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What can be defined simply, as a change in position? | speed | velocity | gravity | motion | You can see several examples of people or things in motion in Figure below . You can probably think of many other examples. You know from experience what motion is, so it may seem like a straightforward concept. Motion can also be defined simply, as a change in position. But if you think about examples of motion in more depth, you’ll find that the idea of motion is not quite as simple and straightforward as it seems. |
What are mars' moons thought to be? | common asteriods | guerrillas asteroids | new asteriods | captured asteroids | Mars has two moons that are thought to be captured asteroids. |
What is the main greenhouse gas causing global warming? | carbon monoxide | nitrogen | sulfur | carbon dioxide | Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas causing global warming. There are several possible ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. They include cap-and-trade systems, carbon taxes, and carbon sequestration. |
A goiter is a visible indication of deficiency of what? | water | arsenic | chlorine | iodine | Endocrine System: Iodine Deficiency, Hypothyroidism, and Hyperthyroidism As discussed above, dietary iodine is required for the synthesis of T3 and T4. But for much of the world’s population, foods do not provide adequate levels of this mineral, because the amount varies according to the level in the soil in which the food was grown, as well as the irrigation and fertilizers used. Marine fish and shrimp tend to have high levels because they concentrate iodine from seawater, but many people in landlocked regions lack access to seafood. Thus, the primary source of dietary iodine in many countries is iodized salt. Fortification of salt with iodine began in the United States in 1924, and international efforts to iodize salt in the world’s poorest nations continue today. Dietary iodine deficiency can result in the impaired ability to synthesize T3 and T4, leading to a variety of severe disorders. When T3 and T4 cannot be produced, TSH is secreted in increasing amounts. As a result of this hyperstimulation, thyroglobulin accumulates in the thyroid gland follicles, increasing their deposits of colloid. The accumulation of colloid increases the overall size of the thyroid gland, a condition called a goiter (Figure 17.14). A goiter is only a visible indication of the deficiency. Other iodine deficiency disorders include impaired growth and development, decreased fertility, and prenatal and infant death. Moreover, iodine deficiency is the primary cause of preventable mental retardation worldwide. Neonatal hypothyroidism (cretinism) is characterized by cognitive deficits, short stature, and sometimes deafness and muteness in children and adults born to mothers who were iodinedeficient during pregnancy. |
Pale skin and reduced eyes in salamanders that live in dark caves are an example of what? | expansion | interpretation | reproduction | adaptations | Salamanders are found in most moist or arid habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, but can also be found south of the equator. They live on all continents except Antarctica and Australia. Salamanders live in or near water or on moist ground, often in a swamp. Some species live in water most of their life, some live their entire adult life on land, and some live in both habitats. Some salamanders live in caves. These salamanders have pale skin and reduced eyes as they have adapted to living in complete darkness in underground pools of water. The reduced eyes are similar to other organisms that live in caves or underground. |
Kidney stones are considered a disease that affects which system? | digestive system | muscular system | reproductive system | urinary system | Diseases of the urinary system include kidney stones and urinary tract infections. Untreated diabetes may cause kidney failure and the need for hemodialysis or a kidney transplant. |
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is called? | moisture | alkalinity | alcohol | acidity | The strength of acids and bases is determined by the concentration of ions they produce when dissolved in water. The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is called acidity. It is measured by pH. A neutral substance has a pH of 7. An acid has a pH lower than 7, and a base has a pH greater than 7. |
Within a group, the ionization energy decreases as the size of the atom gets what? | lighter | brighter | smaller | larger | Within a group, the ionization energy decreases as the size of the atom gets larger. On the graph, we see that the ionization energy increases as we go up the group to smaller atoms. In this situation, the first electron removed is farther from the nucleus as the atomic number (number of protons) increases. Being farther away from the positive attraction makes it easier for that electron to be pulled off. |
Temperature can affect what attribute of a siamese cat's coat? | density | weight | chemical makeup | color | Genes play an important part in influencing phenotype, but genes are not the only influence. Environmental conditions, such as temperature and availability of nutrients can affect phenotypes. For example, temperature affects coat color in Siamese cats. |
What type of locomotion do humans have? | quadrupedal | crawling | elongated | bipedal | 34.8 Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion. |
Which equation improves upon the ideal gas law by adding two terms: one to account for the volume of the gas molecules and another for the attractive forces between them? | Newton's third law | Heidiger's principle | Pascal's equation | van der waals | There are several different equations that better approximate gas behavior than does the ideal gas law. The first, and simplest, of these was developed by the Dutch scientist Johannes van der Waals in 1879. The van der Waals equation improves upon the ideal gas law by adding two terms: one to account for the volume of the gas molecules and another for the attractive forces between them. |
What do chemical reactions need to be activated? | products | food | space | energy | Chemical reactions also need energy to be activated. They require a certain amount of energy just to get started. This energy is called activation energy . For example, activation energy is needed to start a car engine. Turning the key causes a spark that activates the burning of gasoline in the engine. The combustion of gas won’t occur without the spark of energy to begin the reaction. |
