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Billions of what inside the human digestive tract help us digest food, make vitamins and play other important roles?	red blood cells	neurons	viruses	bacteria	There are billions of bacteria inside the human digestive tract. They help us digest food. They also make vitamins and play other important roles. We use bacteria in many other ways as well. For example, we use them to:.
In a controlled scientific study, what do you call a factor that can take on different values?	vector	output	input	variable	An experiment is a controlled scientific study of specific variables. A variable is a factor that can take on different values. For example, the speed of an object down a ramp might be one variable, and the steepness of the ramp might be another.
What is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers called?	population	ecological environment	ecoculture	biome	Sahara Desert in northern Africa (left). Rainforest in northeastern Australia (right). Two very different biomes are pictured here. A biome is a group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary producers. Both are found at roughly the same distance from the equator.
Since 1900, four of the five earthquakes of the greatest magnitude occurred near what appropriately nicknamed pacific location?	seismic zone	shower of fire	quake epicenter	ring of fire	Earthquakes with a magnitude in the 9 range are rare. The United States Geological Survey lists five such earthquakes on the moment magnitude scale since 1900 (see Figure below ). All but one, the Great Indian Ocean Earthquake of 2004, occurred somewhere around the Pacific Ring of Fire.
All chemical changes involve a transfer of what?	oxygen	pressure	fuel	energy	Describe ways protists are important to humans.
What is the most common type of capillary?	ending	channels	large	continuous	Continuous Capillaries The most common type of capillary, the continuous capillary, is found in almost all vascularized tissues. Continuous capillaries are characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells. Although a tight junction is usually impermeable and only allows for the passage of water and ions, they are often incomplete in capillaries, leaving intercellular clefts that allow for exchange of water and other very small molecules between the blood plasma and.
What is the bending of waves around a corner called?	absorption	reflection	propulsion	diffraction	Diffraction is the bending of waves around a corner.
In what kind of bond does one atom contribute both of the electrons in the shared pair?	an ionic bond	a valence bond	a metallic bond	a covalent bond	The carbon monoxide molecule is correctly represented by a triple covalent bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms. One of the bonds is a coordinate covalent bond , a covalent bond in which one of the atoms contributes both of the electrons in the shared pair.
Mirrors and lenses are used in optical instruments to reflect and refract what?	electricity	gravity	mass	light	Mirrors and lenses are used in optical instruments to reflect and refract light. Optical instruments include microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and lasers.
The zygote undergoes many cell divisions before it implants in the lining of what?	pelvis	vagina	ovaries	uterus	The zygote undergoes many cell divisions before it implants in the lining of the uterus.
What are carbonated beverages pressurized with?	hydrogen	helium	dioxide	co2	NaN3 is 1.847 g/cm . What is the volume of the gas produced compared to the solid reactant? Suggest a plausible reason to explain why skin burns can result from the inflation of an airbag during an automobile accident. Under basic conditions, the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) produces oxygen and manganese dioxide. During a laboratory exercise, you carefully weighed out your sample of KMnO4. Unfortunately, however, you lost your data just before mixing the KMnO 4 with an H2O2 solution of unknown concentration. Devise a method to determine the mass of your sample of KMnO4 using excess H2O2. Carbonated beverages are pressurized with CO 2. In an attempt to produce another bubbly soda beverage, an intrepid chemist attempted to use three other gases: He, N 2, and Xe. Rank the four beverages in order of how fast the drink would go “flat” and explain your reasoning. Which beverage would have the shortest shelf life (i. , how long will an unopened bottle still be good)? Explain your answer. ♦ Urea is synthesized industrially by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to produce ammonium carbamate, followed by dehydration of ammonium carbamate to give urea and water. This process is shown in the following set of chemical equations:.
Which principle states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in a habitat?	tough exclusion	complete exclusion	produce exclusion	competitive exclusion	Competitive Exclusion Principle Resources are often limited within a habitat and multiple species may compete to obtain them. All species have an ecological niche in the ecosystem, which describes how they acquire the resources they need and how they interact with other species in the community. The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in a habitat. In other words, different species cannot coexist in a community if they are competing for all the same resources. An example of this principle is shown in Figure 45.24, with two protozoan species, Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum. When grown individually in the laboratory, they both thrive. But when they are placed together in the same test tube (habitat), P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum for food, leading to the latter’s eventual extinction.
What happens to the rate of chemical reactions in higher temperatures?	they decrease	they become erratic	they stop	they increase	The temperature of a region is the other important part of climate. The rate of chemical reactions increases with higher temperatures. The rate doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature. Plants and bacteria grow and multiply faster in warmer areas.
