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Tendons connecting the scapula to the humerus form what, which is the circle of tendons around the shoulder joint? | thigh cuff | knee cuff | wrist cuff | rotator cuff | The rest of the shoulder muscles originate on the scapula. The anatomical and ligamental structure of the shoulder joint and the arrangements of the muscles covering it, allows the arm to carry out different types of movements. The deltoid, the thick muscle that creates the rounded lines of the shoulder is the major abductor of the arm, but it also facilitates flexing and medial rotation, as well as extension and lateral rotation. The subscapularis originates on the anterior scapula and medially rotates the arm. Named for their locations, the supraspinatus (superior to the spine of the scapula) and the infraspinatus (inferior to the spine of the scapula) abduct the arm, and laterally rotate the arm, respectively. The thick and flat teres major is inferior to the teres minor and extends the arm, and assists in adduction and medial rotation of it. The long teres minor laterally rotates and extends the arm. Finally, the coracobrachialis flexes and adducts the arm. The tendons of the deep subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor connect the scapula to the humerus, forming the rotator cuff (musculotendinous cuff), the circle of tendons around the shoulder joint. When baseball pitchers undergo shoulder surgery it is usually on the rotator cuff, which becomes pinched and inflamed, and may tear away from the bone due to the repetitive motion of bring the arm overhead to throw a fast pitch. |
The number of particles of a substance in a given volume is known as? | mass | frequency | range | concentration | Concentration is the number of particles of a substance in a given volume. When the concentration of reactants is higher, the reaction rate is faster. At higher concentrations, particles of reactants are crowded closer together, so they are more likely to collide and react. Did you ever see a sign like the one in Figure below ? You might see it where someone is using a tank of pure oxygen for a breathing problem. The greater concentration of oxygen in the air makes combustion rapid if a fire starts burning. |
Potential differences from various voltage sources are necessary in order to create electrical fields, which result in what flow of charge? | wattage | voltage | output | current | 20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits What drives current? We can think of various devices—such as batteries, generators, wall outlets, and so on—which are necessary to maintain a current. All such devices create a potential difference and are loosely referred to as voltage sources. When a voltage source is connected to a conductor, it applies a potential difference V that creates an electric field. The electric field in turn exerts force on charges, causing current. |
What effect is caused by air moving over the earth's surface as it spins? | dopple effect | pruett effect | mazinho effect | coriolis effect | Earth is spinning as air moves over its surface. This causes the Coriolis effect. Winds blow on a diagonal over the surface, instead of due north or south. From which direction do the northern trade winds blow?. |
The separation of compounds on the basis of their solubilities in a given solvent is known as what? | separate crystallization | nuclei crystallization | simplest crystallization | fractional crystallization | Solubility may increase or decrease with temperature; the magnitude of this temperature dependence varies widely among compounds. Notice in particular the curves for NH4NO3 and CaCl2. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water is endothermic (ΔHsoln = +25.7 kJ/mol), whereas the dissolution of calcium chloride is exothermic (ΔHsoln = −68.2 kJ/mol), yet Figure 13.9 "Solubilities of Several Inorganic and Organic Solids in Water as a Function of Temperature" shows that the solubility of both compounds increases sharply with increasing temperature. In fact, the magnitudes of the changes in both enthalpy and entropy for dissolution are temperature dependent. Because the solubility of a compound is ultimately determined by relatively small differences between large numbers, there is generally no good way to predict how the solubility will vary with temperature. The variation of solubility with temperature has been measured for a wide range of compounds, and the results are published in many standard reference books. Chemists are often able to use this information to separate the components of a mixture byfractional crystallization, the separation of compounds on the basis of their solubilities in a given solvent. For example, if we have a mixture of 150 g of sodium acetate (CH3CO2Na) and 50 g of KBr, we can separate the two compounds by dissolving the mixture in 100 g of water at 80°C and then cooling the solution slowly to 0°C. According to the temperature curves in Figure 13.9 "Solubilities of Several Inorganic and Organic Solids in Water as a Function of Temperature", both compounds dissolve in water at 80°C, and all 50 g of KBr remains in solution at 0°C. Only about 36 g of CH3CO2Na are soluble in 100 g of water at 0°C, however, so approximately 114 g (150 g − 36 g) of Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. |
What is the process by which wind blows to make the ground surface gets lower and rockier ? | layering | inflation | stagnation | deflation | Wind blows small particles away. As a result, the ground surface gets lower and rockier; this is called deflation . The rocks that are left are called desert pavement . Desert pavement is a surface covered by gravel-sized particles that are not easily moved by wind. |
Because trees add water vapor to air, cutting down forests leads to longer periods of what? | flooding | ice | harvest | drought | Water shortages are common in much of the world. People are most likely to run short of water during droughts. A drought is a period of unusually low rainfall. Human actions have increased how often droughts occur. One way people can help to bring on drought is by cutting down trees. Trees add a lot of water vapor to the air. With fewer trees, the air is drier and droughts are more common. |
Some sea anemones establish what kind of relationship with hermit crabs by attaching to the crab’s shell? | predatory | pathogenic | parasitic | mutualistic | The mouth of a sea anemone is surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes. The slit-like mouth opening and pharynx are lined by a groove called a siphonophore. The pharynx is the muscular part of the digestive system that serves to ingest as well as egest food, and may extend for up to two-thirds the length of the body before opening into the gastrovascular cavity. This cavity is divided into several chambers by longitudinal septa called mesenteries. Each mesentery consists of one ectodermal and one endodermal cell layer with the mesoglea sandwiched in between. Mesenteries do not divide the gastrovascular cavity completely, and the smaller cavities coalesce at the pharyngeal opening. The adaptive benefit of the mesenteries appears to be an increase in surface area for absorption of nutrients and gas exchange. Sea anemones feed on small fish and shrimp, usually by immobilizing their prey using the cnidocytes. Some sea anemones establish a mutualistic relationship with hermit crabs by attaching to the crab’s shell. In this relationship, the anemone gets food particles from prey caught by the crab, and the crab is protected from the predators by the stinging cells of the anemone. Anemone fish, or clownfish, are able to live in the anemone since they are immune to the toxins contained within the nematocysts. Anthozoans remain polypoid throughout their lives and can reproduce asexually by budding or fragmentation, or sexually by producing gametes. Both gametes are produced by the polyp, which can fuse to give rise to a free-swimming planula larva. The larva settles on a suitable substratum and develops into a sessile polyp. |
