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In recent years, information privacy has emerged as one of the central issues of our times. Today, we have hundreds of laws pertaining to privacy - the common law torts, criminal law, evidentiary privileges, constitutional law, at least twenty federal statutes, and numerous statutes in each of the fifty states. To understand the law of information privacy more completely, it is necessary to look to its origins and growth. This article provides a brief overview of the history of the development of information privacy law. In particular, it explores the way that the law has emerged in response to changes in technology that have increased the collection, dissemination, and use of personal information.
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Its highly qualified collaborators and leaders have largely potentiated this role. This high profile is based on a very rigorous process of recruitment and a very constructive and independent attitude towards all states. The ANA has been, and should keep being, the meeting point of two tendencies. On the one hand, a “centralisation” tendency in the sense that it is part of its role to build a “national platform” of data and knowledge, a role which no other organisation can perform that way.
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It is therefore difficult to determine what constitutes success for an organization that must address multiple stakeholders' concerns. While the role of DMOs in destination marketing has received much attention from researchers, the role of DMOs with respect to the policy and strategy dimensions of destination management has been paid less attention to. Collaboration between destinations has been less researched.
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These numbers are nearly identical to those presented in Table 9 for a later and longer time period. The presented findings for the Netherlands by contrast differ from those reported by Snel et al. For the 1999 inflow cohort, they calculate a median spell duration of 23 months (p. 184, Table 6), which is more than double the 9 months reported in Table 9 of this document for the country as a whole.
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It was as high as 26% in Spain and 28% in Greece. Unemployment rates increased in 2013, as well in some other member countries of the European Union: Belgium, Finland France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands all saw the portion of unemployed amongst the active labour force rising. While the unemployment rate in the United States has fallen to around 6%, it is still high by historical standards. Long-term unemployment remains very high and the young are the most severely hit by subdued economic growth in many parts of the world.
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The low overlap between low pay and poverty has implications for anti-poverty policies, in particular it suggests that policies which influence wage rates, such as minimum wages, may have only a small impact on poverty. Instead, among the working poor underemployment is a major issue, with most of the working poor employed for too few hours to escape poverty. Lone parents are particularly likely to be among the working poor, with the incidence of in-work poverty twice as high as for single childless adults.
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But again there are disparities: some countries have made great advances, but many others with fewer resources are lagging behind, and often struggle to maintain their current early warning systems. The main obstacles to early warning saving more lives are usually related to gaps in (1) ensuring fast and reliable dissemination of warnings to all concerned, and (2) building the knowledge and capacity of communities to act appropriately. But many countries still have gaps in communication and response capacity.
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Starting from RPSNP IV (2016-20), the GoE has contributed to the financing of the programme through the federal budget. The World Bank pledged USD 600 million while the GoE was to be the next largest provider of funds, contributing USD 500 million, and other bilateral and multilateral institutions pledged to finance the balance. The GoE provided ETB 300 million in 2015-16 and its contribution increased to ETB 1.5 billion in 2016/17. It should be noted that the majority of donor support for the RPSNP is in the form of loans whose repayment will be borne by Ethiopian taxpayers in the future. The average contribution of all regions between 2012/13 and 2016/17 was ETB 8.1 million. Amhara region made the largest contribution.
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The prevention and control of epidemics through public health care programmes requires a high degree of coordination among different authorities and the prompt mobilisation of physical and financial resources. Most countries have legislation to avoid the spread of epidemics consisting of two parts: the identification of a health problem, and the actions taken to control it (Smith et al., Losses due to epidemics cannot be insured as they are not characterised by definite and calculable losses.
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Since rustication of the Convention, no plan of action for strategies to implement it has been developed, as required by the Beijing Platform of Action. Nor has Solomon Islands submitted a report to the CEDAW Committee’ (Corrin 2008: 169-194). The constitution also provided women with rights to equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities, employment, education and health care as well as the right to represent the Solomons in international organisations (Corrin 2008). Women are underrepresented in other high-ranking positions as well.
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The Commonwealth's guiding principles and values in the 1991 Harare Declaration, reaffirmed in the 2011 Perth Commonwealth Heads of Governments Meeting (CHOGM), emphasised improving gender equality and women's empowerment in the Commonwealth, and called on Heads to demonstrate commitment by entrenching measures to advance women's political participation and leadership at all levels of decision-making. The proposed 'target of no less than 30 per cent of women in decision-making in the political, public and private sectors by 2005' (Commonwealth Secretariat 1996) is attracting increasing support from member countries. Actions to realise this global target, especially the equitable representation of women in the political arena, are constantly evolving.
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As the first initiative to address auto fuel economy specifically in the region, this project is a part of the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). Road freight is projected to grow 37% to 2020, mainly in non-OECD countries. ( From 2014, weight class based regulations (fuel consumption per 1000 tonne.km) costing USD 8 billion will provide USD 50 billion in cost savings over vehicle life. ( Why do Top Runner Energy Efficiency Standard Regulations Result in Large Positive and Negative Costs? -
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Bullying is a persistent, damaging feature of neoliberal workplaces, despite the increased use of third-party interventions (TPIs). The purpose of this paper is to investigate how TPIs relate to individualisation of the employment contract, whether TPIs deflect attention away from bullying and the impact for targets.,Data were gathered from focus groups and interviews with members and officials of three large UK trade unions.,TPIs individualise bullying allegations and such interventions are further characterised by impotence, injustice and lack of impartiality, serving to deflect bullying claims and exacerbate targets’ suffering.,Recommendations are made to improve the efficacy of interventions.,This paper increases the limited research into the efficacy of TPIs and makes a significant contribution to debates on neoliberal individualism.
