question
stringlengths 14
399
| distractor3
stringlengths 1
63
| distractor1
stringlengths 1
57
| distractor2
stringlengths 1
62
| correct_answer
stringlengths 1
67
| support
stringlengths 0
3.56k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material? | the nuclear compression | the complex envelope | the cell wall | the nuclear envelope | The nuclear envelope is a double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material. It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope is made of two phospholipid bilayers, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Many tiny holes called nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope. These nuclear pores help to regulate the exchange of materials (such as RNA and proteins) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
What is the highest taxon in the classification of living things? | a family | a phylum | a class | a domain | Prokaryotes are currently placed in two domains. A domain is the highest taxon in the classification of living things. It's even higher than the kingdom. |
Animal-like protists are called what? | larvae | bacteria | genus | protozoa | Animal-like protists are called protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that share some traits with animals. Like animals, they can move, and they are heterotrophs . That means they eat things outside of themselves instead of producing their own food. Animal-like protists are very small, measuring only about 0.01–0.5mm. Animal-like protists include the flagellates, ciliates, and the sporozoans. |
Mating with no strong pair-bonds is called? | heterogeneous | mutual | covalent | promiscuous | |
Rna is especially important during synthesis of what? | sulfur | glucose | mitochondria | protein | RNA, the other nucleic acid. RNA has many important functions, especially during protein synthesis. And what allows it to be involved in protein synthesis is its ability to fold into three-dimensional structures, giving the molecule specific functions. This structure depicts an RNA molecule. the numerous secondary structures, such as the helices, are visible. |
Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as what? | protozoa | zygotes | copepods | gametophytes | Eleutherozoa are the echinoderms that can move. This group includes the starfish and most other echinoderms. |
What is the ring of hooks tapeworms use to attach themselves? | flagella | cilia | dewlap | scolex | Tapeworms and flukes have suckers and other structures for feeding on a host. Tapeworms also have a scolex , a ring of hooks on their head to attach themselves to the host (see Figure below ). Unlike other invertebrates, tapeworms lack a mouth and digestive system. Instead, they absorb nutrients directly from the host’s digestive system with their suckers. |
What form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside? | caverns | inlets | cascades | meanders | Meanders form because water erodes the outside of curves and deposits eroded material on the inside. Over time, the curves shift position. |
Which waterfall series is the largest on the planet? | niagara falls | yosemite falls | angel falls | iguassu falls | Another name for this compound is…water. Water can create some absolutely beautiful sights. Iguassu Falls is the largest series of waterfalls on the planet, located in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. And water is necessary for life. Water, like carbon, has a special role in biology because of its importance to organisms. Water is essential to all known forms of life. Water, H 2 O, such a simple molecule, yet it is this simplicity that gives water its unique properties and explains why water is so vital for life. |
What term is used to describe modern seed plants that produce seeds in cones? | perennials | angiosperms | deciduous | gymnosperms | Some modern seed plants are gymnosperms that produce seeds in cones. |
What kind of joints does the skull have that do not allow any movement? | fixed plates | fixed particles | fixed cells | fixed joints | Image copyright Vasiliy Koval, 2013, modified by CK-12 Foundation. The skull has fixed joints that do not allow any movement . Used under license from Shutterstock. com. |
The shoulder and hip are examples of what type of joints? | hinge | lever | pivot | ball and socket | This type of joint is found between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae, at the acromioclavicular joint, or at the intercarpal joints of the hand and intertarsal joints of the foot. Ball-and-socket joints, in which the rounded head of a bone fits into a large depression or socket, are found at the shoulder and hip joints. Both plane and ball-and-sockets joints are classified functionally as multiaxial joints. However, ball-and-socket joints allow for large movements, while the motions between bones at a plane joint are small. |
The tails of the hale-bopp comet point away from the sun, evidence that light has what property of motion? | acceleration | inertia | velocity | momentum | Figure 29.17 The tails of the Hale-Bopp comet point away from the Sun, evidence that light has momentum. Dust emanating from the body of the comet forms this tail. Particles of dust are pushed away from the Sun by light reflecting from them. The blue ionized gas tail is also produced by photons interacting with atoms in the comet material. (credit: Geoff Chester, U. Navy, via Wikimedia Commons). |
What type of virus can cause painful sores on the mouth and genitals? | syphilis | Aids | gonorrhea | herpes | This lip blister, or cold sore, is caused by a herpes virus. The virus is closely related to the virus that causes genital herpes. The genital herpes virus causes similar blisters on the genitals. If you’ve ever had a cold sore, you know how painful they can be. Genital herpes blisters are also painful. |
The flood of sodium ions through the symporter provides the energy that allows what to move through the symporter and into the cell? | mitochondria | insulin | sucrose | glucose | Active transport pumps can also work together with other active or passive transport systems to move substances across the membrane. For example, the sodium-potassium pump maintains a high concentration of sodium ions outside of the cell. Therefore, if the cell needs sodium ions, all it has to do is open a passive sodium channel, as the concentration gradient of the sodium ions will drive them to diffuse into the cell. In this way, the action of an active transport pump (the sodiumpotassium pump) powers the passive transport of sodium ions by creating a concentration gradient. When active transport powers the transport of another substance in this way, it is called secondary active transport. Symporters are secondary active transporters that move two substances in the same direction. For example, the sodiumglucose symporter uses sodium ions to “pull” glucose molecules into the cell. Because cells store glucose for energy, glucose is typically at a higher concentration inside of the cell than outside. However, due to the action of the sodiumpotassium pump, sodium ions will easily diffuse into the cell when the symporter is opened. The flood of sodium ions through the symporter provides the energy that allows glucose to move through the symporter and into the cell, against its concentration gradient. |
