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What do we call water that has been used for cleaning, washing, flushing, or manufacturing? | groundwater | Grey water | sewage | wastewater | Fresh water is also preserved by purifying wastewater. Wastewater is water that has been used for cleaning, washing, flushing, or manufacturing. It includes the water that goes down your shower drain and that is flushed down your toilet. Instead of dumping wastewater directly into rivers, wastewater can be purified at a water treatment plant ( Figure below ). When wastewater is recycled, waterborne diseases caused by pathogens in sewage can be prevented. What are some ways you can save water in your own house?. |
What is the name for an area that is covered in water, or at least has soggy soil, during all or part of the year? | a crater | coastal zone | a stream | a wetland | Some of Earth’s freshwater is found in wetlands. A wetland is an area that is covered with water, or at least has very soggy soil, during all or part of the year. Certain species of plants thrive in wetlands, and they are rich ecosystems. Freshwater wetlands are usually found at the edges of steams, rivers, ponds, or lakes. Wetlands can also be found at the edges of seas. |
Regulation of the reproductive system is a process that requires the action of hormones from which gland? | thyroid gland | salivary gland | adrenal gland | pituitary gland | Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive System Regulation of the reproductive system is a process that requires the action of hormones from the pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads. During puberty in both males and females, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the production and release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones regulate the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and therefore are called gonadotropins. In both males and females, FSH stimulates gamete production and LH stimulates production of hormones by the gonads. An increase in gonad hormone levels inhibits GnRH production through a negative feedback loop. Regulation of the Male Reproductive System In males, FSH stimulates the maturation of sperm cells. FSH production is inhibited by the hormone inhibin, which is released by the testes. LH stimulates production of the sex hormones ( androgens) by the interstitial cells of the testes and therefore is also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone. The most widely known androgen in males is testosterone. Testosterone promotes the production of sperm and masculine characteristics. The adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of testosterone precursor, although the role of this additional hormone production is not fully understood. |
What occurs when organisms acquire and pass on new traits from one generation to the next generation? | phenomenon | variation | birth | evolution | Evolution occurs as organisms acquire and pass on new traits from one generation to the next generation. Its occurrence over large stretches of time explains the origin of new species and the great diversity of the biological world. Extant species are related to each other through common descent, and products of evolution over billions of years. Analysis of the DNA of different organisms indicates there is a similarity among very different organisms in the genetic code that help make proteins and other molecules. This genetic code is used by all known forms of life on Earth. The theory of evolution suggests that the genetic code was established very early in the history of life, and some studies suggest it was established soon after the formation of Earth. The timeline of the evolution of life, shown in Figure below , outlines the major events in the development of life. |
What process provides more than 99% of energy? | cellular respiration | glycolysis | nuclear fusion | photosynthesis | Plants and other autotrophs make food out of “thin air”—at least, they use carbon dioxide from the air to make food. Most food is made in the process of photosynthesis. This process provides more than 99% of the energy used by living things on Earth. Photosynthesis also supplies Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen. |
What tissue blocks entry of pathogens in mammals? | pathological | dendritic | esophageal | epithelial | |
What in the axils of leaves and stems give rise to branches? | chloroplasts | nodules | meristems | axillary buds | |
The existence of what tiny, fundamental particles of matter was first proposed in the 1960s? | neutrons | atoms | molecules | quarks | The existence of quarks was first proposed in the 1960s. Since then, scientists have done experiments to show that quarks really do exist. In fact, they have identified six different types of quarks. However, much remains to be learned about these tiny, fundamental particles of matter. They are very difficult and expensive to study. If you want to learn more about them, including how they are studied, the URL below is a good place to start. |
Animals that defend their area are generally known as what kinds of animals? | carnivores | mutants | neutral | territorial | Some species of animals are territorial . This means that they defend their area. The area they defend usually contains their nest and enough food for themselves and their offspring. A species is more likely to be territorial if there is not very much food in their area. Animals generally do not defend their territory by fighting. Instead, they are more likely to use display behavior. The behavior tells other animals to stay away. It gets the message across without the need for fighting. Display behavior is generally safer and uses less energy than fighting. Male gorillas use display behavior to defend their territory. They pound on their chests and thump the ground with their hands to warn other male gorillas to keep away from their area. The robin displays his red breast to warn other robins to stay away ( Figure below ). |
A boiler converts the chemical energy stored in fuel into what type of energy? | atmospheric energy | Thermometric Energy | ultraviolet energy | thermal energy | Water is heated in a boiler that burns a fuel such as natural gas or heating oil. The boiler converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel to thermal energy. |