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus but instead generally have a single chromosome, a piece of double-stranded dna located in an area of the cell called the what? | spicule | lysosome | cytoplasm | nucleoid | The Prokaryotic Cell Recall that prokaryotes (Figure 22.10) are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus but instead generally have a single chromosome—a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane. |
What measures a fluid’s resistance to flow? | surface tension | elasticity | density | viscosity | Viscosity measures a fluid’s resistance to flow – the higher the viscosity, the slower the flow of the material. One factor that affects viscosity is the strength of the intermolecular forces in the material. Molecules that exhibit higher intermolecular forces tend to have higher viscosities. Temperature also influences viscosity. A higher temperature results in a decrease in viscosity, since molecules are moving faster and the intermolecular forces are more easily disrupted. Most cooking oils are more viscous than water, but when heated, the viscosity decreases and the oil spreads more easily. Motor oils are ranked by viscosity. Lower viscosity oils provide less drag on the engine, but they are also used up faster than a higher-viscosity material. |
What happens to the wire in a fuse if it's current rating is exceed? | sparks | disappears | ignites | it melts | The image above is one type of electrical fuse. This fuse has a specially designed wire inside glass housing. The wire inside the glass is made of a particular metal and with a particular thickness to give the wire an exact resistance. This resistance will allow passage of normal current plus a marginal percentage more. If, however, the current exceeds the allowed value, the wire in the fuse will heat and melt, thus interrupting current flow through the circuit. The fuse wire is placed in the glass housing and a fuse mount to insulate the melting wire from its surroundings. Any unintended increase in current, such as short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure will cause the fuse to burn out – protecting the other parts of the circuit from overheating and further damage. |
Polar climates include polar and which other kind of tundra? | tropic | mountains | arid | alpine | Polar climates include polar and alpine tundra. Polar Tundra in Northern Alaska (70° N latitude), Alpine Tundra in the Colorado Rockies (40° N latitude). |
What disease is given as an example of a sex-linked trait? | emphysema | arthritis | hypertension | hemophilia | Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. Carrier mothers can pass along the affected allele to 50% of their sons. Females with hemophilia would have to receive an affected allele from each parent, making females with hemophilia rare. |
What type of feeders are earthworms? | oil | middle | top | deposit | Earthworms are deposit feeders. They burrow through the ground, eating soil and extracting organic matter from it. Earthworm feces, called worm casts, are very rich in plant nutrients. Earthworm burrows help aerate soil, which is also good for plants. |
What part of the plant is the main site of photosynthesis? | stem | soil | root | leaf | 30.4 Leaves Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis. A typical leaf consists of a lamina (the broad part of the leaf, also called the blade) and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem). The arrangement of leaves on a stem, known as phyllotaxy, enables maximum exposure to sunlight. Each plant species has a characteristic leaf arrangement and form. The pattern of leaf arrangement may be alternate, opposite, or spiral, while leaf form may be simple or compound. Leaf tissue consists of the epidermis, which forms the outermost cell layer, and mesophyll and vascular tissue, which make up the inner portion of the leaf. In some plant species, leaf form is modified to form structures such as tendrils, spines, bud scales, and needles. |
Aluminosilicates are formed by replacing some of the si atoms in silicates by which atoms? | ad | fe | ce | al | character increases. Silicates contain anions that consist of only silicon and oxygen. Aluminosilicates are formed by replacing some of the Si atoms in silicates by Al atoms; aluminosilicates with threedimensional framework structures are called zeolites. Nitrides formed by reacting silicon or germanium with nitrogen are strong, hard, and chemically inert. The hydrides become thermodynamically less stable down the group. Moreover, as atomic size increases, multiple bonds between or to the group 14 elements become weaker. Silicones, which contain an Si–O backbone and Si–C bonds, are high-molecular-mass polymers whose properties depend on their compositions. |
In a smoke detector, a battery in the electric circuit creates what between the metal plates? | cooling | magnetism | hydrogen | voltage | Most of us have at least one device in our homes that guards our safety and, at the same time, depends on radioactivity to operate properly. This device is a smoke detector. A typical smoke detector contains an electric circuit that includes two metal plates about 1 cm apart. A battery in the circuit creates a voltage between the plates. Next to the plates is a small disk containing a tiny amount (∼0.0002 g) of the radioactive element americium. The radioactivity of americium ionizes the air between the plates, causing a tiny current to. |
Photochemical smog consists mainly of what? | carbon | acid | oxygen | ozone | Secondary pollutants form from primary pollutants. Many occur as part of photochemical smog . This type of smog is seen as a brown haze in the air. Photochemical smog forms when certain pollutants have a chemical reaction in the presence of sunlight. Photochemical smog consists mainly of ozone (O 3 ). Ozone near the ground is a pollutant ( Figure below ). This ozone is harmful to humans and other living things. However, ozone in the stratosphere protects Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. |
What lizards can change colors based on the color of their surroundings? | Monitor | skink | geckos | chameleons | |
Lipids are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and? | helium | nitrogen | methane | oxygen | Lipids are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made up of fatty acids and other compounds. They provide cells with energy, store energy, and help form cell membranes. |
What do you call the force a machine applies to an object? | optimal force | premium force | drop force | output force | When you use a machine, you apply force to the machine. This force is called the input force. The machine, in turn, applies force to an object. This force is called the output force. The output force may or may not be the same as the input force. The force you apply to the machine is applied over a given distance, called the input distance. The force applied by the machine to the object is also applied over a distance, called the output distance. The output distance may or may not be the same as the input distance. |
In scientific terms, average acceleration is the rate at which what changes? | gravity | direction | volume | velocity | In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. The accelerator in a car can in fact cause it to speed up. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. The formal definition of acceleration is consistent with these notions, but more inclusive. Average Acceleration Average Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes,. |
