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What kind of motion characterizes waves? | bending | round | breathing | repetitive | Waves are characterized by their repetitive motion. Imagine a toy boat riding the waves in a wave pool. As the water wave passes under the boat, it moves up and down in a regular and repeated fashion. While the wave travels horizontally, the boat only travels vertically up and down. The Figure below shows two examples of waves. |
Light reactions occur during which stage of photosynthesis? | final stage | intermediate stage | third stage | first stage | The light reactions occur in the first stage of photosynthesis. This stage takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. In the light reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll. This energy is temporarily transferred to two molecules: ATP and NADPH. These molecules are used to store the energy for the second stage of photosynthesis. The light reactions use water and produce oxygen. |
What is used to measure, in degrees, the distance north or south of the equater? | magnitude | elevation | equator | latitude | Latitude is the distance north or south of the Equator. It’s measured in degrees, from 0° to 90°. Several climate factors vary with latitude. |
Radiation can be absorbed or shielded by materials, particularly what material used to make protective aprons worn by x-ray administrators? | carbon | cotton | steel | lead | Radiation can be absorbed or shielded by materials, such as the lead aprons dentists drape on us when taking x rays. Lead is a particularly effective shield compared with other materials, such as plastic or air. How does the range of radiation depend on material? Ionizing radiation interacts best with charged particles in a material. Since electrons have small masses, they most readily absorb the energy of the radiation in collisions. The greater the density of a material and, in particular, the greater the density of electrons within a material, the smaller the range of radiation. Collisions Conservation of energy and momentum often results in energy transfer to a less massive object in a collision. This was discussed in detail in Work, Energy, and Energy Resources, for example. Different types of radiation have different ranges when compared at the same energy and in the same material. Alphas have the shortest range, betas penetrate farther, and gammas have the greatest range. This is directly related to charge and speed of the particle or type of radiation. At a given energy, each α , β , or γ will produce the same number of ionizations in a material (each ionization requires a certain amount of energy on average). The more readily the particle produces ionization, the more quickly it will lose its energy. The effect of charge is as follows: The α has a charge of +2q e , the β has a charge of −q e , and the γ. |
What is the name for something that consists of all the population in a given area together with the nonliving environment? | habitat | web | totality | ecosystem | An ecosystem consists of all the populations in a given area, together with the nonliving environment. |
The amniotic egg first evolved in what species? | mammals | birds | amphibians | reptiles | Amniotic Egg. The amniotic egg is an important adaptation in fully terrestrial vertebrates. It first evolved in reptiles. The shells of reptile eggs are either hard or leathery. |
A largemouth bass is an example of a cold-blooded animal that conforms to what aspect of the lake it inhabits? | oxygen | depth | precipitation | temperature | |
What makes up the mass number of an atom? | molecules and electrons | electrons and neutrons | atoms and neutrons | protons and neutrons | The mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom. For example, most atoms of helium have 2 neutrons, so their mass number is 2 + 2 = 4. This mass number means that an atom of helium has a mass of about 4 amu. |
Clubmosses are not true mosses, though, because they have what? | hydrothermal tissue | smooth tissue | cambrium | vascular tissue | Clubmosses are so named because they can look similar to mosses ( Figure below ). Clubmosses are not true mosses, though, because they have vascular tissue. The “club” part of the name comes from club-like clusters of sporangia found on the plants. One type of clubmoss is called the "resurrection plant" because it shrivels and turns brown when it dries out but then quickly turns green when watered again. |
Europa and titan are names of what kind of celestial objects? | asteroids | galaxies | stars | moons | Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, is about one and a half times the size of Earth’s moon. Titan is even larger than the planet Mercury. The picture below compares the size of Titan to Earth ( Figure below ). Scientists are very interested in Titan. The moon has an atmosphere that is thought to be like Earth’s first atmosphere with nitrogen and methane. This atmosphere was around before life developed on Earth. Like Jupiter's moon, Europa, Titan may have a layer of liquid water under a layer of ice. Scientists now think that there are lakes on Titan's surface. Don't take a dip, though. These lakes contain liquid methane and ethane instead of water! Methane and ethane are compounds found in natural gas. |
What develops in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent? | sinkholes | swamps | ponds | bogs | Freshwater marshes and swamps are characterized by slow and steady water flow. Bogs develop in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent. Bogs usually occur in areas where there is a clay bottom with poor percolation. Percolation is the movement of water through the pores in the soil or rocks. The water found in a bog is stagnant and oxygen depleted because the oxygen that is used during the decomposition of organic matter is not replaced. As the oxygen in the water is depleted, decomposition slows. This leads to organic acids and other acids building up and lowering the pH of the water. At a lower pH, nitrogen becomes unavailable to plants. This creates a challenge for plants because nitrogen is an important limiting resource. Some types of bog plants (such as sundews, pitcher plants, and Venus flytraps) capture insects and extract the nitrogen from their bodies. Bogs have low net primary productivity because the water found in bogs has low levels of nitrogen and oxygen. |
All prokaryotic and some eukaryotic organisms reproduce through what method, where a parent passes all of its genetic material to the next generation? | microscopic reproduction | organic reproduction | sexual reproduction | asexual reproduction | Are there male and female bacteria? How could you tell? Remember, bacteria have just one chromosome; they do not have an X or Y chromosome. So they probably have a very simplified form of reproduction. Asexual reproduction, the simplest and most primitive method of reproduction, involves a single parent and produces a clone , an organism that is genetically identical to the parent. Haploid gametes are not involved in asexual reproduction. A parent passes all of its genetic material to the next generation. All prokaryotic and some eukaryotic organisms reproduce asexually. |