What are the ice crystals that form on the ground called? | sleet | snow | granules | frost | Deposition as a change of state often occurs in nature. For example, when warm moist air comes into contact with very cold surfaces—such as the ground or objects on the ground—ice crystals are deposited on them. These ice crystals are commonly called frost. Look at the dead leaf and blades of grass in the Figure below . They are covered with frost. If you look closely, you can see the individual crystals of ice. You can watch a demonstration of frost forming on the side of a very cold can at the URL below. (Click on the mulitmedia choice “Ice on a Can. ”). The ice in the can has been cooled to a very low temperature by adding salt to it. If you want to do the demonstration yourself, follow the procedure at the URL. http://www. middleschoolchemistry. com/lessonplans/chapter2/lesson4. |
What is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell? | mitochondria | ribosome | vacuole | nucleus | The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell. It contains most of the cell’s DNA. DNA, in turn, contains the genetic code. This code “tells” the cell which proteins to make and when to make them. You can see a diagram of a cell nucleus in Figure below . Besides DNA, the nucleus contains a structure called a nucleolus. Its function is to form ribosomes. The membrane enclosing the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope. The envelope has tiny holes, or pores, in it. The pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus. |
What does the kinetic-molecular theory describe the behavior of? | a compound | a liquid | a solid | an ideal gas | The kinetic-molecular theory describes the behavior of an ideal gas. |
What kind of hormones are released into the environment for communication between animals of the same species? | reactions | hormones | peptides | pheromones | |
What organ contributes about 60% of the volume of semen ? | long vesicles | complete vesicles | cilia | seminal vesicles | |
Eukaryotic cells contain what type of structures that possess special functions? | chloroplasts | cell membranes | fibers | organelles | Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other organelles. They include the mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, and—in animal cells—centrioles. Each type of organelle has a special function. |
What is the common name for the midpoint between high and low tide? | floods level | middle level | clouds level | sea level | Sea level is the midpoint between high and low tide. It can vary around Earth. |
What is formed when humid air near the ground cools below its dew point? | smoke | steam | weather | fog | Fog ( Figure below ) is a cloud on the ground. Fog forms when humid air near the ground cools below its dew point. Each type of fog forms in a different way. |
When are peptide bonds between amino acids formed? | process of production | process of transcription | process of migration | process of translation | Amino acids can bond together through peptide bonds to form short chains called peptides or longer chains called polypeptides ( Figure below ). A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed from a condensation reaction between two molecules, causing the release of a molecule of water. This bond usually forms between two amino acids, hence forming a peptide or polypeptide. Peptide bonds between amino acids are formed during the process of translation. |
Within the petals are two whorls of fertile floral organs that produce what? | fibers | leaves | toxins | spores | |
Increasing or decreasing the temperature of a system in what state acts as a stress to the system? | liquid | gaseous | nitrogen | equilibrium | Increasing or decreasing the temperature of a system at equilibrium is also a stress to the system. The equation for the Haber-Bosch process is written again below, this time as a thermochemical equation. |
The scientific name of an organism consists of its genus and what else? | mammals | specimens | samples | species | The scientific name of an organism consists of its genus and species. |
What type of organism was the only able to live in the anoxic atmosphere of the first 2 billion years? | mammals | aerobic | protists | anaerobic | CHAPTER SUMMARY 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity Prokaryotes existed for billions of years before plants and animals appeared. Hot springs and hydrothermal vents may have been the environments in which life began. Microbial mats are thought to represent the earliest forms of life on Earth, and there is fossil evidence of their presence about 3.5 billion years ago. A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes that grows at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on moist surfaces. During the first 2 billion years, the atmosphere was anoxic and only anaerobic organisms were able to live. Cyanobacteria evolved from early. |
Scientists utilize what natural process to teach cranes born in captivity to migrate along safe routes? | expediting | natural selection | neuroimaging | imprinting | |
What are mass, volume, and length an example of? | fantastic properties | extensive compounds | dynamic properties | extensive properties | Extensive properties vary according to the amount of matter present. Examples of extensive properties include mass, volume, and length. |
Chelicerata are know for their first pair of appendages, also know as what? | maxillae | ambers | chelicides | chelicerae | Subphylum Chelicerata includes animals such as spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. This subphylum is [4] predominantly terrestrial, although some marine species also exist. An estimated 103,000 described species are included in subphylum Chelicerata. The body of chelicerates may be divided into two parts and a distinct “head” is not always discernible. The phylum derives its name from the first pair of appendages: the chelicerae (Figure 15.23a), which are specialized mouthparts. The chelicerae are mostly used for feeding, but in spiders, they are typically modified to inject venom into their prey (Figure 15.23b). As in other members of Arthropoda, chelicerates also utilize an open circulatory system, with a tube-like heart that pumps blood into the large hemocoel that bathes the internal organs. Aquatic chelicerates utilize gill respiration, whereas terrestrial species use either tracheae or book lungs for gaseous exchange. |
What kind of reproduction generates new individuals without fusion of an egg and sperm? | sexual | propagation | gametes | asexual | |