Some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron and form what? | protons | molecules | electrons | ions | Ions and Ionic Bonds Some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron (or possibly two) and form ions. This fills their outermost electron shell and makes them energetically more stable. Because the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, each ion has a net charge. Cations are positive ions that are formed by losing electrons. Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons and are called anions. Anions are designated by their elemental name being altered to end in “-ide”: the anion of chlorine is called chloride, and the anion of sulfur is called sulfide, for example. This movement of electrons from one element to another is referred to as electron transfer. As Figure 2.11 illustrates, sodium (Na) only has one electron in its outer electron shell. It takes less energy for sodium to donate that one electron than it does to accept seven more electrons to fill the outer shell. If sodium loses an electron, it now has 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and only 10 electrons, leaving it with an overall charge of +1. It is now referred to as a sodium ion. Chlorine (Cl) in its lowest energy state (called the ground state) has seven electrons in its outer shell. Again, it is more energy-efficient for chlorine to gain one electron than to lose seven. Therefore, it tends to gain an electron to create an ion with 17 protons, 17 neutrons, and 18 electrons, giving it a net negative (–1) charge. It is now referred to as a chloride ion. In this example, sodium will donate its one electron to empty its shell, and chlorine will accept that electron to fill its shell. Both ions now satisfy the octet rule and have complete outermost shells. Because the number of electrons is no longer equal to the number of protons, each is now an ion and has a +1 (sodium cation) or –1 (chloride anion) charge. Note that these transactions can normally only take place simultaneously: in order for a sodium atom to lose an electron, it must be in the presence of a suitable recipient like a chlorine atom. |
Like a blanket on a sleeping person, greenhouse gases act as what for the planet? | Exterior Coverings | ventilation | plastic | insulation | Like a blanket on a sleeping person, greenhouse gases act as insulation for the planet. The warming of the atmosphere is because of insulation by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are the component of the atmosphere that moderate Earth’s temperatures. |
What is the process in which a solid changes directly to a gas without going through the liquid state called? | Diffusion | vaporization | amplification | sublimation | Sublimation is the process in which a solid changes directly to a gas without going through the liquid state. Solid carbon dioxide is an example of a substance that undergoes sublimation. |
How many forces do objects on earth have acting on them at all times? | four | ten | three | two | More than one force may act on an object at the same time. In fact, just about all objects on Earth have at least two forces acting on them at all times. One force is gravity, which pulls objects down toward the center of Earth. The other force is an upward force that may be provided by the ground or other surface. |
How often does sperm develop in humans? | rarely | monthly | sporadically | continuously | |
Scientists found that the youngest rocks on the seafloor were where? | mid - ocean glaciers | trenches. | mid - ocean sediments | mid-ocean ridges | The scientists used geologic dating techniques on seafloor rocks. They found that the youngest rocks on the seafloor were at the mid-ocean ridges. The rocks get older with distance from the ridge crest. The scientists were surprised to find that the oldest seafloor is less than 180 million years old. This may seem old, but the oldest continental crust is around 4 billion years old. |
The reproductive tissues of male and female humans develop similarly in utero until a low level of the hormone testosterone is released from male what? | bladder | kidneys | liver | gonads | Human Reproductive Anatomy The reproductive tissues of male and female humans develop similarly in utero until a low level of the hormone testosterone is released from male gonads. Testosterone causes the undeveloped tissues to differentiate into male sexual organs. When testosterone is absent, the tissues develop into female sexual tissues. Primitive gonads become testes or ovaries. Tissues that. |
Flatworms have a concentration of nerve tissue in the head end, which was a major step in the evolution of what organ? | kidney | liver | heart | brain | Flatworms have a concentration of nerve tissue in the head end. This was a major step in the evolution of a brain. It was also needed for bilateral symmetry. |
What type of energy travels through matter in wave form? | light | vibrational | magnetic | sound | Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves through matter. The ability to sense sound energy and perceive sound is called hearing . The organ that we use to sense sound energy is the ear. Almost all the structures in the ear are needed for this purpose. Together, they gather sound waves, amplify the waves, and change their kinetic energy to electrical signals. The electrical signals travel to the brain, which interprets them as the sounds we hear. |
What speeds up chemical reactions inside cells? | electrodes | nucleus | inhibitors | catalysts | Living things depend on catalysts to speed up many chemical reactions inside their cells. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes. Enzymes may be extremely effective. A reaction that takes a split second to occur with an enzyme might take billions of years without it!. |
What atmosphere do gills help exchange gas in? | air | stratosphere | ecosystem | water | |
Community interactions are important factors in what? | natural resources | natural process | natural change | natural selection | A community is the biotic component of an ecosystem. It consists of the populations of all the species that live in the same area. Populations in communities often interact with each other. Community interactions are important factors in natural selection. They help shape the evolution of the interacting species. Types of community interactions include predation, competition, and symbiosis. You’ll read about each type of interaction in this lesson. |
The end of a pine tree branch bears the male cones that produce what? | the stigmas | the ovaries | oxygen | the pollen | John Haslam. The end of a pine tree branch bears the male cones that produce the pollen . CC BY 2.0. |
One seismogram indicates the distance to the what? | the moon | researchers | houses | epicenter | One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. If a quake is near the seismograph, the S-waves arrive shortly after the P-waves. If a quake is far from the seismograph, the P-waves arrive long before the S-waves. The longer the time is between the P-and S-wave arrivals, the further away the earthquake was from the seismograph. First, seismologists calculate the arrival time difference. Then they know the distance to the epicenter from that seismograph. |
What is the process of creating complementary strands of mrna called? | differentiation | mutation | division | transcription | Overview of Transcription. Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA. Every triplet, or codon, encodes for a unique amino acid. |
In ancient egypt gold mines were the property of what? | people | prospectors | city | state | But mining for gold is a slow, dirty, and dangerous process. Not everyone owns a gold mine – in both the ancient Egyptian society and during the Roman Empire, the gold mines were the property of the state, not an individual or group. So there were few ways for most people to legally get any gold for themselves. |