Where does photosynthesis occur in plants? | nucleus | golgi bodies | cell membrane | in chloroplasts | Figure 8.6 Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Stacks of thylakoids called grana form a third membrane layer. |
What is defined as force per unit area? | momentum | energy | resistance | pressure | Pressure is defined as force per unit area, . |
What word describes a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience? | applying | taking | heredity | learning | Learning is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. |
What term means the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint - particularly a hinged joint - beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury? | hypercorrection | sprain | tear | hyperextension | These include anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the hand at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. For the thumb, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the hand, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the thumb back against the index finger or into the palm. These motions take place at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint, while any posterior-going motion of the thigh is extension. Note that extension of the thigh beyond the anatomical (standing) position is greatly limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint. Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinge, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints of the limbs (see Figure 9.12a-d). Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow. In cases of “whiplash” in which the head is suddenly moved backward and then forward, a patient may experience both hyperextension and hyperflexion of the cervical region. |
Burning of methane is a type of what, which involves the breaking and forming of bonds? | toxic reaction | liquid reaction | physical reaction | chemical reaction | An example of a chemical reaction is the burning of methane. In this chemical reaction, the reactants are methane (CH 4 ) and oxygen (O 2 ), and the products are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). A chemical reaction involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. When methane burns, bonds break in the methane and oxygen molecules, and new bonds form in the molecules of carbon dioxide and water. |
Transparent, translucent, or opaque are properties of matter based on an interaction with what? | gravity | air | electricity | light | Matter can be classified on the basis of its interactions with light. Matter may be transparent, translucent, or opaque. An example of each type of matter is pictured in the Figure below . |
Hydrogen sulfide is a noxious and toxic gas produced from decaying organic matter that contains what? | helium | tin | methane | sulfur | Hydrogen sulfide is a noxious and toxic gas produced from decaying organic matter that contains sulfur. A lethal concentration in rats corresponds to an inhaled dose of 715 molecules per million molecules of air. How many molecules does this correspond to per mole of air? How many moles of hydrogen sulfide does this correspond to per mole of air?. |
What is the name of the body system that fights to protect the body from specific pathogens? | infectious system | allergic response | warning system | immune system | The immune system is the body system that fights to protect the body from specific pathogens. The immune system’s specific reaction to a pathogen is called an immune response. The immune system includes several organs and a system of vessels that carry lymph. |
Incomplete dominance and epistasis are both terms that define what? | genetic habits | learned behaviors | genetic difficulties | genetic relationships | |
What branch of biology focuses on heredity? | zoology | botany | cell biology | genetics | When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the reaction bubbles vigorously as hydrogen gas is produced. The production of a gas is also an indication that a chemical reaction is occurring. |
The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments that are bounded by a plasma membrane known as what? | xerophyte | exolemal | axolenon | axolemma | View the University of Michigan WebScope at http://virtualslides. umich. edu/Histology/EMsmallCharts/ 3%20Image%20Scope%20finals/054%20-%20Peripheral%20nerve_001. svs/view. apml?listview=1& (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments that are bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain to make them a deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?. |
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a solid? | boiling | melting | vaporizing | freezing | The process in which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing . The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is its freezing point. The freezing point of water is 0°C (32°F). Other types of matter may have higher or lower freezing points. For example, the freezing point of iron is 1535°C. The freezing point of oxygen is -219°C. |
How are electrons shared in covalent bonds? | unequally | randomly | orderly | equally | In other covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally. These bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds. Neither atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly. As a result, the atoms remain neutral in charge. The oxygen (O 2 ) molecule in the Figure below has two nonpolar bonds. The two oxygen nuclei have an equal force of attraction for their four shared electrons. |
