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What is the terme for water vapor changing to liquid water? | freezing | evaporation | transubstantiation | condensation | |
What processes involve a transfer of electrons between the wire and the solution? | thermal | radioactive | magnetic | electrochemical | Electrochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur at the interface between an electron conductor, such as a wire, and a solution of electrolytes, which is often simply an ionic substance dissolved in water. Electrochemical processes involve a transfer of electrons between the wire and the solution. These reactions can be used to create electrical power, to purify metals, and to carry out a number of useful chemical transformations. |
What happens when development of nervous system is disturbed? | neurochemical disorders | vascular disorders | muscular disorders | neurodevelopmental disorders | Neurodevelopmental Disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders occur when the development of the nervous system is disturbed. There are several different classes of neurodevelopmental disorders. Some, like Down Syndrome, cause intellectual deficits. Others specifically affect communication, learning, or the motor system. Some disorders like autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder have complex symptoms. Autism Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Its severity differs from person to person. Estimates for the prevalence of the disorder have changed rapidly in the past few decades. Current estimates suggest that one in 88 children will develop the disorder. ASD is four times more prevalent in males than females. |
What color is the fungus in blue cheese? | pink | green | purple | blue | Blue cheese is blue because of the fungus growing throughout it. |
Not even light can escape from what extremely dense object sometimes found in deep space? | star holes | large holes | light holes | black holes | Black holes Black holes are objects having such large gravitational fields that things can fall in, but nothing, not even light, can escape. Bodies, like the Earth or the Sun, have what is called an escape velocity. If an object moves straight up from the body, starting at the escape velocity, it will just be able to escape the gravity of the body. The greater the acceleration of gravity on the body, the greater is the escape velocity. As long ago as the late 1700s, it was proposed that if the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, then light cannot escape. Simon Laplace (1749–1827), the French astronomer and mathematician, even incorporated this idea of a dark star into his writings. But the idea was dropped after Young’s double slit experiment showed light to be a wave. For some time, light was thought not to have particle characteristics and, thus, could not be acted upon by gravity. The idea of a black hole was very quickly reincarnated in 1916 after Einstein’s theory of general relativity was published. It is now thought that black holes can form in the supernova collapse of a massive star, forming an object perhaps 10 km across and having a mass greater than that of our Sun. It is interesting that several prominent physicists who worked on the concept, including Einstein, firmly believed that nature would find a way to prohibit such objects. Black holes are difficult to observe directly, because they are small and no light comes directly from them. In fact, no light comes from inside the event horizon, which is defined to be at a distance from the object at which the escape velocity is exactly the speed of light. The radius of the event horizon is known as the Schwarzschild radius R S and is given by. |
The nucleus is comprised primarily of? | matter | energy | faith | empty space | While the great majority of the alpha particles did pass straight through the foil with no deflection, to everyone’s surprise, some alpha particles were deflected. In fact, some alpha were bounced almost straight backward by the foil. Rutherford, using Coulomb’s law and Newton’s laws found that the results could be explained only if all the positive charge of the atom were concentrated in a tiny, central core, now called the nucleus . Rutherford’s model of the atom is therefore, called the nuclear model of the atom. All of the positive charge and essentially all of the mass of the atom are in its nucleus. The atom is 10,000 times as large as the nucleus and is mostly empty space. It was known that electrons are outside the nucleus but how the electrons were arranged in an atom was still a mystery. |
What in mammalian lungs, increases the surface area for gas exchange? | bronchioles | bronchi | thorax | alveoli | The lungs of mammals are unique in having alveoli. These are tiny, sac-like structures. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels (see Figure below ). Because there are millions of alveoli in each lung, they greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream. Human lungs, for example, contain about 300 million alveoli. They give the lungs a total surface area for gas exchange of up to 90 square meters (968 square feet). That’s about as much surface area as one side of a volleyball court!. |
What is the process by which some solids transition directly into gases? | amplification | articulation | vaporization | sublimation | Sublimation and Deposition Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublime at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes and a vivid purple vapor forms (Figure 10.27). The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, a process in which gaseous substances condense directly into the solid state, bypassing the liquid state. The formation of frost is an example of deposition. |
What are the two main parts of the human nervous system? | brain, heart | lungs, brain | lungs, spinal cord | brain, spinal cord | |
In frequency, the larger the air column, the larger the what? | absorption | mass | gravity | wavelength | a) The water forms the bottom of the tube and thus where the node of the wave will be. Thus the air column is where the sound wave can exist. The larger the air column, the larger the wavelength. Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, thus the tube with the smallest air column will have the highest frequency. So the answer is tube C. |