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See also references in this chapter to rehabilitation and supported employment. This sub-section discusses these subsidies, as well as giants paid to individuals who start a business on a self-employed basis. Subsidies amount to JPY 150 000 to JPY 600 000 per half year, and may last for up to 1 to 2 years depending on the target group. Table 5.3 shows that the use of this type of subsidies decreased between FY 2003 and FY 2007.
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In Canada, children in single-parent families at the bottom of the income distribution experienced a decline in market income (largely driven by a decline in the proportion of children with a working parent), but the disposable income of the first 25th percentile remained stable, suggesting that cash benefits played a significant role in offsetting the erosion of market income (OECD, 2018[34]). However, the rise in these children's standard of living was lower than that observed for children in more affluent single-parent families, who also experienced an erosion of market incomes but whose disposable income rose relatively more. In Denmark, the standard of living for children in single-parent families has risen, particularly for those in wealthier families. Changes in family characteristics have contributed relatively little to this evolution, while the disposable income of families with a given number of children have increased.
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It is the effectiveness of brand promotion srategies that has allowed for the success of the above-mentioned examples. Colombia’s Royalties for Science, Technology and Innovation programme is a case in point. The scheme devotes 10% of the royalties obtained from the extraction of non-renewable natural resources to finance regional STI projects that generate long-term capacities in the region, conditional on being consistent with public policies at the national, territorial and sectorial levels.
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Much less is known about the costs of harm in LMICs but given the evidence on occurrence and severity of harm, one can assume that the costs on health system and on society are comparable to those in developed countries. The key challenges to improving safety in both developed and LMICs relate to the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care, no integration of information and measurement systems, and under-resourcing. These challenges cannot be overcome without leadership, co-ordination and culture change.
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Highlights include the 2012 Law on Forests, 2012 Law on Fauna, 1995 Law on Environmental Protection, 2012 Law' on Environmental Impact Assessment, 2012 Law on Fees for Use of Natural Resources, 1999 Law on Seed Varieties and Crop Plants, 2016 Law on Crop Production, 1995 Law' on Natural Flora, 2012 Law' on Soil Protection and Desertification Prevention (chapters 1,11 and 12). Assessments of implementation were conducted in 2002 and 2010. The first concluded that there was a lack of coordination in implementation of the Action Plan and therefore a committee was established to oversee implementation and a government fund was created to facilitate it. The second assessment showed that, by 2010, 96 per cent of the planned activities had been concluded or were near completion.
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Rainfall variability and crop production in Ethiopia Case study in the Amhara region, In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, ed. Food Security without Food Transfers? A CGE Analysis for Ethiopia of the Different Food Security Impacts of Fertilizer Subsidies and Locally Sourced Food Transfers, Ethiopia Strategy Support Programme II (ESSPII) ESSPII Working Paper 29.
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The prey species are selected for their key positions in Antarctic ecosystems and where the potential harvest would have a major effect on the marine system (Kock 2000). A number of parameters are monitored for each species reflecting the potential to respond to changes in the availability of prey or environmental factors. The CCAMLR has produced a set of standardised monitoring procedures that are used by participating member states across a series of Integrated Study Regions (ISR) where interactions between predators, prey, fisheries and the environment are examined in detail. This concept is the focus of current and future discussion within the Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management (WG-EMM).
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There are, however ISO technical specifications for LNG facilities on land18 or LNG bunkering”, and recommended practices for LNG bunkering, of which the first one was published by DNV GL20 in early 2014. These initial projects had the purpose of building sufficient competence as a basis for decision making. Examples are the COSTA (C02 & Ship transport emissions abatement by LNG) project in Portugal or Archipelago LNG in Greece, to name a few.
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The number of herders and reindeer and the organisation and value of production are shown for each country. In this section, we describe a few examples of goods and services that are important in Nordic countries across ecosystems, based on information from the TemaNord reports. Freshwater supplies people with the life essential drinking water.
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Further, agroforestry systems, including tree-based adaptation, are an important means of sustainably producing food, while conserving ecosystems (FAO, 2017b). Other examples of inclusion of some of these agricultural approaches and practices are integrated in the sections below in order to illustrate how these are related to success elements of agriculture climate change initiatives. For example, several INDCs mention national policies to promote CSA, agroforestry and similar practices, which is a key element within several of the initiatives analysed here (see Appendix B).
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The rights of access to information, public participation, and access to justice are essential to sustainable development. The 1992 Rio Declaration provided for these rights in Principle 10 and Agenda 21 moved them into reality in many countries. Now renewed commitment is needed for the full implementation of the rights in all countries.The 2012 Summit's focus on the theme of improving institutional frameworks should galvanize nations to improve their national environmental governance, develop international instruments giving legal force to Principle 10, and implement these principles into international bodies' decision-making processes.This paper reflects insights on the implementation of Principle 10 from the research, on the ground experiences, and core beliefs of over 250 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in 50 countries within The Access Initiative Network together with ARTICLE 19 - a human rights organization that promotes freedom of expression and freedom of information all over the world.
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Indeed, improving women’s access to adequate training and information is vital to increase women's participation in the labour force, in quality jobs and in entrepreneurial activity. For women already in the labour force and for those who have a fledgling enterprise, improved access to on-going entrepreneurship and business management training services would accelerate women’s start-up and business growth potential. A number of institutions - such as women's enterprise centres and business incubators for women - have been established in MENA economies to overcome this gap, but few studies have identified their impact, key success factors and potential for replication. Overall, there is a need for more wide scale, targeted efforts to identify gaps and conduct targeted measures to improve support provision to women entrepreneurs.