An alternative to inclusive fitness is group selection, a type of what scenario where small groups of organisms of the same species are effectively acting as single (perhaps colonial) organisms?	molecular	introductory	combination	evolutionary	Group selection A proposed alternative to inclusive fitness (sometimes known as kin selection) is the concept of group selection. In this type of evolutionary scenario, small groups of organisms of the same species are effectively acting as single (perhaps colonial) organisms. It is the reproductive success of the group (rather than individuals within the group), compared to other groups of the organism that is the basis of selection. Groups that display cooperative and altruistic traits have a selective advantage over groups that do not. Again, the mathematical analysis is similar (and it has been claimed that mathematically group and kin selection are equivalent).169 The costs of a trait must be offset by the benefits, but now the key factor is membership in a particular group (and typically, members of a group tend to be related to one another). The life cycle of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus provides an example of this type of behavior. When environmental conditions are harsh, the cells aggregate into dense, 100 μm diameter, “fruiting bodies”, each containing ~100,000 stress resistant spores. When the environment improves, and prey becomes available, the spores are released en mass and return to active life. They move and feed in a cooperative manner through the release of digestive enzymes, which because they are acting in a quorum mode, can reach high levels.170 A well-coordinated group is expected to have a significant reproductive advantage over more anarchic collection of individuals.
The complement system is a series of proteins constitutively found in the what?	platelets	nucleus	organs	blood plasma	Complement System The complement system is a series of proteins constitutively found in the blood plasma. As such, these proteins are not considered part of the early induced immune response, even though they share features with some of the antibacterial proteins of this class. Made in the liver, they have a variety of functions in the innate immune response, using what is known as the “alternate pathway” of complement activation. Additionally, complement functions in the adaptive immune response as well, in what is called the classical pathway. The complement system consists of several proteins that enzymatically alter and fragment later proteins in a series, which is why it is termed cascade. Once activated, the series of reactions is irreversible, and releases fragments that have the following actions: • Bind to the cell membrane of the pathogen that activates it, labeling it for phagocytosis (opsonization) • Diffuse away from the pathogen and act as chemotactic agents to attract phagocytic cells to the site of inflammation • Form damaging pores in the plasma membrane of the pathogen Figure 21.13 shows the classical pathway, which requires antibodies of the adaptive immune response. The alternate pathway does not require an antibody to become activated.
What are cations simply named after?	the body part	the scientist	the cell structure	the parent element	The cations are simply named as the parent element. The sodium cation is still called “sodium. ” Often, the charge would be attached for clarity, so the sodium cation might be referred to as “sodium one plus. ”.
Inorganic chemistry refers to the study of materials not containing which element?	oxygen	hydrogen	helium	carbon	Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that do not, in general, contain carbon. Inorganic chemicals are commonly found in rocks and minerals. One current important area of inorganic chemistry deals with the design and properties of materials involved in energy and information technology.
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?	one	four	two	three	Amphibians have a relatively complex circulatory system with a three-chambered heart. Their nervous system is also rather complex, allowing them to interact with each other and their environment. Amphibians have sense organs to smell and taste chemicals. Other sense organs include eyes and ears. Of all amphibians, frogs generally have the best vision and hearing. Frogs also have a larynx , or voice box, to make sounds.
Electrons in the "outer shell" are also known as what kind of electrons?	static	charged	intermediate	valence	Determine the total number of valence (outer shell) electrons. For cations, subtract one electron for each.
What is created when energy turns a turbine?	force	light	torque	electricity	4. Electricity is made when some type of energy turns a turbine. Explain how this happens and give two examples.
Where in the periodic table of elements are the nonmetals located?	bottom left	top left	bottom right	top right	As described in Section 1.7 "Introduction to the Periodic Table", the metals are on the bottom left in the periodic table, and the nonmetals are at the top right. The semimetals lie along a diagonal line separating the metals and nonmetals. In most cases, the symbols for the elements are derived directly from each element’s name, such as C for carbon, U for uranium, Ca for calcium, and Po for polonium. Elements have also been named for their properties [such as radium (Ra) for its radioactivity], for the native country of the scientist(s) who discovered them [polonium (Po) for Poland], for eminent scientists [curium (Cm) for the Curies], for gods and goddesses [selenium (Se) for the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene], and for other poetic or historical reasons. Some of the symbols used for elements that have been known since antiquity are derived from historical names that are no longer in use; only the symbols remain to remind us of their origin. Examples are Fe for iron, from the Latin ferrum; Na for sodium, from the Latin natrium; and W for tungsten, from the German wolfram. Examples are in Table 1.4 "Element Symbols Based on Names No Longer in Use". As you work through this text, you will encounter the names and symbols of the elements repeatedly, and much as you become familiar with characters in a play or a film, their names and symbols will become familiar.
