
In order to maximise the amount of reproductive cells -- gametes -- collected the team cut away sections of the reef and took them back to land-based tanks to spawn, an event that only occurs for three days a year.
Experts from the Australian Institute of Marine Science, a major partner in the research, then tagged the reef sections and returned them to Orpheus Island, literally gluing them back to their original sites.
They plan to build up a catalogue of coral species as insurance against increasing bleaching linked to ocean warming and acidification and threats including chemical run-off, dredging and damage from cyclones and floods.
Eventually Spindler hopes to grow in-vitro reefs which can be used to reseed wild populations -- something she is "confident" will be possible in a few years time.
Experts at Dubbo's Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Australia's top wildlife reproductive lab, keep the frozen reef ticking over with regular liquid nitrogen top-ups while they explore optimal conditions for reviving and mating the coral.
Some 400 kilometres (248 miles) inland from the coast and far closer to desert than ocean, Dubbo seems an unlikely location for marine research.
Giraffes, rhinos and elephants roam the 300-hectare (740-acre) zoo and the lab, which backs onto a mating enclosure for the endangered Tasmanian devil, is a hive of hormonal experiments using animal droppings and urine.
Spermologist Nana Satake did her doctorate in pig reproduction and usually works with African and native animals, but she sees the Reef Recovery Project as an exciting challenge.
"The Great Barrier Reef is really a bit of an enigma -- there's very little (research been) done on coral reef production from (its) coral species," Satake said, describing it as the "rainforest of the ocean".
"Coral is one of the most unique species of the world, really of any organism, because they actually have all types of reproduction -- they can reproduce asexually and sexually."
Once more had been learned from this initial round of samples, taken from two foundational types of coral, Satake said work could be done on more endangered species "which the Great Barrier Reef has quite a few of".
Spindler said Australia's corals had so far dodged the kind of damage from climate change, disease and human impacts seen in the world's other reefs but described the next few years as critical, with some species already feared lost.
"We've had a little bit (of damage), but really just a taste, and I think the next five years are going to be incredibly important in terms of maintaining the health of the reef and capturing as much of that genetic diversity as we possibly can," she said.
Any loss of the reef -- worth some Aus$6 billion in tourism annually -- would be devastating, and not only to the one-third of all marine species that occupy a reef at some point in their lives, she added.
"We also know they provide, just physically, structures (that) keep wave action down and stop areas from being impacted by tidal waves," said Spindler.
"Ecologically, economically and socially we can't lose these reefs, we just can't."
Explore further: Source of life running out: water scientists
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Thursday, April 19, 2012 - 11:31 in Health & Medicine
Daily physical activity may reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline, even in people over the age of 80, according to a new study.
- Some exercise is better than none; more is better to reduce heart disease riskMon, 1 Aug 2011, 17:04:21 EDT
- Mediterranean diet, physical activity linked with lower risk of Alzheimer diseaseTue, 11 Aug 2009, 16:40:24 EDT
- Teenage physical activity reduces risk of cognitive impairment in later lifeWed, 30 Jun 2010, 0:29:05 EDT
- Depression treatment, increased physical activity in African-Americans may reduce heart diseaseTue, 10 Mar 2009, 16:31:23 EDT
- Study shows importance of exercise for those at special risk for Alzheimer'sThu, 18 Nov 2010, 16:13:57 EST
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Pub. date: 2009 | Online Pub. Date: December 16, 2009 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412972048 | Print ISBN: 9780761929574 | Online ISBN: 9781412972048| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Social Movements and Journalism
Social movements have relied heavily on news media not only to publicize their missions and goals but to create positive attitudes and opinions from the public. However, mainstream news media have often portrayed social movements as marginal or even deviant groups. As information and communication technologies (ICTs) develop, the relationship between journalism and social movements become more complex than ever before. The Internet age has empowered social movements to frame issues and publicize their activities without relying on major news media. Furthermore, the Internet has allowed ordinary citizens to report on movement-related issues through blogs, electronic bulletin boards, and online discussion forums using text, audio, and video formats. This ability of citizens to easily transmit and receive news and information without the media filter has transformed the relationship between journalism and social movements. Inasmuch as social pressure groups seek to mobilize people who support their objectives and build networks among ...
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A part of the vast Central Lowlands of North America, the Osage Plains incorporate western Missouri, southeastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and north-central Texas. The area is sometimes called the Lower Plains, North Central Plains, and the Rolling Plains. In Oklahoma the Osage Plains is divided into subregions, broad bands that stretch north-south from Kansas to Texas. The west-central subregion, lying generally west of Interstate 35, is the Red Bed Plains. West of this, in western Oklahoma, is the subregion called the Gypsum Hills (often combined with the Red Bed Plains into a larger area called the Western Red Prairies). Lying generally east of Interstate 35 is the Flint Hills/Sandstone Hills subregion. To the east of that, the Eastern Lowlands region is often included in the Osage Plains.
The topography of the Osage Plains began forming during the Cretaceous Period when an epeiric (shallow continental) sea covered the region, depositing carbonate rocks. Pulses of siliciclastic rocks were laid down due to tectonic activity to the south. More sediments washed into the region from the Rocky Mountains during the Tertiary. Soils are Pennsylvanian-age mollisols, alfisols, usfosols, and inceptisols. Tectonic activity played little role since the Cretaceous, and the region remained one of relatively flat plains to gently rolling hills. The average relief is between three hundred and five hundred feet. Oklahoma's three main river systems, the Salt Fork of the Arkansas, the Canadian, and the Red, traverse the broad region, flowing generally from west to east as the elevation of the plains gently declines in that direction.
The Osage Plains lie within the Prairie Parkland (Temperate) ecological province. Winters are cold, and summers are hot. The mean annual temperature is 60° F. This provides an average 235-day growing season. Natural vegetation varies across the Osage Plains. The overall aspect is one of tallgrass prairie that grades into savannah, woodlands, and mixed grasses. A broad band of the Cross Timbers extends as far west as Seiling, as far east as the Ozark Plateau, and from Kansas to Texas. Native grasses grow over the region's rolling hills and plains. Tallgrasses were the area's predominant vegetation until the late nineteenth century, when white settlers began clearing land for agriculture and wood. Among the tallgrasses that survived the settlement era include big bluestem (Andropogen gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). These grasses can still be observed at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Osage County, Oklahoma. Early territorial farmers introduced the Osage orange tree (also known as bois d'arc), named for the Osage people, into the Osage Plains as a living fence. The living fence was accomplished by planting many young trees in a line and pruning for thick, bushy growth. After barbed wire was introduced, the Osage orange primarily served as fence posts.
Pre-dating the first European settlers in the Osage Plains were American Indians. Tribes such as the Kaw, Omaha, Quapaw, Ponca, Kiowa, Comanche, and Osage lived in the territory. Many Osage migrated from Missouri around 1802, when the tribe split into factions. A large group followed Cashesgra, or "Big Track," relocating along the Three Forks area, where the Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers merged, in present Oklahoma. On July 15, 1870, the U.S. government moved the tribe to present Osage County. In the twentieth century the Osage Nation acquired wealth from oil and gas extraction.
The Osage Plains lay in both Indian Territory (eastern Oklahoma) and Oklahoma Territory (western Oklahoma). After land openings and tribal land allotment took place, by the beginning of the twenty-first century towns and cities dotted the Osage Plains. Farming, ranching, and petroleum production have been the dominant economic activities. However, in some domains there are vegetation and wildlife reserves. Among the wildlife protected in these reserves are birds, including the prairie chicken, and bison. The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Osage County protects the remaining regional tallgrasses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: James M. Goodman, "Physical Environments of Oklahoma," in Geography of Oklahoma, ed. John W. Morris (Oklahoma City, Okla.: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1977). Kenneth S. Johnson, "Mountains, Streams, and Lakes of Oklahoma," Oklahoma Geological Survey Informational Series No. 1 (Norman: Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1998). Kenneth S. Johnson, et al., Geology and Earth Resources of Oklahoma: An Atlas of Maps and Cross Sections (Norman: Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1972). John W. Morris, Oklahoma Geography (Oklahoma City-Chattanooga: Harlow Publishing Corporation, 1954). John W. Morris, Charles R. Goins, and Edwin C. McReynolds, Historical Atlas of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986).
Melanie L. McPhail and Richard A. Marston
© Oklahoma Historical Society
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The definition of cyber-bullying is "when the Internet, cell phones or other devices are used to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person." StopCyberbullying.org, an expert organisation dedicated to Internet safety, security and privacy, defines cyber-bullying as: "a situation when a child, tween or teen is repeatedly 'tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted' by another child or teenager using text messaging, email, instant messaging or any other type of digital technology." Other researchers use similar language to describe the phenomenon.
Cyber-bullying can be as simple as continuing to send e-mail to someone who has said they want no further contact with the sender, but it may also include threats, sexual remarks, pejorative labels (i.e., hate speech), ganging up on victims by making them the subject of ridicule in forums, and posting false statements as fact aimed at humiliation.
Cyber-bullies may disclose victims' personal data (e.g. real name, address, or workplace/schools) at websites or forums or may pose as the identity of a victim for the purpose of publishing material in their name that defames or ridicules them. Some cyber-bullies may also send threatening and harassing emails and instant messages to the victims, while other post rumors or gossip and instigate others to dislike and gang up on the target.
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] | 15 |
The Aim of the Rehabilitating Blue Carbon Habitats (RBCH Programme) is to showcase and demonstrate a range of interlinked social, economic and environmental benefits associated with rehabilitating and effectively conserving Blue Carbon habitats.
- To research, develop and apply innovative tools and protocols for measuring, reporting and verifying project derived carbon storage and sequestration addtionality in mangrove and seagrass habitats.
- To conserve, sustainably manage and ecologically rehabilitate mangrove forest.
- To generate Blue Carbon Credits at project Demonstration Sites through mangrove ecological rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management to be traded within emerging carbon markets.
Payments for (non-carbon) Ecosystem Services:
- To develop tools and externally verifiable economic units for measuring, verifying and reporting project derived addtionality in selected ecosystem services and biodiversity.
- To demonstrate the potential market values and viability of such benefits within voluntary, market-based PES trading mechanisms via measuring, reporting and verifying project derived addtionality (Source: UNEP et al. 2011).
Location: Indonesia, Australia
Project type: Demonstration Project
Area: 56,400 hectares combined
- Mangrove Action Project (MAP)
- Operation Wallacea
- RIEL Institute, Charles Darwin University
- Alfred Wegner Institute (AWI)
UNEP et al. (2011): UNEP et al. (2011): Concept Proposal. Rehabilitating Blue Carbon Habitats to Facilitate Sustainable Socioeconomic Development and Enhance Environmental Values Applied Research Programme.
|
<urn:uuid:83c13add-56a1-4f53-9907-719bbe0ca936>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://bluecarbonportal.org/?dt_portfolio=rehabilitating-blue-carbon-habitats-to-facilitate-sustainable-socioeconomic-development-and-enhance-environmental-values-research-programme-rbch-programme
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704133142/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113533-00088-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.809919 | 318 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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Scientists are developing a method of treating wood with fungus, so that violin-makers could use it to build Stradivarius-quality instruments
Earlier this week, we brought you the story of a radiologist and two violin-makers, who used computed tomography (CT) imaging to create a copy of a 1704 Stradivarius violin. The instrument that they produced was almost an exact replica of the original, as far as the shape, thickness and volume of its wooden parts was concerned. As one of our readers pointed out, however, much of the tonal quality of Stradivari's instruments was likely due to the microstructure and resonance characteristics of the wood of which they were made, caused by the growing conditions at the time. Well, it turns out that someone is working on reproducing that aspect of the violins, too.
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1. Expect Him to “Pull His Own Weight.”
Boys raised on a farm grow up working. There’s an expectation of pulling their own weight, not just funding Friday night escapades.
Bob, a third-generation farmer, fondly reminisced that, although he realized he was a special case, he began learning to farm at the ripe old age of four. He went on to explain that his father was missing a hand. Somewhere between toddler and boy, he became his father’s right-hand man — literally.
On a neighboring farm, an old man sat at the kitchen table to describe his childhood. “Early mornings.” he said. “I was expected to milk the cow before going to school each day, and then again when I got home.”
Not only did he milk his family’s cow, but also his grandparents’ as well.
“Looking back,” he said, “like most boys of that time, I learned a great many other things working beside my father on a daily basis.”
One thing all farm boys learn early is to “just do it.” I don’t mean play basketball in Nikes — I mean work. Just do it because it is expected. Just do it because it’s needed. Just do it because it must be done. They did it for their families.
Although the culture of the American family farm is fading as fast as the crumbling barns that dot the countryside, their spirit and wisdom don’t have to die with them.
As I spoke with different old men, the same recurring theme underscored each memory: in expecting a boy to “pull his own weight,” he gains more than he gives.
The point to take away here is not that we should return to the era of child labor in the Industrial Revolution, or put children in dangerous farm machinery, or even force them to work in fields.
Rather, that fathers work side-by-side with their sons. It’s a father’s expectation that a boy can be more than he is that brings out the man in the boy.
John Eldredge wrote in Wild at Heart that every boy longs to know whether he has what it takes to become a man.
[T]he question every boy and man is longing to ask. Do I have what it takes? Am I powerful? Until a man knows he is a man, he will be forever trying to prove he is one.
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To Your Health
March, 2013 (Vol. 07, Issue 03)
Less Stress, Healthier Heart
By Editorial Staff
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S., and research suggests it's no coincidence that the average American suffers from high levels of daily and long-term stress. While the precise connection between the two isn't clear, we do know that stress encourages the release of cortisol – the so-called "stress hormone." In a 2010 study, subjects with high cortisol levels had a fivefold increase in cardiovascular-related death (heart attack, stroke or other cardiovascular causes) compared to subjects with lower cortisol levels.
But hormones aren't the only potential connection between stress and heart disease. Stress, whether acute or chronic, can make you more likely to engage in a wide variety of heart-unhealthy behaviors, including poor diet / overeating, poor sleep, lack of exercise, and even alcohol / drug abuse.
In short, more stress equals a less healthy heart. Fortunately, there are easy ways to mitigate stress when it forces its way into your life. Here are three strategies to keep stress at bay and improve your heart health in the process.
- Interval Living: In exercise, interval training refers to training that involves bursts of speed or extra effort at set intervals; for example, 10 minutes of easy running interspersed with several 30-second sprints along the way. Interval living takes this principal and applies it to your hectic life ... sort of. In this case, the intervals are actually the reverse of training intervals; they're periodic breaks in your busy routine. Stress builds up when we feel overwhelmed, so committing to set breaks – even for five minutes at a time – in your day is a great way to let off steam and keep stress from accumulating. Get away from your desk, take a walk, give the kids something to do or read a good book; you'll be amazed by the results.
LOL: Stress relief is often a phone call away, or in this day and age, a text, tweet or Facebook posting away. When your day's going south and stress is piling up, contact a friend or loved one and talk about anything except what's got you stressed. There's plenty of time to vent about your bad job, unruly kids or unmanageable home later (another great way to reduce stress); but for now, the goal is simple: laugh. Tell a joke, make up a funny story or talk about something you found humorous on TV the night before. Why? Because laughter has been shown to reduce cortisol levels, among other benefits.
- Lunch Date: While stress can lead to binge eating, consuming the right foods in moments of stress can actually have a therapeutic effect. For example, studies suggest that irritability and poor mood are linked to potassium deficiencies, while low serotonin levels are associated with fear and avoidance – both characteristics of stress. The nutritional solution? Try baked potatoes, lima beans and avocado to up your potassium levels, and bananas, oranges and turkey to ensure adequate intake of tryptophan, which the body converts to serotonin. Great foods to improve your overall health and reduce stress at the same time.
Your doctor can give you more information about the health dangers of stress and provide tips on how to reduce stress before it does real damage.
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|WIT's World Ecology Report - Vol. 04, No. 6 - The Digest of Critical Environmental Information (WIT, 1992, 12 pages)|
Many scientists believe our future shows rising temperatures and sea levels, spreading deserts and shrinking forests. Most popular coverage of global warming (including that of WIT's World Ecology Report) treats global warming as a present and future reality; one caused, in the main, by rapidly accelerating emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2).
A recent national Gallup survey of 400 atmospheric, climate and oceanographic scientists in the U.S. showed that while 60 percent of these scientists believed that average global temperatures have risen over the past century, fewer than one in five believe it was caused by humans.
There are, in fact, some scientists who believe that the CO2 build-up could be a real boom to plant life.
Certain research suggests that CO2 stimulates the growth of plants and crops. The Western Fuel Association, for example, has produced a half-hour video which makes a case that higher levels of CO2 will lead to higher crop yields, more forests, less water usage by plants and greater resistance to flooding. And, in fact, some studies have shown 60 percent increases in cotton yields and 200 percent increases in wheat yields in areas with high levels of CO2 emissions.
In what is an area of scientific research that is enormously complicated, the only certainty is that the issues relating to the causes and likely effects of CO2 build-up will continue to be hotly debated.
For a provocative and comprehensive analysis of the ongoing debate we refer our readers to Investors Business Daily (June 3, 1992) which contains a front page feature on the issue.
SOURCE: Investors Business Daily, June 3,
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Our Way/NJCD is proud to offer a power point presentation of Megillat Esther for the deaf and hard of hearing. Developed in Canada by Frank Ducheony of Our Way Montreal, this program is designed to enable the deaf and hard of hearing to follow the Megillah reading and participate in the holiday of Purim.
Here’s how it works: Simply put the disc into the drive in your computer and the program will pop up on the desk top. It can be projected to the front of the synagogue and a hearing person follows along with the Chazzan using the mouse of the computer. Every time the name of Haman is read, the word is clicked and a visual graphic comes up to represent “stamping out the name of Haman”.
This is a fun and engaging program which can be used not only for individuals with hearing loss, but is also useful for the elderly and the visually challenged, and to engage young children.
There is a donation of $100 which would be used to further develop inclusive resources for the deaf and hard of hearing.
Please contact us at 212-613-8127 or [email protected] to order your copy and for more information.
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] | 2 |
Basically I’m asking what contributions did Ghandi do and what else helped India become Independent. This may be about what was happening with the British at the time or if any other foreign countries were implicated in it, etc.
- Why did India immediately have politicial problems after the British granted them their independence?
- How many and which countries got independence with India and Pakistan in 1947?
- Why did the British want to colonize India?
- Who was the first president of India after independence?
- how was india able to preserve its rich traditions during the british occupation?
|
<urn:uuid:801cce49-aa1c-464c-9a67-73c917c5d792>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://punestuff.com/blog/to-what-extent-was-the-british-decision-to-grant-independence-to-india-the-result-of-the-work-of-ghandi
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706624988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121704-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.981895 | 124 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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Your Free Guide to The Basics of Investing in BondsJanuary 4th, 2013 by David Waring
If you have questions on the Bond Investing Basics Guide along the way, feel free to leave a comment at the bottom of the lesson itself, or in our ask a question forum.
Lesson 1: Types of Bonds - Investing in bonds can seem confusing at first. Once you understand that there are only 4 primary categories of bonds however, things become a lot simpler. Get an introduction to each type of bond here.
Lesson 2: How Changes in Interest Rates Affect Bond Prices - One of the biggest things that cause bond prices to move is changes in interest rates. Let us teach you how bond prices and interest rates have an inverse relationship and things will make a lot more sense.
Lesson 3: Duration and Interest Rate Risk – Since interest rates affect bond prices, one of the biggest risks when investing in bonds is that interest rates will move higher, causing the value of your bonds to lose value. Here’s what you need to know to understand and protect your bond investments.
Lesson 4: Yield to Maturity - There are several different ways to measure the return that you can expect when holding a bond. If you are planning to hold a bond to maturity, then Yield to Maturity is the metric that you care about. Here’s what it is and how it works.
Lesson 5: The Yield Curve – The yield that you earn on a bond is based partially on how long that bond has until it matures. By looking at the yields on bonds with different maturities you can get a picture of how much extra you can earn. Let us also show you how the yield curve is not just useful for investing in bonds, but provides clues as to the direction the economy and stock market is headed as well.
Lesson 6: How Inflation is Measured – Inflation is the enemy of all investors, and that is especially true with bond investors. In this lesson we will show you how understanding how inflation is measured can give you an edge over other investors.
Lesson 7: How the Fed Influences Interest Rates – As you learned from the lessons above interest rates are extremely important to bond investors. The biggest influencer of interest rates is the Federal Reserve, so they are also very important. Learn how it works in this lesson.
Lesson 8: Credit Ratings - The other major risk that bond investors face is credit risk. Luckily for us there are companies that specialize in analyzing the credit risk of bonds. Learn how they work here.
Lesson 9: Credit Spreads - Bond investors look at the difference in yield between a treasury bond and any other type of bond as one measure of credit risk. Like the yield curve, an understanding of credit spreads can uncover value and give you a reading on where markets and the economy may be headed. Let us show you how.
Lesson 10: Bond Indexes - Just like the stock market has the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the bond market has its own set of indexes. Here’s how they work and why they are important.
Lesson 11: Individual Bonds vs. Bond Funds – Don’t assume that investing in individual bonds and bond funds is basically the same thing. There are some very clear advantages and disadvantages to both which we explain here.
Lesson 12: Measuring Investment Performance – There are many metrics that investors can look at to see where their performance is coming from. At the end of the day however its one number that matters, and that’s total return. Here’s what it is and how to calculate it.
Did we miss something that you would like to learn about? Let us know in the comments section below, or in our ask a question forum here.
For more free guides go here.
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Education and training for teachers
Operation Smile seeks to change the lives of children. This includes our patients and our youth supporters. Teachers are instrumental to this process, and through Operation Smile, have access to various resources that can help educate students in their community and around the world.
In order to educate children through service opportunities, Operation Smile is continuously developing new educational curricula for teachers to implement in the classroom. Through student-centered, interdisciplinary, interactive and authentic lessons, that include National Standards of Learning, teachers can facilitate lessons that will help cultivate generations of giving, altruistic and motivated people.
Educators can also become advisors to students who want to form Operation Smile Student Associations. In collaboration with the Operation Smile Student Programs department, educators can help instill values of commitment, leadership and volunteerism in their students. Advisors can attend leadership conferences with their students, and also have the opportunity to apply to become student sponsors on international medical missions.
Introducing Students to Operation Smile
Operation Smile stresses the importance of diversity as evidenced by its work in more than 60 countries, providing more than 3.5 million comprehensive healthcare evaluations and over 200,000 free surgeries for children born with facial deformities worldwide. The organization also celebrates differences in classrooms around the globe. In an effort to increase awareness in ways best suited for individual classroom needs, four lessons are available to introduce students to Operation Smile.
Each lesson focuses on students developing an effective connection to Operation Smile by incorporating Health, Language Arts, Mathematics, and/or Technology National Standards of Learning. Exciting and valuable lesson choices are offered for every grade level.
Final Mile Curriculum
Last year, more than 4,000 elementary school students from more than 200 schools in Virginia and across the U.S. participated in the Operation Smile Final Mile to get fit and raise money for Operation Smile.
The marathon ensures that students exercise their bodies. Operation Smile now offers teachers an optional Final Mile educational curriculum to exercise students’ minds.
The curriculum is separated for kindergarten to 3rd graders and 4th to 6th graders. It includes four authentic, differentiated, interactive, interdisciplinary, and student-centered lessons. State and national standards are identified for each lesson, and teachers can flexibly incorporate as many or as few components of the lessons as best suited for individual classroom needs.
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] | 13 |
Each principle that establishes a concept we can refer to as "God", has to be analyzed on its own; but all are interconnected. Most of these principles have been touched on earlier in this work, but will have to be restated for clarity. Taken individually, they can stand on their own as reasonable conclusions; viewed as a whole, they result in the most logical conclusion possible.
The most obvious principle, is that we live within an ordered universe. Whether examining matter from our planet, or from meteorites originating elsewhere in the universe, the atomic structure is the same. All particles maintain the same balance; precisely aligned so that the attractive force equals the repulsive force: electrons are not pulled into the nucleus, nor does centrifugal force fling them away. We, of course, also see this balance on a planetary scale. The natural order is obvious in the way life exists on this planet; with all living things fitting within a balanced ecosystem: changing to adapt to fluctuations in the environment, yet maintaining the overall ratio that ensures a vibrant, and varied, community of life. Each species fills a niche, controlling the balance simply through its existence.
It can be argued with validity, that the physical order of the universe is the result of infinite progression: that over an infinite span of time, matter and energy settled into the most stable form possible; developing from a chaotic state. This is a logical conclusion; however, it is not so easily applied to life. The Earth is finite, and there has been a relatively short period of time, for all life to attain this perfect balance; let alone develop from inanimate material. Think about the complexity of the biological system on this planet. Creatures, such as the dung beetle, which help dispose of the massive amount of excrement produced by the other animals. Bacteria, that live in the intestinal tract, and enable the host animal to digest food. Plants, that convert carbon dioxide into oxygen during the day, when most large creatures are active, and require more of it; and then use the oxygen the plants themselves require, at night. The dust mites, which live in your bed by the millions, and eat the dead skin cells you shed. From the tiny parasite that depends upon one specific species for survival, to the animals that can eat only one particular type of life form; the intricacies of our ecosystem are incredible to behold, and well beyond our comprehension. It is difficult to reason that such order could result from random chance.
The strongest factual evidence of the concept of God, comes from a source that many religions deny: evolution. The basic reason that these religions are afraid of accepting evolution, is because they are aware that it removes the foundation for the belief in a humanoid god, and consequently, the superiority of man. If man, and all other life, evolved into their present forms from something else, it becomes impossible to claim a defining image for your god.
Darwin's theory was a landmark in biological science, and laid the foundation for our current understanding of evolution. The numerous errors in Darwin's works have been corrected through modern research, and evolution is now fact, rather than theory. The basic concept established by science, is that the makeup of a species changes due to alterations in the environment, and those best suited for survival, will gradually replace the others ("survival of the fittest"); this is held to be accomplished through random chance, where the regular pattern of genetic mutation leads to some creatures being, accidentally, better able to survive, and subsequently flourish; while the other genetic mutations die out. In this way, the genetically superior replace the genetically inferior.
There are fatal flaws in the standard evolutionary position. First of all, the fossil record shows that the various types of man, for instance, did not evolve sequentially; they coexisted at numerous stages, and for substantial periods of time. When dramatic changes in the environment occurred, one species would adapt, while another would not; and be driven to extinction. Random mutation should apply equally, but it obviously does not. The pattern of mutation should appear consistent, with gradual and regular change within a species; but this does not happen: fossil research has shown that life goes through long periods of time without discernible change; and very short periods of major change.
Let's use the peppered moth (Biston Betularia), which has a well documented history of recent evolution, as an example. In England, the peppered moth rests on tree bark, its color allowing it to camouflage against the background, which protects it from predators. With heavy industrialization, the air pollution substantially darkened the color of the trees; and the moths quickly evolved into a darker color. Recent research has shown, due to tighter emission controls on coal-burning factories, that the tree bark is returning to a lighter color; and so are the moths. Using the standard model of evolution, we can immediately notice errors. If the moths spent the first few million years living on pristine tree bark, with natural selection allowing light moths to live, breed, and pass on their pale coloration; while predators feasted on the dark variants: all traces of the dark gene would have been eliminated. Yet, when it became necessary to change color to adapt to the environment, the moths quickly did so. The evolutionary process was rapid and widespread; this was not a case of one batch of moth offspring turning up darker because of a random mutation, and slowly passing on their genes throughout the moth community: it was a uniform reaction by the species to an immediate threat to their survival. It is safe to assume that the peppered moths did not communicate their concerns to one another, nor settle on a plan to begin having offspring of a different color.
