question
stringlengths 14
399
| distractor3
stringlengths 1
63
| distractor1
stringlengths 1
57
| distractor2
stringlengths 1
62
| correct_answer
stringlengths 1
67
| support
stringlengths 0
3.56k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What is an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids called? | a compound | a carbohydrate | a fat | a protein | A protein is an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids . There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in the proteins of living things. Small proteins may contain just a few hundred amino acids, whereas large proteins may contain thousands of amino acids. |
A solute generally does what to the freezing point of a solvent? | increases it | regulates it | raises it | lowers it | A solute generally lowers the freezing point of a solvent, which is called freezing point depression. For example, spreading salt on an icy road melts the ice. |
The quarks in a particle are confined, meaning individual quarks cannot be what? | hypothesized | separated | changed | directly observed | Identify evidence for electroweak unification. The quarks in a particle are confined, meaning individual quarks cannot be directly observed. Are gluons confined as well? Explain. |
The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as what? | photosynthesis | Digestion | Respiration | glycolysis | The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as glycolysis. |
What is the primary gas produced from burning of wood? | toxic dioxide | liquid dioxide | Hydrogen Dioxide | carbon dioxide | When wood burns, it changes to ashes, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. You can see ashes in the wood fire pictured here. The gases are invisible. |
What type of transport requires no energy and occurs when substances move from areas of higher to lower concentration? | active transport | immune transport | bacterial transport | passive transport | Passive transport requires no energy. It occurs when substances move from areas of higher to lower concentration. Types of passive transport include simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. |
What is the force of attraction between a positive metal ion and valence electrons? | galactic bond | liquid bond | covalent bond | metallic bond | A metallic bond is the force of attraction between a positive metal ion and the valence electrons that surround it—both its own valence electrons and those of other ions of the same metal. The ions and electrons form a lattice-like structure. Only metals, such as the copper pictured in the Figure below , form metallic bonds. |
How many times does the height of the largest wave increase with each level? | 5 times | 20 times | 100 times | 10 times | Richter scale magnitudes jump from one level to the next. The height of the largest wave increases 10 times with each level. So the height of the largest seismic wave of a magnitude 5 quake is 10 times that of a magnitude 4 quake. A magnitude 5 is 100 times that of a magnitude 3 quake. With each level, thirty times more energy is released. A difference of two levels on the Richter scale equals 900 times more released energy. |
What does unequal heating of the atmosphere cause? | humidity | water | flares | weather | Weather occurs because of unequal heating of the atmosphere. The source of heat is the Sun. The general principles behind weather can be stated simply:. |
Which vitamin is made in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight? | Riboflavin | Vitamin C | Vitamin B1 | vitamin d | Some sunlight is good for your health. Vitamin D is made in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. But getting too much sun can be unhealthy. A sunburn is a burn to the skin that is caused by overexposure to UV radiation from the sun's rays or tanning beds. |
During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble what into proteins? | DNA Acids | rna acids | polymer acids | amino acids | Figure 4.13 Ribosomes are made up of a large subunit (top) and a small subunit (bottom). During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins. |
If particles have enough kinetic energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them, matter exists as a what? | vapor | liquid | solid | gas | If particles have enough kinetic energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them, matter exists as a gas. The particles can pull apart and spread out. This explains why gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. |
Where is chlorine gas produced? | epidermis | in the nucleus | carbon cycle | at the anode | It may be logical to assume that the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride, called brine , would yield the same result through the same reactions as the process in molten NaCl. However, the reduction reaction that occurs at the cathode does not produce sodium metal because the water is reduced instead. This is because the reduction potential for water is only -0.83 V compared to -2.71 V for the reduction of sodium ions. This makes the reduction of water preferable because its reduction potential is less negative. Chlorine gas is still produced at the anode, just as in the electrolysis of molten NaCl. |
What is the study of energy and how it interacts with matter? | kinetics | quantum mechanics | cosmology | physics | Physics is the study of energy and how it interacts with matter. Important concepts in physics include motion, forces such as magnetism and gravity, and different forms of energy. Physics concepts can answer all the questions on the right page of the notebook in Figure above . |
What structure of the body falls between cells and organs in complexity? | proteins | muscles | molecules | tissues | The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell. Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs. Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems. |
The relationships between groups of different species makes up a ___________. | food chain | species | family | community | A community is made up of the relationships between groups of different species. For example, the desert communities consist of rabbits, coyotes, snakes, birds, mice and such plants as sahuaro cactus, ocotillo, and creosote bush. Community structure can be disturbed by such dynamics as fire, human activity, and over-population. |
An offspring that inherits a mutation in a gamete will have the mutation in all of its? | eggs | seeds | proteins | cells | Mutations that occur in gametes can be passed on to offspring. An offspring that inherits a mutation in a gamete will have the mutation in all of its cells. |
How do organisms grow and repair themselves? | symbosis | cell death | mutation | cell division | Cell division is how organisms grow and repair themselves. It is also how many organisms produce offspring. For many single-celled organisms, reproduction is a similar process. The parent cell simply divides to form two daughter cells that are identical to the parent. In many other organisms, two parents are involved, and the offspring are not identical to the parents. In fact, each offspring is unique. Look at the family in Figure below . The children resemble their parents, but they are not identical to them. Instead, each has a unique combination of characteristics inherited from both parents. |