What is the most electron-pair bonds a nitrogen atom can participate in? | three | seven | five | four | Reactions and Compounds of Nitrogen Like carbon, nitrogen has four valence orbitals (one 2s and three 2p), so it can participate in at most four electron-pair bonds by using sp3 hybrid orbitals. Unlike carbon, however, nitrogen does not form long chains because of repulsive interactions between lone pairs of electrons on adjacent atoms. These interactions become important at the shorter internuclear distances encountered with the smaller, second-period elements of groups 15, 16, and 17. (For more information on internuclear distance, see Chapter 7 "The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends", Section 7.2 "Sizes of Atoms and Ions" and Chapter 8 "Ionic versus Covalent Bonding", Section 8.2 "Ionic Bonding". ) Stable compounds with N–N bonds are limited to chains of no more than three N atoms, such as the azide ion (N 3−). Nitrogen is the only pnicogen that normally forms multiple bonds with itself and other second-period elements, using π overlap of adjacent np orbitals. Thus the stable form of elemental nitrogen is N 2, whose N≡N bond is so strong (DN≡N = 942 kJ/mol) compared with the N–N and N=N bonds (DN–N = 167 kJ/mol; DN=N = 418 kJ/mol) that all compounds containing N–N and N=N bonds are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the formation of N2. In fact, the formation of the N≡N bond is so thermodynamically favored that virtually all compounds containing N–N bonds are potentially explosive. Again in contrast to carbon, nitrogen undergoes only two important chemical reactions at room temperature: it reacts with metallic lithium to form lithium nitride, and it is reduced to ammonia by certain microorganisms. (For more information lithium, seeChapter 21 "Periodic Trends and the ". ) At higher temperatures, however, N2 reacts with more electropositive elements, such as those in group 13, to give binary nitrides, which range from covalent to ionic in character. Like the corresponding compounds of carbon, binary compounds of nitrogen with oxygen, hydrogen, or other nonmetals are usually covalent molecular substances. Few binary molecular compounds of nitrogen are formed by direct reaction of the elements. At elevated temperatures, N2 reacts with H2 to form ammonia, with O2 to form a mixture of NO and NO2, and with carbon to form cyanogen (N≡C–C≡N); elemental nitrogen does not react with the halogens or the other chalcogens. Nonetheless, all the binary nitrogen halides (NX3) are known. Except for NF3, all are toxic,. |
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are located near the base of this organ? | the liver | the heart | the lungs | the brain | The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are located close together at the base of the brain. |
What is the most common type of cancer in adult males? | stomach | lung | leukemia | prostate | The most common type of cancer in adult males is cancer of the prostate gland. The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system. About one third of all cancers in men are prostate cancers. |
Distance traveled divided by time is equal to what? | frequency | direction | momentum | speed | Average speed is calculated by dividing the total distance travelled by the time interval. For example, someone who takes 40 minutes to drive 20 miles north and then 20 miles south (to end up at the same place), has an average speed of 40 miles divided by 40 minutes, or 1 mile per minute (60 mph). Average velocity, however, involves total displacement, instead of distance. It is calculated by dividing the total displacement by the time interval. In this example, the driver's displacement is zero, which makes the average velocity zero mph. |
What are people called that choose to study science? | doctors | engineers | lab technicians | scientists | Scientists are regular people who chose to study science. They are experts in done or more fields of science. |
What is the main cause of outdoor air pollution? | chimneys | methane from livestock | aerosol spray | burning of fossil fuels | The main cause of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Outdoor air pollution causes human health problems, acid rain, and global climate change. |
What is the term for organisms that can maintain a stable body temperature even in the face of large fluctuations in the environmental temperature? | homeotherm | ectotherms | pachyderm | endotherms | |
What is the term for learning by watching and copying the behavior of someone else? | classical conditioning | consequential learning | associative learning | observational learning | Observational learning is learning by watching and copying the behavior of someone else. Human children learn many behaviors this way. When you were a young child, you may have learned how to tie your shoes by watching your dad tie his shoes. More recently, you may have learned how to dance by watching a pop star dancing on TV. Most likely, you have learned how to do math problems by watching your teachers do problems on the board at school. Can you think of other behaviors you have learned by watching and copying other people?. |
What do we call scientists who study and forecast the weather? | forecasters | Climate predictors | TV hosts | meteorologists | Did you ever have a picnic ruined by a surprise rainstorm? People often complain when the weather forecast is wrong. But in fact, weather forecasts today are much more accurate than they were just 20 years ago. Scientists who study and forecast the weather are called meteorologists . How do they predict the weather?. |
What are atoms called when they have the same number of negative electrons as positive protons in an electrical charge? | negative | positive | static | neutral | Atoms are neutral in electrical charge because they have the same number of negative electrons as positive protons. Therefore, the atomic number of an atom also tells you how many electrons the atom has. This, in turn, determines many of the atom’s properties. |
Neon, krypton and argon are examples of what kind of gases, which produce light by electroluminescence? | irradiation gases | radiation gases | ionic gases | halogen gases | A neon light produces visible light by electroluminescence. In this process, neon or some other gas gives off light when an electric current passes through it. Other halogen gases besides neon—including krypton and argon—also produce light in this way. The word “OPEN” in the sign below is a neon light. It is a long glass tube that contains neon gas. When electricity passes through the gas, it excites electrons of neon atoms, and the electrons jump to a higher energy level. As the excited electrons return to their original energy level, they give off visible light. Neon produces red light. Other gases produce light of different colors. For example, krypton produces violet light, and argon produces blue light. |
What might arthropods use as legs for walking? | cloven hooves | antennae | flagella | jointed appendages | The jointed appendages of arthropods may be used as legs for walking. Being jointed makes them more flexible. Try walking or climbing stairs without bending your knees, and you’ll see why joints are helpful. In most arthropods, the appendages on the head have been modified for other functions. Figure below shows some of head appendages found in arthropods. Sensory organs such as eyes are also found on the head. |