Subducting plate and epicenter are terms related to what phenomenon? | eruption | hurricane | tidal wave | earthquake | A cross section of earthquake epicenters. The depth outlines the subducting plate. There are shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. |
What is the process by which organisms break down chemicals to make food energy? | electrolysis | excretion | gametogenesis | chemosynthesis | In chemosynthesis, organisms break down chemicals to make food energy. |
What is the term for an organism’s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both the physically visible and the non-expressed alleles? | phenotype | divergency | trait map | genotype | Phenotypes and Genotypes Two alleles for a given gene in a diploid organism are expressed and interact to produce physical characteristics. The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype. An organism’s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both the physically visible and the non-expressed alleles, is called its genotype. Mendel’s hybridization experiments demonstrate the difference between phenotype and genotype. For example, the phenotypes that Mendel observed in his crosses between pea plants with differing traits are connected to the diploid genotypes of the plants in the P, F1, and F2 generations. We will use a second trait that Mendel investigated, seed color, as an example. Seed color is governed by a single gene with two alleles. The yellow-seed allele is dominant and the green-seed allele is recessive. When true-breeding plants were cross-fertilized, in which one parent had yellow seeds and one had green seeds, all of the F1 hybrid offspring had yellow seeds. That is, the hybrid offspring were phenotypically identical to the true-breeding parent with yellow seeds. However, we know that the allele donated by the parent with green seeds was not simply lost because it reappeared in some of the F2 offspring (Figure 8.5). Therefore, the F1 plants must have been genotypically different from the parent with yellow seeds. The P plants that Mendel used in his experiments were each homozygous for the trait he was studying. Diploid organisms that are homozygous for a gene have two identical alleles, one on each of their homologous chromosomes. The genotype is often written as YY or yy, for which each letter represents one of the two alleles in the genotype. The dominant allele is capitalized and the recessive allele is lower case. The letter used for the gene (seed color in this case) is usually related to the dominant trait (yellow allele, in this case, or “Y”). Mendel’s parental pea plants always bred true because both. |
Which organ is a wide tube connecting the small intestine with the anus? | jejunum | rectum | stomach | large intestine | The large intestine is a wide tube that connects the small intestine with the anus. In adults, the large intestine is about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long. It is larger in width but shorter in length than the small intestine. |
What is produced when sulfur and oxygen combine? | ethanol oxides | treatment oxides | Solid oxides | sulfur oxides | Sulfur oxides include sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ). Sulfur oxides are produced when sulfur and oxygen combine. This happens when coal burns. Coal can contain up to 10 percent sulfur. |
Plant cells divide into two equal halves during what process? | cytokinesis | death | prokaryotes | mitosis | |
What is the type of succession that happens after the destruction of a habitat? | tertiary succession | primary succession | typical succession | secondary succession | Sometimes ecological succession occurs in areas where life has already existed. These areas already have soil full of nutrients. Secondary succession is the type of succession that happens after something destroys the habitat, such as a flood or other natural disaster. Abandoning a field that was once used for agriculture can also lead to secondary succession ( Figure below ). In this case, the pioneer species would be the grasses that first appear. Lichen would not be necessary as there is already nutrient-rich soil. Slowly, the field would return to its natural state. |
The name of a monatomic cation is simply the name of the element followed by this word? | bond | amine | laser | ion | The name of a monatomic cation is simply the name of the element followed by the word ion. Thus, Na+ is the sodium ion, Al3+ is the aluminum ion, Ca2+ is the calcium ion, and so forth. We have seen that some elements lose different numbers of electrons, producing ions of different charges (Figure 3.3 "Predicting Ionic Charges"). Iron, for example, can form two cations, each of which, when combined with the same anion, makes a different compound with unique physical and chemical properties. Thus, we need a different name for each iron ion to distinguish Fe2+ from Fe3+. The same issue arises for other ions with more than one possible charge. There are two ways to make this distinction. In the simpler, more modern approach, called the Stock system, an ion’s positive charge is indicated by a roman numeral in parentheses after the element name, followed by the word ion. Thus, Fe2+ is called the iron(II) ion, while Fe3+ is called the iron(III) ion. This system is used only for elements that form more than one common positive ion. We do not call the Na+ ion the sodium(I) ion because (I) is unnecessary. Sodium forms only a 1+ ion, so there is no ambiguity about the name sodium ion. The second system, called the common system, is not conventional but is still prevalent and used in the health sciences. This system recognizes that many metals have two common cations. The common system uses two suffixes (-ic and -ous) that are appended to the stem of the element name. The -ic suffix represents the greater of the two cation charges, and the -ous suffix represents the lower one. In many cases, the stem of the element name comes from the Latin name of the element. Table 3.2 "The Common System of Cation Names" lists the elements that use the common system, along with their respective cation names. Table 3.2 The Common System of Cation Names. |