Geneticists can suggest that the dark gene remained a recessive trait within the moth, and became dominant when the environment dictated a response. This brings up a number of questions. Are creatures capable of retaining, on some sentient level, certain genetic patterns, in anticipation of events: such as man evolving, industrializing, burning coal, and darkening the tree bark? Can an animal, that science suggests lacks the ability to reason, react to a situation in this way? If this response is termed instinctive; is that acknowledging the existence of a mechanism for order within nature?
The giant panda demonstrates another aspect of evolution. This large bear evolved to fit a very specific niche in nature: developing a specialized thumb in order to grasp bamboo plants, which account for ninety-five percent of its diet. Unfortunately for the panda, it still retains the digestive system of a bear, and cannot efficiently digest bamboo; and therefore must spend ten to sixteen hours a day, eating up to eighteen kilograms of plant material, simply to gain enough nutrients to survive. The giant panda began to evolve to suit a certain purpose; but apparently, it is no longer needed, and cannot adapt to the environment. It is likely the most protected creature on the planet, yet the best efforts of man are failing to preserve it. Pandas will not adapt, and will not reproduce at a sufficient rate: they are an evolutionary "dead end".
There are examples of living things that readily adjust, either physically or behaviorally, to change; and others that do not. Why does the incredibly promiscuous, and intelligent, pygmy chimpanzee fail to thrive, even under the perpetual care of humans; while the comparatively mindless mosquito flourishes under constant chemical attack? Why, in a few generations, does a rain forest parrot evolve a different beak to crack other types of nuts, because man has eliminated its original food source; when thousands of other species become extinct because of tropical deforestation? It appears that nature has ultimate control over the survival of a species. Man has driven countless living things to extinction, but others: thousands of types of viruses, weeds, varmints, and insect pests; thrive despite the greatest of efforts by humans, and their technology, to eradicate them. Any species can face a situation where its continued existence is dependent upon changing to fit within a new system of balance; but some sort of control factor may actually determine whether or not the species can change.
The next principle we must examine is innate knowledge: knowing something without learning it through experience; commonly referred to as instinctive response. The amount of knowledge a creature is born with is truly remarkable, involving complex skills that have never been taught. There is a school of thought (Empiricists), which contends that the information gained from experience is the source of all knowledge; but considerable evidence to the contrary has muted this point of view. Arguing that instinctive knowledge is not knowledge as such, is purely semantics; being aware of how to perform an intricate series of actions, in order to achieve a desired goal, can be interpreted as nothing other than having this information in your mind: knowing it.
For my first example, I will use a well-known experiment, that you could perform yourself. Obtain chicken eggs, that are ready to hatch, from a company that supplies chicks to farmers. Once the chicks have hatched, and are dry and alert; place them in a large box with a light overhead, and pass the silhouette of a bird of prey over the box, so that a shadow passes over them. The chicks will react by crouching down, or moving to the walls of the box; and will be noticeably agitated. Now pass the silhouette of a duck over the fledglings; they will not react. This experiment establishes that chickens have innate knowledge: they can identify a predator, know what defensive action to take, and are able to determine the difference between types of birds (tests have concluded that they check for neck length relative to body size: birds of prey have short necks). There are several interesting aspects to this demonstration. The most obvious, is that the chicks have never seen a predator; or even a chicken, for that matter. Going further: these birds have not encountered a natural threat in hundreds of generations; they have been genetically engineered to gain maximum weight and maturity in a matter of weeks, rather than years, and are incapable of living a normal life span. They live out their existence inside a barn, often in cages; and experience nothing outside of their captivity. Yet, even with excessive inbreeding, they have knowledge of the natural world. The fact that these creatures start life as simple fertilized eggs, that are nurtured inside a machine until ready to hatch, isolates them from even the most indirect forms of parental influence; but they retain a species identity: knowing what to eat, how to mate, and care for offspring; and behave exactly as chickens do.
Let's take a brief look at kangaroos; specifically, their system of gestation. A baby kangaroo is born prematurely, and is actually still a foetus when it emerges from the birth canal. It then crawls by grasping its mothers fur, from the vagina to the pouch, where it enters and attaches itself to the nipple, and begins suckling. It knows the correct direction to go to find the mother's pouch, and knows how to obtain sustenance, once there. The foetus accomplishes all this while blind, and without any assistance from the parent. The kangaroo has all the knowledge and skills it requires to ensure survival, prior to development.
Now look at the human infant; it doesn't possess the amount of knowledge that many other creatures require at birth, but it does know enough to survive. It can locate its food source, and knows how to draw milk from it; and it is aware that crying results in its needs being fulfilled. Other, intuitive knowledge is evident throughout human life; but that will be discussed later.
We have determined that living things are born with knowledge, and skills, that are not learned. Examining creatures that have no contact with parents during development, such as those hatched from eggs, demonstrates that there are no last minute instructions somehow transferred from parent to offspring. Pursuing this line of reasoning, we must conclude that all the knowledge necessary for survival, and species awareness, exists on a cellular level. Since it is obvious that single-celled creatures are complete entities from the start, we will concentrate on the more complex organisms. Life, as an individual, begins as a single cell, which, through division, gradually forms a viable creature. All that can be referred to as instinctive knowledge must be passed from the parents to the offspring at the beginning; this is when a cell ceases to be entirely of the parent, and becomes another life. In humans, this would be the moment of conception, when the incomplete sperm cell joins with the incomplete egg cell; allowing the split chromosomes to pair up, and form a complete cell (a zygote). This transfer of knowledge is remarkable on the level discussed; but it goes further than that. The zygote also carries a set of instructions that the conscious mind is unaware of: the blueprint for life. The fertilized cell must assign a destiny for each new cell produced through division: cells must become nerve cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc.; and each must know when to stop, when to change, and each must carry the information contained in the blueprint. Every cell must know everything that is a living organism: species awareness, how to survive, and how to construct a life form; cell by cell. Each must know how to reproduce and feed itself; and must cooperate with the entire cellular community, in order to survive.
We can see that all knowledge necessary for life, including evolutionary change, is passed along a species, generation to generation; a physical piece of each generation exists in the next. There is an unbroken chain stretching back to the beginning of life on this planet, and therein lies the question: where did the first single-celled life forms get their knowledge? How did life, not only spontaneously generate; but how did it know what was required for survival? It is not necessary to spend much time arguing the theory that an accidental chemical reaction caused the origin of life: obviously, laboratory experiments creating proteins and amino acids, from matter and energy, are only demonstrating that complex molecules can be formed in that way; it is not life. The important point is that for life to exist, it must function within its environment. Living things must be aware of, on some level, how to gain nutrients, how to excrete wastes, and what type of conditions are detrimental or beneficial to survival. Life must know the mechanics of reproduction, including the methodology of passing on the genetic blueprint, and all its innate knowledge. Life must know how to adapt to changes in its environment; which implies something comparable to reasoning. In other words, life cannot spontaneously appear as just a complex structure of molecules; it must begin as a complete entity, with all the knowledge and skills, as well as the perfect molecular structure required for existence, or it is not life. If one attribute is missing, the organism cannot exist: there is no room for trial and error in this situation. Life must come into being with purpose; if it does not have the intent of perpetuating itself, it exists for a moment, and then is gone forever. Life cannot appear as one random cell in a hostile environment, where no organic compounds exist, and fill a planet in such a relatively short period; there must be widespread seeds of life to ensure success. I cannot logically reason toward a scenario where all of these conditions are met by one random mixing of chemical components: life is constructed of atoms; but knowledge, reason, and intent are not defined as matter.
The various principles discussed in this chapter lead me to only one conclusion: there is a form of order in the universe that we do not have words to describe; therefore, God is the only appropriate term we can apply. A universal, infinite awareness? Something that balances and controls all that exists, and exists within all? Ancient man, and his Animism, viewed the world in this manner; but required the attachment of human characteristics to make it conceivable. Philosophers over the ages have come back to principles of Animism, while trying to interpret existence. Perhaps there is an instinctive awareness of this natural order; and all our religions, philosophies, and moral guidelines; are our futile attempts to make this innate knowledge understandable to everyone. Pantheism is reasonably close to my conclusion, with one notable exception: there is purpose; everything perpetuates. Life is given every opportunity to succeed within the balance. Living things do not decide to evolve to follow changes in the environment, it is accomplished on a different level. If there was no purpose, to perpetuate, then there is no advantage to order over chaos; it is not necessary for the universe to settle into a stable form, when everything can exist in an eternal chaotic state. Without purpose, there is no reason for a species to adapt, or disappear: balance would not be an issue, and one species would come to destroy all others, and subsequently itself, because there is no reason for life to continue.
"Deus sive natura" (God is/or nature); this is the simplest way of looking at it: the words "God" and "nature" are the same, and are interchangeable. The concept of God goes considerably further than our limited perception of nature, but it is a starting point. If we strip away all the anthropomorphic attributes of God, and quit trying to make ourselves into gods, we are left with a natural balancing force that exists eternally as part of the universe. Man has no preeminence over anything else; he is simply part of the order, part of the universe, and part of God. As cells are part of living things, and molecules are part of cells; so man and all his components, are part of God. There is no ultimate creator; in an infinite universe, creation is meaningless. If you cannot accept the principle of infinity; then who created your creator? There is no ultimate doomsday; man may become extinct, but the universe continues on, as does the sum of the components that were once man.
Earlier, we analyzed the way cells in your body work as a community to allow you to function as a complete entity, yet each cell has certain knowledge that you are not capable of understanding (e.g. blueprint for life). Every cell functions as an individual in some ways, but must also work within the community of cells toward the same goals, in order to survive. It is very unlikely that a cell is aware of you as an entity; just as you are unaware of the individual workings of each of your cells. You and your cells function on different levels of awareness, yet are dependent upon each other for survival. The cells are each part of their immediate whole, your body; just as you are part of Nature/God. On a grander scale: everything that exists is a component of God, paralleling the cellular example. God is the sum of all the awareness that exists in all things, and subsequently, God is without a defining image or location; and is therefore by definition: omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient (all present, all powerful, all knowing). All the religions that are striving to become "one with God" are pursuing a redundant point: we are already there. The argument over one god is also unnecessary; if everything is a component of God, then there is only one sum of everything.
In a fundamental way, we will always be part of God/Nature. Matter and energy, which are the basic components that make us what we are, exist forever. Death is only an end to the structure of the form, not the constituents of it. Your cells die every day, yet you do not mourn the loss of those entities that gave you life, and hold all the knowledge that is you. The elements that made up the cells go on to be part of other life, other things, other energy. The awareness that was part of them goes...? That is a question which cannot be answered using reasoned analysis; there is not enough information available to reach a logical conclusion. I can only speculate on several points, and ponder a number of questions. Mass and energy are merely the components that enable awareness/thought, and the amount of mass and energy constantly fluctuates within an entity; therefore awareness is not dependent upon an exact pattern of basic elements. Does this mean that your sentience can exist within other patterns? The number of brain cells constantly declines from your thirties, until your death: has part of your awareness dispersed into other forms, or is it handicapped by physical constraints? If your mind is attuned to the universal awareness that is God/Nature, is the transition from your present form, into another state, more likely to preserve your connected awareness within God?
Thousands upon thousands of religions have created mystical answers to these questions, but they all require the suspension of reason. Viewing their explanations from a logical perspective, they inspire compassion within me. It is so sad that so many people are desperate for the promise of another chance, that they will intentionally block out reasoned thought, in order to have some element of hope in their lives. Too many people carry a burden of subconscious guilt; too many individuals demand a reward for a life of "good" behavior. I wish all people could be happy with their existence within the universe, and live a life that does not require a chance for atonement; because they have lived with an understanding of their part of it all, and therefore have nothing to regret, and nothing to make amends for. If you know your place within God/Nature, you will do what is right, simply because there are no alternatives. These principles, that we define as morality, can be defined logically, and are part of our roles as components of the human race. In the next chapter, we will begin looking at the fundamental animal drives that create the basic moral structure. Later, we will look at going beyond animal instinct.
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Youth Voices in Juvenile Justice [video]
It's hard to sum up a year's worth of work in four minutes, but that's exactly what a group of young people from the juvenile justice system did this summer when they participated in a film-making workshop with the Media Awareness Project. The project was created in partnership with Texas Network of Youth Services (TNOYS), an organization working to create a Texas where all youth have access to the resources, support and opportunities they need to thrive. TNOYS brings together people and organizations to promote youth advocacy, strengthen professional development and create youth engagement.
This project was a great fit for us at MAP, because we share the belief that teaching youth to advocate for themselves and for the issues that affect them is a strong foundation for helping them examine and process the intricate stories of their lives.
Many of today's youth find themselves surrounded by poverty, violence, addiction, incarceration and instability. I am compelled by these children. The world they grow up in is complex--It is often not supportive of their social and emotional learning. The most critical thing we can do for children is to teach them to advocate for themselves--give them a voice.
For TNOYS, developing youth advocacy and engagement has been a best practice for decades. Their innovative Youth in Action program is designed to get young people involved in the policy making process so that they can influence decisions about policies, programs, and services that impact their lives.
"We work with young people in high-risk situations," said my colleague and TNOYS Executive Director, Christine Gendron. "In the project with youth from the juvenile justice system, we spent a year with them examining their experiences with the system and how it affects them, their families and their futures. We were absolutely floored by the passion they brought to the project and their ability to articulate the many challenges they face when involved in the juvenile justice system."
But the benefits of advocacy reach far beyond its ability to influence systems that serve youth. Both MAP and TNOYS agree that advocacy offers unparalleled opportunities for youth to develop and practice critical life skills. "We research, we write, we think, we examine," Gendron explained. "We talk to our representatives and political leaders. We meet the press. We explore our ideas about ourselves and others. Everything we have learned to believe is called into question. Adding film-making to the equation was especially powerful for our kids. They have this shared experience of the pull between struggle and progress in their lives. With the film project, they came together in this very intense format and had to produce something reflective of that experience. We think they did an amazing job."
For MAP, all of our work with youth is about teaching them essentially to use film to advocate. Film is a fascinating medium. It has the power to reach across social, economic and cultural boundaries and to make the audience a part of the story. To engage an audience is an eye-opening experience for kids who have generally felt voiceless and silenced.
If you would like to learn more about using film-making in your work with youth, please contact the Media Awareness Project: [email protected].
Nina Medeiros is the co-founder and Creative Director of the Media Awareness Project, a non-profit organization teaching at-risk youth to use film-making to tell the stories of their lives and to develop employable skills for professional development. Before founding MAP, Nina founded NLM Communications, a firm dedicated to helping its clients create powerful and informative content, ranging from scripts to speeches, to promote their causes and grow their support bases. Nina is the wife of MAP Executive Director, Jesse Medeiros, who has worked in film and television for more than two decades. She tweets @AwarenessAustin.
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This text provides a fresh, accessible introduction to human metabolism that shows how the physiological actions of selected organs can be explained by their particular biochemical processes.
Focusing on metabolic integration, rather than pathways, this book opens with three introductory chapters that explore the principles of metabolism and its control before moving onto ‘themed’ chapters that investigate liver, communication systems (endocrine and neurological), blood and vascular system, muscle and adipose tissue and renal biochemistry.
Targeted at non-biochemistry majors who need to get to grips with key biochemical concepts and ideas, this textbook is an essential guide for all undergraduate biomedical science, sports science, nutrition and other allied health students.
- A fresh, accessible primer that adopts a unique, organ-system based approach to human metabolism.
- Assumes only a basic understanding of chemistry.
- Chapters are arranged specifically to enable readers to grasp key concepts and to aid understanding.
- Some chapters include ‘Case Notes, illustrating key aspects of metabolism in cells, tissues and organs.
Essential Physiological Biochemistry : An Organ-based Approach
John Wiley & Sons Inc
Height: 9.5 Inches (US)
Width: 6.5 Inches (US)
Thickness: 0.75 Inches (US)
Unit Weight: 1.3 Pounds (US)
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en
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Weather is the specific condition of the atmosphere at any particular place at any moment in time. It is described in terms of such variables as temperature, cloudiness, sunshine, fog, frost, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind. In most places, weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season.
Climate is the average of the weather—and any patterns in the weather—for a particular region over a long time period, usually for at least 30 years. Weather is determined by factors that change rapidly; climate is determined by factors much slower to change, or that do not change at all. Typically, the main determinant of a region's climate is its position on the globe (its latitude), followed by factors such as elevation, proximity to the ocean, and the presence of ocean currents. A simple way of remembering the difference is that climate is what you expect (e.g. cold winters) and weather is what you get (e.g. a blizzard on a particular day). As climate is a long-term average of weather conditions, variations in it are much more slowly evident than changes in the weather, which can occur in timeframes of a few minutes.
Climate change can refer to change in the global climate or in regional climates. A range of variables can cause slow changes to climates anywhere on earth. Many of these factors are natural—for example, slight changes in the luminosity of the sun, subtle shifts to the earth's axis or orbit, or the gradual drifting of the continents over millions of years. The composition of the atmosphere is also a major factor affecting the climate over the whole world, because it can determine how much heat the earth retains through the greenhouse effect.
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Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr.
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2013)|
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr. (February 18, 1918 – May 31, 1990), the first child of Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt and grandson of US President, Theodore Roosevelt, was a soldier, scholar, polyglot, authority on the Middle East and a career CIA officer. He served as chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's stations in Istanbul, Madrid and London. Roosevelt had a speaking or reading knowledge of at least twenty languages.
Early life
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1918. He graduated from Groton School and then went to Harvard University, where he graduated in the class of 1940. While an undergraduate, he was chosen as a Rhodes Scholar, but was not able to accept because of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. His first job was working for a newspaper in Seattle, Washington.
World War II
During the war, he became an Army intelligence officer. He accompanied U.S. troops in their landing in North Africa in 1942 and soon began to form views on the French colonial administration and the beginnings of Arab nationalism. Later in the war he was a military attaché in Iraq and Iran.
Post-war work in the CIA
In 1947, Roosevelt joined the Central Intelligence Group, the immediate forerunner of the CIA. From 1947 to 1949, he served in Beirut. On that and on all of his subsequent assignments abroad, he was listed in official registers as a State Department official.
From 1949 to 1951, he was in New York City as head of the Near East section of the Voice of America. From 1951 to 1953, he was station chief in Istanbul. From 1953 to 1958, he had several jobs at CIA headquarters in Washington, D.C. In 1958, he was made CIA station chief in Spain. From 1962 to 1966 he held the same job in London. He finished his CIA career in Washington, D.C., where he retired in 1974.
Post-CIA retirement
After retiring from the CIA in 1974, Roosevelt became a vice president of Chase Manhattan Bank, and a director of international relations in its Washington office. In this position he became an associate of the bank's chairman, David Rockefeller and accompanied him as an adviser on his regular travels to middle-eastern countries.
Well known in Washington social circles in his own right, he was particularly active on the diplomatic circuit during the Reagan administration, when his wife, Selwa Showker `Lucky' Roosevelt, was the Chief of Protocol with the rank of Ambassador from 1982 to 1989.
In 1988, Roosevelt published a memoir called For Lust of Knowing: Memoirs of an Intelligence Officer, where he mentions his wartime service as an Army intelligence officer in Morocco, Iraq and Iran. He is much more circumspect in describing his time with the CIA, adhering so strictly to his oath to keep the CIA's secrets that he did not even identify the countries where he had served. And although he was happy to tell interviewers that they could figure it out from his entry in Who's Who in America, he also was quick to explain that some Americans have forgotten what an oath is and that he would not break his even if the government told him to.
Throughout Roosevelt's life, he pursued an interest in languages. A Latin and Greek scholar when he was a boy, he had a speaking or reading knowledge of perhaps 20 languages, including French, Spanish, German, Russian, Arabic, Hebrew, Swahili and Uzbek.
Marriage and family
Roosevelt married the former Katharine W. Tweed (the daughter of Harrison Tweed) in 1940 and they had one son, Tweed Roosevelt born in 1942. That marriage ended in divorce in 1950. Roosevelt later married Selwa "Lucky" Showker Roosevelt, who was the Chief of Protocol with the rank of Ambassador from 1982 to 1989. They were married for 40 years.
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The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1792 to 1815, and are usually divided into the Revolutionary War of 1792-1802 and the Napoleonic War of 1803-15. The only countries that were continuously at war throughout this period were Britain and France; others varied between being at war with France, neutral, usually whilst recovering from a defeat by France, and allied to France, not always willingly.
In the first half 1812, most of Europe was in one of the periods of peace, but this would soon change. In April 1812, warfare was taking place only at sea, and in Spain and Portugal, where The Peninsular War was being fought. The initial posts linked on this page describe the Peninsular War up to mid-1812. Later ones will appear as close to the 200th anniversaries of the battles and major political events of 1812-15 as my other commitments permit.
This includes only works cited in posts published to date and will be updated as the series continues.
Black, J., The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009).
Bell, D. A., The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare, (London: Bloomsbury, 2007).
Chandler, D., The Campaigns of Napoleon (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966).
Colledge, J. J., Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the Fifteenth Century to the Present, (London: Greenhill, 1987).
Esdaile, C. J., Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, 1803-1815 (London: Allen Lane, 2007).
________, The Peninsular War: A New History (London: Allen Lane, 2002).
Elting, J. R., Swords around a Throne : Napoleon’s Grande Armée, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988).
Fletcher, I., In Hell before Daylight: The Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Badajoz, 16 March to 6 April 1812(Stroud: Spellmount, 2008).
Fletcher, I., Embleton, G. A., Bloody Albuera: The 1811 Campaign in the Peninsula (Marlborough: Crowood, 2000).
Haythornthwaite, P. J., The Napoleonic Source Book, (London: Arms & Armour, 1990).
Lambert, A. D., The Challenge: Britain against America in the Naval War of 1812 (London: Faber, 2012).
Lieven, D. C. B., Russia against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814, (London: Penguin, 2010).
Mahan, A. T., Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, 2 vols (London, Samson Low, Marston, 1905).
Matthew, H. C. G. et al, “Oxford Dictionary of National Biography” Oxford University Press <http://www.oxforddnb.com/subscribed>.
Myatt, F., British Sieges of the Peninsular War (Tunbridge Wells: Spellmount, 1987).
Oman, C., Wellington’s Army, 1809-1814 (London: Edward Arnold, 1912).
Paget, J., Guide to the Battlefields of the Peninsular War (London: Leo Cooper, 1989).
Palmer, A. W., An Encyclopaedia of Napoleon’s Europe, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984).
Petre, F. L., Napoleon’s Last Campaign in Germany, 1813, (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1974, first published 1912).
Rodger, N. A. M., The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815 (London: Allen Lane, 2004).
Roosevelt, T., The Naval War of 1812 (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900-2).
Tolstoy, L., War and Peace, Translated by Maude, A., Maude, L. (Chicago IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 1952).
Van Creveld, M., Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Weigley, R. F., The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1973).
Weller, J., Wellington in the Peninsula 1808-1814 (London: Greenhill, 1992).
Zamoyski, A., 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow (London: HarperCollins, 2004).
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by Wilson Angley
Research Branch, NC Office of Archives and History, 2007.
See also: Thomas Burke, Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
Thomas Burke (ca. 1744-1783), skilled in the literary as well as the political arts, was taken prisoner by Loyalists shortly after taking office as governor. He was born in County Galway, Ireland, the son of Ulick Burke and the former Letitia Ould. Little is known of his early youth or domestic circumstances, but he was apparently reared by a maternal uncle and accorded the advantages of a university education. Following family quarrels, Burke emigrated to Virginia and took up residence in Norfolk. There he established himself initially as a physician, but later turned to the practice of law. It was while in Virginia that the multi-faceted Burke began to write poetry. He married Mary (“Polly”) Freeman in 1770; their union produced one child, a daughter named Mary.
In 1772 Burke removed to Hillsborough in where he acquired a small plantation and resumed the practice of law. Rising quickly to prominence, he represented Orange County in all but the first of the Provincial Congresses where he was an outspoken advocate for independence. In 1777 and briefly in 1778, Burke represented Orange County in the House of Commons. On three occasions he won election to the Continental Congress, where the form of government for the new nation was slowly taking shape. As a delegate to the Continental Congress, Burke emerged as a strong advocate of states’ rights and limited central government. He also earned a reputation for his brashness and irascibility, several times becoming the center of controversy.
On June 25, 1781, Burke was chosen by the General Assembly to serve as North Carolina’s third governor under the constitution of 1776. The state, however, was ravaged by war and on the brink of anarchy. The recent departures of Greene’s and Cornwallis’s armies had left in their wakes roving bands of Loyalist and Patriot guerrillas, subject to no civil or military authority. Government on both the state and county levels had almost completely broken down. In his inaugural address to the General Assembly, Burke acknowledged that the former rule of law had “changed into a licentious contempt of authority,” yet stubbornly resolved to bring order out of chaos. Governor Burke took extraordinary measures to reform the militia, increase essential revenues, banish intractable Loyalists, and defend against renewed British attack from both Virginia and South Carolina. Acting on his own authority, he established special courts and assumed for himself veto power over legislative acts.
Less than three months after assuming office, Burke’s frantic efforts came to an end at Hillsborough when he, along with several other state officials and officers of the Continental Line, was taken prisoner by the Loyalist leader David Fanning. Transported southward to Wilmington and then to Charlestown, Burke was released on parole after an ordeal of two months. Fearing that his life was in danger, however, Burke escaped from his very loose confinement and returned to North Carolina and the governorship, thereby violating both his parole and the code of honor in the eyes of many contemporaries.
When the embittered Burke convened the General Assembly in April of 1782, his rather ambiguous offer to retire from public office was accepted almost without remark. Having served only ten months as governor, two of those as a prisoner, he returned to Hillsborough a ruined and deeply disillusioned man. He died less than two years later, on December 2, 1783, and was interred on the grounds of his plantation, “Tyaquin.”
Douglass, Elisha. 1949. Thomas Burke: disillusioned democrat. North Carolina historical review. 26 (April): 150-186.
Johnson, Allen W. 1929. Dictionary of American Biography. 3, Brearly-Chandler. London: H. Milford.
Powell, W. S. (1979). Dictionary of North Carolina biography. Vol. 1, A-C. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Thomas Burke papers. North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Thomas Burke papers. Southern Historical Collection, Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Watterson, John S. 1971. The ordeal of Governor Burke. North Carolina historical review 47 (July): 95-117.
18 January 2007 | Angley, Wilson
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] | 32 |
Nitrogen isotope ratios identify nitrate contamination sources
Dennis E. Rolston, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Science
Graham E. Fogg, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Science
David L. Decker, University of Nevada, Reno
Dianne T. Louie, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis
Mark E. Grismer, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Science
California Agriculture 50(2):32-36. DOI: 10.3733/ca.v050n02p32.
D.E. Rolston is Professors of Soil Science, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Science, respectively; G.E. Fogg is Professors of Soil Science, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Science, respectively; D.L. Decker was postgraduate researcher and is presently graduate student, University of Nevada, Reno. D.T. Louie is Staff Research Associate, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, UC Davis; M.E. Grismer is Professors of Soil Science, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Science, respectively;
Nitrate contamination of groundwater is becoming a widespread problem in California. To evaluate the utility of stable nitrogen isotopes for identifying sources of nitrate contamination, nitrogen isotope ratios (?15N) were measured on nitrate extracted from core samples taken below natural, fertilizer, on-site sewage disposal (septic) and animal sources in the Sacramento and Salinas valleys. The mean ?15N value from natural sources was not significantly different from that of fertilizer sources. The mean ?15N value from animal sources was significantly different from that of septic sources and natural and/or fertilizer sources. Nitrogen isotope ratios tend to be site specific and should be measured below suspected sources in the subsurface and in groundwater.