Compared to thoracic and lumbar types, the cervical type of what structures carry the least amount of body weight? | ametic | nasal | nuclei | vertebrae | Cervical Vertebrae Typical cervical vertebrae, such as C4 or C5, have several characteristic features that differentiate them from thoracic or lumbar vertebrae (Figure 7.25). Cervical vertebrae have a small body, reflecting the fact that they carry the least amount of body weight. Cervical vertebrae usually have a bifid (Y-shaped) spinous process. The spinous processes of the C3–C6 vertebrae are short, but the spine of C7 is much longer. You can find these vertebrae by running your finger down the midline of the posterior neck until you encounter the prominent C7 spine located at the base of the neck. The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae are sharply curved (U-shaped) to allow for passage of the cervical spinal nerves. Each transverse process also has an opening called the transverse foramen. An important artery that supplies the brain ascends up the neck by passing through these openings. The superior and inferior articular processes of the cervical vertebrae are flattened and largely face upward or downward, respectively. The first and second cervical vertebrae are further modified, giving each a distinctive appearance. The first cervical (C1) vertebra is also called the atlas, because this is the vertebra that supports the skull on top of the vertebral column (in Greek mythology, Atlas was the god who supported the heavens on his shoulders). The C1 vertebra does not have a body or spinous process. Instead, it is ring-shaped, consisting of an anterior arch and a posterior arch. The transverse processes of the atlas are longer and extend more laterally than do the transverse processes of any other cervical vertebrae. The superior articular processes face upward and are deeply curved for articulation with the occipital condyles on the base of the skull. The inferior articular processes are flat and face downward to join with the superior articular processes of the C2 vertebra. The second cervical (C2) vertebra is called the axis, because it serves as the axis for rotation when turning the head toward the right or left. The axis resembles typical cervical vertebrae in most respects, but is easily distinguished by the dens (odontoid process), a bony projection that extends upward from the vertebral body. The dens joins with the inner aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas, where it is held in place by transverse ligament. |
Many plants generate root pressure during which phase? | end of life cycle | flowering season | developing season | growing season | |
The fuel rods are made of a corrosion-resistant alloy that encases the partially enriched uranium fuel; controlled fission of 235u in the fuel produces heat. water surrounds the fuel rods and moderates this? | electromagnetism | half-life | thermal energy | kinetic energy | The fuel rods are made of a corrosion-resistant alloy that encases the partially enriched uranium fuel; controlled fission of 235U in the fuel produces heat. Water surrounds the fuel rods and moderates the kinetic energy of the. |
Earthquake waves that travel trhough underground rocks in all directions are known as? | typical waves | tertiary waves | primary waves | secondary waves | Another example of transverse waves occurs with earthquakes. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends transverse waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called secondary, or S, waves. An S wave is illustrated in Figure below . |
What is the final product of the calvin cycle? | insulin | chloride | sucrose | glucose | The final product of the Calvin cycle is glucose. |
What does an electric conductor cross to generate current? | magnetic polar waves | waves field lines | magnetic zone waves | magnetic field lines | A changing magnetic field produces an electric current in the process of electromagnetic induction. Current is generated whenever an electric conductor crosses magnetic field lines. |
Splitting the nucleus of an atom produces a massive amount of what type of energy? | sure energy | likely energy | radioactive energy | nuclear energy | Nuclear energy is produced by splitting the nucleus of an atom. This releases a huge amount of energy. |
What are waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time called? | radio frequency | tendency frequency | combination frequency | wave frequency | The number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time is wave frequency . Wave frequency can be measured by counting the number of crests (high points) of waves that pass the fixed point in 1 second or some other time period. The higher the number is, the greater the frequency of the waves. The SI unit for wave frequency is the hertz (Hz) , where 1 hertz equals 1 wave passing a fixed point in 1 second. The Figure below shows high-frequency and low-frequency transverse waves. You can simulate transverse waves with different frequencies at these URLs: http://phet. colorado. edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string and http://zonalandeducation. com/mstm/physics/waves/partsOfAWave/waveParts. htm. |
As temperature increases, the solubility of the majority of solid substances does what? | mutates | stays the same | reduces | increases | The solubility of the majority of solid substances increases as the temperature increases. However, the effect is difficult to predict and varies widely from one solute to another. The temperature dependence of solubility can be visualized with the help of a solubility curve , a graph of the solubility vs. temperature (see Figure below ). |
The process in which animals use visual cues to communicate is known as what? | distinctive communication | visual indication | peripheral communication | visual communication | Visual Communication in Animals. Many animals use visual cues to communicate. |
What state is achieved when the forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates? | constant | neutrality | equality | equilibrium | At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates. The driving force in each direction is equal, because the free energy of the reactants and products under equilibrium conditions is equivalent (ΔG = 0). We also know that, at equilibrium, Q = K eq . For a reaction that has reached equilibrium, the equation above becomes the following:. |
What are 3 types of light? | solar , visible , ultraviolet | complementary, incandescent, fluorescent | diffuse, ambient, opaque | infrared, visible, ultraviolet | Electromagnetic waves that are commonly called light fall roughly in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum. Light includes infrared light, visible light, and ultraviolet light. |
What is an interation between organisms or species for the same resources in an enviroment is called? | rivalry | opposition | contention | competition | Competition is as an interaction between organisms or species for the same resources in an environment. |
