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# Boston brace
The **Boston brace**, a type of thoraco-lumbo-sacral-orthosis (TLSO), is a back brace used primarily for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in children. It was developed in 1972 by M.E \"Bill\" Miller and John Hall at the Boston Children\'s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. \_\_TOC\_\_
## Information
Since it lacks the metal superstructure of the Milwaukee brace, which was the most commonly worn brace until the development of the Boston brace, the brace is typically not noticeable under clothing. The Boston brace is prescribed for correcting curves in the lumbar or thoracolumbar part of the spine. It is designed to keep the lumbar area of the body in a flexed position by pushing the abdomen in and flattening the posterior lumbar contour. Pads are placed at the apex of the curves to provide pressure, and areas of relief from pressure are positioned opposite the curves.
The brace is normally used with growing adolescents to hold a 20° to 45° advancing curve. The brace is made of high density polypropylene lined with polyethylene foam that is customized to the individual patient, and it opens in the back via a series of Velcro straps.
Daily use of the brace ranges from 16 to 23 hours a day. The brace is intended to minimize the progression to an acceptable level, not to correct the curvature.
## History
M.E. \"Bill\" Miller patented the Boston brace in 1975
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# Mississippi (band)
**Mississippi** were an Australian soft rock band (1972--1975), which included Graham Goble on lead vocals and guitar, Beeb Birtles on lead vocals and guitar, and Derek Pellicci on drums. The band had started as **Allison Gros** in Adelaide in 1970 and moved to Melbourne in 1971 where they recorded as Allison Gros, **Drummond** and, early in 1972, became Mississippi. As Drummond they issued a cover version of \"Daddy Cool\" (July 1971), which peaked at No. 1 on the *Go-Set* National Top 40 for eight weeks. As Mississippi they reached No. 10 with \"Kings of the World\" (October 1972). In early 1975, with Birtles, Goble and Pellicci aboard and the addition of Glenn Shorrock, the group were renamed Little River Band.
## History
### 1970--1972: Allison Gros and Drummond {#allison_gros_and_drummond}
Mississippi developed from an Adelaide-based soft rock group, Allison Gros which formed in 1970 with Graham Goble on vocals and guitar, Russ Johnson on vocals and guitar, Rob Leedham on bass guitar, John Mower on lead vocals and Shane Simon on drums. The group were probably named after \"Allison Gross\", which is a traditional English folk ballad, with a widely recognised version recorded by Steeleye Span for their 1973 album, *Parcel of Rogues*.
Allison Gros recorded a lone single, \"Naturally\", on the independent label, Gamba, which was released in 1970. It appeared on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart top 100. The band moved to Melbourne in 1971 and signed to Ron Tudor\'s Fable Records label and released two further singles: \"If I Ask You\" (July 1971) and \"All the Days\" (December 1971).
In 1971, Allison Gros (as Drummond) recorded a \"Chipmunk\"-style cover version of a 1950s rock song, \"Daddy Cool\" (July 1971), which spent eight weeks at the top of the *Go-Set* National Top 40, from 18 September to 12 November. Its success had immediately followed \"Eagle Rock\" by local band, Daddy Cool, which had held the number-one spot for 10 weeks. Drummond recorded further singles, but with no further involvement from members of Allison Gros; Fable (who owned the band name) used the name \'Drummond\' for different ensembles of studio musicians until September 1977.
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# Mississippi (band)
## History
### 1972--1975: Mississippi
Early in 1972, Allison Gros were renamed as Mississippi with Goble, Johnson and Mower joined by session musicians: Geoff Cox on drums, Peter Jones on piano, Graeme Lyall on flute and Barry Sullivan on bass guitar. They released a self-titled debut LP in that year which reached No. 21 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart. *Mississippi* was produced by Jones and Ern Rose via the Bootleg label, which had been set up by Tudor and Brian Cadd. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, it \"featured a harmony-rich rock sound heavily influenced by Crosby Stills Nash and Young and The Band. One of the highlights was the lush, orchestrated epic \'Save the Land\'.\" In October, it provided the single \"Kings of the World\" -- \"another of the album\'s standouts\" -- which reached No. 10 on the *Go-Set* National Top 40.