Soil samples were obtained by drilling 10 feet below the water-table surface.
Nitrate (NO3) concentrations higher than the drinking water standard in groundwater are common in many parts of the world. Multiple sources of NO3 contamination generally occur within the same watershed or groundwater basin. Sources include animal feedlots, horse corrals, dairy waste lagoons, manure applied to land, municipal sewage effluent, on-site sewage disposal systems, urban and agricultural fertilizer, natural soil organic matter and, in some cases, geologic sources. It is often difficult to ascertain which of these sources in a watershed may be contributing significant amounts of NO3 to groundwater.
The nitrogen (N) isotope method of distinguishing sources is based on measuring the two stable isotopes of N (14N and 15N) in NO3 of the sample. A common way of representing these ratios is delta 15N (?15N), which is the difference between the ratio 15N/14N of a sample and that of a standard (in the atmosphere) divided by the ratio of the standard, with the entire quantity multiplied by 1,000. This results in a ?15N value that typically varies less than several per mil (%0) from that of the standard. The percentage of the two isotopes is nearly constant in the atmosphere at 0.366% 15N. However, because of the slight difference in atomic mass of the two isotopes, certain chemical and physical processes often preferentially utilize one isotope, causing a relative enrichment of that isotope in the product and a relative enrichment of the other isotope in the remaining reactants. Because of these isotopic fractionation processes, NO3 from various N sources has been shown to have different N isotope ratios. This ratio in a sample depends on the series of reactions that formed the N compound and the composition of its precursors. If the sample is enriched in 15N relative to the standard, then the ?15N value is positive, and if the sample is depleted in 15N, then the ?15N value is negative. From literature sources, the ?15N values of NO3 from soil organic nitrogen, fertilizer, animal waste and septic tank effluent range from approximately +2 to +8%0, -3 to +2%0, +9 to +25%0 and +6 to +25%0, respectively.
This study evaluates the use of N isotope ratios as a tool for identifying NO3 contamination sources in groundwater for certain California conditions. The ?15N values in soil water and groundwater were measured in vertical profiles directly beneath various sources of NO3 contamination (for example, fertilized fields, animal waste sites, septic systems and unfertilized, uncultivated land), from the source to the groundwater.
Two study areas were chosen for field sampling, based on differing hydrogeologic conditions and ease of access for drilling. These areas were in the southern Sacramento Valley, where all sampling was performed in the vicinity of Davis, and in the Salinas Valley. Each study region contained sampling sites representing four different sources of NO3: natural soil organic matter, inorganic fertilizer, animal feedlot/dairy and septic tank effluent. Soil and subsurface sampling was accomplished by drilling and sampling with an 8-inch-diameter, continuous-flight, hollow-stem auger and with a 2.5-inch-diameter California split spoon sampling ahead of the auger. Cores were taken continuously from the ground surface to the water table. Drilling continued into the water table to a depth of 10 feet below the water-table surface whenever possible. A water sample was collected from the bottom of each borehole upon reaching groundwater, using a bailer inside the auger. Subsamples of the core were taken approximately every 5 feet and were preserved for analysis. After the core was taken in the field, the sample was placed in a polyethylene zip-lock bag and placed in an ice chest filled with dry ice. The sample was then transferred to a freezer until it was processed.
Nitrate in the soil samples was extracted with deionized water (1:5). Samples that were still cloudy after vacuum filtering were centrifuged and the decantant refiltered. A small amount of the thawed soil was taken to determine moisture content.
Steam distillation was used to convert the inorganic forms of N in the soil-water extracts to a stable form of ammonium salt needed for N isotope analysis. These samples were then sent to a laboratory for N isotope analysis. Standard deviation of 6 to 12 samples of reference standards was no larger than 0.8 ?15N units. Multiple extractions of field samples were generally within this same range. Thus we do not consider samples significantly different if they fall within ±1 ?15N unit.
We drilled 26 boreholes during this study. Results are shown in terms of NO3 concentrations and ?15N values versus depth for the Davis area (figs. 1 and 2) and the Salinas Valley area (figs. 3 and 4). Some gaps occur in the ?15N values due to insufficient NO3 to conduct isotope analysis. Concentrations of ammonium, chloride and sulfate were also determined and used in the interpretation, but are not plotted here. In general, ammonium concentrations were negligibly small.
NO3 concentrations vary considerably with location and depth owing to differing land uses, soil-water fluxes and geochemical processes (figs. 1 and 3). Most of the data represent nitrate in soil-water extracts expressed as ?g/g oven-dried soil.
As expected, NO3 concentrations beneath the natural sources were low. NO3 concentrations beneath the septic sources also tended to be low. This could be caused by the boreholes not intercepting the main discharge zones of the on-site sewage effluent, which can seep from the leach lines or pits in a spatially and temporally erratic fashion. Nevertheless, we are confident that our sampling captured enough NO3 to register ?15N signatures of the various sources. The high NO3 concentrations in shallow groundwater beneath the fertilizer, feedlot and septic sites in the Davis area and beneath the fertilizer and feedlot sites in the Salinas Valley could reflect both local and off-site sources.
Fig. 1. NO3 concentrations with depth for inorganic fertilizer, animal feedlot, septic tank (on-site sewage disposal) and natural soil organic matter sites in the Davis area (southern Sacramento Valley). Solid symbols represent balled groundwater samples. Soil-water extract concentrations are in ?g/g oven-dried soil, and groundwater concentrations are in ppm.
Fig. 2. ?15N concentrations with depth for inorganic fertilizer, animal feedlot, septic tank (on-site sewage disposal) and natural soil organic matter sites in the Davis area (southern Sacramento Valley). Solid symbols represent bailed groundwater samples.
Fig. 3. NO3 concentrations with depth for inorganic fertilizer, animal feedlot, septic tank (on-site sewage disposal) and natural soil organic matter sites in the Sailnas Valley. Solid symbols represent bailed groundwater samples. Soil-water extract concentrations are in ?g/g oven-dried soil, and groundwater concentrations are in ppm.
Fig. 4. ?15N concentrations with depth for inorganic fertilizer, animal feedlot, septic tank (on-site sewage disposal) and natural soil organic matter sites in the Salinas Valley. Solid symbols represent bailed groundwater samples.
?15N values beneath the unfertilized, natural soil organic matter sites were very consistent among the borings in the unsaturated zone and varied between about zero and +5%0 (figs. 2 and 4). The ?15N values in the groundwater samples for the Salinas site were all too high for a natural organic matter source and suggest a likely non-natural source in the up-gradient direction.
?15N values from the Davis on-site sewage disposal (septic) site (fig. 2) showed an increasing trend with depth, but were well below the largest ratios expected for animal waste. This borehole was drilled between two leach lines spaced 25 feet apart. We suspect that water from the leach lines did not move far enough horizontally to intersect the borehole location until a substantial depth was reached; this would explain the low concentrations of NO3 and low ?15N values in the shallow section. At the Salinas site (fig. 4), the borehole was drilled beside a deep vertical sewage disposal pit. Except for one very high ?15N value at the Salinas site, most of the ?15N values from the human waste disposal systems lie between +5 and +10%0.
At the Davis animal waste site, a horse corral that had been in use for at least 30 years, the ?15N value was consistent at about +10%0 throughout the vertical subsurface profile (fig. 2). The groundwater sample showed a slightly lower ?15N value than the soil water. At the Salinas Valley animal waste site, three boreholes were drilled in two of four abandoned dairy waste evaporation ponds and the animal feeding pens. The borehole with the most consistent ?15N values of the three boreholes had a nearly constant value of about +17%0 in the upper 50 feet of the profile (fig. 4). Below 50 feet, the ?15N values decreased to around +6%0; however, the other two boreholes at this site showed high ?15N values both deep and shallow. The spatial variability of ?15N values at this site can be attributed to subsurface heterogeneity and to the fact that the site contains several point sources of animal waste.
Five boreholes were drilled at the Davis site and 10 at the Salinas site. Figures 2 and 4 give examples of ?15N values with depth for the two sites. The Davis site has been cropped with corn, alfalfa and sugar beets for many years. The Salinas site is in an irrigated agricultural field that has been in a mixed vegetable cropping system for several decades. Although most of the fertilizer applied was inorganic N, some compost containing animal waste was also applied occasionally at the Salinas site. The ?15N values for these sites were nearly constant with depth, consistent with the long-term use of fertilizer. The constant ?15N values with depth also indicate that denitrification in the subsurface must have been small. The cyclic high-low trend in NO3 concentrations beneath the Salinas site (fig. 3) is due to geologic layering of the subsurface profile at this location, with the lower values tending to locate in the coarser-grained sediments. The lack of similar cyclicity in ?15N at the same borehole (fig. 4) attests to the independence of ?15N values with respect to concentration.
Table 1 shows statistical comparisons of the differences in mean ?15N values for the various source types and locations. These statistics are based on all of the ?15N data, including those boreholes not shown in figures 1 through 4. The mean ?15N value for the agricultural (fertilizer) source was not significantly different from the mean of the natural background source at the 95% confidence level. The animal sources were significantly different from the septic sources and the fertilizer and natural sources.
In addition, we made statistical comparisons between mean ?15N values between areas for each source type. There was no significant difference in means for the natural, septic and animal waste sources between the Davis and Salinas areas, but means for the fertilizer sites were significantly different. The elevation of mean ?15N values at the Salinas fertilizer site over those at the Davis fertilizer site may be partly due to the occasional application of compost containing animal waste at the Salinas location and/or to a significant amount of nitrogen-fixing legumes in the cropping history of the Davis location.
The ?15N data shown in figures 2 and 4 are chiefly from the unsaturated zone directly beneath known source types. In groundwater investigations of NO3 contamination, however, much of the ?15N data will represent deeper groundwater pumped from production wells. If this deeper groundwater contains NO3 contamination from more than one source, the ?15N values will reflect a mixture of those sources. Therefore it is typically not possible to “fingerprint” the source of NO3 contamination by merely measuring ?15N in a few water wells. Clearly, determining the sources of NO3 contamination in groundwater commonly requires careful hydrogeologic analysis of groundwater migration rates and flow paths as well as an exhaustive inventory of potential NO3 sources. In this analysis, the ?15N technique is an important tool rather than “the solution.”
Even if an area contains only one source of NO3 contamination that is theoretically distinguishable by ?15N techniques, it is possible that the ?15N values measured in groundwater or deep unsaturated zone will be measurably higher than in the shallow zone directly beneath the source. The reason is that denitrification, the process whereby NO3 is converted to N2O and N2 gases, can raise the ?15N values above those of the original source. Denitrification is most likely when anaerobic conditions occur in a biologically active soil zone, which in turn most likely appears when the water table is within a few feet of land surface. When the water table is shallow, there is greater likelihood that anaerobic conditions of the saturated zone extend sufficiently into the biologically active soil zone to drive denitrification. Clearly, in addition to hydrogeologic analysis, application of the ?15N technique requires collecting data on ?15N values beneath the sources of concern to detect whether denitrification is occurring and to verify the ?15N signatures of the sources. Additional measurement of ?15N values beneath septic sources is particularly needed because of the dearth of such data in the literature.
In this study, little to no evidence of denitrification was found, presumably because the water table was 40 to more than 100 feet below land surface at all sites, well below the soil zone. That is, ?15N values tended not to increase with depth, except beneath the Davis septic site (fig. 2) and in one of the boreholes drilled at the Salinas septic site. At the Davis septic site, the borehole did not intersect the plume until a depth of approximately 25 feet, which explains the increase in ?15N value with depth. At the Salinas Valley septic tank site, the ?15N value increased with depth and the NO3 concentrations decreased with depth, which could be indicative of denitrification. In addition, a few locally elevated ?15N values were found at various sites, such as the deepest sample beneath the Salinas Valley fertilizer site (fig. 4). However, ?15N values from the other boreholes and from deeper groundwater verify that these elevated values are isolated anomalies, apparently caused by highly localized processes.
TABLE 1. Statistical comparison of ?15N data for Davis Area and Salinas Valley
Nitrogen in the subsurface zone existed primarily as nitrate, except for one septic and one dairy lagoon site in the Salinas Valley where significant amounts of ammonium existed. The ?15N values determined from the various sites fall within the range of values reported in the literature, but with lower variances. The mean ?15N value for the natural background sites was about +2.6%0 in both the Salinas Valley and Davis study areas. Mean ?15N value for the fertilized sites was slightly greater than for the natural sites with +4.4%0 in the Salinas Valley and slightly lower at +1.6%0 in the Davis area. The animal waste sites had a mean value of +10%0 at Davis and +14%0 in Salinas Valley. The on-site sewage disposal sites had mean ?15N values of about +7.3%0 at Davis and +8.7%0 at Salinas Valley. It is clear from our data that the ?15N methodology cannot be used to distinguish between fertilizer and natural soil organic matter sources. However, in the sites that we examined, the ?15N method can be used to distinguish between animal sources and fertilizer and/or soil organic matter sources. In addition, our data show that there is a significant difference between mean ?15N of the animal and septic sources. These results exemplify the necessity of measuring the specific ?15N of suspected sources of NO3 contamination for the particular area of interest. Simply using values from the literature may not allow clear separation of source types.
The ?15N values at most sites were fairly consistent with depth from the surface to the water table. There is no evidence from our data that denitrification is a significant process at any of the sites, with the possible exception of the Salinas Valley septic tank site. Thus, except for one site in the eight main test sites, the results demonstrate that measuring the ?15N value immediately below the NO3 source can be an accurate indicator of the fingerprint of that source and that, under the conditions prevailing at these sites, the fingerprint will not change much during NO3 transport to groundwater. This is a very important conclusion for use of the N isotope technique to indicate sources of NO3 in groundwater. Nevertheless, users of the ?15N approach should be aware of the potential for mixing of ?15N from multiple sources and of denitrification under some circumstances. Careful hydro-geologic characterization as well as sampling of both the unsaturated and saturated zones beneath potential sources are therefore typically required for successful application of the ?15N approach.
This research was supported by the California Water Resources Control Board, Interagency Agreement No. 1-155-253-0, Monterey County Water Resources Agency and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Assistance Agreement Nos. 1009564-91-0 and C9009532-90-1. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. EPA, Monterey County or the California Water Resources Control Board. The authors appreciate the assistance of Heike Clausnitzer, Amy Wong, Mike Tolin and Brian Lindsay in laboratory analytical work and of Dr. Richard Mulvaney at the University of Illinois for ?15N analysis.
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Organiculture is a vigorous and growing movement, one that is destined to alter our conceptions of the farm and the garden and to revolutionize our methods of operating them in order to secure for ourselves and others more abundant and more perfect food. The seed sown by Sir Albert Howard is beginning to bloom lustily and with such vim that it is already thriving and propagating of its own strength. Composters by the hundreds are telling their neighboring countrymen of the wonders of this "new," yet age-old method, and the latter are listening by the thousands. Compost heaps are becoming an integral part of the farm, the garden, and the landscape. Organiculture is here to stay. When one sees its astounding results as developed under his own hand, he says a quick and unreluctant good-bye to the groping and artificial test tube methods of yesterday.
It may be advisable at this point to define the organic method in detail and to illustrate individually its precepts, for the benefit of newcomers, for the approval of seasoned veterans, and for the possible conversion of scoffers and skeptics, some of whom attack it without knowing exactly what they are futilely endeavoring to combat.
Sometimes a chemist takes us to task and criticizes the inclusion of certain items in the organic arsenal of weapons. For example, he calls lime a chemical, yet we advocate its presence in the compost heap. Of course lime is a chemical! So is everything else. There is nitrogen, phosphorous, and potash in your tablecloth, in ham and eggs, and in your very own mother-in-law. So it is high time for us and our adversaries to stop talking in elusive generalities and to start clarifying our specific points.
In regard to the word "organic,” Webster says "pertaining to, or derived from living organisms." On the other hand—also according to Webster —when a chemist refers to the word "organic" he means "pertaining to or designating that branch of chemistry which treats of the compounds of carbon." It can be seen, therefore, that when we say "organic" we mean something different from what the chemist understands by that word, but these are mere technicalities resulting from professionalized word usage. We do not exclude a chemical simply because it is a chemical any more than we include an organism just because it is an organism. There are, however, some chemicals and some bacteria that try to upset everything that the organiculturist is attempting to achieve. Those saboteurs are the ones against which we discriminate.
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Scientists develop shot of animal cells to get rid of pesky body fat10/9/2012
Losing that double chin could soon be as easy as having a shot. Scientists have developed an injection of heat-producing cells that change the fatty tissue surrounding them without altering tissue elsewhere. This results in surplus calories being used up by producing heat, instead of hanging around to ruin photos. These heat-producing cells, which are sourced from mice, are mostly found in animals and babies because we lose them as we grow older. Researchers at Ohio State University have tested the shots on obese mice, which lost 10 percent of their body weight even though they were still putting away the same amount of food. If further testing proves the shots are safe and effective, the treatment could be available to humans in around six years. [Source]
Would you try a shot like this?
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Archaeologists led by the University of Cincinnati have revealed new details about sustainable water and land management among the ancient Maya, including the discovery of the largest ancient dam in Central America.
Recent excavations, sediment coring and mapping at the pre-Columbian city of Tikal have identified new landscaping and engineering feats, including the largest ancient dam built by the Maya of Central America.
That dam – constructed from cut stone, rubble and earth – stretched more than 260 feet in length, stood about 33 feet high and held about 20 million gallons of water in a man-made reservoir. These findings on ancient Maya water and land-use systems at Tikal in northern Guatemala are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .
The study sheds new light on how the Maya conserved and used their natural resources to support a populous, highly complex society for over 1,500 years despite environmental challenges, including periodic drought.
Starting in 2009, the archaeologists were the first North American group permitted to work at the Tikal site core in more than 40 years.
“The overall goal of the research is to better understand how the ancient Maya supported a population at Tikal of perhaps 60,000 to 80,000 inhabitants and an estimated population of five million in the overall Maya lowlands by AD 700,” said lead author Vernon Scarborough, a professor of anthropology at the University of Cincinnati.
“That is a much higher number than is supported by the current environment. So, they managed to sustain a populous, highly complex society for well over 1,500 years in a tropical ecology. Their resource needs were great, but they used only stone-age tools and technology to develop a sophisticated, long-lasting management system in order to thrive.”
Water collection and storage were critical in the environment where rainfall is seasonal and extended droughts not uncommon. And so, the Maya carefully integrated the built environment – expansive plazas, roadways, buildings and canals – into a water-collection and management system. At Tikal, they collected literally all the water that fell onto these paved and/or plastered surfaces and sluiced it into man-made reservoirs.
In fact, by the Classic Period (AD 250-800), the dam, called the Palace Dam, identified by the team was constructed to contain the waters that were now directed from the many sealed plaster surfaces in the central precinct. It was this dam on which the team focused its latest work, completed in 2010. This gravity dam presents the largest hydraulic architectural feature known in the Maya area. In terms of greater Mesoamerica, it is second in size only to the huge Purron Dam built in Mexico’s Tehuacan Valley sometime between AD 250-400.
“We also termed the Palace Dam at Tikal the Causeway Dam, as the top of the structure served as a roadway linking one part of the city to another. For a long time, it was considered primarily a causeway, one that tourists coming to the site still use today. However, our research now shows that it did double duty and was used as an important reservoir dam as well as a causeway,” Prof Scarborough said.
The team also discovered that to help purify water as it sluiced into the reservoir tanks via catchment runoff and canals, the Maya employed deliberately positioned “sand boxes” that served to filter the water as it entered into the reservoirs.
“These filtration beds consisted of quartz sand, which is not naturally found in the greater Tikal area. The Maya of Tikal traveled at least 20 miles (about 30 km) to obtain the quartz sand to create their water filters. It was a fairly laborious transportation effort. That speaks to the value they placed on water and water management,” said co-author Nicholas Dunning, a professor of geography at the University of Cincinnati.
Bibliographic information: Scarborough VL et al. 2012. Water and sustainable land use at the ancient tropical city of Tikal, Guatemala. PNAS, published online before print July 16, 2012; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202881109
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Definitions of central:
- noun: a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication
- adjective: used in the description of a place that in the middle of another place
Example: "The people of Central and Northern Europe"
- adjective: in or near a center or constituting a center; the inner area
Example: "A central position"
- adjective: centrally located and easy to reach
Example: "The central city has good bus service"
- adjective: serving as an essential component
Example: "The central cause of the problem"
Search for central at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse
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John Maynard Keynes
Start Your Visit WithHistorical Timelines
General Interest Maps
John Maynard Keynes, an English native, professed economic concepts that form the headwaters of economic theory for many outstanding economists who succeeded him and is a testament to the magnitude and influence of his ideas.
A youth of prodigious intellect, Keynes attended King’s College to study mathematics, and it was here that his interest in economics began.
Keynes started a lectureship on economics that was funded by Alfred Marshall, and after being refused by Cambridge many times, he vowed a ban to build his reputation as an economist. Keynes` expertise was called upon after World War I as an adviser to the British chancellor of the Exchequer to the Treasury of Financial and Economic Questions where his responsibility was to design credit terms between Britain and its allies during the war.
After his promotion in 1919 to the Senior Treasury Official, he resigned to write his first book entitled Economic Consequences of Peace, in which he criticized President Woodrow Wilson as being a "blind, deaf Don Quixote" and France`s Georges Clemenceau as a xenophobe with "one illusion — France, and one disillusion — mankind" for their insistence that Germany pay war reparations.
In 1936, he published his most important book, A General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which revolutionized economic theory by showing how unemployment could occur involuntarily and how governments should engage in deficit spending to make up for the economic slowdowns caused when businesses reduce their investments.
In 1934, Keynes paid a visit to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, where he was unsuccessful in persuading the president to engage in deficit spending to bring America out of its economic tailspin. Instead, as the economy recovered during the latter part of Roosevelt`s first term, FDR used the opportunity to reduce spending and bring the budget closer to balance. Even though unemployment was still very high, the 1938 budget reduced expenditures by a sixth compared with 1936 and virtually eliminated the deficit. As Keynesian theory would have predicted, the sharp decline in budget stimulus led to reversal in the economic recovery.
It was not until the U.S. entered World War II that Roosevelt, having decided that he had no choice, reversed his long-held position of a balanced budget to one of using deficit spending to kick start the economy.
The English economist died on April 21, 1946. His name became attached to economic theories which only half reflected his views. Support for government spending to counter the effect of recessions is now widespread, but his disciplined expectation that during good times, governments would recoup their losses has proved too unpopular in practice.
---- Selected Quotes ----
Quotes by John Maynard Keynes.
Marxian Socialism must always remain a portent to the historians of opinion -- how a doctrine so illogical and so dull can have exercised so powerful and enduring an influence over the minds of men, and, through them, the events of history.
Regarding Government Work
I work for a Government I despise for ends I think criminal.
Regarding The Long Run
The long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that when the storm is past the ocean is flat again.
A Tract on Monetary Reform, 1923
Regarding Woodrow Wilson
To see the British Prime Minister watching the company, with six or seven senses not available to ordinary men, judging character, motive, and subconscious impulse, perceiving what each was thinking and even what each was going to say next, and compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or appeal best suited to the vanity, weakness, or self-interest of his immediate auditor, was to realize that the poor President would be playing blind man's buff in that party.
Observing the negotiations before the Treaty of Versailles
Regarding Treaty of Versailles
The future life of Europe was not their concern; its means of livelihood was not their anxiety.Their preoccupations, good and bad alike, related to frontiers and nationalities, to the balance of power, to imperial aggrandizements, to the future enfeeblement of a strong and dangerous enemy, to revenge, and to the shifting by the victors of their unbearable financial burdens on to the shoulders of the defeated.
"Economic Consequences of the Peace", 1919
The Maynard House
This home was built in 1838 by John W. Maynard. Maynard had come to Ann Arbor when he was a child during the city's founding in 1824. He became a successful grocer and had a prosperous store on Ann Street. In A Michigan Argus, Maynard's home was ...
John C, John
... Middlehope, Low Point John was also known by the nickname of "Low Point John" because that was one of his residences and helped to keep him separated from the several other John Carman's in New York at that time. He was a farmer and also ...
Breckinridge, John Cabell, 1821 75 , Vice ... Breckinridge, John Cabell ... A fundraising program that gives a percentage of every purchase to your school. encyclopedia Encyclopedia Breckinridge, John Cabell. ... Breckinridge, John Cabell ...
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WebMD—October 21, 2010
“When we walk, when we go up and down stairs, or get into or out of a chair or car, we can put three to five times our body weight, and sometimes more, on the joints,” says Geoffrey Westrich, attending orthopedic surgeon and Director of Joint Replacement Research at Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. “So if you’re 50 pounds overweight, you’re putting around 250 pounds of increased stress across your knees and hips.”
Over time, that extra weight makes you much more prone to developing arthritis and can cause arthritis to progress much more rapidly, leading to much more pain once it has developed.
Fortunately, the same principle works in reverse. “For every pound people lose, they lose 3 pounds of stress across their knee and 6 pounds of stress on their hip, on average,” says Westrich.
Read the full story at WebMD.com.
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] | 42 |
Now we know several options for file systems we can use,
and know how to create the corresponding images.
But how can we decide which one to chose?
For practical purposes in embedded systems
the following criteria are often essential:
- boot time
(i. e. time needed from power on until application code is running)
- flash memory footprint
- RAM memory footprint
- effects on software updates
The following data was measured for the different configurations.
All measurements were performed on the same TQM860L board (MPC860 CPU
at 50 MHz, 16 MB RAM, 8 MB flash, 256 MB CompactFlash card):
| File System Type || Boot Time || Free Mem || Updates || while running |
| JFFS2 || 21.4 sec || 10.3 MB || per file || only non-active files |
| ramdisk || 16.3 sec || 6.58 MB || whole image || yes |
| cramfs || 10.8 sec || 10.3 MB || whole image || no |
| ext2 (ro) || 9.1 sec || 10.8 MB || whole image || no |
| ext2 on CF (ro) || 9.3 sec || 10.9 MB || whole image || no |
| File on FAT fs || 11.4 sec || 7.8 MB || whole image || yes |
As you can see, the ramdisk solution is the worst of all
in terms of RAM memory footprint;
also it takes a pretty long time to boot.
However, it is one of the few solutions that allow an in-situ
update while the system is running.
JFFS2 is easy to use as it's a writable file system
but it takes a long
time to boot.
A read-only ext2 file system shines when boot time and RAM memory
footprint are important; you pay for this with an increased flash memory
External flash memory devices like CompactFlash cards or USB memory
sticks can be cheap and efficient solutions especially when
lots of data need to be stored or when easy update procedures are required.
|
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http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/RootFileSystemSelection?sortcol=3&table=1&up=0
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705195219/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115315-00025-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.865718 | 444 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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] | 4 |
To allow a remote machine to access your system, you need to add an entry to the /etc/passwd file as follows:
Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services.
Edit the /etc/passwd file and add the entry to identify the machine that is permitted to access your system.
By convention, the login name of a remote machine is the machine name preceded by the uppercase letter U. Note that the name should not exceed eight characters. Otherwise, you might have to truncate or abbreviate the name.
The previous entry shows that a login request by Ugobi is answered by /usr/lib/uucp/uucico. The home directory is /var/spool/uucppublic. The password is obtained from the /etc/shadow file. You must coordinate the password and the login name with the UUCP administrator of the remote machine. The remote administrator must then add an appropriate entry, with login name and unencrypted password, in the remote machine's Systems file.
Coordinate your machine name with the UUCP administrators on other systems.