What type of organism, including sea stars and sand dollars, is named for their spiny skin? | chordates | mollusks | diatoms | echinoderms | Echinoderms are named for their “spiny skin. ” However, the spines aren’t on their skin. They are part of the endoskeleton. The endoskeleton consists of calcium carbonate plates and spines, covered by a thin layer of skin. Adult echinoderms have radial symmetry. This is easy to see in the sea star and sand dollar in Figure above . However, echinoderms evolved from an ancestor with bilateral symmetry. Evidence for this is the bilateral symmetry of their larvae. |
What is the term for a disease that is not contagious? | benign | uncultured disease | common cold | noninfectious disease | Not all diseases are contagious. A disease that is not contagious is called a noninfectious disease. These diseases are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are likely to have causes such as lifestyle factors, environmental toxins, or gene mutations. Common types of noninfectious diseases include cancer, diabetes, and immune system diseases. |
Red bone marrow, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland are considered organs of what system? | circulatory | endocrine | nervous | lymphatic | The lymph organs are the red bone marrow , tonsils , spleen , and thymus gland . They are described below ( Figure below ). |
What is it called when you touch a charged object to the earth? | dispersion | cooling | charging | grounding | The earth is also a conductor. Touching a charged object to the earth is called grounding . When you touch a conductor to the earth, you allow the earth to share the charge. Since the earth is billions of times bigger than the object, the earth takes nearly all of the charge. The charged object that was grounded now has zero charge. |
What is the basic unit of structure and function of living things? | particle | atom | molecule | cell | All forms of life are built of cells. A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things. |
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships? | altruism, conservatism, communalism | pledgism, truism, greenism | symbiosis , communalism , parasitism | mutualism, communalism, parasitism | Symbiosis describes a close and long-term relationship between different species. At least one species will benefit in a symbiotic relationship. These relationships are often necessary for the survival of one or both organisms. There are three types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, communalism, and parasitism. |
What is the name of the major components of cell membranes called? | eukaryotes | antibodies | cytoplasm | phospholipids | Phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes. |
What organ breaks down excess amino acids and toxins in the blood? | lungs | kidney | heart | liver | Salamanders can breathe with the help of gills, lungs, or their skin surface. |
What do wavelengths measure the size of? | tides | winds | fossils | waves | Wavelength is one way of measuring the size of waves. It is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves, and it is usually measured in meters. How it is measured is a little different for transverse and longitudinal waves. |
Lava flows from a volcano and hardens into what? | sand | life | snow | rock | lava flows from a volcano and hardens into rock. |
What is the term for coiled structures made of dna and proteins? | platelets | neutrons | nodes | chromosomes | Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the form of the genetic material of a cell during cell division. During other phases of the cell cycle, DNA is not coiled into chromosomes. Instead, it exists as a grainy material called chromatin . |
Archaeans produce what kind of gas as a waste product? | carbon dioxide | sulfide | carbon monoxide | methane | Many archaeans live in close relationships with other organisms. For example, large numbers live inside animals, including humans. Unlike many bacteria, archaeans don't harm their hosts. None of them is known to cause human disease. Archaeans are more likely to help their hosts. For example, archaeans called methanogens live inside the gut of cows (see Figure below ). They help cows digest tough plant fibers made of cellulose. They produce methane gas as a waste product. |
The mole fraction of the solvent is just one minus the mole fraction of what? | molecules | nutrients | solution | solute | The molarity is 0.0129 M, the molality is 0.0129 m, the mole fraction is 2.33 × 10 , and the solution contains 1830 ppm Na2HPO4. Mole fraction is most useful for calculating vapor pressure, because Raoult’s law states that the vapor pressure of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of solvent times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. The mole fraction of the solvent is just one minus the mole fraction of solute. |
Electromagnetic specturm is the full spectrum of raidant energy, which is energy emitted and transmitted as what? | tides | currents | flows | waves | The noble gases are characterized by their high ionization energies and low electron affinities. |
What structures formed of twisted actin chains are found in almost every cell, and are numerous in muscle cells and cells that move by changing shape? | vesicles | RNA | DNA | microfilaments | Microfilaments , shown in Figure below (b) , are made of two thin actin chains that are twisted around one another. Microfilaments are mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane, where they support the cell and help the cell keep its shape. Microfilaments form cytoplasmatic extensions, such as pseudopodia and microvilli, which allow certain cells to move. The actin of the microfilaments interacts with the protein myosin to cause contraction in muscle cells. Microfilaments are found in almost every cell, and are numerous in muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape, such as phagocytes (white blood cells that search the body for bacteria and other invaders). |
What impact can plaque in an artery have on the flow of blood? | increased flow | no effect | allergic reaction | restriction | Normally blood needs to flow freely through our arteries. Plaque in an artery can restrict the flow of blood. As you can probably imagine, this is not an ideal situation. And eating right, exercising, and not smoking can help keep your arteries healthy. |
What type of charge do electrons have? | bipolar | positive | neutral | negative | Electrons have negative charge and protons have positive charge. The magnitude of the charge is the same for both, . |
Which cells change the accessibility, transcription, or translation of a gene? | ribosomes | endogenous | prokaryotic | eukaryotic | that extends the 3' end, so a primer is synthesized and extended. Thus, the ends are protected. 16 The cell controls which protein is expressed, and to what level that protein is expressed, in the cell. Prokaryotic cells alter the transcription rate to turn genes on or off. This method will increase or decrease protein levels in response to what is needed by the cell. Eukaryotic cells change the accessibility (epigenetic), transcription, or translation of a gene. This will alter the amount of RNA, and the lifespan of the RNA, to alter the amount of protein that exists. Eukaryotic cells also change the protein’s translation to increase or decrease its overall levels. Eukaryotic organisms are much more complex and can manipulate protein levels by changing many stages in the process. |