The arid environment of a desert, for instance, can quickly deplete an animal of what? | air | strength | protein | water | |
What type of chemistry is the study of chemicals containing carbon called? | bioanalytical chemistry | inorganic chemistry | biochemistry | organic chemistry | Organic chemistry is the study of chemicals containing carbon. Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and is capable of forming a tremendously vast number of chemicals (over twenty million so far). Most of the chemicals found in all living organisms are based on carbon. |
What is the muscular organ shaped like an upside-down pear that has a thick lining of tissues called the endometrium? | liver | kidney | lungs | uterus | The uterus is a muscular organ shaped like an upside-down pear. It has a thick lining of tissues called the endometrium . The lower, narrower end of the uterus is known as the cervix . The uterus is where a fetus grows and develops until birth. During pregnancy, the uterus can expand greatly to make room for the baby as it grows. During birth, contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus push the baby through the cervix and out of the body. |
What includes all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and how they interact? | tundra | biome | habitat | ecosystem | An ecosystem is a unit of nature. It consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and all the ways in which they interact. |
What is used for cooling detectors of infrared telescopes? | carbon dioxide | hand nitrogen | material nitrogen | liquid nitrogen | Detecting Electromagnetic Waves from Space A final note on star gazing. The entire electromagnetic spectrum is used by researchers for investigating stars, space, and time. As noted earlier, Penzias and Wilson detected microwaves to identify the background radiation originating from the Big Bang. Radio telescopes such as the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico and Parkes Observatory in Australia were designed to detect radio waves. Infrared telescopes need to have their detectors cooled by liquid nitrogen to be able to gather useful signals. Since infrared radiation is predominantly from thermal agitation, if the detectors were not cooled, the vibrations of the molecules in the antenna would be stronger than the signal being collected. The most famous of these infrared sensitive telescopes is the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The earliest telescopes, developed in the seventeenth century, were optical telescopes, collecting visible light. Telescopes in the ultraviolet, X-ray, and γ -ray regions are placed outside the atmosphere on satellites orbiting the Earth. The Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990) gathers ultraviolet radiation as well as visible light. In the X-ray region, there is the Chandra X-ray Observatory (launched in 1999), and in the γ -ray region, there is the new Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched in 2008—taking the place of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 1991–2000. PhET Explorations: Color Vision Make a whole rainbow by mixing red, green, and blue light. Change the wavelength of a monochromatic beam or filter white light. View the light as a solid beam, or see the individual photons. |
What do we call something that pushes or pulls on an object? | friction | reaction | annoyance | force | 4.1 Development of Force Concept Dynamics is the study of the forces that cause objects and systems to move. To understand this, we need a working definition of force. Our intuitive definition of force—that is, a push or a pull—is a good place to start. We know that a push or pull has both magnitude and direction (therefore, it is a vector quantity) and can vary considerably in each regard. For example, a cannon exerts a strong force on a cannonball that is launched into the air. In contrast, Earth exerts only a tiny downward pull on a flea. Our everyday experiences also give us a good idea of how multiple forces add. If two people push in different directions on a third person, as illustrated in Figure 4.3, we might expect the total force to be in the direction shown. Since force is a vector, it adds just like other vectors, as illustrated in Figure 4.3(a) for two ice skaters. Forces, like other vectors, are represented by arrows and can be added using the familiar head-to-tail method or by trigonometric methods. These ideas were developed in Two-Dimensional Kinematics. |
Velocity is a vector that has both direction and what? | radiation | variable | latitude | magnitude | Because acceleration is velocity in m/s divided by time in s, the SI units for acceleration are m/s 2 , meters per second squared or meters per second per second, which literally means by how many meters per second the velocity changes every second. Recall that velocity is a vector—it has both magnitude and direction. This means that a change in velocity can be a change in magnitude (or speed), but it can also be a change in direction. For example, if a car turns a corner at constant speed, it is accelerating because its direction is changing. The quicker you turn, the greater the acceleration. So there is an acceleration when velocity changes either in magnitude (an increase or decrease in speed) or in direction, or both. Acceleration as a Vector Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv . Since velocity is a vector, it can change either in magnitude or in direction. Acceleration is therefore a change in either speed or direction, or both. Keep in mind that although acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. This is known as deceleration. |
What are the two classifications for organisms living in water? | scharwenka and plankton | arctan and nekton | arctan and plankton | nekton and plankton | Nekton are living things that swim through the water. They may live at any depth, in the photic or aphotic zone. Most nekton are fish, although some are mammals. Fish have fins and streamlined bodies to help them swim. Fish also have gills to take oxygen from the water. Figure below shows examples of nekton. |
Where are hotspot volcanoes commonly found? | streams | rivers | lakes | the ocean | Hotspot volcanoes are better able to penetrate oceanic crust than continental crust. We see many more hotspot volcanoes in the oceans. |
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for dorsiflexion, and the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for this? | ganglion flexion | walking flexion | posterior flexion | plantar flexion | Figure 11.32 Muscles of the Lower Leg The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for dorsiflexion, and the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for plantar flexion. The lateral and medial muscles in both compartments invert, evert, and rotate the foot. |
The presence of what, which acts as a trigger, affects the rate of chemical reaction? | light | friction | heat | catalyst | rates The rates at which reactants are consumed and products are formed during chemical reactions vary greatly. We can identify five factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions: the chemical nature of the reacting substances, the state of subdivision (one large lump versus many small particles) of the reactants, the temperature of the reactants, the concentration of the reactants, and the presence of a catalyst. |
What do you call the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei? | cell division | critical fission | nuclear fusion | nuclear fission | Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two smaller nuclei. This type of reaction releases a great deal of energy from a very small amount of matter. For example, nuclear fission of a tiny pellet of uranium-235, like the one pictured in Figure below , can release as much energy as burning 1,000 kilograms of coal!. |