How many different main types of diabetes are there?	ten	four	three	two
Where do most amphibians live, salt water or fresh water?	saltwater	aquariums	deserts	fresh water	Most amphibians live in fresh water, not salt water. Their habitats can include areas close to springs, streams, rivers, lakes, swamps and ponds. They can be found in moist areas in forests, meadows and marshes. Amphibians can be found almost anywhere there is a source of fresh water. Although there are no true saltwater amphibians, a few can live in brackish (slightly salty) water. Some species do not need any water at all, and several species have also adapted to live in drier environments. Most amphibians still need water to lay their eggs.
Foliation, which forms layers in rocks during metamorphism, is caused by what?	push	Pulling	power	pressure	During metamorphism a rock may change chemically. Ions move and new minerals form. The new minerals are more stable in the new environment. Extreme pressure may lead to physical changes like foliation . Foliation forms as the rocks are squeezed. If pressure is exerted from one direction, the rock forms layers. This is foliation. If pressure is exerted from all directions, the rock usually does not show foliation.
What type of compounds tend to have high melting points and boiling points?	soluble	liquid	particle	ionic	Ionic compounds tend to have high melting points and boiling points.
What is the molten material deep within the earth?	lava	volcanic mass	crystals	magma	Cooling and forming crystals. Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to melt rock. This molten material is called magma. As it cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock. The crystals will grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small.
Objects in motion that return to the same position after a fixed period of time are said to be in what type of motion?	dynamic	circular	curving	harmonic	Objects in motion that return to the same position after a fixed period of time are said to be in harmonic motion. Objects in harmonic motion have the ability to transfer some of their energy over large distances. They do so by creating waves in a medium. Imagine pushing up and down on the surface of a bathtub filled with water. Water acts as the medium that carries energy from your hand to the edges of the bathtub. Waves transfer energy over a distance without direct contact of the initial source. In this sense waves are phenomena not objects.
What function of the car is affected by the pedal that controls the amount of gas the engine gets?	shifting	braking	transmission	acceleration	The car pedal on the right controls the amount of gas the engine gets. How does this affect the car’s acceleration?.
An atom that gains or loses electrons is called what?	isotope	photon	quark	ion	An atom that gains or loses electrons is an ion.
What do you require to test a hypothesis?	conclusion	estimates	opinion	data	Testing a hypothesis requires data. Data can be gathered by observations or by experiments.
The first law of thermodynamics deals with the total amount of energy in what?	galaxy	organism	springs	universe	Only radioactive isotopes have half-lives.
What type of vehicles is able to go to the deepest ocean floor?	autonomous controlled airplanes	off road vehicles	all-terrain vehicles	remote-control vehicles	Today, remote-control vehicles, called remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) go to the deepest ocean floor. They don’t have any people on board. However, they carry devices that record many measurements. They also collect sediments and take photos.
What is the turning effectiveness of a force?	gravitational pull	velocity	intake	torque	• Torque is the turning effectiveness of a force. In this case, because F is perpendicular to r , torque is simply we multiply both sides of the equation above by r , we get torque on the left-hand side. That is, rF = mr 2α.
What are the 3 orders of amphibians?	hagfish, lampreys, acanthodii	bees, caddisflies, antilions	monotremata, artiodactyla, rodentia	frogs, salamanders, caecilians	There are only about 6200 known species of amphibians. They are placed in three orders: frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Table below shows a picture of an amphibian in each order. It also provides additional information about the orders.
The sum of the pressures of the hydrogen and the water vapor is equal to what?	precipitation pressure	moon pressure	adjacent pressure	atmospheric pressure	The atmospheric pressure is converted from kPa to mmHg in order to match units with the table. The sum of the pressures of the hydrogen and the water vapor is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The pressure of the hydrogen is found by subtraction. Then, the volume of the gas at STP can be calculated by using the combined gas law.
What is cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen known as?	anaerobic respiration	kinetic respiration	digestive respiration	aerobic respiration	Cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is aerobic respiration.
Blood enters the kidney through the which artery?	jugular	cardiac artery	vas deferens	renal artery	Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery , which branches into capillaries. When blood passes through capillaries of the glomerulus of a nephron, blood pressure forces some of the water and dissolved substances in the blood to cross the capillary walls into Bowman’s capsule .
Besides increasing the potential, how else can you increase current in a circuit?	decreasing the heat	increasing the resistance	increasing the heat	decreasing the resistance	There are two ways to control the current in a circuit. Since the current is directly proportional to the potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance, you can increase the current in a circuit by increasing the potential or by decreasing the resistance.
What kingdom in the domain eukarya that includes molds, mushrooms, and yeasts called?	proteins	bacteria	acids	fungi	Fungi are a kingdom in the domain Eukarya that includes molds, mushrooms, and yeasts.