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of a long preparatory period, called __________ before undergoing cell division. | outerphase | metaphase | mitosis | interphase | 10.2 The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events. Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and carefully regulated stages. In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of a long preparatory period, called interphase. Interphase is divided into G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic phase begins with karyokinesis (mitosis), which consists of five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The final stage of the mitotic phase is cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasmic components of the daughter cells are separated either by an actin ring (animal cells) or by cell plate formation (plant cells). |
Some biochemical processes happen via sequences of reactions which are called what? | metabolism | synthesis | mutations | pathways | Many biochemical processes occur through sequences of reactions called pathways. The total energy released by many of these pathways is much more than the energy a cell could handle if it were all released in a single step. For example, the combustion of glucose in a single step would release enough energy to kill a cell. By using a series of smaller steps that release less energy per reaction, however, the cell can extract the maximum energy from glucose without being destroyed. Referring to Equation 5.30, calculate how many grams of glucose would need to be metabolized to raise the temperature of a liver cell from an average body 3. |
Deep ocean currents are caused by differences in what property at the top and bottom? | velocity | diameter | mass | density | Currents also flow deep below the surface of the ocean. Deep currents are caused by differences in density at the top and bottom. Density is defined as the amount of mass per unit of volume. More dense water takes up less space than less dense water. It has the same mass but less volume. Water that is more dense sinks. Less dense water rises. What can make water more dense?. |
What forms when a glacier scrapes a large hole in the ground? | glacial hill | crater lake | underground cavern | glacial lake | The depression that allows water to collect to form a lake may come about in a variety of ways. The Great Lakes, for example, are glacial lakes. A glacial lake forms when a glacier scrapes a large hole in the ground. When the glacier melts, the water fills the hole and forms a lake. A kettle lake forms in the sediment left by a glacier when a block of ice melts. Kettle lakes are found where continental glaciers once covered the land ( Figure ' below ). Over time lakes get water from rain, streams, and groundwater coming to the surface. |
What is needed to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration? | photosynthesis | vascular tissue | passive transport | gas exchange | Gas exchange is needed to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration. Cells cannot survive for long without oxygen. Gas exchange is also needed to carry away carbon dioxide waste. Some of the carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves to form carbonic acid, which keeps blood pH within a normal range. |
When magma cools slowly, what texture does it have? | small circles | large squares | large gases | large crystals | Texture indicates how the magma cooled. Magma that cools rapidly has small or no visible crystals. Magma that cools slowly has large crystals; reference the Table above for the type of rock, the amount of silica it has, and examples. |
The calvin cycle is the fancy name for the metabolic pathway that builds what? | carbohydrates | proteins | fats | sugar | 13.2.1 The Detailed Dark Reactions What the Dark Reactions Do: The dark reactions build sugar from carbon dioxide gas (CO2), water (H2O), and energy from ATP molecules that were charged up during the light reactions. The dark reactions occur in the stroma of a chloroplast. Dark reactions usually occur in the light, but they don't have to. They'll occur in the dark until the chloroplast's supply of ATP runs out (usually about 30 seconds). The Calvin Cycle: The Calvin Cycle is the fancy name for the metabolic pathway that builds sugar. This means that it involves a whole lot of chemical reactions, and it uses a lot of different enzymes to catalyze the reactions. Carbon dioxide gas is stable, therefore the bonds that hold the carbon and oxygen atoms are strong. Therefore it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds and separate the carbon atoms from the oxygen atoms. The energy needed to do this comes from ATP molecules. When inorganic carbon (like from CO2) is being added to an organic molecule (such as sugar), this is called carbon fixation. It takes 2 complete turns of the Calvin Cycle to make a glucose molecule. Some portions of this text is based on notes very generously donated by Paul Doerder, Ph. , of the Cleveland State University. The detailed portions are not provided by Dr. Doerder. How cells divide. |
The use of mercury-based dental amalgam has gone under question in recent years because of concerns regarding what? | the variability | the expense | the oxygen | the toxicity | Perhaps the most familiar liquid-solid solution is dental amalgam, used to fill teeth when there is a cavity. Approximately 50% of the amalgam material is liquid mercury to which a powdered alloy of silver, tin and copper is added. Mercury is used because it binds well with the solid metal alloy. However, the use of mercury-based dental amalgam has gone under question in recent years because of concerns regarding the toxicity of mercury. |
Where does much of the blood that enters the atria flow? | lungs | arteries | muscles | ventricles | |
Batteries produce voltage through what type of reaction? | thermal | liquid | non-chemical | chemical | Chemical cells are found in batteries. They produce voltage by means of chemical reactions. Chemical cells have two electrodes, which are strips of different materials, such as zinc and carbon. The electrodes are suspended in an electrolyte. This is a substance that contains free ions, which can carry electric current. The electrolyte may be either a paste, in which case the cell is called a dry cell, or a liquid, in which case the cell is called a wet cell. Flashlight batteries contain dry cells. Car batteries contain wet cells. |