What method is used to map the earth on flat paper? | surveying | calculations | forecasts | projections | Earth is a round, three-dimensional ball. In a small area, Earth looks flat, so it is not hard to make accurate maps of a small place. When mapmakers want to map the round Earth on flat paper, they use projections. What happens if you try to flatten out the skin of a peeled orange? Or if you try to gift wrap a soccer ball? To flatten out, the orange peel must rip, and its shape must become distorted. To wrap a round object with flat paper requires lots of extra cuts and folds. A projection is a way to represent Earth’s curved surface on flat paper ( Figure below ). |
Water molds mostly live in water or moist? | plants | cells | biomes | soil | Define physical change, and give examples of physical change. |
What is the act of noting or detecting phenomenon through the senses | overstimulation | sensory overload | invention | an observation | Scientists first make observations that raise questions. An observation is the act of noting or detecting phenomenon through the senses. For example, noting that a room is dark is an observation made through sight. |
What two measurements are multiplied to find the area of a rectangle? | length and depth | depth and width | volume and mass | length and width | Assume you are finding the area of a rectangle with a length of 6.8 m and a width of 6.9 m. When you multiply the length by the width on your calculator, the answer you get is 46.92 m 2 . Is this the correct answer? No; the correct answer is 46.9 m 2 . The correct answer must be rounded down so there is just one digit to the right of the decimal point. That’s because the answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original measurements. Using extra digits implies a greater degree of precision than actually exists. The correct number of digits is called the number of significant figures . To learn more about significant figures and rounding, you can watch the videos at the URLs below. |
What is the term for biologically meaningful dna sequences? | babies | atoms | eggs | genes | disease is sex-linked and effects mainly males (who are XY, compared to XX females).273 In the unaffected population, the FMR-1 gene contains between 6 to 50 copies of a CGG repeat. Individuals with between 6 to 50 repeats are phenotypically normal. Those with 50 to 200 repeats carry what is known as a pre-mutation; these individuals rarely display symptoms but can transmit the disease to their children. Those with more than 200 repeats typically display symptoms and often have what appears to be a broken X chromosome – from which the disease derives its name. The pathogenic sequence in Fragile X is downstream of the FMR1 gene's coding region. When this region expands, it inhibits the gene's activity. 274 Other DNA Defects: Defects in DNA repair can lead to severe diseases and often a susceptibility to cancer. A OMIM search for DNA repair returns 654 entries! For example, defects in mismatch repair lead to a susceptibility to colon cancer, while defects in translation-coupled DNA repair are associated with Cockayne syndrome. People with Cockayne's syndrome are sensitive to light, short and appear to age prematurely.275 Summary: Our introduction to genes has necessarily been quite foundational. There are lots of variations and associated complexities that occur within the biological world. The key ideas are that genes represent biologically meaningful DNA sequences. To be meaningful, the sequence must play a role within the organism, typically by encoding a gene product (which we will consider next) and/or the information needed to insure its correct “expression”, that is, where and when the information in the gene is used. A practical problem is that most studies of genes are carried out using organisms grown in the lab or in otherwise artificial or unnatural conditions. It might be possible for an organism to exist with an amorphic mutation in a gene in the lab, whereas organisms that carry that allele may well be at a significant reproductive disadvantage in the real world. Moreover, a particular set of alleles, a particular genotype, might have a reproductive advantage in one environment (one ecological/ behavioral niche) but not another. Measuring these effects can be difficult. All of which should serve as a warning to consider skeptically pronouncements that a gene, or more accurately a specific allele of a gene, is responsible for a certain trait, particularly if the trait is complex, ill-defined, and likely to be significantly influenced by genomic context (the rest of the genotype) and environmental factors. Questions to answer & to ponder: • What happens in cells with defects in DNA repair systems when they attempt to divide? • I thought RNA primers were used to make DNA! So why is there no uracil in a DNA molecule? • A base is lost, how is this loss recognized by repair systems? • How could a DNA duplication lead to the production of a totally new gene (rather than just two copies of a pre-existing gene)? • How does a mutation generate a new allele? And what exactly is the difference between a gene and an allele? 273. |
Which common type of diabetes is also known as noninsulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes? | juvenile diabetes | type 1 | gestational diabetes | type 2 | inner aspect of the atlas, where it is held in place by a ligament. Rotation at this joint allows you to turn your head from side to side. A second pivot joint is found at the proximal radioulnar joint. Here, the head of the radius is largely encircled by a ligament that holds it in place as it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. Rotation of the radius allows for forearm movements. |
Recognition of pathogens is a function of what type of response? | hormones | digestion | inhalation | immune | Recognition of Pathogens Cells of the innate immune response, the phagocytic cells, and the cytotoxic NK cells recognize patterns of pathogenspecific molecules, such as bacterial cell wall components or bacterial flagellar proteins, using pattern recognition receptors. A pattern recognition receptor (PRR) is a membrane-bound receptor that recognizes characteristic features of a pathogen and molecules released by stressed or damaged cells. These receptors, which are thought to have evolved prior to the adaptive immune response, are present on the cell surface whether they are needed or not. Their variety, however, is limited by two factors. First, the fact that each receptor type must be encoded by a specific gene requires the cell to allocate most or all of its DNA to make receptors able to recognize all pathogens. Secondly, the variety of receptors is limited by the finite surface area of the cell membrane. Thus, the innate immune system must “get by” using only a limited number of receptors that are active against as wide a variety of pathogens as possible. This strategy is in stark contrast to the approach used by the adaptive immune system, which uses large numbers of different receptors, each highly specific to a particular pathogen. Should the cells of the innate immune system come into contact with a species of pathogen they recognize, the cell will bind to the pathogen and initiate phagocytosis (or cellular apoptosis in the case of an intracellular pathogen) in an effort to destroy the offending microbe. Receptors vary somewhat according to cell type, but they usually include receptors for bacterial components and for complement, discussed below. |