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This article looks at arguably the most dominant rhetorical move in contemporary historical Jesus scholarship, namely the ‘Jewishness’ of Jesus or a ‘very Jewish’ Jesus, and how this superficially but credibly positive rhetoric subtly maintains the older myth of superiority over against Judaism. This scholarly trend is located in contemporary ideological discourses concerning Israel and Judaism and liberal multiculturalism and is shown to be deeply embedded in scholarly historical practice. Some consideration is also given to the ideological locations of the ‘Judean’ and ‘Jesus the Israelite’ debate.
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This has implications for subsequent trajectories of human development.12 Both the architecture of skills (coping abilities and cognitive and noncognitive competences) and the process of skill formation are strongly influenced by neural circuits that develop as a result of dynamic interactions between genes and early-life environments and experiences. This Report offers guidelines on how this knowledge should guide policy. Policymakers need to move beyond a one dimensional focus of measuring human development by scores on achievement tests, like the Programme for International Student Assessment, and consider a much broader array of essential life skills.
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These positive initiatives could be consolidated into a coherent strategic framework for a green economy and sustainable development. In 2013, revenue from environmentally related taxes in Brazil accounted for about 2% of total tax revenue and 0.7% of GDP, below the levels observed in most OECD countries. In addition, the rate of the federal fuel tax (CIDE) gradually declined.
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Abstract Research on e-government is attracting more attention from scholars and growing exponentially. A wide spectrum of studies has explored a variety of topics to lay the foundations of this research area. The aim of this study was to extend our knowledge of e-government and investigate dominant and future research directions. To that end, this paper attempted to explore published research in the e-government discipline using the reported keywords for a large selection of journals. This study provided a text mining-based review of 2018 articles collected from 11 journals using 12,692 keywords. The results indicated that new topics like open government, smart cities, and analytics have recently been attracting more research. Researchers continue to pursue areas like governance, e-government adoption, e-participation, e-democracy, administration and procurement topics. Finally, researchers’ quest for a theory or framework that guides the study of e-government has faded. More details are reported in this study.
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The focus lies on diversity in the past and in the present and allows teachers to reflect and critically examine different fields of tension in the intercultural dimension of the teaching profession. There is a strong emphasis on democracy, values and norm creation, and how these topics could be taught in increasingly heterogeneous classrooms (Sodertorn University,(n.d.)[issi, 2018(186]). Research has found that multilingualism in teacher education is lacking (Carlson, 2009' (1991) despite the fact that many national reports have pointed to the importance of teachers’ language knowledge as an integral part of core content teaching (Skolinspektionen, 2010(2ooi, Skolverket, 2012[2oi])- In Swedish teacher education, student teachers study subject content and corresponding theory (Amnes- och amnesdidaktiska studier) in addition to educational core requirements.
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These coefficients indicate the percentage gaps for each subgroup with respect to similar workers from outside the care sector, as control variables have been taken into account in the calculations. In 9 of the 14 countries in the study there is a monthly wage penalty for domestic workers, except in El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. There is an hourly penalty as well, though it is considerably smaller and, in Mexico and Paraguay, no longer statistically significant.
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Introduction: The national policy of permanent health education sets new guidelines for democratic management in the area of health education, such as: participatory management, the role of workers and users and the strengthening of social control. Objective: Analyze the implementation process of Permanent Education in Health Policy in Federal District, Brazil. Methods: A case study using the theory of public policy was held in the Federal District, involving 24 key participants responsible for the management and implementation of this policy. Results: The findings point to a centralized model of management with little involvement of other segments of the civil society, financing obstacles due to bureaucratic issues and devaluation of space policy implementation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the policy changes and management have not been performed with the necessary breadth for the collective construction of knowledge in health services.
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Settlements, commercial activities, and traffic routes are situated in the narrow valleys and small catchments within the Alps. This infrastructure has to be protected against natural hazards such as floods, torrents and avalanches, which have resulted in hydromorphological changes of the river and its banks. These pressures are of more local nature in the Swiss share of the sub-basin, and more widespread in the Austrian and German share of the Inn River subbasin as there is a chain of hydropower plants on the Lower Inn.
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These countries not only have large proportions of students performing at the highest levels of reading proficiency, but also relatively few students at the lower proficiency levels. Countries where the impact of socio-economic background on reading skills is high include New Zealand, France, Austria and Hungary (Figure 7.9).6 Like reading skills, civic competencies too are strongly influenced by socio-economic background. Equity in Learning Opportunities and Outcomes. Among OECD countries, the reading gap amounts to 39 score points, equivalent to more than half a proficiency level or one year of schooling.
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In order to make significant progress towards SCP, governments need to understand how its sector policies and fiscal system influence patterns of production and consumption, and to make revisions where there are conflicts with sustainability objectives. Clear visions need to be established and communicated, consistent and well-coordinated policies, including sector policies as well as dedicated SCP policies, should create incentives and legal obligations towards that vision. This requires leadership from the highest political level and coordinated action by the governmental departments concerned. For example, a manufacturer that is just about to renew machinery is more flexible than one where a large investment has just been made.
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However, there are numerous other examples (cf. Such issues are largely a matter of degree: within the current WTO framework, there are agricultural subsidies that are described as ‘trade distorting’ and forbidden, while others are permitted. The United States claims that its subsidies are not trade-distorting, most economists say that they are.
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Strictly speaking, weighting is relevant only for the definition of the basket of goods and services used to set the poverty line. The aggregation of the minimum basket of goods is done by accumulating the monetary value of each of the items within the selected basket of goods. The aggregation of a household's resources is done either by accumulating the household members' income from all (or most) sources, or by accumulating the monetary value (price) of each of the items/services bought or consumed by the household.