What do halogens require electrons to achieve? | fusion | coupling | formation | octet | Chapter 7 The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends In , we presented the contemporary quantum mechanical model of the atom. In using this model to describe the electronic structures of the elements in order of increasing atomic number, we saw that periodic similarities in electron configuration correlate with periodic similarities in properties, which is the basis for the structure of the periodic table. For example, the noble gases have what is often called filled or closed-shell valence electron configurations. These closed shells are actually filled s and psubshells with a total of eight electrons, which are called octets; helium is an exception, with a closed 1s shell that has only two electrons. Because of their filled valence shells, the noble gases are generally unreactive. In contrast, the alkali metals have a single valence electron outside a closed shell and readily lose this electron to elements that require electrons to achieve an octet, such as the halogens. Thus because of their periodic similarities in electron configuration, atoms in the same column of the periodic table tend to form compounds with the same oxidation states and stoichiometries. ended with the observation that, because all the elements in a column have the same valence electron configuration, the periodic table can be used to find the electron configuration of most of the elements at a glance. |
What is the percentage of earthquakes that take place within a plate, away from plate boundaries? | 6% | 4 % | 3 % | 5% | About 5% of earthquakes take place within a plate, away from plate boundaries. These intraplate earthquakes are caused by stresses within a plate. Since plates move over a spherical surface, zones of weakness are created. Intraplate earthquakes happen along these zones of weakness. The earthquakes may take place along ancient faults or rift zones. |
Despite their name, what scientists study the atmosphere rather than colliding space rocks? | astronomers | forecasters | astronauts | meteorologists | Meteorologists don’t study meteors — they study the atmosphere! The word “meteor” refers to things in the air. Meteorology includes the study of weather patterns, clouds, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Meteorology is very important. Using radars and satellites, meteorologists work to predict, or forecast, the weather ( Figure below ). |
What is an insect's hard outer exoskeleton made out of? | melanin | lectin | casein | chitin | Figure 3.11 Insects have a hard outer exoskeleton made of chitin, a type of polysaccharide. (credit: Louise Docker). |
What illnesses are caused by damage to the alveoli of the lungs? | smoking and emphysema | avian and emphysema | chronic and emphysema | pneumonia and emphysema | Pneumonia and emphysema are caused by damage to the alveoli of the lungs. |
What do you call a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area? | biosphere | system | ecosystem | population | Communities are made up of populations of different species. In biology, a population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. The population is the unit of natural selection and evolution. How large a population is and how fast it is growing are often used as measures of its health. |
All the genes in all the members of a population make up its what? | longevity | phenotype | diversity | gene pool | A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. All the genes in all the members of a population make up the population’s gene pool . For each gene, the gene pool includes all the different alleles in the population. The gene pool can be described by its allele frequencies for specific genes. The frequency of an allele is the number of copies of that allele divided by the total number of alleles for the gene in the gene pool. |
Although some have suggested that the uvula is what type of organ, it actually serves an important purpose? | remnant | essential | parietal | vestigial | A fleshy bead of tissue called the uvula drops down from the center of the posterior edge of the soft palate. Although some have suggested that the uvula is a vestigial organ, it serves an important purpose. When you swallow, the soft palate and uvula move upward, helping to keep foods and liquid from entering the nasal cavity. Unfortunately, it can also contribute to the sound produced by snoring. Two muscular folds extend downward from the soft palate, on either side of the uvula. Toward the front, the palatoglossal arch lies next to the base of the tongue; behind it, the palatopharyngeal arch forms the superior and lateral margins of the fauces. Between these two arches are the palatine tonsils, clusters of lymphoid tissue that protect the pharynx. The lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue. |
The differences in the biomes is due to differences in the what factors? | air quality | biological | temperature | abiotic | The differences in the biomes are due to differences in the abiotic factors , especially climate. Climate is the typical weather in an area over a long period of time. The climate includes the amount of rainfall and the average temperature in the region. Obviously, the climate in the desert is much different than the climate in the rainforest. As a result, different types of plants and animals live in each biome. |
What increases the chances of someone inheriting a mitochondrial disease? | presence of defect ornithopods and undefected mtdna | presence of defect transgenic and defect mtdna | presence of defect transgenic and undefected mtdna | presence of defect mtdna and undefected mtdna | Unfortunately, maternal mt(DNA)is susceptible to mutations which are a cause of inherited disease, such as breast cancer. Although, it is important to note that most mutations do not lead to defected mtDNA. Heteroplasmy is the presence of a mixture of more than one type of mtDNA. Most people have homoplasmic cells, meaning that their cells contain only normal, undefected mtDNA. However, people with both normal, undefected mtDNA and not normal, defected mtDNA, may inherit mitochondrial diseases. The ultimate condition leading to disease is when the proportion of mutant mtDNA reaches a threshold, after which the cell can no longer cope, resulting in disease. This threshold varies among different tissues and different mutations. |
What is often the cause of phenotypic differences between identical twins? | learned behavior | natural selection | genetics | environment | Scientists often study the effects of environment on phenotype by studying identical twins. Identical twins have the same genes, so phenotypic differences between twins often have an environmental cause. Twin studies help understand the relative importance of environmental and genetic influences on individual traits and behaviors. Twins are a valuable source of information concerning the relationship between genes and environment. As monozygotic twins (identical) share their nuclear DNA, their polymorphisms , the nucleotide differences that make their DNA unique, are common to the two individuals. This means that any phenotypic variation, such as in height, intelligence, or any other measurable trait, is due to the environment. What is different about the experiences of the twins? What unique experiences might one twin have that the other twin did not have? By comparing phenotypes of hundreds of twins, researchers can understand the roles of genetics, shared environment and unique experiences in the formation and development of specific traits. |