In late 1972, Mississippi were joined by Beeb Birtles (ex-Zoot, Frieze) on guitar and vocals, Colin DeLuca (ex-Fugitives) on bass guitar and Derek Pellicci (ex-Ash) on drums. This line-up released a single, \"Mr Moondog\", in December and toured Australia. They appeared at the Sunbury Pop Festival in January 1973. During 1973 there were several changes in the line-up, with Johnson replaced, in February, by Kerryn Tolhurst (ex-Country Radio) on guitar and mandolin; he was replaced in turn by Harvey James (ex-Clydehouse, Sayla, Wendy Saddington Band) on guitar, a month later. Another single, \"Early Morning\", was released in July, which peaked at No. 56 on the Kent Music Report. They supported the Jackson Five on the Australian leg of their tour in October of that year. In that same month DeLuca and Mower left and were replaced by Andre Santos on bass guitar and vocals. Santos was replaced two months later by Charlie Tumahai.
In 1974, they appeared at the Sunbury Pop Festival again. Their next single, \"Will I?\", appeared in May which peaked at No. 31 on the *Go-Set* National Top 40. They toured the United Kingdom in 1974 and broke up. In London Birtles, Goble and Pellici met with former Masters Apprentices bass guitarist, Glenn Wheatley, who agreed to become their manager should they decide to go back to Australia. Wheatley was eager to return to Australia after working in the United States and the UK. In the UK, the group met Glenn Shorrock (ex-the Twilights, Axiom) who had been there for four years, and was also returning home.
In early 1975, the individuals members, Birtles, Goble, Pellici and Shorrock, had returned to Australia and reformed Mississippi, with the addition of Graham Davidge on lead guitar and Dave Orams on bass guitar. After a few concerts, on the way to a gig in Geelong, in March, they decided to change their name to Little River Band, after passing by the town of Little River. Under the guidance of Wheatley, they became one of Australia\'s most successful bands in the US.
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+---------------+------------------------------+-------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart\ |
| | | positions |
+===============+==============================+=============+
| AUS\ | | |
+---------------+------------------------------+-------------+
| *Mississippi* | - Released: 1972 | 21 |
| | - Format: LP | |
| | - Label: Bootleg (BLA 022) | |
+---------------+------------------------------+-------------+
: List of albums, with Australian chart positions
### Singles
+------+------------------------+-----------------+
| Year | Single | Chart Positions |
+======+========================+=================+
| AUS\ | | |
+------+------------------------+-----------------+
| 1972 | \"Kings of the World\" | 7 |
+------+------------------------+-----------------+
| | \"Mr
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# Robert Michael Franklin Jr.
**Robert Michael Franklin Jr.** (born February 22, 1954) is an American author, theologian, ordained minister, and academic administrator who served as the tenth president of Morehouse College from 2007 to 2012. Franklin is a visiting scholar in residence at Stanford University\'s Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. In January 2014, he became director of the religion program at the Chautauqua Institution.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
A native of Chicago, Franklin graduated from Morgan Park High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Morehouse College, Master of Divinity from Harvard Divinity School, and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago Divinity School. In 1973, he received an English Speaking Union scholarship to study abroad at Durham University during his undergraduate studies. He is also the recipient of honorary degrees from Bethune--Cookman University, Bates College, and Swarthmore College.
## Career
Franklin became 10th president of Morehouse College on July 1, 2007. Prior to coming to Morehouse, he was presidential distinguished professor of social ethics at the Candler School of Theology and senior fellow at the Center for the Study of Law and Religion, both at Emory University. Franklin is also former president of the Interdenominational Theological Center in Atlanta. He was a program officer in the Human Rights and Social Justice Program at the Ford Foundation and served as Theologian in Residence for the Chautauqua Institution, both in New York.
### President of Morehouse College {#president_of_morehouse_college}
Franklin took office as the 10th president of Morehouse College on July 1, 2007. In 2009, the college received reaffirmation of its accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In a project initiated by his predecessor, Walter Massey, Franklin oversaw the completion and opening of the \$20 million Ray Charles Performing Arts Center and Music Academic Building, a 75,000 square foot facility named after the musician. Franklin led and supported cultivation efforts such as establishing the Renaissance Commission, a group of 150 volunteer stakeholders, that increased the total number of new donors by an average of 1,000 per year. The college generated in excess of \$128 million (grants and contracts, private fundraising and federal appropriations) during Franklin\'s tenure.
### Civic engagement {#civic_engagement}
Franklin is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, and the Kappa Boule of Sigma Pi Phi fraternity. He serves on numerous boards, including the Character Education Partnership and Public Broadcasting of Atlanta (WABE radio and television). Franklin is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the executive committee of the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce; the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (executive committee); the HBCU Capital Financing Advisory Board; and the Naval War College Board of Advisors.
### Publications and commentary {#publications_and_commentary}
Franklin is the author of four books, *Moral Leadership: Integrity, Courage, Imagination* (2020), *Crisis in the Village: Restoring Hope in African American Communities* (2007), *Another Day\'s Journey: Black Churches Confronting the American Crisis* (1997), and *Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African American Thought* (1989).