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In Norway, data on catches and landings are thought to be relatively reliable. As a consequence, high-grading is not allowed in Norwegian waters. The Norwegian authorities strongly believe in the usefulness of the discard ban, and the European Commission, in its review of the Common Fishing Policy, has drawn attention to it as a possible improvement in its own set of policy tools.
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More specifically, deterioration in trade facilitation - which is measured by the increase in the number of documents required and days taken for exporting and importing a good - can reduce per capita GDP, albeit to a small amount. Countries requiring a larger number of documents and more time for imports and exports tend to have higher levels of poverty (measured by the headcount and poverty gap index) and inequality (measured by the Gini index) than other countries. Another limitation is the small number of observations used in this study, which does not allow for estimation of the heterogeneous effects of trade facilitation.
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The most advanced country in this area is Algeria, which does not impose any conditions in either case. It is critical to protect women’s rights in all areas of life, including economic participation.32 Access to justice mainly means: legal mechanisms and legislations that establish a right to access to court and to a fair judicial remedy, that promote legal and judicial assistance to women, that help them become aware of their rights to access justice, and that provide legal services and advice. It also means the right for women to go to court, the right to work in a legal profession, a chance for women to access the same positions as men in the judiciary, according to principles of equality and fairness.
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These could include tax incentives and other relevant measures. In-work benefits can translate into potentially significant increases in employment rates, provided they have a sufficiently large impact on financial incentives. When in-work benefits are very low, they are unlikely to have much of an impact on employment. On the other hand, generosity has to be accompanied by narrow' targeting in order to channel help to the neediest families and keep programme costs within reasonable limits. Well-designed targeting, conditions on the number of hours worked to become eligible and phasing-out rates (i.e. the speed at which benefits are w ithdrawn as incomes rise), can help them to be effective. In terms of the impact on competitiveness, some research points to the role of social enterprises, and a vibrant social economy as a whole, in encouraging innovation.
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These factors prevent many women from achieving economic autonomy and contributing income to the household. Employment remains highly segmented, with low social security coverage and deep gender- and ethnicity-based inequities (see chapter 111). Men and women still have very different total workloads, with women working a double shift: in addition to their growing responsibilities in paid employment, they perform the bulk of caregiving and household work.
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Given its existing production infrastructure, the Columbus basin off Trinidad and Tobago is considered the least risky frontier in the Caribbean. In 2011, the country produced 135,000 barrels per day of oil, and in 2010 the country produced 42 billion cubic metres of natural gas, more than three times the level seen in 2000. Currently, Jamaica has no history of production of its own, despite trying hard to encourage interest in its offshore acreage over the years. In 2014, the government secured a production-sharing agreement with Tullow Oil to explore the Walton Basin and Morant Basin areas, covering 32,065km2. The Bahamas could hold up to 4.3 million barrels of oil.
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It has a diverse economy, which includes a financial capital of Europe, Milan, and one of the continent’s most productive agricultural sectors. The region’s strength in the arts, design and craft provides the basis for constant creativity. It is also the leading region in the Italian economy as measured by total production and exports. A strong economy has contributed to foreign immigration flows, making Lombardy the most diverse region in Italy.
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Freedom of conscience and religion, also called conscience clause legislation is part of the inherent and inalienable rights of every human being and freedoms protected by the constitution as a fundamental principle of democratic countries working in the law. At international level, the most common piece of legislation on this issue is the European Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950, which Poland is a party. Pursuant to Art. 9 of the European Convention Poland is committed to the protection of freedom of thought, conscience and religion to every person under its jurisdiction, including the medical professions. In a special way to be protected by the freedom of conscience of physicians, dentists, nurses and midwives, as the conscience clause is written in the law governing the exercise of such professions in Poland.
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For smaller primary healthcare facilities, incremental budgeting based on historical amounts is a more common approach. Reforms on facility budget setting is therefore an important policy area - ongoing provider payment reform initiatives such as the potential use of diagnosis-related groups can help make budgets be more needs-based. Service providers do not always receive clear guidelines on general budget envelopes to work with when submitting draft budgets. This is understood to be an important reason why requests from health service providers are often seen by provincial health departments as being too high to be realistic.
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Earlier speakers offered insights about investment law and its implications for the future of domestic administrative law and international law. To bring us full circle, I will discuss where we are today so that we can consider where we want development law to be tomorrow. In pursuit of that goal, I offer empirical data related to investment treaty arbitration.1 My goal today is to focus on three claims about investment treaty arbitration and consider the data's potential implications.
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Then we propose “ hashed scheduling method in Section 4.2, which can reduce the unused regions in the scheduling table for the asynchronous time-slot phase network shown in Fig. In this situation, the efficiency of the time-slot-based optical burst allocation is inefficient since many unused time regions remain in the time-slot scheduling table, as shown in Fig. This method is called local time-based scheduling (Fig. In the global time-based scheduling, we shift the time-slot-search start point by the value determined by the propagation delay along the optical burst route from a certain reference node, which is preselected in the netw ork.
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Fruits and vegetables in particular, have clear advantages for Chihuahua. They are crops where labour can be effectively substituted for capital, and they are crops where high efficiency drip irrigation systems can be applied successfully. Thus employment is expanded and a major environmental problem is reduced.
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In October 2015 Uruguay was elected as a Non-Permanent Member of the United Nations Security Council. This article analyses the messages of the Uruguayan government during the process of its investiture. The objective is to offer an analytical description of the discourses made by Uruguayan government officials before the designation. For this purpose, a new analytical tool is applied, which consists of the operationalization of the General Principles of International Law. It is found that the Uruguayan discourse privileges the international cooperation that focuses on human rights, multilateralism, and the involvement in Peacekeeping Operation. Additionally, it is found that the membership is a tool used by the government to seek agreements with the political opposition.