Typically done to find food or mates, what do you call the regular movement of individuals or populations each year during certain seasons? | industrialization | emmigration | erosion | migration | Migration is another type of movement that changes population size. Migration is the regular movement of individuals or populations each year during certain seasons. The purpose of migration usually is to find food, mates, or other resources. For example, many northern hemisphere birds migrate thousands of miles south each fall. They go to areas where the weather is warmer and more resources are available (see Figure below ). Then they return north in the spring to nest. Some animals, such as elk, migrate vertically. They go up the sides of mountains in spring as snow melts. They go back down the mountain sides in fall as snow returns. |
What is the vaccine to prevent infection of hpv? | herpes | cervical | HIV | gardasil | Infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are very common. HPV may cause genital warts , which are small, rough growths on the genitals. It may also cause cancer of the cervix in females. A simple test, called a Pap test , can detect cervical cancer . If the cancer is detected early, it usually can be cured with surgery. There is also a vaccine , GARDASIL, to prevent infection with HPV. The vaccine is recommended for females aged 11 to 26 years. |
Mineral crystals that form when magma cools are usually _______ than crystals that form when lava cools. | smaller | older | denser | larger | Mineral crystals that form when magma cools are usually larger than crystals that form when lava cools. |
What element makes up the majority of coal? | silicon | iron | lead | carbon | Coal is a black or brownish-black rock that burns easily ( Figure below ). Most coal is sedimentary rock. The hardest type of coal, anthracite, is a metamorphic rock. That is because it is exposed to higher temperature and pressure as it forms. Coal is mostly carbon, but some other elements can be found in coal, including sulfur. |
What do you call a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface that connects lower and higher elevations? | jack | lever | wedge | inclined plane | An inclined plane is a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface that connects lower and higher elevations. The ideal mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is always greater than 1. |
What can be combined with an amine to form an amide? | acetic acid | carbon dioxide | ketones | carboxylic acid | An amide can be formed by combining a carboxylic acid and an amine. Only primary and secondary amines can be used to form amides, since they have a hydrogen that can be replaced with the carbonyl carbon; tertiary amines will not form amides. The amide shown in the Figure above was formed from a carboxylic acid and a primary amine. |
There are about 50,000 vertebrate species, and they are placed in how many different classes? | three | four | ten | nine | There are about 50,000 vertebrate species, and they are placed in nine different classes. Five of the classes are fish. The other classes are amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Table below lists some of the distinguishing traits of each class. |
In which kind of species do open circulatory systems serve additional functions? | some earthworms | some apes | some seedlings | some invertebrates | |
Boyle’s law applies to matter which is in what state? | solids | liquids | plasma | gas | A piston having a certain pressure and volume (left piston) will have half the volume when its pressure is twice as much (right piston). One can also plot P versus V for a given amount of gas at a certain temperature; such a plot will look like the graph on the right. Boyle’s law is an example of a second type of mathematical problem we see in chemistry—one based on a mathematical formula. Tactics for working with mathematical formulas are different from tactics for working with conversion factors. First, most of the questions you will have to answer using formulas are word-type questions, so the first step is to identify what quantities are known and assign them to variables. Second, in most formulas, some mathematical rearrangements (i. , algebra) must be performed to solve for an unknown variable. The rule is that to find the value of the unknown variable, you must mathematically isolate the unknown variable by itself and in the numerator of one side of the equation. Finally, units must be consistent. For example, in Boyle’s law there are two pressure variables; they must have the same unit. There are also two volume variables; they also must have the same unit. In most cases, it won’t matter what the unit is, but the unit must be the same on both sides of the equation. |
What do we call heated groundwater that erupts from the ground under pressure? | volcanic eruptions | aquifers | spas | springs or geysers | |
Sensory organs that respond to particular sensory stimuli contain cells called what? | whole receptors | artificial receptors | stimulus receptor | sensory receptors | Sensory organs such as the eyes contain cells called sensory receptors that respond to particular sensory stimuli. |
How can we reduce use of energy resources? | modification | liberation | restoration | conservation | We can reduce our use of energy resources and the pollution they cause by conserving energy. Conservation means saving resources by using them more efficiently or not using them at all. Figure below shows several ways that people can conserve energy in their daily lives. You can find more energy-saving tips at the URL below. What do you do to save energy? What else could you do?. |
About 50% of all animal species died off between the mesozoic and which other era? | cretaceous | jurassic | precambrian | cenozoic | The most famous mass extinction was 65 million years ago. Between the Mesozoic Era and the Cenozoic Era, about 50% of all animal species died off. This mass extinction is when the dinosaurs became extinct. Most scientists think that the extinction was caused by a giant meteorite that struck Earth. The impact heated the atmosphere until it became as hot as a kitchen oven. Animals roasted. Dust flew into the atmosphere and blocked sunlight for a year or more. This caused a deep freeze and ended photosynthesis. Sulfur from the impact mixed with water in the atmosphere. The result was acid rain. The rain dissolved the shells of the tiny marine plankton that form the base of the food chain. With little food being produced, animals starved. |
Transforming from a caterpillar to a butterfly requires a lot of what? | food | Water | fuel | energy | This caterpillar is busily munching its way through leaf after leaf. In fact, caterpillars do little more than eat, day and night. Like all living things, they need food to provide their cells with energy. The caterpillar will soon go through an amazing transformation to become a beautiful butterfly. These changes require a lot of energy. |