An excellent solvent that holds heat well and allows hydrogen bonds, what substance has many properties critical to life?	plasma	liquid	blood	water	2.2 Water Water has many properties that are critical to maintaining life. It is polar, allowing for the formation of hydrogen bonds, which allow ions and other polar molecules to dissolve in water. Therefore, water is an excellent solvent. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water the ability to hold heat better than many other substances. As the temperature rises, the hydrogen bonds between water continually break and reform, allowing for the overall temperature to remain stable, although increased energy is added to the system. Water’s cohesive forces allow for the property of surface tension. All of these unique properties of water are important in the chemistry of living organisms. The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. A solution with a high number of hydrogen ions is acidic and has a low pH value. A solution with a high number of hydroxide ions is basic and has a high pH value. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with a pH of 7 being neutral. Buffers are solutions that moderate pH changes when an acid or base is added to the buffer system. Buffers are important in biological systems because of their ability to maintain constant pH conditions.
Which part of the earth is made of the rigid, brittle, solid crust and uppermost mantle?	atmosphere	troposphere	thermosphere	lithosphere	The lithosphere is made of the rigid, brittle, solid crust and uppermost mantle.
What is liquid water falling from the sky called?	evaporation	snow	clouds	rain
The two general functions of roots in plants are to anchor and to do what else?	grow	generate	photosynthesis	absorb
What do covalent bonds give atoms a more stable arrangement of?	cell walls	protons	neutrons	electrons	Covalent bonds form because they give atoms a more stable arrangement of electrons. Look at the oxygen atoms in the Figure above . Alone, each oxygen atom has six valence electrons. By sharing two pairs of valence electrons, each oxygen atom has a total of eight valence electrons. This fills its outer energy level, giving it the most stable arrangement of electrons. The shared electrons are attracted to both oxygen nuclei, and this force of attraction holds the two atoms together in the oxygen molecule.
What is the most important process for the survival of a species?	metabolism	digestion	differentiation	reproduction
Which common element is the most found in living organisms?	monoxide	hydrogen	oxygen	carbon	Carbon is one of the most common elements found in living organisms. Chains of carbon molecules form the backbones of many organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbon is constantly cycling between living organisms and the atmosphere ( Figure below ). The cycling of carbon occurs through the carbon cycle .
What are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis called?	fibroblasts	mitochondria	lysosomes	ribosomes	Ribosomes are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis . Ribosomes are found throughout the cytosol of the cell and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum organelle. Ribosomes order amino acids using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template in a process called translation. Ribosomes are made from complexes of ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and proteins called ribonucleoproteins . Each ribosome is divided into two subunits. The smaller subunit binds to the mRNA pattern, while the larger subunit binds to the transfer RNA (tRNA) and the growing polypeptide chain. More about the ribosome will be discussed in the Cell Structures: Ribosomes (Advanced) concept.
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and how they what?	interaction	distinct	division	interact	Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and how they interact, mainly at the level of atoms and molecules. Basic concepts in chemistry include chemicals and chemical reactions.
What is the term for the relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is harmed?	parasitic relationship	combative relationship	commensal relationship	symbiotic relationship	symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is harmed.
Transport vesicles move what type of molecules from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus?	hormones	acids	lipids	proteins	Transport vesicles are part of the endomembrane system. They are able to move molecules such as proteins between locations inside the cell. For example, transport vesicles move proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Fish use some of their fins to propel themselves through the water and others to do what?	rest	breathe	reproduce	steer	Most fish have several fins for swimming. They use some of their fins to propel themselves through the water and others to steer the body as they swim.
This series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through is called its what?	formative period	maturation cycle	development cycle	life cycle	Sexual reproduction occurs in a cycle. Diploid parents produce haploid gametes that unite and develop into diploid adults, which repeat the cycle. This series of life stages and events that a sexually reproducing organism goes through is called its life cycle . Sexually reproducing organisms can have different types of life cycles. Three are described in the following sections.
What are small gnawing mammals such as rats and mice called?	furries	miniatures	marsupials	rodents	Rodents include rats, mice, and other small gnawing mammals. They have a single pair of continuously growing incisors (teeth) in each of the upper and lower jaws that must be kept short by gnawing.
Dutch scientist christiaan huygens' principle of what states that every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the speed of the wave itself?	wave dynamics	electromagnetic dynamics	energy propagation	wave propagation	The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) developed a useful technique for determining in detail how and where waves propagate. Starting from some known position, Huygens’s principle states that: Every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the wave itself. The new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets. Figure 27.5 shows how Huygens’s principle is applied. A wavefront is the long edge that moves, for example, the crest or the trough. Each point on the wavefront emits a semicircular wave that moves at the propagation speed v . These are drawn at a time t later, so that they have moved a distance s = vt . The new wavefront is a line tangent to the wavelets and is where we would expect the wave to be a time t later. Huygens’s principle works for all types of waves, including water waves, sound waves, and light waves. We will find it useful not only in describing how light waves propagate, but also in explaining the laws of reflection and refraction. In addition, we will see that Huygens’s principle tells us how and where light rays interfere.