What is an extremely severe food allergy reaction? | lymphocytes | sepsis | apoptosis | anaphylaxis | Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts to substances in food as though they were harmful “foreign invaders. ” Foods that are most likely to cause allergies are pictured in Figure below , and include nuts, eggs, grains and milk. Symptoms of food allergies often include vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms of food allergies include itching and swelling of the lips and mouth. More serious symptoms include trouble breathing. In some instances, a food allergy can trigger anaphylaxis, which is an extremely severe reaction. Emergency medical treatment is critical for this condition, which left untreated, can lead to death. |
What do you call the formation of a water vapor pocket? | coagulation | conduction | precipitation | cavitation | |
Internal body fluids link exchange surfaces to what else? | tissue | ligaments | organs | body cells | |
What magnetism is produced by electricity? | Charges | excitation | diffusion | electromagnetism | Magnetism produced by electricity is called electromagnetism . Today, electromagnetism is used in many electric devices. However, until electromagnetism was discovered, scientists thought that electricity and magnetism were unrelated. A Danish scientist named Hans Christian Oersted (pictured in the Figure below ) changed all that. He made the important discovery that electric current creates a magnetic field. But like many other important discoveries in science, Oersted’s discovery was just a lucky accident. |
What is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate? | ganglion | epidermis | cambium | meristem | Most plants continue to grow as long as they live. They grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division (mitosis). The key to plant growth is meristem, a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate. Meristem allows plant stems and roots to grow longer (primary growth) and wider (secondary growth). |
What bonds form because they give atoms a more stable arrangement of electrons? | Polar bond | Hydrogen bond | Ionic bond | covalent | Covalent bonds form because they give atoms a more stable arrangement of electrons. Look at the hydrogen atoms in Figure above . Alone, each hydrogen atom has just one electron. By sharing electrons with another hydrogen atom, it has two electrons: its own and the one in the other hydrogen atom. The shared electrons are attracted to both hydrogen nuclei. This force of attraction holds the two atoms together as a molecule of hydrogen. |
What is the common abbreviation for noting the rhesus blood type? | RNA | h2 | AB | rh | Rhesus blood type is determined by one common antigen. A person may either have the antigen (Rh + ) or lack the antigen (Rh - ). |
Coral reefs are a type of what large community and have the highest biodiversity on earth? | order | taxon | phylum | biome | USFWS Pacific. Coral reefs are one of the biomes with the highest biodiversity on Earth . CC BY 2.0. |
What large organelle comprised of cup-shaped discs is found close to the nucleus of the cell, where it modifies proteins that have been delivered in transport vesicles? | chloroplast | mitochondria | ribosome | golgi apparatus | The Golgi apparatus is a large organelle that is usually made up of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered discs called cisternae, as shown in Figure above . The cisternae look a bit like a stack of deflated balloons. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell. The Golgi apparatus is found close to the nucleus of the cell, where it modifies proteins that have been delivered in transport vesicles from the RER. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell. Pieces of the Golgi membrane pinch off to form vesicles that transport molecules around the cell. The Golgi apparatus can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels "items" and then sends them to different parts of the cell. Both plant and animal cells have a Golgi apparatus. Plant cells can have up to several hundred Golgi stacks scattered throughout the cytoplasm. In plants, the Golgi apparatus contains enzymes that synthesize some of the cell wall polysaccharides. |
The penis, testes and epididymes are structures in what male anatomical system? | immune | endocrine | protective | reproductive | The male reproductive system consists of structures that produce sperm and secrete testosterone. They include the penis, testes, and epididymes. |
When waves are reflected at the same angle, what is it called? | phenomenon of reflection | field of view | refraction | angle of reflection | Reflected waves have the same speed and frequency as the original waves before they were reflected. However, the direction of the reflected waves is different. When waves strike an obstacle head on, the reflected waves bounce straight back in the direction they came from. When waves strike an obstacle at any other angle, they bounce back at the same angle but in a different direction. This is illustrated in the Figure below . In this diagram, waves strike a wall at an angle, called the angle of incidence. The waves are reflected at the same angle, called the angle of reflection, but in a different direction. Notice that both angles are measured relative to a line that is perpendicular to the wall. |
What us state leads all states in producing geothermal energy? | virginia | nevada | Texas | california | Geothermal energy is an excellent resource in some parts of the world. Iceland gets about one fourth of its electricity from geothermal sources. In the United States, California leads all states in producing geothermal energy. Geothermal energy in California is concentrated in the northern part of the state. The largest plant is in the Geysers Geothermal Resource Area. Geothermal energy is not economical everywhere. Many parts of the world do not have underground sources of heat that are close enough to the surface for building geothermal power plants. |