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Invisible ink is a substance which can be used to write with, which is either invisible on application or disappears quickly, and can be subsequently restored by some means. The use of invisible ink is a form of steganography, and has been used in espionage.
The simplest forms of invisible ink are lemon juice and milk. For this type of 'heat fixed' ink, any acidic fluid will work. Write on paper with a fountain pen, toothpick or a finger dipped in the liquid. Once dry, the paper appears blank. The writing is made to appear by heating the paper, on a radiator, iron or oven for example, though a 100W light bulb is less likely to damage the paper.
Other types of invisible ink use different chemical reactions, usually an acid-base reaction (like litmus paper) similar to the blueprint process. These dual chemical ink/decoder pairs use a spray bottle for the decoding liquid or vapor (e.g. for ammonia fumes to decode phenolphthalein ink), or an invisible ink pen with two tips, one the encoding tip, and one the decoding. A cover message should be written over the invisible message, since a blank sheet of paper arouses suspicion.
Invisible ink is sometimes used to print parts of pictures or text in books for children to play with, particularly while they are travelling. A decoder pen is included with these books so that the children may rub the decoding pen over the invisible part of the text or picture, revealing the answer to a question printed in regular ink, the missing part of a picture, or the like.
Very rarely, invisible ink has been used in art. It is usually decoded, though when it is not, it makes a mockery of the concept of "visual art".
List of invisible inks
Revealed by heat
Some of these are organic substances that oxidize when heated, which usually turns them brown.
- Lemon juice
- Onion juice
- Apple juice
- Sugar solution
- Diluted honey
- Diluted cola drink
Developed by chemical reaction
In most cases, one substance changes color when mixed with an acid or base.
- Phenolphthalein, developed by ammonia or sodium carbonate.
- Vinegar, revealed by red cabbage water.
- Vinegar is an acid (ethanoic acid, or archically acetic acid) that affects the pH indicator in red cabbage water.
- Ammonia, developed by red cabbage water.
- Copper sulfate developed by sodium iodide.
- Copper sulfate developed by sodium carbonate.
- Copper sulfate developed by ammonium hydroxide.
- Lead nitrate developed by sodium iodide.
- Iron sulfate developed by sodium carbonate.
- Iron sulfate developed by potassium ferricyanate.
- Cobalt chloride developed by potassium ferricyanide.
- Copper sulfate developed by potassium ferricyanide.
- Iron sulfate developed by sodium sulfide.
- Starch, developed by iodine solution (ink turns dark blue, paper turns light blue).
- Lemon juice, developed by iodine solution (ink turns white, paper turns light blue).
These are chemicals that glow (see fluorescence) when illuminated by ultraviolet light from a lamp. This is a property of many substances, as anyone who has walked near a black light in recently laundered clothing knows.
Some chemicals absorb water from the air, which makes them disappear, but when a developer is applied, the water is liberated and the writing appears.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details
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AS PEOPLE in Nevada are gearing up to oppose the US Department of Energy's plans for a nuclear waste dump at Yucca Mountain, a local scientist has come up with more ammunition for the protesters.
Eugene Smith, a geologist at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, says the site of the proposed dump lies along a line of old volcanoes with a troubling history of eruptions. Some erupt more often than official estimates suggest, Smith claims, and from time to time the whole area goes through periods of increased volcanic activity.
The flaw in the Department of Energy's assessments, says Smith, is that it has been looking only at the volcanoes nearest Yucca Mountain. This region, known as Crater Flat, is relatively docile, with 3.7 to 12 eruptions per million years. But there is another group of volcanoes 100 kilometres to the north in an area called the Lunar ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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Africa Could Produce More E-Waste Than Europe by 2017, Experts Say
Africa, typically a dumping ground for electronic waste from other nations, could produce more e-waste than the European Union by 2017, experts say.
Across Africa, a combination of population growth and increased access to mobile phones and other technology will produce a surge in e-waste over the next five years, Miranda Amachree of Nigeria’s National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency told reporters at the Pan-African Forum on E-Waste.
While the continent has long received thousands of tons of waste for disposal from developing nations, a recent report by the UN Basel Convention found as much as 85 percent of Africa’s e-waste is now local.
That report found that in five West African nations ten times as many people have personal computers as a decade ago, and 100 times as many people have cellphones.
In those countries alone, as much as 1 million tons of domestic e-waste is now generated per year. Katharina Kummer Peiry, of the Basel Convention, said African nations must “move towards more formal recycling in order to ensure precious metals are properly extracted from, say, mobile phones.”
Article appearing courtesy Yale Environment 360.
|Tags: Africa Basel Convention e-waste precious metals recycling technology||[ Permalink ]|
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Whether you’re just starting out, or an experienced performer or composer, all musicians can benefit from brushing up their music reading and aural skills from time to time. If you are notating your own music – or someone else’s music – it helps if you have a good grounding in music theory and notation conventions. And if you ever need to transcribe music from a recording (that is, write down what you hear) you’ll need sound aural skills.
There are lots of excellent resources to help you practice your music reading and ear training skills. Many are free and most are – dare I say? – fun. And they’re not just for kids. Here are 5 of my favourite resources:
1. The Theta Music Trainer is a fantastic site featuring video-game style ear training activities. Games include Paddle Pitch (a “Pong“-style pitch recognition game), Rhythm Puzzles (rhythmic dictation), Melodic Drops (intervals, notes played separately) and Harmonic Balloons (interval recognition with notes played simultaneously). Parrot Phrases tests your melodic dictation skills and caters for both keyboard players and guitarists by allowing you to submit answers via an on-screen piano or guitar fretboard. There’s even a unique tone-colour/timbre identification game called Channel Match which requires you to pick individual instruments “out of the mix”.
Unlike many other music game sites, Theta Music Trainer features a number of supporting articles which cover the fundamentals of music: melody, harmony, rhythm and sound. If you create a login, the site will track your progress and you can view your overall results on your Training Report page. A limited number of games and levels are free and you can unlock all games by subscribing for $7.95 a month. Discounts are available if you pay an up-front annual fee of $54 ($4.50 per month), or if you’re a studio music teacher (less than $4 per month).
2. The Music Interactive (TMI) has an excellent collection of free downloadable apps. Although they are intended for classroom use (and are effective on an interactive whiteboard), they still offer something to the non-student. I spent some time testing these apps out in preparation for a conference presentation I was giving last year and found that almost an hour had passed while I played with scientifically tested Staff Wars 1 and Rhythm Dictation. There are around 25 games in total and most are free.
I have some favourites: Staff Wars 1 is- not surprisingly – a Star Wars themed game which requires you to identify notes on the stave by blasting them with missiles from your spacecraft. Choose the wrong note name or allow the note to reach the clef and you’ll lose one of your 3 lives. The game starts innocently enough, but just when you’re becoming complacent everything speeds up, including the background music. There’s a second (separate) version of this game – Staff Wars 2 – which allows you to identify notes by playing them on your instrument.
The Rhythm Dictation game asks you to reassemble the puzzle pieces of a 4, 8 or 16-bar rhythm and you can control which rhythmic elements are included and how fast the rhythm is played. Drawn To Keys covers scales and intervals and has a useful on-screen keyboard you can use as a tool when you’re away from your MIDI keyboard or piano.
You’ll need to register for the TMI forum in order to download the apps.
3. Phil Tulga’s Music Through Curriculum site features music activities and arts integration lessons and whilst it’s aimed at the education sector, there are some useful resources no matter what sort of musician you are. Sequencing with Simon is a game based on the classic electronic Simon Memory Game of the 1980′s. The coloured Simon machine plays sequences of pitches which you need to repeat. The sequences increase in length with each round. The Counting Music page features a ruler which allows you to visualise the length of notes and shows you how to count rhythms.
4. Ricci Adams’ MusicTheory.net is an online resource that teaches the basics of music reading and is an excellent way to get started with music theory. There are a series of lessons which explain musical concepts in plain English and there are exercises to reinforce what you’ve learnt.
5. Whilst not free, Auralia is one of the most comprehensive ear training programs available. Made by Australian developers Rising Software, Auralia covers all the musical material the free apps cover and a whole lot more. In addition to all the usual topic areas – intervals, rhythmic dictation, chords and scales – you can work on recognising chord progressions, music styles, absolute pitch and sight-singing.
Answers can be submitted by using your computer keyboard, the mouse or by singing into your computer’s microphone. If you’re serious about ear training, this is the one to buy.
Do you have any favourite resources that are not mentioned here?
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The incidence of skin cancer in the US continues to grow. According to a recent study published in the Archives of Dermatology, more than two million Americans are affected by over 3.5 million skin cancers every year. This represents more than a 300 percent increase in total skin cancers since 1994, the last time such data were released.
Skin cancer is truly an epidemic, with more new cases annually than the combined incidence of cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, and colon. While it is usually very treatable when caught early, it should not be taken lightly. Skin cancers have a high rate of recurrence, and anyone who has had one runs an increased risk of developing another skin cancer, including melanoma. Additionally, people who have had nonmelanoma skin cancers have twice the risk of developing other malignancies, such as lung, colon, and breast cancers. Melanoma, if not caught in a timely manner, may metastasize (spread) to distant tissues or organs, and can be life-threatening.
Even though skin cancers are becoming more and more common, you need not become a statistic. Skin cancer remains one of the most preventable forms of cancer. Since approximately 90 percent of all nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, you can lower your risk by limiting your exposure to the sun and tanning devices, which also emit harmful UV rays. Sun protection behaviors such as seeking the shade (particularly between 10 AM and 4 PM); wearing protective clothing; and applying a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher regularly are important all year round, but now that the weather has warmed up and we’re spending more time outdoors, precautions are especially vital.
Enjoy the spring, and visit our Prevention Guidelines section for more information on how to best protect your skin from UV-induced damage.
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December 24, 2009 — Vol. 2, Issue 12
This Month in NASA History
Tenth Anniversary of Terra
On December 18, 1999, the Terra
satellite lofted into orbit to study the interactions between humans and the lands, oceans, and atmosphere.
Terra, the flagship of the Earth Observing System, became fully operational in February 2000. It has far surpassed its mission requirements and doubled its life expectancy of five years. The data Terra collects are being analyzed by teams of scientists all over the world to understand the impact that humans are having on the planet.
"One of the surprising aspects of Terra," said Marc Imhoff
, Project Scientist for Terra, "is that, here's a mission that started out with a suite of instruments with their own objectives — to make separate observations of the land surface, the oceans, the atmosphere — but also worked together to advance the frontier of integrated Earth systems science." Imhoff said they are not only studying climate but also seeing the data used for other applications like understanding how land cover change and climate affects honeybee populations, which are critical to agriculture.
Each of Terra's five instruments — MODIS, ASTER, CERES, MOPITT, and MISR — captures various aspects of the globe's processes, measuring various aspects of clouds, ozone, fires, ocean color, snow and ice, and pollutants in the atmosphere. "Initially, [we] were focused on primarily demonstrating the capacity of each individual instrument," said Imhoff, "but over time, what I find exciting is how they're being used together to begin to tie together processes –Earth system processes — that are linked."
The heritage of each of Terra's instruments tells a story of how Earth observing satellites have evolved. For instance, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) that flew on NOAA-16 in 1998 offered the only viable source of data for global land cover mapping. MODIS (MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer)
built upon AVHRR's heritage by improving the spectral, spatial, geometric, and radiometric attributes for monitoring and mapping global land cover. Additionally, MODIS borrows from the Thematic Mapper from Landsat-4 and the Coastal Zone Color Scanner that flew on Nimbus-7 in 1978.
MODIS raised the bar for what can be expected from satellite instruments, but not without a challenge. With the clock ticking toward launch, the MODIS team discovered that when clouds were present in a field of view, the instrument produced ghost images on the pixels. The team tackled the problem by finding the necessary expertise, and ended up with an instrument that exceeded everyone's expectations. In a Masters with Masters interview
, Mike Ryschkewitsch remarked that after MODIS, "We find that we can live with no less than what we used to think was going to be darn near impossible."
Terra includes two international partners: MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution In the Atmosphere) is a product of the Canadian Space Agency and the University of Toronto and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) was built in Japan for the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry.
Article by HS
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Dick Vernon, Sarah Pene and Makelesi Kora-Gonelevu describe how a Pest List Database is helping farmers in the Pacific to export their produce, and to keep the islands free from alien pests and diseases.
Blessed with a favourable climate and, very importantly, a generally low level of pests and diseases, Pacific island countries such as Fiji, Samoa and Tonga produce a wide range of tropical crops. Since most of these island states do not have a significant industrial base or mineral resources, agriculture, along with tourism, is a key source of foreign exchange.
The main destinations for Pacific agricultural exports, which include Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United States, have imposed strict quarantine regulations on imports to protect their home agriculture from new pests and diseases.
Thus, for example, a Fijian farmer who wishes to export papaya to New Zealand first has to satisfy the New Zealand quarantine service that the fruit will not pose a threat to local agriculture. Under the International Plant Protection Convention, the exporting country is required to provide a list of all pests and diseases ever found on papaya.
In the past, preparing such a list involved gathering together data from many sources, such as annual reports of the island’s Agriculture Department, pest survey reports, research station records and published articles, usually going back several decades. This entailed long and time-consuming research, for each commodity, and could take months.
Speeding up export procedures
Today, the same job can be done in minutes with the Pacific Pest List Database (PLD), an information system developed, compiled and maintained by the Plant Protection Service of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC).
The PLD contains a wide range of data on all the major crops, together with information on pest occurrences in each country. Initially, the process of establishing the PLD in each country takes several weeks of data capture and data entry, but once this has been done, for all the major crops, the system can be maintained fairly easily.
Once entered into the system, the same data can be used to generate reports for a variety of purposes. The most important report is a list of all pests that have been found on any particular crop in each country, as required by the export destination country. Another is a list of all recorded hosts for any given pest, which is required for an import risk analysis, a formal procedure that precedes approval of an import. Other reports that can be generated include a list of all weeds found in a country, and a supporting bibliography, always provided the necessary data has been entered into the system.
Alien pests and diseases
The PLD was designed primarily to facilitate trade, but soon after it was introduced some countries, notably Samoa and Fiji, requested that it be extended to help protect the islands from alien pests and diseases and potentially invasive weed species. Thus the PLD now also has a quarantine module, which is used by the islands’ quarantine services for recording pest interceptions at ports and airports.
Two previous attempts to compile a database for the region had run into difficulties, and SPC was determined that this should not happen again. After extensive consultations, SPC opted for a system that runs on MS Access database software, with easy to use, self-explanatory menus from which the user can generate a number of pre-designed reports.
SPC has developed and tested a prototype, organised training workshops at the national and regional levels, and put in place a programme of follow-up support. It has been found that islands’ plant protection staff, even those with no previous database experience, can become competent in using the system after a three-day training workshop. The system, together with a user manual and training materials, are now available on CD.
Toward online access
The Pest List Database has so far been introduced in 15 Pacific island countries and territories, on the understanding that each country’s pest occurrence records are ‘owned’ by each country’s responsible authority, usually the Ministry of Agriculture. World Trade Organization rules require that this information be made available to trading partners, and at present this is done by email. Now that the member countries are familiar with the system, they have authorized SPC to proceed with a combined regional Internet-based version of the system. When that is in place, users will be able to take full advantage of the system.
For further information, please visit the website of the SPC Plant Protection Service
Dick Vernon (
[email protected] ) was until recently at the SPC Plant Protection Service in Fiji, where he coordinated the design, development and launch of the PLD.
Makelesi Kora-Gonelevu ( [email protected] ), a computer scientist with the SPC Plant Protection Service, helped to develop and now maintains the PLD.
Sara Pene ( [email protected] ) is a biologist responsible for maintaining the taxonomic data of the thousands of pests and their host species in the PLD.
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FOR RELEASE: January 20, 2007
CONTACT: Pamela Williams
Office of Communications
Coronary Heart Disease is the Single Largest Killer of Oklahomans Heed Warning Signs
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is Oklahoma's number one killer, still claiming more lives than the rest of the major causes of death. Cardiovascular diseases include high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, heart attack, angina, congestive heart failure, stroke, and congenital heart defects. National statistics indicate Oklahoma has the worst death rate in the nation for CVD.
"Uncontrolled high blood pressure and/or high blood cholesterol are major contributors to coronary heart disease," said State Health Commissioner Dr. Mike Crutcher. "Coronary heart disease alone is the single largest killer of Oklahomans. The disease continues to devastate both men and women of all ages, regardless of race and ethnicity. Heart attack is NOT a natural cause of death!"
The Oklahoma State Department of Health encourages Oklahomans to pay more attention to their heart health. Recognizing signs and symptoms of a heart attack is vital to the survival of an event. However, it is just as important to react to the signs in a timely manner by calling 9-1-1 immediately. Medical care for a heart attack victim begins the moment 9-1-1 is called.
Some heart attacks are sudden, but most heart attacks start slowly, with mild pain or discomfort. Often, people affected aren't sure what is wrong and wait too long before getting help. Here are warning signs that can mean a heart attack is occurring:
- Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.
- Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.
- Shortness of breath. This feeling often comes along with chest discomfort. But it can occur before the chest discomfort.
- Other signs: These may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.
To begin improving your heart health, start by having your blood pressure and cholesterol checked by a health care provider to make sure you are not at risk for a heart attack. Take action to bring high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol under control. Finally, talk with your health care provider about taking aspirin therapy if you have high blood pressure or high blood cholesterol.
For more heart healthy suggestions, contact your health care provider, your local county health department, or the Chronic Disease Service at the Oklahoma State Department of Health, 405-271-4072.
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From Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia
Twinleaf or jeffersonia diphylla is a native North American wildflower named after Thomas Jefferson.
This perennial is a member of the Berberidaceae (Barberry) family, and it grows in rich, damp, open woods located in Southeastern Canada and New York, southward to Georgia and Alabama, and northwest to Iowa and Minnesota. The flowers are white, large, with 8 petals and are borne on stalks separate from the leaves. The leaves are ovate with a deep cleft from the top of the leaf and another from the base of the leaf, nearly dividing the leaf into two parts. Plant 8 to 10 inches in height.
On May 18, 1792, six men gathered in Philosophical Hall for the Friday meeting of the American Philosophical Society. Benjamin Smith Barton, professor of botany and natural history at the University of Pennsylvania, rose to read a letter he had written to a European botanist. In it he described an American wildflower, traced its short path through the scientific literature, and concluded that, as a genus "distinct" from any other, it was in need of a new name.
"I take the liberty," said Barton, "of making it known to the botanists by the name of J E F F E R S O N I A in honour of Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Secretary of State to the United-States." He added that his purpose was not to honor Jefferson's political character or his reputation for general science and literature. "My business was with his knowledge of natural history," he said. "In the various departments of this science, but especially in botany and in zoology, the information of this gentleman is equalled by that of few persons in the United-States."
The Society member honored in this act of scientific classification was absent--one would like to think because his mind was on zoology rather than botany. Earlier that day Jefferson had invited James Madison to his house to examine the difference between a "Northern hare" and a "common" one from the market, before they continued to Edmund Randolph's lodgings to dine.
But Jefferson's attendance at the meetings of the Philosophical Society had fallen off since the previous year, when he and Dr. Barton had collaborated energetically on investigations of the Hessian Fly. The Society's minutes record the presence of their vice-president at only two of the Friday meetings in 1792, a year filled with the "hateful labours" of office and the intensifying disputes of partisan politics.
In this spring of 1792 Jefferson was abused as well as honored for his interest in natural history. In April he had been the target of the first round fired in the partisan pamphlet wars. Massachusettensis (now thought to be British consul Sir John Temple), after attacking Jefferson as the intriguing "tool of a party," called for his "speedy retreat" to Monticello. There he could "range the fields of science, and the natural history of his country" without doing lasting harm to the nation. Jefferson's response was predictable: "However ardently my retirement to my own home and my own affairs, may be wished for by others as the author says, there is no one of them who feels the wish once where I do a thousand times."
His letters in this year are full of laments about being "shut up drudging within four walls" in Philadelphia and longing for the "tranquil" occupations of the fields and gardens at Monticello. And beyond Monticello was a whole unexplored continent to be studied--"What a feild have we at our doors to signalize ourselves in!" Having chosen the path of public leadership, Jefferson had to remain on the sidelines, cheering on American naturalists to their goal of revealing to the world the rich flora and fauna of the young nation.
Benjamin Smith Barton was perhaps Jefferson's greatest hope for leading the American team to eminence. The plant he had rescued from the wrong genus is what we know as twinleaf, a spring-blooming perennial of the woodlands of eastern North America. It entered scientific literature in 1753, when Linnaeus assigned it to the genus Podophyllum in his Species Plantarum. This work became our starting point for the naming of plants by introducing the binomial system which substituted two Latin names for the cumbersome Latin descriptions then current. Linnaeus likened his improvement to "putting the clapper in the bell" and sixty years later Jefferson was grateful. In 1814 he wrote that, "fortunately for science," Linnaeus had brought order out of chaos by providing a "universal language" for naming and classifying nature's productions.
Linnaeus had made his identification of twinleaf from a non-flowering specimen sent to him by a Virginian, John Clayton. Jefferson called the clerk of Gloucester County "our great botanist," and used the Flora Virginica, a compendium of Clayton's discoveries, when preparing the plant lists for his Notes on the State of Virginia. The first twinleaf to bloom before the eyes of botanists was collected in Virginia' Blue Ridge Mountains by Andre Michaux. Michaux's root first flowered in Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia in the spring of 1791 and was observed by Dr. Barton and William Bartram, who "together" made the first drawings of it.
Soon Jeffersonia became a feature of the gardens of Philadelphians, presumably those with republican leanings, but its namesake may never have seen it in the wild. Barton first saw it in its natural habitat at a site Jefferson had visited too late in the season. In 1802 Jefferson was living in "splendid misery" in the executive mansion and Barton was planning a botanising tour into the southern mountains. "I really envy your journey," wrote the President, "but I am a prisoner of state." He had to content himself with solitary rides out of Washington, during which, as Margaret Bayard Smith recalled, he would dismount "to climb rocks, or wade through swamps to obtain any plant he discovered or desired."
Passing through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry in July, Barton saw "immense quantities" of twinleaf, past flowering, but could not find "even a single seed-vessel." He carried with him Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia, which contained a highly charged account of the meeting of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers at this spot. Barton confided to his journal that what Jefferson called "one of the most stupendous scenes in nature" did not equal his expectations.
Barton arrived at the author's house in August, crossing the Rivanna River at the Shadwell ford and noting plentiful pawpaw trees, some castor-bean plants, and "a good deal" of horsemint. His fascinating journal then proves a major disappointment to future historians. "Monticello," written with a flourish and twice underlined, is followed by "Monticello is the beautiful seat of Mr. Jefferson," and not a word more--the rest of the page is blank. He elsewhere recorded his host's comments on the elevation of Monticello, its soil, and the scarcity of insects and insect-eating birds there (hummingbirds, however, were common). The President also shared his opinion that the counties along the eastern side of the Blue Ridge were the "healthiest" part of the United States. He had been told by an officer of the U.S. Army that this area produced "the largest men" among its recruits. Jefferson and Thomas Mann Randolph, Barton's former schoolmate at the University of Edinburgh, also contributed to the journal their comments on local plants, like honey locust, strawberry bush, and umbrella magnolia.
When Barton passed through Harper's Ferry again on his way north, he "sought in vain" for Jeffersonia, but found the scene far grander on a second inspection. The rocks were "indeed, stupendous," and had "an awful appearance." Perhaps Jefferson had responded to his initial disappointment with a story he had recently told another American botanist. When Samuel Latham Mitchill asked him for directions to the precise spot from which he had viewed the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, Jefferson replied that it was no longer there. During the Adams administration, a military expedition was mounted to blow up the projecting rock, "doubtless," as the shocked Mitchill wrote his wife, "with the intention of falsifying his account, and rendering it incredible by putting it out of the power of any subsequent traveller to behold the like from the same point of view. What shameful, what vandalic revenge is this!" Nevertheless, when Mitchill later visited the site, he too joined the many disappointed tourists whose expectations had been raised by Jefferson's description.
In 1803 Mitchill wrote that "botanists consider it an honor of the highest kind to be immortalized by having their names given to plants." The international code of botanical nomenclature made this distinction impossible for the good doctor. He cheerfully told his wife that Willdenow had wished to name a new plant after him but "was prevented by finding that the name had been bestowed already" (Linneaus had called patridgeberry Mitchella repens after John Mitchell of Virginia). Barton's honor came in the shape of an obscure plant of undistinguished appearance--Bartonia. And the rules of precedence prevented Jefferson from being immortalized twice.
John Brickell of Georgia tried in 1798 to apply the name Jeffersonia to the Carolina jessamine (now Gelsemium sempervirens), "in compliment" to the man "who, to his immense stores of other knowledge, has added the science of Botany."
By Jefferson's retirement from politics, Jeffersonia had been introduced into English gardens by Scottish plant collector John Lyon and that Jeffersonian site--Harper's Ferry--was the home of the immigrants. On May 17, 1804, Lyon noted in his diary that he collected there "about 200 roots" of the twinleaf. Another plant enthusiast made a pilgrimage to the junction of the Potomac and the Shenandoah in 1817. A young Virginia lawyer, Francis Walker Gilmer, wrote to Jefferson of his journey to "Harper's Ferry, where all the regions of nature have conspired to do you honor." He gathered seeds of Jeffersonia to give to Jefferson's daughter Martha, because "its name will I am sure recommend it to her piety."
Jefferson never returned to the Blue Ridge gap where he had seen the "monuments of a war between rivers and mountains" in 1783. He remained close to his gardens at Monticello and Poplar Forest and, in 1823, considered ways to honor the man who had helped to clarify the "order of nature" by "uniting all nations under one language in natural history." Samuel Latham Mitchill had written suggesting that, as honorary members of the Linnean Society of Paris, he and Jefferson should simultaneously observe the birthday of Linnaeus on May 24th. Mitchill intended to celebrate this "fete botanique" in "a becoming manner" at Prince's garden in Flushing. "We shall think of you on the occasion," he wrote, "since we feel an assurance that you will not disapprove an attempt to render science popular and attractive."
Jefferson, in reply, regretted that he could not "join them physically on the occasion, but will certainly be with them in spirit. He will invite also some amateurs in natural science in his neighborhood to fraternize on the same day with their brethren of New York by corresponding libations to the great apostle of Nature." It is not known who shared the libations at Poplar Forest on the twenty-fourth--the last day of Jefferson's last visit.
And until almost the last day of his life he tried to pass his enthusiasm for natural history on to a younger generation. He worked to ensure the inclusion of botany, one of "the most valuable sciences," in the curriculum of the University of Virginia. It was time for the young to pursue his former passions. In 1822 Jefferson wrote to the discoverer of a new mineral, Jeffersonite. Thanking him for "the honor done my name by the appellation given it," he concluded that although "age and a decayed memory" had weakened his attention to the natural sciences, "nothing can ever weaken my affection to them, and the pleasure with which I observe so many of my young countrymen pursuing them with an ardor and success equally honorable to themselves and our country."
- ↑ This article is based on Lucia Stanton, Twinleaf Article, 1992.
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] | 5 |
Volume 10, Number 11: 14 March 2007
In an impressive new study, Esper et al. (2007) reconstruct an annually-resolved history of population cycles of a foliage-feeding Lepidopteran commonly known as the larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana Gn.) - or LBM for short - within the European Alps in the southern part of Switzerland. As is typical of many such insect pests, they report that "during peak activity, populations may reach very high densities over large areas," resulting in "episodes of massive defoliation and/or tree mortality." Consequently, it can be appreciated that any new light they might be able to shed on the subject could be of great ecological and economic significance.