What kind of bonds, where electrons are transferred rather than shared, are considered the ultimate in polarity? | magnetic bonds | covalent bonds | soluble bonds | ionic bonds | polar, while others are strongly polar. Ionic bonds can be considered the ultimate in polarity, with electrons being transferred rather than shared. To judge the relative polarity of a covalent bond, chemists use electronegativity, which is a relative measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons when it forms a covalent bond. There are various numerical scales for rating electronegativity. Figure 4.4 "Electronegativities of Various Elements" shows one of the most popular—the Pauling scale. The polarity of a covalent bond can be judged by determining the difference in the electronegativities of the two atoms making the bond. The greater the difference in electronegativities, the greater the imbalance of electron sharing in the bond. Although there are no hard and fast rules, the general rule is if the difference in electronegativities is less than about 0.4, the bond is considered nonpolar; if the difference is greater than 0.4, the bond is considered polar. If the difference in electronegativities is large enough (generally greater than about 1.8), the resulting compound is considered ionic rather than covalent. An electronegativity difference of zero, of course, indicates a nonpolar covalent bond. |
What happens when chemical bonds in a burning log break? | decrease heat | remove heat | hold heat | release heat | Energy is a measure of the amount of or potential for movement in something. The total amount of energy in the universe is always the same. This symmetry is called a conservation law. Conservation of energy is one of five conservation laws that govern our universe. A group of things (we’ll use the word system ) has a certain amount of energy. Energy can be added to a system; for instance, when chemical bonds in a burning log break, they release heat. Energy can be lost from a system; for instance, when a spacecraft “burns up” its energy of motion during re-entry, it loses energy and the surrounding atmosphere gains the lost energy. A closed system is one for which the total energy does not change, or is conserved . In this chapter, we will often consider closed systems, for which the total amount of energy stays the same, but transforms from one kind to another. The transfer of energy from one system to another is called Work . Work is equal to the amount of energy transferred in (positive work) or out (negative work) of a system. Work is equal to the distance the object is moved multiplied by the amount of force in the direction of its motion. The rate at which work is done is called Power . |
When what common element forms single bonds with other atoms, the shape is tetrahedral, and when its atoms form a double bond, the shape is planar? | silicon | oxygen | hydrogen | carbon | Figure 2.22 When carbon forms single bonds with other atoms, the shape is tetrahedral. When two carbon atoms form a double bond, the shape is planar, or flat. Single bonds, like those found in ethane, are able to rotate. Double bonds, like those found in ethene cannot rotate, so the atoms on either side are locked in place. |
What objects are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass? | machines | frames | vases | mirrors | Mirrors are made from highly reflective metal that is applied to a curved or flat piece of glass. Converging mirrors can be used to focus light – headlights, telescopes, satellite TV receivers, and solar cookers all rely on this principle. Like lenses, mirrors can create images. |
Fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets are problems of which body system? | cardiovascular system | digestive system | circulatory system | skeletal system | Skeletal system problems include fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets. |
The structure of a neuron allows it to rapidly transmit nerve impulses to other what? | proteins | muscles | limbs | cells | The structure of a neuron allows it to rapidly transmit nerve impulses to other cells. |
Earthquakes have both longitudinal and transverse components, and these travel at what? | the speed of sound | identical speeds | the speed of light | different speeds | Earthquakes, essentially sound waves in Earth’s crust, are an interesting example of how the speed of sound depends on the rigidity of the medium. Earthquakes have both longitudinal and transverse components, and these travel at different speeds. The bulk modulus of granite is greater than its shear modulus. For that reason, the speed of longitudinal or pressure waves (Pwaves) in earthquakes in granite is significantly higher than the speed of transverse or shear waves (S-waves). Both components of earthquakes travel slower in less rigid material, such as sediments. P-waves have speeds of 4 to 7 km/s, and S-waves correspondingly range in speed from 2 to 5 km/s, both being faster in more rigid material. The P-wave gets progressively farther ahead of the S-wave as they travel through Earth’s crust. The time between the P- and S-waves is routinely used to determine the distance to their source, the epicenter of the earthquake. The speed of sound is affected by temperature in a given medium. For air at sea level, the speed of sound is given by. |
What do we call the theory of electromagnetism on the particle scale? | gravity electrodynamics | iron electrodynamics | light electrodynamics | quantum electrodynamics | 33.2 The Four Basic Forces • The four basic forces and their carrier particles are summarized in the Table 33.1. • Feynman diagrams are graphs of time versus position and are highly useful pictorial representations of particle processes. • The theory of electromagnetism on the particle scale is called quantum electrodynamics (QED). |
What part of the continuous dermal tissue system covers stems? | callus | dermis | cuticle | epidermis | |
What may be the ancestor of placental mammals? | amphibians | fungi | spirogyra | eomaia | The earliest placental mammals may have evolved about 110 million years ago. The ancestor of placental mammals may be the extinct genus Eomaia . Fossils of Eomaia have been found in what is now China. It was only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. It was a tree climber and probably ate insects and worms. Eomaia had several traits of placental mammals. Figure below shows how Eomaia may have looked. |
What are the two methods of logical thinking? | inductive and dynamical | Observation and result | cathartic and deductive | inductive and deductive | Two approaches to logical thinking developed over the centuries. These two methods are inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning . Inductive reasoning involves getting a collection of specific examples and drawing a general conclusion from them. Deductive reasoning takes a general principle and then draws a specific conclusion from the general concept. Both are used in the development of scientific ideas. |