Sexual signaling molecules released by fungi are known as what? | vibrations | sperm | hormones | pheromones | |
Which energy is momentarily stored in tendons after each leap provides a boost for the next leap? | magnetic | alternating | thermal | kinetic | |
What is the name for a simple machine that consists of two inclined planes? | lever | slope | pulley | wedge | Imagine trying to slice a tomato with a fork or spoon instead of a knife, like the one in Figure below . The knife makes the job a lot easier because of the wedge shape of the blade. A wedge is a simple machine that consists of two inclined planes. But unlike one inclined plane, a wedge works only when it moves. It has a thin end and thick end, and the thin end is forced into an object to cut or split it. The chisel in Figure below is another example of a wedge. |
Each gamete will have one copy of each chromosome following which process involving cell division? | mutations | osmosis | genomes | meiosis | Figure 7.8 Following meiosis, each gamete has one copy of each chromosome. Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (meiosis II) fail to separate during meiosis. |
Where do most skin structures originate in? | hypodermis | epidermis | cuticle | dermis | Layers of Human Skin. The outer layer of the skin is the epidermis, and the inner layer is the dermis. Most skin structures originate in the dermis. |
What are the primary producers in the ocean? | algea | fish | zooplankton | phytoplankton | Phytoplankton are the primary producers in the ocean. They form the base of most marine food chains. |
Chemists use simple diagrams to show an atom’s valence electrons and how they do what? | escape | bond | react | transfer | Lewis Diagrams Chemists use simple diagrams to show an atom’s valence electrons and how they transfer. These diagrams have two advantages over the electron shell diagrams introduced in Chapter 2 "Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table". First, they show only valence electrons. Second, instead of having a circle around the chemical symbol to represent the electron shell, they have up to eight dots around the symbol; each dot. |
Soil erosion is a natural process, but what can increase it unnaturally? | volcanic eruption | human preservation | animal activies | human activities | Soil erosion is a natural process, but human activities can increase it. |
Which part of the reproductive process only contributes one set of chromosomes? | egg | ovum | plasma | sperm | This sperm is ready to penetrate the membrane of this egg. Notice the difference in size of the sperm and egg. Why is the egg so much larger? The egg contributes all the cytoplasm and organelles to the zygote. The sperm only contributes one set of chromosomes. |
What do you call different organs working together? | maturation systems | cellular system | endocrine system | organ systems | |
A machine is any device that makes work easier by doing what? | removing barriers | moving things | changing molecules | changing a force | A machine is any device that makes work easier by changing a force. When you use a machine, you apply force to the machine. This force is called the input force. The machine, in turn, applies force to an object. This force is called the output force. Recall that work equals force multiplied by distance:. |
When electricity is passed through solid sodium it changes into what and gives off light? | hydrocarbons | plasma | liquids | gas | A vapor light also produces visible light by electroluminescence The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like the streetlight pictured in the Figure below , produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. In addition to lighting city streets, vapor lights are used to light highways and stadiums. The bulbs are very bright and long lasting so they are a good choice for these places. |
What type of plant makes up nearly all plant species? | fungus | gymnosperms | microbes | angiosperms | |
Prokaryotic cells have what structure outside their plasma membrane? | sodium channel | plasma wall | cell membrane | cell wall | Most prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. They have a cell wall outside their plasma membrane. Prokaryotic DNA consists of a single loop. Some prokaryotes also have small, circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. |
The hemolymph and body cells exchange chemicals within what body part? | the gums | the lungs | the heart | the sinuses | |
Types of compounds include covalent and which other compounds? | solvent | reactant | soluble | ionic | Types of compounds include covalent and ionic compounds. They differ in the nature of the bonds that hold their atoms or ions together. |
Animals can transport what waste material in the circulatory system and store it safely at high concentrations? | phosphorus | proteins | carbon | urea | |
What can happen if there is a blockage in circulation to the brain? | hydration | memory | automation | stroke | Atherosclerosis normally begins in late childhood and is typically found in most major arteries. It does not usually have any early symptoms. Causes of atherosclerosis include a high-fat diet, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Atherosclerosis becomes a threat to health when the plaque buildup prevents blood circulation in the heart or the brain. A blocked blood vessel in the heart can cause a heart attack. Blockage of the circulation in the brain can cause a stroke. |
The high points of a transverse wave are called what? | points | ridges | valleys | crests | The high points of a transverse wave are called crests, and the low points are called troughs. |
Besides greenland, where are the earth's largest ice sheets found? | Asia | North America | Europe | antarctica | Nearly all glacial ice is in the polar regions. The largest ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland. The remaining 1% of Earth's ice is found elsewhere, like in the mountains, for example. At higher altitudes, temperatures are colder. Snow is more likely to fall and not melt. Except Australia, every continent has glaciers in the high mountains. |