Franklin has appeared on the NPR program *All Things Considered* and provided televised commentary for Atlanta Interfaith Broadcasting.
Franklin worked to produce an official congregational study guide for the 1998 animated film *The Prince of Egypt*. He also worked as an advisor on the production of *The Bible*, a History Channel miniseries.
### 2020 Georgia special election {#georgia_special_election}
In 2020, Franklin announced his candidacy for 2020 Georgia\'s 5th congressional district special election to succeed John Lewis. Franklin is a member of the Democratic Party.
Franklin placed second in the September 29, 2020 general election. As no candidate earned 50 percent of votes cast, Franklin and the first-place finisher, Kwanza Hall, advanced to a December runoff election. He lost the election on December 2, 2020.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Franklin is married to Cheryl Goffney Franklin, an OB-GYN physician. He has three children and two grandchildren. Franklin holds ordination in two Christian denominations: the American Baptist Churches USA and the Church of God in Christ
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# Torbeno of Arborea
**Torbeno** or **Turbino** was the eldest son and successor of Orzocorre I as Judge of Arborea from about 1100 until his death.
His mother was Nivata or Nibatta or Nivatora. Torbeno himself married Anna de Lacon and was the father of Orzocorre II, who succeeded him.
Torbeno, with his son, signed a charter permitting his mother Nivata to dispose of the castles of Nuraghe Nigellu and Massone de Capras, which she had built, as she wished. She gave them to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom she states to have been Torbeno\'s suzerain, in perpetuity. According to another charter, which calls Torbeno \"de Lacon\" and his wife \"de Zori,\" he purchased a red horse from Constantine \"Dorrubu\" (de Orrubu) at the cost of some slaves and some land in the vicinity of Nuraghe Nigello, which implies that perhaps Constantine was placed in charge of those places by Nivata. Some have supposed that this last charter was belonged to another Torbeno who was Judge of Arborea about the same time. Perhaps Orzocorre I was also called Torbeno.
Torbeno\'s charters are subscribed by the curators of Oristano, Valenza, Milis, Fortoriani (Fordongianos), and Usellus. The curator of Valenza was Comita of the powerful Lacon family to which Torbeno was related by marriage. The family was the most powerful in Sardinia at the time
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# Saihaku, Tottori
was a town located in Saihaku District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,147 and a density of 98.06 persons per km^2^. The total area was 83.08 km^2^.
On October 1, 2004, Saihaku, along with the town of Aimi (also from Saihaku District), was merged to create the town of Nanbu
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# Jacobus de Kerle
**Jacobus de Kerle** (Ypres 1531/1532 - Prague 7 January 1591) was a Flemish composer and organist of the late Renaissance.
## Life
De Kerle was trained at the monastery of St. Martin in Ypres, and held positions as a singer in Cambrai and choirmaster in Orvieto, where he also became organist and carillonneur. After entering the priesthood, he began having his music printed, including a 1561 collection of psalms and *Magnificat* settings in Venice. He was commissioned to write *Preces Speciales* set to texts by the Dominican Pedro de Soto for the Council of Trent, which he completed by 1562, and visited the city during the time of the Council in his travels with Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, cardinal of Augsburg. Although he did not take part in their discussions, the performance of the *Preces Speciales* reportedly influenced the deliberations of the Council Fathers on sacred music.
In 1565, he was appointed director of music at Ypres Cathedral, though he would lose this position after being excommunicated on March 30, 1567, due to a dispute with another priest and thus lost his office. After performing the imposed penances in Rome, he was received again in the church.
From there he moved to Rome and then to Augsburg, where he was offered a position in 1568 as vicar-choral and organist at the Augsburg Cathedral by Cardinal Otto Truchsess von Waldburg. He stayed there until 1574, when he was passed over for the open *Kapellmeister* position at Augsburg. After leaving Augsburg in 1575, his whereabouts are unknown until 1579, when he appears in the registers of the Cambrai Cathedral; he continued to move often late in his life, accepting positions in Mons, Cologne, Augsburg again, Vienna, and finally Prague, where he lived from 1583 until his death in 1591.
## Works
All of de Kerle\'s extant music is vocal polyphony, and it combines the stylistic elements of the Franco-Flemish school of the generation after Josquin (exemplified by composers such as Adrian Willaert and Nicolas Gombert) with that of late Renaissance Italian composers such as Palestrina. De Kerle did not make as much use of simple homophony and direct text-setting as did many of his post-Tridentine contemporaries, such as Palestrina and Vincenzo Ruffo, nor did he often employ the heavy chromaticism of the late 16th-century madrigal, and his compositions display a measure of restraint and clarity that mark them as heavily indebted to Northern contrapuntal practice.