What is the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature? | viscosity | permeability | humidity | solubility | Solubility is the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature. In a solution, the solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. For a given solvent, some solutes have greater solubility than others. For example, sugar is much more soluble in water than is salt. But even sugar has an upper limit on how much can dissolve. In a half liter of 20 °C water, the maximum amount is 1000 grams. If you add more sugar than this, the extra sugar won’t dissolve. You can compare the solubility of sugar, salt, and some other solutes in the Table below . For a video about solubility, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=IKimraU21ws . |
What should a pregnant woman avoid while pregnant? | rest and relaxation | healthy food | vitamins | toxic substances | The pregnant mother plays a critical role in the development of the embryo and fetus. She must avoid toxic substances such as alcohol, which can damage the developing offspring. She must also provide all the nutrients and other substances needed for normal growth and development. Most nutrients are needed in greater amounts by a pregnant woman, but some are especially important, including folic acid (vitamin B 9 ), calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. |
Quantities have two parts: the number (how many) and what else? | the credit | the motion | the member | he unit | Quantities have two parts: the number and the unit. The number tells “how many. ” It is important to be able to express numbers properly so that the quantities can be communicated properly. Standard notation is the straightforward expression of a number. Numbers such as 17, 101.5, and 0.00446 are expressed in standard notation. For relatively small numbers, standard notation is fine. However, for very large numbers, such as 306,000,000, or for very small numbers, such as 0.000000419, standard notation can be cumbersome because of the number of zeros needed to place nonzero numbers in the proper position. |
What organ provides the integrative power that underlies the complex behavior of vertebrates? | the heart | the skin | the liver | the brain | |
What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution? | artificial selection | genetic drift | neutral selection | natural selection | 23.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution. |
What are four children born at one birth called? | kittens | triplets | twins | quadruplets | QUADruplets are four children born at one birth. |
What does liquid change to due to vaporization? | solid | plasma | oil | gas | Vaporization is the process in which a liquid boils and changes to a gas. |
Converging plates can be oceanic, continental, or one of each. if at least one is oceanic, it will subduct. a subducting plate creates what? | wind | earthquakes | fires | volcanoes | Converging plates can be oceanic, continental, or one of each. If at least one is oceanic, it will subduct. A subducting plate creates volcanoes. Many of the world's volcanoes are the result of subduction at a convergent plate boundary. A map of the world's active volcanoes is pictured below ( Figure below ). |
Reptiles can be found on every continent except which one? | australia | south america | africa | antarctica | Reptiles can be found on every continent except Antarctica. |
For photosynthesis to begin, the inputs required are sunlight, water, and what? | sulfur dioxide | phosphorus dioxide | methane | carbon dioxide | Recall that the only required ingredients needed for photosynthesis are sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and water (H 2 O). From these simple inorganic ingredients, photosynthetic organisms produce the carbohydrate glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), and other complex organic compounds. Essentially, these producers are changing the energy from the sunlight into a usable form of energy. They are also making the oxygen that we breathe. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. |
When a stalactite and stalagmite join together, they form a what? | joint | ladder | cave | column | If a stalactite and stalagmite join together, they form a column . One of the wonders of visiting a cave is to witness the beauty of these amazing and strangely captivating structures. |
What color does red litmus paper turn in the presence of a base? | white | green | purple | blue | Like strong acids, strong bases can be harmful to organisms and damaging to materials. Bases have a bitter taste and feel slimy to the touch. They can also burn the skin. Bases, like acids, can be identified with litmus paper. Bases turn red litmus paper blue. |
What is the term for the hard, round object produced within the mantle of a living shelled mollusk? | glass | ball | root | pearl | Two natural products of mollusks used for decorations and jewelry are pearls and nacre. A pearl is the hard, round object produced within the mantle of a living shelled mollusk. Pearls are produced by many bivalves when a tiny particle of sand or grit is trapped between the mantle and the shell. It's as if the mollusk has a splinter. The mollusk forms a protective covering around the irritant. Most pearls used as jewelry are made by pearl oysters and freshwater mussels; most of the ones sold are cultured and not wild. Natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries. |
What is the term for animal-like protists that are usually single-celled? | larvae | eukaryotes | vertebrates | protozoa | Animal-like protists are called protozoa. Most consist a single cell. |
The cell membrane consists of two adjacent layers of what? | eukaryotes | lecithin | membranes | phospholipids | The cell membrane consists of two adjacent layers of phospholipids. The lipid tails of one layer face the lipid tails of the other layer, meeting at the interface of the two layers. The phospholipid heads face outward, one layer exposed to the interior of the cell and one layer exposed to the exterior (Figure 3.3). Because the phosphate groups are polar and hydrophilic, they are attracted to water in the intracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid interior of the cell. The phosphate groups are also attracted to the extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid environment outside the enclosure of the cell membrane. Interstitial fluid (IF) is the term given to extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels. Because the lipid tails are hydrophobic, they meet in the inner region of the membrane, excluding watery intracellular and extracellular fluid from this space. The cell membrane has many proteins, as well as other lipids (such as cholesterol), that are associated with the phospholipid bilayer. An important feature of the membrane is that it remains fluid; the lipids and proteins in the cell membrane are not rigidly locked in place. |
