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What are the outpocketings of the digestive tract that remove nitrogenous wastes and function in osmoregulation?	intestinal tubules	olivary tubules	integumentary tubules	malpighian tubules
What were the first photosynthetic organisms on earth?	fungi	mosses	trees	bacteria	Plants aren't the only organisms that use the energy of the sun to make food. Some bacteria can also perform photosynthesis. In fact, the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth were bacteria. Photosynthesis is just one of many ways that bacteria can obtain energy.
What do you call the substance in a cooling system that has a low boiling point and changes between liquid and gaseous states?	coolant	byproduct	emission	refrigerant	The key to how a refrigerator or other cooling system works is the refrigerant. A refrigerant is a substance with a low boiling point that changes between liquid and gaseous states as it passes through the refrigerator.
Certain characteristics are frequently inherited together because of what?	genetic combination	correlation	mitosis	linkage	Linkage explains why certain characteristics are frequently inherited together. For example, genes for hair color and eye color are linked, so certain hair and eye colors tend to be inherited together, such as blonde hair with blue eyes and brown hair with brown eyes. What other human traits seem to occur together? Do you think they might be controlled by linked genes?.
Which organ protects the body from injury, water loss, and microorganisms?	liver	kidney	stomach	skin	Skin protects the body from injury, water loss, and microorganisms. It also plays a major role in maintaining a stable body temperature.
What is the term for the sudden movement of large blocks of rock and soil down a slope?	hurricane	sludge	torrent	slump	Less dramatic types of mass wasting move Earth materials slowly down a hillside. Slump is the sudden movement of large blocks of rock and soil down a slope. ( Figure below ). All the material moves together in big chunks. Slumps may happen when a layer of slippery, wet clay is underneath the rock and soil on a hillside. Or they may occur when a river (or road) undercuts a slope. Slump leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on the hillside.
What is the comparison of two factors within a population?	curve	variable	hypothesis	correlation	Correlation is a comparison of two factors within a population. Correlation does not imply causation.
What process is the opposite of nitrogen fixation?	percolation	digestion	respiration	denitrification	When plants and other organisms die, decomposers break down their remains. In the process, they release nitrogen in the form of ammonium ions. This process is called ammonification. Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium ions into nitrites and nitrates. Some of the nitrates are used by plants. The process of converting ammonium ions to nitrites or nitrates is called nitrification. Still other bacteria, called denitrifying bacteria, convert some of the nitrates in soil back into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. The process is the opposite of nitrogen fixation. Denitrification returns nitrogen gas back to the atmosphere, where it can continue the nitrogen cycle.
Plant-like protists produce oxygen through which process?	glycolysis	respiration	metamorphosis	photosynthesis	Plant-like protists are essential to the ecosystem. They are the base of the marine food chain, and they produce oxygen through photosynthesis for animals to breathe. They are classified into a number of basic groups ( Table below ).
Insulin is produced by what part of the body?	thyroid	kidneys	liver	pancreas	17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The pancreatic islet cell types include alpha cells, which produce glucagon; beta cells, which produce insulin; delta cells, which produce somatostatin; and PP cells, which produce pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin is produced by the beta cells in response to high blood glucose levels. It enhances glucose uptake and utilization by target cells, as well as the storage of excess glucose for later use. Dysfunction of the production of insulin or target cell resistance to the effects of insulin causes diabetes mellitus, a disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. The hormone glucagon is produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates mechanisms that increase blood glucose levels, such as the catabolism of glycogen into glucose.
What color is the brittle metalloid tallurium?	yellowish green	brownish black	purplish blue	silvery white	Tellurium is a silvery white, brittle metalloid. It is toxic and may cause birth defects. Tellurium can conduct electricity when exposed to light, so it is used to make solar panels. It has several other uses as well. For example, it makes steel and copper easier to work with and lends color to ceramics.
What compounds, which serve as fuels and are used in manufacturing, are called the driving force of western civilization?	gas	forests	fossils	hydrocarbons	It is hard to overstate the importance of hydrocarbons to modern life. Hydrocarbons have even been called the driving force of western civilization. You saw some ways they are used in Figure above . Several other ways are illustrated in Figure below . Their most important use is as fuels. Gasoline, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, coal, kerosene, and propane are just some of the hydrocarbon compounds that are burned for fuel. Hydrocarbons are also used to manufacture many products, including plastics and synthetic fabrics such as polyester.
What is the main type of organism that gets its energy directly from the sun?	consumers	animals	carnivores	plants	This tiny plant can use the energy of the sun to make its own food. You can't make food by just sitting in the sun. Plants are not the only organisms that can get energy from the sun, however. Some protists, such as algae, and some bacteria can also use the energy of the sun to make their own food.
What are the two factors that affect the pressure of fluids?	depth and decrease	viscosity and gravity	momentum and density	depth and density	Two factors that affect the pressure of fluids are depth and density. This explains why water pressure is greater deeper in the ocean and air pressure is greatest at sea level. Denser fluids, such as water, exert more pressure than less dense fluids, such as air.