The first thing the team of Swiss and US researchers did was develop a history of LBM outbreaks over the 1173-year period AD 832-2004, which they describe as "the longest continuous time period over which any population cycle has ever been documented." This they did using radiodensitometric techniques to characterize the tree-ring density profiles of 180 larch (Larix deciduas Mill.) samples, where "LBM outbreaks were identified based upon characteristic maximum latewood density (MXD) patterns in wood samples, and verified using more traditional techniques of comparison with tree-ring chronologies from non-host species," i.e., fir and spruce. Then, they developed a matching temperature history for the same area, which was accomplished by combining "a tree-ring width-based reconstruction from AD 951 to 2002 integrating 1527 pine and larch samples (Buntgen et al., 2005) and a MXD-based reconstruction from AD 755 to 2004 based upon the same 180 larch samples used in the current study for LBM signal detection (Buntgen et al., 2006)."
Over almost the entire period studied, i.e., from its start in AD 832 to 1981, there were a total of 123 LBM outbreaks with a mean reoccurrence time of 9.3 years. In addition, the researchers say "there was never a gap that lasted longer than two decades." From 1981 to the present, however, there have been no LBM outbreaks; and since there had never before (within their record) been such a long outbreak hiatus, they concluded that "the absence of mass outbreaks since the 1980s is truly exceptional."
To what do Esper et al. attribute this truly unprecedented recent development? Noting that "conditions during the late twentieth century represent the warmest period of the past millennium" - as per their temperature reconstruction for the region of the Swiss Alps within which they worked - they point to "the role of extraordinary climatic conditions as the cause of outbreak failure," and they discuss what they call the "probable hypothesis" of Baltensweiler (1993), who described a scenario by which local warmth may well lead to reduced LBM populations.
Such may well be the case; but we hasten to add that atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1980 have also been unprecedented over the 1173-year period of Esper et al.'s study. In fact, they have been even more unprecedented than have air temperatures. Hence, the suppression of LBM outbreaks over the past quarter-century may possibly have been the result of some synergistic consequence of the two factors (temperature and CO2) acting in unison, while a third possibility may involve only the increase in the air's CO2 content.
Whatever the case may be, and in further discussing their remarkable findings, Esper et al. say their observations suggest the "vulnerability of an otherwise stable ecological system in a warming environment," in what would appear to be an attempt to attach an undesirable connotation to the observed outcome. This wording seems strange indeed, for it is clear that the "recent disruption of a major disturbance regime," as Esper et al. refer to the suppression of LBM outbreaks elsewhere in their paper, would be considered by most people to be a positive outcome, and something to actually be welcomed.
Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso
Baltensweiler, W. 1993. Why the larch bud moth cycle collapsed in the subalpine larch-cembran pine forests in the year 1990 for the first time since 1850. Oecologia 94: 62-66.
Buntgen, U., Esper, J., Frank, D.C., Nicolussi, K. and Schmidhalter, M. 2005. A 1052-year tree-ring proxy for alpine summer temperatures. Climate Dynamics 25: 141-153.
Buntgen, U., Frank, D.C., Nievergelt, D. and Esper, J. 2006. Alpine summer temperature variations, AD 755-2004. Journal of Climate 19: 5606-5623.
Esper, J., Buntgen, U., Frank, D.C., Nievergelt, D. and Liebhold, A. 2007. 1200 years of regular outbreaks in alpine insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 671-679.
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] | 28 |
quarantine (kwŏrˈəntēn) [key], isolation of persons, animals, places, and effects that carry or are suspected of harboring communicable disease. The term originally referred to the 40 days of offshore wait during which incoming vessels could not discharge passengers or cargo in the era when plague and other great epidemics swept across Europe. The practice has been changed by developments in medical science. Usually the word of the ship's officer that the passengers are free of disease and presentation by the passengers of certificates of inoculation against certain diseases are now sufficient to permit passage of travelers from one country to another. Some nations still maintain extended periods of quarantine for cattle and household pets coming from another country to guard against such diseases as foot-and-mouth disease and rabies. Plant life may also be held for assurance that fungus and other plant diseases are not being introduced.
Local quarantine regulations are also in effect to guard against the spread of communicable disease. Public health laws require that physicians report certain infections to the authorities. The patients (and those who have come in contact with them) may be isolated and their effects disinfected, condemned, or destroyed, if it is in the public interest, since quarantine laws supersede even property rights. Although antibiotics, vaccinations, and other treatments have greatly reduced the use of quarantine in public health, persons with newly recognized or hard to treat communicable diseases may still be isolated by health officials. For example, quarantine was used effectively to control the spread of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), a sometimes deadly pneumonialike illness, in 2003.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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See more Encyclopedia articles on: Medicine
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|National Institute of Polar Research
National Institute of Polar Research (国立極地研究所) is the Japanese research institute for Antarctica. The agency manages several research bases on the continent:
Research Centers in the NIPR
The NIPR has several research centers on Antarctica topics. Among others there are meteorological, geological, glacier motion, life science, ice dynamics, etc. Since 1969 a new topics began: the collecting meteorites. In the Meteorite Collection of the NIPR there almost 17000 specimens of meteorites. This is one, of the largest meteorite collections all over the world. The Antarctic meteorite research is guided in the United States by ANSMET.
Planetary Science Education
The NIPR Antarctic Meteorite Research Center loans a set of 30 thin sections of various meteorite types. The Institute prepared 20 sets of this collection. They were used in several European countries, too: in Hungary, Romania, Denmark, Belgium. In the set students can study the most interesting meteorite types. Even Lunar and Martian meteorites can be found in the set.
- Yanai K., Kojima H., Haramura H. (1995): Catalog of Antarctic Meteorites. NIPR, Tokyo
- William A. Cassidy, Meteorites, Ice and Antarctica, Cambridge University Press (2003), ISBN 0-521-25872-3
Coordinates: 35°42′45″N 139°24′32″E / 35.71250°N 139.40889°E
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1. Planning Relax: The dataset concerns with the classification of two mental stages from recorded EEG signals: Planning (during imagination of motor act) and Relax state.
2. Buzz in social media : This data-set contains examples of buzz events from two different social networks: Twitter, and Tom’s Hardware, a forum network focusing on new technology with more conservative dynamics.
3. Wearable Computing: Classification of Body Postures and Movements (PUC-Rio): A dataset with 5 classes (sitting-down, standing-up, standing, walking, and sitting) collected on 8 hours of activities of 4 healthy subjects. We also established a baseline performance index.
4. PAMAP2 Physical Activity Monitoring: The PAMAP2 Physical Activity Monitoring dataset contains data of 18 different physical activities, performed by 9 subjects wearing 3 inertial measurement units and a heart rate monitor.
5. Wall-Following Robot Navigation Data: The data were collected as the SCITOS G5 robot navigates through the room following the wall in a clockwise direction, for 4 rounds, using 24 ultrasound sensors arranged circularly around its 'waist'.
6. Letter Recognition: Database of character image features; try to identify the letter
7. Page Blocks Classification: The problem consists of classifying all the blocks of the page layout of a document that has been detected by a segmentation process.
8. Optical Recognition of Handwritten Digits: Two versions of this database available; see folder
9. Pen-Based Recognition of Handwritten Digits: Digit database of 250 samples from 44 writers
10. Spambase: Classifying Email as Spam or Non-Spam
11. Concrete Slump Test: Concrete is a highly complex material. The slump flow of concrete is not only determined by the water content, but that is also influenced by other concrete ingredients.
12. First-order theorem proving: Given a theorem, predict which of five heuristics will give the fastest proof when used by a first-order prover. A sixth prediction declines to attempt a proof, should the theorem be too difficult.
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ULEARNING BLOG Computers aren’t so special anymore, but the kids may be better off: An introduction to mobile ‘appliance computing’ in Queensland schools
| THURSDAY, MAY 10, 2012
While some teachers in Queensland participated in a small PDA (personal digital assistant) trial in 2005, and others purchased small numbers of Nintendo DS handhelds, it has really been the release of the iPod touch (and then iPad), as well as the introduction of the XO mini-laptop program from One Laptop per Child Australia (OLPC), that has boosted the numbers of devices in schools. A strong case can be made that a revolution is underway in how computers are being perceived and used in schools across the world. How do we know this? Figures from analyst house Telsyte show that 1.4 phone?
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2010 Cisco Blog » Blog Archive » Educause 2010 Proves Learning is (Going) Mobile
That is how I closed each of my 8 presentations at the Cisco booth at Educause 2010 this week. What I should have said instead though is “Learning is Mobile”. Mobility in Education is not a future trend; it is happening right now all around us. And I should have known better since Higher Education has been a very early adopter of wireless networking and our customers are constantly interested in the latest technology. had less than an hour to walk the expo floor, but during that time I had multiple discussions that proved just how mobile education already is. My conclusion? billion by 2014.”
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | MONDAY, JULY 26, 2010 E-learning on Mobile Phones | MoSo Technology Blog
Follow me on Twitter RSS Feeds Home About MoSo Tech! Directory Technology Channel Science Channel Stores « Why were we born in the now human history, not in the past or in the future? Green Electricity Production – Have You Heard The News ? » E-learning on Mobile Phones by Cyprien E-learning on Mobile Phones The main advantage of E-learning is independence of both location and time. However the minimum requirement of E-learning is a personal computer, which has to be fixed at one place. Using technological devices such as Mobile phones can solve these types of problems. Crazy!
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | FRIDAY, JULY 23, 2010 Mobile Learning;Lessons learnt from the eLearning Africa 2010 - telecentre.org
Keegan (2005) He further stated that online forums allows students to chat , participate in threaded discussions ,read and post blogs , this which help them to express their views , learn from others ,creating a better platform for knowledge sharing.Digital immigrants engage in several modes of online forums , print out emails , and digital natives have hypertext minds , use short attention spellings and focus on tools they use. The session was chaired by Richard Niyonkuru,M & E Advisor for ICT ,Ministry of Education ,Rwanda. Can these really drive student performance?
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | TUESDAY, DECEMBER 15, 2009 How Mobile Cell Phones Change Everything When We Do - Ewan McIntosh | Digital Media & Education
Teachers decide pedagogy, not administrators, authorities or Governments. Where mp3 players were the hot item in 2003, the iPod shuffle and mini took until 2005 to hit the mainstream school audience. Will Richardson posts the above picture and asks "how many educators look at that picture and think "OMG, puhleeeeese let me teach in that classroom!" I suspect not many)". He points out that with the mobile technologies already in our students' pockets we're probably not far off that level of ubiquitous kitting out in our schools already. He's right. What can we aspire to?
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | TUESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2009 Learning in Hand Blog by Tony Vincent
government and their role in a particular issue. Create It in Your Hand, Share It with the World Below is some of my 30 minute talk at Handheld Learning 2009 in London. The presentation is called Create It in Your Hand, Share It with the World. decided to become a teacher when I was in sixth grade. From then on I studied each and every teacher I had and analyzed each and every activity they had me do. As a student I vowed to remember what I liked and didn’t like like when I was finally the one in charge. was lucky enough to have Palm computers for my fifth grade students in 2001. Presto!
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | FRIDAY, MAY 1, 2009 Mobile Learning: A Springboard Discussion - Taking Teaching Further
2005). Proceedings of World Conference on E- Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2007 (pp. Skip to content Taking Teaching Further Evaluating emerging technologies and their teaching implications in higher education Contact Contributors Feeds Why Log In Register Categories: Design LMS News Pedagogy Podcasting Research Reviews Tutorials Mobile Learning: A Springboard Discussion Background As our office has been researching mobile learning, we decided to discuss it and record the discussion to see what happened. It could also mean a mobile phone.
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2009 Province, industry, and university partner for mobile learning research | Tony Bates
iCORE is providing $760,000 over five years, Athabasca University is contributing $1.6 million, Xerox Canada is contributing $310,000, and Allan Markin is contributing $450,000.’ ’ Written by tony2 · Filed Under Events , Technology , geolocation , mobile learning Tagged: 2009 , Alberta , Athabasca University , iCORE , k , Kinshuk , Malkin , mobile learning , Xerox Canada Comments Got something to say? et al. 2008) The Tower and the Cloud Kimberly on Laptops in lectures Blog@UOe-L » Blog Archive » Laptops nas aulas teórias?
MLEARNOPEDIA DELICIOUS | TUESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2008 Faster Wi-Fi coming to cell phones, thanks to Broadcom - OCRegister.com
Communities Opinion All Opinion Editorials Letters to the Editor Blog: Orange Punch Daily Cartoons Mark Steyn Steven Greenhut Tibor Machan More Columns Science/Tech Travel All Travel OC Beaches DiscoverOC Weekend Getaways United States World All Science & Technology Technology Columns Newsletter Classifieds Real Estate Cars Jobs Shopping Place An Ad ADVERTISEMENT Where in world is FiOS/U-verse??? Verizons FiOS and AT&Ts U-verse TV and Internet services launched in O.C. in 2007. But where are they? Help me out by e-mailing me your location with a yay or nay. Read more. Try again later.
MLEARNING WORLD A bright future for mobiles in schools? Yes.
| MONDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2007
According to Culp, Honey and Mandinach, a 1983 report by the Commission on Educational Excellence was the first to include a recommendation that all high school graduates in the United States should “understand the computer as an information, computation and communication device; [be able to] use the computer in the study of the other Basics and for personal and work-related purposes; and understand the world of computers, electronics, and related technologies”(“A Retrospective”, 2005, p280). Enjoy! ? Copyright 2007 Jonathan W. [email protected] Introduction 2.0 learing+2.0
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This study guide discusses general features and facts about the moon, the highlands and maria, lunar impact topography, tides, the moon's topographic features, and also the geology, interior and origin of the moon.
%0 Electronic Source %A O'Connell, Robert %D 2004 %T The Moon %V 2013 %N 18 May 2013 %9 text/html %U http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/guide13-s04.html
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications.
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Israel Briefing Book:
Israel Overview -- Environment
For Israel, concern for all living things and prohibitions against environmental degradation may be traced back to biblical sources. Indeed, the first chapters of the Book of Genesis emphasize the vital link between humanity (adam) and the earth (adamah) and introduce the concept of stewardship by enjoining man to work the earth and to watch over it.
Israel's rebirth in modern times was sparked by this age-old commitment of the people to their land. Inspired by this profound sense of heritage, efforts are also being made to both preserve what is currently there and reintroduce plant and animal life which existed in biblical times and have since either disappeared from the region or are threatened with extinction.
In juxtaposition to its small geographical size, a wide range of of physical conditions and a rich variety of flora and fauna characterize Israel. The country's location at the junction of three continents, coupled with the climatic changes throughout the history of this region, has been largely responsible for the great diversity of species.
- Biogeographical Diversity
- History of Enviornmental Protection
- Environmental Conservation Today
- International Collaboration
Though only 470 kilometers from North to South, Israel boasts a wide range of biogeographical regions. Between the snowy slopes of Mount Hermon in the north and the southern coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat, lie arid desert, lush oases, Mediterranean woods, and the lowest point on earth—the Dead Sea.
Israel's location at the crossroads of Asia, Europe and Africa has endured large climatic changes over its history and accounts for the vast diversity of species within the region. This wealth of species is expressed with some 2,600 plant species (150 of which are indigenous to Israel), 7 amphibian, nearly 100 reptile, over 500 bird and about 100 mammal species.
Israel is sldo situated at the meeting point of three phytogeographical regions - Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian - and contains a diverse collection of herbaceous plants, especially annuals and geophytes, typical of all three. Species widely distributed over the entire Mediterranean climate region reach their southern limit of distribution in Israel. Saharan or Asian desert species reach their northern limits of distribution in this country while Irano-Turanian species reach their western limit here. Israel is the northernmost limit for the presence of plants such as the papyrus reed and the southernmost limit for others like the bright red coral peony.
Israel possesses one of the world’s largest assortments of wild wheat, barley, oat, and legumes. Israel’s forests feature a diverse and exotic collection of tree species, including Jerusalem pines, oaks, carobs, terbinths, cypresses, Judas trees, acacias, olive and almond trees, and eucalyptuses.
History of Enviornmental Protection
In the first two decades following independence, Israel accorded high priority to intensive development programs: new towns were built, modern agricultural programs were introduced, water sources were tapped and roads and airports were constructed. The rapid growth rate of population, industry and agriculture led to environmental degradation, which was further aggravated by the concentration of industrial and urban activities along the coastal strip, where two-thirds of the population reside.
The roots of Israel's nature protection movement may be traced back to the organization of a small group of nature lovers and scientists around a specific issue: the draining of Lake Hula and its surrounding swamps in order to combat malaria and reclaim the land for agriculture during the 1950's. This small group of conservationists, who fought for the preservation of a small area of swampland as a nature reserve, understood that the death of the swamps would spell the death of the valley's indigenous flora and fauna as well. Their successful campaign assured not only the survival of the Hula habitat, but the birth of Israel's nature protection movement.
The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI), the country’s largest non-governmental environment organization, has been instrumental in raising public awareness of nature and environmental protection. Founded in 1953, SPNI has initiated dozens of campaigns aimed at the protection of unique Israeli landscapes, wildlife, natural environment, and open spaces, from the adverse effects of development. Other private organizations, such as the Jewish National Fund and Kerem Kayemet were also influential in the raising awareness about the need for enviornmental protection.
In 1963, the National Parks Authority was established in order to prepare and maintain park areas for the general public as well as preserve historical and enviornmental sites. The following year, the Parks Authority named the Lake Hula area as Israel's first declared nature reserve.
In 1973, the Israeli Cabinet established the Environmental Protection Service (EPS) as the country's first environmental government body. This was an important step in the creation of a comprehensive and modern environmental administration in Israel.
In December 1988, the government established the Ministry of the Environment. The decision reflected a positive change in the national determination to tackle environmental issues. In recent years, Israel has embarked on a new journey, taking its first steps on the path toward sustainable development - development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Environmental Conservation Today
Israel maintains a serious commitment to nature conservation and protection today. Israel's modern development has led to rapid growth in population, standard of living, and consumption but also increases in solid waste, hazardous chemical production, and water usage combined with reducde air quality and field and coastline degradation.
Work is being done to map out the country and determine each region's environmental vulnerability. Israel recognizes that, for assuring sustainable development, methods must be developed to conserve biodiversity, protect vital water sources, control air pollution in densely populated areas, upgrade wastewater treatment and expand effluent recovery, provide for pesticide-free agricultural produce and assure safe disposal, treatment and recycling of solid and hazardous waste.
Consequently, both Israel's environmental industries and its academic institutions have invested in broadening their research and development activities. At the same time, stringent new standards, accompanied by tough enforcement, along with educational initiatives and public campaigns are increasing the environmental consciousness and responsibility of government and civil society alike.
The main issue facing Israel in her nature conservation efforts is habitat fragmentation.
In 1995, Israel created a new afforestation master plan, which recognized the status of forests as the site of vital natural vegetation, biological diversity, and open spaces and called for a total of 162,000 hectares of woodlands and open areas—over 15% of Israel’s total land area north of Be’er Sheva.
The government has also designated 105 tracts of land, or 3% of the 205 square kilometer Mediterranean region, and nearly 20% of the desert region as protected nature reserves, many of which overlap with land used for military training.
Israel’s air quality has been greatly affected by the country’s recent increase in energy production, industry, and transportation. Low sulfur fuel has been introduced to combat sulfur dioxide concentrations, but automotive pollutant emissions have increased dramatically, playing a major role in the deterioration of the country’s quality of air. Israel has taken steps to lessen sulfur dioxide output by initiating the use of lead-free gasoline, catalytic converters, and diesel fuel with lower sulfur content. In addition, Israel acts in accordance with international resolutions on ozone depletion and climate change.
Israel's rapid growth in population, standard of living, and consumption over the past twenty to thirty has also led to a 4%-5% annual increase in solid waste. To deal with this increase, environmentally conscious landfills have come to replace illegal garbage dumps and a solid waste management policy is being introduced. They focus on reduction of waste, recycling, recovery, and incineration.
In recent years, efforts have focused on restoring the country's ailing rivers, which have either dried up or become sewage conduits as a result of industrial discharge, municipal sewage, overpumping or just general abuse. The road toward restoration was opened with the inauguration of a National River Administration in 1993 to oversee the restoration of the country's rivers. Twelve coastal rivers and two rivers in the eastern basin are currently undergoing restoration according to approved master plans, which include cleanups, soil conservation and landscape and park development. The results are evident in rivers throughout the country - whether the Alexander River where egg laying and basking areas were set aside for giant soft-shell turtles, or the Kishon River where dramatic improvements in water quality have occurred as evidenced by monitoring results.
Through its advances in enviornmental protection and conservation over the past fifty years, Israel has now been able to share its expertise through enviornmental collaboration with other countries around the world. Moreover, it has also teamed with the Palestinian Authority and neighboring Jordan to ensure bilateral protection of regions that fall in both countries.
The Enviornment Working Group endeavors to enhance the ability of regional parties in the Middle East to deal with maritime pollution, wastewater treatment, environmental management and desertification. The working group has endorsed the 1994 Bahrain Enviornmental Code of Conduct for the Middle East which focuses on the following principles, accepted by all the parties involved: natural resources must be preserved and any adverse enviornmental activities avoided; peace and enviornmental protection are interdependent and regional parties will cooperate on enviornmental issues; each country will facilitate and promote public awareness to the need for enviornmental conservation.
In addition, Israel and Jordan have a bilateral pact on enviornmental protection and nature conservation. Likewise, Israel has cooperated with the Palestinians to battle pollution.
With the United States, Israel has long had cooperation in enviornmental protection as both nations share the value and interest in quality of enviornment.
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Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Route 66: 1926 - 1945
Formative Years: 1926-1932
Route 66 had its official beginnings in 1926 when the Bureau of Public Roads launched the nation’s first Federal highway system. Like other highways in the system, the path of Route 66 was a cobbling together of existing local, State, and national road networks. Extending 2,400 miles from Chicago to Los Angeles, the new highway wound through eight States and was not completely paved until 12 years after its designation. Many of the merchants in the small and large towns through which the highway passed looked to the road as an economic opportunity to bring much needed outside revenues into their often rural and isolated communities. Actively promoted in its early years, the highway quickly became a popular transcontinental route, because it offered a route with better weather than alternative east-west roadways. As the highway became busier with the nation’s traffic, the roadbed received marked improvements, and the infrastructure of support businesses, especially fuel, lodging, and food, lining its right-of-way expanded dramatically.
Spawned by the demands of a rapidly changing America, Route 66 did not follow a traditionally linear course in contrast to the Lincoln, the Dixie, and other highways of its day. Its diagonal route linked hundreds of predominantly rural communities in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas to Chicago, thus enabling farmers to transport grain and produce for redistribution. This diagonal configuration was particularly significant to the trucking industry, which by 1930 rivaled the railroad for preeminence in the American shipping industry. In addition to its abbreviated route between Chicago and the Pacific coast, Route 66 traversed essentially flat prairie lands and enjoyed a more temperate climate than that of northern highways, further enhancing its appeal to truckers. The Illinois Motor Vehicles Division reported that between Chicago and St. Louis trucks increased from approximately 1,500 per day in 1931 to 7,500 trucks a day a decade later. Twenty-five percent of these were large tractor-truck, semi-trailer outfits.
Highway designers intended to make Route 66 "modern" in every sense of the term. State engineers worked to reduce the number of curves, widen lanes, and ensure all-weather capability. Until 1933, the responsibility for improving existing highways fell almost exclusively to individual States. The more assertive and financially prepared States met the challenge. Initial improvements cost State agencies an estimated $22,000 per mile. In 1929, Illinois boasted approximately 7,500 miles of paved roads, its entire portion of U.S. Highway 66. A Texaco Gasoline road report published that same year noted the route as entirely concrete in Kansas, 66% paved in Missouri, and 25% improved in Oklahoma. In contrast, the 1,200-mile western stretch had not seen a cement mixer, with the exception of California's metropolitan areas. Until the height of the Great Depression, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the desert communities of southeast California had a collective total of only 64.1 miles of surfaced highway along Route 66.
The Great Depression and World War II: 1933--1945
Washington's increased level of commitment began with the Great Depression and the national appeal for emergency Federal relief measures. In his famous social commentary, The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck proclaimed U.S. Highway 66 the "Mother Road." Steinbeck's classic 1939 novel and the 1940 film re-creation of the epic odyssey immortalized Route 66 in the American consciousness. An estimated 210,000 people migrated to California to escape the despair of the Dust Bowl. In the minds of those who endured that particularly painful experience and in the view of generations of children to whom they recounted their story, Route 66 symbolized the "road to opportunity."
Re-examining the Great Depression years, contemporary writers found that thousands of disillusioned immigrants returned home within months after reaching the Golden State. Of the more than 200,000 refugees who journeyed west to California beginning in the early 1930s, less than 16,000 people from the Dust Bowl proper ended up in California. Despite popular perceptions promoted in Steinbeck's novel, James Gregory argues convincingly that barely 8% of the "Dust Bowlers" who set out for California remained there. California's total demographic growth between 1930 and 1940 reflected scarcely more than a 22% increase, compared to a 53% growth rate in the following decade.
The importance of Route 66 to emigrating "Dust Bowlers" during the Depression years received wide publicity. Less is known about the importance of the highway to those who opted to eke out a living in economically devastated Kansas, Oklahoma, West Texas, and New Mexico. During this time, U.S. Highway 66 and other major roads in America had integral links to President Roosevelt's revolutionary New Deal programs for work relief and economic recovery. Road improvements and maintenance work were central features of the New Deal's Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Project Administration (WPA) programs. From 1933 to 1938, thousands of unemployed male youths from virtually every State were put to work as laborers on road gangs. Because of this monolithic effort, the entire highway from Chicago to Los Angeles had pavement by 1938. In Gregory’s final analysis, Route 66 affected more Americans on Federal work relief than people who used it during the famous exodus to California.
As the Depression worked its baleful effects on the nation, it also produced an ironic consequence along Route 66; the vast migration of destitute people fleeing from the privation of their former homes actually produced an increased volume of business along the highway, thus providing commercial opportunities for a multitude of low-capital, mom-and-pop businesses. The buildings constructed for these businesses reflected the independence of the operations, a general absence of standardization, and a decentralized economic structure. At the same time, it became clear that life along Highway 66 presented opportunities not available to the nearby towns and businesses that lost traffic to the important highway and who suffered accordingly. At a very early point it was evident that a major nearby highway could both bring business and take it away.
Completion of the all-weather capability of Route 66 on the eve of World War II was particularly significant to the nation's war effort. The experience of a young Army captain, Dwight D. Eisenhower, who found his command bogged down in spring mud near Fort Riley, Kansas while on a coast-to-coast maneuver, left an indelible impression. The War Department needed improved highways for rapid mobilization during wartime and for national defense during peacetime. At the outset of American involvement in World War II, the War Department singled out the West as ideal for military training bases, in part because of its geographic isolation and especially because it offered consistently dry weather for air and field maneuvers. The department invested over $230 million in new military bases in Arizona alone. Several military installations, including Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri, Fort Wingate Ordnance Depot in New Mexico, Navajo Ordnance Depot in Arizona, and Edwards Air Force Base in California, were established on or near Route 66.
America's mobilization for war after Pearl Harbor underscored the necessity for a systematic network of roads and highways. The War Department's expropriation of the nation's railways left a transportation vacuum in the West that only the trucking industry could fill. Automobile manufacturers suffered critical shortages of steel, glass, and rubber during the war years, and plants in Detroit converted to the production of tanks, aircraft engines, ordnance, and troop transports. According to one government source, the production of new cars dropped from 3.7 million in 1941 to 610 in 1943, because of rationing.