Echinoderms have a unique system for gas exchange, nutrient circulation, and locomotion called the water vascular system. the system consists of a central ring canal and radial canals extending along each arm. water circulates through these structures allowing for gas, nutrient, and this? | cell exchange | water evaporation | nerve exchange | waste exchange | Physiological Processes of Echinoderms Echinoderms have a unique system for gas exchange, nutrient circulation, and locomotion called the water vascular system. The system consists of a central ring canal and radial canals extending along each arm. Water circulates through these structures allowing for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange. A structure on top of the body, called the madreporite, regulates the amount of water in the water vascular system. “Tube feet,” which protrude through openings in the endoskeleton, may be expanded or contracted using the hydrostatic pressure in the system. The system allows for slow movement, but a great deal of power, as witnessed when the tube feet latch on to opposite halves of a bivalve mollusk, like a clam, and slowly, but surely pull the shells apart, exposing the flesh within. |
What group includes the simplest eukaryotes, including most single-celled eukaryotes? | fungi | arthropods | bivalves | protists | Most single-celled eukaryotes are protists. Protists are the simplest eukaryotes. |
Tropical rainforest, chaparral, and taiga are what kind of biomes? | freshwater | endangered | arboreal | terrestrial | Terrestrial biomes include the tropical rainforest, chaparral, and taiga. |
One of the most advanced uses of what in medicine is the positron emission tomography scanner, which detects the activity in the body of a very small injection of radioactive glucose? | membranes | radionuclides | quarks | radioisotopes | Interventional Radiologist The controlled use of radioisotopes has advanced medical diagnosis and treatment of disease. Interventional radiologists are physicians who treat disease by using minimally invasive techniques involving radiation. Many conditions that could once only be treated with a lengthy and traumatic operation can now be treated non-surgically, reducing the cost, pain, length of hospital stay, and recovery time for patients. For example, in the past, the only options for a patient with one or more tumors in the liver were surgery and chemotherapy (the administration of drugs to treat cancer). Some liver tumors, however, are difficult to access surgically, and others could require the surgeon to remove too much of the liver. Moreover, chemotherapy is highly toxic to the liver, and certain tumors do not respond well to it anyway. In some such cases, an interventional radiologist can treat the tumors by disrupting their blood supply, which they need if they are to continue to grow. In this procedure, called radioembolization, the radiologist accesses the liver with a fine needle, threaded through one of the patient’s blood vessels. The radiologist then inserts tiny radioactive “seeds” into the blood vessels that supply the tumors. In the days and weeks following the procedure, the radiation emitted from the seeds destroys the vessels and directly kills the tumor cells in the vicinity of the treatment. Radioisotopes emit subatomic particles that can be detected and tracked by imaging technologies. One of the most advanced uses of radioisotopes in medicine is the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, which detects the activity in the body of a very small injection of radioactive glucose, the simple sugar that cells use for energy. The PET camera reveals to the medical team which of the patient’s tissues are taking up the most glucose. Thus, the most metabolically active tissues show up as bright “hot spots” on the images (Figure 2.6). PET can reveal some cancerous masses because cancer cells consume glucose at a high rate to fuel their rapid reproduction. |
What type of disease is muscular dystrophy? | infectious disease | contagious disease | mutation | a wasting disease | Muscular dystrophy is a term encompassing a variety of muscle wasting diseases. The most common type, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) , affects cardiac and skeletal muscle, as well as some mental functions. DMD is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin, a protein prevalent in skeletal and cardiac muscles. DMD is an X-linked recessive disorder occurring in 1 in 3,500 male newborns. Because DMD is X-linked, no females are affected. Most affected individuals die before their 20th birthday. Daughters of female carriers of the mutant allele have a 50% chance of also being carriers. |
How many types of tissue are found in animals? | Ten | six | three | four | Muscle tissue is one of the four types of tissue found in animals. There are three different types of muscle in the body ( Figure below ):. |
The sequence of bases in a gene translates to the sequence of what protein components? | molecular acids | protein acids | rna acids | amino acids | 3.4 | Protein Synthesis By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain how the genetic code stored within DNA determines the protein that will form • Describe the process of transcription • Describe the process of translation • Discuss the function of ribosomes It was mentioned earlier that DNA provides a “blueprint” for the cell structure and physiology. This refers to the fact that DNA contains the information necessary for the cell to build one very important type of molecule: the protein. Most structural components of the cell are made up, at least in part, by proteins and virtually all the functions that a cell carries out are completed with the help of proteins. One of the most important classes of proteins is enzymes, which help speed up necessary biochemical reactions that take place inside the cell. Some of these critical biochemical reactions include building larger molecules from smaller components (such as occurs during DNA replication or synthesis of microtubules) and breaking down larger molecules into smaller components (such as when harvesting chemical energy from nutrient molecules). Whatever the cellular process may be, it is almost sure to involve proteins. Just as the cell’s genome describes its full complement of DNA, a cell’s proteome is its full complement of proteins. Protein synthesis begins with genes. A gene is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein. Each particular gene provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein. Gene expression, which transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately dictates the structure and function of a cell by determining which proteins are made. The interpretation of genes works in the following way. Recall that proteins are polymers, or chains, of many amino acid building blocks. The sequence of bases in a gene (that is, its sequence of A, T, C, G nucleotides) translates to an amino acid sequence. A triplet is a section of three DNA bases in a row that codes for a specific amino acid. Similar to the way in which the three-letter code d-o-g signals the image of a dog, the three-letter DNA base code signals the use of a particular amino acid. For example, the DNA triplet CAC (cytosine, adenine, and cytosine) specifies the amino acid valine. Therefore, a gene, which is composed of multiple triplets in a unique sequence, provides the code to build an entire protein, with multiple amino acids in the proper sequence (Figure 3.25). The mechanism by which cells turn the DNA code into a protein product is a two-step process, with an RNA molecule as the intermediate. |