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In terms of planned objectives involving cognitive processing categories, remembering and understanding were most common. The results indicated that the potential of ICT to facilitate higher order thinking skills was not being fully utilised by these teachers. Those tasks are presented in an interactive computer package that incorporates probes to monitor interest and emotions as they progress through the task and relate those to measures of learning at the conclusion of the task.
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In Canada, transfers appear to have offset the loss of market income induced by the deterioration in the employment situation of sole parents. Therefore, an important challenge for redistribution policies is to ensure that the entire population of poor children is covered by benefits and for this that eligibility criteria are adapted to the changing composition of poor families. To assess the scope of policies that would successfully promote the employment of poor parents, the next section presents some simulations of the expected effects on the child poverty rate under different employment growth scenarios.
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This consideration is all the more compelling currently since fiscal consolidation has become urgent for many OECD countries. However, there may be a stronger case for retaining reductions of employer contributions which are targeted on low-wage workers since they may have important long-run benefits by permanently raising employment rates of some groups on the margin of the labour force (Phelps, 1994). While stock subsidies may be relatively easy to implement and relatively effective in supporting employment in the short-run, at least as compared with the employment effects of other forms of fiscal stimulus, the associated employment gains come at a significant cost in lost tax revenues.
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Diaspora groups are potential key players in the relation between homeland and host states and can quite tangibly affect political developments in both, as well as have an impact on various aspects of global governance (Hagel and Peretz, 2005). Theoretically this chapter focuses on the relationship between diaspora politics, transnational activism, and democratic legitimacy. Empirically, the chapter discusses the specific case of transnational activism among young Muslims in Europe. Examining the democratic credentials of diaspora groups, we explore how discourses on globalization, terror, and multicultural policies have affected the extent to which some of these groups turn to radical Islam or search for more moderate alternatives, but also how these groups are internally constituted in terms of legitimacy and accountability.
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Agreements and arrangements vary in terms of geographic coverage — covering all waters shared by contracting parties or only specific basins — as well as in terms of scope. Examples include the joint commissions that have been set up between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, Croatia and Montenegro, Serbia and Romania, Serbia and Hungary and Romania and Hungary. The Lake Ohrid Watershed Committee was established in 2005.
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This is most visible in Coumon d’Auvergne, which has grown from an agricultural village to become the second largest city in the departement. The “city in the countryside” feature has had a major influence on the Eastern side of the Limagne plain, but also on the hills after the collapse of wine-production. This has led to a need for new infrastructure alongside these main channels in order to service new developments. In turn, this opens up the area for development and leads to further urbanisation, including in areas that are costly for the municipality to provide services to and that impose environmental costs (e.g. the cost of expanding infrastructure and the costs of commuting).
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Colegio de Mexico, September-December2015|online] http:/Avww.scielo.org.mx/scie lo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S018B-72l02015000300691&lng=es&nrm=iso&ting-es. The countries of the region that have developed economic valuation exercises for unpaid domestic work and incorporated them into satellite accounts have built valuable partnerships between statistical offices and central banks in their capacity as data producers, and mechanisms for the advancement of women, as principal users of the information. Using an interinstitutional approach, they have evaluated how to make calculations, what information sources to use and how to disseminate data.
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These receive anyone who wishes to be examined and obtain information on health risk factors and personal advice on leading a healthier lifestyle. Data from the authorities suggest that these have been widely used (with over 2 million contacts in 2009 and 2010). An additional 190 centres have been opened for children.
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Recommendations to reduce fishing activity were intended to restore reproductive biomass, particularly that of the white anglerfish. The main species fished were black scabbard fish and deep-water sharks. In the case of the black scabbardfish, a species targeted in the continental longline fisheries, the ICES found the abundance indicators for the period 1996-2009 to be relatively stable. Procedures for granting licences have also been adjusted, as appropriate.
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An integrated approach that focuses on interventions in health, nutrition, water and sanitation, protection, and learning during the first years of children's lives can set a firm foundation for their entire lifetime. Given this commitment, they need consistently updated data on who is poor and how they are poor in order to monitor progress, identify gaps and guide policies and programmes - all in the interest of making sure that vulnerable children are not left behind. Multidimensional child poverty measures give a fuller picture of how children experience poverty.
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Another concern is lignite mining, which requires groundwater abstractions to lower the water table in the mining areas. Large storage tanks of chemicals and fuels are also potential accidental risk spots in the area. Manufacturing industries are responsible for a part of the emission of organic substances and nutrients (especially the chemical, pulp and paper, and food industries).
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Most teams develop training programmes that were closely connected to teachers' professional reality and useful to enhance their ability to foster creativity and critical thinking in the classroom. However, training programmes implemented by teams differed with regard to their format, their intensity and frequency, their approach to teachers' learning and their activities. However, the format of training programmes differed greatly between teams.
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Such chemicals are second only to medical drugs as a cause of poisoning (MMA, 2010). A study revealed that 36% of food samples in 2011 and 29% in 2012 contained unauthorised pesticides and/or exceeded allowable amounts of pesticides (ANVISA, 2013). The latest national agricultural census showed less than 2% of farms producing organically in 2006, 82% of which were family farms that might have used chemicals if they had had access to them (IBGE, 2012b). In 2014, about 7 200 registered establishments produced certified organic products (MMA, 2015a), or about 0.1% of total farms and less than 1% of agricultural land area (Figure 4.11).
