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The process in which materials move depending on their heat relative to nearby materials is known as what? | ventilation | induction | radiation | convection | In convection, materials move depending on their heat relative to nearby materials. |
What shape is each face of a tetrahedron? | trapezoid | asymmetric triangle | oval | equilateral triangle | In order to maximize their distance from one another, the four groups of bonding electrons do not lie in the same plane. Instead, each of the hydrogen atoms lies at the corners of a geometrical shape called a tetrahedron. The carbon atom is at the center of the tetrahedron. Each face of a tetrahedron is an equilateral triangle. |
Glands release what substance into the blood? | acids | enzymes | toxins | hormones | human body system of glands that release hormones into the blood. |
What's the process responsible for the presence of oxygen in our atmosphere? | glycolysis | respiration | ozone | photosynthesis | |
A rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of what hormone? | estrogen | hemoglobin | testosterone | insulin | Humoral Stimuli The term “humoral” is derived from the term “humor,” which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. A humoral stimulus refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop. |
What do most ecosystems get energy from? | evaporation | magma | moisture | sunlight | When it comes to energy, ecosystems are not closed. They need constant inputs of energy. Most ecosystems get energy from sunlight. A small minority get energy from chemical compounds. Unlike energy, matter is not constantly added to ecosystems. Instead, it is recycled. Water and elements such as carbon and nitrogen are used over and over again. |
What is the study of viruses called? | biotechnology | immunology | microbiology | virology | The life sciences are so complex that most scientists focus on just one or two subspecialties. If you want to study insects, what would you be called? An entomologist. If you want to study the tiny things that give us the flu, then you need to enter the field of virology , the study of viruses. If you want to study the nervous system, which life science field is right for you ( Table below , Table below , and Table below )?. |
What do you call an animal that feeds on other animals? | polyvore | omnivore | herbivore | carnivore | Birds live in a variety of different habitats. Birds that live in different habitats will encounter different foods and different predators. Birds can be carnivores (feeding on other animals), herbivores (feeding on plants), or generalists (feeding on a variety of foods). The lifestyle of the bird can affect what it looks like. For example, can you think of some examples of beaks that are adapted to the type of food a bird eats? Carnivorous birds include hawks, falcons, eagles, osprey, vultures and owls. Herbivorous birds include the goose, cockatoo and parrot. The American Crow is an example of a generalist. In addition, a specialist is a bird (or other animal) that is specially adapted to eat a certain food. An example of a specialist is a hummingbird, whose long, thin beak is excellent for reaching into flowers for nectar, but not very good for eating other foods. |
Most scientists think that ordinary matter is less than half of the total matter in the universe; the remaining part includes what mysterious entity? | cold matter | mystery matter | magic matter | dark matter | Most scientists who study dark matter think it is a combination. Ordinary matter is part of it. That is mixed with some kind of matter that we haven’t discovered yet. Most scientists think that ordinary matter is less than half of the total matter in the universe. |
What is the term for gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere? | sulfuric gases | ionic gases | thermal gases | greenhouse gases | Gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases . They include carbon dioxide and water vapor. Human actions have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is shown in Figure below . The added gases have caused a greater greenhouse effect. How do you think this affects Earth’s temperature?. |
What is the type of cell division that produces gametes called? | fertilization | mitosis | electrolysis | meiosis | During sexual reproduction, two haploid gametes join in the process of fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes. It involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells. |
What causes halide minerals to form? | salt water ionization | salt water accumulation | fresh water ionization | salt water evaporation | Halide minerals are salts. They form when salt water evaporates. This mineral class includes more than just table salt. Halide minerals may contain the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Some will combine with metal elements. Common table salt is a halide mineral that contains the elements chlorine and sodium. Fluorite is a type of halide that contains fluorine and calcium. Fluorite can be found in many colors. If you shine an ultraviolet light on fluorite, it will glow!. |
Upon reaching the postsynaptic membrane, what type of chemical messenger binds to and activates a specific receptor? | pheromone | hormone | neuropeptide | neurotransmitter | |
What do heterotrophic animals usually consume? | plants | soil | minerals | other organisms | Animals are multicellular eukaryotes in the Animal Kingdom. They are heterotrophic, meaning that they consume other organisms. Animals have specialized cells and often higher levels of organization. This allows them to do things that other eukaryotes cannot, such as move and digest food internally. Animals generally have a simple life cycle. |
Molecules of gas are rare in what outermost region of the planet's atmosphere? | ionosphere | ozone layer | thermosphere | exosphere | Gas molecules are exceedingly rare in the exosphere. |
Why is there very little evaporation in the boreal forests? | high elevation | too hot | too humid | temperature is too cold | Arctic Tundra The Arctic tundra lies north of the subarctic boreal forests and is located throughout the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Figure 20.18). Tundra also exists at elevations above the tree line on mountains. The average winter temperature is –34°C (–29.2°F) and the average summer temperature is 3°C–12°C (37°F –52°F). Plants in the Arctic tundra have a short growing season of approximately 50–60 days. However, during this time, there are almost 24 hours of daylight and plant growth is rapid. The annual precipitation of the Arctic tundra is low (15–25 cm or 6–10 in) with little annual variation in precipitation. And, as in the boreal forests, there is little evaporation because of the cold temperatures. Plants in the Arctic tundra are generally low to the ground and include low shrubs, grasses, lichens, and small flowering plants (Figure 20.26). There is little species diversity, low net primary productivity, and low aboveground biomass. The soils of the Arctic tundra may remain in a perennially frozen state referred to as permafrost. The permafrost makes it impossible for roots to penetrate far into the soil and slows the decay of organic matter, which inhibits the release of nutrients from organic matter. The melting of the permafrost in the brief summer provides water for a burst of productivity while temperatures and long days permit it. During the growing season, the ground of the Arctic tundra can be completely covered with plants or lichens. |
Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are common types of what, which are distinguished by their monosaccharide constituents? | precipitates | silicates | oxides | disaccharides | The disaccharides differ from one another in their monosaccharide constituents and in the specific type of glycosidic linkage connecting them. There are three common disaccharides: maltose, lactose, and sucrose. All three are white crystalline solids at room temperature and are soluble in water. We’ll consider each sugar in more detail. |
Amplitude describes what about the wave's crest and trough? | The width of the parts | The minimum parts | How frequently the parts occur | the maximum parts | Waves are identified by several characteristics. There is a center line where the medium would be if there were no wave, which is sometimes describes as the undisturbed position. The displacement of the medium above this undisturbed position is called a crest and the displacement below the undisturbed position is called a trough . The maximums of the crest and trough are equal and are called the amplitude . The distance between equivalent positions on succeeding waves is called the wavelength . The wavelength could be measured from a crest to the next crest or from a trough to the next trough, and is commonly represented with the Greek letter lambda, . |
Overproduction of offspring, combined with limited resources, results in what? | concentration | continuation | contention | competition | |
What laws regulate radiation doses to which people can be exposed? | dose regulation laws | medical regulation laws | voltage protection laws | radiation protection laws | Radiation Protection Laws regulate radiation doses to which people can be exposed. The greatest occupational whole-body dose that is allowed depends upon the country and is about 20 to 50 mSv/y and is rarely reached by medical and nuclear power workers. Higher doses are allowed for the hands. Much lower doses are permitted for the reproductive organs and the fetuses of pregnant women. Inadvertent doses to the public are limited to 1 / 10 of occupational doses, except for those caused by nuclear power, which cannot legally expose the public to more than. |
Digestive enzymes, including which enzyme, start breaking down starches into sugars? | melatonin | triglyceride | cortisol | amylase | Once you start eating, saliva wets the food, which makes it easier to break up and swallow. Digestive enzymes, including the enzyme amylase, start breaking down starches into sugars. Your tongue helps mix the food with the saliva and enzymes. |
In prokaryotes, what is composed of a single, double-stranded dna molecule in the form of a loop or circle? | chromosomes | allele | rNA | genome | Genomic DNA Before discussing the steps a cell must undertake to replicate, a deeper understanding of the structure and function of a cell’s genetic information is necessary. A cell’s DNA, packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule, is called its genome. In prokaryotes, the genome is composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop or circle (Figure 10.2). The region in the cell containing this genetic material is called a nucleoid. Some prokaryotes also have smaller loops of DNA called plasmids that are not essential for normal growth. Bacteria can exchange these plasmids with other bacteria, sometimes receiving beneficial new genes that the recipient can add to their chromosomal DNA. Antibiotic resistance is one trait that often spreads through a bacterial colony through plasmid exchange. |
What is formed when nitrogen and sulfur oxides dissolve in rain? | hail | toxic rain | ozone | acid rain | Acid rain is rain that has a pH less than 5. It forms when nitrogen and sulfur oxides dissolve in rain. Acid rain kills living things and damages buildings and statues. |
Hydroelectric power harnesses the energy of what? | air | weather | heat | water | Moving water has energy ( Figure above ). That energy is used to make electricity. Hydroelectric power harnesses the energy of water moving down a stream. Hydropower is the most widely used form of renewable energy in the world. This abundant energy source provides almost one fifth of the world’s electricity. The energy of waves and tides can also be used to produce water power. At this time, wave and tidal power are rare. |
Hydras and sea anemones are examples of what form? | anemone | node | lesions | polyp | |
Tropical, temperate, continental, and polar are all examples of what? | deserts | land formations | lakes | climates | Climate types are based on temperature and precipitation. A major climate type and its living things make up a biome. Climate types include tropical, temperate, continental, and polar climates. |
What is a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord? | the underlain | the oscillatory | tubular gland | the notochord | |
At high altitudes, acclimatization increases red blood cells, so there is more what to help transport the available oxygen? | leukocytes | platelets | plasma | hemoglobin | Acclimatization Especially in situations where the ascent occurs too quickly, traveling to areas of high altitude can cause AMS. Acclimatization is the process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to a high altitude. Over a period of time, the body adjusts to accommodate the lower partial pressure of oxygen. The low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes results in a lower oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin in the blood. In turn, the tissue levels of oxygen are also lower. As a result, the kidneys are stimulated to produce the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the production of erythrocytes, resulting in a greater number of circulating erythrocytes in an individual at a high altitude over a long period. With more red blood cells, there is more hemoglobin to help transport the available oxygen. Even though there is low saturation of each hemoglobin molecule, there will be more hemoglobin present, and therefore more oxygen in the blood. Over time, this allows the person to partake in physical exertion without developing AMS. |