The properties of liquids are intermediate between those of gases and solids but are more similar to? | plasma | gases | oils | solids | The properties of liquids are intermediate between those of gases and solids but are more similar to solids. In contrast to intramolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms together in molecules and polyatomic ions, intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds. For example, it requires 927 kJ to overcome the intramolecular forces and break both O–H bonds in 1 mol of water, but it takes only about 41 kJ to overcome the intermolecular attractions and convert 1 mol of liquid water to water vapor at 100°C. (Despite this seemingly low value, the intermolecular forces in liquid water are among the strongest such forces known!) Given the large difference in the strengths of intra- and intermolecular forces, changes between the solid, liquid, and gaseous states almost invariably occur for molecular substances without breaking covalent bonds. |
What does blood pickup from the lungs to be carried throughout the rest of the body? | platelets | carbon | white blood cells | oxygen | The blood picks up oxygen in the lungs and carries it to cells throughout the body. |
The earliest types of what lacked flowers, leaves, roots and stems? | houses | animals | clouds | plants | Most modern plants, like the skunk cabbage, produce flowers. However, flowers evolved relatively late in the history of plants. The earliest plants not only lacked flowers. They also lacked leaves, roots, and stems. They probably resembled the alga in Figure below . |
The nervous system is made up of these? | muscles | fibers | blood cells | neurons | Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/vertebrate_evol) of biologist Mark Kirschner discussing the “flipping” phenomenon of vertebrate evolution. The nervous system is made up of neurons, specialized cells that can receive and transmit chemical or electrical signals, and glia, cells that provide support functions for the neurons by playing an information processing role that is complementary to neurons. A neuron can be compared to an electrical wire—it transmits a signal from one place to another. Glia can be compared to the workers at the electric company who make sure wires go to the right places, maintain the wires, and take down wires that are broken. Although glia have been compared to workers, recent evidence suggests that also usurp some of the signaling functions of neurons. There is great diversity in the types of neurons and glia that are present in different parts of the nervous system. There are four major types of neurons, and they share several important cellular components. |
What are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24 hour cycle? | life cycle | cognitive rhythm | auditory rhythm | circadian rhythm | Circadian rhythms are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24-hour cycle. In humans, for example, blood pressure and body temperature change in a regular way throughout each 24-hour day. |
Did darwin believe in punctuated equilibrium or gradualism? | punctuated equilibrium | it depended | neither | gradualism | Darwin thought that evolution occurs gradually. This model of evolution is called gradualism. The fossil record better supports the model of punctuated equilibrium. In this model, long periods of little change are interrupted by bursts of rapid change. |
What is the term for a solution that resists dramatic changes in ph? | stable | inert | neutral | buffer | As indicated in Section 12.4 "Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts", weak acids are relatively common, even in the foods we eat. But we occasionally encounter a strong acid or base, such as stomach acid, which has a strongly acidic pH of 1.7. By definition, strong acids and bases can produce a relatively large amount of H+ or OH−ions and consequently have marked chemical activities. In addition, very small amounts of strong acids and bases can change the pH of a solution very quickly. If 1 mL of stomach acid [approximated as 0.1 M HCl(aq)] were added to the bloodstream and no correcting mechanism were present, the pH of the blood would decrease from about 7.4 to about 4.7—a pH that is not conducive to continued living. Fortunately, the body has a mechanism for minimizing such dramatic pH changes. The mechanism involves a buffer, a solution that resists dramatic changes in pH. Buffers do so by being composed of certain pairs of solutes: either a weak acid plus a salt derived from that weak acid or a weak base plus a salt of that weak base. For example, a buffer can be composed of dissolved HC2H3O2 (a weak acid) and NaC2H3O2 (the salt derived from that weak acid). Another example of a buffer is a solution containing NH3 (a weak base) and NH4Cl (a salt derived from that weak base). Let us use an HC2H3O2/NaC2H3O2 buffer to demonstrate how buffers work. If a strong base—a source of OH−(aq) ions—is added to the buffer solution, those OH− ions will react with the HC2H3O2 in an acid-base reaction:. |
Wood consists of mainly what kind of walls? | chaotic | aquatic | primary | secondary | |
Viruses lack metabolic enzymes and equipment for making what? | cells | dna | acids | proteins | |
What are non-steroid hormones made of? | fats | proteins | Molecules | amino acids | Non-steroid hormones are made of amino acids. They are not fat soluble, so they cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells. Instead, a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane (see Figure below ). The binding of the hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the second messenger, which influences processes inside the cell. Most endocrine hormones are non-steroid hormones, including insulin and thyroid hormones. |
The german physicist max planck (1858–1947) used the idea that atoms and molecules in a body act like oscillators to absorb and emit this? | convection | blood | energy | radiation | Where is the quantization of energy observed? Let us begin by considering the emission and absorption of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. The EM spectrum radiated by a hot solid is linked directly to the solid’s temperature. (See Figure 29.3. ) An ideal radiator is one that has an emissivity of 1 at all wavelengths and, thus, is jet black. Ideal radiators are therefore called blackbodies, and their EM radiation is called blackbody radiation. It was discussed that the total intensity of the radiation varies as T 4 , the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the body, and that the peak of the spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths at higher temperatures. All of this seems quite continuous, but it was the curve of the spectrum of intensity versus wavelength that gave a clue that the energies of the atoms in the solid are quantized. In fact, providing a theoretical explanation for the experimentally measured shape of the spectrum was a mystery at the turn of the century. When this “ultraviolet catastrophe” was eventually solved, the answers led to new technologies such as computers and the sophisticated imaging techniques described in earlier chapters. Once again, physics as an enabling science changed the way we live. The German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947) used the idea that atoms and molecules in a body act like oscillators to absorb and emit radiation. The energies of the oscillating atoms and molecules had to be quantized to correctly describe the shape of the blackbody spectrum. Planck deduced that the energy of an oscillator having a frequency f is given by. |