What two cycles make up the female reproductive cycle? | digestive and menstrual | ovarian and cesarean | cervical and menstrual | ovarian and menstrual | Female Hormones The control of reproduction in females is more complex. The female reproductive cycle is divided into the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle. The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs, while the menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining (Figure 18.17). These cycles are coordinated over a 22–32 day cycle, with an average length of 28 days. As with the male, the GnRH from the hypothalamus causes the release of the hormones FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. In addition, estrogen and progesterone are released from the developing follicles. As with testosterone in males, estrogen is responsible for the secondary sexual characteristics of females. These include breast development, flaring of the hips, and a shorter period for bone growth. The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle The ovarian and menstrual cycles are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries (Figure 18.17). The ebb and flow of the hormones causes the ovarian and menstrual cycles to advance. The ovarian and menstrual cycles occur concurrently. The first half of the ovarian cycle is the follicular phase. Slowly rising levels of FSH cause the growth of follicles on the surface of the ovary. This process prepares the egg for ovulation. As the follicles grow, they begin releasing estrogen. The first few days of this cycle coincide with menstruation or the sloughing off of the functional layer of the endometrium in the uterus. After about five days, estrogen levels rise and the menstrual cycle enters the proliferative phase. The endometrium begins to regrow, replacing the blood vessels and glands that deteriorated during the end of the last cycle. |
Uranium is an example of a non-renewable resource used to produce what type of power? | electrical | water | wind | nuclear | Some resources can’t be renewed. At least, they can’t be renewed fast enough to keep up with use. Fossil fuels are an example. It takes millions of years for them to form. We are using them up much more quickly. Elements that are used to produce nuclear power are also non-renewable resources. Uranium, for example, which is rare. Sooner or later, it will run out. |
One of the early signs of cell disease is this "leaking" of what into the body cells? | glucose | proteins | potassium ions | sodium ions | Potassium Concentration Glial cells, especially astrocytes, are responsible for maintaining the chemical environment of the CNS tissue. The concentrations of ions in the extracellular fluid are the basis for how the membrane potential is established and changes in electrochemical signaling. If the balance of ions is upset, drastic outcomes are possible. Normally the concentration of K+ is higher inside the neuron than outside. After the repolarizing phase of the action potential, K+ leakage channels and the Na+/K+ pump ensure that the ions return to their original locations. Following a stroke or other ischemic event, extracellular K+ levels are elevated. The astrocytes in the area are equipped to clear excess K+ to aid the pump. But when the level is far out of balance, the effects can be irreversible. Astrocytes can become reactive in cases such as these, which impairs their ability to maintain the local chemical environment. The glial cells enlarge and their processes swell. They lose their K+ buffering ability and the function of the pump is affected, or even reversed. One of the early signs of cell disease is this "leaking" of sodium ions into the body cells. This sodium/potassium imbalance negatively affects the internal chemistry of cells, preventing them from functioning normally. |
What does the moving piston in an engine turn? | brake | hammer | muffler | crankshaft | |
What type of chloride is a non-volatile material, but does not dissolve in water? | lead chloride | pink chloride | yellow chloride | silver chloride | Silver chloride is a non-volatile material, but does not dissolve in water. What effect will it have on the vapor pressure of water?. |
In general, objects expand in all directions as temperature does what? | decreases | stays the same | cycles | increases | Figure 13.11 In general, objects expand in all directions as temperature increases. In these drawings, the original boundaries of the objects are shown with solid lines, and the expanded boundaries with dashed lines. (a) Area increases because both length and width increase. The area of a circular plug also increases. (b) If the plug is removed, the hole it leaves becomes larger with increasing temperature, just as if the expanding plug were still in place. (c) Volume also increases, because all three dimensions increase. |
Paddles and hammers are examples of simple machines that increase the distance over which force is applied, while reducing what? | intensity | momentum | gravity | strength | Examples of machines that increase the distance over which force is applied are paddles and hammers. Figure below explains how these machines work. In each case, the machine increases the distance over which the force is applied, but it reduces the strength of the applied force. |
What two things collide to cause gas pressure? | gas particles and a wave | gas particles and an electron | light particles and an object | gas particles and an object | Gas pressure is the result of collisions between gas particles and an object. |
Every human cell has the same what, and each cell has thousands of them? | ribosomes | chromosomes | DNA | genes | There are about 22,000 genes in every human cell. Does every human cell have the same genes? Yes. Does every human cell make the same proteins? No. In a multicellular organism, such as us, cells have specific functions because they have different proteins. They have different proteins because different genes are expressed in different cell types (which is known as gene expression ). |
What are a class of tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs called? | insects | mammals | amphibians | reptiles | Reptiles are a class of tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs. They include crocodiles, alligators, lizards, snakes, and turtles. The reptile class is one of the largest classes of vertebrates. It consists of all amniotes except birds and mammals. |
What characteristic of reptile eggs allows them to be laid on land instead of in water? | they are circular | they are dry | they trap gas | they are amniotic | Reptile eggs are amniotic, so they can be laid on land instead of in water. |
What part of the rainforest commonly has ferns and other ground plants? | emergent layer | forest floor | canopy layer | understory | Ferns are common in the understory of the tropical rainforest. |
The primary function of insulin is to facilitate the uptake of what into body cells? | chloride | sucralose | water | glucose | Insulin The primary function of insulin is to facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cells. Red blood cells, as well as cells of the brain, liver, kidneys, and the lining of the small intestine, do not have insulin receptors on their cell membranes and do not require insulin for glucose uptake. Although all other body cells do require insulin if they are to take glucose from the bloodstream, skeletal muscle cells and adipose cells are the primary targets of insulin. The presence of food in the intestine triggers the release of gastrointestinal tract hormones such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (previously known as gastric inhibitory peptide). This is in turn the initial trigger for insulin production and secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas. Once nutrient absorption occurs, the resulting surge in blood glucose levels further stimulates insulin secretion. Precisely how insulin facilitates glucose uptake is not entirely clear. However, insulin appears to activate a tyrosine kinase receptor, triggering the phosphorylation of many substrates within the cell. These multiple biochemical reactions converge to support the movement of intracellular vesicles containing facilitative glucose transporters to the cell membrane. In the absence of insulin, these transport proteins are normally recycled slowly between the cell membrane and cell interior. Insulin triggers the rapid movement of a pool of glucose transporter vesicles to the cell membrane, where they fuse and expose the glucose transporters to the extracellular fluid. The transporters then move glucose by facilitated diffusion into the cell interior. |