What type of systemic response involves lymphocytes? | inflammation | natural | chronic | immune | There are two different types of immune responses. Both types involve lymphocytes. However, one type of response involves B cells. The other type involves T cells. |
What was the first object to form in the solar system? | jupiter | earth | moon | sun | The Sun was the first object to form in the solar system. Gravity pulled matter together to the center of the disk. Density and pressure increased tremendously. Nuclear fusion reactions begin. In these reactions, the nuclei of atoms come together to form new, heavier chemical elements. Fusion reactions release huge amounts of nuclear energy. From these reactions a star was born, the Sun. |
Some materials have negative heats of solution; the dissolution of one of these solutes in water is called? | ionized process | endothermic process | acetylene process | exothermic process | Some materials have negative heats of solution; the dissolution of one of these solutes in water is an exothermic process. Heat is released, causing a net increase in the temperature of the solution. Conversely, other substances have positive heats of solution. For example, the dissolution of potassium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. The resulting absorption of energy causes the solution to become colder. Calculations involving heats of solutions follow the same basic approach that we have used with other enthalpy problems. |
Where are most white blood cells made? | plasma | lungs | heart tissue | the bone marrow | White blood cells (WBCs) are usually larger than red blood cells. They do not have hemoglobin and do not carry oxygen. White blood cells make up less than one percent of the blood's volume. Most WBCs are made in the bone marrow, and some mature in the lymphatic system. There are different WBCs with different jobs. WBCs defend the body against infection by bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens . WBCs do have a nucleus and other organelles. |
Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is pumped into the what? | kidneys | bronchial circulation | respiratory system | pulmonary circuit | Figure 19.4 Dual System of the Human Blood Circulation Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, where it is pumped into the pulmonary circuit. The blood in the pulmonary artery branches is low in oxygen but relatively high in carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the pulmonary capillaries (oxygen into the blood, carbon dioxide out), and blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide is returned to the left atrium. From here, blood enters the left ventricle, which pumps it into the systemic circuit. Following exchange in the systemic capillaries (oxygen and nutrients out of the capillaries and carbon dioxide and wastes in), blood returns to the right atrium and the cycle is repeated. |
What are the male gametes called? | urea | cytoplasm | pollen | sperm | Gametogenesis may differ between males and females. Male gametes are called sperm . Female gametes are called eggs . In human males, for example, the process that produces mature sperm cells is called spermatogenesis . During this process, sperm cells grow a tail and gain the ability to “swim,” like the human sperm cell shown in Figure below . In human females, the process that produces mature eggs is called oogenesis . Just one egg is produced from the four haploid cells that result from meiosis. The single egg is a very large cell, as you can see from the human egg in Figure below . |
What in hemoglobin gives red blood cells their red color? | barium | calcium | lead | iron | Red blood cells are shaped like flattened disks. There are trillions of red blood cells in your blood. Each red blood cell has millions of molecules of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron. The iron in hemoglobin gives red blood cells their red color. It also explains how hemoglobin carries oxygen. The iron in hemoglobin binds with oxygen molecules so they can be carried by red blood cells. |
Alpha, beta and gamma are three types of what? | convection | directions | mutation | radiation | Early researchers in radioactivity found that the emissions from radioactivity could be classified into three distinct types according to their penetrating power. One type of radiation could barely penetrate a sheet of paper. The second type could pass through as much as 3 mm of aluminum. The third type was extremely penetrating and could pass through several centimeters of lead. They named these three types of radiation alpha , beta , and gamma respectively. Eventually, each type of radiation was further identified. Alpha particles are the nuclei of helium atoms, . Beta particles are electrons, and gamma rays are very high energy photons (even higher energy than x-rays). |
Red-green colorblindness is an example of what kind of trait? | adaptive | dominant | fatal | sex-linked | One example of a sex-linked trait is red-green colorblindness. People with this type of colorblindness cannot tell the difference between red and green. They often see these colors as shades of brown ( Figure below ). Boys are much more likely to be colorblind than girls ( Table below ). This is because colorblindness is a sex-linked, recessive trait. |
What kind of radiation is greatest at the equator and lessens toward the poles? | large radiation | lunar raditation | small radiation | solar radiation | The amount of solar radiation a place receives is greatest at the Equator and lessens toward the poles. |
What are atoms or groups of atoms called which carry and electrical charge? | electrons | protons | molecules | ions | Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an overall electrical charge are referred to as ions. Cations can be formed when a neutral species loses electrons, while anions are formed when a neutral species gains electrons. |
What are the salts of fatty acids called? | malts | dyes | creams | soaps | Soaps and Detergents Pioneers made soap by boiling fats with a strongly basic solution made by leaching potassium carbonate, K2CO3, from wood ashes with hot water. Animal fats contain polyesters of fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids). When animal fats are treated with a base like potassium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, glycerol and salts of fatty acids such as palmitic, oleic, and stearic acid are formed. The salts of fatty acids are called soaps. The sodium salt of stearic acid, sodium stearate, has the formula C17H35CO2Na and contains an uncharged nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, the C17H35— unit, and an ionic carboxylate group, the — CO 2 − unit (Figure 11.32). |