Orbiting at a fairly typical 370 kilometers, the international space station is an example of what?	high orbit satellite	alteration satellite	flagella satellite	manmade satellite	We commonly talk about satellites orbiting Earth. But what does that really mean? When a satellite, space shuttle, or some other object is orbiting a planet, it maintains a circular orbit around the planet a constant distance off the surface. Manmade satellites typically orbit between 200 and 400 miles. For example, the International Space Station (ISS) orbits at 370 km, or 230 miles.
When plant type alternates from generation to generation what is this called?	change in generation	turbidity of generation	differentiation of generation	alternation of generation	Plants alternate between diploid-cell plants and haploid-cell plants. This is called alternation of generations , because the plant type alternates from generation to generation. In alternation of generations, the plant alternates between a sporophyte that has diploid cells and a gametophyte that has haploid cells.
Which type of diabetes involves the pancreas not secreting enough insulin, which causes high levels of glucose in the blood?	non typical	type 3	type 2	type 1	Endocrine system disorders usually involve the secretion of too much or not enough hormone. For example, a tumor of the adrenal gland may lead to excessive secretion of growth hormone, which causes gigantism. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin, which causes high levels of glucose in the blood.
Halides of the transition metals become more covalent with increasing oxidation state and are more prone to what?	decarbonylation	comproportionation	cycloaddition	hydrolysis	Transition-metal fluorides usually have higher oxidation states than their iodides. For a given metal, the lowest-oxidation-state oxide is basic and the highest-oxidation-state oxide is acidic. Halides of the transition metals become more covalent with increasing oxidation state and are more prone to hydrolysis. Propose a method to prepare each of the following compounds: TiCl 4[(CH3)2O]2, Na2TiO3, V2O5, and Na2Cr2O7. Of the group 5 elements, which.
Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. as a consequence, it displays greater resistance to what?	stiffening	freezing	contracting	stretching	Dense Connective Tissue Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than does loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue: regular and irregular. Dense regular connective tissue fibers are parallel to each other, enhancing tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientations. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular connective tissue, but in ligaments not all fibers are parallel. Dense regular elastic tissue contains elastin fibers in addition to collagen fibers, which allows the ligament to return to its original length after stretching. The ligaments in the vocal folds and between the vertebrae in the vertebral column are elastic. In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random. This arrangement gives the tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction. In some tissues, fibers crisscross and form a mesh. In other tissues, stretching in several directions is achieved by alternating layers where fibers run in the same orientation in each layer, and it is the layers themselves that are stacked at an angle. The dermis of the skin is an example of dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. Dense irregular elastic tissues give arterial walls the strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching (Figure 4.15).
What does pushing an object over the surface of a ramp cause?	tension	Acceleration	vibration	friction	Consider the ramp in Figure below . It’s easier to push the heavy piece of furniture up the ramp to the truck than to lift it straight up off the ground. However, pushing the furniture over the surface of the ramp creates a lot of friction. Some of the force applied to moving the furniture must be used to overcome the friction. It would be more efficient to use a dolly on wheels to roll the furniture up the ramp. That’s because rolling friction is much less than sliding friction. As a result, the efficiency of the ramp would be greater with a dolly.
Parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism are all examples of what type of biological relationship?	evolution	adaptation	reproduction	symbiosis
What occurs when substances move from areas of lower to higher concentration or when very large molecules are transported?	passive transport	migration	diffusion	active transport	Active transport requires energy from the cell. It occurs when substances move from areas of lower to higher concentration or when very large molecules are transported. Types of active transport include ion pumps, such as the sodium-potassium pump, and vesicle transport, which includes endocytosis and exocytosis.
What is the term for how the air feels at its temperature and humidity	initial humidity	climate sensory index	atmospheric humidity	relative humidity	Relative humidity is how the air feels at its temperature and humidity.
What form does formaldehyde take at room temperature?	plasma	solid	liquids	gas	Formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature. Acetaldehyde boils at 20°C; in an open vessel, it boils away in a warm room. Most other common aldehydes are liquids at room temperature.
Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose what?	neutrons	mass	protons	electrons	Electron Configurations of Ions We have seen that ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. A cation (positively charged ion) forms when one or more electrons are removed from a parent atom. For main group elements, the electrons that were added last are the first electrons removed. For transition metals and inner transition metals, however, electrons in the s orbital are easier to remove than the d or f electrons, and so the highest ns electrons are lost, and then the (n – 1)d or (n – 2)f electrons are removed. An anion (negatively charged ion) forms when one or more electrons are added to a parent atom. The added electrons fill in the order predicted by the Aufbau principle.