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Meanwhile, the livestock population had increased by 2.7 times, from 22.741 million head in 1987 to 61.549 million head in 2016 (figure 12.2). Consequently, the density of livestock had increased from 18 head per hundred ha in 1987 to 54 head per hundred ha in 2016. This puts increasing pressure on the rangeland. In Mongolia, herds have free access to rangeland, which makes the overgrazing situation even worse. An assessment by the Agency for Land Administration and Management, Geodesy and Cartography (ALAMGaC) indicates that the earn ing capacity of rangeland was exceeded by more than 30 per cent.
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sdg15
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Improved cooking stoves have been identified as having potential social benefits (improved health), environmental benefits (lower firewood use and emission reductions), and economic benefits (lower inputs requirements, such as fuel wood). Good evidence of this is now needed to warrant a very widespread roll-out. Efforts are being made to secure project accreditation under the Clean Development Mechanism and the Gold Standard Foundation.
|
sdg13
|
Malaysia's ranking has improved its rankings in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index, the World Bank's Doing Business and the United Nations' e-Government. This project is thus relevant to advancing SDGs 1, 8, 9 and 11. Mauritius is keeping ICT as its economic and social forefront for development.
|
sdg9
|
Challenges of peripherality are common in predominantly rural OECD regions (Box 2.1), but the example of NORA is certainly one of the most extreme cases of geographic peripherality. The magnitude of this problem, of course, differs from country to country. For example, it is a greater issue in Finland than in the Netherlands, and a bigger challenge for Scotland than England, even though they are both part of the United Kingdom.
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sdg14
|
However, the fishing fleet does not pay a special road and infrastructure tax on its fuel, in common with other off-road users. Revenue from this tax is not higher than necessary to fund road development and maintenance. Accordingly, exemption from it should not be considered as an indirect subsidy. A carbon tax is levied on all fossil fuels used for combustion.
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sdg14
|
Workers in the informal sector are more difficult to provide for. Some have done so through public health services targeted to the poor. This is neither desirable nor efficient, generally resulting in a health care system in which poor people receive inferior quality services, often in public facilities, while the nonpoor get better health care services from the private sector. Health services targeted to the poor generally remain underfunded partly because the more powerful people who are not poor have no stake in making the system better.
|
sdg1
|
In the post-conflict period, there may also be pressure to return to traditional gender roles. Gender-based violence, including sexual violence, is often used as a war strategy and remains a key security threat in the post-conflict context. Responding to these past violations of human rights, SSR processes should support positive changes that might be occurring, while seeking to address high levels of post-conflict gender-based violence (Valasek 2008).
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sdg5
|
It is imperative that providers are held accountable for providing quality services. Ensuring multi-disciplinary teams are available and equipped to deliver PHC packages is valuable, but ultimately the quality of the care they deliver is paramount. Ensuring quality improves at facility level is a hands-on process requiring continuous attention and significant investment.
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sdg3
|
Rigorous and continuous methods to assess and anticipate skill needs are also needed, together with methods for quality assurance and the monitoring of training providers. The share of women on board of listed companies in Chile is among the lowest in the OECD (Figure 12, Panel B). The major obstacle Chilean women face to participate more fully is the traditional gender roles towards work and care.
|
sdg5
|
Since 2005, there have been no significant changes in the industrial sector. Water pollution from industrial production is probably significant, but data about water pollution from industries are not available. Due to ongoing irrigation sector reform, an increase in water demand for irrigation can be expected.
|
sdg6
|
Further, from 2000 to 2050 Asia’s urban population is predicted to increase by nearly 2 billion people (IHT 2008). Cities are voracious consumers of water and environmental resources such as timber and mined construction materials that are often extracted from river basin regions at levels many times greater than those appropriated for rural uses. Much of the destruction of the upstream ecologies, even when located in a different country, is the result of the growth of cities and their unrelenting demand for natural resources and hydropower, supplied by very large dams that have system-wide impacts. A good number of these cities -Dhaka, Mumbai, Kolkata, Rangoon, Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Manila, Hong Kong and, to a lesser extent or indirectly, Bangkok and Shanghai - are port cities created in colonial times, that have since become the principal city regions of their respective countries.
|
sdg6
|
Overseas Tongans, and no doubt in the same way Samoans, are extremely well connected electronically with each other and with kin in Tonga (Morton 1998, 1999, Nishitani 2011), which ensures that any ‘digital divide’ is being crossed easily. The development of financial literacy and telephone banking will enhance this transition, emphasise that Tonga and Samoa are transnational economies and societies, and probably attach new meanings to migration and remittances. Migration in the mobile phone, internet (and guest worker) age may well change in unpredictable ways. Within the Pacific, regional migration opportunities exist, but primarily for skilled workers, thus Suva (Fiji) has become more of a cosmopolitan urban centre, with the migration of other Pacific islanders into tertiary institutions, international agencies and to a lesser extent the private sector.
|
sdg10
|
So any additional infrastructure investment in electricity in Africa can be expected to have significant effects on growth, private economic activity and conditions of life. In the third five-year plan (1972-1976), there were comprehensive programmes to develop airports, seaports, highways, railways and telecommunications (Ro, 2002). Such coordinated infrastructure expansion continued through the subsequent decades, particularly in the 1990s to deal with the emerging extreme infrastructure congestion. This set out the framework conditions for private sector investment in infrastructure provision (World Bank, 2009).
|
sdg9
|
Previous OECD work has shown that access to a job is a major factor limiting the risk of poverty, but being employed per se is often not sufficient to escape poverty. While the poverty rate among jobless households is more than double the rate observed among working households, there are also significant in-work poverty risks in many countries. Indeed, 7% of individuals living in households with at least one worker are poor in the OECD, and the working poor comprise more than 60% of all the poor individuals of working age (OECD, 2008a). To address this issue, a conventional poverty threshold is used with 50% of the median equivalised household disposable income.21 The analysis presents the proportion of households falling below the poverty line, for various household work types (Figure 4.18).