What type of numbers specify the arrangement of electrons in orbitals? | stream numbers | ionic numbers | fusion numbers | quantum numbers | Quantum numbers specify the arrangements of electrons in orbitals. |
What do atoms become if they lose or gain electrons? | particulates | toxins | particles | ions | Atoms are electrically neutral, but if they lose or gain electrons they become charged particles called ions. |
What is the breakdown of unstable elements into stable elements called? | radioactive decrease | initial decay | thermal decay | radioactive decay | Radioactive decay is the breakdown of unstable elements into stable elements. To understand this process, recall that the atoms of all elements contain the particles protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
Observations suggest that a force applied to an object is always applied by what? | dark matter | itself | gravity | another object | Where do forces come from? Observations suggest that a force applied to an object is always applied by another object. A hammer strikes a nail, a car pulls a trailer, and a person pushes a grocery cart. Newton realized that forces are not so one-sided. When the hammer exerts a force on the nail, the nail also exerts a force on the hammer—after all, the hammer comes to rest after the interaction. This led to Newton’s Third Law of Motion , which states that whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object also exerts a force on the first object, equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. |
How much exercise should a person ideally get during a single day? | fifteen minutes | six hours | three hours | hour | Physical activity is an important part of balanced eating. It helps you use up any extra Calories in the foods you eat. You should try to get at least an hour of exercise just about every day (see Figure below ). Exercise has many health benefits in addition to balancing the energy in food. For example, it strengthens the bones and muscles and may improve your mood. |
The electrolysis of what substance produces hydrogen and oxygen gases | hydrocarbon | cholesterol | carbon dioxide | water | The electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen gases. The electrolytic cell consists of a pair of platinum electrodes immersed in water containing a small amount of an electrolyte, such as H 2 SO 4 . The electrolyte is necessary because pure water does not contain enough ions to effectively conduct a current. At the anode, water is oxidized to oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. At the cathode, water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. |
What is the shorter loop of the cardiovascular system? | metabolic circulation | pulmonary edema | venous circulation | pulmonary circulation | Pulmonary circulation is the shorter loop of the cardiovascular system. It carries blood between the heart and lungs. Oxygen-poor blood flows from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Then the oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart. |
What is the first classification of igneous rocks? | weight | size | color | composition | Igneous rocks are classified first by composition. Categories go from from felsic to ultramafic. Color can indicate composition. |
What is the very slow movement of rock and soil down a hillside? | drop | landslide | evaporate | creep | Creep is the very slow movement of rock and soil down a hillside. Creep occurs so slowly you can’t see it happening. You can only see the effects of creep after years of movement. This is illustrated in Figure below . The slowly moving ground causes trees, fence posts, and other structures on the surface to tilt downhill. |
Which type of pressure forces fluid out of the capillary? | combustion | air | gas | hydrostatic | Osmotic Pressure The net pressure that drives reabsorption—the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries—is called osmotic pressure (sometimes referred to as oncotic pressure). Whereas hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic pressure draws fluid back in. Osmotic pressure is determined by osmotic concentration gradients, that is, the difference in the solute-to-water concentrations in the blood and tissue fluid. A region higher in solute concentration (and lower in water concentration) draws water across a semipermeable membrane from a region higher in water concentration (and lower in solute concentration). As we discuss osmotic pressure in blood and tissue fluid, it is important to recognize that the formed elements of blood do not contribute to osmotic concentration gradients. Rather, it is the plasma proteins that play the key role. Solutes also move across the capillary wall according to their concentration gradient, but overall, the concentrations should be similar and not have a significant impact on osmosis. Because of their large size and chemical structure, plasma proteins are not truly solutes, that is, they do not dissolve but are dispersed or suspended in their fluid medium, forming a colloid rather than a solution. |
What hits the eardrum and causes it to vibrate? | microwaves | cilia | decibels | sound waves | The eardrum is like the head of a drum. It is a thin membrane stretched tight across the end of the ear canal. The eardrum vibrates when sound waves strike it, and it sends the vibrations on to the middle ear. |
What type of ecologists work to identify and manipulate the processes that most limit recovery of ecosystems from disturbances? | quality ecologists | environmental | conservation ecologists | restoration ecologists | |
Name the two types of nucleic acids. | lysine and methionine | isoleucin and leucine | dna ( trigraph acid ) and rna ( ribonucleic acid ) | dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna (ribonucleic acid) | Living cells need organic molecules, known as nucleic acids . Nucleic acids are molecules that store genetic information. They pass that genetic information to the next generation. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the nucleic acid that carries information for nearly all living cells today. DNA has done this for most of Earth's history. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) delivers genetic instructions to the location in a cell where protein is synthesized. RNA regulates protein synthesis. Some scientists think that RNA was the first replicating molecule. |
Interactions between plants and other organisms result in cycling of chemical nutrients within what? | water | habitat | air | ecosystem | |