What kind of equal and opposite forces cancel one another out when they act on the same object? | combined | solid | exact | balanced | You might think that actions and reactions would cancel each other out like balanced forces do. Balanced forces, which are also equal and opposite, cancel each other out because they act on the same object. Action and reaction forces, in contrast, act on different objects, so they don’t cancel each other out and, in fact, often result in motion. For example, in Figure above , the kangaroo’s action acts on the ground, but the ground’s reaction acts on the kangaroo. As a result, the kangaroo jumps away from the ground. One of the action-reaction examples in the Figure above does not result in motion. Do you know which one it is?. |
What are two other terms for dizygotic twins, which make good study subjects because they share many environmental conditions, but only about half of their polymorphisms? | interdependant twins | fractional | identical twins | fraternal, non-identical | Dizygotic twins (fraternal or non-identical) share only about half of their polymorphisms. These twins are helpful to study as they tend to share many aspects of their environment. As they are born in the same place, usually within a few minutes of each other, they share many environmental conditions. They had the same in utero environment, they usually have a similar or the same parenting style during their childhood, and a similar or the same education. Similarities during childhood usually occur with wealth, culture, and their community. |
Many diseases arise from genetic mutations that prevent the synthesis of critical what? | lipids | oils | acids | proteins | Geneticist Many diseases arise from genetic mutations that prevent the synthesis of critical proteins. One such disease is Lowe disease (also called oculocerebrorenal syndrome, because it affects the eyes, brain, and kidneys). In Lowe disease, there is a deficiency in an enzyme localized to the Golgi apparatus. Children with Lowe disease are born with cataracts, typically develop kidney disease after the first year of life, and may have impaired mental abilities. Lowe disease is a genetic disease caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. The X chromosome is one of the two human sex chromosome, as these chromosomes determine a person's sex. Females possess two X chromosomes while males possess one X and one Y chromosome. In females, the genes on only one of the two X chromosomes are expressed. Therefore, females who carry the Lowe disease gene on one of their X chromosomes have a 50/50 chance of having the disease. However, males only have one X chromosome and the genes on this chromosome are always expressed. Therefore, males will always have Lowe disease if their X chromosome carries the Lowe disease gene. The location of the mutated gene, as well as the locations of many other mutations that cause genetic diseases, has now been identified. Through prenatal testing, a woman can find out if the fetus she is carrying may be afflicted with one of several genetic diseases. Geneticists analyze the results of prenatal genetic tests and may counsel pregnant women on available options. They may also conduct genetic research that leads to new drugs or foods, or perform DNA analyses that are used in forensic investigations. |
Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that causes gradual deterioration of what? | fluids | nerves | brain | muscles | |
Plants obtain their energy from the sun through photosynthesis , what do animals obtain their energy from? | ultraviolet rays | tissues | proteins | organisms | All organisms have the ability to grow and reproduce. To grow and reproduce, organisms must get materials and energy from the environment. Plants obtain their energy from the sun through photosynthesis , whereas animals obtain their energy from other organisms. Either way, these plants and animals, as well as the bacteria and fungi, are constantly interacting with other species as well as the non-living parts of their ecosystem. |
What type of fibrous joint is found between most bones of the skull? | trecature | lobiture | aperture | suture | 9.2 | Fibrous Joints By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the structural features of fibrous joints • Distinguish between a suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis • Give an example of each type of fibrous joint At a fibrous joint, the adjacent bones are directly connected to each other by fibrous connective tissue, and thus the bones do not have a joint cavity between them (Figure 9.5). The gap between the bones may be narrow or wide. There are three types of fibrous joints. A suture is the narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of the skull. At a syndesmosis joint, the bones are more widely separated but are held together by a narrow band of fibrous connective tissue called a ligament or a wide sheet of connective tissue called an interosseous membrane. This type of fibrous joint is found between the shaft regions of the long bones in the forearm and in the leg. Lastly, a gomphosis is the narrow fibrous joint between the roots of a tooth and the bony socket in the jaw into which the tooth fits. |
Innate behaviors occur in all animals. however, they are less common in species with higher levels of what? | nonverbal communication | hormones | interdependence | intelligence | Innate behaviors occur in all animals. However, they are less common in species with higher levels of intelligence. Humans are the most intelligent species, and they have very few innate behaviors. The only innate behaviors in humans are reflexes. A reflex is a response that always occurs when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a human infant will grasp an object, such as a finger, that is placed in its palm. The infant has no control over this reaction because it is innate. Other than reflexes such as this, human behaviors are learned–or at least influenced by experience—rather than being innate. |
The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements in order of increasing what? | negative numbers | gravity numbers | metallic numbers | atomic numbers | Summary The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements that exhibit similar chemistry appear in vertical columns calledgroups (numbered 1–18 from left to right); the seven horizontal rows are calledperiods. Some of the groups have widely used common names, including thealkali metals (group 1) and the alkaline earth metals (group 2) on the far left, and the halogens (group 17) and the noble gases (group 18) on the far right. The elements can be broadly divided into metals, nonmetals, and semimetals. Semimetals exhibit properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Metals are located on the left of the periodic table, and nonmetals are located on the upper right. They are separated by a diagonal band of semimetals. Metals are lustrous, good conductors of electricity, and readily shaped (they areductile and malleable), whereas solid nonmetals are generally brittle and poor electrical conductors. Other important groupings of elements in the periodic table are the main group elements, the transition metals, the lanthanides, and the actinides. |