The process of microscope mountains and valleys on the surface of a material interacting with another material is called? | vibration | tension | motion | friction | Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth. Even surfaces that look smooth to the unaided eye make look rough or bumpy when viewed under a microscope. Look at the metal surfaces in the Figure below . The aluminum foil is so smooth that it’s shiny. However, when highly magnified, the surface of metal appears to be very bumpy. All those mountains and valleys catch and grab the mountains and valleys of any other surface that contacts the metal. This creates friction. |
What do you call any device that makes work easier by changing a force? | battery | technology | invention | machine | A machine is any device that makes work easier by changing a force. Work is done whenever a force moves an object over a distance. The amount of work done is represented by the equation:. |
In what organ is food remains turned into solid waste for excretion? | large metabolism | non-transverse intenstine | large tissue | large intestine | Recall that carbon dioxide travels through the blood and is transferred to the lungs where it is exhaled. In the large intestine, the remains of food are turned into solid waste for excretion. How is waste other than carbon dioxide removed from the blood? That is the role of the kidneys. |
What is the type of cancer where bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells? | liver | anemia | kidney | leukemia | Leukemia is a type of cancer in which bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells. The abnormal cells can’t do their job of fighting infections. Like most cancers, leukemia is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is the most common cancer in children. |
What cells are typically characterized by the polarized distribution of organelles and membrane-bound proteins between their basal and apical surfaces? | connective tissue | mast cells | nerve cells | epithelial cells | The Epithelial Cell Epithelial cells are typically characterized by the polarized distribution of organelles and membrane-bound proteins between their basal and apical surfaces. Particular structures found in some epithelial cells are an adaptation to specific functions. Certain organelles are segregated to the basal sides, whereas other organelles and extensions, such as cilia, when present, are on the apical surface. Cilia are microscopic extensions of the apical cell membrane that are supported by microtubules. They beat in unison and move fluids as well as trapped particles. Ciliated epithelium lines the ventricles of the brain where it helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. The ciliated epithelium of your airway forms a mucociliary escalator that sweeps particles of dust and pathogens trapped in the secreted mucous toward the throat. It is called an escalator because it continuously pushes mucous with trapped particles upward. In contrast, nasal cilia sweep the mucous blanket down towards your throat. In both cases, the transported materials are usually swallowed, and end up in the acidic environment of your stomach. |
Condensation, melting, deposition, sublimation, vaporization, and freezing are all considered changes in what? | speed | density | altitude | state | Changes of state are physical changes in matter. They are reversible changes that do not involve changes in matter’s chemical makeup or chemical properties. Common changes of state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization. These changes are shown in Figure below . Each is described in detail below. |
Myopia and hyperopia are defects that can be corrected with devices? | fins | crutches | casts | lenses | Myopia and hyperopia can be corrected with lenses. |
What do you call the part of the skeletal system that connects bones? | tissue | fibers | muscles | joints | Running. A means of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. The knees, which connect one part of the leg to the other, have to allow the legs to move. The knee is a joint, the part of the skeletal system that connects bones. |
What type of molecules sit within a membrane and contain an aqueous channel that spans the membrane’s hydrophobic region? | mole | osmotic fluid | microorganisms | channel | you could prove that movements are occurring even in the absence of a gradient. In a similar manner, there are analogous carrier systems that move hydrophobic molecules through water. Channel molecules sit within a membrane and contain an aqueous channel that spans the membrane’s hydrophobic region. Hydrophilic molecules of particular sizes and shapes can pass through this aqueous channel and their movement involves a significantly lower activation energy than would be associated with moving through the lipid part of the membrane in the absence of the channel. Channels are generally highly selective in terms of which particles will pass through them. For example, there are channels in which 10,000 potassium ions will pass through for every one sodium ion. Often the properties of these channels can be regulated; they can exist in two or more distinct structural states. For example, in one state the channel can be open and allow particles to pass through or it can be closed, that is the channel can be turned on and off. Channels cannot, however, determine in which direction an ion will move - that is determined by the ion gradient across the membrane. The transition between open and closed states can be regulated through a number of processes, including the reversible binding of small molecules to the protein and various other molecular changes (which we will consider when we talk about proteins). Another method of channel control depends on the fact that channel proteins are i) embedded within a membrane and ii) contain charged groups. As we will see cells can (and generally do) generate ion gradients, that, is a separation of charged species across their membranes. For example if the concentration of K+ ions is higher on one side of the membrane, there will be an ion gradient where the natural tendency is for the ions to move to the region of lower K+ concentration.222 The ion gradient in turn can produce an