What consists of four major components: inorganic mineral matter, organic matter, water and air, and living matter?	rocks	nitrogen	color	soil	31.2 The Soil Plants obtain mineral nutrients from the soil. Soil is the outer loose layer that covers the surface of Earth. Soil quality depends on the chemical composition of the soil, the topography, the presence of living organisms, the climate, and time. Agricultural practice and history may also modify the characteristics and fertility of soil. Soil consists of four major components: 1) inorganic mineral matter, 2) organic matter, 3) water and air, and 4) living matter. The organic material of soil is made of humus, which improves soil structure and provides water and minerals. Soil inorganic material consists of rock slowly broken down into smaller particles that vary in size, such as sand, silt, and loam. Soil formation results from a combination of biological, physical, and chemical processes. Soil is not homogenous because its formation results in the production of layers called a soil profile. Factors that affect soil formation include: parent material, climate, topography, biological factors, and time. Soils are classified based on their horizons, soil particle size, and proportions. Most soils have four distinct horizons: O, A, B, and C.
What is the term for the movement of substances due to random thermal molecular motion?	condensation	Transfusion	convection	diffusion	12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes Diffusion There is something fishy about the ice cube from your freezer—how did it pick up those food odors? How does soaking a sprained ankle in Epsom salt reduce swelling? The answer to these questions are related to atomic and molecular transport phenomena—another mode of fluid motion. Atoms and molecules are in constant motion at any temperature. In fluids they move about randomly even in the absence of macroscopic flow. This motion is called a random walk and is illustrated in Figure 12.20. Diffusion is the movement of substances due to random thermal molecular motion. Fluids, like fish fumes or odors entering ice cubes, can even diffuse through solids. Diffusion is a slow process over macroscopic distances. The densities of common materials are great enough that molecules cannot travel very far before having a collision that can scatter them in any direction, including straight backward. It can be shown that the average distance x rms that a molecule travels is proportional to the square root of time:.
Most metals exist in which form at room temperature?	oils	gases	liquids	solids	Matter typically exists in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. The state of a given substance is a physical property. Some substances exist as gases at room temperature (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide), while others (like water and mercury metal) exist as liquids. Most metals exist as solids at room temperature. All substances can exist in any of these three states.
A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into these?	germ cells	clones	infectious cells	specialized cells	Stem Cells A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells. Stem cells are divided into several categories according to their potential to differentiate. The first embryonic cells that arise from the division of the zygote are the ultimate stem cells; these stems cells are described as totipotent because they have the potential to differentiate into any of the cells needed to enable an organism to grow and develop. The embryonic cells that develop from totipotent stem cells and are precursors to the fundamental tissue layers of the embryo are classified as pluripotent. A pluripotent stem cell is one that has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an organism. These cells then become slightly more specialized, and are referred to as multipotent cells. A multipotent stem cell has the potential to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell. Finally, multipotent cells can become further specialized oligopotent cells. An oligopotent stem cell is limited to becoming one of a few different cell types. In contrast, a unipotent cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its own specific cell type. Stem cells are unique in that they can also continually divide and regenerate new stem cells instead of further specializing. There are different stem cells present at different stages of a human’s life. They include the embryonic stem cells of the embryo, fetal stem cells of the fetus, and adult stem cells in the adult. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells: hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (Figure 3.34); endothelial stem cells, which give rise to the endothelial cell types that line blood and lymph vessels; and mesenchymal stem cells, which give rise to the different types of muscle cells.
What monthy cycle causes changes in the ovaries and uterus?	sleep-wake cycle	tides	water cycle	the menstrual cycle	The menstrual cycle is a monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and uterus.
Chytridiomycota are considered the most primitive of what kingdom?	protists	animals	plants	fungi	24.2 Classifications of Fungi Chytridiomycota (chytrids) are considered the most primitive group of fungi. They are mostly aquatic, and their gametes are the only fungal cells known to have flagella. They reproduce both sexually and asexually; the asexual spores are called zoospores. Zygomycota (conjugated fungi) produce non-septated hyphae with many nuclei. Their hyphae fuse during sexual reproduction to produce a zygospore in a zygosporangium. Ascomycota (sac fungi) form spores in sacs called asci during sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is their most common form of reproduction. Basidiomycota (club fungi) produce showy fruiting bodies that contain basidia in the form of clubs. Spores are stored in the basidia. Most familiar mushrooms belong to this division. Fungi that have no known sexual cycle were classified in the form phylum Deuteromycota, which the present classification puts in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Glomeromycota form tight associations (called mycorrhizae) with the roots of plants.
What is a soft, gray, nontoxic alkaline earth metal?	potassium	pewter	magnesium	calcium	For a better understanding of alkaline Earth metals, let’s take a closer look at two of them: calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr). Calcium is a soft, gray, nontoxic alkaline Earth metal. Although pure calcium doesn’t exist in nature, calcium compounds are very common in Earth’s crust and in sea water. Calcium is also the most abundant metal in the human body, occurring as calcium compounds such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. These calcium compounds are found in bones and make them hard and strong. The skeleton of the average adult contains about a kilogram of calcium. Because calcium—like barium—absorbs x-rays, bones show up white in x-ray images. Calcium is an important component of a healthy human diet. Good food sources of calcium are pictured in Figure below .
In many polychaetes, the parapodia are richly supplied with blood vessels and also function as what?	scales	tails	pores	gills
What is formed when plant bodies are lithified?	methane	copper	fossils	coal	The bodies of organisms can make a sedimentary rock. Plant bodies are lithified to become coal. When shells are cemented together they make a type of limestone. So limestone can be considered chemical or organic.