What type of ions play critical roles in light-dependent reactions? | helium | calcium | silicon | hydrogen | The replacing of the electron enables chlorophyll to respond to another photon. The oxygen molecules produced as byproducts find their way to the surrounding environment. The hydrogen ions play critical roles in the remainder of the light-dependent reactions. Keep in mind that the purpose of the light-dependent reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical carriers that will be used in the Calvin cycle. In eukaryotes and some prokaryotes, two photosystems exist. The first is called photosystem II, which was named for the order of its discovery rather than for the order of the function. After the photon hits, photosystem II transfers the free electron to the first in a series of proteins inside the thylakoid membrane called the electron transport chain. As the electron passes along these proteins, energy from the electron fuels membrane pumps that actively move hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient from the stroma into the thylakoid space. This is quite analogous to the process that occurs in the mitochondrion in which an electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial stroma across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. After the energy is used, the electron is accepted by a pigment molecule in the next photosystem, which is called photosystem I (Figure 5.13). |
What moves nitrogen back and forth between the atmosphere and organisms? | the leakage cycle | the calcium cycle | the Krebs cycle | the nitrogen cycle | The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen back and forth between the atmosphere and organisms. |
What is caused by human actions that releases chemical substances and particles into the air? | heavy pollution | CFO pollution | Improper Emissions | air pollution | Recall that air pollution is due to chemical substances and particles released into the air mainly by human actions. When most people think of air pollution, they think of the pollution outdoors. But it is just as easy to have indoor air pollution. Your home or school classroom probably doesn't get much fresh air. Sealing up your home reduces heating and cooling costs. But this also causes air pollution to stay trapped indoors. And people today usually spend a majority of their time indoors. So exposure to indoor air pollution can become a significant health risk. |
The human body has as many as two trillion lymphocytes, and lymphocytes make up about 25% of all of what? | glands | red blood cells | pathogens | leukocytes | The human body has as many as two trillion lymphocytes, and lymphocytes make up about 25% of all leukocytes. The majority of lymphocytes are found in the lymphatic system, where they are most likely to encounter pathogens. The rest are found in the blood. There are two major types of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells. These cells get their names from the organs in which they mature. B cells mature in bone marrow, and T cells mature in the thymus. Both B and T cells recognize and respond to particular pathogens. |
What chemical substances are secreted by animals that communicate by odor or taste? | acids | alaki | hormones | pheromones | |
Hydropower is generated with what natural resource? | fire | light | air | water | Hydropower utilizes the energy of falling water. |
What are the three types of rocks? | opaque , sedimentary , metamorphic | igneous, sedimentary, mixed | igneous, orbital, metamorphic | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic | You learned about the three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. You also learned that all of these rocks can change. In fact, any rock can change to become any other type of rock. These changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earth’s surface. Some changes happen above ground. These changes are all part of the rock cycle. The rock cycle describes each of the main types of rocks, how they form, and how they change. |
How do yeasts reproduce asexually? | by synchronizing | by outcropping | by merging | by budding | Yeasts do not produce spores. Instead, they reproduce asexually by budding. Budding is the pinching off of an offspring from the parent cell. The offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent. Budding in yeast is pictured in Figure below . |
How many chromosomes are in each set? | 13 | 22 | 21 | 23 | Human cells normally have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. There are 23 chromosomes in each set, for a total of 46 chromosomes per cell. Each chromosome in one set is matched by a chromosome of the same type in the other set, so there are actually 23 pairs of chromosomes per cell. Each pair consists of chromosomes of the same size and shape that also contain the same genes. The chromosomes in a pair are known as homologous chromosomes . |
Iron is oxidized to fe2+(aq) at an anodic site on the surface of the iron, which is often an impurity or this? | ladder complex | displacement defect | spontaneous mutation | lattice defect | Iron is oxidized to Fe2+(aq) at an anodic site on the surface of the iron, which is often an impurity or a lattice defect. Oxygen is reduced to water at a different site on the surface of the iron, which acts as the cathode. Electrons are transferred from the anode to the cathode through the electrically conductive metal. Water is a solvent for the Fe2+ that is produced initially and acts as a salt bridge. Rust (Fe2O3·xH2O) is formed by the subsequent oxidation of Fe2+ by atmospheric oxygen. In the corrosion process, iron metal acts as the anode in a galvanic cell and is oxidized to Fe2+; oxygen is reduced to water at the cathode. The relevant reactions are as follows:. |
Each species has a characteristic number of what coiled structures made of dna and proteins? | prokaryotes | genes | ribosomes | chromosomes | Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins called histones ( Figure below ). Chromosomes are the form of the genetic material of a cell during cell division. See the "Chromosomes" section for additional information. |
What is the name for tiny animals that feed on phytoplankton? | jellyfish | larvae | krill | zooplankton | Plankton are tiny aquatic organisms that cannot move on their own. They live in the photic zone. They include phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are bacteria and algae that use sunlight to make food. Zooplankton are tiny animals that feed on phytoplankton. |