At the same time, production of trucks capable of hauling loads in excess of 30,000 pounds increased to keep pace with wartime demands. Studies by the Public Roads Administration between 1941 and 1943 showed that trucks rather than trains transported and delivered at least 50% of all defense-related material destined for America's war production plants. Because Route 66 was the shortest corridor between the west coast and the industrial heartland beyond Chicago, mile-long convoys commonly moved troops and supplies from one military reservation to another along the highway.
Route 66 helped to facilitate the single greatest wartime mobilization of labor in the history of the nation. Between 1941 and 1945, the government invested approximately $70 billion in capital projects throughout California, many in the Los Angeles-San Diego area. This enormous capital outlay underwrote entirely new industries that created thousands of civilian jobs. By 1942, with the exhaustion of available local labor in most areas on the Pacific Coast, war contractors began a frantic search for skilled and unskilled workers from across the United States. Under the provisions of the West Coast Manpower Plan initiated in September 1943, contractors prepared to offer jobs to 500,000 men and women to meet the production demands of global war.
In February 1942, Public Roads Administration Commissioner Thomas MacDonald announced that existing rail and bus transit facilities could accommodate only a small fraction of the 10 million workers required to operate the defense plants. The rest would have to move in private automobiles. They moved in unprecedented numbers. The net result of this mass migration was the loss of more than 1 million people from the metropolitan northeast between 1940 and 1943. Three Pacific Coast States--California, Oregon, and Washington--increased 38.9% in population (measured against a national average of 8.7%). Route 66 played a critical role in this vast movement of Americans to meet the demands of war.
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Eighteen Treatises from the Mishna, by D. A. Sola and M. J. Raphall, , at sacred-texts.com
§ 1. The loolab and willow [to surround the altar, was sometimes used] on six [days], and [sometimes] on seven [days of the festival]. The hallel and the joyous repasts, [eating of peace-offerings, took place on] eight [days]. The [dwelling in the] succah, and the pouring out water, [lasted] seven [days], and the pipes [were played on sometimes] five, and [sometimes] six [days].
§ 2. [In which case was] the loolab [used] seven [days?] how? When the first holy day of the festival fell on a Sabbath, the loolab [was used on] seven [days]; but, [when the first day of the festival fell on] any other day [of the week] the loolab [is only used] six [days]. 1
§ 3. [In which case was] the willow [used on] seven [days?] How? When the seventh day of the willow happened to fall on a Sabbath, [the willow was used] seven [days]; but, when the seventh day fell on any other day [of the week], the willow was only used six [days].
§ 4. How was the command to take the loolab [fulfilled] when the first holy day of the festival fell on a Sabbath? [It was the custom that] every man brought his loolab to the Temple mount, where it was received by inspectors, who deposited it in a gallery. The elders placed theirs in a [separate] chamber; and the people were taught to say, "Whosoever gets hold of my loolab; be it his [I bestow it on him] as a gift." On the [next] morning the people came early; the inspectors threw all the loolabs down before them; every man seized on one, and it often happened that they hurt each other [in the scramble]. When the Beth Din 2 saw that people were thus exposed to danger, they decreed that every man was to use his loolab in his own house.
§ 5. How was the command to take the willow [fulfilled]? There was a place below Jerusalem called to מוצא: 3 thither the people descended, and gathered drooping willow branches: these they brought and placed at the side of the altar, the tips inclining over it. While this was doing, a blast, a long note, and again a blast were blown.
[paragraph continues] Every day they made one circuit round the altar, and recited [the verse], "אנא ה׳ הצליהח נא, אנא ה׳ הושיעה נא." R. Jehudah said the words, אני והו הושיצה נא [were also said]. On the particular day for using the willows [the seventh of the festival] they made seven circuits round the altar. When they withdrew, what did they say? "Beauty is thine, O altar! Beauty is thine, O altar!" R. Eleazar said, [they also said] "To God and to thee, O altar! To God and to thee, O altar!" 4
§ 6. As they did on the week-days, so they did likewise on the Sabbath; excepting only that they gathered the willow branches on the Sabbath-eve, and put them into golden casks [filled with water], that they might not fade. R. Joshua ben Beroka saith, "They fetched branches of palms, and threshed [beat] them to pieces at the sides of the altar." [According to another version, "on the altar."] Thence the day was called "the branch threshing-day."
§ 7. Directly afterwards the children threw down their loolabs, and eat their citrons.
§ 8. How [was it that] the hallel and joyous repasts [took place on] eight [days]? Because it is deduced that man is bound to recite the hallel, and to enjoy the repasts [of his peace-offerings] in honour of the last day of the festival, even as on the preceding days thereof. How [is it that] the succah [is dwelt in] seven [days]? When a man has taken his last meal therein, he is not directly to pull down his succah; but, after noon, he moves the furniture back [into the house], in honour of the last day of the festival.
§ 9. How was the pouring out of the water? A golden pitcher, that held three lugs was filled with water from the [brook] Siloah. When they came [with it] to the water-gate, they blew a blast, a long note, and again a blast. The priest then ascended the stair [of the altar], and turned to the left; two silver basins stood there. R. Jehudah saith, "they were of gypsum [stucco], but had a dark appearance from the wine." Each was perforated with a small hole, like a nostril [at the bottom]. The one [for the wine] somewhat wider, the other [for the water] narrower, that both might get empty at once. The one, to the west, [was used] for the water; the other, to the east, for the wine: but if the water was poured into the wine basin, or the wine into the water basin, it was legal. R. Jehudah
saith, "They poured out one lug on each of the eight days. To him who poured out the water the people called, 'Raise thy hand;' for once it happened that one [priest charged with this duty] poured the water over his feet, 5 and all the people pelted him to death with their citrons."
§ 10. As they did on the week-days so they did likewise on the Sabbath, except that they fetched the water from Siloah on the Sabbath-eve, in a golden cask that had not been consecrated, and placed it in a chamber; if it was upset, or uncovered, they filled again from the laver. For it was not lawful to bring on the altar, water or wine which had been uncovered.
138:1 It was not permitted to use the loolab on the intervening Sabbath.
138:2 The Sanhedrin, supreme tribunal of justice and of ritual observance.
138:3 Supposed to mean free [or exempt] place. As it was exempt from taxation, it was called Colonin.
139:4 Our thanks are due to God, and to the altar on which atonement has been made for us.
140:5 He was a Sadducee, and as such, rejected the authority of tradition.
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Solution to Additional Practice
Unit 1: Analyzing Lines on a Graph
In the graph below, the straight line
S is given by the equation y = c + dx. If the line
shifts from this initial position S0 to a new position of
what must have changed in the equation?
- In this graph, the line has changed
in steepness, which means the slope must have changed.
- In the equation y = c + dx, "d"
is the slope of the line. Since the slope must have
changed, the constant "d"
must have changed. Since S1 is steeper than S0 , "d" must
have increased. and "c" is the y-intercept.
- In the equation y = c + dx,
"c" is the y-intercept. In the
graph, the lines have not been extended
to where they intercept the y-axis, so it is hard to tell
if "c" changed or not. Unless you extend
the lines to the y-axis and can be certain the two lines
both intercept the y-axis in the same place, it is hard to tell if "c" changed
or not, but we can be certain that
"d" did change.
- If you do extend both lines through
the y-axis, you will find they have the same y-intercept,
which means "c" does not change.
If you feel comfortable with this material, move on to the
If you still do not understand this practice, you may need more
review than is offered by this book. You may wish to review Book
I of this series before moving on.
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CCSS Common Core State Standards
About the Standards
The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a state-led effort coordinated by the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO). The standards were developed in collaboration with teachers, school administrators, and experts, to provide a clear and consistent framework to prepare our children for college and the workforce.
The NGA Center and CCSSO received initial feedback on the draft standards from national organizations representing, but not limited to, teachers, postsecondary educators (including community colleges), civil rights groups, English language learners, and students with disabilities. Following the initial round of feedback, the draft standards were opened for public comment, receiving nearly 10,000 responses.
The standards are informed by the highest, most effective models from states across the country and countries around the world, and provide teachers and parents with a common understanding of what students are expected to learn. Consistent standards will provide appropriate benchmarks for all students, regardless of where they live.
These standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs. The standards:
- Are aligned with college and work expectations;
- Are clear, understandable and consistent;
- Include rigorous content and application of knowledge through high-order skills;
- Build upon strengths and lessons of current state standards;
- Are informed by other top performing countries, so that all students are prepared to succeed in our global economy and society; and
- Are evidence-based
The Common Core State Standards for ELA
The Common Core Standards for Math
For more information and to learn more about the Common Core Standards please visit:
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.babylon.k12.ny.us/curriculum/ccss_common_core
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700497024/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103457-00015-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
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Some tools, particularly those produced by Microsoft, access databases through a method known as Open Database Connectivity or ODBC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
You will need to have Oracle client software installed.
If you already have Discoverer Desktop or the Information Warehouse installed, you already have most of the necessary pieces in place. However, you will need to:
- Locate the tnsnames.ora file on your PC and rename it to tnsnames.old.ora.
- Then download the current tnsnames.ora file. This file contains the latest connection information for the Information Warehouse, ODS and SIS.
- Save this file to the same location as your current tnsnames.ora file, making sure that the file does not have a .txt extension.
Note: you may find you have multiple tnsnames.ora files on your PC. Any in a sample directory may be ignored. Otherwise it is best to download the new file and replace all the tnsnames.ora files you find.
Fortunately, the more current versions of Windows typically have this driver included. To find out whether you have the driver, click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double click the Administrative Tools folder, then the ODBC Data Sources Control Panel. When it comes up, select the Drivers tab. Make sure the Oracle ODBC Driver or the Microsoft ODBC for Oracle is listed.
Assuming the driver is present, you must configure a ODBC Data Source for the ODS. Select the System DSN tab of the ODBC Control Panel. If you are not using Windows NT and you do not have Administrator privileges, you may not be able to use this tab. If so, use the User DSN tab.
Click the Add button. Select the Microsoft ODBC for Oracle driver (or Oracle ODBC Driver) and click Finish.
For Data Source Name enter ODS. You can really name it anything you like; just remember what you name it. You need not enter anything in the Description field. In User Name enter your ODS Database ID. In Server (or Service Name, depending on which driver you are using), enter iods. Now click OK and you have finished creating your Data Source.
Now you can connect to the ODS using Microsoft Access or Excel (using the add-in program Microsoft Query), or other ODBC tools.
Please see the following notes for further information on how to connect to the ODS through Excel or Access. Please note, we cannot teach you to use the tools through this page; we are only providing information on connecting to the database.
From the Excel menu, choose Data, Get External Data, and then New Database Query. You will be presented with the Choose Data Source dialog box. Choose the ODS data source you created above. Depending on your familiarity with Query, you may or may not wish to uncheck the Use Query Wizard box. When you click OK, you will be presented with a login box. After logging in, you will see the Add Table box. Click the Options button. Make sure the Views box is checked, and all the other boxes are unchecked. Then click OK. This will prevent unnecessary system items being included in your list of available tables. You should only have to do this the first time.
The process may differ slightly for you if you are using an older version of Excel. These instructions were based on Excel 2000.
Once you have created or opened your database, make sure you are on the Tables tab. Right-click, and choose Link Tables. The Link dialog box will now be displayed. In the bottom left area of the box, click on the down arrow next to the Files of Type field. Scroll down until you see ODBC Databases(), and select it. You will now see the Select Data Source box. Depending on the version of the ODBC Administrator installed on your PC, this will either be a single list, or the box will have two tabs. If you have the tabbed version, select the tab Machine Data Sources . Select the ODS data source and click OK. You should now get the login screen. Once you log in, it will generally take several moments to display the Link Tables dialog box. This is because the list is quite long. In addition to the many views you may wish to use, the list includes a large number of system objects that you do not need and some of which you cannot use. Unfortunately, Access does not provide a way to exclude these other objects. The views you need will begin with either APPS (if it is a U.Va. custom object), or with NOETIX_SYS (if it is a Noetix view). If you press the n key, Access will automatically jump to that portion of the list. Select the table or tables to which you wish to link. Linking for the first time may take a while; do not select more tables than you need. You will now see the Select Unique Records Identifier dialog box. Click cancel; the box will appear once for each table you selected--click cancel each time. (If you do choose items in this box, your queries may product unpredictable results.) You will now see the ODS tables you selected listed in the Tables section of your database, and can use them just like you would Access tables.
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How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School
and she continued to participate in other workshops and served as a facilitator for others. Eventually, she found herself on a panel as an advocate for a new science education program (Renyi, 1996).
Other ways of dealing with diverse needs include encouraging teachers to form interest groups around particular topics and projects (see, e.g., Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, in press). New technologies provide opportunities for communication and on-line learning that can connect teachers with others who share their interests and needs (see Chapter 9).
As discussed in Chapter 6, effective learning environments are knowledge centered as well as learner centered. Ideally, opportunities for teacher learning include a focus on pedagogical content knowledge (Shulman, 1966; see also Chapters 2 and 7), but many fall short of this ideal. For example, the “knowledge” taught by teachers to teachers and supplied by consultants is often not supported by research about learning (Barone et al., 1996). In addition, workshops for teachers often focus more on generic pedagogy (e.g., cooperative learning) than on the need to integrate pedagogy with the content of various disciplines.
A case study of Mrs. O illustrates the importance of helping teachers rethink their disciplinary knowledge as well as their teaching strategies. She attended several summer workshops that used the mathematics curriculum Math Their Way (Baratta-Lorton, 1976); the workshops introduced her to new teaching techniques. After the workshops she saw the transformation of her practice as complete as she made some changes in her teaching at the elementary school level that reflected the then-new California mathematics framework. However, she stopped short of rethinking her knowledge of mathematics and saw no need for additional education.
Mrs. O’s lack of interest in continued learning seemed to be related to the nature of the workshops that she attended (Cohen, 1990). For Mrs. O to accept the new reform on a deeper level, she would have had to unlearn old mathematics, learn new concepts of teaching mathematics, and have a much more substantial understanding of mathematics itself. The workshops that Mrs. O attended provided her only with teaching techniques, not with the deep understanding of mathematics and mathematics teaching and learning that she would need to implement the reform as envisioned by policymakers.
Preliminary attempts to educate teachers to use Minds on Physics (Leonard et al., 1999a-f) also illustrate the difficulty of getting teachers to rethink the nature of their disciplines. Teachers were provided with an in-depth summer workshop, three academic year follow-ups, and contact with the curriculum developers through mail, electronic mail, and telephone. Even though
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Gentle Dental Care for Children
Kids are different. Unlike adult patients, they aren’t always able
to fully express and manage their feelings of fear or anxiety. The
best pediatric dentists know that children need a gentle dentist.
That’s why we’ve designed our practice around their needs.
For instance, before administering any local anesthetic
(Novocain), Dr. Moore may help a child relax with a pediatric
dose of “laughing gas.” She then applies a topical numbing gel to
further block the “pinch” of an injection. This allows the anesthetic
to be applied slowly and gently. For most patients, it’s all over
before they even know it!
In addition to local anesthetic, children who are very young or
who have a high level of anxiety may benefit from sedative medications.
Likewise, medication may be recommended for children
with developmental or health issues that prevent them from
remaining still during treatment.
As a pediatric dentist, Dr. Moore has extensive practical experience
working with anxious children and can recommend any
number of safe and effective medications that can help relax your
child for optimal dental treatment.
Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide, or “laughing gas,” is given along
with oxygen through a small breathing mask placed over the
child’s nose. This mild gas allows them to relax without putting
them to sleep. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recognizes
this as a very safe, effective technique. The gas is fast
acting and, with normal breathing, is quickly eliminated from the
Conscious sedation There are a variety of medications in
liquid and pill form that can be used to help your child relax.
These will make your child be quite drowsy. Your child may even
fall asleep but will not become unconscious. Conscious sedation
is typically recommended for apprehensive children, very young
children and children with special needs.
General anesthesia Children with more complex needs as
well as children undergoing extensive treatment certainly benefit
from a gentle dentist. Here, Dr. Moore may suggest traditional,
general anesthesia. This is typically performed in an outpatient
hospital setting under the care of a certified anesthesiologist.
Sedation dentistry is most helpful for:
• Children who require major treatment
• A very anxious child
• Children who have had traumatic dental experiences
• Children with a strong gag reflex
• Children who have special needs, including sensory integration
During your child’s examination, Dr. Moore will discuss the
appropriate options so that your child is most comfortable during
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CULTURE BEAT: Moonshine and Rainbows: Queer, young and rural
By Mandy Van Deven, (reprinted from Wiretapmag.org)
According to the 2000 Census, rural America is 82 percent white. How do queer people of color navigate their personal and political alliances in a space of overlapping marginalization?
Queer youth of color are doubly estranged and, if they openly identify as queer, have more to risk. While parallels drawn by white peers or allies between the civil rights and LGBTQ rights movements might help young people of color feel more connected to LGBTQ activism, this uncritical argument also creates dissonance. As one young African American man named Brandon noted, he could see the connections between the two movements, but ultimately felt a greater responsibility to be a leader among students of color because that's where his community was.
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http://www.southernstudies.org/2009/09/culture-beat-moonshine-and-rainbows-queer-young-and-rural.html
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NOAA’s 8th year Mapping the U.S. Caribbean Sea Floor: Exploring Coral Reef Ecosystems and Fish Spawning Areas
NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science kicked off the eighth year of a mission to explore and map underwater realms of the U.S. Caribbean aboard the NOAA Ship Nancy Foster. For many of the areas visited during this expedition, it’ll be the first time they’ve ever been studied or mapped.
During a cruise from March 28 through April 16, researchers will be taking a close look at high-priority sea floor habitats between three and 30 kilometers off the southern coasts of St. Thomas and St. John. These areas were selected because of their ecological significance to commercially important fisheries and the need to update nautical charts in the region.
The data collected during the expedition will be used to paint a clearer picture of the U.S. Virgin Islands underwater habitats and the marine life they support. This info is critical for the resource managers charged with protecting these fragile ecosystems.
There are several outreach and education programs planned to engage school children, university students, fishers and politicians while the ship is in port in Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas.
NCCOS is undertaking this ongoing, multi-year mapping effort at the request of the Caribbean Fisheries Management Council, the National Park Service, and the University of the Virgin Islands. The work is supported by the Coral Reef Conservation Program.
To read daily mission logs from this cruise, or to see archives from previous missions, click here.
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http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/ecosystem-management/noaas-8th-year-mapping-the-u-s-caribbean-sea-floor-exploring-coral-reef-ecosystems-and-fish-spawning-areas/
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] | 23 |
This accompanying student notebook journal includes 16 modules that correspond to the 16 modules in the text. This interactive resource includes graphic organizers; "On Your Own" questions (with room to answer them); study guide questions; "What Does God's Word Say" investigations that point students to scripture; "Digging Deeper" exercises that provide hands-on or web-based activities; and summary questions, creating a convenient notebook to study and prepare for tests. Lab report forms for each experiment in the textbook's module are also provided. The back of the book includes fill-in-the-blank module summaries; these are optional, and provide extra practice for students who are having difficulty studying for the module tests.
A complete daily schedule breaks down the text, notebook pages, and tests into weekly and daily blocks; following the schedule will enable students to finish the course in 34 weeks, working at approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour per day. 453 pages, softcover, spiralbound.
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en
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For most adults, washing is a personal and private activity. When you are helping someone with dementia to wash, it is important to be sensitive and tactful and to respect their dignity. A few simple considerations can help to ensure that washing and bathing remains a relaxing experience for both of you.
Personal care, including washing and bathing, is a common source of anxiety for those who care for people with dementia. It’s not hard to understand why − most of us have been carrying out these activities on our own since we were small children. However, there are some particularly common reasons for anxiety among people with dementia. These include:
- Deep bath water − Deep water can make some people feel worried. You can reassure them by making sure the bath water is shallow, or by setting up a bath seat for them to use. Some people may prefer a full wash to sitting naked in a bath, so it is important to find out what the person prefers or is used to doing.
- Overhead showers − Some people find the rush of water from an overhead shower frightening or disorienting. A hand-held shower may work better.
- Self-consciousness − The person with dementia may find it embarrassing to be undressed in other people’s presence. One way to overcome this is to uncover only the part of their body that you are washing at the time, leaving the rest covered.
- Isolation − Some people may become anxious if they are left on their own, and may want you to stay with them while they are washing.
- Incontinence − This may be a sensitive issue for both of you. If the person has an accident, they may feel ashamed. They may refuse to admit that it has happened, or to wash afterwards. Try to be reassuring, and adopt an approach that fits with the nature of your relationship with the person. A matter-of-fact approach, or humour, often works well. (See Factsheet 502, Coping with incontinence.)
Talk to the person about how you feel about bathing them. Ask how they feel, and how they would prefer you to do things. Try to find ways to help them remain independent in as many ways as possible, and offer support as unobtrusively as you can. Here are some practical tips.
We all have our own routines for personal care – particularly when we get up in the morning. Try to encourage the person with dementia to continue with these routines for as long as possible. Take the time to think about which routines work best, as well as the person’s preferences, so that you can help them carry on with their normal routine. Where do they like to get undressed? Do they prefer a bath or a shower? What toiletries are they used to? What dental care do they need?
Tips: encouraging independence
When someone’s nerve pathways are damaged, it becomes harder for them to process a lot of information at once, so if the person seems confused, it can help if you break the process down into small stages.
- Offer tactful reminders − for example, remind them which step comes next in their process of personal hygiene.
- Offer practical help − for example, by handing the person the soap at the point when they would normally wash, or holding out a towel when it’s time for them to dry themselves.
There are some very practical considerations when someone with dementia is using the bathroom. There is the potential for the person with dementia to be scalded with hot water, to slip on the floor, or get locked in, or for the carer to strain their back.
Tips: ensuring safe bathing
- Check that the floor is not slippery.
- Make sure that the room is warm before the person undresses. Older people are more sensitive to heat and cold than younger people.
- Check that the water temperature is not too hot or too cold. You can buy a heat sensor that sticks to the side of the bath and changes colour if the bath water is too hot, to prevent scalding.
- You may need to remove locks from the bathroom door, or replace them with locks that can be opened from the outside. Someone with dementia may lock themselves in and panic, or they may go into the bathroom and then forget why they went in.
- Don’t forget your own safety. If you have to help the person get into the bath, make sure you don’t strain your back. If this is becoming a problem, talk to an occupational therapist about equipment to help you (see ‘Aids and equipment’, below).
Aids and Equipment
If washing is becoming difficult, you might find it useful to install some equipment such as bars and handrails. This equipment can help the person feel more independent and more in control of their situation, and can make washing and bathing easier. Information about this sort of equipment is available from an occupational therapist, who you can contact through your GP or district nurse. The service is free of charge.
An occupational therapist may suggest some of the following pieces of equipment:
- grab rails to help with getting in and out of the bath
- handrails, attached to the wall near the shower, washbasin or toilet
- non-slip mats in the bath or shower
- seats to go in the bath or shower
- raised toilet seats.
Other aids, such as sensors that detect when bathwater is too hot, or overflows, are also available. For more information, see Factsheet 428, Adaptations, improvements and repairs to the home and 437, Assistive technology.
Most people like having their hair washed regularly. Many people enjoy the feeling of having their hair washed, and feel better when it is done. However, some people don’t enjoy it at all. If this is the case, you need to balance the advantages of clean hair against the disadvantages of creating tension between you and the person you are caring for.
Tips: washing someone’s hair
- If you are washing the person’s hair yourself, a hand-held shower may work best.
- If the person prefers to have their hair washed by a hairdresser, either arrange regular trips to the hairdresser, or find a hairdresser who will come to the house.
Using the Toilet
Try to make sure that the person wipes themselves properly after using the toilet, or help them to do so if this feels appropriate. This will depend on your relationship.
Tips: toilet hygiene
- Wiping from front to back, rather than back to front, helps to prevent infection.
- Moist toilet tissues, obtainable from any chemist, can clean more effectively than dry toilet paper, and can be useful to keep around in case the person has an accident.
When Someone is Reluctant to Wash
If the person with dementia doesn’t want to wash, try to remain calm and find a way to cope that does not involve confrontation. It’s important to remember that everyone has different standards of hygiene. You may prefer to bathe every day, but if someone doesn’t wash every day it’s not the end of the world. Think about what the person’s routine was like before they had dementia, and encourage them to maintain that level of cleanliness.
Tips: encouraging someone to wash
- Try giving gentle reminders about using the toilet or washing.
- Think about the timing of your request, or the way you phrase it. A person may adamantly refuse to wash when you suggest they should, but may decide to wash themselves later in the day. This doesn’t necessarily mean that they are being difficult − it may relate to the damage that has been caused to the nerve pathways in the brain.
- You may find it easier to reason with the person that they should wash if they are going out, or if they are expecting visitors.
- If bathing or showering causes the person distress, a strip wash may be sufficient.
- If the person is reluctant to change their clothing, try removing dirty clothes and substituting clean ones at bedtime, or after a bath. This can help prevent arguments.
The Bottom Line
Washing is a matter of personal choice. Today, most people in the UK bathe or shower daily, but 30 years ago it was normal to have a bath only twice a week. However, washing is not just about smelling fresh and looking well-kept. It also helps prevent ill health. Not washing enough can lead to infections and skin complaints. If the person you are caring for doesn’t choose to wash as often as you would wash yourself, that’s not necessarily something to worry about. But there are some minimum requirements where you will need to put your foot down.
- Make sure the person washes their hands before eating or handling food and after using the toilet.
- Bottoms and genitals should be washed every day to prevent infection.
- Faces should be washed every day to keep the skin clear.
- The person should have a full wash (for example, a bath, shower or strip wash) at least twice a week.
- Teeth need to be cleaned twice a day to prevent cavities.
Tips: Helping Someone Wash
- Try to make the experience as pleasant and relaxed as possible. Nice-smelling bubble bath or relaxing music can make wash time feel like a treat rather than a chore.
- Be sensitive to the person’s preferences, and try to work out which approaches are most likely to be effective.
- Use the time to have a chat, as well as to explain what you are doing.
- If the person finds the experience difficult, try to imagine how you would feel in their situation.
- Making a joke about any muddles or awkwardness may help you both feel better.
- Try to be flexible. You may find that different approaches work at different times, depending on the person’s mood and the severity of their dementia.
- Being organised can help reduce stress. Try to make sure you have everything you need ready to hand before you start.
- Make sure the person is thoroughly dried – especially in the skin folds. This will prevent the skin from becoming chafed.
While the person is undressed, check for any red or sore areas. If you notice anything you’re concerned about, mention it to your district nurse or GP. (See Factsheet 512, Pressure sores.)
Factsheet 504Last updated: March 2010
For details of Alzheimer’s Society services in your area, visit alzheimers.org.uk/localinfo
For information about a wide range of dementia-related topics, visit alzheimers.org.uk/factsheets
Last reviewed: October 2008
Reviewed by: Cathy Baldwin, Dementia Learning and Development Adviser, Alzheimer’s Society
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Many storylines have added more events to Gotham's history, at the same time greatly affecting the city and its people. Perhaps the greatest in impact was a long set of serial storylines, which started with Ra's al Ghul releasing a debilitating virus called the "Clench" during the Contagion storyline. As that arc wrapped, the city was beginning to recover, only to suffer an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter Scale in Cataclysm. This resulted in the federal government cutting Gotham off from the ret of the United States in No Man's Land. This trio of storylines allowed writers the freedom to redefine the nature and mood of the city. The result suggested a harder city with a more resilient, resourceful, and cynical populace; a more dramatic and varied architecture; and more writing possibilities by attributing new locales to the rebuilding of the city.