Alternative current is produced when a magnet or coil does what? | moves up and down repeatedly | moves in circles at faster rates | moves at faster velocities | moves back and forth repeatedly | The current produced by electromagnetic induction is greater when the magnet or coil moves faster, the coil has more turns, or the magnet is stronger. If the magnet or coil is moved back and forth repeatedly, alternating current is produced. |
What are the chemical formulas for covalent compounds referred to as? | Electron Formulas | nucleus formulas | magnetic formulas | molecular formulas | The chemical formulas for covalent compounds are referred to as molecular formulas because these compounds exist as separate, discrete molecules. Typically, a molecular formula begins with the nonmetal that is closest to the lower left corner of the periodic table, except that hydrogen is almost never written first (H2O is the prominent exception). Then the other nonmetal symbols are listed. Numerical subscripts are used if there is more than one of a particular atom. For example, we have already seen CH4, the molecular formula for methane. Naming binary (two-element) covalent compounds is similar to naming simple ionic compounds. The first element in the formula is simply listed using the name of the element. The second element is named by taking the stem of the element name and adding the suffix -ide. A system of numerical prefixes is used to specify the number of atoms in a molecule. Table 4.1 "Numerical Prefixes for Naming Binary Covalent Compounds" lists these numerical prefixes. Normally, no prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom of the first element in a molecule. If the second element is oxygen, the trailing vowel is usually omitted from the end of a polysyllabic prefix but not a monosyllabic one (that is, we would say “monoxide” rather than “monooxide” and “trioxide” rather than “troxide”). Table 4.1 Numerical Prefixes for Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Number of Atoms in Compound. |
What do secondary spermatocytes form when completing meiosis? | sporozoans | pores | semen | spermatids | Spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubule undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes , which are also diploid. The primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes , which are haploid. Spermatocytes make up the next layer of cells inside the seminiferous tubule. Finally, the secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis to form spermatids . Spermatids make up a third layer of cells in the tubule. |
What is the name of the muscle that contracts to cause the joint to straighten? | opposing | flexor | abductor | extensor | Muscles can only contract. They cannot actively extend, though they can move or relax back into the non-contracted neutral position. Therefore, to move bones in opposite directions, pairs of muscles must work in opposition. Each muscle in the pair works against the other to move bones at the joints of the body. The muscle that contracts to cause a joint to bend is called the flexor . The muscle that contracts to cause the joint to straighten is called the extensor . When one muscle is contracted, the other muscle from the pair is always elongated. |
Name the process of removing wastes from the body. | degradation | filtration | depletion | excretion | Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body. |
What term means the percentage by mass of each element in a compound? | biomass | mass effect | elemental percent | percent composition | Percent Composition The elemental makeup of a compound defines its chemical identity, and chemical formulas are the most succinct way of representing this elemental makeup. When a compound’s formula is unknown, measuring the mass of each of its constituent elements is often the first step in the process of determining the formula experimentally. The results of these measurements permit the calculation of the compound’s percent composition, defined as the percentage by mass of each element in the compound. For example, consider a gaseous compound composed solely of carbon and hydrogen. The percent composition of this compound could be represented as follows: mass H × 100% mass compound mass C %C = × 100% mass compound. |
Beaches and deserts collect large deposits of what? | water | animals | plants | sand | Sediments are deposited in many different types of environments. Beaches and deserts collect large deposits of sand. Sediments also continuously wind up at the bottom of the ocean and in lakes, ponds, rivers, marshes, and swamps. Avalanches produce large piles of sediment. The environment where the sediments are deposited determines the type of sedimentary rock that can form. |
What is the name for animals that have a backbone? | invertebrates | mammals | skeletates | vertebrates | The first eight phyla listed in Table above include only invertebrate animals. Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column , or backbone. The last phylum in the table, the Chordata, also includes many invertebrate species. Tunicates and lancelets are both invertebrates. Altogether, invertebrates make up at least 95 percent of all animal species. The remaining animals are vertebrates. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. All vertebrates belong to the phylum Chordata. They include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
The attractive force between water molecules is what kind of reaction? | diffusion reaction | symmetrical reaction | aquatic reaction | dipole reaction | The attractive force between water molecules is a dipole interaction. The hydrogen atoms are bound to the highly electronegative oxygen atom (which also possesses two lone pair sets of electrons, making for a very polar bond. The partially positive hydrogen atom of one molecule is then attracted to the oxygen atom of a nearby water molecule (see Figure below ). |
Which procedure helps modern nuclear physics convert lead into gold? | evaporation | nuclear fission | matter fusion | nuclear bombardment | The alchemists were never successful in changing lead into gold. But modern nuclear physics can accomplish this task. Lead is subjected to nuclear bombardment in a particle accelerator. A small amount of gold can be obtained by this process. However, the cost of the procedure is far more than the amount of gold obtained. So the dream of the alchemists has never (and will never) come true. |
Alkanes are nonpolar and therefore do not attract what? | atoms | molecules | eons | ions | Alkanes are nonpolar; they do not attract ions. |