His surviving works include masses for four and five voices (he is known to have composed six-voice masses, but these have been lost), motets, psalms, hymns, and sacred songs. Very little of his secular vocal music has survived; a print of madrigals and one of settings of Petrarch are both lost, though one book of six-voice secular songs is extant, as well as a number of pieces in surviving print and manuscript collections.
## Recording
- Kerle, Jacobus de. Vocal music. Paul Van Nevel/Huelgas Ensemble
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# Thomas J. Cahill
**Thomas J. Cahill** (June 8, 1910 -- October 12, 2002) was the chief of police of San Francisco, California from 1958 to 1970, the longest tenure as chief of police in San Francisco history. He served under mayors George Christopher, John F. Shelley, and Joseph Alioto.
## Early life {#early_life}
Cahill was born June 8, 1910, on Montana Street on the North Side of Chicago. His family returned to County Kilkenny, Ireland, when he was a child, and Cahill returned to San Francisco in 1930.
Cahill was educated at Callan Christian Boys School and studied to become a teacher at Ring College in Dungarvan, Ireland and received the school\'s Gold Ring Award, granted only to student who could speak, read and write Gaelic. However, after returning to San Francisco at 19, Cahill, a red-headed Irishman, could find little work and drove for the City Ice company. He then needed a good job to help support his new wife, Margaret Smythe (he had married her in San Francisco in 1938). He chose the profession of law enforcement, entered the police department as a recruit, and graduated from the San Francisco police academy in July 1942.
## Law enforcement career {#law_enforcement_career}
His first assignment was as a beat patrolman attached to the Potrero station. In 1943, he was transferred to the Accident Investigation Bureau and, in 1946, he joined the bureau of inspectors. A year later, he was assigned to the Homicide Detail. His partner during his assignment to homicide was Inspector Francis J. Ahern. When Ahern, whose permanent civil service rank was \"patrolman,\" was unexpectedly appointed by Mayor Roger D. Lapham to the position of Chief of the SFPD, over the heads of every captain, lieutenant, and sergeant in the department, Cahill was appointed as Ahern\'s deputy chief. Cahill was elevated to chief on September 5, 1958, upon Ahern\'s unexpected death from a heart attack on September 1, at a baseball game. As had been the case with Ahern, Cahill\'s permanent civil service rank was still only \"patrolman.\" Cahill\'s first statement after assuming the office of chief was that Ahern\'s policies would continue in force, which meant \"strict departmental discipline, heads up efficiency and a \'closed town.\'\" Colleagues remarked that Cahill \"enjoyed every detail in police problems and the pursuit of justice.\"
Cahill was hailed at the time of his appointment as SFPD chief by Mayor George Christopher. Cahill, in an interview with local San Francisco media shortly before his death, claimed his relationship with Mayor John F. Shelley was broken by the Summer of Love in 1967: \"Jack Shelley, (a Democrat, former liberal congressman and labor leader), did not want to show a heavy hand toward the Hippie & Flower Children element.\" When hippies flooded Golden Gate Park and the Haight-Ashbury district, Cahill contacted the new California governor, Ronald Reagan, for the California Highway Patrol and the California National Guard to enter San Francisco and sweep the hippies from the city. By law, Reagan needed a request from Shelley. Reagan and Cahill pleaded for his signature, Shelley refused.
On a national level, Cahill was one of the more well-known city police chiefs. He was the only police chief to be selected by Lyndon Johnson to serve on the President\'s Commission on Law Enforcement, in 1965. He impressed FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who called him the best public administrator in the entire US, so much that Cahill was one of the two finalists (along with Clarence M. Kelly) for the FBI Director post. He was the only police chief in the country to be on the acclaimed television program, *Meet the Press*, and his discernment and articulateness struck everyone, when he appeared as a panelist on February 19, 1967.
Cahill retired from the force on February 4, 1970, after a request from Mayor Joseph Alioto, who later appointed Alfred Nelder as San Francisco Police Chief. Alioto felt Cahill was too \"rigid\" and \"old fashioned\" for law enforcement in 1970s San Francisco. After Cahill\'s retirement, he became chief of security for Pac Bell in San Francisco until July 1, 1975, shortly after he reached the mandatory retirement age. He also won a position on the San Francisco Charter Revision Committee.
## Later life {#later_life}
In 1994, San Francisco honored Cahill by renaming the Hall of Justice in San Francisco as the Thomas J. Cahill Hall of Justice.
In 2000, he married 80-year-old Elizabeth Wright, a longtime friend and the widow of a former Fremont police chief, Clinton Wright.