What kind of path does the energy of an electromagnetic wave take? | fluctuating | elliptical | circuitous | straight line | The energy of an electromagnetic wave travels in a straight line along the path of the wave. The moving light wave has associated with it an oscillating electric field and an oscillating magnetic field. Scientists often represent the electromagnetic wave with the image below. |
The direct conversion of a solid to a gas, without an intervening liquid phase, is called what? | insertion | amplification | isolation | sublimation | The direct conversion of a solid to a gas, without an intervening liquid phase, is calledsublimation. The amount of energy required to sublime 1 mol of a pure solid is theenthalpy of sublimation (ΔHsub). Common substances that sublime at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0°C, 1 atm) include CO2 (dry ice); iodine (Figure 11.18 "The Sublimation of Solid Iodine"); naphthalene, a substance used to protect woolen clothing against moths; and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. As shown in Figure 11.17 "The Three Phases of Matter and the Processes That Interconvert Them When the Temperature Is Changed", the enthalpy of sublimation of a substance is the sum of its enthalpies of fusion and vaporization provided all values are at the same T; this is an application of Hess’s law. (For more information about Hess’s law, see Chapter 5 "Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions", Section 5.2 "Enthalpy"). Equation 11.3. |
Amino acids are the building blocks of what macromolecules? | carbohydrates | lipids | sugars | proteins | 3.4 Proteins Proteins are a class of macromolecules that perform a diverse range of functions for the cell. They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers, or hormones. The building blocks of proteins (monomers) are amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon that is linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group or side chain. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids, each of which differs in the R group. Each amino acid is linked to its neighbors by a peptide bond. A long chain of amino acids is known as a polypeptide. Proteins are organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and (optional) quaternary. The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids. The local folding of the polypeptide to form structures such as the α helix and β-pleated sheet constitutes the secondary structure. The overall three-dimensional structure is the tertiary structure. When two or more polypeptides combine to form the complete protein structure, the configuration is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. Protein shape and function are intricately linked; any change in shape caused by changes in temperature or pH may lead to protein denaturation and a loss in function. |
What force opposes a motion of a moving body? for example a car breaking on a road. | thermal | tension | vibration | friction | Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. Friction can work for or against us. For example, putting sand on an icy sidewalk increases friction so you are less likely to slip. On the other hand, too much friction between moving parts in a car engine can cause the parts to wear out. Other examples of friction are illustrated in the two Figures below and below . You can see an animation showing how friction opposes motion at this URL:. |
The pain of angina means the heart muscle fibers need more what? | nitrogen | water | carbon | oxygen | Coronary heart disease often does not have any symptoms. A symptom of coronary heart disease is chest pain. Occasional chest pain can happen during times of stress or physical activity. The pain of angina means the heart muscle fibers need more oxygen than they are getting. Most people with coronary heart disease often have no symptoms for many years until they have a heart attack. |
Acids and bases are important in living things because what proteins typically can perform their job only at a certain level of acidity? | catalysts | hormones | vitamins | enzymes | Acids and bases are important in living things because most enzymes can do their job only at a certain level of acidity. Cells secrete acids and bases to maintain the proper pH for enzymes to work. For example, every time you digest food, acids and bases are at work in your digestive system. Consider the acidic environment of the stomach. The acidic environment helps with the digestion of food. The enzyme pepsin, which helps break down proteins in the stomach can only function optimally in the low pH environment. The stomach secretes a strong acid that allows pepsin to work, and the stomach to do its job. However, when stomach contents enter the small intestine, the acid must be neutralized. This is because enzymes in the small intestine need a basic environment in order to work. An organ called the pancreas secretes a strong base into the small intestine, and this base neutralizes the acid. |
Cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is known as what? | kinetic respiration | digestive respiration | anaerobic respiration | aerobic respiration | Then, about 2 or 3 billion years ago, oxygen was gradually added to the atmosphere by early photosynthetic bacteria. After that, living things could use oxygen to break down glucose and make ATP. Today, most organisms make ATP with oxygen. They follow glycolysis with the Krebs cycle and electron transport to make more ATP than by glycolysis alone. Cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration . |
Electromagnetic radiation behaves like particles as well as what? | points | fluids | currents | waves | Electromagnetic radiation behaves like particles as well as waves. This prompted Albert Einstein to develop his wave-particle theory. |