|
sdg1
|
An outpatient is not formally admitted to a facility (physician’s private office, hospital outpatient centre or ambulatory care centre) and does not stay overnight. The NHIFA is obliged to contract with providers that are approved through the capacity regulation process of the government. Family doctors are mostly private entrepreneurs and contract with local governments to serve the local population.
|
sdg3
|
The perception of higher risk in investing in women’s entrepreneurialism and cultural bias among loan officers are two reasons cited by local banks as they attempt to target lending programmes for these businesses. Women business owners also tend to make more conservative investments to minimise risk (IFC 201 la). Furthermore, broader consumer research shows that women value personal relationships with individual service providers, women want to be treated as individuals while men want to feel like they are part of an important group (Melnyk et al. Rather, seamless adaptation of product and service enhancements to benefit women will also benefit men and result in an improved customer experience across all segments.
|
sdg5
|
In other words, significant numbers of adults do not possess the most basic information-processing skills considered necessary to succeed in today's world. In addition, there are also adults who lack confidence in their ability to use computers. Of the adults undertaking the problem-solving assessment, most are only capable of using familiar applications to solve problems that involve few steps and explicit criteria, such as sorting e-mails into pre-existing folders.
|
sdg4
|
The view on collection of MSW from a territorial perspective (table 8.2) shows that the majority of MSW is generated and collected in Chisinau - more than two thirds of all MSW collected in the Republic of Moldova. Thus, the increase in collected MSW can be related to the increase in GDP per capita (PPP based) in the capital, but in other parts of the Republic of Moldova the increase in collected MSW was higher than the national average and, therefore, improvement of collection services may be the reason for the reported increase in MSW. The results indicate a high proportion of biodegradable waste.
|
sdg12
|
Further, bilateral donors and multilateral financial institutions committed to support more than 660 projects in these countries in those two years. Although the Paris Agreement has stressed the importance of balancing financial resources between adaptation and mitigation (UNFCCC, 2015), the imbalance is a tendency observed globally. However, the imbalance is more pronounced in the EECCA countries where mitigation accounts for 81% of funds, adaptation for 11% and both together for 8%, the global average is 63% for mitigation, 25% for adaptation and 12% for both.
|
sdg13
|
In June 2014, it was the first country to submit its forest reference emission level for payments under REDD+ as required by the 2013 Warsaw Framework. A national REDD+ strategy has been under discussion since 2010. The moratorium involves a group of large companies that have voluntary agreed to stop using soya beans grown on Amazonian forestland that has been illegally cleared since 2008.
|
sdg15
|
Across OECD member countries, including the ones of similar scale to Lithuania, it is a sound practice for ministries to have - in-house or externally - an analytical staff who can use this evidence to inform policy, and who can knowledgeably “broker” education research. For example, in the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research a professional staff of nine analysts focuses on providing policy-informing data analysis and research, and in “translating” external research findings to local needs. Their work supports the development of legislation, regulations, strategic plans, and the design of programmes, and the evaluation of existing programmes.
|
sdg4
|
The shares of threatened species are 12% for mammals, 8% for birds and 11% for vascular plants. Among the 34 OECD countries, Poland ranks seventh best for mammals, third best for birds and fourteenth best for vascular plants (OECD, 2013). These ecosystems require particular attention to preserve habitats of sensitive species. In particular, the 1997 National Forest Policy provides for i) increasing forest resources, ii) improving their state and providing comprehensive protection, and iii) promoting multifunctional forest management according to criteria formulated by the Helsinki process.4 The National Forest Policy (NFP) sets key forest policy objectives, some with quantitative targets and timetables.
|
sdg15
|
In all, there are 57 endemic taxa (species and subspecies) and 171 sub-endemic taxa (with their territory mostly in Romania). Areas selected under these criteria must harbour exceptional botanical wealth, the protection of which is important for the global conservation of plant diversity. Among vertebrates, 191 species of fish (9 endangered species) have been identified, 20 species of amphibians (9 endangered species), 30 species of reptiles (6 endangered species), 364 species of birds (including 312 migratory species) and 102 species of mammals.
|
sdg15
|
Family incomes consists of spousal earnings, stipends by religious schools (around NIS 1 400 per month, of which about half is paid by the state), income support by the Ministry of Religious Affairs (NIS 1 200 per month), child allowances and transfers from the Diaspora. Compared with Jewish men, Arab men are more likely to work in construction, agriculture, commerce and traditional manufacturing (Habib et al., Arab workers, particularly Arab men, are less likely to be employed in their chosen occupations, sometimes accepting jobs for which they are over-qualified because they cannot find employment at the appropriate level. ( Abu-Bader and Gottlieb, 2008, Yakoobi et al, 2009, OECD, 2010).
|
sdg4
|
Purchases for some commodities, such as grains, are a product of the minimum price policies of the government (discussed further below). For other commodities, reserves are accumulated on an ad hoc basis, usually during times of falling prices. While data on the size of government reserves are not publicly available, they are estimated to be significant for some commodities (Zhou, 2010).
|
sdg2
|
It reviews the framework for testing, assessing and managing the risks associated with chemicals, and for disseminating the related information. This includes provisions for chemical accident prevention, preparedness and response. The chapter also examines Colombia’s progress in managing specific chemicals, such as ozone-depleting substances, persistent organic pollutants and mercury, and reviews its participation in international co-operation in chemicals management. This fact underlines the importance of establishing a robust policy framework that ensures chemicals’ safe use throughout their life cycle.