In places where crops grow only during part of the year, the land may be bare for a few? | minutes | days | weeks | months | The problem doesn’t stop with plowing. Crops are usually planted in rows, with bare soil in between the rows. In places where crops grow only during part of the year, the land may be bare for a few months. |
What does bowman's capsule form by surrounding the glomerulus? | lipids | pores | ions | lumen | Renal Corpuscle As discussed earlier, the renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus that is largely surrounded by Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule. The glomerulus is a high-pressure capillary bed between afferent and efferent arterioles. Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus to form a lumen, and captures and directs this filtrate to the PCT. The outermost part of Bowman’s capsule, the parietal layer, is a simple squamous epithelium. It transitions onto the glomerular capillaries in an intimate embrace to form the visceral layer of the capsule. Here, the cells are not squamous, but uniquely shaped cells ( podocytes) extending finger-like arms ( pedicels) to cover the glomerular capillaries (Figure 25.11). These projections interdigitate to form filtration slits, leaving small gaps between the digits to form a sieve. As blood passes through the glomerulus, 10 to 20 percent of the plasma filters between these sieve-like fingers to be captured by Bowman’s capsule and funneled to the PCT. Where the fenestrae (windows) in the glomerular capillaries match the spaces between the podocyte “fingers,” the only thing separating the capillary lumen and the lumen of Bowman’s capsule is their shared basement membrane (Figure 25.12). These three features comprise what is known as the filtration membrane. This membrane permits very rapid movement of filtrate from capillary to capsule though pores that are only 70 nm in diameter. |
What do scientists use to help explain objects or systems in simpler ways? | plants | theories | measurements | models | Scientists use models to help them understand and explain ideas. Models explain objects or systems in a more simple way. Models often only show only a part of a system. The real situation is more complicated. Models help scientists to make predictions about complex systems. Some models are something that you can see or touch. Other types of models use an idea or numbers. Each type is useful in certain ways. |
Burning trees produces most of the same pollutants as burning what? | coal fuels | fossil compounds | carbon | fossil fuels | Millions of acres of forest have been cut and burned to make way for farming. Figure below shows an example. Burning trees produces most of the same pollutants as burning fossil fuels. |
During which process in bacteria do the chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart? | matter fission | function fission | secondary fission | binary fission | |
What is emitted by atoms that have been excited by thermal excitation, electron collision, or collisions with photons of exactly the right frequency? | radioactivity | electricity | gravity | light | Light is emitted by atoms that have been excited by thermal excitation, electron collision, or collisions with photons of exactly the right frequency. Light is emitted by an incandescent source at many different wavelengths and in all directions. Light produced by an atomic gas consists of only a few different wavelengths but still in all directions. Both of these light sources produce light waves that are not in step or at the same point in their cycle. Groups of light waves that are not at the same point in their cycle are called incoherent light . |
Translation is the process of ordering the amino acids in the assembly of a? | lipid | carbohydrate | vitamin | protein | Translation is the process of ordering the amino acids in the assembly of a protein. The word ribosome comes from ribo nucleic acid and the Greek soma (meaning body). Two Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work relating to the ribosome. The 1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade for the discovery of the ribosome, and the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for discovering the detailed structure and mechanism of the ribosome. |
What is the name of the group that rats are apart of called? | Mammels | primates | Animals | rodents | Rats are mammals, but this class can be divided into more specific groups. Rats are in a group known as rodents. Rodents are gnawing animals that include beavers, mice, and squirrels. |
Fertilization occurs when what material from one flower reaches the female gametes in the same or a different flower? | sperm | ova | nitrogen | pollen | Pea plants reproduce sexually. The male gametes are released by tiny grains of pollen. The female gametes lie deep within the flowers. Fertilization occurs when pollen from one flower reaches the female gametes in the same or a different flower. This is called pollination . Mendel was able to control which plants pollinated each other. He transferred pollen by hand from flower to flower. |
What are the tiny packets of energy the sun gives off called? | neutrons | ions | electrons | photons | The Sun gives off energy in tiny packets called photons . Photons travel in waves. Figure below models a wave of light. Notice the wavelength in the figure. Waves with shorter wavelengths have more energy. |
In humans, each set of chromosomes contains 22 of these and 1 sex chromosome? | genes | centrosomes | chromatids | autosomes | In humans, each set of chromosomes contains 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome . Autosomes are chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual. The sex chromosomes contain genes that determine the sex of an individual. |
What eukaryotic organisms cannot make their own food and do not technically eat? | proteins | cells | plankton | fungi | Protists and Fungi are two types of eukaryotic organisms. What do they have in common? Protists are the earliest eukaryotes, and this kingdom contains some of the simplest eukaryotes. Many are single-celled organisms. Protists consist of animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like species. Protists evolved into the other three types of eukaryotes, including fungi. Other than that, these two types of eukaryotes are very different. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that cannot make their own food and do not "eat. " They must absorb their nutrients, usually from decaying organisms. |
What do ants and termites eat to help them digest wood and leaves? | yeast | pollen | berries | fungi | Ants and termites grow fungi in underground “fungus gardens” that they create. When the ants or termites have eaten a big meal of wood or leaves, they also eat some fungi from their gardens. The fungi help them digest the wood or leaves. The fungi secrete certain enzymes that the ants or termites cannot produce on their own. |