Claw ends of hammers and flagpole pulleys are examples of simple machines that reverse what? | direction of friction | direction of power | direction of work | direction of force | Some machines change the direction of the force applied by the user. They may or may not also change the strength of the force or the distance over which the force is applied. Two examples of machines that work this way are the claw ends of hammers and flagpole pulleys. You can see in the Figure below how each of these machines works. In both cases, the direction of the force applied by the user is reversed by the machine. |
Lipids are also know by what name? | acids | sugars | proteins | fats | |
Roots, stems and leaves are organs commonly found in what? | fungi | algae | animals | plants | The three types of tissues work together in most plant organs. Three organs commonly found in modern plants are roots, stems, and leaves. |
What type of cells in the body fluids and tissues of most animals specifically interact with and destroy pathogens? | White blood cells | Microglial cells | Dendritic cells | immune cells | |
What makes breathing difficult due to respiratory system disease? | water in the lungs | weak lungs | slippery air passages | narrow air passages | respiratory system disease in which air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow, making breathing difficult. |
What type of cell layer do flatworms have? | endoderm | epidermis | cuticle | mesoderm | Flatworms have a mesoderm cell layer and simple organ systems. They also show cephalization and bilateral symmetry. |
What gland is located at the base of the brain and secretes the hormone melatonin? | thyroid | thymus | pituitary | pineal | The pineal gland is a tiny gland located at the base of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin. This hormone controls sleep-wake cycles and several other processes. |
What are the most common roundworm parasites of people in the u. s.? | hookworms | cutworms | leeches | pinworms | Tiny pinworms are the most common roundworm parasites of people in the U. S. In some areas, as many as one out of three children are infected. Humans become infected when they ingest the nearly microscopic pinworm eggs. The eggs hatch and develop into adults in the host’s digestive tract. Adults lay eggs that pass out of the host’s body to continue the cycle. Pinworms have a fairly simple life cycle with only one host. |
What is the type of landscape that occurs at higher latitudes than deserts, has short grasses and low bushes, and are dry because they are in continental interiors? | plateau | tundra | plains | steppe | Other dry climates get a little more precipitation. They are called steppes . These regions have short grasses and low bushes ( Figure below ). Steppes occur at higher latitudes than deserts. They are dry because they are in continental interiors or rain shadows. |
The existence of (virtual) photons is possible only by virtue of the heisenberg uncertainty principle and can travel an unlimited distance, so the range ofthe electromagnetic for is what? | generated | finite | simple | infinite | CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 19. How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique? 20. Multiple sclerosis causes demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord. Why is this problematic?. |
What is energy that travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave? | gravity | sound | microwave | light | Light is one type of electromagnetic radiation . Light is energy that travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave. Pictured below is a diagram of an electromagnetic wave ( Figure below ). An electromagnetic (EM) wave has two parts: an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields vibrate up and down, which makes the wave. |
What changes water vapor to liquid water? | combustion | fermentation | global warming | condensation | Condensation changes water vapor to liquid water. As air rises higher into the atmosphere, it cools. Cool air can hold less water vapor than warm air. So some of the water vapor condenses into water droplets. Water droplets may form clouds. |
What instrument, with a digital readout, is used by scientists to measure very small masses? | common balance | mixed balance | mechanical balance | electronic balance | To measure very small masses, scientists use electronic balances, like the one in the Figure below . This type of balance also makes it easier to make accurate measurements because mass is shown as a digital readout. In the picture, the balance is being used to measure the mass of a white powder on a plastic weighing tray. The mass of the tray alone would have to be measured first and then subtracted from the mass of the tray and powder together. The difference between the two masses is the mass of the powder alone. |
What element is released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels? | oxygen | carbon | helium | sulfur | water. Sulfur, critical to the 3–D folding of proteins (as in disulfide binding), is released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal. The cycling of these elements is interconnected. For example, the movement of water is critical for the leaching of nitrogen and phosphate into rivers, lakes, and oceans. Furthermore, the ocean itself is a major reservoir for carbon. Thus, mineral nutrients are cycled, either rapidly or slowly, through the entire biosphere, from one living organism to another, and between the biotic and abiotic world. |
What type of hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms? | saturated | ionic | catalytic | unsaturated | Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms. As a result, the carbon atoms are unable to bond with as many hydrogen atoms as they would if they were joined only by single bonds. This makes them unsaturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are classified on the basis of their bonds as alkenes, alkynes, or aromatic hydrocarbons. |
What is the general name for a wave that travels along the surface of a medium? | light wave | stack wave | speed wave | surface wave | A surface wave is a wave that travels along the surface of a medium. The medium is the matter through which the wave travels. Ocean waves are the best-known examples of surface waves. They travel on the surface of the water between the ocean and the air. |