What is the term for the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes?	genetic cloning	manual engineering	genetic testing	genetic engineering
When both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved in a closed system, the collision is called what?	an accidental collision	a static collision	a spontaneous collision	an elastic collision	For all collisions in a closed system, momentum is conserved. In some collisions in a closed system, kinetic energy is conserved. When both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, the collision is called an elastic collision. Most collisions are inelastic because some amount of kinetic energy is converted to potential energy, usually by raising one of the objects higher (increasing gravitation PE) or by flexing the object. Any denting or other changing of shape by one of the objects will also be accompanied by a loss of kinetic energy. The only commonly seen elastic collisions are those between billiard balls or ball bearings, because these balls do not compress. And, of course, collisions between molecules are elastic if no damage is done to the molecules.
What are the two groups of therian mammals?	dolphins and whales	felines and canines	monotremes and mollusks	placental mammals and marsupials	Therian mammals are viviparous. They give birth to an embryo or infant rather than laying eggs. The female reproductive system of a therian mammal includes a uterus and a vagina. There are two groups of therian mammals: placental mammals and marsupials.
What is the name of the spacecraft that has performed the closest flyby of uranus?	Zodiac 4	Mercury 7	centaur 2	voyager 2	Uranus is so far away that there has been relatively little exploration of the planet. The closest approach was a flyby by Voyager 2 in 1986. Great images have also been taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
What is the group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants called?	lizards	filamentous	arthropods	protists	Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms. The eukaryotes that make up this kingdom, Kingdom Protista , do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization. Protists can look very different from each other. Some are tiny and unicellular, like an amoeba , and some are large and multicellular, like seaweed . However, multicellular protists do not have highly specialized tissues or organs. This simple cellular-level organization distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals, and plants. There are thought to be between 60,000 and 200,000 protist species, and many have yet to be identified. Protists live in almost any environment that contains liquid water. Many protists, such as the algae , are photosynthetic and are vital primary producers in ecosystems. Other protists are responsible for a range of serious human diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness.
What have a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism?	sponges	crustaceans	amphibians	lichens	farm fungi as a supply of food. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, usually an alga or cyanobacterium. The photosynthetic organism provides energy derived from light and carbohydrates, while the fungus supplies minerals and protection. Some animals that consume fungi help disseminate spores over long distances.
Define motion.	speed of objects	gravitational pull	distance traveled	change of position	Motion is defined as a change of position.
Most tissues regulated by the autonomic nervous system receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input from?	parasympathetic neurons	Chemosensory center	peristaltic neurons	postganglionic neurons
What is responsible for the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?	negative mutations	mosquitoes	flu shots	bacterial mutations	Mutations in many bacteria that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotic drugs. The mutations lead to antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
Many cancers, as well as autism, are thought to have what component, which is certainly a factor in asthma?	ecological	emotional	critical	environmental	Does everyone who smokes develop lung cancer? No, of course not. Is it possible to get lung cancer without smoking? Sadly, yes it is. That's not to say there is no relationship between the two: smoking is still the leading cause of lung cancer. But it does suggest that a person's genetic background has a role in this process. Apart form true single gene disorders, environmental factors, or environmental triggers , may determine the development of disease in individuals genetically predisposed to a particular condition. Environmental triggers may include stress, physical and mental abuse, diet, exposure to toxins, pathogens, and radiation. Many cancers are thought to have an environmental component. It has been suggested that environmental factors play a role in autism as well. Asthma is obviously triggered under certain environmental conditions.
The first plants probably evolved from what?	mould	dry green algae	moss	aquatic green algae	The first plants probably evolved from aquatic green algae. They had male and female reproductive organs. However, they lacked true stems, roots, and leaves.
What is the unit of liquid measurement in the metric system?	cylinder	pint	gallon	liter	Transition metal ions often involve rearrangements of both d and s electrons.
Wavelength and frequency are defined in the same way for electromagnetic waves as they are for which other waves?	gravitational	sonar	light	mechanical	Wavelength and frequency are defined in the same way for electromagnetic waves as they are for mechanical waves. Both properties are illustrated in Figure below .
What covers the body of a fish to help the move their body to swim?	hairs	gelatin	skin	scales	Fish are covered with scales. Scales are overlapping tissues, like shingles on a roof. They reduce friction with the water. They also provide a flexible covering that lets fish move their body to swim.
What type of bond forms by unpaired electrons from two atoms "matching up"?	magnetic bond	reactive bond	accretion bond	covalent bond	You have learned that a covalent bond forms when the electron clouds of two atoms overlap with each other. In a simple H 2 molecule, the single electron in each atom becomes attracted to the nucleus of the other atom in the molecule as the atoms come closer together. An optimum distance, equal to the bond length, is eventually attained, and the potential energy reaches a minimum. A stable, single covalent bond has formed between the two hydrogen atoms. Other covalent bonds form in the same way as unpaired electrons from two atoms “match up” to form the bond. In a fluorine atom, there is an unpaired electron in one of the 2p orbitals. When a F 2 molecule forms, the 2p orbitals from each of the two atoms overlap to produce the F−F covalent bond. The overlapping orbitals do not have to be of the same type. In a molecule of HF, the 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom overlaps with the 2p orbital of the fluorine atom (see Figure below ).