What do we call the lowest layer of the atmosphere? | mesosphere | stratosphere | asthenosphere | troposphere | The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. In it, temperature decreases with altitude. The troposphere gets some of its heat directly from the Sun. Most, however, comes from Earth's surface. The surface is heated by the Sun and some of that heat radiates back into the air. This makes the temperature higher near the surface than at higher altitudes. |
Oxygenated blood is transported by what system? | pulmonary | skeletal | nervous | circulatory | Oxygenated blood is transported by the circulatory system from lungs to tissues throughout the body. |
Internal resistance, or (electrical) resistance in general, involves the resistance of the flow of what? | water | protons | force | current | Internal Resistance As noted before, a 12-V truck battery is physically larger, contains more charge and energy, and can deliver a larger current than a 12-V motorcycle battery. Both are lead-acid batteries with identical emf, but, because of its size, the truck battery has a smaller internal resistance r . Internal resistance is the inherent resistance to the flow of current within the source itself. Figure 21.9 is a schematic representation of the two fundamental parts of any voltage source. The emf (represented by a script E in the figure) and internal resistance r are in series. The smaller the internal resistance for a given emf, the more current and the more power the source can supply. |
What gas produced by fossil fuel use is a major cause of global warming? | phosphorous | helium | hydrogen | carbon dioxide | When fossil fuels burn, they release thermal energy, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel use is a major cause of global warming. The burning of fossil fuels also releases many pollutants into the air. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide form acid rain, which kills living things and damages metals, stonework, and other materials. Pollutants such as nitrogen oxides cause smog, which is harmful to human health. Tiny particles, or particulates, released when fossil fuels burn also harm human health. Natural gas releases the least pollution; coal releases the most (see Figure below ). Petroleum has the additional risk of oil spills, which may seriously damage ecosystems. |
What supports most of earth's ecosystems? | crust | oceans | moon | sun | The Sun supports most of Earth's ecosystems. Plants create chemical energy from abiotic factors that include solar energy. The food energy created by producers is passed through the food chain. |
Because carbohydrates have a carbonyl functional group and several hydroxyl groups, they can undergo a variety of biochemically important reactions. the carbonyl group, for example, can be oxidized to form a carboxylic acid or reduced to form this? | caffeine | glucose | sucrose | alcohol | Because carbohydrates have a carbonyl functional group and several hydroxyl groups, they can undergo a variety of biochemically important reactions. The carbonyl group, for example, can be oxidized to form a carboxylic acid or reduced to form an alcohol. The hydroxyl groups can undergo substitution reactions, resulting in derivatives of the original compound. One such derivative is Sucralose, an artificial sweetener that is six times sweeter than sucrose; it is made by replacing two of the hydroxyl groups on sucrose with chlorine. Carbohydrates can also eliminate hydroxyl groups, producing alkenes. |
What do earth and the other planets in the solar system make around the sun? | elevated orbits | radial orbits | smooth orbits | elliptical orbits | Earth and the other planets in the solar system make elliptical orbits around the Sun. The ellipses in this image are highly exaggerated. |
What do anglerfish use their glow-in-the-dark, rod-like structure for? | to keep warm | to find a mate | for protection | to attract prey | Anglerfish. This anglerfish lives between 1000 and 4000 meters below sea level. No sunlight penetrates to this depth. The rod-like structure on its face has a glow-in-the-dark tip. It is covered with microorganisms that give off their own light. The fish wiggles the structure like a worm to attract prey. In the darkness, only the rod-like worm is visible. |
Surface tension is responsible for the fact that small insects can do this on water? | float | swim | sink | walk | tension causes liquids to form spheres in free fall or zero gravity (see - ball-ch10_s02_f01: the “floating” water isn’t in the shape of a sphere by accident; it is the result of surface tension). Surface tension is also responsible for the fact that small insects can “walk” on water. Because of surface tension, it takes energy to break the surface of a liquid, and if an object (such as an insect) is light enough, there is not enough force due to gravity for the object to break through the surface, so the object stays on top of the water ( ball-ch10_s03_f07). Carefully done, this phenomenon can also be illustrated with a thin razor blade or a paper clip. The fact that small droplets of water bead up on surfaces does not mean that water—or any other liquid— does not interact with other substances. Sometimes the attraction can be very strong. Adhesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with other substances because of intermolecular forces, while cohesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with itself. If cohesive forces within a liquid are stronger than adhesive forces between a liquid and another substance, then the liquid tends to keep to itself; it will bead up. However, if adhesive forces between a liquid and another substance are stronger than cohesive forces, then the liquid will spread out over the other substance, trying to maximize the interface between the other substance and the liquid. We say that the liquid wets the other substance. Adhesion and cohesion are important for other phenomena as well. In particular, if adhesive forces are strong, then when a liquid is introduced to a small-diameter tube of another substance, the liquid moves up or down in the tube, as if ignoring gravity. Because tiny tubes are called capillaries, this phenomenon is called capillary action. For example, one type of capillary action—capillary rise—is seen when water or water-based liquids rise up in thin glass tubes (like the capillaries sometimes used in blood tests), forming an upwardly curved surface called a meniscus. Capillary action is also responsible for the “wicking” effect that towels and sponges use to dry wet objects; the matting of fibers forms tiny capillaries that have good adhesion with water. Cotton is a good material for this; polyester and other synthetic fabrics do not display similar capillary action, which is why you seldom find rayon bath towels. A similar effect is observed with liquid fuels or melted wax and their wicks. Capillary action is thought to be at least partially responsible for transporting water from the roots to the tops of trees, even tall ones. On the other hand, some liquids have stronger cohesive forces than adhesive forces. In this case, in the presence of a capillary, the liquid is forced down from its surface; this is an example of a type of capillary. |