electrical field across the plasma membrane. As these fields change, they can produce (induce) changes in channel structure, which can switch the channel from open to closed and vice versa. Organisms typically have many genes that encode specific channel proteins which are involved in a range of processes from muscle contraction to thinking. As in the case of carriers, channels do not determine the direction of molecular motion. The net flux of molecular movement is determined by the gradients of molecules across the membrane, with the thermodynamic driver being entropic factors. That said, the actual movement of the molecules through the channel is driven by thermal motion. Questions to answer & to ponder: • What does it mean to move up a concentration gradient? • Are there molecules that can move up their concentration gradients spontaneously? • Where does the energy involved in moving molecules come from? Is there a force driving the movement of molecules "down" their concentration gradient? • If there is no net flux of A, even if there is a concentration gradient between two points, what can we conclude? • Draw a picture of valinomycin’s position and movements within a typical membrane. What drives the movement of valinomycin in the membrane and what factors lead to a net flux in K+ movement? • What happens to the movement of molecules through channels and transporters if we reverse the concentration gradients across the membrane? 222. |
What state of matter has a definite volume, but takes the shape of the container? | solid | gas | plasma | liquid | Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of the container. |
Where does the earth gets its energy from? | heat | decomposers | precipitation | sun | Earth gets its energy from the Sun. The Sun gives off photons of energy that travel in waves. All the wavelengths of the Sun’s energy make up the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. |
In chemical reactions, what substances can act like metals or nonmetals, depending on their number of electrons? | synthetics | diacritics | minerals | metalloids | How metalloids behave in chemical interactions with other elements depends mainly on the number of electrons in the outer energy level of their atoms. Metalloids may act either like metals or nonmetals in chemical reactions. |
In the lungs, air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages called what? | ectoderm | ion channels | alveoli | bronchi | In the lungs, air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages, or bronchi. Air enters the lungs through the two primary (main) bronchi (singular: bronchus). Each bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, then into tertiary bronchi, which in turn divide, creating smaller and smaller diameter bronchioles as they split and spread through the lung. Like the trachea, the bronchi are made of cartilage and smooth muscle. At the bronchioles, the cartilage is replaced with elastic fibers. Bronchi are innervated by nerves of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems that control muscle contraction (parasympathetic) or relaxation (sympathetic) in the bronchi and bronchioles, depending on the nervous system’s cues. In humans, bronchioles with a diameter smaller than 0.5 mm are the respiratory bronchioles. They lack cartilage and therefore rely on inhaled air to support their shape. As the passageways decrease in diameter, the relative amount of smooth muscle increases. The terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles subdivide into several alveolar ducts. Numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs surround the alveolar ducts. The alveolar sacs resemble bunches of grapes tethered to the end of the bronchioles (Figure 39.10). In the acinar region, the alveolar ducts. |
How did a vascular let plants grow? | they could reproduce | they could conduct photosynthesis | they could bear fruit | they could grow taller | The evolution of vascular tissue revolutionized the plant kingdom. Vascular tissue greatly improved the ability of plants to absorb and transfer water. This allowed plants to grow larger and taller. They could also liver in drier habitats and survive periods of drought. Early vascular plants probably resembled the fern in Figure below . |
When a soluble compound dissolves, its constituent atoms, molecules, or ions disperse throughout what? | liquid | gel | pigment | solvent | When a soluble compound dissolves, its constituent atoms, molecules, or ions disperse throughout the solvent. In contrast, the constituents of an insoluble compound remain associated with one another in the solid. A soluble compound is a strong electrolyte if it dissociates completely into ions, a weak electrolyte if it dissociates only slightly into ions, and a nonelectrolyte if it dissolves to produce only neutral molecules. |
Many viral diseases can be prevented by giving people what? | cancers | Lactose | pesticides | vaccines | Many viral diseases can be prevented by giving people vaccines (see Figure below ). A vaccine is a substance that contains pathogens such as viruses. The pathogens have been changed in some way so they no longer cause disease. However, they can still provoke a response from the host’s immune system. This results in immunity, or the ability to resist the pathogen. Vaccines have been produced for the viruses that cause measles, chicken pox, mumps, polio, and several other diseases. |
What purpose does the appendix serve in humans today? | digests food | work | filters blood | none | Structures like the human tail bone are called vestigial structures . Evolution has reduced their size because the structures are no longer used. The human appendix is another example of a vestigial structure. It is a tiny remnant of a once-larger organ. In a distant ancestor, it was needed to digest food. It serves no purpose in humans today. Why do you think structures that are no longer used shrink in size? Why might a full-sized, unused structure reduce an organism’s fitness?. |
What is the bulb called in the frontal lobe that processes smells? | sensory bulb | peripheral bulb | auditory bulb | olfactory bulb | The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain, over the eyes. This lobe contains the olfactory bulb, which processes smells. The frontal lobe also contains the motor cortex, which is important for planning and implementing movement. Areas within the motor cortex map to different muscle groups, and there is some organization to this map, as shown in Figure 35.22. For example, the neurons that control movement of the fingers are next to the neurons that control movement of the hand. Neurons in the frontal lobe also control cognitive functions like maintaining attention, speech, and decisionmaking. Studies of humans who have damaged their frontal lobes show that parts of this area are involved in personality, socialization, and assessing risk. |