When gas pressure-forces are used to move an object the work is done on the object by?	gravitational pull	contracting gas	kinetic energy	expanding gas	When gas pressure-forces are used to move an object then work is done on the object by the expanding gas. Work can be done on the gas in order to compress it.
A lymphocyte is the type of which cell involved in an immune system response?	white brain cell	red blood cell	white immunity cell	white blood cell	A lymphocyte is the type of white blood cell involved in an immune system response. You can see what a lymphocyte looks like, greatly magnified, in Figure below . Lymphocytes make up about one quarter of all white blood cells, but there are trillions of them in the human body. Usually, fewer than half of the body’s lymphocytes are in the blood. The majority are in the lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph organs.
Most fossils form when a dead organism is buried in what?	sand	soil	ash	sediment	Most fossils form when a dead organism is buried in sediment. Layers of sediment slowly build up. The sediment is buried and turns into sedimentary rock. The remains inside the rock also turn to rock. The remains are replaced by minerals. The remains literally turn to stone. Fossilization is illustrated in Figure below .
What do you call an object that attracts certain materials such as iron?	electron	antenna	neutron	magnet	A magnet is an object that attracts certain materials such as iron. All magnets have two magnetic poles and a magnetic field over which they exert force. Opposite magnetic poles attract each other, and like magnetic poles repel each other.
Coral and the algae living inside of them have what type of relationship, since the algae relies on the coral to stay close to the water's surface?	parasitic	peculiar	competitive	symbiotic	Corals form large colonies in shallow tropical water. They are confined to shallow water because they have a symbiotic relationship with algae that live inside of them. The algae need sunlight for photosynthesis, so they must stay relatively close to the surface of the water to get enough light. Corals exist only as polyps. They catch plankton with their tentacles.
Because opposite charges attract, oppositely charged ions attract each other to form what?	soluble bonds	nuclear bonds	particle bonds	ionic bonds	until all atoms have octets. Because some atoms will lose electrons and some atoms will gain electrons, there is no overall change in the number of electrons, but individual atoms acquire a nonzero electric charge. Those that lose electrons become positively charged, and those that gain electrons become negatively charged. Charged atoms are called ions. Because opposite charges attract (while like charges repel), these oppositely charged ions attract each other, forming ionic bonds. The resulting compounds are called ionic compounds and are the primary subject of this chapter. The second way for an atom to obtain an octet of electrons is by sharing electrons with another atom. These shared electrons simultaneously occupy the outermost shell of more than one atom. The bond made by electron sharing is called a covalent bond. Covalent bonding and covalent compounds will be discussed in Chapter 4 "Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds".
A major source of primary pollutants is the burning of oil and coal, which are types of what?	greenhouse gases	erosion fuels	renewable fuels	fossil fuels	Outdoor air pollution is made of chemical particles. When smoke or other pollutants enter the air, the particles found in the pollution mix with the air. Air is polluted when it contains many large toxic particles. Outdoor air pollution changes the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Primary pollutants are added directly to the atmosphere. Fires add primary pollutants to the air. Particles released from the fire directly enter the air and cause pollution ( Figure below ). Burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal is a major source of primary pollutants ( Figure below ).
What causes natural ripening in fruit?	acid	sulfur	chloride	ethylene
In species with sexual reproduction, each cell of the body has two copies of each what?	dna strand	cell	rna strand	chromosome	In species with sexual reproduction, each cell of the body has two copies of each chromosome. For example, human beings have 23 different chromosomes. Each body cell contains two of each chromosome, for a total of 46 chromosomes. You can see the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in Figure below . The number of different types of chromosomes is called the haploid number. In humans, the haploid number is 23. The number of chromosomes in normal body cells is called the diploid number. The diploid number is twice the haploid number. In humans, the diploid number is two times 23, or 46.
On what part of bones would you expect to find cartilage?	exterior	interior	marrow	end	The adult human skeleton has 206 bones, some of which are named below ( Figure below ). Bones are made up of living tissue. They contain many different types of tissues. Cartilage, a dense connective tissue, is found at the end of bones and is made of tough protein fibers. Cartilage creates smooth surfaces for the movement of bones that are next to each other, like the bones of the knee.
Who invented the taxonomic classification system?	Isaac Newton	Pascal	gregor mendel	carl linnaeus	The Levels of Classification Taxonomy (which literally means “arrangement law”) is the science of naming and grouping species to construct an internationally shared classification system. The taxonomic classification system (also called the Linnaean system after its inventor, Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist) uses a hierarchical model. A hierarchical system has levels and each group at one of the levels includes groups at the next lowest level, so that at the lowest level each member belongs to a series of nested groups. An analogy is the nested series of directories on the main disk drive of a computer. For example, in the most inclusive grouping, scientists divide organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Within each domain is a second level called a kingdom. Each domain contains several kingdoms. Within kingdoms, the subsequent categories of increasing specificity are: phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. As an example, the classification levels for the domestic dog are shown in Figure 12.3. The group at each level is called a taxon (plural: taxa). In other words, for the dog, Carnivora is the taxon at the order level, Canidae is the taxon at the family level, and so forth. Organisms also have a common name that people typically use, such as domestic dog, or wolf. Each taxon name is capitalized except for species, and the genus and species names are italicized. Scientists refer to an organism by its genus and species names together, commonly called a scientific name, or Latin name. This two-name system is called binomial nomenclature. The scientific name of the wolf is therefore Canis lupus. Recent study of the DNA of domestic.