What kind of muscle is responsible for making the human heart beat? | respiratory muscle | deltoid | teres minor | cardiac muscle | Muscle tissue consists of cells that can contract, or shorten. Examples include skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones and makes them move. Other types of muscle include cardiac muscle, which makes the heart beat, and smooth muscle, which is found in other internal organs. |
Channel proteins and carrier proteins help substances diffuse across what? | cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum | ribosomes | cell membrane | Facilitated Diffusion Across a Cell Membrane. Channel proteins and carrier proteins help substances diffuse across a cell membrane. In this diagram, the channel and carrier proteins are helping substances move into the cell (from the extracellular space to the intracellular space). |
Humans building communities to make survival easier is an example of humans as a species changing their what? | evolution | climate | instinctive behavior | environment | |
When a lower energy level is ______ electrons are added to the next higher energy level. | empty | unbalanced | ready | full | Only when a lower energy level is full are electrons added to the next higher energy level. Electrons at higher energy levels, which are farther from the nucleus, have more energy. They also have more orbitals and greater possible numbers of electrons. |
The amount of force applied per given area is called? | power | energy | strength | pressure | Bernoulli’s law states that the pressure of a moving fluid such as air is less when the fluid is moving faster. Pressure is the amount of force applied per given area. The law is named for Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician who discovered it during the 1700s. Bernoulli used mathematics to arrive at his law. For an animation of the law, go to the URL below. |
What is the atomic number of magnesium? | 8 | 17 | 25 | 12 | REVIEW QUESTIONS 2. Magnesium has an atomic number of 12. Which of the following statements is true of a neutral magnesium atom? a. |
After the egg is fertilized the mrna is translated into what? | DNA | factor | mitochondria | protein | |
What is the process that ventilates lungs called? | perspiration | photosynthesis | reproduction | breathing | |
What aspect of beryllium allows it to absorb x-rays? | high atomic number | magnetism | relative atomic number | low atomic number | TiCl4(l) + 2Mg(s) → Ti(s) + 2MgCl2(s) The only other alkaline earth that is widely used as the metal is beryllium, which is extremely toxic. Ingestion of beryllium or exposure to beryllium-containing dust causes a syndrome called berylliosis, characterized by severe inflammation of the respiratory tract or other tissues. A small percentage of beryllium dramatically increases the strength of copper or nickel alloys, which are used in nonmagnetic, nonsparking tools (such as wrenches and screwdrivers), camera springs, and electrical contacts. The low atomic number of beryllium gives it a very low tendency to absorb x-rays and makes it uniquely suited for applications involving radioactivity. Both elemental Be and BeO, which is a high-temperature ceramic, are used in nuclear reactors, and the windows on all x-ray tubes and sources are made of beryllium foil. Millions of tons of calcium compounds are used every year. As discussed in earlier chapters, CaCl 2 is used as “road salt” to lower the freezing point of water on roads in cold temperatures. In addition, CaCO 3 is a. |
What are drilled to monitor groundwater pollution? | draining wells | sewers | aquifers | test wells | Test wells are drilled to monitor groundwater pollution. |
The two smallest carboxylic acids are formic acid and what else? | ascorbic acid | carbonates acid | ethylene acid | acetic acid | The two smallest carboxylic acids are formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid (found in vinegar). Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds, such as cholesterol discussed in the chapter-opening essay, contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gobch12through http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch15, we will examine the characteristics and chemistry of other important organic compounds and functional groups. |
What incredibly successful species has quickly colonized almost all of earth’s terrestrial habitats, but also impacted earth, its climate, and its environment? | fish | chimpanzees | birds | humans | The human species has been incredibly successful. In a relatively short period of time, it has colonized almost all of Earth’s terrestrial habitats. Unfortunately, human beings have also impacted Earth, its climate, and its environment. Human actions threaten Earth’s valuable biodiversity. |
What prepares the body for fight or flight during emergencies? | adrenal mechanism | abnormal division | metabolic response | sympathetic division | The sympathetic division controls internal organs and glands during emergencies. It prepares the body for fight or flight ( Figure below ). For example, it increases the heart rate and the flow of blood to the legs, so you can run away from danger. |
Gymnosperms have evolved to include what? | flowers | stems | cells | seeds | Gymnosperms evolved to have seeds but do not have flowers. Examples of gymnosperms include the Redwood, Fir, and Cypress trees. Gymnos means "naked" in Greek; the seeds of gymnosperms are naked, not protected by flowers. |
How do gametophyte plants form haploid gametes? | during after omniosis | during omniosis | during after mitosis | through mitosis | Plants in the haploid generation are called gametophytes . They form from haploid spores. They have male and/or female reproductive organs and reproduce sexually. They produce haploid gametes by mitosis. Fertilization of gametes produces diploid zygotes. Zygotes develop into the diploid generation. |
What french chemist discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium? | pascal curie | margaret curie | louis pasteur | marie curie | Another scientist, who worked with Becquerel, actually came up with the term radioactivity . The other scientist was the French chemist Marie Curie. She went on to discover the radioactive elements polonium and radium. She won two Nobel Prizes for her discoveries. You can learn more about Marie Curie at this URL: http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio. html. |
What is another term for the parabolic motion of a thrown object? | simple motion | newtonian motion | regular motion | projectile motion | In this chapter, we aim to understand and explain the parabolic motion of a thrown object, known as projectile motion. Motion in one direction is unrelated to motion in other perpendicular directions. Once the object has been thrown, the only acceleration is in the (up/down) direction. The (right/left) direction velocity remains unchanged. |