What are the three ways to classify matter based on how light interacts with it?	extensive , opaque , translucent	opaque, invisible, visible	transitive, opaque, translucent	transparent, opaque, translucent	Light may interact with matter in several ways, including reflection, refraction, transmission, and absorption. Matter can be classified on the basis of how light interacts with it as transparent, translucent, or opaque.
In what area of the body are sutural bones found?	skin	legs	tooth	skull	Sutural bones are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones. They may be found between the flat bones of the skull. They vary in number, shape, size, and position.
The ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances is known as?	permeability	turbidity	solubility	reactivity	Reactivity is the ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances. Some kinds of matter are extremely reactive; others are extremely unreactive. For example, potassium is very reactive, even with water. When a pea-sized piece of potassium is added to a small amount of water, it reacts explosively. You can observe this reaction in the video at the URL below. ( Caution: Don’t try this at home!) In contrast, noble gases such as helium almost never react with any other substances.
Which types of waves are used for cell phones and radar?	sound waves	light waves	thermal waves	microwaves	Microwaves are used for cell phones and radar.
Ticks spread bacteria that causes what condition?	Dengue fever	Rabies	Malaria	lyme disease	Bacterial Disease Vectors. Ticks spread bacteria that cause Lyme disease. Deerflies spread bacteria that cause tularemia.
Methyl groups are found within what?	peptide chains	rna acids	DNA molecules	amino acids	Methyl groups are found within amino acids.
The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and what else?	kidneys	pinneal gland	thyroid	thymus gland	Primary Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Development Understanding the differentiation and development of B and T cells is critical to the understanding of the adaptive immune response. It is through this process that the body (ideally) learns to destroy only pathogens and leaves the body’s own cells relatively intact. The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus gland. The lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes mature, proliferate, and are selected, which enables them to attack pathogens without harming the cells of the body.
Surface tension and viscosity are generally associated with what form or state of matter?	electrons	solids	gases	liquids	Two interesting properties of liquids are surface tension and viscosity.
What catalyst substances may also allow reactions to occur by different pathways that have lower activation energy?	calories	carbohydrates	hormones	enzymes	Enzymes may also allow reactions to occur by different pathways that have lower activation energy.
Gap genes are defined by the effect of what in that gene?	modification	infection	radiation	mutation	One example of a gap gene is the Krüppel gene, which regulates the activity of a number of other genes. Krüppel literally means "cripple" in German, named for the crippled appearance of mutant larva. Gap genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene, and Krüppel is one such effect. Other gap genes are known as tailless and knirps (a "squirt or whippersnapper"). Gap genes encode transcription factors which directly effect the expression of additional genes involved in embryo segmentation, called the pair-rule genes . Pair-rule genes are expressed in alternating segments within the developing embryo. Pair-rule genes have very creative names, such as even-skipped, hairy, odd-skipped, odd-paired, sloppy paired and fushi tarazu , which is Japanese for “few segments. ” See My favorite silly gene names at http://www. itsokaytobesmart. com/post/82318778810/funny-gene-names for a list of other interesting gene names.
The abnormal cells cannot carry oxygen properly and can get stuck where?	Arteries	muscles	Viens	capillaries	The red blood cells of a person with sickle-cell anemia (left) are long and pointed, rather than straight, like normal cells (right). The abnormal cells cannot carry oxygen properly and can get stuck in capillaries.
All atoms of the same element share the same number of what type of particle?	nucleus	quarks	neutrons	protons	Atoms have protons and neutrons in the center, making the nucleus, while the electrons orbit the nucleus. The modern atomic theory states that atoms of one element are the same, while atoms of different elements are different. What makes atoms of different elements different? The fundamental characteristic that all atoms of the same element share is the number of protons. All atoms of hydrogen have one and only one proton in the nucleus; all atoms of iron have 26 protons in the nucleus. This number of protons is so important to the identity of an atom that it is called the atomic number of the element. Thus, hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, while iron has an atomic number of 26. Each element has its own characteristic atomic number. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, however. Atoms of the same element (i. , atoms with the same number of protons) with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Most naturally occurring elements exist as isotopes. For example, most hydrogen atoms have a single proton in their nucleus. However, a small number (about one in a million) of hydrogen atoms have a proton and a neutron in their nuclei. This particular isotope of hydrogen is called deuterium. A very rare form of hydrogen has one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus; this isotope of hydrogen is called tritium. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called the mass number of the isotope. Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books.