What do marine autotrophs acquire in carbonic acid, its dissolved form? | carbon monoxide | silicon dioxide | chlorine dioxide | carbon dioxide | The Biological Carbon Cycle Living organisms are connected in many ways, even between ecosystems. A good example of this connection is the exchange of carbon between heterotrophs and autotrophs within and between ecosystems by way of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the basic building block that autotrophs use to build multi-carbon, high-energy compounds, such as glucose. The energy harnessed from the Sun is used by these organisms to form the covalent bonds that link carbon atoms together. These chemical bonds store this energy for later use in the process of respiration. Most terrestrial autotrophs obtain their carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere, while marine autotrophs acquire it in the dissolved form (carbonic acid, HCO3–). However the carbon dioxide is acquired, a byproduct of fixing carbon in organic compounds is oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms are responsible for maintaining approximately 21 percent of the oxygen content of the atmosphere that we observe today. The partners in biological carbon exchange are the heterotrophs (especially the primary consumers, largely herbivores). Heterotrophs acquire the high-energy carbon compounds from the autotrophs by consuming them and breaking them down by respiration to obtain cellular energy, such as ATP. The most efficient type of respiration, aerobic respiration, requires oxygen obtained from the atmosphere or dissolved in water. Thus, there is a constant exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the autotrophs (which need the carbon) and the heterotrophs (which need the oxygen). Autotrophs also respire and consume the organic molecules they form: using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. They release more oxygen gas as a waste product of photosynthesis than they use for their own respiration; therefore, there is excess available for the respiration of other aerobic organisms. Gas exchange through the atmosphere and water is one way that the carbon cycle connects all living organisms on Earth. The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle The movement of carbon through land, water, and air is complex, and, in many cases, it occurs much more slowly geologically than the movement between living organisms. Carbon is stored for long periods in what are known as carbon reservoirs, which include the atmosphere, bodies of liquid water (mostly oceans), ocean sediment, soil, rocks (including fossil fuels), and Earth’s interior. |
Asexual, sexual, budding, and parthenogenesis are all forms of what? | absorption | photosynthesis | hibernation | reproduction | REVIEW QUESTIONS 4. Which form of reproduction is thought to be best in a stable environment? a. asexual b. sexual c. budding d. parthenogenesis 5. Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal? a. asexual b. fragmentation c. budding d. parthenogenesis 6. Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually? a. fission b. budding c. parthenogenesis d. hermaphroditism 7. Genetically unique individuals are produced through ________. |
For an exothermic chemical reaction, energy is given off as reactants are converted to what? | imports | exports | forms | products | For an exothermic chemical reaction, energy is given off as reactants are converted to products. In chemical reactions where the products have a higher energy than the reactants, the reactants must absorb energy from their environment to react. These reactions are endothermic and can be represented by an energy-level diagram like the one shown in http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch07_s04_f02. Figure 7.4 Endothermic Reactions. |
Which is the ultimate energy source in a bear's food chain? | heat | decomposers | plants | sun | Bears get their energy from their food. Brown bears eat a varied diet, from nuts and berries to fish and other animals. When bears eat a berry, they are obtaining energy that the plant originally captured from the sun. Even when a bear eats another animal, the energy in that animal ultimately came from eating a producer that captured the sun's energy. |
Insect's antennae are useful for sensing what? | sunlight | contaminants | microorganisms | chemicals | Insects have six legs and a pair of antennae for sensing chemicals. They also have several eyes and specialized mouthparts for feeding. |
"endocrine" and "exocrine" are two types of what? | cells | organs | fluids | glands | The ductless endocrine glands are not to be confused with the body’s exocrine system, whose glands release their secretions through ducts. Examples of exocrine glands include the sebaceous and sweat glands of the skin. As just noted, the pancreas also has an exocrine function: most of its cells secrete pancreatic juice through the pancreatic and accessory ducts to the lumen of the small intestine. |
What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration? | passive transport | concentration | Osmosis | diffusion | Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
What factors determine the effect of a gene? | ribosomes | metabolites | genomes | alleles | For example, remember that for the height gene in pea plants there are two possible factors. These factors are alleles. There is a dominant allele for tallness (T) and a recessive allele for shortness (t) . |
What type of craniates have backbones? | larva | juveniles | invertebrates | vertebrates | 34.3 Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone. |
What are the most numerous blood cells? | platelets | neutrophils | white blood cells | red blood cells | |
How do autotrophs get food? | From Plant matter | From Water | Soak up from host cell | make their own | Autotrophs make their own food. Heterotrophs get food by eating other living things. |
In boys, what hormone stimulates the growth of the larynx and thickening and lengthening of the vocal folds, which causes the voice to drop in pitch during puberty? | Petuitary | Sexual | Endocrine | testosterone | years or more. During this time, a girl’s height can increase 3 inches a year. The next step in puberty is menarche, the start of menstruation. In boys, the growth of the testes is typically the first physical sign of the beginning of puberty, which is followed by growth and pigmentation of the scrotum and growth of the penis. The next step is the growth of hair, including armpit, pubic, chest, and facial hair. Testosterone stimulates the growth of the larynx and thickening and lengthening of the vocal folds, which causes the voice to drop in pitch. The first fertile ejaculations typically appear at approximately 15 years of age, but this age can vary widely across individual boys. Unlike the early growth spurt observed in females, the male growth spurt occurs toward the end of puberty, at approximately age 11 to 13, and a boy’s height can increase as much as 4 inches a year. In some males, pubertal development can continue through the early 20s. |
What is an ionic compound that produces negative hydroxide ions when dissolved in water | isomer | catalyst | acid | base | A base is an ionic compound that produces negative hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Bases taste bitter and turn red litmus paper blue. |