Passive immunity arises from the transfer of what to an individual, without requiring them to mount their own active immune response? | viruses | parasites | bacteria | antibodies | Passive immunity arises from the transfer of antibodies to an individual without requiring them to mount their own active immune response. Naturally acquired passive immunity is seen during fetal development. IgG is transferred from the maternal circulation to the fetus via the placenta, protecting the fetus from infection and protecting the newborn for the first few months of its life. As already stated, a newborn benefits from the IgA antibodies it obtains from milk during breastfeeding. The fetus and newborn thus benefit from the immunological memory of the mother to the pathogens to which she has been exposed. In medicine, artificially acquired passive immunity usually involves injections of immunoglobulins, taken from animals previously exposed to a specific pathogen. This treatment is a fast-acting method of temporarily protecting an individual who was possibly exposed to a pathogen. The downside to both types of passive immunity is the lack of the development of immunological memory. Once the antibodies are transferred, they are effective for only a limited time before they degrade. |
At equilibrium reactants and what are equally abundant? | minerals | results | proactives | products | Reactants and products are equally abundant at equilibrium. |
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from what kind of cells? | ancient matrix | ancient ribosome | ancient phosphorylation | ancient prokaryotic | Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells. |
An acellular, external cuticle protects the _________. | stomach | dermis | lungs | epidermis | Anatomy The epidermis is protected by an acellular, external cuticle, but this is much thinner than the cuticle found in the ecdysozoans and does not require periodic shedding for growth. Circular as well as longitudinal muscles are located interior to the epidermis. Chitinous hairlike extensions, anchored in the epidermis and projecting from the cuticle, called setae/chaetae are present in every segment. Annelids show the presence of a true coelom, derived from embryonic mesoderm and protostomy. |
The average number of individuals per unit of area or volume is referred to as a population's what? | output | increase | diameter | density | Population density is the average number of individuals per unit of area or volume. |
What is the medical term for a condition caused by abnormalities, such as mutations, in your genes or chromosomes? | radiation disorder | mutations disorder | nervous disorder | genetic disorder | Mutations , changes in the DNA or RNA sequence, can have significant phenotypic effects or they can have no effects. What are possible outcomes of some of those mutations. Some can produce genetic disorder . A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities, such as mutations, in your genes or chromosomes. Genetic disorders are usually present from conception. These disorders include chromosomal abnormalities, in which the individual has too few or too many chromosomes or chromosomes with large alterations, or diseases due to a mutation in a specific gene. These defective genes are usually inherited from the parents, hence the term hereditary disease or genetic disorder. Genetic disorders can be inherited in a dominant or recessive manner ( Figure below and Figure below ). Recessive disorders require the inheritance of a defective gene from each parent. The parents are usually unaffected and are healthy carriers of the defective gene. |
What is glucose used for the bacteria? | energy | reproduction | fuel | food | Photosynthetic bacteria use the energy of the sun to make their own food. In the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are turned into glucose and oxygen. The glucose is then turned into usable energy. Glucose is like the "food" for the bacteria. An example of photosynthetic bacteria is cyanobacteria, as seen in the opening image. |
What do carnivores eat? | algae | ice | plants | animals | Carnivores consume animals. Examples include lions, polar bears, hawks, frogs, salmon, and spiders. Carnivores that are unable to digest plants and must eat only animals are called obligate carnivores. Other carnivores can digest plants but do not commonly eat them. |
What is algae easier to covert into that corn is currently used for? | sugar | oil | food | fuel | Research is being done into alternative crops for biofuels. A very promising alternative is algae. Algae appears to be a better biofuel than corn. Algae is much easier to convert to a usable fuel. Growing algae requires much less land and energy than crops. Algae can be grown in locations that are not used for other things. For example, they can be grown in desert areas where food crops are not often grown. Corn must be grown where food crops are grown. This can reduce the land and water available for growing food. Algae can be fed agricultural and other waste, so valuable resources are not used. Much research is being done to bring these alternative fuels to market. |
Dividing net force by total mass yields what? | movement | energy | transmission | acceleration | Solution: The force acting to move the system is the weight of box B, and the force resisting the movement is the force of friction between the table and box A. The mass of the system is the sum of the masses of both boxes. The acceleration of the system can be found by dividing the net force by the total mass. |
What ensures that seeds germinate only when conditions for seedling survival are optimal? | survival dormancy | germination dormancy | seed forcing | seed dormancy | |
The a in atp is short for what? | acid | amino | acetic | adenosine | Let’s take a closer look at a molecule of ATP. Although it carries less energy than glucose, its structure is more complex. “A” in ATP refers to the majority of the molecule – adenosine – a combination of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar. “T” and “P” indicate the three phosphates, linked by bonds which hold the energy actually used by cells. Usually, only the outermost bond breaks to release or spend energy for cellular work. |
How many fingers do apes have on each hand? | four | seven | six | five | Humans and apes have five fingers they can use to grasp objects. Do you think these are analogous or homologous structures? Explain. |
Which atomic particle has a positive charge? | the neutron | the electron | the nucleus | the proton | A proton is one of three main particles that make up the atom. The other two particles are the neutron and electron. Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom. This is a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of one (+1) and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu), which is about 1.67 × 10 -27 kilograms. Together with neutrons, they make up virtually all of the mass of an atom. For an excellent video on protons and other fundamental particles in atoms, go to this URL:. |