A globe is the best way to make a map of what? | a city | a continent | solar system | whole earth | Earth is a sphere and so is a globe. A globe is the best way to make a map of the whole Earth. Because both the planet and a globe have curved surfaces, the sizes and shapes of countries are not distorted. Distances are true to scale. ( Figure below ). |
Bond energy is an indication of the amount of energy needed for what to occur? | oxidation | physical reaction only | photosynthesis | chemical reaction | Bond energy is an indication of the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction. |
What causes genetic disorders? | pollution | parasites | proteins | mutations | Sequencing the human genome has increased our knowledge of genetic disorders. These are diseases caused by mutations. They may be caused by single gene mutations or the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis. |
Located above the stratosphere, what layer is the place where meteors burn up? | atmosphere | unisphere | troposphere | mesosphere | The mesosphere is the layer above the stratosphere. Temperature decreases with altitude in this layer. Meteors burn up here. |
What composition determines both eruption type and volcano type? | gas | electrical | chemical | magma | Magma composition determines both eruption type and volcano type. |
In a pedigree what shape symbolizes males? | triangles | spheres | rectangles | squares | In a pedigree, squares symbolize males, and circles represent females. A horizontal line joining a male and female indicates that the couple had offspring. Vertical lines indicate offspring which are listed left to right, in order of birth. Shading of the circle or square indicates an individual who has the trait being traced. The inheritance of the recessive trait is being traced. A is the dominant allele and a is recessive. An "affected" individual has the trait or characteristic (or disease) in question. |
Mollusks are probably most closely related to organisms in the phylum annelida , also known as what? | elongated worms | sedimentary worms | indigenous worms | segmented worms | Mollusks are probably most closely related to organisms in the phylum Annelida , also known as segmented worms. This phylum includes the earthworm and leech. Scientists believe these two groups are related because, when they are in the early stage of development, they look very similar. Mollusks also share features of their organ systems with segmented worms. Unlike segmented worms, however, mollusks do not have body segmentation. The basic mollusk body shape is usually quite different as well. |
Which bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular forces? | calcium | complex | carbon | hydrogen | As a solid is heated, its particles vibrate more rapidly as the solid absorbs kinetic energy. Eventually, the organization of the particles within the solid structure begins to break down and the solid starts to melt. The melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. At its melting point, the disruptive vibrations of the particles of the solid overcome the attractive forces operating within the solid. As with boiling points, the melting point of a solid is dependent on the strength of those attractive forces. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound that consists of a multitude of strong ionic bonds. Sodium chloride melts at 801°C. Ice (solid H 2 O) is a molecular compound whose molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds. Though hydrogen bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular forces, the strength of hydrogen bonds is much less than that of ionic bonds. The melting point of ice is 0°C. |
The community of all of the living and nonliving parts of an environment is known as what? | biodiversity | habitat | population | ecosystem | |
What is the most common type of volcano? | flat | geyser | block cone | cinder cone | Cinder cones are the smallest and most common type of volcano. Cinder cones have steep sides like composite volcanoes. But they are much smaller, rarely reaching even 300 meters in height. Cinder cones usually have a crater at the summit. Cinder cones are composed of small fragments of rock, called cinders. The cinders are piled on top of one another. The cinders can be mafic, intermediate, or felsic in composition. These volcanoes usually do not produce streams of lava. Cinder cones often form near larger volcanoes. Most composite and shield volcanoes have nearby cinder cones. |
What is the name of the the most efficient possible engine? | ventilation engine | excitation engine | diesel engine | carnot engine | An ideal engine, the most efficient theoretically possible, is called a Carnot Engine. Its efficiency is given by the following formula, where the temperatures are, respectively, the temperature of the exhaust environment and the temperature of the heat input, in Kelvins. In a Carnot engine heat is input and exhausted in isothermal cycles, and the efficiency is . In all real engines heat is lost to the environment, thus the ideal efficiency is never even close to being obtained. |
Carbon monoxide, radon gas, dust and pet dander are sources of what kind of pollution? | sound pollution | noise pollution | light pollution | indoor air pollution | One source of indoor air pollution is radon gas. Radon is a radioactive gas that may seep into buildings from rocks underground. Exposure to radon gas may cause lung cancer. Another potential poison in indoor air is carbon monoxide. It may be released by faulty or poorly vented furnaces or other fuel-burning appliances. Indoor furniture, carpets, and paints may release toxic compounds into the air as well. Other possible sources of indoor air pollution include dust, mold, and pet dander. |
What is the cause of existence of molecular solids and liquids? | few forces | negative forces | popular forces | attractive forces | |
Meningitis, for example, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the tissues covering what? | the lungs | the skin | the liver | the brain | Nervous tissue may become infected by microorganisms. Meningitis, for example, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the tissues covering the brain. This may cause the brain to swell and lead to brain damage and death. |