What type of pathogen is responsible for african sleeping sickness?	salmonella	streptococcus	Trichinella spiralis	trypanosoma	Flagellates have long flagella, or tails. Flagella rotate in a propeller-like fashion, pushing the protist through its environment ( Figure below ). An example of a flagellate is Trypanosoma , which causes African sleeping sickness.
How many underlying principles does the science of biology have?	eleven	five	three	four	Four underlying principles form the basis of biology. They are cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis, and evolution.
What are biochemical compounds, such as fats and oils, that consist of fatty acids and store energy?	tissues	proteins	oils	lipids	Lipids are biochemical compounds such as fats and oils. They consist of fatty acids, which may saturated or unsaturated. Lipids are used to store energy. They also make up cell membranes.
The temperature at which all molecular motion has ceased is called what?	0 degrees celcius	0 degrees kelvin	stopping point	absolute zero	Making Connections: Absolute Zero What is absolute zero? Absolute zero is the temperature at which all molecular motion has ceased. The concept of absolute zero arises from the behavior of gases. Figure 13.9 shows how the pressure of gases at a constant volume decreases as temperature decreases. Various scientists have noted that the pressures of gases extrapolate to zero at the same temperature, –273.15ºC . This extrapolation implies that there is a lowest temperature. This temperature is called absolute zero. Today we know that most gases first liquefy and then freeze, and it is not actually possible to reach absolute zero. The numerical value of absolute zero temperature is –273.15ºC or 0 K.
What term means controlling body temperature within a narrow range from the inside through biochemical or physical means?	evaporation	exothermy	regulation	endothermy	Both mammals and birds evolved endothermy. Endothermy means controlling body temperature within a narrow range from the inside through biochemical or physical means. For example, on a cold day, an endotherm may produce more body heat by increasing its rate of metabolism. On a hot day, it may give off more heat by increasing blood flow to the surface of the body. That way, some of the heat can radiate into the air from the body’s surface. Endothermy requires more energy (and food) than ectothermy. However, it allows the animal to stay active regardless of the temperature outside. You can learn more about how vertebrates regulate their temperature by watching this video: https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=TSUCdLkI474 .
The most important characteristic of extant amphibians is a moist, permeable skin used for this?	avian respiration	benign respiration	simple respiration	cutaneous respiration	29.3 Amphibians As tetrapods, most amphibians are characterized by four well-developed limbs, although some species of salamanders and all caecilians are limbless. The most important characteristic of extant amphibians is a moist, permeable skin used for cutaneous respiration. The fossil record provides evidence of amphibian species, now extinct, that arose over 400 million years ago as the first tetrapods. Amphibia can be divided into three clades: salamanders (Urodela), frogs (Anura), and caecilians (Apoda). The life cycle of frogs, like the majority of amphibians, consists of two distinct stages: the larval stage and metamorphosis to an adult stage. Some species in all orders bypass a free-living larval stage.
Fertilized mollusk eggs develop into what?	leaf	shrimp	bark	larvae	Mollusks reproduce sexually. Most species have separate male and female sexes. Fertilization may be internal or external, depending on the species. Fertilized eggs develop into larvae. There may be one or more larval stages. Each one is different from the adult stage.
Proper kidney function is essential for homeostasis of what level, which in turn helps ensure the functioning of enzymes?	ions	oxygen	calcium	ph	pH Regulation Recall that enzymes lose their three-dimensional conformation and, therefore, their function if the pH is too acidic or basic. This loss of conformation may be a consequence of the breaking of hydrogen bonds. Move the pH away from the optimum for a specific enzyme and you may severely hamper its function throughout the body, including hormone binding, central nervous system signaling, or myocardial contraction. Proper kidney function is essential for pH homeostasis.
Proteins include 20 common types of what compounds?	dna	mitochondria	rna acids	amino acids	There are 20 common amino acids in proteins. There are 64 possible codons, more than enough to code for the 20 amino acids. The genetic code is shown in Figure below . To see how scientists cracked the genetic code, go to this link: http://www. dnalc. org/view/16494-Animation-22-DNA-words-are-three-letters-long-. html .
Isotopes have different number of these in their nuclei?	atoms	protons	electrons	neutrons	Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
What can destroy living cells, produce mutations and cause cancer?	prismatic rays	plasma rays	stingrays	gamma rays	Gamma rays can destroy living cells, produce mutations, and cause cancer. They can be used to treat cancer by focusing the deadly rays on cancer cells.
What type of feeders are sponges?	layer feeders	bottom feeders	surface feeders	filter feeders	Other specialized cells are involved in feeding. Sponges are filter feeders. They filter food out of the water as it flows through them. Sponges pump water into their body through specialized pore cells called porocytes.
The first consumption of breast milk or formula floods the baby's gastrointestinal tract with what?	enzymes	hemoglobin	nerves	beneficial bacteria	Gastrointestinal and Urinary Adjustments In adults, the gastrointestinal tract harbors bacterial flora—trillions of bacteria that aid in digestion, produce vitamins, and protect from the invasion or replication of pathogens. In stark contrast, the fetal intestine is sterile. The first consumption of breast milk or formula floods the neonatal gastrointestinal tract with beneficial bacteria that begin to establish the bacterial flora. The fetal kidneys filter blood and produce urine, but the neonatal kidneys are still immature and inefficient at concentrating urine. Therefore, newborns produce very dilute urine, making it particularly important for infants to obtain sufficient fluids from breast milk or formula.