He died of congestive heart failure on October 12, 2002, at 92 in Lake County at Queen of the Valley Hospital in Clearlake Park, California. He was survived by his third wife, Elizabeth (Wright), four children (Thomas, Jr., John, Edmond, and Elizabeth) and many grandchildren
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# James Stewart (bishop)
**James Stewart** (*Seumas Stiùbhart*) (died 1466) was a prelate from 15th century Scotland. Stewart was a member of the Stewart kindred of Lorne. He was Dean of Moray from 1435 until 19 May 1460, when he was provided to the bishopric. He was consecrated as Bishop of Moray sometime towards the end of the year. He resigned the see two years later in the papal curia in favour of his brother, David Stewart. He died on 5 August 1466
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# Franz Volhard
**Franz Volhard** (2 May 1872 -- 24 May 1950) was a German internist born in Munich.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
He studied medicine at the universities of Bonn, Strasbourg, and Halle. As a student his instructors included Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger (1829--1910), Bernhard Naunyn (1839--1925), Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838--1921), and Joseph von Mering (1849--1908). From 1897 to 1905 he worked at the university medical clinic at Giessen under Franz Riegel (1843--1904). In 1905 he became head of the medical department at the city hospital in Dortmund, and in 1908 was named director of the *Krankenanstalt* in Mannheim, now University Hospital Mannheim. Afterwards, he served as a professor at the universities of Halle (from 1918) and Frankfurt (from 1927).
## Medical research {#medical_research}
Volhard made several important contributions in the fields of cardiology and nephrology. He is especially remembered for his collaborative work with pathologist Karl Theodor Fahr (1877--1945) in Mannheim, where the two men carried out research of kidney diseases. The two physicians created a classification system of renal disorders, making the differentiation between degenerative (nephroses), inflammatory (nephritides) and arteriosclerotic (scleroses) diseases. With Fahr, he published a classic monograph on Bright\'s disease called *Die Bright\'sche Nierenkrankheit, Klinik, Pathologie und Atlas*.
Volhard recognized that constrictive pericarditis was a treatable condition, and as a result of his research with Viktor Schmieden (1874--1945), it led to the first pericardectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Volhard also performed extensive studies involving renovascular hypertension and uremia. Regarding uremia, he divided associated symptoms into two criteria called \"true uremia\" and \"pseudo-uremia\". Pseudo-uremia was described as having symptoms of independent origin, such as cases involving elevated arterial blood pressure.
In 1903, Volhard was credited with the discovery of lipase in the heart and kidney. He also developed a method of preserving cardiac specimens via a process of dehydration and the application of hot paraffin. In 1917, he joined the German Fatherland Party. In Berlin the \"Franz-Volhard-Klinik\" is named in his honor.
## Family
Volhard was the grandfather of the Nobel laureate Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and the great-grandfather of the Nobel laureate Benjamin List
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# Super Zimbabwe African People's Union
The **Super Zimbabwe African People\'s Union** was a militant organization, made up of former members of the Zimbabwe People\'s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA),Rhodesian Security Forces and turned ANC cadres ( ASKARIs ), which operated in Zimbabwe in the 1980s. Super ZAPU members were believed to have been supported by South Africa\'s apartheid government as a proxy in Zimbabwe to undermine Prime Minister Robert Mugabe\'s new government.
Author Joseph Hanlon argues in *Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid power in Southern Africa* that Super ZAPU members were former ZIPRA fighters who fought on behalf of South Africa
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# Cincinnati Ballet
The **Cincinnati Ballet** is a professional ballet company founded as **Cincinnati Civic Ballet** in 1958, based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. After being registered as a company, it had its first performance in 1964.
## Founding
Organizing founders Nancy Bauer, Virginia Garrett, and Myrl Laurence first chartered the company as the "Cincinnati Civic Ballet" in 1958. Then in 1962, seven ballet teachers in the Cincinnati area, including Anneliese von Oettingen, Shirley Frame Elmore, Mac Vestal came together to officially form the company. The first official auditions were in 1963 at the YMCA where 41 dancers were chosen from the 200 audition hopefuls. Debut performances took place at the University of Cincinnati's Wilson Auditorium in 1964 and 1965. The first performance included an original ballet by guest choreographer Joseph Levinoff, *Chopin Piano Concerto in F Minor*. The repertoire consisted of ballets choreographed or staged by Oleg Sabline, Tania Karina, William Dollar, and John Taras.
Oleg Sabline, a European-trained dancer whose career had taken him through Europe and the United States, was appointed director for the first performances. He originally came to Cincinnati to teach ballet and stage the classics at The University of Cincinnati -- College-Conservatory of Music (CCM).