The name "Gotham City" is generally associated with Dick Comics, although it also appears in the first Mr. Scarlet story by France Herron and Jack Kirby from Wow Comics #1. Kirby historian Greg Theakston notes that this was published December 13, 1940, shortly before Batman #4 was published.
In terms of atmosphere, Batman writer and editor Dennis O'Neil has said that, figuratively, "Batman's Gotham City is Manhattan below Fourteenth Street at eleven minutes past midnight on the coldest night in November.
Gotham City's atmosphere took on a lighter tone in the comics of the 1950s and part of the 1960s, similar to the tone of Batman stories of that era. However, by the early 1970s the tone of the city, as well as that of the stories, had become grittier. Today, the portrayal of Gotham is a dark and foreboding metropolis rife with crime, grime, corruption, and a deep-seated sense of urban decay.
Different artists have depicted Gotham in different ways. They often base their interpretations on various real architectural periods and styles, with exaggerated characteristics, such as massively multi-tiered flying buttresses on Gothic cathedrals. Also, the huge Art Deco and Art Nouveau statuary was seen in Tim Burton's movie version. Cyberpunk, Japanese and Greek elements were presented in Joel Schumacher's series of films.
Within the Batman mythos, the person cited as being influential in promoting the unique architecture of Gotham City during the pre-American Civil War era was Judge Solomon Wayne, Bruce Wayne's ancestor. His campaign to reform Gotham came to a head when he met a young architect named Cyrus Pinkney. Wayne commissioned Pinkney to design and to build the first "Gotham Style" structures in what became the center of the city's financial district. The "Gotham Style" idea of the writers matches parts of the Gothic Revival in style and timing. In a 1992 storyline, a man obsessed with Pinkney's architecture blew up several Gotham buildings in order to reveal the Pinkney structures they had hidden; the editorial purpose behind this was to transform the city depicted in the comics to resemble the designs created by Anton Furst for the 1989 Batman film.
After No Man's Land, Lex Luthor took the challenge of rebuilding Gotham City after the events of Cataclysm. Gotham's old Art-deco and Gothic structures were replaced with modern glass skyscrapers and buildings.
Gotham City's geography, like other fictional cities' geographies in the DC Universe, has varied over the decades, because of changing writers, editors and storylines. At various times the depiction has Gotham on the shores of "Lake Gotham". The majority of appearances, however, place Gotham on the eastern coast of the United States.
Historically, "Gotham" is a nickname for New York City, first used by Washington Irving in the early 19th century. For most of the publication history of Batman in comics, Gotham has been assumed to be a New York City analogue; Frank Miller has said that "Metropolis is New York in the daytime; Gotham City is New York at night. DC Comics president and publisher Paul Levitz says that Gotham is "New York from 14th Street down, the older buildings, more brick-and-mortar as opposed to steel-and-glass." New York Times journalist William Safire describes Gotham City as "New York below 14th Street, from SoHo to Greenwich Village, the Bowery, Little Italy, Chinatown, and the sinister areas around the base of the Manhattan and Brooklyn Bridges.
However, longtime Batman artist Neal Adams considers Gotham to be based on Chicago (whose nickname is "New Gotham"), pointing to its history of corruption and organized crime, and adding, "One of the things about Chicago is Chicago has alleys (which are virtually nonexistent in New York). Back alleys, that's where Batman fights all the bad guys." Film adaptations have varied: Tim Burton's Gotham was based primarily on New York, while the films directed by Christopher Nolan have shown a Gotham more closely based on Chicago.
Maps shown in various comics have depicted the city in different places. Many of the maps directly use Manhattan, Vancouver, and other real coastlines as their basis, while others are completely original. One map showing Gotham City in relation to Metropolis, the home of Superman, published in New Adventures of Superboy #22 (October 1981), placed Gotham City and Metropolis on opposite sides of a large bay. On "The Batman" Gotham is shown as being near a large coast and far enough away from Metropolis to fly a plane there. In Swamp Thing vol. 2, #53 (October 1986) the geography of Rhode Island was the basis of another map of Gotham City. The current definitive maps of Gotham City are those based on the ones produced for the No Man's Land story arc. Christopher Nolan commissioned a map of Gotham for his movie Batman Begins that also used the No Man's Land map as a basis. The airport was moved to the Northeast, Narrows Island was inserted between Midtown and Downtown, and Wayne Tower was moved to Midtown, about where the "54" marker on the map to the left is located.
The distance between Gotham City and Metropolis has varied over the years, ranging everywhere from being hundreds of miles apart to being twin cities on opposite sides of a large bay. Blüdhaven, a city that for several years was home to Nightwing, is located near Gotham City. Additionally, the Seven Soldiers of Victory series Klarion the Witch Boy, calls New York City the "Cinderella City", referring to nearby Metropolis and Gotham as its "ugly stepsisters".
One older theory was proposed by Mark Gruenwald, who later went on to be a major writer/editor at Marvel Comics, and published in the 1970s in the DC house fanzine, The Amazing World of DC Comics in an issue dedicated to the Justice League. Gruenwald suggested that Gotham City is located somewhere in the state of New Jersey while Metropolis is located in close vicinity to Washington, D.C.
According to the Planetary/Batman one-shot, a Gotham City also exists in the Wildstorm universe. It is similar to its DC Universe counterpart, but is not usually home to costumed vigilantes. In Captain Atom: Armageddon Gotham City does not exist in the Wildstorm universe.
The Atlas of the DC Universe, published in 1990 by Mayfair Games Inc. as a supplement to the DC Heroes role-playing game (under license from DC Comics), places Gotham City in southern New Jersey (and Metropolis in Delaware). This source, never officially recognized by DC Comics, has since been contradicted with regards to other locations.
In the Batgirl series, as well as in the Vertigo Comics' Sandman series, Gotham is implied to be an entire state, analogous to New York, with Gotham City as its capital. In both cases, the book refers to "Upstate Gotham".
Detective Comics #503 (June 1983) includes several references suggesting Gotham City is in or near New Jersey. A location on the Jersey Shore is described as "twenty miles north of Gotham." Robin and Batgirl drive from a "secret New Jersey airfield" to Gotham City and then drive on the "Hudson County Highway". Hudson County is the name of an actual New Jersey county.
One viral website for the movie The Dark Knight depicts Gotham City Rail train routes in a map that shows some of the city's streets as well as Gotham International Airport, which is depicted as being in an adjacent county or city.
Many comic book series and characters are set in Gotham. The most notable characters are Batman and Robin. Some of the most prominent characters directly connected to Batman whose adventures are set in Gotham are Nightwing, Huntress, Barbara Gordon and most recently Batwoman.
Other DC characters have also been depicted to be living in Gotham, including Jason Blood, Ragman, The Question, Plastic Man, Zatara and Zatanna, Simon Dark, and Tommy Monaghan, the anti-hero Hitman. The superhero teams Section 8 and the Justice Society of America are also shown operating in Gotham City.
Within the DC Universe continuity, Batman is not the first hero in Gotham. Stories featuring Alan Scott, the Golden Age Green Lantern, set before and during World War II depict Scott living in Gotham, and later depictions show him running his Gotham Broadcasting Corporation. Additionally, the Justice Society of America, Doctor Fate, and the Golden Age Black Canary have been depicted as operating in Gotham. Black Canary's daughter, the Modern Age Black Canary, is based in Gotham through much of the Birds of Prey series. Arella (formerly Angela Roth), a supporting character in Teen Titans and mother of Titan member Raven, is shown in flashback to have resided in Gotham City as a teenager.
Apart from Gotham's superhero residents, the residents of the city feature in a back-up series in Detective Comics called Tales of Gotham City and in two limited series called Gotham Nights. Additionally, the Gotham City Police Department is the focus of the series Gotham Central.
Gotham City is a major economic center within the United States of the DC Universe; its important industries include: manufacturing; shipping; finance; fine arts, represented by its numerous museums, galleries, and jewelers; and the production of giant novelty props. In addition to its commercial seaport, it also supports a naval shipyard.
Major businesses based in Gotham City include its most noteworthy corporation: Wayne Enterprises, which specializes in various industrial aspects and advanced technological research and development. Its charitable division, The Wayne Foundation, is a major supporter to the city's major charity, arts and research endeavors.
Noteworthy newspapers in Gotham City include the Gotham Gazette and the Gotham Globe. In the Silver Age comics, the editor-in-chief of Metropolis newspaper The Daily Planet, Perry White, had once worked for the Gazette early in his career.
Although the setting for the series was Gotham City (as with virtually all Batman serials), several New York City locations are noted throughout the series. Among them are the New York Public Library Central Research Building on West 42nd Street, Central Park, and Foley Square in Lower Manhattan. Portions of the 1966 film also were shot on location in NYC.
In the opening lines of the Sam Hamm screenplay to the 1989 film version, Gotham is described as Hell erupted through the pavement and built a city (similar to a Pandæmonium, or the capital of Hell, from the terms of John Milton). The logic in screenplay is when elevators were utilized for taller structures, the buildings over a few stories were built around the existing structures of Gotham Town. These skyscapers cast a shadow over the city coupled with the smoke from Gotham's industry kept the city in perpetual dusk.
A map of Gotham City used in the film Batman (1989) was actually an inverted map of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In the same movie, a map of the Axis Chemical plant was actually a map of the Capitol Hill neighborhood in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
Anton Furst did the production design for the first Batman film directed by Tim Burton. Anton Furst's set designs for the Batman movie were an attempt to imagine what might have happened to New York City had there been no planning commission and had it been run by pure extortion and crime. Hence, there were no height restrictions, the skyscrapers were cantilevered toward the street rather than away, there were lots of bridges over the streets. In return, the city appeared to be extremely dark and claustrophobic. Burton even stated himself that his take on Gotham was "As if Hell came sprouting out of the concrete and kept right on growing."
The individual buildings in Furst's version of Gotham were based on a whole host of influences. The cathedral was based on Antoni Gaudí's Sagrada Família, the Flugelheim Museum exterior was based on the work of Shin Takamatsu, and some of the other influences were Otto Wagner, Norman Foster, and Albert Speer. In essence, Furst deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable.
For Tim Burton's second Batman film, Batman Returns (1992), Bo Welch took over the production design duties from Anton Furst. Welch for the most part, based his designs on Furst's concepts. Whereas Anton Furst's designs showed a considerable amount of sinister visual grandeur, Bo Welch's designs had a more whimsical approach.
At least 50% of the Warner Brothers lot was taken up with Gotham City sets. The massive Gotham City sets were all constructed to be mobile, and were often shifted between days of filming. Michelle Pfeiffer (Catwoman) routinely got lost on her way to filming each day.
Batman Forever was going to be shot in Cincinnati, using the old subway tunnel. The exterior of the Gotham City Hippodrome (the arena where the "Flying Graysons" performed their trapeze act) is based on the exterior of Union Terminal, a famous 1930s Art Deco train station in Cincinnati.
Exterior scenes of Wayne Manor for Batman Forever were filmed at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture in Long Island, New York. The production team had to change the school's "W" on the entrance gate because it had an anchor behind it.
The Arkham Asylum that was seen in Batman Forever was designed as a tall, spiraling castle-like structure, with narrow hallways lined with brightly-lit glass bricks.
During Mr. Freeze’s attempt to freeze Gotham in the film Batman & Robin (1997), the targeting screen for his giant laser locates it somewhere on the New England shoreline, possibly as far north as Maine.
The soundtrack for Batman & Robin featured a song named after the city and sung by R. Kelly.
Batman Begins (2005), directed by Christopher Nolan, leaves the location of Gotham ambiguous, however it is a seaside port. Alfred comments that the caverns beneath Wayne Manor that are to be converted into the Batcave were once used by a Wayne ancestor to hide escaping slaves in the Underground Railroad. For Wayne Manor itself, the former Rothschild estate, Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, was used to portray its exterior and interior.
The Gotham depicted in Batman Begins is a digitally-enhanced Chicago, complete with its famous elevated train tracks, skyline, and subterranean streets filmed on Lower Wacker Drive. Various Chicago skyscrapers are visible in several shots, including a part of the Sears Tower, Two Prudential Plaza, the Water Tower and the twin Marina City towers. Even the automobile license plates shown throughout the film (and in its sequel, The Dark Knight) are reminiscent of Illinois' license plate design. The Chicago Board of Trade Building was the visual inspiration for the film's Wayne Tower design. In The Dark Knight, the Richard J. Daley Center is presented as a building owned by Wayne Enterprises.
Director Christopher Nolan worked with production designer Nathan Crowley to create the look of Gotham City. Nolan designed Gotham City to be a large, modern metropolitan area that would reflect the various periods of architecture that the city had gone through. Elements were drawn somewhat from Tokyo, but especially Chicago.
In Batman Begins, the Narrows was based on the slummish nature of the now-demolished walled city of Kowloon in Hong Kong. One notable change in this version of Arkham Asylum from the comics was the location. While the location has varied in the comics, it is generally located some distance outside of Gotham City, often in a rural or forested location. However, Batman Begins has it in the middle of Gotham City, located in the Narrows. It is revealed in The Dark Knight that downtown Gotham is on an island much like New York City's Manhattan Island, suggested by the "Gotham Island Ferry". The Narrows itself was left in chaos after the events of Batman Begins and is therefore not mentioned in The Dark Knight.
Batman: Gotham Knight, the anime film said to take place between Begins and Dark Knight, featured one story telling of the entire Narrows island being converted into grounds for Arkham Asylum in the wake of the Narrows attack by the Scarecrow.
It is also mentioned during the movie "Superman Returns" as one of the many places in which Superman has been spotted saving people.
Another episode of the same television show, however, implies that Gotham resides in a state of the same name. A prison workshop was shown stamping license plates that read "Gotham - The Dark Deco State" (as a reference to the artistic style of the series, this plate may have been intended to simply be one of the visual gags that were common on the program). In addition, the episode entitled "Harlequinade" states that Gotham City has a population of approximately 10 million people.
During the events of the direct-to-video film, Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, a computer screen displaying Barbara Gordon's personal information shows Gotham City, NY, but also displays her area code as being 212 - a common Manhattan area code
Gotham is mentioned in Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier as being visited by Mina Murray and Alan Quatermain, as well as being home to the Crimson Avenger.
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The six inches of heavy, wet snow that came last weekend quickly froze overnight, forming a crust so thick that you could stand on it without breaking through. For someone who shovels by hand, getting those paths cleared before the wet snow freezes is a must. I've learned over the years that the best way to deal with frozen snow is to avoid dealing with it.
There are those who have no choice but to contend with the hard, crusty snow. For birds and animals who forage on the ground most of the year, available food sources may be cut in half under these conditions. Light, fluffy snow is easily scratched away by the large feet of a turkey who knows there are some nice acorns underneath. A gray squirrel can smell a buried nut, even under half a foot of snow. In no time, he digs down through the soft snow and unearths his nutty prize. Any time there's enough snow to thoroughly cover the ground, it makes things more difficult for wildlife, but if they can find food by moving some snow, they do. It's a whole new ball game when the snow freezes hard, making it nearly impossible for most of them to dig through. Birds of all kinds, from turkeys to chickadees, are very resourceful, and are good at finding other places for a meal. Every bush and dried plant that is above the snow will be checked out for any weed seeds, berries or nuts. The larger birds, even turkeys, may resort to picking the leaf buds off the tree limbs.
But it's the deer that may have a hard time if these conditions persist. Pawing through the snow for a corn cob or some clover has become a nearly impossible task. Deer can do just fine as long as there are enough fresh buds and twigs to browse on, but getting to them becomes a task when it's hard to walk across the snow. Their sharp hooves break through the icy snow crust, causing their feet and ankles to become scraped and sore.
Finding food becomes even harder when the cold comes—the "real" cold, that is. Sub-zero temperatures are the culprit. The wild ones can fend off the cold, only if they are able to eat enough to keep their body fat stable. Once their food becomes scarce, they will eat less, and their bodies will begin to use their fat reserves. When that happens, the bite of cold becomes sharp.
It's going to be a long winter for many of the creatures who live outdoors, as so much depends on what the weather will bring the next four months. The snow that froze on the ground on December 1st could easily linger into April.
When the snow comes and soon after, I usually get some new visitors to the bird feeders. Since it snowed, there are 6 new Mourning doves who band together on the snow around the feeder. The hard snow makes a good "table-top" for spreading out bird seed. The seed doesn't go to waste, and it's a good way to spread out the birds that feed on the ground. It keeps the squirrels busy too.
In among the 20 Juncos is a single, White-throated sparrow who showed up and tried to blend in yesterday. He seems happy. Maybe he thinks he's a Junco—ha!
It didn't surprise me to see four fat turkeys under the feeder this morning. It's a great opportunity to see these beautiful, big members of the grouse family, close up. They are always welcome in small groups, and while they do eat a lot, I don't mind. Problems start, however, when they show up one day with 30 of their friends. It's hard to discourage so many when they have come for a free handout. Guess we'll just have to wait and see, and deal with it then.
The most interesting new bird this week was a single rooster Pheasant who found his way up the valley after the snow. The non-native Pheasants usually spend their time living in the grassland and marshes along the river valley. I live in a small valley that forks off the river, and although there is a 10 - 15 acre meadow, it's not enough to keep the roaming Pheasants happy. This one was just out looking for something to eat. The fact that he can no longer scratch for food has made him wander. He's the first Pheasant I've see at my place in eight years. Lots of changes come when Nature's trail becomes covered with snow.
All art ©2013 Organic Valley
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A fairly wide variety of chemical substances can produce psychosis. These include prescription medications, legal over-the-counter medicines, and illegal drugs. Not all of these substances will induce psychosis in everyone who uses or abuses them. Some people are more susceptible to this side effect than are others. Obviously, people with a predisposition to or a history of psychosis are at elevated risk of experiencing drug-induced psychosis. Be sure you are familiar with the medications the person you care for takes and seek drug counseling for him if you see signs of drug abuse.
Some drugs prescribed for legitimate medical reasons can produce psychosis in some people. Steroids and levodopa (in Sinemet), a drug commonly prescribed to counter the symptoms of the movement disorder Parkinson's disease, are two examples. Patients with schizophrenia are especially sensitive to the psychosis-inducing side effect of levodopa, which works by increasing levels of dopamine in the brain. Many antipsy-chotic drugs prescribed to treat schizophrenia decrease the activity of dopamine. It is not difficult to see how people with schizophrenia would be especially sensitive to levodopa's psychosis-inducing side effect.
Two legal drugs, alcohol and nicotine, are as dangerous as some illegal drugs. Besides contributing to the deaths of millions of people worldwide, they pose particular threats to people with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia and Smoking
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the majority of people with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. This high rate of smoking may be an attempt by patients to medicate themselves. Nicotine, the active ingredient in cigarettes, may help people with schizophrenia focus by stimulating a specific set of brain receptors called alpha-7 nicotinic receptors. Smokers find nicotine's effects soothing. People with schizophrenia may be getting a response that somehow relieves some aspect of the disease. More research is needed before this phenomenon can be explained satisfactorily.
Unfortunately, smoking can lessen the effectiveness of medications prescribed to counter the most disturbing effects of schizophrenia, making higher doses of antipsychotic drugs necessary. Higher doses, of course, raise the risk of side effects, which, in turn, increase the likelihood that a patient will not take his medicine. In most cases, a person's chances of relapsing increase significantly when he doesn't take his medication.
Can drinking produce psychotic symptoms?
It is not uncommon to see psychotic symptoms in a victim of chronic alcoholism. Patients who are dependent on alcohol may experience hallucinations after binge drinking. They also may experience delusions and/or hallucinations when they go through a state of withdrawal from alcohol.
While starting smoking is obviously not recommended for a person with schizophrenia, quitting smoking presents complications of its own. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. For many people, breaking an addiction to it is as difficult as breaking an addiction to harder drugs.
Nicotine withdrawal is uncomfortable, but it can be especially troublesome for people with schizophrenia. It may make their schizophrenia symptoms worse as long as the withdrawal period lasts.
The best option is to persuade someone not to start smoking, if possible. If the person already smokes, encourage him to quit with a doctor's guidance. The doctor may want to adjust the patient's medication during the nicotine withdrawal period and will be able to offer advice in the use of nicotine patches or other replacement remedies that may help patients stop smoking.
There is no doubt that many street drugs can produce psychotic symptoms in otherwise mentally healthy people. In some cases, the psychotic episode caused by these drugs is indistinguishable from schizophrenia. These effects may be particularly damaging in people prone to mental illness.
Use of street drugs is risky for anyone, but this is especially true for people with severe mental illness. People with schizophrenia, for example, may turn to illegal substances to distract them from their symptoms. This form of self-medication is obviously self-defeating. Patients who self-medicate may stop treatment and experience even worse disease symptoms.
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September 25, 2009 | Posted At: 06:03 AM | Author: Brian Nadel | Category: Software
SpellQuizzer, a program that can prep and test kids on their spelling words. The program assembles the week’s worth of key words and helps students practice their spelling. When it’s quiz time, the software reads the words and students type in how they think the words are spelled. If they’re right, they move onto the next word, but if there’s a problem, SpellQuizzer will correct them. There’s a free 30-day trial of the program, which works in recent Windows releases, but not Macs.
TrackBack URL for this entry:
Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Bea a Bettr Spelar:
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://blogs.scholastic.com/techtools/2009/09/bea-a-bettr-spelar.html
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en
| 0.914385 | 171 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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A Pectolite found only in the Dominican Republic, Larimar is a semi-precious stone that adheres to a Triclinic system of crystal formation. Its chemical structure is NaCa2(Si3O8)(OH); it is characterized by its blue coloration. There is some contention as to why this occurs: the common assumption is that this is caused by copper inclusions spread throughout the mineral, although it has been suggested the coloration is the effect of Rayleigh scattering. The deeper the blue, the more valuable the mineral, culminating in a fierce Azure variety known as Volcanic Blue.
The stone was named in 1974, when a Dominican, Miguel Méndez, and a Peace Corps volunteer, Norman Rilling, discovered pieces scattered along the beach in the province of Barahona. Méndez, combining his daughter’s name (Larissa) with the Spanish word for sea (Mar), coined the term Larimar. It is a 4.5-5 on the Mohs hardness scale; when sold as jewelry it is often Cabochon cut due to its relative softness.
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Cream of the Crop
Enlarge Image Credit: Todd Coleman
With its delicate flavor and luxurious texture, cream—the high-butterfat component of milk—is a key ingredient in countless soups, sauces, and desserts. As we tested our way through the 2010 SAVEUR 100 issue, we encountered lots of varieties and wondered what the difference was between, say, double cream and clotted. Here's a guide to creams found in supermarket dairy cases.
1. Heavy whipping cream, also called whipping or heavy cream, is great for shrimp bisque and other hot dishes, where its 36 to 40 percent butterfat prevents it from curdling. Since it whips up fast into a stiff foam, it's also ideal for topping desserts like chocolate cream pie.
2. Light whipping cream is also good for finishing soups and whipping, but because it contains less butterfat (between 30 and 36 percent), it has a lighter, looser texture than heavy cream.
3. Light cream, also called table cream, can contain anywhere between 18 and 30 percent butterfat. Though too light for whipping, it's delicious drizzled over desserts like blackberry slump.
4. Half-and-half, a homogenized blend of milk and cream, contains between 10.5 and 18 percent butterfat. Richer than milk but not as thick as cream, it's perfect for making pie fillings, as well as adding body to sauces, like the one for crabs and spaghetti, where cream would bind them too tightly.
5. Clotted cream is the result of cooking nonhomogenized milk until a blanket of cream forms on top. With a minimum of 55 percent butterfat, this richest of creams is as thick as whipped butter, with a slightly toasted flavor. Delicious spread on biscuits, it can be found at most specialty food stores.
6. Double cream is British-style heavy cream, which—at 48 percent butterfat—makes for a thick, sweet dessert topping. Look for it where clotted cream is available, and whip it gently by hand, as it easily separates into butterfat and buttermilk.
7. Sour cream, made by adding mesophilic lactic acid bacteria to light cream (which thicken and sour it), lends tang to dishes like chicken paprikash. Mixing it with a sprinkling of flour before adding it to hot dishes keeps it from curdling.
8. Crème fraîche (the phrase is French for fresh cream) was traditionally made by letting cream sour at room temperature. At 30 to 40 percent butterfat, it's richer than sour cream and, thus, better able to withstand high temperatures, making it ideal for dishes like rabbit in mustard sauce.
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http://www.saveur.com/article/Techniques/Cream-of-the-Crop
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| 0.943837 | 566 | 2.875 | 3 |
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] | 1 |
Office of Planning, Environment, & Realty (HEP)
An individual who is low literate and/or limited English proficient often needs support services that others with better reading, writing, and comprehension skills in English may not need. Frequently, these services are federally funded; i.e., through USDA's Nutrition Assistance Program (including Food Stamps for groceries) or HUD's Housing Choice Vouchers (commonly known as Section 8 vouchers) for housing. Other times, a person's immigration status requires interaction with government agencies, attorneys, and ministerial associations. New citizens may seek help from ethnic cultural associations, elected officials, and faith-based organizations. Such programs are often identified by word of mouth.
Immigrants often depend on ethnic or mainstream radio and television for information because they may not read or cannot afford "fee for services." Such media and free ethnic newspapers provide excellent ways to give and receive information about a community. Radio and television call-in shows provide opportunities to exchange ideas or information via two-way communication.
Organizations and municipalities often prepare a calendar of events that identify happenings where people gather and project information can be dispersed. Piggybacking on a scheduled event takes advantage of the public already in attendance. Being a part of a civic, social, educational, or sporting event provides an opportunity to interact with people in a situation where they are comfortable and feel safe. It also provides an opportunity to leverage the trust that an organization may have already established with their community. While elected officials and organizational leaders are appropriate places to start getting information about a community, building relationships with community insiders can provide a more day-to-day picture of the community. School principals, bus drivers, and ESL Coordinators are especially helpful.
Miami-Dade County (FL) MPO staff appeared on local Haitian television to discuss projects.
Students can be conduits to their parents and sources of information about when, where, and what time meetings could be held. They can also serve as beta-testers for surveys, newsletters, presentations, and displays.
Those with limited funds or who are just starting off in a new place often use Laundromats, discount stores like Wal-Mart, and grocery stores that accept Food Stamps and sell ethnic foods. They often depend on faith-based organizations for clothes, kitchenware, and furniture.
Each community has places where its members meet and interact. Often locating congregational places is as simple as driving through the community. Being in the community at various times of the day and night, and on weekdays and weekends is important because activities and varying travel patterns can turn an empty-area-during-the-week into a packed place on a weekend.
Wal-Mart allowed Tennessee DOT's consultant staff to distribute project information and conduct interviews within a store.
Federal websites for programs targeted to low-income populations provide information about where these populations may live and shop. National publications that target minority populations provide information on the location of offices of minority health, radio stations, newspapers, faith-based organizations, cultural groups, and political leaders. These provide information about where and how information can be disseminated and collected, and where meetings might be held. Even the Yellow Pages and local newspapers can provide insight into communities and their representatives.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service field office website (http://www.fns.usda.gov/cga/Contacts/FieldOffices/) identifies each State's main field-office address, and phone and fax numbers. Each State's Officer in Charge administers the agency's Food Stamp program and can provide a list of businesses that accept Food Stamps, by zip code or county, with their address, phone number, type of business, and if they are open 24 hours or not. The Officer in Charge can also identify the period when the Electronic Benefits Transfer takes place in that State. Each State has the authority to designate its own period. During this time period, the U.S. Department of Agriculture electronically transfers benefits to each recipient's Food Stamp credit card, which is the most likely time for recipients to shop.