What is the name for the disease in which cells divide out of control? | angina | diabetes | mutation | cancer | Knowledge gained by this basic research on yeast cells has been applied to practical problems. Scientists have developed drugs to treat cancer based on knowledge of the cell cycle. Cancer is a disease in which cells divide out of control. The new drugs interfere with the cell cycle of cancer cells, so the cells stop dividing. This is an example of applied science. The aim of applied science is to find solutions to practical problems. Applied science generally rests on knowledge gained by basic science. |
The period immediately following the transmission of an impulse in a nerve or muscle, in which a neuron or muscle cell regains its ability to transmit another impulse, is called the ______ period. | interstitial | activation | extraction | refractory | The deadly nerve gas Sarin irreversibly inhibits acetycholinesterase. What effect would Sarin have on muscle contraction? After depolarization, the membrane returns to its resting state. This is called repolarization, during which voltagegated sodium channels close. Potassium channels continue at 90% conductance. Because the plasma membrane sodium–potassium ATPase always transports ions, the resting state (negatively charged inside relative to the outside) is restored. The period immediately following the transmission of an impulse in a nerve or muscle, in which a neuron or muscle cell regains its ability to transmit another impulse, is called the refractory period. During the refractory period, the membrane cannot generate another action potential. The refractory period allows the voltage-sensitive ion channels to return to their resting configurations. The sodium potassium ATPase continually moves Na+ back out of the cell and K+ back into the cell, and the K+ leaks out leaving negative charge behind. Very quickly, the membrane repolarizes, so that it can again be depolarized. |
What kinds of neutron stars emit radiation in pulses? | dwarf stars | quasars | red giants | pulsars | A pulsar is a rotating neutron star that emits radiation in pulses. A pulsar can only be seen when the beam is pointing toward Earth. Pictured below is a nebular that looks like a cosmic hand ( Figure below ). There is a bright swirl of gas in the wrist of the hand. A very tiny but bright neutron star is in the center of that swirl. |
What is the change in behavior based on experience? | applying | observing | analyzing | learning | |
Competition with what emerging animal group may have led to extinction of cynodonts about 200 million years ago? | insects | reptiles | amphibians | mammals | Cynodonts probably gave rise to mammals about 200 million years ago. However, they are not considered to be mammals themselves. In fact, competition with early mammals may have led to their extinction. They went extinct sometime during the Jurassic or Cretaceous Period. |
Within a bud, what is spaced close together because the internodes are very short? | stems | chordae | roots | leaves | |
What controls the opening to the airway and gut? | electrons | tongue | teeth | mandible | Although it is not found in the skull, the hyoid bone is considered a component of the axial skeleton. The hyoid bone lies below the mandible in the front of the neck. It acts as a movable base for the tongue and is connected to muscles of the jaw, larynx, and tongue. The mandible articulates with the base of the skull. The mandible controls the opening to the airway and gut. In animals with teeth, the mandible brings the surfaces of the teeth in contact with the maxillary teeth. The Vertebral Column The vertebral column, or spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and acts as an attachment point for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck. The adult vertebral column comprises 26 bones: the 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx bones. In the adult, the sacrum is typically composed of five vertebrae that fuse into one. The coccyx is typically 3–4 vertebrae that fuse into one. Around the age of 70, the sacrum and the coccyx may fuse together. We begin life with approximately 33 vertebrae, but as we grow, several vertebrae fuse together. The adult vertebrae are further divided into the 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae (Figure 38.8). |
When there is no mass in a volume of space, the space is not what? | flat | timed | straight | curved | When there is no mass in a volume of space, the space is not curved. An object passing through such space would follow a straight line in our normal way of thinking of a straight line. |
Cells selective for different odorants are interspersed in what anatomical cavity? | mucus | facial | abdominal | nasal | |
What has revolutionized human society over the past several decades? | flight technology | travel technology | food technology | computer technology | Over the past several decades, computer technology has revolutionized human society. Watch this video interview about ways computers have changed people’s lives. Then answer the questions below. |
What do you call the set of seventeen chemical elements possessing particular importance for a variety of industrial processes, used frequently in modern technology? | reactive elements | base chemicals | fossil fuel | rare earth metals | The rare earth metals are a set of seventeen chemical elements (the lanthanide series plus scandium and yttrium) that have particular importance for a variety of industrial processes and are used frequently in modern technology. Despite their name, rare earth metals are actually relatively abundant in the earth’s crust. However, the extraction of many of these metals is quite difficult and has made their supply somewhat limited. They are highly sought after for this reason. Figure below shows the rare earth metals. |
Broca’s area, responsible for the production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech, is nearly always located on what side of the brain? | Hand | back | half | left | are responsible for establishing long-term memory, but the ultimate location of those memories is usually in the region in which the sensory perception was processed. The main sensation associated with the parietal lobe is somatosensation, meaning the general sensations associated with the body. Posterior to the central sulcus is the postcentral gyrus, the primary somatosensory cortex, which is identified as Brodmann’s areas 1, 2, and 3. All of the tactile senses are processed in this area, including touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, and vibration, as well as more general senses of the body such as proprioception and kinesthesia, which are the senses of body position and movement, respectively. Anterior to the central sulcus is the frontal lobe, which is primarily associated with motor functions. The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex. Cells from this region of the cerebral cortex are the upper motor neurons that instruct cells in the spinal cord to move skeletal muscles. Anterior to this region are a few areas that are associated with planned movements. The premotor area is responsible for thinking of a movement to be made. The frontal eye fields are important in eliciting eye movements and in attending to visual stimuli. Broca’s area is responsible for the production of language, or controlling movements responsible for speech; in the vast majority of people, it is located only on the left side. Anterior to these regions is the prefrontal lobe, which serves cognitive functions that can be the basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness. The prefrontal lobotomy is an outdated mode of treatment for personality disorders (psychiatric conditions) that profoundly affected the personality of the patient. |