How do oceans help control global warming?	Cooling air	releasing oxygen	reflecting light	absorbing carbon dioxide	Ocean water also absorbs gases from the atmosphere. The most important are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is needed by living things in the oceans. Much of the carbon dioxide sinks to the bottom of the seas. Carbon dioxide is a major cause of global warming. By absorbing carbon dioxide, the oceans help control global warming.
What occurs between long warm climate periods?	drought	hurricanes	mass extinction	ice ages	Earth’s climate has changed many times. Long warm periods were broken up by ice ages. Over the past 150 years, climate has warmed quickly.
Which state of matter is characterized by molecules with minimal movement and strong forces between them?	gas	plasma	liquid	solid	Three main types of particles that make up all atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall as it shrivels. what is this process called?	osmosis	sporozoans	fluctuations	plasmolysis	A cell that does not have a rigid cell wall (such as a red blood cell), will swell and lyse (burst) when placed in a hypotonic solution. Cells with a cell wall will swell when placed in a hypotonic solution, but once the cell is turgid (firm), the tough cell wall prevents any more water from entering the cell. When placed in a hypertonic solution, a cell without a cell wall will lose water to the environment, shrivel, and probably die. In a hypertonic solution, a cell with a cell wall will lose water too. The plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall as it shrivels, a process called plasmolysis. Animal cells tend to do best in an isotonic environment, plant cells tend to do best in a hypotonic environment. This is demonstrated in Figure below .
What collects fluid from a system of canals in the cytoplasm?	chlorophyll	placenta	mitochondria	vacuole
What is the name of artificial barriers that people build to protect shorelines?	outcroppings	seawalls	domes	breakwaters	Only a tiny fraction of the ocean floor has ever been studied. Why? Humans can’t travel deep below the water’s surface without special vehicles. The pressure of the water is too great. Total darkness and extreme cold make it even more difficult. That’s why people have worked for decades to invent technology for studying the ocean floor.
How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?	3	4	10	5	Nitrogen is a diatomic element with five valence electrons. Create a model of a molecule of nitrogen.
What is the term for a particle from outside the cell engulfing the cells membrane?	mitosis	metastasis	endometriosis	endocytosis	In endocytosis, a substance or particle from outside the cell is engulfed by the cell membrane. The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane. There are two main kinds of endocytosis: pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
The kidney glomerulus filters blood mainly based on particle size to produce a filtrate lacking cells or large what?	steroids	lipids	carbohydrates	proteins	CHAPTER REVIEW 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine The kidney glomerulus filters blood mainly based on particle size to produce a filtrate lacking cells or large proteins. Most of the ions and molecules in the filtrate are needed by the body and must be reabsorbed farther down the nephron tubules, resulting in the formation of urine. Urine characteristics change depending on water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, and nutrient intake. Urinalysis analyzes characteristics of the urine and is used to diagnose diseases. A minimum of 400 to 500 mL urine must be produced daily to rid the body of wastes. Excessive quantities of urine may indicate diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. The pH range of urine is 4.5 to 8.0, and is affected by diet. Osmolarity ranges from 50 to 1200 milliosmoles, and is a reflection of the amount of water being recovered or lost by renal nephrons.
What is the general composition of the continental crust?	sandstone	limestone	marble	granite	The average composition of continental crust is granite.
What term refers to the conditions of the atmosphere from day to day?	humidity	climate	temperture	weather	Climate is the average weather in an area over a long period of time. Weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere from day to day. Climate is generally described in terms of temperature and moisture.
Gases such as neon, argon, and krypton produce what using electroluminescence?	electricity	heat	colors	light	Another type of luminescence is called electroluminescence. In this process, a substance gives off light when an electric current passes through it. Gases such as neon, argon, and krypton produce light by this means. The car dash lights in the Figure below are produced by electroluminescence.
By how many weeks do all major organs start developing?	9	4	12	8
Surface tension is a property that can be found in what state of matter?	water	ice	vapor	liquid	12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation 4. You can squirt water a considerably greater distance by placing your thumb over the end of a garden hose and then releasing, than by leaving it completely uncovered. Explain how this works. Water is shot nearly vertically upward in a decorative fountain and the stream is observed to broaden as it rises. Conversely, a stream of water falling straight down from a faucet narrows. Explain why, and discuss whether surface tension enhances or reduces the effect in each case. Look back to Figure 12.4. Answer the following two questions. Why is.
A plant that forms special tissues for storing water in an arid climate is an example of the plant evolving what?	divergence	consciousness	additions	adaptations	Organisms evolve adaptations that help them survive in the climate of the biome where they live. For example, in biomes with arid climates, plants may have special tissues for storing water (see Figure below ). The desert animals pictured in Figure below also have adaptations for a dry climate.