## Early history {#early_history}
In 1966, the directorship passed on to David McLain. He also headed the Dance Division of CCM. CCM gave the young company the advantages of studio space for classes and rehearsals, access to talented students, and the use of the Wilson Auditorium for performances. The dancers in the company also had to pay a fee of \$10.00 per year to be a part of the company. As the organization outgrew the profile of a non-professional civic company, the company was re-named "Cincinnati Ballet Company" in 1968 and gained Carmon DeLeone as music director.
By 1970, professional status was achieved when ten salaried dancers were hired. CCM faculty member James Truitte began to train dancers in the contemporary technique created by the American choreographer Lester Horton. As the company dancers became proficient in Horton technique, they began to perform Horton\'s choreography. As a result, Cincinnati Ballet Company earned national recognition for keeping this historic work alive.
However, by the mid-1970s, CBC was still first and foremost a ballet company with classical works in the repertoire, including *Les Patineurs*, *Pas de Quatre* and variations from *The Sleeping Beauty*, along with two Balanchine ballets, *Concerto Barocco* and *Serenade*. Performances took place at the Taft Theatre and tours were added in Kentucky, Ohio, South Carolina, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jacob\'s Pillow and at New York City\'s Dance Festival in 1975.
*The Nutcracker* was premiered in 1974 at Music Hall. Frisch\'s Restaurants from Cincinnati sponsored the performances and have continued to do so. Today *Frisch's presents: The Nutcracker* is a Cincinnati tradition.
The Nutcracker was choreographed by Moscelyne Larkin, Roman Jasinski and Frederic Franklin. This led to Franklin\'s long tenure as Resident Choreographer and the period of his being Interim Director.
Beginning in 1978, regular repertoire performances were also held at Music Hall, and the schedule expanded from three series to five by 1980. The company\'s name was shortened to "Cincinnati Ballet", and in 1983 a sister-city arrangement begun with New Orleans to further increase performing opportunities.
McLain died in 1984 and Frederic Franklin became interim director. A permanent artistic director, Ivan Nagy, was appointed in 1986. The company moved out of CCM, although it was still designated the official school. It was Nagy\'s intention to have Cincinnati Ballet stand alone as a professional company. The company continued to perform at Music Hall but rehearsals were now in the Emery Building. A Hungarian native who had danced all over the world, Nagy knew many foreign dancers, and brought a number of them to Cincinnati. The arrival of highly experienced dancers began to raise the company to a new standard of performance. The company expanded to include five principals, nine soloists and twenty-three corps members. It joined the American Guild of Musical Artists and added the SCPA Dance Department, along with the CCM Children\'s Dance Division, as "feeder" institutions to provide apprentices and child performers.
A new *Nutcracker*, choreographed by Ben Stevenson of the Houston Ballet, was also performed every year in Knoxville as part of another sister-city arrangement. Repertoire included a full-length *La Sylphide* and Balanchine\'s *Four Temperaments* as well as pieces by contemporary choreographers such as Andre Prokovsky, Mauricio Wainrot, and Ronald Hynd.
Nagy left in 1989 and three artistic directors came and went in quick succession. Richard Collins was the first. A British-trained dancer, and a director of promise, he was killed in a car accident. Nigel Burgoine succeeded him in 1992 and Peter Anastos in 1994. During his two years in Cincinnati, Anastos created the very successful ballet *Peter Pan* with an original score by DeLeone. The ballet (now with the 2001 choreography by Septime Webre) was last performed in 2018, which also marked DeLeone\'s 50th anniversary with Cincinnati Ballet.
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# Cincinnati Ballet
## Later history {#later_history}
Through the Kaplan Foundation and the Budig Foundation, a new permanent home was built for the company. The Cincinnati Ballet Center on Central Parkway at Liberty Street opened in 1994. The Otto M. Budig Academy of Cincinnati Ballet was launched in 1996. Offices, dance studios, a training school, wardrobe/costume storage, and rehearsal space were all in the same complex. The intimate Mickey Jarson Kaplan Performance Studio was added in 2005.
The Aronoff Center for the Arts became the permanent home for the repertoire series of performances and a number of ballets were acquired. "Americana" ballets such as Agnes DeMille's *Rodeo*, and modern dance pieces by Paul Taylor challenged the dancers and intrigued audiences. In 1996, Balanchine\'s full-length *Jewels*, was performed by the company. Other contemporary choreographers included Kirk Peterson, Kathryn Posin, Stanton Welch and Val Caniparoli, Trey McIntyre in addition to Nigel Burgoine and Victoria Morgan, who was appointed artistic director in 1997.