According to early accounts, newton was inspired to make the connection between falling bodies and astronomical motions when he saw an apple fall from a tree and realized that if the gravitational force could extend above the ground to a tree, it might also reach this? | horizon | stars | moon | sun | Figure 6.20 According to early accounts, Newton was inspired to make the connection between falling bodies and astronomical motions when he saw an apple fall from a tree and realized that if the gravitational force could extend above the ground to a tree, it might also reach the Sun. The inspiration of Newton’s apple is a part of worldwide folklore and may even be based in fact. Great importance is attached to it because Newton’s universal law of gravitation and his laws of motion answered very old questions about nature and gave tremendous support to the notion of underlying simplicity and unity in nature. Scientists still expect underlying simplicity to emerge from their ongoing inquiries into nature. |
Gravitational force on a large scale dominates interactions between large objects because it is always what? | suitable | ugly | vulnerable | attractive | As the example implies, gravitational force is completely negligible on a small scale, where the interactions of individual charged particles are important. On a large scale, such as between the Earth and a person, the reverse is true. Most objects are nearly electrically neutral, and so attractive and repulsive Coulomb forces nearly cancel. Gravitational force on a large scale dominates interactions between large objects because it is always attractive, while Coulomb forces tend to cancel. |
What two microorganisms have different membrane lipids? | algae and bacteria | microsporidia and bacteria | mesozoic and bacteria | archaea and bacteria | |
Sharing a phylum with insects, spiders, daddy-long-legs, scorpions, and ticks belong to what class? | mammals | annelids | reptiles | arachnids | Arachnids include spiders, daddy-long-legs, scorpions, and ticks. |
What describes the amount of solute in a solution? | frequency | viscosity | solubility | tonicity | Tonicity Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell. (In living systems, the point of reference is always the cytoplasm, so the prefix hypo- means that the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm. ) It also means that the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of water than does the cell. In this situation, water will follow its concentration gradient and enter the cell. This may cause an animal cell to burst, or lyse. In a hypertonic solution (the prefix hyper- refers to the extracellular fluid having a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm), the fluid contains less water than the cell does, such as seawater. Because the cell has a lower. |
What is the layer above the mesophere called? | troposphere | exosphere | thermosphere | stratosphere | The mesosphere is the layer above the stratosphere. It rises to about 85 kilometers (53 miles) above the surface. Temperature decreases with altitude in this layer. |
The fundamental unit of time, the second, is based on what type of clock? | gravity clock | quantum clock | eternal clock | atomic clock | Figure 1.18 An atomic clock such as this one uses the vibrations of cesium atoms to keep time to a precision of better than a microsecond per year. The fundamental unit of time, the second, is based on such clocks. This image is looking down from the top of an atomic fountain nearly 30 feet tall! (credit: Steve Jurvetson/Flickr). |
In a carbon triple bond, how many pairs of electrons are shared? | two | one | four | three | Carbon can form single, double, or even triple bonds with other carbon atoms. In a single bond, two carbon atoms share one pair of electrons. In a double bond, they share two pairs of electrons, and in a triple bond they share three pairs of electrons. Examples of compounds with these types of bonds are represented by the structural formulas in the Figure below . |
What is the reproductive part of the plant? | the core | the leaf | the stem | the flower | |
The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond is its what? | hardness | brightness | weight | electronegativity | |
What substance do the leaves of plants take in from the environment? | acid rain | oxygen | hydrogen | carbon dioxide | |
Controlled variables are kept what to prevent them from influencing the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable? | fleeting | mechanical | temporary | constant | Scientific experiments involve controls , or subjects that are not tested during the investigation. In this way, a scientist limits the factors, or variables that can cause the results of an investigation to differ. A variable is a factor that can change over the course of an experiment. Independent variables are factors whose values are controlled by the experimenter to determine their relationship with an observed phenomenon. Dependent variables are the observed phenomenon, and change in response to the independent variable. Controlled variables are also important to identify in experiments. They are the variables that are kept constant to prevent them from influencing the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. |
What branch of biology uses fossils to study life’s history? | gerontology | morphology | entomology | paleontology | Paleontology, another branch of biology, uses fossils to study life’s history (Figure 1.20). Zoology and botany are the study of animals and plants, respectively. Biologists can also specialize as biotechnologists, ecologists, or physiologists, to name just a few areas. This is just a small sample of the many fields that biologists can pursue. Biology is the culmination of the achievements of the natural sciences from their inception to today. Excitingly, it is the cradle of emerging sciences, such as the biology of brain activity, genetic engineering of custom organisms, and the biology of evolution that uses the laboratory tools of molecular biology to retrace the earliest stages of life on earth. A scan of news headlines—whether reporting on immunizations, a newly discovered species, sports doping, or a genetically-modified food—demonstrates the way biology is active in and important to our everyday world. |
What occurs after gametes fuse and form a diploid zygote? | reproduction | transcription | electrolysis | meiosis | |