How many types of glands does the dermis contain? | six | three | ten | two | The dermis also contains hair follicles and two types of glands. You can see some of these structures in Figure below . |
What is an upward force that fluids exert on any object that is placed in them? | efficient force | gravity force | warm force | buoyant force | Buoyant force is an upward force that fluids exert on any object that is placed in them. The ability of fluids to exert this force is called buoyancy . What explains buoyant force? A fluid exerts pressure in all directions, but the pressure is greater at greater depth. Therefore, the fluid below an object, where the fluid is deeper, exerts greater pressure on the object than the fluid above it. You can see in the Figure below how this works. Buoyant force explains why the girl pictured above can float in water. |
Atmospheric pressure is increased, causing a greater amount of oxygen than normal to diffuse into the bloodstream of the patient, in what type of therapy? | ventilation chamber therapy | Distinct Chamber Therapy | politic chamber therapy | hyperbaric chamber therapy | Hyperbaric chamber treatment is based on the behavior of gases. As you recall, gases move from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure. In a hyperbaric chamber, the atmospheric pressure is increased, causing a greater amount of oxygen than normal to diffuse into the bloodstream of the patient. Hyperbaric chamber therapy is used to treat a variety of medical problems, such as wound and graft healing, anaerobic bacterial infections, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Exposure to and poisoning by carbon monoxide is difficult to reverse, because hemoglobin’s affinity for carbon monoxide is much stronger than its affinity for oxygen, causing carbon monoxide to replace oxygen in the blood. Hyperbaric chamber therapy can treat carbon monoxide poisoning, because the increased atmospheric pressure causes more oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream. At this increased pressure and increased concentration of oxygen, carbon monoxide is displaced from hemoglobin. Another example is the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections, which are created by bacteria that cannot or prefer not to live in the presence of oxygen. An increase in blood and tissue levels of oxygen helps to kill the anaerobic bacteria that are responsible for the infection, as oxygen is toxic to anaerobic bacteria. For wounds and grafts, the chamber stimulates the healing process by increasing energy production needed for repair. Increasing oxygen transport allows cells to ramp up cellular respiration and thus ATP production, the energy needed to build new structures. |
An axe head and a doorstop are types of what simple machine? | lever | pulley | blade | wedge | The axe head and the doorstop are both examples of a wedge, a type of simple machine. |
Dna encodes instructions for what kind of molecules? | fats | acids | cells | proteins | DNA encodes instructions for proteins. RNA copies the genetic code in DNA and carries it to a ribosome. There, amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make a protein. |
Who coined the term natural selection? | shaw | Pasteur | Mendel | darwin | Darwin coined the term fitness to refer to an organism’s relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring. Nature selects the variations that are most useful. Therefore, he called this type of selection natural selection . |
When sand is deposited along a shoreline, what is created? | bay | island | dunes | beach | Sand deposited along a shoreline creates a beach. |
Prosimians are thought to be more similar to the earliest of these? | insects | rodents | fish | primates | Primates called prosimians are generally smaller. There are also far fewer of them. Prosimians include lemurs, such as the mouse lemur in Figure above , and lorises. Prosimians are thought to be more similar to the earliest primates. |
What arteries carry oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs? | aorta | subclavian | femoral | pulmonary | There are specific veins and arteries that are more significant than others. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs. These are the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. |
What are the mass of threadlike filaments on the body of a fungus called? | cuticle | dendrites | cytoplasm | hyphae | body of a fungus that consists of a mass of threadlike filaments called hyphae. |
Ionic bonds between two atoms require one metal and one what? | metallic | liquid | gas | nonmetal | Ionic bonds tend to form between atoms for which the electronegativity differences are 2.0 and above. In general, ionic bonds between two atoms require one metal and one nonmetal. |
The pressurized gas of earth's atmosphere is contained by what force? | plasma | variation | light | gravity | All gases exert pressure; it is one of the fundamental measurable quantities of this phase of matter. Even our atmosphere exerts pressure—in this case, the gas is being “held in” by the earth’s gravity, rather than the gas being in a container. The pressure of the atmosphere is about 14.7 pounds of force for every square inch of surface area: 14.7 lb/in2. Pressure has a variety of units. The formal, SI-approved unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), which is defined as 1 N/m2 (one newton of force over an area of one square meter). However, this is usually too small in magnitude to be useful. A common unit of pressure is the atmosphere (atm), which was originally defined as the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. However, “average atmospheric pressure at sea level” is difficult to pinpoint because of atmospheric pressure variations. A more reliable and common unit is millimeters of mercury (mmHg), which is the amount of pressure exerted by a column of mercury exactly 1 mm high. An equivalent unit is the torr, which equals 1 mmHg. (The torr is named after Evangelista Torricelli, a seventeenth-century Italian scientist who invented the mercury barometer. ) With these definitions of pressure, the atmosphere unit is redefined: 1 atm is defined as exactly 760 mmHg, or 760 torr. We thus have the following equivalences: 1 atm=760 mmHg=760 torr. |
Cytokinins promote cell division and prevent what? | mutations | deficiency | apoptosis | senescence | Cytokinins Promote cell division; prevent senescence. |