What does the presence of gill slits suggest about humans and fish? | Same evolutionary chain | Shared History | Common Cells | common ancestor | Some unexpected traits can appear in animal embryos. For example, human embryos have gill slits just like fish! In fish they develop into gills, but in humans they disappear before birth. The presence of the gill slits suggests that a long time ago humans and fish shared a common ancestor. |
What was first discovered in songbirds that produce new neurons while learning songs? | homeostasis | proteins | Brain Cord | neurogenesis | Neurogenesis At one time, scientists believed that people were born with all the neurons they would ever have. Research performed during the last few decades indicates that neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, continues into adulthood. Neurogenesis was first discovered in songbirds that produce new neurons while learning songs. For mammals, new neurons also play an important role in learning: about 1,000 new neurons develop in the hippocampus (a brain structure involved in learning and memory) each day. While most of the new neurons will die, researchers found that an increase in the number of surviving new neurons in the hippocampus correlated with how well rats learned a new task. Interestingly, both exercise and some antidepressant medications also promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Stress has the opposite effect. While neurogenesis is quite limited compared to regeneration in other tissues, research in this area may lead to new treatments for disorders such as Alzheimer’s, stroke, and epilepsy. How do scientists identify new neurons? A researcher can inject a compound called bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into the brain of an animal. While all cells will be exposed to BrdU, BrdU will only be incorporated into the DNA of newly generated cells that are in S phase. A technique called immunohistochemistry can be used to attach a fluorescent label to the incorporated BrdU, and a researcher can use fluorescent microscopy to visualize the presence of BrdU, and thus new neurons, in brain tissue (Figure 16.20). |
Whether focused on ancient life, the life of bacteria, or how humans could live on the moon, four unifying principles form the basis of what branch of science? | geology | electronics | chemistry | biology | Four unifying principles form the basis of biology. Whether biologists are interested in ancient life, the life of bacteria, or how humans could live on the moon, they base their overall understanding of biology on these four principles:. |
What do we call the center of a hurricane where the air is calm and clear? | neck | nose | epicenter | eye | At the center of a hurricane is a small area where the air is calm and clear. This is the eye of the hurricane. The eye forms at the low-pressure center of the hurricane. You can see the eye of a hurricane in Figure below . |
Mass can be destroyed to release what? | velocity | acceleration | mass | energy | Mass can be destroyed to release energy. • We do not ordinarily notice the increase or decrease in mass of an object because the change in mass is so small for a large increase in energy. • The relativistic work-energy theorem is W net = E − E 0 = γmc 2 − mc 2 = ⎛⎝γ − 1⎞⎠mc 2 . • Relativistically,. |
Name the organ located behind the nasal cavity in which both food and air pass through? | diaphragm | medulla | sinus | pharynx | Behind the nasal cavity, air passes through the pharynx , a long tube. Both food and air pass through the pharynx. |
Both mitosis and meiosis result in eukaryotic cells doing what? | limiting | multiplication | friction | dividing | Both mitosis and meiosis result in eukaryotic cells dividing. So what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? The primary difference is the differing goals of each process. The goal of mitosis is to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, meaning the new cells have exactly the same DNA as the parent cell. Mitosis happens when you want to grow, for example. You want all your new cells to have the same DNA as the previous cells. The goal of meiosis, however, is to produce sperm or eggs, also known as gametes . The resulting gametes are not genetically identical to the parent cell. Gametes are haploid cells, with only half the DNA present in the diploid parent cell. This is necessary so that when a sperm and an egg combine at fertilization , the resulting zygote has the correct amount of DNA—not twice as much as the parents. The zygote then begins to divide through mitosis. |
In resting neurons, the plasma membrane has many open potassium channels but few open of which other channels? | sulfur | silicon | oxygen | sodium | |
The theory of evolution by what (and other processes) explains both the diversity of organisms and how populations of organisms change over time? | genocide | natural evolution | characteristic selection | natural selection | Biology has only a few over arching theories. One of these, the Cell Theory of Life, explains the historic continuity of organisms, while the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (and other processes), explains both the diversity of organisms and how populations of organisms change over time. Finally, the Physicochemical Theory of Life explains how it is that organisms can display their remarkable properties without violating the laws that govern all physical and chemical systems.40 What is life, exactly? Clearly, if we are going to talk about biology, and organisms and cells and such, we have to define exactly what we mean by life. This raises a problem peculiar to biology as a science. We cannot define life generically because we know of only one type of life. We do not know whether this type of life is the only type of life possible or whether radically different forms of life exist elsewhere in the universe or even on Earth, in as yet to be recognized forms. While you might think that we know of many different types of life, from mushrooms to whales, from humans to the bacterial communities growing on the surfaces of our teeth (that is what dental plaque is, after all), we will discover that the closer we look the more these different “types of life” are in fact all versions of a common underlying motif, they represent versions of a single type of life. Based on their common chemistry, molecular composition, cellular structure, and the way that they encode, read, and use hereditary information in the form of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), all topics we will consider in depth later on, there is no reasonable doubt that all organisms are related, they are descended from a common ancestor. We cannot currently answer the question of whether the origin of life is a simple, likely, and predictable event given the conditions that existed on the Earth when life first arose, or whether it is an extremely rare and unlikely event. In the absence of empirical