What doctors specialize in diseases stemming from glandular issues? | oncologists | anthropologists | dermatologists | endocrinologists | Endocrinologist An endocrinologist is a medical doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the endocrine glands, hormone systems, and glucose and lipid metabolic pathways. An endocrine surgeon specializes in the surgical treatment of endocrine diseases and glands. Some of the diseases that are managed by endocrinologists: disorders of the pancreas (diabetes mellitus), disorders of the pituitary (gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary dwarfism), disorders of the thyroid gland (goiter and Graves’ disease), and disorders of the adrenal glands (Cushing’s disease and Addison’s disease). Endocrinologists are required to assess patients and diagnose endocrine disorders through extensive use of laboratory tests. Many endocrine diseases are diagnosed using tests that stimulate or suppress endocrine organ functioning. Blood samples are then drawn to determine the effect of stimulating or suppressing an endocrine organ on the production of hormones. For example, to diagnose diabetes mellitus, patients are required to fast for 12 to 24 hours. They are then given a sugary drink, which stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin to decrease blood glucose levels. A blood sample is taken one to two hours after the sugar drink is consumed. If the pancreas is functioning properly, the blood glucose level will be within a normal range. Another example is the A1C test, which can be performed during blood screening. The A1C test measures average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months by examining how well the blood glucose is being managed over a long time. Once a disease has been diagnosed, endocrinologists can prescribe lifestyle changes and/or medications to treat the disease. Some cases of diabetes mellitus can be managed by exercise, weight loss, and a healthy diet; in other cases, medications may be required to enhance insulin release. If the disease cannot be controlled by these means, the endocrinologist may prescribe insulin injections. In addition to clinical practice, endocrinologists may also be involved in primary research and development activities. For example, ongoing islet transplant research is investigating how healthy pancreas islet cells may be transplanted into diabetic patients. Successful islet transplants may allow patients to stop taking insulin injections. |
_________ are one-celled organisms with a nucleus which cause diseases such as malaria. | larvae | fungi | mosquitos | protozoa | Protozoa are one-celled organisms with a nucleus, making them eukaryotic organisms. They cause diseases such as malaria. Malaria is a serious disease that is common in warm climates. The protozoa infect people when they are bit by a mosquito. More than a million people die of malaria each year. Other protozoa cause diarrhea. An example is Giardia lamblia ( Figure below ). |
Chemical energy is another form of which energy? | mechanical energy | heat energy | nuclear energy | potential energy | Chemical energy and nuclear energy are other forms of potential energy. |
Many species secrete a hard external skeleton of what? | carbon dioxide | sodium bicarbonate | hydrogen carbonate | calcium carbonate | |
What is the most common pattern of dispersion? | sporadic | random | uniform | clumped | |
Water droplets form when the air reaches 100-percent what? | heat | density | chance of rain | humidity | Water droplets form when the air reaches 100% humidity. If the temperature is cold enough, frost will form. |
Any large molecule is referred to as what? | polymer | cellular | microtubule | macromolecule | Carbon’s affinity for covalent bonding means that many distinct and relatively stable organic molecules nevertheless readily form larger, more complex molecules. Any large molecule is referred to as macromolecule (macro- = “large”), and the organic compounds in this section all fit this description. However, some macromolecules are made up of several “copies” of single units called monomer (mono- = “one”; -mer = “part”). Like beads in a long necklace, these monomers link by covalent bonds to form long polymers (poly- = “many”). There are many examples of monomers and polymers among the organic compounds. Monomers form polymers by engaging in dehydration synthesis (see Figure 2.14). As was noted earlier, this reaction results in the release of a molecule of water. Each monomer contributes: One gives up a hydrogen atom and the other gives up a hydroxyl group. Polymers are split into monomers by hydrolysis (-lysis = “rupture”). The bonds between their monomers are broken, via the donation of a molecule of water, which contributes a hydrogen atom to one monomer and a hydroxyl group to the other. |
The rocks that are taken from a mine are full of valuable minerals plus rock that isn't valuable. what is this rock called? | empty rock | garbage rock | compost rock | waste rock | Most minerals are a combination of metal and other elements. The rocks that are taken from a mine are full of valuable minerals plus rock that isn't valuable. This is called waste rock. The valuable minerals must be separated from the waste rock. One way to do this is with a chemical reaction. Chemicals are added to the ores at very high temperatures. |
Organisms such as goldfish that can tolerate only a relatively narrow range of salinity are referred to as what? | saline intolerant | antisaline | trichina | stenohaline | Osmoregulators and Osmoconformers Persons lost at sea without any fresh water to drink are at risk of severe dehydration because the human body cannot adapt to drinking seawater, which is hypertonic in comparison to body fluids. Organisms such as goldfish that can tolerate only a relatively narrow range of salinity are referred to as stenohaline. About 90 percent of all bony fish are restricted to either freshwater or seawater. They are incapable of osmotic regulation in the opposite environment. It is possible, however, for a few fishes like salmon to spend part of their life in fresh water and part in sea water. Organisms like the salmon and molly that can tolerate a relatively wide range of salinity are referred to as euryhaline organisms. This is possible because some fish have evolved osmoregulatory mechanisms to survive in all kinds of aquatic environments. When they live in fresh water, their bodies tend to take up water because the environment is relatively hypotonic, as illustrated in Figure 41.3a. In such hypotonic environments, these fish do not drink much water. Instead, they pass a lot of very dilute urine, and they achieve electrolyte balance by active transport of salts through the gills. When they move to a hypertonic marine environment, these fish start drinking sea water; they excrete the excess salts through their gills and their urine, as illustrated in Figure 41.3b. Most marine invertebrates, on the other hand, may be isotonic with sea water ( osmoconformers). Their body fluid concentrations conform to changes in seawater concentration. Cartilaginous fishes’ salt composition of the blood is similar to bony fishes; however, the blood of sharks contains the organic compounds urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). This does not mean that their electrolyte composition is similar to that of sea water. They achieve isotonicity with the sea by storing large concentrations of urea. These animals that secrete urea are called ureotelic animals. TMAO stabilizes proteins in the presence of high urea levels, preventing the disruption of peptide bonds that would occur in other. |