Weight refers to what force acting on a mass?	solar	electronic	magnetic	gravitational	The terms mass and weight, while often used interchangeably, are technically different terms. Mass is the quantity of inertia possessed by an object. Weight refers to the gravitational force acting on a mass, as measured on a scale. On the surface of the earth, the numerical values of mass and the corresponding force of gravity (weight) are approximately equivalent. For now, we will use the terms mass and weight interchangeably although mass is the more appropriate scientific term.
Being exposed to sunlight will produce what vitamin in the skin?	Vitamin E	B-complex	vitamin A	vitamin d	Some vitamins are produced in the body. For example, vitamin D is made in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. Vitamins B 12 and K are produced by bacteria that normally live inside the body. Most other vitamins must come from foods. Foods that are good sources of vitamins include whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and milk ( Table above ).
Modern plants reflect what kind of changes that have occurred over many, many years?	tendency changes	unknown changes	tissue changes	evolutionary changes	The types of living plants today reflect the evolutionary past of the plant kingdom. From tiny nonvascular mosses to large flowering and fruiting trees, there are modern plants that represent each of the major evolutionary changes that occurred in this important eukaryotic kingdom.
What device measures current that flows through wire?	Geiger counter	protractor	resistor attachment	ammeter	The device in the circuit in Figure above is an ammeter. It measures the current that flows through the wire. The faster the magnet or coil moves, the greater the amount of current that is produced. If more turns were added to the coil, this would increase the strength of the magnetic field as well. If the magnet were moved back and forth repeatedly, the current would keep changing direction. In other words, alternating current would be produced. This is illustrated in Figure below .
In science, what is defined as a change in position?	direction	gravity	speed	motion	In science, motion is defined as a change in position. An object’s position is its location. Besides the wings of the hummingbird in the opening image, you can see other examples of motion in the Figure below . In each case, the position of something is changing.
What makes up the core of the endoskeleton?	thorax	dermis	notochord	vertebral column	The main distinguishing feature of vertebrates is their vertebral column, or backbone (see Figure below ). The backbone runs from the head to the tail along the dorsal (top) side of the body. The vertebral column is the core of the endoskeleton. It allows a vertebrate to hold its shape. It also houses and protects the spinal (nerve) cord that passes through it. The vertebral column is made up of repeating units called vertebrae (singular, vertebra). In many species, there are shock-absorbing discs between the vertebrae to cushion them during movement.
The bottom of the ocean is called what?	Demersal zone	Intertidal zone	Final zone	the benthic zone	The bottom of the ocean is called the benthic zone. It includes the sediments on the bottom of the ocean and the water just above it. Organisms living in this zone include clams and crabs. They may be few in number due to relatively scarce nutrients in this zone.
Made of hot, solid rock, the mantle is beneath what layer of the earth?	core	liquid	volcanic	crust	Beneath the crust is the mantle . The mantle is made of hot, solid rock. They know this because of seismic waves, meteorites, and the heat that comes from inside the planet. Mantle rock is mostly peridotite , which is rich in iron and magnesium ( Figure below ). Peridotite is rare at Earth's surface.
What happens to the volume of the gas when temperature increases but amount of gas and its pressure are constant?	volume decreases	nothing	volume remains constant	volume increases	There are other measurable characteristics of a gas. One of them is temperature (T). Perhaps one can vary the temperature of a gas sample and note what effect it has on the other properties of the gas. Early scientists did just this, discovering that if the amount of a gas and its pressure are kept constant, then changing the temperature changes the volume (V). As temperature increases, volume increases; as temperature decreases, volume decreases. We say that these two characteristics are directly related. A mathematical relationship between V and T should be possible except for one thought: what temperature scale should we use? We know from Chapter 2 "Measurements" that science uses several possible temperature scales. Experiments show that the volume of a gas is related to its absolute temperature in Kelvin, not its temperature in degrees Celsius. If the temperature of a gas is expressed in kelvins, then experiments show that the ratio of volume to temperature is a constant:.
Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by the duplication of what?	neutrons	ribosomes	chloroforms	chromosomes
The invention of what instrument in the 1930s allowed scientists to see viruses for the first time?	magnifying glass	spy glass	telescopes	electron microscope	Scientists did not actually see viruses for the first time until the 1930s. That’s when the electron microscope was invented. In 1915, English bacteriologist Frederick Twort discovered bacteriophage , the viruses that attack bacteria. He noticed tiny clear spots within bacterial colonies, and hypothesized that something was killing the bacteria. The tobacco mosaic virus shown in Figure below was the first one to be seen.
What is the name of the chart that allows you to easily determine the expected percentage of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents?	Trafalgar Square	periodic square	DNA helix	punnett square	A Punnett square is a chart that allows you to easily determine the expected percentage of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents. An example of a Punnett square for pea plants is shown in Figure below . In this example, both parents are heterozygous for flower color ( Bb ). The gametes produced by the male parent are at the top of the chart, and the gametes produced by the female parent are along the side. The different possible combinations of alleles in their offspring are determined by filling in the cells of the Punnett square with the correct letters (alleles). At the link below, you can watch an animation in which Reginald Punnett, inventor of the Punnett square, explains the purpose of his invention and how to use it. http://www. dnalc. org/view/16192-Animation-5-Genetic-inheritance-follows-rules-. html.