What is a trait whose allele is found on a sex chromosome called? | genomic trait | dimorphism - linked trait | gender trait | sex-linked trait | A sex-linked trait is a trait whose allele is found on a sex chromosome. The human X chromosome is significantly larger than the Y chromosome; there are many more genes located on the X chromosome than there are on the Y chromosome. As a result there are many more X-linked traits than there are Y-linked traits. Most sex-linked traits are recessive. Because males carry only one X chromosome, if they inherit a recessive sex-linked gene they will show a sex-linked condition; there is no dominant allele to offset the recessive allele. |
What is required when electrons are removed from an atom, and released from the process when an electron is added? | fuel | nuclear | proton | energy | When electrons are removed from an atom, that process requires energy to pull the electron away from the nucleus. Addition of an electron releases energy from the process. |
What do you call the angle of the earth's axis of rotation? | horizontal tilt | dynamic tilt | vertical tilt | axial tilt | Earth goes through regular changes in its position relative to the Sun. Its orbit changes slightly. Earth also wobbles on its axis of rotation. The planet also changes its axial tilt , the angle of its axis of rotation. These changes can affect Earth’s temperature. |
What kind of structure do purines have? | helical stucture | triple ring structure | single ring structure | double ring structure | Figure 3.31 A nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Carbon residues in the pentose are numbered 1′ through 5′ (the prime distinguishes these residues from those in the base, which are numbered without using a prime notation). The base is attached to the 1′ position of the ribose, and the phosphate is attached to the 5′ position. When a polynucleotide is formed, the 5′ phosphate of the incoming nucleotide attaches to the 3′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing chain. Two types of pentose are found in nucleotides, deoxyribose (found in DNA) and ribose (found in RNA). Deoxyribose is similar in structure to ribose, but it has an H instead of an OH at the 2′ position. Bases can be divided into two categories: purines and pyrimidines. Purines have a double ring structure, and pyrimidines have a single ring. |
Photoautotrophs use what energy source to self-manufacture their own food? | air | water | chlorophyll | light | every organism uses to power its metabolism. In brief, the energy of sunlight is captured and used to energize electrons, which are then stored in the covalent bonds of sugar molecules. How long lasting and stable are those covalent bonds? The energy extracted today by the burning of coal and petroleum products represents sunlight energy captured and stored by photosynthesis almost 200 million years ago. Plants, algae, and a group of bacteria called cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis (Figure 8.2). Because they use light to manufacture their own food, they are called photoautotrophs (literally, “self-feeders using light”). Other organisms, such as animals, fungi, and most other bacteria, are termed heterotrophs (“other feeders”), because they must rely on the sugars produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs. A third very interesting group of bacteria synthesize sugars, not by using sunlight’s energy, but by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds; hence, they are referred to as chemoautotrophs. |
What is the process of getting oxygen into the body & releasing carbon dioxide called? | photosynthesis | perspiration | precipitation | respiration | The process of getting oxygen into the body and releasing carbon dioxide is called respiration. |
What are plants that grow where people don't want them to and can take up space and use resources which hinders growth of more desirable plants? | grasses | native plants | shrubs | weeds | We obviously can’t live without plants, but sometimes they cause us problems. Many plants are weeds. Weeds are plants that grow where people don’t want them, such as gardens and lawns. They take up space and use resources, hindering the growth of more desirable plants. People often introduce plants to new habitats where they lack natural predators and parasites. The introduced plants may spread rapidly and drive out native plants. Many plants produce pollen, which can cause allergies. Plants may also produce toxins that harm human health (see Figure below ). |
Unlike ammonia, oxygen cannot be liquefied at room temperature because its what is below room temperature? | particular temperature | relaxed temperature | leading temperature | critical temperature | Check Your Learning Ammonia can be liquefied by compression at room temperature; oxygen cannot be liquefied under these conditions. Why do the two gases exhibit different behavior? Answer: The critical temperature of ammonia is 405.5 K, which is higher than room temperature. The critical temperature of oxygen is below room temperature; thus oxygen cannot be liquefied at room temperature. |
What occurs at joints? | nothing | respiration | digestion | body movements | Movements of the body occur at joints. Describe how muscles are arranged around the joints of the body. |
What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which the parasite benefits while the host is harmed? | pathology | infection | reciprocity | parasitism | Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite ) benefits while the other species (the host ) is harmed. Many species of animals are parasites, at least during some stage of their life. Most species are also hosts to one or more parasites. |
Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma particles are major types of what? | microscopy | visible light | sound waves | radioactivity | The major types of radioactivity include alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. |
What do obligate aerobes need to live? | dioxide | blood | acid | oxygen | Organisms that are obligate aerobes need oxygen to live. That is, they use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor while making ATP (see the “Cellular Respiration” concept). Humans are obligate aerobes, and so are Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB). Obligate aerobes are found only in places with molecular oxygen. |
What is the standard measurement for mass? | BMI | volume | calories | grams | You’ve probably been using a ruler to measure length since you were in elementary school. But you may have made most of the measurements in English units of length, such as inches and feet. In science, length is most often measured in SI units, such as millimeters and centimeters. Many rulers have both types of units, one on each edge. The ruler pictured below has only SI units. It is shown here bigger than it really is so it’s easier to see the small lines, which measure millimeters. The large lines and numbers stand for centimeters. Count the number of small lines from the left end of the ruler (0.0). You should count 10 lines because there are 10 millimeters in a centimeter. |