Artistic Director and CEO Morgan, honored the Cincinnati Ballet tradition of performing not only new works, but also keeping the historic repertoire alive. An example was the tribute to Frederic Franklin and the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo in 2002. The ballets presented were *Devil's Holiday* by Frederick Ashton, plus the third movement of Seventh Symphony (music by Beethoven), and *Gaîte Parisienne*, choreographed by Leonide Massine.
Franklin restaged the two remaining extant movements from Seventh Symphony two seasons later, aided by Cincinnati Ballet\'s Principal Ballet Mistress and former Cincinnati Ballet soloist dancer Johanna Bernstein Wilt, who researched and recreated all three Seventh Symphony movements from the original 16 mm film with coaching from Franklin.
Also of note were three collaborations between Cincinnati Ballet and BalletMet Columbus. Together the companies presented Balanchine\'s *Jewels* (2003), *Stars and Stripes* (2006) and a full-length production of *Swan Lake* (2009).
In 2008 Devon Carney, a former principal dancer and Ballet Master with Boston Ballet, was appointed as Associate Artistic Director. In addition to providing his own choreography for nine pieces, Carney has restaged and added fresh choreography to full-length classics such as *Giselle*, *Sleeping Beauty*, and *Swan Lake* to this date and during his five previous years as Ballet Master-in-Chief.
During the 2007--2008 season, Morgan negotiated a performing partnership with The Suzanne Farrell Ballet, which resulted in the presentation of a joint program both at The Aronoff Center and Washington, D.C.'s Kennedy Center in 2008.
The 2013-2014 season marked the 50th Anniversary of Cincinnati Ballet. In May 2014, as a part of Cincinnati Ballet\'s 50th Anniversary celebration, they performed at the prestigious Joyce Theater in New York City. In 2014, Cincinnati Ballet danced the world premiere of Victoria Morgan's *King Arthur's Camelot* with a score composed by John Estacio.
In February of 2020, it was announced that lead principal dancer Cervilio Amador would retire and assume the position of Ballet Master. In March 2024 the Cincinnati Ballet Board of Trustees appointed Deborah S. Brant President and CEO of Cincinnati Ballet, she had served as Interim President and CEO after assuming the role on an interim basis from Scott Altman in January 2024. In December 2024, Cincinnati Ballet\'s Board of Trustees announced former principal dancer Cervilio Amador was named permanent Artistic Director of Cincinnati Ballet, after being appointed as the Interim Artistic Director in September 2023.
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# Cincinnati Ballet
## Performers
Cincinnati Ballet is made up of dancers from all over the United States and the world. They perform at Cincinnati Music Hall, The Aronoff Center and tour American cities, as well as Europe.
## Dancers of note -- earlier years through present times {#dancers_of_note_earlier_years_through_present_times}
Colleen Geisting, Karl Lindholm, Patrick Hinson, Richard Early, Peggy Lyman, Cynthia Ann Roses, Kimberly Smiley, Donna Grisez-Weber, Roman Jasinski, Sara Nieto, Diane Edwards, Melissa Hale, Patricia Rozow, Christina Foisie, Leisa Moran, Debra Kelly, Patricia Kelly, Margo Krody, Barbara McFarlane, Michael Sharp, Thomas Morris, Ian Barrett, Kevin Ward, Charles Flachs, Rose Marie Wurzer, Suzette Boyer, Philip Rosemond, Meridith Benson, Claudia Rudolf, Carol Krajacic, Rebecca Rodriguez, Trinidad Vives, Marcello Angelini, Victoria Hall, Darren Anderson, Daniela Buson, René Micheo, Karyn Lee Connell, Alexei Kremnev, Anna Reznik, Kristi Capps, Cervilio Amador, Anthony Krutzkamp, Stephanie Crank, Janessa Touchet, Adiarys Almeida, Joseph Gatti and Dmitri Trubchanov. Karen Kuertz Travis, Jane Wagner Green, Katherine Ochoa
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# 2000 Fed Cup World Group
The **World Group** was the highest level of competition in the 2000 Fed Cup. This year, the World Group and World Group II merged to become one group, with one more team joining the Group from last year\'s World Group II Play-offs. Twelve teams were put into three pools of four teams each, with the winner of each pool joining defending champions the United States in a four-team play-off.
The defending champions claimed their seventeenth title, defeating five-time champions Spain in the final.