Two or more what may bond with each other to form a molecule? | quarks | particles | clouds | atoms | Figure 2.9 Two or more atoms may bond with each other to form a molecule. When two hydrogens and an oxygen share electrons via covalent bonds, a water molecule is formed. |
Like animals, protozoa are heterotrophic and capable of what? | working | pushing | creating | moving | Like animals, protozoa are heterotrophic and capable of moving. |
What term is used to describe a solute that is water fearing? | hydrogenic | claustrophobic | anti-hydral | hydrophobic | London interactions c. London dispersion forces Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Solutes A solute can be classified as hydrophilic (literally, “water loving”), meaning that it has an electrostatic attraction to water, or hydrophobic (“water fearing”), meaning that it repels water. A hydrophilic substance is polar and often contains O–H or N–H groups that can form hydrogen bonds to water. For example, glucose with its five O–H groups is hydrophilic. In contrast, a hydrophobic substance may be polar but usually contains C–H bonds that do not interact favorably with water, as is the case with naphthalene and n-octane. Hydrophilic substances tend to be very soluble in water and other strongly polar solvents, whereas hydrophobic substances are essentially insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and cyclohexane. The difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances has substantial consequences in biological systems. For example, vitamins can be classified as eitherfat soluble or water soluble. Fatsoluble vitamins, such as vitamin A, are mostly nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules. As a result, they tend to be absorbed into fatty tissues and stored there. In contrast, water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C, are polar, hydrophilic molecules that circulate in the blood and intracellular fluids, which are primarily aqueous. Water-soluble vitamins are therefore excreted much more rapidly from the body and must be replenished in our daily diet. A comparison of the chemical structures of vitamin A and vitamin C quickly reveals why one is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic. |
What is the term for animals that cannot raise their body temperature on their own? | warm-blooded | endothermic | catabolic | ectothermic | They are ectothermic , meaning their temperature depends on the temperature of their environment. Ectothermic animals are cold-blooded in that they cannot raise their body temperature on their own. This is unlike humans, whose temperature is controlled from inside the body. |
Kidney stones can form anywhere in what system? | intestinal | digestive | respiratory | urinary | A kidney stone. The stones can form anywhere in the urinary system. |
What organ participates in all digestive activities except ingestion and defecation? | large intestine | small intestine | tongue | stomach | 23.4 The Stomach The stomach participates in all digestive activities except ingestion and defecation. It vigorously churns food. It secretes gastric juices that break down food and absorbs certain drugs, including aspirin and some alcohol. The stomach begins the digestion of protein and continues the digestion of carbohydrates and fats. It stores food as an acidic liquid called chyme, and releases it gradually into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. |
What is calculated by adding together the atomic masses of the elements in the substance, each multiplied by its subscript (written or implied) in the molecular formula? | magnetic mass | mass effect | fractional mass | molecular mass | Molecular and Formula Masses The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the average masses of the atoms in one molecule of a substance. It is calculated by adding together the atomic masses of the elements in the substance, each multiplied by its subscript (written or implied) in the molecular formula. Because the units of atomic mass are atomic mass units, the units of molecular mass are also atomic mass units. The procedure for calculating molecular masses is illustrated in Example 1. |
What term describes precipitation that flows over the surface of the land? | flood | waves | erosion | runoff | Runoff is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land. This water may travel to a river, lake, or ocean. Runoff may pick up fertilizer and other pollutants and deliver them to a water body. In this way, runoff may pollute bodies of water. |
At what point is water on the ph scale? | 0, very acidic | 14, basic | 3, acidic | neutrality, 7 | The light from a laser is monochromatic, coherent, and very intense. |
Would you find cells that contain a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids in plant or animal cells? | tube cells | heart cells | animal cells | plant cells | Most organelles are common to both animal and plant cells. However, plant cells also have features that animal cells do not have: a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids such as chloroplasts. |
What system includes lymph organs, lymph vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes? | digestion | nervous | immature | immune | The immune system includes lymph organs, lymph vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes. |
What causes acid rain? | chemicals in waterways | carbon dioxide | heavy pollution | air pollution | Air pollution causes acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming. |
What helps ensure that, at least, some species will survive environmental change? | spontaneous mutation | reproduction | ecosystem | biodiversity | Biodiversity generally increases the productivity and stability of ecosystems. It helps ensure that at least some species will survive environmental change. It also provides many other ecosystem services. For example:. |