Dna transcription is controlled by what type of proteins? | genetic | essential | digested | regulatory | As shown in Figure below , transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins . The proteins bind to regions of DNA, called regulatory elements , which are located near promoters. After regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements, they can interact with RNA polymerase, the enzyme that transcribes DNA to mRNA. Regulatory proteins are typically either activators or repressors. |
Tubeworms deep in the galapagos rift get their energy from what type of bacteria? | asexual | sprillia | filamentous | chemosynthetic | Tubeworms deep in the Galapagos Rift get their energy from chemosynthetic bacteria. Tubeworms have no mouth, eyes, or stomach. Their survival depends on a symbiotic relationship with the billions of bacteria that live inside them. These bacteria convert the chemicals that shoot out of the hydrothermal vents into food for the worm. |
When female mammalian embryos consist of just a few thousand cells, one x chromosome in each cell inactivates by condensing into a structure called what? | baker body | lewy's body | morton body | barr body | Humans display dramatic deleterious effects with autosomal trisomies and monosomies. Therefore, it may seem counterintuitive that human females and males can function normally, despite carrying different numbers of the X chromosome. In part, this occurs because of a process called X inactivation. Early in development, when female mammalian embryos consist of just a few thousand cells, one X chromosome in each cell inactivates by condensing into a structure called a Barr body. The genes on the inactive X chromosome are not expressed. The particular X chromosome (maternally or paternally derived) that is inactivated in each cell is random, but once the inactivation occurs, all cells descended from that cell will have the same inactive X chromosome. By this process, females compensate for their double genetic dose of X chromosome. In so-called “tortoiseshell” cats, X inactivation is observed as coat-color variegation (Figure 7.10). Females heterozygous for an X-linked coat color gene will express one of two different coat colors over different regions of their body, corresponding to whichever X chromosome is inactivated in the embryonic cell progenitor of that region. When you see a tortoiseshell cat, you will know that it has to be a female. |
Oceans are divided into zones bases on distance from shore and what other factor? | animal species | temperature | salinity | water depth | In addition to the amount of salts, other conditions in ocean water vary from place to place. One is the amount of nutrients in the water. Another is the amount of sunlight that reaches the water. These conditions depend mainly on two factors: distance from shore and depth of water. Oceans are divided into zones ( Figure below ) based on these two factors. The ocean floor makes up another zone. |
If a mistake is made by dna polymerase while adding nucleotides, incorrect bases are removed and replaced by the correct base, and the process of what continues? | digestion | fermentation | hybridization | polymerization | DNA Repair DNA polymerase can make mistakes while adding nucleotides. It edits the DNA by proofreading every newly added base. Incorrect bases are removed and replaced by the correct base, and then polymerization continues (Figure 9.13a). Most mistakes are corrected during replication, although when this does not happen, the mismatch repair mechanism is employed. Mismatch repair enzymes recognize the wrongly incorporated base and excise it from the DNA, replacing it with the correct base (Figure 9.13b). In yet another type of repair, nucleotide excision repair, the DNA double strand is unwound and separated, the incorrect bases are removed along with a few bases on the 5' and 3' end, and these are replaced by copying the template with the help of DNA polymerase (Figure 9.13c). Nucleotide excision repair is particularly important in correcting thymine dimers, which are primarily caused by ultraviolet light. In a thymine dimer, two thymine nucleotides adjacent to each other on one strand are covalently bonded to each other rather than their complementary bases. If the dimer is not removed and repaired it will lead to a mutation. Individuals with flaws in their nucleotide excision repair genes show extreme sensitivity to sunlight and develop skin cancers early in life. |
The common earthworm and leeches are examples of what type of worm? | encapsulated | castrated | elongated | segmented | Segmented worms include the common earthworm and leeches. |
Elements involved in nuclear reactions are what? | static | detectable | inert | radioactive | Elements involved in nuclear reactions are radioactive. How do you think radioactive elements differ from other elements?. |
Circadian rhythms and migration are examples of what kind of behaviors in animals? | finite | continual | fluid | cyclic | Many animal behaviors occur in a regular cycle. Two types of cyclic behaviors are circadian rhythms and migration. |
The articular cartilage is thickest in the upper and back part of the acetabulum, the socket portion of what? | kneecap | elbow | shoulder joint | hip joint | Chapter 9 1 Although they are still growing, the carpal bones of the wrist area do not show an epiphyseal plate. Instead of elongating, these bones grow in diameter by adding new bone to their surfaces. 3 Gout is due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the body. Usually these accumulate within joints, causing joint pain. This patient also had crystals that accumulated in the space next to his spinal cord, thus compressing the spinal cord and causing muscle weakness. 5 The immune system malfunctions and attacks healthy cells in the lining of your joints. This causes inflammation and pain in the joints and surrounding tissues. 7 The first motion is rotation (hinging) of the mandible, but this only produces about 20 mm (0.78 in) of mouth opening. 9 The glenoid labrum is wedge-shaped in cross-section. This is important because it creates an elevated rim around the glenoid cavity, which creates a deeper socket for the head of the humerus to fit into. 11 The articular cartilage functions to absorb shock and to provide an extremely smooth surface that makes movement between bones easy, without damaging the bones. 13 The articular cartilage is thickest in the upper and back part of the acetabulum, the socket portion of the hip joint. These regions receive most of the force from the head of the femur during walking and running. 15 The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward in relation to the femur and the posterior cruciate ligament keeps the tibia from sliding too far backward. 17 The ligaments of the lateral ankle are the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments and the calcaneofibular ligament. These ligaments support the ankle joint and resist excess inversion of the foot. 19 An inversion ankle sprain may injure all three ligaments located on the lateral side of the ankle. The sequence of injury would be the anterior talofibular ligament first, followed by the calcaneofibular ligament second, and finally, the posterior talofibular ligament third. 20 C 22 A 24 A 26 D 28 B 30 A 32 A 34 C 36. |