What do you call the state in which a plant slows down cellular activities and may shed its leaves? | germination | recession | hibernation | dormancy | In biomes with cold climates, plants may adapt by becoming dormant during the coldest part of the year. Dormancy is a state in which a plant slows down cellular activities and may shed its leaves. Animals also adapt to cold temperatures. One way is with insulation in the form of fur and fat. This is how the polar bears in Figure below stay warm. |
Is the rate of population growth increasing or decreasing? | preventing | suggesting | Vanishing. | increasing | As the human population continues to grow, different factors limit population in different parts of the world. Space, clean air, clean water, and food to feed everyone are limiting in some locations. Worldwide though, human ingenuity has not placed a limit on the population. Not only does the population increase, the rate of population growth increases. |
What does the human protein cytokine help fight? | toxins | mutations | parasites | infections | Bacteria are modified to produce the human protein cytokine. This is a protein that helps fight infections. |
What is the goal of science? | gain scholarships | improve knowledge | improve life expectancy | increase knowledge | The Hubble space telescope shows that technology and science are closely related. Technology uses science to solve problems, and science uses technology to make new discoveries. However, technology and science have different goals. The goal of science is to answer questions and increase knowledge. The goal of technology is to find solutions to practical problems. Although they have different goals, science and technology work hand in hand, and each helps the other advance. Scientific knowledge is used to create new technologies such as the space telescope. New technologies often allow scientists to explore nature in new ways. |
What is the temperature where molecular motion stops? | mean zero | Absolute Freezing | Final Zero | absolute zero | Absolute zero is the temperature where molecular motion stops and is the lowest possible temperature. |
Early blastomeres can form what if isolated? | tumors | cancer | lesions | a complete embryo | |
What component of an organism, made up of many cells, in turn makes up an organ? | epidermis | muscles | molecules | tissues | |
What form do alkali metals take at room temperature? | compound | liquid | gas | solid | Alkali metals are all solids at room temperature. |
What is the cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming called? | reduce-and-ignite agriculture | drop-and-blaze agriculture | cut-and-smoke farming | slash-and-burn agriculture | Cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming is called slash-and-burn agriculture. How does this affect the atmosphere?. |
What is the name of the scientist who named neutrinos? | Einstein | Gibbs | Schrodinger | enrico fermi | The neutrino is a particle emitted in beta decay that was unanticipated and is of fundamental importance. The neutrino was not even proposed in theory until more than 20 years after beta decay was known to involve electron emissions. Neutrinos are so difficult to detect that the first direct evidence of them was not obtained until 1953. Neutrinos are nearly massless, have no charge, and do not interact with nucleons via the strong nuclear force. Traveling approximately at the speed of light, they have little time to affect any nucleus they encounter. This is, owing to the fact that they have no charge (and they are not EM waves), they do not interact through the EM force. They do interact via the relatively weak and very short range weak nuclear force. Consequently, neutrinos escape almost any detector and penetrate almost any shielding. However, neutrinos do carry energy, angular momentum (they are fermions with half-integral spin), and linear momentum away from a beta decay. When accurate measurements of beta decay were made, it became apparent that energy, angular momentum, and linear momentum were not accounted for by the daughter nucleus and electron alone. Either a previously unsuspected particle was carrying them away, or three conservation laws were being violated. Wolfgang Pauli made a formal proposal for the existence of neutrinos in 1930. The Italian-born American physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) gave neutrinos their name, meaning little neutral ones, when he developed a sophisticated theory of beta decay (see Figure 31.18). Part of Fermi’s theory was the identification of the weak nuclear force as being distinct from the strong nuclear force and in fact responsible for beta decay. |
What creates a new seafloor at the mid-ocean ridge? | glaciers | earthquake | hurricane | magma | Magma at the mid-ocean ridge creates new seafloor. |
What are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms called? | carcinogenic hydrocarbons | caloric hydrocarbons | unsaturated hydrocarbons | saturated hydrocarbons | Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are the simplest class of hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. You can see an example of a saturated hydrocarbon in the Figure below . In this compound, named ethane, each carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms. In the structural formula, each dash (-) represents a single covalent bond, in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons. |
The presence of what makes soil hold together more tightly and enables it to hold more water? | glass | sand | salt | clay | Soils with lots of very small spaces are water-holding soils. When clay is present in a soil, the soil holds together more tightly. Clay-rich soil can hold more water. |
What kind of anatomical structure consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions? | system | valve | frame | organ | |
How many pathways do plants have for carbon fixation? | eleven | two | five | three | Plants have evolved three pathways for carbon fixation. |
What is used to measure electric current? | anemometer | atomizer | chronometer | galvanometer | |
What connects the fetus to the placenta? | eustachian tube | fallopian tube | microbial cord | umbilical cord | The fetus is connected to the placenta through the umbilical cord. |
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