What organ is made up of over one million nephrons that dot the renal cortex?	lungs	stomach	gall bladder	kidney	Which of the following statements about the kidney is false? a. The renal pelvis drains into the ureter. The renal pyramids are in the medulla. The cortex covers the capsule. Nephrons are in the renal cortex. Because the kidney filters blood, its network of blood vessels is an important component of its structure and function. The arteries, veins, and nerves that supply the kidney enter and exit at the renal hilum. Renal blood supply starts with the branching of the aorta into the renal arteries (which are each named based on the region of the kidney they pass through) and ends with the exiting of the renal veins to join the inferior vena cava. The renal arteries split into several segmental arteries upon entering the kidneys. Each segmental artery splits further into several interlobar arteries and enters the renal columns, which supply the renal lobes. The interlobar arteries split at the junction of the renal cortex and medulla to form the arcuate arteries. The arcuate “bow shaped” arteries form arcs along the base of the medullary pyramids. Cortical radiate arteries, as the name suggests, radiate out from the arcuate arteries. The cortical radiate arteries branch into numerous afferent arterioles, and then enter the capillaries supplying the nephrons. Veins trace the path of the arteries and have similar names, except there are no segmental veins. As mentioned previously, the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, illustrated in Figure 41.6. Each kidney is made up of over one million nephrons that dot the renal cortex, giving it a granular appearance when sectioned sagittally. There are two types of nephrons— cortical nephrons (85 percent), which are deep in the renal cortex, and juxtamedullary nephrons (15 percent), which lie in the renal cortex close to the renal medulla. A nephron consists of three parts—a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and the associated capillary network, which originates from the cortical radiate arteries.
Human metabolism is the conversion of food into heat transfer, work, and this?	stored protein	stored atp	stored carbs	stored fat	Human Metabolism and the First Law of Thermodynamics Human metabolism is the conversion of food into heat transfer, work, and stored fat. Metabolism is an interesting example of the first law of thermodynamics in action. We now take another look at these topics via the first law of thermodynamics. Considering the body as the system of interest, we can use the first law to examine heat transfer, doing work, and internal energy in activities ranging from sleep to heavy exercise. What are some of the major characteristics of heat transfer, doing work, and energy in the body? For one, body temperature is normally kept constant by heat transfer to the surroundings. This means Q is negative. Another fact is that the body usually does work on the outside world. This means then, the body loses internal energy, since.
What organ do mammals have that is exceptionally large for their body size?	liver	lungs	heart	brain	Cerebral Cortex Compared to other vertebrates, mammals have exceptionally large brains for their body size. An entire alligator’s brain, for example, would fill about one and a half teaspoons. This increase in brain to body size ratio is especially pronounced in apes, whales, and dolphins. While this increase in overall brain size doubtlessly played a role in the evolution of complex behaviors unique to mammals, it does not tell the whole story. Scientists have found a relationship between the relatively high surface area of the cortex and the intelligence and complex social behaviors exhibited by some mammals. This increased surface area is due, in part, to increased folding of the cortical sheet (more sulci and gyri). For example, a rat cortex is very smooth with very few sulci and gyri. Cat and sheep cortices have more sulci and gyri. Chimps, humans, and dolphins have even more.
Mammals have four limbs and produce what kind of eggs?	hard-shelled	placental	umbilical	amniotic	Mammals have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs.
Name the missing call of biochemical compound: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.	tissues	enzymes	microorganisms	lipids	Lipids are one of four classes of biochemical compounds, which are compounds that make up living things and carry out life processes. (The other three classes of biochemical compounds are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. ) Living things use lipids to store energy. Lipids are also the major components of cell membranes in living things. Types of lipids include fats and oils.
The ether functional group consists of an oxygen atom which forms single bonds with what other atoms?	enzymes	hydrogen	acid	carbon	The ether functional group consists of an oxygen atom which forms single bonds with two carbon atoms.
In celsius, what is the boiling point of water?	ninety eight degrees	zero degrees	two hundred twelve degrees	one hundred degrees	The crystal structure of ionic compounds is strong and rigid. It takes a lot of energy to break all those ionic bonds. As a result, ionic compounds are solids with high melting and boiling points. You can see the melting and boiling points of several different ionic compounds in the Table below . To appreciate how high they are, consider that the melting and boiling points of water, which is not an ionic compound, are 0°C and 100°C, respectively.
What is the process where sperm from the pollen of one flower fertilizes the egg of another flower?	mitosis	static pollination	inter-pollination	cross-pollination	In cross-pollination , sperm from the pollen of one flower fertilizes the egg of another flower. Like other types of sexual reproduction, cross-pollination allows new combinations of traits. Cross-pollination occurs when pollen is carried by the wind to another flower. It can also occur when animal pollinators, like honeybees or butterflies ( Figure below ), carry the pollen from flower to flower.

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