Carbohydrates are an important group of biological molecules that includes sugars and these? | proteins | fats | vitamins | starches | Carbohydrates are an important group of biological molecules that includes sugars and starches. |
What types of drugs affect the brain and influence how a person can feel, think, or act? | prescription | antibiotics | analgesics | psychoactive | Many drugs affect the brain and influence how a person feels, thinks, or acts. Such drugs are called psychoactive drugs. They include legal drugs such as caffeine and alcohol, as well as illegal drugs such as cocaine and heroin. They also include certain medicines, such as antidepressant drugs and medical marijuana. |
Chemical reactions always involve what? | physical change | fuel | heating | energy | Chemical reactions always involve energy. Energy is a property of matter that is defined as the ability to do work. When methane burns, for example, it releases energy in the form of heat and light. Other chemical reactions absorb energy rather than release it. |
An object undergoing circular motion experiences centripetal what? | transmission | velocity | vibration | acceleration | Linear or tangential acceleration refers to changes in the magnitude of velocity but not its direction. We know from Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation that in circular motion centripetal acceleration, a c , refers to changes in the direction of the velocity but not its magnitude. An object undergoing circular motion experiences centripetal acceleration, as seen in Figure 10.5. Thus, a t and a c are perpendicular and independent of one another. Tangential acceleration a t is directly related to the angular acceleration. |
What rocks are formed by crystallization of chemical precipitates? | layered | volcanic | carbon sedimentary | chemical sedimentary | Sedimentary rocks formed by the crystallization of chemical precipitates are called chemical sedimentary rocks . Dissolved ions in fluids precipitate out of the fluid and settle out, just like the halite pictured below ( Figure below ). |
In some plants, the sporophyte is diploid, while the gametophyte is what? | meiosis | gametes | humanoid | haploid | The sporophyte produces haploid spores. The rhizoid buds to form a mature gametophyte. The zygote is housed in the venter. Figure 25.21 Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? a. Sporangia produce haploid spores. The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte. The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte. |
A lipid is one of a highly diverse group of compounds made up mostly of what? | proteins | nucleic acid | amines | hydrocarbons | Lipids A lipid is one of a highly diverse group of compounds made up mostly of hydrocarbons. The few oxygen atoms they contain are often at the periphery of the molecule. Their nonpolar hydrocarbons make all lipids hydrophobic. In water, lipids do not form a true solution, but they may form an emulsion, which is the term for a mixture of solutions that do not mix well. |
During mitosis what is replicated in the primary spermatocyte? | rna | mitochondira | oocyte | dna | Two identical diploid cells result from spermatogonia mitosis. One of these cells remains a spermatogonium, and the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, the next stage in the process of spermatogenesis. As in mitosis, DNA is replicated in a primary spermatocyte, and the cell undergoes cell division to produce two cells with identical chromosomes. Each of these is a secondary spermatocyte. Now a second round of cell division occurs in both of the secondary spermatocytes, separating the chromosome pairs. This second meiotic division results in a total of four cells with only half of the number of chromosomes. Each of these new cells is a spermatid. Although haploid, early spermatids look very similar to cells in the earlier stages of spermatogenesis, with a round shape, central nucleus, and large amount of cytoplasm. A process called spermiogenesis transforms these early spermatids, reducing the cytoplasm, and beginning the formation of the parts of a true sperm. The fifth stage of germ cell formation—spermatozoa, or formed sperm—is the end result of this process, which occurs in the portion of the tubule nearest the lumen. Eventually, the sperm are released into the lumen and are moved along a series of ducts in the testis toward a structure called the epididymis for the next step of sperm maturation. |
What can carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the spinal cord and brain? | respiratory neurons | healthy neurons | motor neurons | sensory neurons | Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the spinal cord and brain. |
Chemical equations need to be balanced to satisfy the law of what? | speed of matter | material of matter | glow of matter | conservation of matter | Chemical equations need to be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of matter. |
Which species in class insecta has three body segments, six jointed legs, and multiple head appendages? | arachnid | mollusc | sauropod | arthropod | arthropod in Class Insecta that has three body segments, six jointed legs, and multiple head appendages. |
Whether it's puppies or people, offspring and parents usually share many of what? | fruits | clothes | insects | traits | People have long known that offspring are similar to their parents. Whether it's puppies or people, offspring and parents usually share many traits. However, before Gregor Mendel's research, people didn't know how parents pass traits to their offspring. |
Connected to agriculture, forestry, mining, and urbanization, what is the single biggest cause of extinction today? | global warming | freshwater loss | hunting | habitat loss | The single biggest cause of extinction today is habitat loss . Agriculture, forestry, mining, and urbanization have disturbed or destroyed more than half of Earth’s land area. In the U. S. , for example, more than 99 percent of tall-grass prairies have been lost. Other causes of extinction today include:. |