In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite what? | weight | growth | shape | volume | Liquids If the particles of a substance have enough energy to partially overcome intermolecular interactions, then the particles can move about each other while remaining in contact. This describes the liquid state. In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite volume. However, because the particles can move about each other rather freely, a liquid has no definite shape and takes a shape dictated by its container. |
What is the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching called? | radiation | convection | activation | conduction | Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching. Thermal conductors are materials that are good conductors of thermal energy. Thermal insulators are materials that are poor conductors of thermal energy. Both conductors and insulators have important uses. |
Regularly performing weight-bearing exercise can reduce the risk of what condition that affects bones? | arthritis | psoriasis | marrow deficiency | osteoporosis | Regular weight-bearing exercise can reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Apply lesson concepts to explain why. |
What do we call structures that have lost their use through evolution, which serve as important evidence of evolution? | primordial | extinct | adaptative | vestigial | Vestigial structures, or structures that have lost their use through evolution, are important evidence of evolution. |
What is the only way of transferring energy that doesn't require matter? | convection | mutation | evaporation | radiation | Both conduction and convection transfer energy through matter. Radiation is the only way of transferring energy that doesn’t require matter. Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves that can travel through empty space. When the waves reach objects, they transfer energy to the objects, causing them to warm up. This is how the sun’s energy reaches Earth and heats its surface (see Figure below ). Radiation is also how thermal energy from a campfire warms people nearby. You might be surprised to learn that all objects radiate thermal energy, including people. In fact, when a room is full of people, it may feel noticeably warmer because of all the thermal energy the people radiate! To learn more about thermal radiation, watch "Radiation" at the URL below. |
The layers of the atmosphere correspond with what changes with altitude? | oxygen | friction | nitrogen | temperature | The atmosphere has layers. The layers correspond with how temperature changes with altitude. By understanding the way temperature changes with altitude, we can learn a lot about how the atmosphere works. |
What do you call a type of mixture that has the same composition throughout? | transfusion | transition | structure | solution | This giant Buddha statue, which is a national treasure in Japan, is made of bronze. Bronze consists mainly of copper but also contains some tin. Bronze is an example of a solution. A solution is a type of mixture that has the same composition throughout. |
What traits do the sponge and tarantula share? | lifespan | number of eyes | number of legs | lack of backbone | One trait invertebrates like the sponge and tarantula share is lack of a backbone. In fact, they don’t have any bones at all. These are defining traits of all invertebrates. Some invertebrates have a skeleton, but it isn’t made of bone. Many other traits of invertebrates show considerable diversity. |
Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more what? | lipids | nucleus | proteins | cells | Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex: inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions. In multicellular organisms (Figure 1.10), similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems. Sensitivity or Response to Stimuli. |
What do voltmeters measure? | frequency | temperature | amplitude | voltage | 21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters • Voltmeters measure voltage, and ammeters measure current. • A voltmeter is placed in parallel with the voltage source to receive full voltage and must have a large resistance to limit its effect on the circuit. • An ammeter is placed in series to get the full current flowing through a branch and must have a small resistance to limit its effect on the circuit. • Both can be based on the combination of a resistor and a galvanometer, a device that gives an analog reading of current. • Standard voltmeters and ammeters alter the circuit being measured and are thus limited in accuracy. |
What is the term for body parts that do not serve their original function? | amenable structures | abnormal structures | false structures | vestigial structures | Moles live underground where they do not need eyes to find their way around. This mole’s eyes are covered by skin. Body parts that do not serve their original function are vestigial structures. |
The soil beneath a deciduous forest is called what? | trichina | cocklebur | forest floor | pedalfer | The soil beneath a deciduous forest is a pedalfer. These soils are very fertile. |
What is composed of a calcium cation and a nitrate anion? | nitrous oxide | calcium carbonate | dynamite | calcium nitrate | Writing a formula for a ternary ionic compound also involves the same steps as for a binary ionic compound. Write the symbol and charge of the cation followed by the symbol and charge of the anion. Use the crisscross method to ensure that the final formula is neutral. Calcium nitrate is composed of a calcium cation and a nitrate anion. |
Not all structural rearrangements of chromosomes produce nonviable, impaired, or infertile individuals. in rare instances, such a change can result in the evolution of what? | new family | new order | new mutation | new species | The Chromosome 18 Inversion Not all structural rearrangements of chromosomes produce nonviable, impaired, or infertile individuals. In rare instances, such a change can result in the evolution of a new species. In fact, a pericentric inversion in chromosome 18 appears to have contributed to the evolution of humans. This inversion is not present in our closest genetic relatives, the chimpanzees. Humans and chimpanzees differ cytogenetically by pericentric inversions on several chromosomes and by the fusion of two separate chromosomes in chimpanzees that correspond to chromosome two in humans. The pericentric chromosome 18 inversion is believed to have occurred in early humans following their divergence from a common ancestor with chimpanzees approximately five million years ago. Researchers characterizing this inversion have suggested that approximately 19,000 nucleotide bases were duplicated on 18p, and the duplicated region inverted and reinserted on chromosome 18 of an ancestral human. A comparison of human and chimpanzee genes in the region of this inversion indicates that two genes—ROCK1 and USP14—that are adjacent on chimpanzee chromosome 17 (which corresponds to human chromosome 18) are more