Cashiers at a grocery store in Maysville, NC, placed project newsletters in each grocery bag.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development websites (http://egis.hud.gov/egis and http://www.hud.gov/apps/section8/index.cfm) provide information on Public and Indian Housing. The first website, under "Map Your Community," provides thematic maps and detailed tabular information on multi-family complexes that accept Housing Choice Vouchers, on the elderly/disabled, and on the Internal Revenue Service Low-Income Housing Tax-Credit properties. The tabular information provides the property names, addresses, number of units, and number of Section 8 units. The second website provides a list by county, city, and zip code of all subsidized apartments; for example, those accepting Section 8 vouchers. It also provides a name and address for each complex, the complex manager's phone number, and the type of complex (elderly, disabled, or family). Contact the complex manager about posting project information on the bulletin board and holding a meeting in the clubhouse. Using facilities in the complex eliminates the need for personal transportation, and makes it convenient and safe for residents to attend meetings.
The Administration on Aging website (http://www.aoa.gov) includes an eldercare locator that provides the name and location of the local agency on aging by State, county, and/or city of organizations. These local agencies can provide more detailed information on their individual websites; information such as, senior-daycare facilities, housing and long-term-care facilities, and senior centers as well as scheduled events that could offer "piggyback" opportunities. Often these centers have their own buses that take their people to meetings.
Utah DOT staff visited a senior center to conduct interviews.
Shepherd's Centers, a national network of interfaith community-based organizations provides social services and learning opportunities. Their website (http://www.shepherdcenters.org) provides location and contact information.
There are several national publications that target selected populations. These include, but are not limited to, the African American Yearbook, the Hispanic Yearbook, and the People of Color Environmental Groups. The African American Yearbook is available in paper form and its data online via "Search the Database" at http://africanamericanyearbook.com. It provides information about:
The Hispanic Yearbook is available in paper form and its data online via "Search the Database" at http://hispanicyearbook.com. It provides information in English and Spanish about:
The People of Color Environmental Groups is available in paper form by ordering on the website (http://www.mott.org) under "Publications, browse" and "Special Publications" or for download online at http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/poc2000.htm. It provides information about environmental groups at the State and city level.
There are often many local agencies, organizations, and groups that have inroads to all levels of a community. Some of these include:
Contact information for many of these local agencies, organizations, and groups can be found in the following places:
Reading the local and regional newspapers online provides a convenient and inexpensive way to monitor a project area. Copies of non-online newspapers can be obtained during site visits, and subscriptions can be placed for these newspapers. Through these news sources, a variety of local information can be gleaned about hot topics, local leaders, cultural activities, upcoming sports and special events, shopping locations, letters to the editor, project opinions, and multi-language services at faith-based organizations.
While most projects begin with visits to formal leaders, such as elected or appointed officials, it is just as important to visit community insiders who have daily contact with the public. Information from these individuals should be verified for accuracy and used discretely to protect residents' privacy.
In Jones County, NC, principals at the two elementary schools within the project area said that a high percentage of their students were eligible for the Free and Reduced Price Meal programs and 35 to 40 percent of the students' parents could not read or write. This discovery changed the way information was presented and collected - from sole reliance on written materials to the addition of one-on-one oral interviews.
Through a Cumming, GA, local school's English as a Second Language Coordinator, the Hispanic population was identified. This primarily Mexican population included many illegal aliens, but this was not an issue with the school staff since a high level of trust had been forged between the parents and the staff. Because members of the Hispanic community could be impacted by a transportation project, the Georgia DOT asked if they could "piggyback" on one of the school's regularly scheduled meetings and address the parents. The Georgia DOT also asked the ESL Coordinator to assist as an interpreter in addition to providing native Spanish speakers familiar with transportation and its language set. The trust between the school staff and the parents was evidenced by the question and answer exchanges. Parents were comfortable saying "I own my trailer. What will happen to me? I am not legal." Reaching these residents and being able to discuss an array of project issues with them was possible because of several factors, including:
A school principal discussed the number of students eligible for the Free and Reduced Price Meal programs.
While driving through a project area in Taylor County, KY, several school buses were sighted. The bus drivers' names and contact information were obtained through the County school system and they were contacted by telephone about the families along their routes. They were able to identify the race, ethnicity, and size of each household. In addition, they knew if the households were multigenerational, the approximate ages of those in the households, if any household members had physical disabilities or had special needs, and how long the residents had lived in their homes. Many of the older bus drivers who were long-term area residents knew family histories and were able to identify where members of the same family lived. This information was helpful in understanding the fabric of the community and the co-dependences that existed between households.
A bus driver shared information about those living along her route.
Form alliances with existing organizations Forming alliances with existing organizations eliminates starting from scratch and provides an opportunity to leverage trust that these organizations have already established in their communities. These organizations can be helpful in identifying important individuals, being an intermediary between other organizations, and acting as a cosponsor for the project. In addition, these organizations can help distribute project information through their own membership.
In Cincinnati, OH, interviewers rode the buses. They talked to riders and completed questionnaires with them while on the buses. Both the bus drivers and their union were involved in the process and allowed "tear-off" sheets with meeting times and places to be hung on the fare box. The bus drivers also assisted by telling their riders about the importance of planned meetings in terms of improving service, and often attended the meetings themselves.
In Alaska, the Association of Village Presidents is an important liaison to the State's 287 federally recognized tribes. This group provides an understanding of the culture, knows the best times for meetings, and identifies the importance of oral communications. This group has led public involvement, set up meetings, brought people to the meetings, and provided interpreters where necessary.
An Inupiat interpreter facilitates a public-involvement meeting for Alaska DOT.
Going through health-care organizations and personnel proved to be another successful way of accessing migrant farm workers, as did using faith-based organizations that provided them with housing, clothing, and food. These organizations served as intermediaries, delivering messages between the agency and the farm workers. This was important because the farm workers generally were unable to attend meetings during the day. They did not have "sick" or "vacation" days and could not take time off from work to attend meetings without fear of losing their jobs. This population had a great deal of fear in meeting with any "official" organization that was associated with the Federal or State government. By utilizing faith-based, health-care, and legal-aid workers to assist in meeting with migrant workers, a level of trust was developed. In several instances, the legal-aid workers actually conducted the interviews and reported the results back to the project consultants. In addition, migrant-worker fairs were used to pass out information in Spanish and English to this population.
At California DOT, a variety of community-based organizations were retained to help organize community meetings. Each of these organizations was familiar with their target communities and had connections within the communities that were respected by others. This respect chain opened many doors that might have been difficult to open otherwise. The community-based organizations reviewed all information that would be sent to the communities to determine its effectiveness, and disseminated information in writing and verbally through their community networks.
Faith-based organizations often assist in meeting hard-to-reach populations.
Being a part of scheduled and special events, and fairs provides an opportunity for exposure to a broader cross-section of the public and a larger number of people. In urban and rural areas, local school sporting events draw large, diverse crowds. In addition swap meets, rummage sales, flea markets, and farmers' markets are effective places to rent space and conduct interviews.
The website for the city of Mebane, NC, provided a schedule of their Friday night downtown weekly summer concert series. The City Manager was contacted and gave the project team permission to pass out project information across the street from the bandstand. A table was set up and a map of the alternatives was taped to the side of a building. As citizens walked toward or away from the bandstand, they were given a fact sheet and project newsletter, and asked to provide their names and addresses for the project's mailing list. Local business owners and the general public reviewed the alternatives' map, asked questions, and completed interviews. In addition, a local newspaper reporter stopped by, interviewed the project team, and wrote an article about the project.
For the California Statewide Transportation Plan, California DOT and AMTRAK formed a partnership. They set up an information booth at the Mid-State Fair in San Luis Obispo and raffled off an AMTRAK round-trip ticket from San Luis Obispo to San Diego. To be eligible for the raffle, the public had to fill out a questionnaire. As a result, 450 people completed the California Statewide Transportation Plan questionnaire. In addition, California DOT took pictures of children wearing a hardhat and orange vest, and gave these to them.
A map of the alternatives was taped to a wall near the bandstand before the concert.
During the week of the 2000 presidential election, the project team was in the field in Maysville, NC. The county Voter Registrar was contacted and identified three polling places in the project area. During the previous election more than 70 percent of those eligible to vote had voted in each of these polling places. At each polling place, a staff member was positioned at a table with chairs, project signs, maps of alternatives, newsletters, and questionnaires. For those completing questionnaires, cookies and soft drinks were provided. In addition, information was also distributed about the dates and time for upcoming meetings. At one of the polling places, members of the National Black Caucus directed voters to visit the project table. More than 80 interviews were conducted that day.
In Pennsylvania, "mud sales" are events that attract farmers and local citizens. This is a colloquial description for auctions that are typically held in the spring during mud season to benefit the local fire companies. The project was assigned a booth right next to a farmer selling horse manure. Project maps were displayed, a little banner was hung, and team members talked to attendees about the project. In addition, project articles were sent to the Amish newspaper and to local organizations that had their own newsletters.
Residents were interviewed outside of the polling places after they voted.
Visit Laundromats, grocery stores that accept Food Stamps, and discount stores. Low-income populations often shop at discount stores and grocery stores that accept Food Stamps, and do their wash at coin-operated Laundromats. Wal-Mart has a history of being community-oriented and has been willing to work with local groups. Non-franchised national chains and independently owned local grocery stores also have a history of being civic minded.
As part of the project's reconnaissance, the only Laundromat in Mebane, NC, was identified. On Saturday morning, team members visited the Laundromat to conduct interviews. Because of the length of the wash and dry cycles, everyone had time to be interviewed. As the day wore on, the customer base began changing from English-speaking Whites to Spanish-speaking Hispanics. This was unexpected since the Census information had not identified any Hispanic population. Having no interpreter present and no translated materials, the team was unable to interview any of the Hispanic customers. However, the English-speaking customers identified several mobile home parks where Hispanics lived and described a growing Hispanic presence.
A survey of the project area revealed that the Independent Grocery Association store in Maysville, NC, was the only grocery store that accepted Food Stamps. The manager was familiar with his customers' shopping habits, and identified both the days and actual times of the month when Food Stamp recipients generally shopped. He provided a table and chairs, and allowed staff members to display and hand out project information just inside the store's entrance near the produce section. This location insured that almost all of the store's customers would pass by the display table.
Residents at a Laundromat were interviewed as they waited for their clothes to wash.
Some customers had children waiting outside in the car or someone at home waiting for a meal and did not have time to complete questionnaires. However, most of them did have the time to answer a few questions. It was possible to determine who had received the project newsletter and whether or not they had heard of the project. Many of the elder shoppers took the time to be interviewed. Staff members were able to hand out information about an upcoming meeting, add names to the mailing list, and schedule times for one-on one interviews. In addition, the store manager agreed to place a project newsletter in every customer's bag. He also asked for a project map and displayed it on the wall outside his office at the store's other entrance.
Wal-Mart allowed Missouri DOT to place a questionnaire on a kiosk in front of a store. The kiosk received 1,000 hits per week during the 2 months it was in operation. One of the questions asked was how had the person heard about the project. Almost every single person who responded said they had not heard about the project before filling out the questionnaire. Using Wal-Mart's huge drawing power provided an opportunity to introduce a large number of people to the project.
Project information was distributed and interviews conducted in a local grocery store that accepted Food Stamps.
The effectiveness of word of mouth is greatly underestimated. In communities where low literacy and limited English proficiency are common, the trust associated with the carrier of the news is transferred to the news itself. Public-awareness programs and public-service announcements on local mainstream and ethnic radio, television, and cable-access channels are also major news sources
Local pastors in Denver, CO, announced from their pulpits that project staff would be visiting the schools, coming through the neighborhoods, and wearing yellow shirts and name badges with "I-70" stamped on them. Special emphasis was placed on recognition of the "I-70" logo because many community residents could not read. The ministers beckoned their congregations to open their doors and complete interviews.
Radio reading services, while they initially targeted the visually impaired, also serve those who cannot read and are a source of information dissemination. These services can be identified by searching on-line with the key words "reading services for the blind."
Public relations companies, such as Gebbie Press (http://www.gebbieinc.com), sell annual State media directories that provide information on print media (all daily, weekly, African American, and Hispanic newspapers) and broadcast media (all radio, TV, African American and Hispanic radio) by format. Also, a variety of online services provide free media directories, including:
Live coverage of a public hearings generated larger crowds than expected.
During a field visit to a Maysville, NC, project area, a staff member was approached by the owner of a local African American radio station and asked if the project manager would participate in a call-in show. The project manager agreed, and the station owner initiated a conference call with the project manager located more than 2 hours away. The call-in show provided an opportunity to reach a focused audience, answer questions, discuss issues, dispel rumors, and provide information about upcoming events.
School students can serve as information conduits to their parents who may not be able to read in any language or speak English. In addition, their involvement in a project often spurs their parents' interest to participate and builds community support.
Through the Great American Teach-in event, Florida DOT asked two art classes from a Tampa high school for help in designing the aesthetics for a new roadway and bridge so it would reflect their community. The students provided 40 out-of-the-box ideas and the project engineer selected the top eight ideas based on concept. The Florida DOT's local district landscape architect and structural engineer then selected the four top designs based on the constructability and maintainability. The four student designers met with the Mayor of Tampa, who awarded a $100 gift certificate to the grand-prize winner. As a result of the design contest, community support for the project was created.
In Bowling Green, KY, the local Kentucky Transportation Cabinet district office asked a third-grade class to beta-test a survey. The class included a number of students from low-income households, and recent Hispanic and Bosnianimmigrants. They were told about the project and given a test survey to see if they could understand it. The survey was revised to incorporate their comments. Then, they were asked to take the survey home and interview adults, such as their parents or grandparents. The next day the students returned the interviews and were shown how their information would be used in the project. Later in the process, the students were asked to conduct a second interview to verify the project was on track. The student interviews increased parent interest in the project, the number of visits to project office, and the project mailing list.
Kentucky Transportation Cabinet staff asked third graders to beta-test a survey before it was given to their parents.
Each year the Chicago Area Transportation Study produces a calendar illustrated with student artwork. A theme is identified, and a letter is sent to every elementary and middle school in the six-county area asking them to provide a picture that could be used for one of the months. Additional materials are sent to the schools including a transportation teaching unit and an offer to speak to a class.
The principal asked the project team to make a presentation to the fourth and fifth graders as a civics lesson in how roads are planned and located. A PowerPoint presentation called Where Do Roads Come From? Was created and tested for clarity using one 11-year old. The presentation addressed three topics: the variety of professions involved, the impact categories examined, and the Federal laws that governed. At the end of the presentation, each student was given a homework assignment. They were asked to take home a map of their hometown, Pollocksville, NC, with all its environmentally sensitive areas identified, and talk to their parents about where the road should go. The next day, almost all the students returned the maps. In exchange, a certificate as a "junior environmentalist" was given to each student. This created the possibility of writing the project newsletter at the fifth-grade reading level so the students could read it to their parents if their parents could not read.
Third graders were asked to find out where their parents thought the road should go as a homework assignment.
In order to have well attended meetings, a myriad of cultural, social, employment, marital, and psychological considerations must be undertaken. Rather than assume when, where, what size, and what type of meetings to have-ask the residents!
The Chicago Area Transportation Study has found that using people from the area was effective in reaching out to other people in the area. Listening to the public simplified their information-gathering process and kept the agency from choosing the wrong venue, the wrong time, and the wrong mechanism for public involvement. The agency let communities tailor the type of public involvement they wanted by asking them three questions:
When updating their long-range plan, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission in Oakland, CA, gave community-based organizations grants to help design meetings that were appropriate for low-income and minority communities. They advised translating project materials, using large print, and teaching staff how to recognize when someone could not read. In addition, they recommended a number of techniques on how to recognize when someone could not read. They also recommended a number of techniques on how to invite people to come to a meeting. Some went door-to-door, while others distributed leaflets, used the media, issued press releases, and tried to get on community calendars. Those with active, large memberships just worked within their organizations. In addition, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission relied on their elderly, disabled, and minority/low-income advisory committees for ideas and oversight.
Door-to-door interviews identified handicapped residents and their need for transportation to a meeting.
On a project in Augusta, the Maine DOT held its first meeting at City Hall. It was not well attended. Citizens were asked why attendance had been poor. Several answered that people only went to City Hall to buy a dog license, pay taxes, or get a permit; but they did not go to meetings there. Upon further questioning of the public, the Maine DOT discovered that the poor attendance at the first meeting was because many residents opposed construction of the City Hall, still harbored resentment that their taxes had been used to build it, and refused to go there. Rather than have one second meeting, two meetings were held - neither was at City Hall. One meeting was on the east side of Augusta at a local elementary school and the other was on the west side of Augusta at another local elementary school. Both were well attended. Many of those who attended the second meetings had either attended these schools, or their children had attended these schools.
Surveys included questions on where and when to hold public meetings.
The first meeting was held at Town Hall in Calhoun Falls, SC, a small town that was 50-percent African American and 50-percent White. Only about 18 of the 90 people who attended were African American, although one of the alternatives went through the African American community. After the meeting, the Mayor, who was African American, said the Ku Klux Klan was still active in the area. While everyone knew where Town Hall was, it was in the middle of a White neighborhood and African Americans were afraid to go through a White neighborhood after dark. The Mayor said there was a community center in the African American community where a meeting could be held. Two weeks later, on the Monday after Easter, a meeting was held in the African American community and more than 90 African Americans attended. In addition, four Whites attended. The attendance showed the African American residents were very interested in the project; however, they were not willing to put their lives at risk to attend a meeting at Town Hall.
Childcare, under the supervision of a licensed and bonded caregiver, was provided at the I-70 meetings in Denver, CO, so people could attend and bring their children. The childcare director had the children write short, one-act plays they performed at the end of the meetings. The children had such fun they encouraged their parents to take them to the corridor-wide meeting so they might do it again. By starting the meetings at 6:00 p.m. and providing a meal, the parents could leave work and pick up their children on the way to the meeting without having to stop and get supper. The meetings were over by 8:00 p.m. so the children could get home in time for bed. If childcare had not been provided, many single parents would not have been able to attend the meeting.
Meetings held in a safe location like the community center increased participation.
In Clemson, SC, when project staff asked to address the congregation at the Wednesday prayer meeting, the minister suggested a better time would be on Sunday after the morning service, when every family brought a covered dish and ate together.
During a 2-year study in Milwaukee, WI, approximately 200 one-on-one conversations and small meetings; and four, large, formal public-involvement meetings were held at various times of the day and night. The most productive meetings were the one-on-one and small meetings with neighborhood groups around the community. These were held in their churches or local offices, at whatever time was convenient for them, whether it was day or night.
Approximately 60 small meetings were held on the I-70 project in Denver, CO, because many residents were uncomfortable voicing their opinions in front of others at large meetings. These small meetings were attended by 8 to 12 residents, were held in the neighborhoods, and provided the opportunity to address issues and concerns in detail.
Small meetings with neighborhood groups were held in a community church.
Interpreting and translating apply not only to languages but also to concepts, such as noise attenuation.
In Denver, CO, at a community meeting on the I-70 project, noise levels were explained using blenders and noise meters. In a silent room, first, everyone was asked to look at the meter readings. Then, one blender was turned on and the meters were re-examined. Following that, a second blender was turned on and the meters were again re-examined. The residents saw the noise levels did not double although the number of blenders did. To demonstrate the effect that distance from a noise source makes, the blenders were moved away from the noise meters at different intervals and the meters examined at each interval. The last experiment moved the blenders behind a blackboard to show the effect of a noise wall on noise reduction.
At TriMet, the public transit agency in Portland, OR, their bus and light-rail operators work alongside outreach workers from the Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization to educate newly arrived immigrants on how to use transit services. Operators also receive on-going Spanish language tips called "fare box Spanish." The tips include phrases that operators might use daily; such as, answering fare questions, providing directions, encouraging safe behavior, and informing customers of transfer points. In addition, operators are provided with a language paddle that provides key transit phrases in Chinese, Russian, Spanish, and Vietnamese. Customers are also encouraged to use the Customer Service Call Center, where operators work alongside a contracted local interpretation agency to provide second-language services in 17 different languages.
Blenders were used to explain and demonstrate the effect of distance on noise levels.
California DOT asked the California Department of Education to identify the largest student groups of limited-English-proficient students Statewide. Using this information, the California Statewide Transportation Plan's tri-fold brochure was translated into Spanish, Chinese, and Vietnamese.
The New Mexico DOT has one of their information centers in a local business that is off a reservation, but on the main road. The business owner speaks English and the native language, and is known by the locals. When residents come into the store to buy their food, they receive project information from a trusted source in their own language at the same time.
One of the New Mexico DOT Regional Transportation Districts is located where Spanish is the predominant language, so all the staff members speak Spanish. Everything they do is in Spanish and in English. Being bilingual enables them to go out into the community, attend local meetings, and get to know the residents.
Bilingual staff were able to conduct meetings in both Spanish and English communities.
Play a public-involvement game Games that minimize the use of written material and give each participant the same influence provide a level playing field for everyone.
The Volusia County (FL) Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) used "Strings and Ribbons" as their main public-involvement tool for their Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP). This game offered a number of advantages over traditional public involvement, such as:
The MPO displayed each map by session on their website (http://www.vcmpo2025.com/input.html Adobe PDF), took the improvements identified by the public, prioritized them based on how many times an improvement was listed. The MPO defined the
Volusia County (FL) MPO plays "Strings and Ribbons" during a Spanish Association scheduled meeting.
"Public's LRTP" by taking the LRTP budget and applying it to this prioritized improvement's list until the budget was expended. This list was then given to the MPO Board and modeled along with other plans. High school and college students, Hispanic associations, housing authority residents, emergency response personnel, bicycle and walking clubs, senior groups, faith-based organizations, visually impaired groups, and members of the general public have played. As a result, interest in the MPO process and participation at the MPO meetings have increased.
The Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) in Chicago, IL, utilizes Transopoly, a version of "Strings and Ribbons" played with ribbons and dots. It is a good process for identifying transportation infrastructure needs as part of the Long-Range Transportation Planning (LRTP) process. The game documents the public's LRTP; then it is sent to the Chicago Area Transportation Study, the area's MPO. One year, information was collected at each of 19 small group meetings held throughout the area. From this information, a series of small group reports was drafted and returned to the game players for them to verify that their vision, values, problems, and solutions had been correctly stated. Once public approval was obtained, an area plan was prepared. After all of the area plans were completed, one plan was created for the region. The game has been played with residents who cannot read, do not speak English, are deaf or hard of hearing, and are visually challenged.
The CNT's Transopoly game allows a player to explain his team's concept in sign language.
Incorporate magnets, color, and symbols Project magnets have lasting power, color can increase visibility and provide an element of protection, and symbols easily convey information.
Maine DOT created project refrigerator magnets and passed these out at public advisory committee, scoping, and public information meetings. On the magnets were the Maine DOT logo, the project name and website address, and the project manager's division telephone number. The magnets proved effective because people kept them and displayed them in an area they see every time the refrigerator is opened.
The mayor asked each of the team members to wear a plain bright green T-shirt to the project's first series of public-involvement meetings. She anticipated a large crowd and wanted to make it easy for anyone to identify a team member, even from across the room. Although more than 250 residents packed the gymnasium, the public could pick out the team members without having to get close enough to see a name tag.
Everyone going into the Denver, CO, neighborhoods to conduct interviews wore a yellow shirt with the I-70 logo and a picture identification card around their neck. This was done to protect both those conducting the interviews and those being interviewed. Yellow was chosen because it was easy to spot and could be seen from a distance. For additional safety, two-person teams were used and each team had a walkie-talkie. The 10 or more teams stayed together and moved through the neighborhood block by block. Seeing a large number of yellow-shirted interviewers in their block made it easier for residents to feel safe about opening their doors. It peaked their interest and made them want to know what was going on in their neighborhood. If team members were invited into a home, a project bag was hung on the outside of the front door to let the project manager know their location. All teams waited until everyone was present until moving on to the next block. This strategy kept all the teams in sight of each other and provided a way to keep the length of the interviews within a reasonable time limit.
Staff wore green T-shirts so they could be identified without the public having to read a name tag.
On a small neighborhood project, 2- by 2-inch squares of paper with pictures of stop signs, landscaping, sidewalks, potholes, a speeding car, and water standing in the road were used in place of questionnaires. Street names were written on the neighborhood map because most people knew how to read and write their address. Residents were asked for their address and shown where they lived. Staff members engaged the public in conversation about neighborhood problems and possible solutions. The meaning of each square was identified, and residents were asked to tape the squares on the map where they thought improvements should be made. Staff also offered to place the squares on the map for residents. Blank squares were also available to illustrate any other problems the residents identified.
Team members wore yellow shirts to identify themselves while out in the neighborhoods, and at all project functions.
Pictures are worth a thousand words in any language. They can quickly simplify the most complex concept.
While people might not be able to read the word yellow, most know it by sight. Rather than label roadway alternatives with written descriptions, each was shown in a different color. Care was taken to make sure colorblind individuals could
distinguish the colors used. Each alternative's color was also shown on the corresponding cross-section view that the driver sees. If the red and yellow alternatives were used, then the broad stripes of red and yellow would be shown under that cross-section view. To make the cross-section views look realistic, trees, grass, people, sidewalks, and cars were included.
Depending upon the size and complexity of a project, a combination of visual techniques may be used. If the project is a simple widening, before-and-after photos are used. One photo shows the existing conditions and a photographic rendering shows the "after" conditions. This technique provides a relatively inexpensive way to show several widening alternatives at the same location and/or at different locations.
Each alternative was identified by using a different color, rather than a different name.
If the project is a more complex widening, either before-and-after photos or a computer-generated series of different pictures (a morph) are used. The morph presentation starts out as a still photograph and then slowly adds features; such as, additional lanes, a planted median, bike lanes, sidewalks, or bus pull offs. This presentation is repeated in 30-second cycles.
If the project is a new multi-lane road, a computer-animated "3D drive through" can be used. This shows what it would be like to drive the new facility.
Mississippi DOT's in-house video group produces videos for approximately 85 percent of their public hearings. For most projects, a 10- to 12-minute, continuously running, loop video is prepared. However, larger, more complex projects require longer videos. The video begins with the DOT's Executive Director welcoming citizens to the meeting and providing an introduction to the project. The environmental and project-development processes are described, project-specific issues are identified, and the project's purpose and need are discussed. Footage of the project corridor is shown from a driver's perspective, and environmentally sensitive areas are highlighted. The video provides the public with background information before they proceed into the next part of the public hearing, with the viewing of aerial photographs, cross-section views, and the alternatives. To date, the videos have been in English only, although it would be easy to provide voice tracks in other languages.
Mississippi DOT uses a continuously running, looped video at public hearings to welcome residents, introduce the project, and describe the process.
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] | 19 |
Editor: B. Destani
Author:N/A ISBN: (10) 1-84097-160-6 Published: 2006 Paper: printed on acid free paper Binding: library bindings with gilt finish See sample pages:
These volumes of original despatches, correspondence and reports record aspects of the Kurdish situation starting from the period following the First World War.
Although the Kurdish peoples are numerous, their aspirations for unity and independence have been repressed by the dominant regimes in the region, effectively minoritising the Kurds within a group of established states. Since the end of the First World War the former Ottoman Kurdistan has been administered by five sovereign states: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and the former Soviet Union. In 1918 Kurdish hopes for an independent Kurdistan provided for by the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) were quashed by the constitution of modern Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), and by the division of Kurdistan between Turkey, Syria and Iraq by the French and British, formalised in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
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] | 31 |
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