The hexapoda subphylum includes mainly what type of animal? | birds | spiders | mammals | insects | Living arthropods are divided into four subphyla. They are described in Table below . The Hexapoda subphylum includes mainly insects. There are so many insects and they are so important that they are described in greater detail below. |
What are living echinoderms divided into five of? | sexes | classifications | species | clades | |
Gases on earth originated from comets and what events? | tides | supernovas | black holes | volcanic eruptions | The earliest Earth did not have an atmosphere or free water. The planet was far too hot for gases and water to collect. The atmosphere and oceans that we see today evolved over time. The gases came from volcanic eruptions and from comets. |
What season is it in the southern hemisphere when it's winter in the northern? | autumn | Winter | Spring | summer | Winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere happens on December 21 or 22. The North Pole of Earth's axis points away from the Sun ( Figure below ). Light from the Sun is spread out over a larger area. With fewer daylight hours in winter, there is also less time for the Sun to warm the area. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. |
What is the name for areas where there is overlap between closely related species? | gap zones | mono zones | extinction zones | hybrid zones | 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation Speciation is not a precise division: overlap between closely related species can occur in areas called hybrid zones. Organisms reproduce with other similar organisms. The fitness of these hybrid offspring can affect the evolutionary path of the two species. Scientists propose two models for the rate of speciation: one model illustrates how a species can change slowly over time; the other model demonstrates how change can occur quickly from a parent generation to a new species. Both models continue to follow the patterns of natural selection. |
By what are skeletal muscles attached to bones? | veins | joints | ligaments | tendons | Most muscles are skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons. Skeletal muscles work in pairs to move bones back and forth at joints. |
What is the best-known geyser in the world that also faithfully erupts every 90 minutes? | old guy | devil's tongue | angel falls | old faithful | Old Faithful is the best-known geyser in the world. You can see a picture of it in Figure below . The geyser erupts faithfully every 90 minutes, day after day. During each eruption, it may release as much as 30,000 liters of water!. |
What kind of energy constitutes the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up an object? | atmospheric energy | kinetic energy | phenomena energy | thermal energy | The atoms that make up matter are in constant motion, so they have kinetic energy. All that motion gives matter thermal energy. Thermal energy is defined as the total kinetic energy of all the atoms that make up an object. It depends on how fast the atoms are moving and how many atoms the object has. Therefore, an object with more mass has greater thermal energy than an object with less mass, even if their individual atoms are moving at the same speed. You can see an example of this in Figure below . |
What is the name for birds that live on water like ducks? | landfowl | gamefowl | guineafowl | waterfowl | Waterfowl are birds that live on the water. These include ducks, geese, swans, and pelicans, to name a few. Landfowl are ground-feeding birds such as chickens and turkeys. Penguins are a group of flightless birds adapted for life in the water with flippers. Diurnal raptors are birds of prey that hunt during the day. These include falcons, eagles and hawks. Nocturnal raptors hunt during the night. These include various types of owls. Parrots are brightly colored and very intelligent. They are found in the tropics and include cockatoos, parrots, and parakeets. |
Spores are generally produced through what type of reproduction? | hormone | similar | asexual | sexual | The lifecycle of basidiomycetes includes alternation of generations (Figure 24.16). Spores are generally produced through sexual reproduction, rather than asexual reproduction. The club-shaped basidium carries spores called basidiospores. In the basidium, nuclei of two different mating strains fuse (karyogamy), giving rise to a diploid zygote that then undergoes meiosis. The haploid nuclei migrate into basidiospores, which germinate and generate monokaryotic hyphae. The mycelium that results is called a primary mycelium. Mycelia of different mating strains can combine and produce a secondary mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of two different mating strains. This is the dikaryotic stage of the basidiomyces lifecyle and and it is the dominant stage. Eventually, the secondary mycelium generates a basidiocarp, which is a fruiting body that protrudes from the ground—this is what we think of as a mushroom. The basidiocarp bears the developing basidia on the gills under its cap. |
What do we call the diffusion of water across a membrane because of a difference in concentration? | electrolysis | cell transportation | hemostasis | osmosis | The diffusion of water across a membrane because of a difference in concentration is called osmosis. |
Scientific notation expresses a number as a what, times a power of 10? | expression | fraction | function | coefficient | Scientific notation expresses a number as a coefficient times a power of 10. |
How many valence electrons does a sodium atom have ? | two | three | six | one | A: Any element in group 1 has just one valence electron. Examples include hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), and sodium (Na). Any element in group 18 has eight valence electrons (except for helium, which has a total of just two electrons). Examples include neon (Ne), argon (Ar), and krypton (Kr). Oxygen, like all the other elements in group 16, has six valence electrons. |
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