Which theory is the idea that the characteristics of living organisms are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to their offspring? | fossil theory | species theory | evolution theory | gene theory | The gene theory is the idea that the characteristics of living organisms are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to their offspring. A gene is a segment of DNA that has the instructions to encode a protein. Genes are located on larger structures, called chromosomes , that are found inside every cell. Chromosomes, in turn, contain large molecules known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Molecules of DNA are encoded with instructions that tell cells what to do. To see how this happens, click on the animation titled Journey into DNA at the following link: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna. html . |
Phylum chordata consists of two subphyla of invertebrates, as well as the hagfishes and what else? | cells | lipids | organs | vertebrates | |
What forms when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures? | carbon dioxide | oxygen oxide | ammonia oxide | nitrogen oxide | Nitrogen oxides form when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures. This occurs in hot exhausts from vehicles, factories, and power plants. |
The posterior end of a typical rib is called what? | bottom | neck | chest | head | Parts of a Typical Rib The posterior end of a typical rib is called the head of the rib (see Figure 7.27). This region articulates primarily with the costal facet located on the body of the same numbered thoracic vertebra and to a lesser degree, with the costal facet located on the body of the next higher vertebra. Lateral to the head is the narrowed neck of the rib. A small bump on the posterior rib surface is the tubercle of the rib, which articulates with the facet located on the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra. The remainder of the rib is the body of the rib (shaft). Just lateral to the tubercle is the angle of the rib, the point at which the rib has its greatest degree of curvature. The angles of the ribs form the most posterior extent of the thoracic cage. In the anatomical position, the angles align with the medial border of the scapula. A shallow costal groove for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve is found along the inferior margin of each rib. |
What is the name of the process in which solid food waste is passed out of the body? | regurgitation | extinction | evaporation | elimination | Some substances in food cannot be broken down into nutrients. They remain behind in the digestive system after the nutrients are absorbed. Any substances in food that cannot be digested and absorbed pass out of the body as solid waste. The process of passing solid food waste out of the body is called elimination. |
The epidermis consists mainly of what type of cells? | crystalline | cytoplasm | blood cells | epithelial | Cell Layers of the Epidermis. The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells. |
What is the microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells? | entrosome | lysosome | spliceosome | centrosome | Animal Cells versus Plant Cells At this point, you know that each eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and in some, vacuoles, but there are some striking differences between animal and plant cells. While both animal and plant cells have microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), animal cells also have centrioles associated with the MTOC: a complex called the centrosome. Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not. The Centrosome The centrosome is a microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells. It contains a pair of centrioles, two structures that lie perpendicular to each other ( Figure 4.15). Each centriole is a cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules. |
Glucose and fructose are considered this type of sugar? | polysaccharides | alcohols | complex carbohydrates | monosaccharides, or simple | Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides, or simple sugars. |
How many orders can flying birds be divided into? | 19 | 31 | 44 | 29 | Flying birds are divided into 29 orders. The most common orders include landfowl, waterfowl, shorebirds, diurnal and nocturnal raptors, parrots, and perching birds. |
Two types of interference found in waves are constructive and what else? | primitive | osmotic | conductive | destructive | Discussion The intensity goes up by a factor of 4 when the amplitude doubles. This answer is a little disquieting. The two individual waves each have intensities of 1.00 W/m 2 , yet their sum has an intensity of 4.00 W/m 2 , which may appear to violate conservation of energy. This violation, of course, cannot happen. What does happen is intriguing. The area over which the intensity is 4.00 W/m 2 is much less than the area covered by the two waves before they interfered. There are other areas where the intensity is zero. The addition of waves is not as simple as our first look in Superposition and Interference suggested. We actually get a pattern of both constructive interference and destructive interference whenever two waves are added. For example, if we have two stereo speakers putting out 1.00 W/m 2 each, there will be places in the room where the intensity is 4.00 W/m 2 , other places where the intensity is zero, and others in between. Figure 16.45 shows what this interference might look like. We will pursue interference patterns elsewhere in this text. |
What is the name of the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra? | fallopian tube | prostate gland | ureter | vas deferens | The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. |
What effect occurs when a population suddenly gets much smaller, due to natural disaster or other cause? | extinction effect | convergence effect | limitation effect | bottleneck effect | Bottleneck effect occurs when a population suddenly gets much smaller. This might happen because of a natural disaster such as a forest fire. By chance, allele frequencies of the survivors may be different from those of the original population. |
Matching donor and recipient blood types is important because different blood types have different types of what? | coagulants | antigens | charges | antibodies | The ABO blood group system is important if a person needs a blood transfusion. A blood transfusion is the process of putting blood or blood products from one person into the circulatory system of another person. The blood type of the recipient needs to be carefully matched to the blood type of the donor. That's because different blood types have different types of antibodies, or proteins, released by the blood cells. Antibodies attack strange substances in the body. This is a normal part of your immune response, which is your defense against disease. |