The airway and the lungs are part of what organ system? | digestive | coronary | pulmonary | respiratory | 31 Respiratory system In humans and other animals, for example, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles. Other animals, such as insects, have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange. Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals. The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata. In mammals, the diaphragm divides the body cavity into the abdominal cavity: contains the viscera (e. , stomach and intestines). |
Air quality is a measure of what in the air? | oxygen | nitrogen | precipitation | pollutants | Air quality is a measure of the pollutants in air. Poor air quality started to become a serious problem during the Industrial Revolution. After 1900, motor vehicles added greatly to the problem. The Clean Air Act of 1970 improved the quality of the air over the U. S. |
Which factor often changes a protein from an inactive form to an active form? | nitrogen groups addition | oxygen groups addition | lipid groups addition | phosphate groups addition | |
After the film is developed, any unexposed silver bromide must be removed by a process called what? | washing | watering | sweeping | fixing | After the film is developed, any unexposed silver bromide must be removed by a process called “fixing”; otherwise, the entire film would turn black with additional exposure to light. Although silver bromide is insoluble in water, it is soluble in a dilute solution of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3; photographer’s hypo) because of the formation of [Ag(S2O3)2]3− ions. Thus washing the film with thiosulfate solution dissolves unexposed silver bromide and leaves a. |
What force provides resistance whenever two surfaces are in contact? | rotation | vibration | tension | friction | |
What cycle is frequency measured in per second? | Krebs | watt | decibel | hertz | The frequency, is the number of cycles an object goes through in second. Frequency is measured in Hertz . cycle per sec. |
What are the two types of cells? | animal and bacteria | mammal and plant | bacteria and eukaryotes | prokaryotes and eukaryotes | There are two cell types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled and smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms, but there are some single-celled eukaryotes. |
In science, what do you call something that always applies under the same conditions? | scientific method | theory | hypothesis | scientific law | Many people think that any idea that is completely accepted in science is a law. But that is not true. In science, a law is something that always applies under the same conditions. A law explains a fairly simple phenomenon. A theory is much more complex: it tells you why something happens. A law only tells you that it happens. For example, if you hold something above the ground and let go, it will fall. This phenomenon is recognized by the law of gravity ( Figure below ). Some people say that evolution is "just a theory. " But for a complex explanation like evolution, theory is the right word. |
The pine tree is the sporophyte; its sporangia are located on scalelike structures packed densely where? | in the needles | in the limb tips | in the bark | in cones | |
Prokaryotic cells grow to a certain size and then they divide by which process? | budding | linear fission | binary fusion | binary fission | Prokaryotic cells grow to a certain size. Then they divide by binary fission. This is a type of asexual reproduction. |
What can increase the occurance of earthquakes? | plates rupturing | three plates sliding | plates breaking | two plates sliding | |
What term is used to describe organelles that are found only in animal cells? | acids | anticlines | fibrils | centrioles | Centrioles are organelles that are found only in animal cells. They are located near the nucleus. They help organize the DNA in the nucleus before cell division takes place. They ensure that the DNA divides correctly when the cell divides. |
What is located at the center of our solar system? | the earth | a black hole | the moon | the sun | |
What is the leading cause of death worldwide? | liver failure | lung disease | cancer | coronary artery disease | Heart: Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. It occurs when the buildup of plaque—a fatty material including cholesterol, connective tissue, white blood cells, and some smooth muscle cells—within the walls of the arteries obstructs the flow of blood and decreases the flexibility or compliance of the vessels. This condition is called atherosclerosis, a hardening of the arteries that involves the accumulation of plaque. As the coronary blood vessels become occluded, the flow of blood to the tissues will be restricted, a condition called ischemia that causes the cells to receive insufficient amounts of oxygen, called hypoxia. Figure 19.16 shows the blockage of coronary arteries highlighted by the injection of dye. Some individuals with coronary artery disease report pain radiating from the chest called angina pectoris, but others remain asymptomatic. If untreated, coronary artery disease can lead to MI or a heart attack. |
Changes in the color of the statue of liberty owe to oxidation-reduction reactions, or what simpler term? | immersion | copper | oxygen | corrosion | Chemistry in Everyday Life Statue of Liberty: Changing Colors The Statue of Liberty is a landmark every American recognizes. The Statue of Liberty is easily identified by its height, stance, and unique blue-green color (Figure 17.16). When this statue was first delivered from France, its appearance was not green. It was brown, the color of its copper “skin. ” So how did the Statue of Liberty change colors? The change in appearance was a direct result of corrosion. The copper that is the primary component of the statue slowly underwent oxidation from the air. The oxidation-reduction reactions of copper metal in the environment occur in several steps. Copper metal is oxidized to copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), which is red, and then to copper(II) oxide, which is black. |
What is the top layer of water farther from shore called? | Beach Zone | Tidal Zone | semimetal zone | limnetic zone | The top layer of water farther from shore is called the limnetic zone. There is enough light for photosynthesis and plenty of dissolved oxygen. However, dissolved nutrients tend not to be as plentiful as they are in the littoral zone. Producers here are mainly phytoplankton. A variety of zooplankton and fish also occupy this zone. |
Flatworms reproduce sexually. in most species, the same individuals produce both what? | diploid and haploid | gametes | heart and sperm | eggs and sperm | Flatworms reproduce sexually. In most species, the same individuals produce both eggs and sperm. After fertilization occurs, the fertilized eggs pass out of the adult’s body and hatch into larvae. There may be several different larval stages. The final larval stage develops into the adult form, and the life cycle repeats. |
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