What are decomposers that feed on the organic matter left over from other decomposers? | fungi | protozoa | algae | saprotrophs | Saprotrophs are decomposers that feed on any remaining organic matter that is left after other decomposers do their work. Examples of saprotrophs include fungi and protozoa. |
Heavier isotopes of plutonium are also produced when lighter plutonium nuclei capture what? | molecules | protons | electrons | neutrons | Heavier isotopes of plutonium—Pu-240, Pu-241, and Pu-242—are also produced when lighter plutonium nuclei capture neutrons. Some of this highly radioactive plutonium is used to produce military weapons, and the rest presents a serious storage problem because they have half-lives from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Although they have not been prepared in the same quantity as plutonium, many other synthetic nuclei have been produced. Nuclear medicine has developed from the ability to convert atoms of one type into other types of atoms. Radioactive isotopes of several dozen elements are currently used for medical applications. The radiation produced by their decay is used to image or treat various organs or portions of the body, among other uses. The elements beyond element 92 (uranium) are called transuranium elements. As of this writing, 22 transuranium elements have been produced and officially recognized by IUPAC; several other elements have formation claims that are waiting for approval. Some of these elements are shown in Table 21.3. Preparation of Some of the Transuranium Elements Name. |
What parts of the cell does cell differentiation involve changes in? | cell membrane and nucleus | cystine and cell wall | endoderm and epidermis | cytoplasm and cell wall | |
The head, thorax, and abdomen comprise what type of body structure, possessed by arthropods? | permeable | vertebrate | elongated | segmented | Arthropods range in length from about 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) to 4 meters (about 13 feet). They have a segmented body with a hard exoskeleton. They also have jointed appendages. The body segments are the head, thorax, and abdomen (see Figure below ). In some arthropods, the head and thorax are joined together as a cephalothorax. |
The renal hilum is the entry and exit site for structures servicing which organs? | brains | ovaries | lungs | kidneys | Renal Hilum The renal hilum is the entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys: vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters. The medial-facing hila are tucked into the sweeping convex outline of the cortex. Emerging from the hilum is the renal pelvis, which is formed from the major and minor calyxes in the kidney. The smooth muscle in the renal pelvis funnels urine via peristalsis into the ureter. The renal arteries form directly from the descending aorta, whereas the renal veins return cleansed blood directly to the inferior vena cava. The artery, vein, and renal pelvis are arranged in an anterior-to-posterior order. |
Photosynthesis changes light energy to what type of energy? | solar | radiation | potential | chemical | Photosynthesis changes light energy to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules. Glucose is used for energy by the cells of almost all living things. Plants make their own glucose. Other organisms get glucose by consuming plants (or organisms that consume plants). How do living things get energy from glucose? The answer is cellular respiration. |
Fructose and lactose are types of sugars broken down by the body to form what, which is the simplest sugar of all? | sucrose | glutamate | carbohydrate | glucose | Sugars are small, simple carbohydrates that are found in foods such as fruits and milk. The sugar found in fruits is called fructose. The sugar found in milk is called lactose. These sugars are broken down by the body to form glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), the simplest sugar of all. |
A complementary pair of chromosomes have genes for the same characteristics in the same location on the chromosome are known as? | symbiotic chromosomes | analogous chromosomes | endroctyne chromosomes | homologous chromosomes | From Genotype to Phenotype Each human body cell has a full complement of DNA stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes. Figure 28.24 shows the pairs in a systematic arrangement called a karyotype. Among these is one pair of chromosomes, called the sex chromosomes, that determines the sex of the individual (XX in females, XY in males). The remaining 22 chromosome pairs are called autosomal chromosomes. Each of these chromosomes carries hundreds or even thousands of genes, each of which codes for the assembly of a particular protein—that is, genes are “expressed” as proteins. An individual’s complete genetic makeup is referred to as his or her genotype. The characteristics that the genes express, whether they are physical, behavioral, or biochemical, are a person’s phenotype. You inherit one chromosome in each pair—a full complement of 23—from each parent. This occurs when the sperm and oocyte combine at the moment of your conception. Homologous chromosomes—those that make up a complementary pair—have genes for the same characteristics in the same location on the chromosome. Because one copy of a gene, an allele, is inherited from each parent, the alleles in these complementary pairs may vary. Take for example an allele that encodes for dimples. A child may inherit the allele encoding for dimples on the chromosome from the father and the allele that encodes for smooth skin (no dimples) on the chromosome from the mother. |
What dangerous oxygen compound is found in ground level smog? | neon | argon | sulfur dioxide | ozone | Photochemical smog consists mainly of ozone (O 3 ). The ozone in smog is the same compound as the ozone in the ozone layer,(O 3 ). But ozone in smog is found near the ground. Figure below shows how it forms. When nitrogen oxides and VOCs are heated by the Sun, they lose oxygen atoms. The oxygen atoms combine with molecules of oxygen to form ozone. Smog ozone is harmful to humans and other living things. |
Large increases in the diversity of life have resulted from adaptive radiations that followed what? | glaciers | mass mutations | mass migrations | mass extinctions | |
What is the source of most electricity? | air | methane | the Sun | coal | Coal is the source of most electricity. |
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