What is the functional unit of compact bone?	scleroprotein	spongin	collagen	osteon	Compact bone makes up the dense outer layer of bone. Its functional unit is the osteon . Compact bone is very hard and strong.
Because the nuclei of each h atom contain protons, the electrons in the bond are attracted to the nuclei (opposite charges attract). but because the two atoms involved in the covalent bond are both h atoms, each nucleus attracts the electrons by the same amount. thus the electron pair is equally shared by these?	nine atoms	four atoms	one atom	two atoms	Because the nuclei of each H atom contain protons, the electrons in the bond are attracted to the nuclei (opposite charges attract). But because the two atoms involved in the covalent bond are both H atoms, each nucleus attracts the electrons by the same amount. Thus the electron pair is equally shared by the two atoms. The equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Now consider the HF molecule:.
What is the term for when the phenotype of offspring is partly determined by the phenotype of its mother, irrespective of genotype?	oceanic effect	congenital effect	uterine effect	maternal effect	Gap genes themselves are under the effect of maternal effect genes, such as bicoid and nanos. Gap genes also regulate each other to achieve their precise striped expression patterns. The maternal effect is when the phenotype of offspring is partly determined by the phenotype of its mother, irrespective of genotype. This often occurs when the mother supplies mRNA or proteins to the egg, affecting early development. In developing Drosophila, maternal effects include axis determination.
Natural methods of asexual reproduction, such as cuttings or budding, include strategies that plants have developed to perform what?	iso-propagation	multi-propagation	mono-propagation	self-propagation	Natural Methods of Asexual Reproduction Natural methods of asexual reproduction include strategies that plants have developed to self-propagate. Many plants—like ginger, onion, gladioli, and dahlia—continue to grow from buds that are present on the surface of the stem. In some plants, such as the sweet potato, adventitious roots or runners can give rise to new plants Figure 32.25. In Bryophyllum and kalanchoe, the leaves have small buds on their margins. When these are detached from the plant, they grow into independent plants; or, they may start growing into independent plants if the leaf touches the soil. Some plants can be propagated through cuttings alone.
Many metals react with acids to produce what gas?	helium	neon	mercury	hydrogen	Many metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas. A certain reaction produces 86.5 L of hydrogen gas at STP. How many moles of hydrogen were produced?.
What is the process of a cell membrane surrounding a particle and engulfing it calles?	active transport	ingestion	mitosis	phagocytosis	Figure 5.20 In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it. (credit: Mariana Ruiz Villareal).
What type of rocks are very useful for determining the deformation history of an area?	crystalline	igneous	limestone	sedimentary	Sedimentary rocks are very useful for determining the deformation history of an area.
What is the term for dating a rock based on composition decay?	safe dating	carbon dating	fuel dating	radioactive dating	There are other forms of radioactive dating. Rocks, for example, can sometimes be dated based on the decay of 238 U . The decay series for 238 U ends with 206 Pb , so that the ratio of these nuclides in a rock is an indication of how long it has been since the rock solidified. The original composition of the rock, such as the absence of lead, must be known with some confidence. However, as with carbon-14 dating, the technique can be verified by a consistent body of knowledge. Since 238 U has a half-life of solidified about.
What is the term for a very rapid motor response that is not directed by the brain?	sensor	instinct	adaptation	reflex	The somatic nervous system also controls some unconscious movements called reflexes. A reflex is a very rapid motor response that is not directed by the brain. In a reflex, nerve impulses travel to and from the spinal cord in a reflex arc, like the one in Figure below . In this example, the person jerks his hand away from the flame without any conscious thought. It happens unconsciously because the nerve impulses bypass the brain.
Crossover occurs between non-sister chromatids of which chromosomes?	compound chromosomes	analogous	identical chromosomes	homologous	Figure 11.3 Crossover occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. The result is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
Water is an oxide of what element?	carbon	nitrogen	helium	hydrogen	Carbon dioxide is an oxide of carbon, while water is an oxide of hydrogen. Early scientists viewed oxidation as a process in which a substance was reacted with oxygen to produce one or more oxides. In the previous examples, magnesium and methane are being oxidized.
What term is used to describe the parts of the brain involved in the reception and interpretation of sensory stimuli collectively?	medulla oblongata	glial cells	neurons	sensorium	Sensorium Those parts of the brain involved in the reception and interpretation of sensory stimuli are referred to collectively as the sensorium. The cerebral cortex has several regions that are necessary for sensory perception. From the primary cortical areas of the somatosensory, visual, auditory, and gustatory senses to the association areas that process information in these modalities, the cerebral cortex is the seat of conscious sensory perception. In contrast, sensory information can also be processed by deeper brain regions, which we may vaguely describe as subconscious—for instance, we are not constantly aware of the proprioceptive information that the cerebellum uses to maintain balance. Several of the subtests can reveal activity associated with these sensory modalities, such as being able to hear a question or see a picture. Two subtests assess specific functions of these cortical areas. The first is praxis, a practical exercise in which the patient performs a task completely on the basis of verbal description without any demonstration from the examiner. For example, the patient can be told to take their left hand and place it palm down on their left thigh, then flip it over so the palm is facing up, and then repeat this four times. The examiner describes the activity without any movements on their part to suggest how the movements are to be performed. The patient needs to understand the instructions, transform them into movements, and use sensory feedback, both visual and proprioceptive, to perform the movements correctly.