|
sdg12
|
One of the tasks of fisheries management and economic policy in general is to encourage the expansion of such rents (Anderson, Arnason and Libecap, 2010). If the rent is completely removed by taxation, there are no more incentives to expand it. This means that the rebuilding of fish stocks is not in the interest of the fishers and must be implemented by command-and-control measures. Rather, the fisheries resource rent tax should be set at a rate where its marginal excess burden is no higher than for other taxes.
|
sdg14
|
Citizenship is a core concept in public administration research. This article examines how the concept was employed in twenty-nine research articles published in Public Administration Review since 2009. It finds two difficulties. The first is a tendency to omit an explicit definition of the concept, contrary to good practice. The second is a tendency to adopt an implied definition of citizenship that encompasses all of the general population. The paper considers possible justifications for current practice. Research would be improved by using the concept less frequently, defining it explicitly, adopting a definition that is closer to ordinary usage, and attending more carefully to the ways in which attitudes and behavior are influenced by a person's status within a jurisdiction.
|
sdg16
|
In this regard, it should be kept in mind that land use planning policies aiming at rather compact cities are those, which would enable and result in a high-occupancy public transport service®. In this context, establishment of effective and efficient urban transport system requires that the necessary infrastructure, including for the various public transport modes, be built so that it is reasonably resistant to the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change. Resilient means that negative consequences of an extreme weather event can be easily restored. Compartmentalizing is about making compartments so that an infrastructure failure can be limited to a certain area.
|
sdg11
|
The distribution according to age class shows that 7 per cent of the forest is young, 48 per cent mid-age, 15 per cent mature, and 30 per cent mature and older. Such an unequal distribution may have been determined by insufficient forest management over the past three decades, and indicates the necessity of carrying out complex measures for sanitation and rejuvenation. Also, Georgian forests have undergone a reduction of canopy cover - of more than 20 per cent between 2000 and 2010 within the forest canopy cover range of 30-80 per cent, as detected by remote sensing.
|
sdg15
|
The present article looks how intimate liaisons between Dutch women and Balinese men are intertwined in complex and sometimes paradoxical ways in regard to class position, gender ideologies and immigration policy in the contemporary Netherlands. Central to this analysis is a dialogue between Dutch women, their Balinese partners and popular discourse about Dutch women who marry ‘the other men’. I examine how citizenship regulations that play a significant role in interfamilial relations of interdependency form complex gender dynamics, and how Dutch women's rhetoric about the emancipation of Dutch women and desire for a companionate marriage tend to collide with the practices of everyday life. I argue that gender ideologies in these cross-cultural liaisons are conceptualised and reconceptualised in relation to ‘gender imaginings’. I suggest that the ideals of companionate marriage, favoured by Dutch women, are linked directly to ideals of modernity and individualism, in which particular scripts of gender re...
|
sdg16
|
The process of open recruitment also offers advantages to applicants since they can more directly choose the school and identify with the school’s educational project. As a result, the process is more likely to build a sense of commitment of teachers to the schools where they are recruited. It should be noted, however, that the teacher labour market features a number of rigidities and imperfections.
|
sdg4
|
This was also observed by Kakwani (1990) and Marinho and Soares (2003). This result confirms the theoretical hypothesis that poverty-income elasticity is tower in economies with tow average incomes. The results obtained in this article agree with the findings of Marinho and Soares (2003) and Hoffmann (2004), In short, less developed regions like the Brazilian north-east have more difficulty reducing poverty through income growth. Overall, these results suggest that inequality reduction policies are most effective when it comes to fighting poverty in Brazil.
|
sdg1
|
With the policy environment growing more supportive, the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy improving and increased activity in obtaining support for SIDS through various mechanisms, the emphasis on the MRE potential of SIDS will continue to grow. The SAMOA Pathway stresses the importance of renewable energy generation and energy efficiency measures as a basis for sustainable development in SIDS and calls for innovative partnerships to strengthen SIDS-SIDS cooperation (SIDS, 2014). There has been notable progress in this regard through CARICOM (the Caribbean Community), resulting in the production of a Regional Energy Policy (CARICOM, 2013), followed by the Caribbean Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). C-SERMS includes recommendations for renewable energy targets, along with targets for energy efficiency gains and carbon emissions reductions, in the short term (2017), medium term (2022) and long term (2027) for the CARICOM region and aims to provide CARICOM member states with a coherent strategy for transitioning to sustainable energy (Worldwatch, 2013).
|
sdg7
|
An association of wheat growers, the United Wheat Growers, collects a compulsory levy on all wheat sold by producers. This levy is determined annually and is used exclusively for disaster relief insurance and the administrative costs of this insurance. The contract is standard for all wheat producers and covers multiple natural disasters (in this specific scheme it includes flooding), certain mechanical accidents, and physical loss of grain in silos or transit.
|
sdg2
|
These include three mammal species categorized as CR on a regional scale: the Gobi bear (Ursus arctos gobiensis), Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus spp. A further eight species were categorized as NT, including the grey wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). Only the Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus) is Regionally Extinct (RE) in Mongolia.
|
sdg15
|
But to understand the steps towards water governance reform concerning the iwi it is necessary to briefly recount the historical background. This breached the Treaty of Waitangi10 and denied Waikato-Tainui and other iwi and hapuu decision-making rights and interests and mana whakahaere (authority, exercise of rights and responsibilities) in the Waikato River and its resources. This led to a historical claim under the Treaty of Waitangi in the 1960s, which was settled in December 2009 when the Crown and Waikato-Tainui signed the “Waikato-Tainui River Deed of Settlement”.
|
sdg6
|
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