data, one can question whether scientists are acting scientifically or more as lobbyists for their own pet projects when they talk about doing astrobiology or speculating on when and where we will discover alien life forms. That said, asking seemingly silly questions, provided that empirically-based answers can be generated, has often been the critical driver of scientific progress. Consider, for example, current searches for life on Earth, almost all of which are based on what we already know about life. Specifically, most of the methods used rely on the fact that all known organisms use DNA to encode their genetic information; these methods would not be expected to recognize dramatically different types of life; they certainly would not detect organisms that used a non-DNA method to encode genetic information. If we could generate living systems de novo in the laboratory we would have a better understanding of what functions are necessary for life and how to look for possible “non-standard” organisms using better methods. It might even lead to the discovery of alternative forms of life right here on Earth, assuming they exist.41 That said, until someone manages to create or identify such non-standard forms of life, it seems quite reasonable to concentrate on the characteristics of life as we know them. |
What is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond? | chloride | fructose | sulfate | sucrose | Figure 3.7 Sucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond. In the process, a water molecule is lost. By convention, the carbon atoms in a monosaccharide are numbered from the terminal carbon closest to the carbonyl group. In sucrose, a glycosidic linkage is formed between carbon 1 in glucose and carbon 2 in fructose. |
What is the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site called? | apoptosis | scattering | mutations | metastasis | |
What is another name for flatworms such as tapeworms and flukes? | polychaetes | epiphytes | trematodes | platyhelminthes | Platyhelminthes are flatworms such as tapeworms and flukes. |
The lithosphere-asthensophere divisions are based on what? | constant properties | mechanical compounds | elemental properties | mechanical properties | The lithosphere-asthensophere divisions are based on mechanical properties. |
The second shell holds a maximum of how many electrons? | 6 | 9 | 12 | 8 | |
Olfaction refers to which of the five senses? | taste | sight | touch | smell | Olfaction is not the pre-eminent sense, but its loss can be quite detrimental. The enjoyment of food is largely based on our sense of smell. Anosmia means that food will not seem to have the same taste, though the gustatory sense is intact, and food will often be described as being bland. However, the taste of food can be improved by adding ingredients (e. , salt) that stimulate the gustatory sense. Testing vision relies on the tests that are common in an optometry office. The Snellen chart (Figure 16.7) demonstrates visual acuity by presenting standard Roman letters in a variety of sizes. The result of this test is a rough generalization of the acuity of a person based on the normal accepted acuity, such that a letter that subtends a visual angle of 5 minutes of an arc at 20 feet can be seen. To have 20/60 vision, for example, means that the smallest letters that a person can see at a 20-foot distance could be seen by a person with normal acuity from 60 feet away. Testing the extent of the visual field means that the examiner can establish the boundaries of peripheral vision as simply as holding their hands out to either side and asking the patient when the fingers are no longer visible without moving the eyes to track them. If it is necessary, further tests can establish the perceptions in the visual fields. Physical inspection of the optic disk, or where the optic nerve emerges from the eye, can be accomplished by looking through the pupil with an ophthalmoscope. |
What devices convert mechanical energy to electric energy? | mechanical generators | kinetic generators | transformation generators | electric generators | Electric generators convert mechanical energy to electric energy. |
When oxygen is not bound to heme and the partial pressure of oxygen is low, hemoglobin readily binds to what? | sulfur | iron | carbon | carbon dioxide | to within the alveoli. As a result, carbon dioxide dissociates readily from hemoglobin and diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the air. In addition to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin and the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood also influence the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide. The Haldane effect is a phenomenon that arises from the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen does not readily bind carbon dioxide. However, when oxygen is not bound to heme and the partial pressure of oxygen is low, hemoglobin readily binds to carbon dioxide. |
What is group 16 of the periodic table referred to? | acid group | sulfur group | dioxide group | oxygen group | Group 16 of the periodic table is also called the oxygen group. The first three elements—oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se)—are nonmetals. They are followed by tellurium (Te) ( Figure below ), a metalloid, and polonium (Po), a metal. All group 16 elements have six valence electrons and are very reactive. Oxygen is a gas at room temperature, and the other elements in the group are solids. |
Restoring nitrogen to the soil is one reason for what agricultural practice? | sowing | irrigation | plowing | crop rotation | |
What is the term for evolution over geologic time above the level of the species? | microevolution | mutation | speciation | macroevolution | Macroevolution is evolution over geologic time above the level of the species. One of the main topics in macroevolution is how new species arise. The process by which a new species evolves is called speciation . How does speciation occur? How does one species evolve into two or more new species?. |
Is the heat of reaction positive or negative for an endothermic reaction? | Negative | Neither | Both | positive | Because the heat is absorbed by the system, the 177.8 kJ is written as a reactant. The heat of reaction is positive for an endothermic reaction. |
The superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha are parts of which bone? | nasal bone | nostril bone | gastrulation bone | ethmoid bone | Figure 7.13 Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity The three nasal conchae are curved bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. The superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha are parts of the ethmoid bone. The inferior nasal concha is an independent bone of the skull. |