Experiments show that each o2 molecule has two unpaired what?	neutrons	quarks	protons	electrons	Experiments show that each O2 molecule has two unpaired electrons. The Lewis-structure model does not predict the presence of these two unpaired electrons. Unlike oxygen, the apparent weight of most molecules decreases slightly in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Materials in which all of the electrons are paired are diamagnetic and weakly repel a magnetic field. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials do not act as permanent magnets. Only in the presence of an applied magnetic field do they demonstrate attraction or repulsion.
Acidity is measured by what physical property?	amp	kω	ps	ph	A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that has the same composition throughout. Some solutions are acids, some are bases.
Antacids are bases that neutralize what in the digestive tract?	salts	fats	hormones	acids	Antacids are bases that neutralize acids in the digestive tract. Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] is one such antacid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach according to the following reaction: Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + 2H2O How many grams of HCl can a 200 mg dose of Mg(OH)2 neutralize?.
What is the climate of a small area called?	microevolution	ecosystem	biome	microclimate	Climate conditions in a small area may be different from those of the surroundings. The climate of the small area is called a microclimate . The microclimate of a valley may be cool relative to its surroundings since cold air sinks. The ground surface may be hotter or colder than the air a few feet above it. This is because rock and soil gain and lose heat readily. Different sides of a mountain will have different microclimates. In the Northern Hemisphere, a south-facing slope receives more solar energy than a north-facing slope. Each side supports different amounts and types of vegetation.
The rate of what process depends on how many of an organism’s genes have changed over a period of time and on the generation time of a particular species?	photosynthesis	digestion	respiration	evolution	The rate of evolution depends on how many of an organism’s genes have changed over a period of time. Evolution is usually so gradual that we do not see the change for many, many generations. The rate of evolution also depends on the generation time of a particular species.
The sticky stigma at the tip of the carpel receives what?	nitrogen	bacteria	salt	pollen
Are the joints between the vertebrae contained in your backbone fully movable, partially movable, or unmovable?	fully movable	none of these	unmovable	partially movable	Partly movable joints allow only a little movement. Your backbone has partly movable joints between the vertebrae ( Figure below ).
Which branch of biology uses fossils to study life's history?	morphology	zoology	geology	paleontology	Paleontology, another branch of biology, uses fossils to study life’s history (Figure 1.12). Zoology and botany are the study of animals and plants, respectively. Biologists can also specialize as biotechnologists, ecologists, or physiologists, to name just a few areas. Biotechnologists apply the knowledge of biology to create useful products. Ecologists study the interactions of organisms in their environments. Physiologists study the workings of cells, tissues and organs. This is just a small sample of the many fields that biologists can pursue. From our own bodies to the world we live in, discoveries in biology can affect us in very direct and important ways. We depend on these discoveries for our health, our food sources, and the benefits provided by our ecosystem. Because of this, knowledge of biology can benefit us in making decisions in our day-to-day lives. The development of technology in the twentieth century that continues today, particularly the technology to describe and manipulate the genetic material, DNA, has transformed biology. This transformation will allow biologists to continue to understand the history of life in greater detail, how the human body works, our human origins, and how humans can survive as a species on this planet despite the stresses caused by our increasing numbers. Biologists continue to decipher huge mysteries about life suggesting that we have only begun to understand life on the planet, its history, and our relationship to it. For this and other reasons, the knowledge of biology gained through this textbook and other printed and electronic media should be a benefit in whichever field you enter.
What do you call prokaryotes that do not need oxygen for respiration?	enzymatic	aerobic	chloroflexus	anaerobic	Anaerobic prokaryotes do not need oxygen. They use fermentation or other methods of respiration that don’t require oxygen. In fact, some cannot tolerate oxygen. An example is a bacterium that infects wounds and kills tissues, causing a condition called gangrene.
When a glacier no longer moves, what is it called?	an ice cylinder	a glacial lake	an iceberg	an ice sheet	Glaciers are melting back in many locations around the world. When a glacier no longer moves, it is called an ice sheet. This usually happens when it is less than 0.1 km2 in area and 50 m thick.
What did roots evolve from that plants used for aborption?	oomycetes	seeds	leguminous	rhizoids	Roots are vascular organs that can penetrate soil and even rock. They absorb water and minerals from soil and carry them to leaves. They also anchor a plant in the soil. Roots evolved from rhizoids, which nonvascular plants had used for absorption.
Although lots of symbiotic relationships help both organisms, sometimes one of the organisms is harmed. when that happens, the organism that benefits, and is not harmed, is called a what?	infection	child	viruses	parasite	Although lots of symbiotic relationships help both organisms, sometimes one of the organisms is harmed. When that happens, the organism that benefits, and is not harmed, is called a parasite . This type of relationship is known as parasitism.
What are named for major physical or climatic features and for their predominant vegetation?	celestial bodies	terrestrial substrates	geological formations	terrestrial biomes
Similarity of crystal structures is used to categorize what non-living materials?	grains	salts	corals	minerals	Mineralogists are scientists who study minerals. They divide minerals into groups based on chemical composition. Even though there are over 4,000 minerals, most minerals fit into one of eight mineral groups. Minerals with similar crystal structures are grouped together.

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