Spindle fibers form between the centrioles during prophase i of what process? | photosynthesis | mitosis | hydrolysis | meiosis | Prophase I: Chromosomes form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibers form between the centrioles. Here’s what’s special about meiosis : Homologous chromosomes pair up! You can see this in Figure below . |
How many quarks are in each proton and neutron? | four | ten | five | three | Remember the quarks from the first page of this chapter? Quarks are even tinier particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons. There are three quarks in each proton and three quarks in each neutron. The charges of quarks are balanced exactly right to give a positive charge to a proton and a neutral charge to a neutron. It might seem strange that quarks are never found alone but only as components of other particles. This is because the quarks are held together by very strange particles called gluons. |
What is the year cycle that sunspots occur? | 22 | 12 | 15 | 11 | The most noticeable magnetic activity of the Sun is the appearance of sunspots. Sunspots are cooler, darker areas on the Sun’s surface ( Figure below ). Sunspots occur in an 11-year cycle. The number of sunspots begins at a minimum. The number gradually increases to the maximum. Then the number returns to a minimum again. |
When an unstable nucleus emits radiation and is transformed into the nucleus of other elements this is called? | fusion decay | naturally decay | explosive decay | radioactive decay | To balance a nuclear reaction. The two general kinds of nuclear reactions are nuclear decay reactions and nuclear transmutation reactions. In a nuclear decay reaction, also called radioactive decay, an unstable nucleus emits radiation and is transformed into the nucleus of one or more other elements. The resulting daughter nuclei have a lower mass and are lower in energy (more stable) than the parent nucleus that decayed. In contrast, in anuclear transmutation reaction, a nucleus reacts with a subatomic particle or another nucleus to form a product nucleus that is more massive than the. |
What is manufactured and added to foods to preserve freshness? | protein | carbohydrates | vitamin c | trans fat | A type of lipid called trans fat is found in many processed foods. Trans fat is rare in nature but is manufactured and added to foods to preserve freshness. Eating foods that contain trans fat increases the risk of heart disease. Trans fat may be found in such foods as cookies, doughnuts, crackers, fried foods, ground beef, and margarine. |
Scientists think that stars and galaxies make up only a small part of the matter in the universe. what is the rest of the matter called? | cold matter | typical matter | light matter | dark matter | We see many objects out in space that emit light. This matter is contained in stars, and the stars are contained in galaxies. Scientists think that stars and galaxies make up only a small part of the matter in the universe. The rest of the matter is called dark matter . |
Why are noninfectious diseases not contagious? | they are inherited | they are contagious | they are viral | non-pathogen caused | Noninfectious diseases are not contagious because they are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are caused by such factors as lifestyle choices, environmental toxins, or mutations. |
Organisms that "love" acids are known as what? | acid heads | acidophobes | acidic | acidophiles | Acidophiles are organisms that "love" acids. They live in very acidic environments, such as acid mine drainage. They are also found near vents of volcanoes. The most acidophilic archaeans can thrive at negative pH values. No other organisms can survive in such acidic conditions. |
Which enzyme is used in step three of the polymerase chain reaction because of it's ability to withstand high temperatures? | backronym polymerase | minocycline polymerase | carbon polumerase | taq polymerase | When appropriate, a symbol may be written above or below the arrow to indicate some special circumstance. The symbol "Δ" is often used to indicate that the reaction is to be heated. |
What do scientists use to study the deep without going to the seafloor? | ultrasound machines | drill rigs | telescopes | remotely operated vehicles | Sending humans to the seafloor is expensive and dangerous. Having to return humans safely to the surface limits what a mission can do. Remotely operated vehicles , or ROVs, allow scientists to study the deep without going to the seafloor. These small vehicles carry cameras and scientific instruments. ROVs were used to study inside the Titanic . This would have been far too dangerous for a manned sub to enter. Scientists control ROVs electronically with sophisticated operating systems. |
The hemisphere that is tilted away from the sun is cooler because it receives less what? | pollution | direct electrons | x-rays | direct rays | The hemisphere that is tilted away from the Sun is cooler because it receives less direct rays. As Earth orbits the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere goes from winter to spring, then summer and fall. The Southern Hemisphere does the opposite from summer to fall to winter to spring. When it is winter in the Northern hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern hemisphere, and vice versa. |
Like the strings of cello, anything that vibrates produces waves of what? | sound | heating | light | energy | A: Like the strings of cello, anything that vibrates produces waves of energy that travel through matter. For example, when you throw a pebble into a pond, waves of energy travel from the pebble through the water in all directions. Like an incandescent light bulb, anything that glows consists of matter that produces light energy. For example, fireflies use chemicals to produce light energy. Like a moving tennis racket, anything that moves has energy because it is moving, including your eyes as they read this sentence. |
The point in the titration at which an indicator changes color is called what? | chromatic point | zeta point | tipping point | end point | Acid–Base Titrations Because most common acids and bases are not intensely colored, a small amount of an acid– base indicator is usually added to detect the equivalence point in an acid–base titration. The point in the titration at which an indicator changes color is called theendpoint. The procedure is illustrated in Example 21. |
On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve what? | cold | sunlight | air | water | ART CONNECTION QUESTIONS 1. Figure 5.7 On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis?. |
What do you call the system of glands that release chemical messenger molecules into the bloodstream? | limbic system | homeostasis system | nervous system | endocrine system | The nervous system isn’t the only message-relaying system of the human body. The endocrine system also carries messages. The endocrine system is a system of glands that release chemical messenger molecules into the bloodstream. The messenger molecules are hormones. Hormones act slowly compared with the rapid transmission of electrical messages by the nervous system. They must travel through the bloodstream to the cells they affect, and this takes time. On the other hand, because endocrine hormones are released into the bloodstream, they travel throughout the body. As a result, endocrine hormones can affect many cells and have body-wide effects. |
Reactant concentrations are highest at which part of a reaction? | concurrent | ending | middle | beginning | Reactant concentrations are highest at the beginning of a reaction. The plot of [C] versus tis a curve with a slope that becomes steadily less positive. |
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