distantly positioned on human chromosome 18. This suggests that one of the inversion breakpoints occurred between these two genes. Interestingly, humans and chimpanzees express USP14 at distinct levels in specific cell types, including cortical cells and fibroblasts. Perhaps the chromosome 18 inversion in an ancestral human repositioned specific genes and reset their expression levels in a useful way. Because both ROCK1 and USP14 encode cellular enzymes, a change in their expression could alter cellular function. It is not known how this inversion contributed to hominid evolution, [1] but it appears to be a significant factor in the divergence of humans from other primates. Translocations A translocation occurs when a segment of a chromosome dissociates and reattaches to a different, nonhomologous chromosome. Translocations can be benign or have devastating effects depending on how the positions of genes are altered with respect to regulatory sequences. Notably, specific translocations have been associated with several cancers and with schizophrenia. Reciprocal translocations result from the exchange of chromosome segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes such that there is no gain or loss of genetic information (Figure 13.13). |
Which molecules in the body holds energy? | lipid molecules | mitochondria molecules | water molecules | glucose molecules | How does the food you eat provide energy? When you need a quick boost of energy, you might reach for an apple or a candy bar. But cells do not "eat" apples or candy bars; these foods need to be broken down so that cells can use them. Through the process of cellular respiration , the energy in food is changed into energy that can be used by the body's cells. Initially, the sugars in the food you eat are digested into the simple sugar glucose , a monosaccharide . Recall that glucose is the sugar produced by the plant during photosynthesis. The glucose, or the polysaccharide made from many glucose molecules, such as starch , is then passed to the organism that eats the plant. This organism could be you, or it could be the organism that you eat. Either way, it is the glucose molecules that holds the energy. |
What term is used for the difference in the placement of an object from one time to another? | diffusion | variation | replacement | displacement | Position is the location of the object (whether it's a person, a ball or a particle) at a given moment in time. Displacement is the difference in the object's position from one time to another. Distance is the total amount the object has traveled in a certain period of time. Displacement is a vector quantity (direction matters), where as distance is a scalor (only the amount matters). Distance and displacement are the same in the case where the object travels in a straight line and always moving in the same direction. |
What kind of reasoning involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of data? | skepticism | reflexive | inductive | deductive | These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (consisting of numbers), and the raw data can be supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos. From many observations, the scientist can infer conclusions (inductions) based on evidence. Inductive reasoning involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of data. Brain studies often work this way. Many brains are observed while people are doing a task. The part of the brain that lights up, indicating activity, is then demonstrated to be the part controlling the response to that task. Deductive reasoning or deduction is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid. For example, a prediction would be that if the climate is becoming warmer in a region, the distribution of plants and animals should change. Comparisons have been made between distributions in the past and the present, and the many changes that have been found are consistent with a warming climate. Finding the change in distribution is evidence that the climate change conclusion is a valid one. Both types of logical thinking are related to the two main pathways of scientific study: descriptive science and hypothesisbased science. Descriptive (or discovery) science aims to observe, explore, and discover, while hypothesis-based science begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred, because most scientific endeavors combine both approaches. Observations lead to questions, questions lead to forming a hypothesis as a possible answer to those questions, and then the hypothesis is tested. Thus, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue. |
What kind of eruption do scientists think is caused by a very large magma chamber erupting entirely in one catastrophic explosion? | supermagma eruption | brucei eruption | mangxamba eruption | supervolcano eruption | The exact cause of supervolcano eruptions is still debated. However, scientists think that a very large magma chamber erupts entirely in one catastrophic explosion. This creates a caldera into which the surface collapses ( Figure below ). The composition of the eruption is felsic or highly felsic. |
The inside surface of the jejunum is covered with tiny projections called what? | alveoli | flagella | mucosa | villi | The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine. This is where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood. The inside surface of the jejunum is covered with tiny projections called villi (villus, singular). The villi make the inner surface of the small intestine 1000 times greater than it would be without them. You can read in Figure below how villi are involved in absorption. |
What is the most effective color in interrupting the nighttime portion of the photoperiod? | blue light | yellow | white light | red light | |
What glands produce the salty fluid that helps cool the body of many mammals? | endocrine gland | thyroid gland | water gland | sweat gland | The skin of many mammals is covered with sweat glands. The glands produce sweat, the salty fluid that helps cool the body. |
What shape is the orbit of a planet? | spiral | cleaved | vertical | elliptical | The orbits of the planets are elliptical. |
What term is defined as the area where a species lives and to which it has become adapted? | farmland | nature | range | habitat | The single biggest cause of the sixth mass extinction is habitat loss. A habitat is the area where a species lives and to which it has become adapted. When a habitat is disturbed or destroyed, it threatens all the species that live there with extinction. |
What do fish have that allow them to “breathe” oxygen in water? | pores | lungs | layers | gills | Fish have gills that allow them to “breathe” oxygen in water. Water enters the mouth, passes over the gills, and exits the body through a special opening. Gills absorb oxygen from the water as it passes over them. |
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