The energy a chemical reaction needs to get started is called what kind of energy? | fusion | function | conduction | activation | All chemical reactions, even exothermic reactions, need a certain amount of energy to get started. This energy is called activation energy . For example, activation energy is needed to start a car. Turning the key causes a spark that activates the burning of gasoline in the engine. The combustion of gas won’t occur without the spark of energy to begin the reaction. |
Crossing charges is one method for obtaining what? | hybrids | notations | superscripts | subscripts | Crossing charges. One method for obtaining subscripts in the empirical formula is by crossing charges. When crossing charges, you will sometimes find it necessary to reduce the subscripts to their simplest ratio to write the empirical formula. Consider, for example, the compound formed by Mg2+ and O2−. Using the absolute values of the charges on the ions as subscripts gives the formula Mg2O2:. |
What do scientists collect to test a hypothesis? | books | arguements | beilefs | evidence | Scientists collect evidence to test a hypothesis. The evidence may refute the hypothesis. In that case, it will be thrown out. The evidence may support the hypothesis. The scientists will then gather more evidence. The scientists will accept the hypothesis if: (1) There is no significant evidence to refute the hypothesis. (2) There is an enormous amount of evidence to support the hypothesis. The hypothesis may then become a theory. |
Fatal swelling of what organ can result from both encephalitis and meningitis, which typically cause a severe headache and a fever? | kidney | liver | heart | brain | Encephalitis and meningitis aren’t very common, but they can be extremely serious. They may cause swelling of the brain, which can be fatal. That’s why it’s important to know the symptoms of these diseases. Both encephalitis and meningitis typically cause a severe headache and a fever. Meningitis also causes a stiff neck. Both require emergency medical treatment. |
Gases can undergo diffusion, or the opposite, which is what? | infusion | defusion | dissipation | effusion | Define diffusion and effusion and how they relate to other properties of gases. |
What science is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population? | histology | physiology | toxicology | epidemiology | Epidemiologist Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population. It is, therefore, related to public health. An epidemiologist studies the frequency and distribution of diseases within human populations and environments. Epidemiologists collect data about a particular disease and track its spread to identify the original mode of transmission. They sometimes work in close collaboration with historians to try to understand the way a disease evolved geographically and over time, tracking the natural history of pathogens. They gather information from clinical records, patient interviews, and any other available means. That information is used to develop strategies and design public health policies to reduce the incidence of a disease or to prevent its spread. Epidemiologists also conduct rapid investigations in case of an outbreak to recommend immediate measures to control it. Epidemiologists typically have a graduate-level education. An epidemiologist often has a bachelor’s degree in some field and a master’s degree in public health (MPH). Many epidemiologists are also physicians (and have an MD) or they have a PhD in an associated field, such as biology or epidemiology. |
Amphibian larvae go through what process to change into the adult form? | merging | morphing | parthenogenesis | metamorphosis | Amphibian larvae go through metamorphosis to change into the adult form. |
Reducing the production of what gas, or removing it from the air, are practices that could reduce global warming? | oxygen | helium | hydrogen | carbon dioxide | Efforts to reduce future global warming mainly involve energy use. We need to use less energy, for example, by driving more fuel-efficient cars. We also need to switch to energy sources that produce less carbon dioxide, such as solar and wind energy. At the same time, we can increase the amount of carbon dioxide that is removed from air. We can stop destroying forests and plant new ones. |
There are a series of rules for naming branched alkanes (and, ultimately, for all organic compounds). these rules make up the system of nomenclature for naming what? | oxygen molecules | non-organic molecules | typical molecules | organic molecules | Not all hydrocarbons are straight chains. Many hydrocarbons have branches of C atoms attached to a chain. These branched alkanes are isomers of straight-chain alkanes having the same number of C atoms. However, they are different compounds with different physical and chemical properties. As such, they need different names. How do we name branched hydrocarbons? There are a series of rules for naming branched alkanes (and, ultimately, for all organic compounds). These rules make up the system of nomenclature for naming organic molecules. Worldwide, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has developed the system of nomenclature for organic compounds. So these rules are sometimes called the IUPAC rules of nomenclature. By learning and applying these rules, you can name any organic compound when given its structure or determine the unique structure of a molecule from its name. You have already learned the basics of nomenclature—the names of the first 10 normal hydrocarbons. Here, we will add some steps to the procedure so you can name branched hydrocarbons. First, given the structure of an alkane, identify the longest continuous chain of C atoms. Note that the longest chain may not be drawn in a straight line. The longest chain determines the parent name of the hydrocarbon. For example, in the molecule. |
Which theory helps predict future events in weather? | carbon change theory | expected change theory | future weather theory | climate change theory | The theory of climate change is very new. In fact, scientists don't even call it a theory. But it meets the requirements. These are the things we know: (1) average global temperatures are rising, (2) greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, (3) CO 2 is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned, (4) CO 2 is a greenhouse gas, (5) more CO 2 in the atmosphere traps more heat so global temperature is rising. No information contradicts this theory, although some details have not been worked out. The theory is very effective at predicting future events, which are already taking place. This idea will be explored in detail in the chapter Atmospheric Processes . |
What is defined as a group of living and nonliving things and their environment? | degradation | habitat | degradation | ecosystem | An ecosystem is a group of living things and their environment. It is made up of both living and nonliving things. |
Cancer is caused by mutations, which can be caused by pathogens, chemicals, or what else? | diseases | evaporation | convection | radiation | Cancer is caused by mutations, which can be caused by pathogens, chemicals, or radiation. |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.