Heavily vegetated lands are less likely to experience what? | rains | expansion | drought | flooding | Heavily vegetated lands are less likely to experience flooding. Plants slow down water as it runs over the land, giving it time to enter the ground. If the ground is too wet to absorb more water, plants still slow the water’s passage. Slower water keeps all the water from entering the stream at once. Wetlands play a key role in minimizing the impacts of floods. Wetlands act as a buffer between land and high water levels. Flooding is often more severe in areas that have been recently logged. |
Unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at what joint type are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage? | polymeric joint | proximal joint | knee joint | synovial joint | which the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly against each other, allowing for increased joint mobility. |
What do you call the relationship in which members of one species consume members of another species? | exploitation | parasitism | competition | predation | Predation is a relationship in which members of one species consume members of another species. The consuming species is called the predator. The species that is consumed is called the prey. In Figure below , the wolves are predators, and the moose is their prey. |
In vertebrates, a system of what structures attached to the endoskeleton enables movement? | tissues | nerves | tendons | muscles | Vertebrates have a system of muscles attached to the endoskeleton to enable movement. Muscles control movement by alternately contracting (shortening) and relaxing (lengthening). Generally, muscles work together in opposing pairs. |
What does the central cell develop into after double fertilization? | exosperm | endocell | xygote | endosperm | |
What device is an electrochemical cell or series of cells that produces an electric current? | generator | reactor | magnet | battery | A battery is an electrochemical cell or series of cells that produces an electric current. In principle, any galvanic cell could be used as a battery. An ideal battery would never run down, produce an unchanging voltage, and be capable of withstanding environmental extremes of heat and humidity. Real batteries strike a balance between ideal characteristics and practical limitations. For example, the mass of a car battery is about 18 kg or about 1% of the mass of an average car or light-duty truck. This type of battery would supply nearly unlimited energy if used in a smartphone, but would be rejected for this application because of its mass. Thus, no single battery is “best” and batteries are selected for a particular application, keeping things like the mass of the battery, its cost, reliability, and current capacity in mind. There are two basic types of batteries: primary and secondary. A few batteries of each type are described next. |
Where does digestion begin? | stomach | esophogus | tongue | mouth | Figure 23.28 Digestion and Absorption Digestion begins in the mouth and continues as food travels through the small intestine. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine. |
What kind of joints are capable of a wide range of movements, classified as gliding, angular, rotational, or special? | fibrous | glandular | locking | synovial | Movement at Synovial Joints The wide range of movement allowed by synovial joints produces different types of movements. The movement of synovial joints can be classified as one of four different types: gliding, angular, rotational, or special movement. Gliding Movement Gliding movements occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other. Gliding movements produce very little rotation or angular movement of the bones. The joints of the carpal and tarsal bones are examples of joints that produce gliding movements. Angular Movement Angular movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes. There are several different types of angular movements, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Flexion, or bending, occurs when the angle between the bones decreases. Moving the forearm upward at the elbow or moving the wrist to move the hand toward the forearm are examples of flexion. Extension is the opposite of flexion in that the angle between the bones of a joint increases. Straightening a limb after flexion is an example of extension. Extension past the regular anatomical position is referred to as hyperextension. This includes moving the neck back to look upward, or bending the wrist so that the hand moves away from the forearm. Abduction occurs when a bone moves away from the midline of the body. Examples of abduction are moving the arms or legs laterally to lift them straight out to the side. Adduction is the movement of a bone toward the midline of the body. Movement of the limbs inward after abduction is an example of adduction. Circumduction is the movement of a limb in a circular motion, as in moving the arm in a circular motion. |
Hormones vary widely in molecular size and type as well as? | foreign regulators | simple regulators | strange regulators | local regulators | |
What kingdom of organisms constitutes up to 20 percent of all living things on earth in mass? | vertebrates | protists | sporozoans | archaeans | Not all archaeans live in extreme conditions. In fact, archaeans are now known to live just about everywhere on Earth. They make up as much as 20 percent of Earth's total mass of living things. |
Scientists often classify or organize different objects based on their what? | independent variables | experimental properties | behavioral traits | physical properties | |
The primary substance that human cells, and ultimately human beings, are made up of is what? | gas | air | oil | water | The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle Water is the basis of all living processes. The human body is more than 1/2 water and human cells are more than 70 percent water. Thus, most land animals need a supply of fresh water to survive. However, when examining the stores of water on Earth, 97.5 percent of it is non-potable salt water (Figure 46.12). Of the remaining water, 99 percent is locked underground as water or as ice. Thus, less than 1 percent of fresh water is easily accessible from lakes and rivers. Many living things, such as plants, animals, and fungi, are dependent on the small amount of fresh surface water supply, a lack of which can have massive effects on ecosystem dynamics. Humans, of course, have developed technologies to increase water availability, such as digging wells to harvest groundwater, storing rainwater, and using desalination to obtain drinkable water from the ocean. Although this pursuit of drinkable water has been ongoing throughout human history, the supply of fresh water is still a major issue in modern times. |
The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, and what else? | functional | novel | efficient | redundant | 6. The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, and redundant. Explain what this means and why it is important. |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.