## Participating teams {#participating_teams}
**Participating teams**
-------------------------
## Pools
### Pool A {#pool_a}
Venue: Bari T.C
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# Grandfather Stories
***Grandfather Stories*** is a book of 23 historical tales by journalist and novelist Samuel Hopkins Adams. Three were originally published in *Woman\'s Day* and 15 in *The New Yorker*. Most of the stories take place in upper New York State, along the Erie Canal. Those stories told by his grandfather occur in the 1820s; others, when Adams was a boy in the 1870s and 1880s. Adams does not state how much of the tales is fact and how much is fiction; some are clearly his own memoirs, others are historical fiction, and still others seem to be a reconstruction of his grandfather\'s life experiences.
On the book\'s publication, the *New York Times* reviewer, Carl Carmer raved, \"Few recent presentations of the national past---fictional or factual---carry so much detailed background, authentic, feeling atmosphere and engaging charm.\"
A distinctive feature of the book is Adams\'s liberal use of his grandfather\'s archaic vocabulary and phrasings. \"He has\...the ability to bring obsolete words back to us with all their old life and vigor.\" The book has been referenced by scholars of American speech and as a primary source in historical research on the early days of the Erie Canal.
Most of the sketches begin with the young Adams and his cousins sitting uncomfortably in their grandfather\'s parlor in Rochester, New York, hoping to distract him into telling a story instead of improving their morals. Myron Adams had had a colorful youth; in the early 1820s, his father won a contract to dig a section of the Erie Canal. As a result, he became an insider among canal folk. He was a well-respected businessman in the region: as such, he traveled frequently through upstate New York. Among his adventures, he was selected as judge for a pie-eating contest, watched the daredevil Sam Patch jump to his death from Rochester\'s High Falls, charmed the visiting English feminist Frances Wright, helped a runaway slave escape to Canada, and was present, Adams maintains, at the very first preview of the motion picture.
The tales are nuggets of social history: among them, New Year customs in Rochester\'s elite \"ruffleshirt\" Third Ward, early professional baseball in Rochester, the corrupt matches that killed off professional rowing, and the invention of the detachable shirt collar in Troy, New York. Adams describes his meeting as a boy with the abolitionist and slave-rescuer Harriet Tubman, who was helped by his family after she settled in nearby Auburn.
*Grandfather Stories* has been suggested as a travel guide to Upstate New York
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# Thematic Mapper
A **Thematic Mapper** (TM) is one of the Earth observing sensors introduced in the Landsat program. The first was placed aboard Landsat 4 (decommissioned in 2001), and another was operational aboard Landsat 5 up to 2012. ^\[2\]^ TM sensors feature seven bands of image data (three in visible wavelengths, four in infrared) most of which have 30 meter spatial resolution. TM is a whisk broom scanner which takes multi-spectral images across its ground track. It does not directly produce a thematic map.
The upper photo on the right is a 50 times magnification of the combined photomasks used to fabricate the Hughes H4040, the linear silicon photodiode array used in the Thematic Mapper to image the visible bands. Each of the 16 photodiodes is 100 microns square and their separation is 100 microns. There are two rows because it is scanned perpendicular to the lines of diodes and they produce a complete line with no separation. The alignment marks and their layer names can be seen at each end. Each layer is a different color. The pink layer is a second layer of aluminium acting as an aperture. The openings had to be 100u square exactly. The exact dimensions were required in order to achieve a 30 meter resolution on the ground. A set of four of these were fabricated and the fabrication process documented to NASA requirements and verified the dimensions as part of my employment at Hughes Aircraft Company\'s Industrial Products Division in Carlsbad California in 1978. The challenge was to customize each of these for one of the narrow visible bands that were required. To do that the thickness of the silicon nitride antireflective layer had to meet a precise target, for example, for one band the target was 120 nm while the next band required 130 nm. In addition all of the 16 photodiodes in the array had to have the same thickness. At the time all that was available to manufacture this film was an atmospheric deposition system that basically burned silane (SiH4) in the presence of ammonia in a horizontal tube heated to about 850 °C. But that process yielded a smoky film that varied significantly over the silicon wafer and the diode array. So with the help of a workmate who had invented low pressure (LPCVD) polysilicon deposition at Motorola a few years earlier a low pressure silicon nitride system was built using silane and ammonia to produce the precisely tunable and uniform thicknesses needed at each of the bands. Without that innovation there would have been no TM. The boron diffused photodiodes had to have very low dark current and high photosensitivity in order to meet the imager specifications. The large crosses visible on the pattern were used when the different arrays were aligned together at final assembly in the Thematic Mapper. The final assembly or the TM Focal Plane without filers is shown in the second photo to the right. ^\[2\]^ They flew in Landsat 4 and for 20 years maintained operation.
Also shown on the right is a letter of acknowledgement from Hughes Aircraft Company\'s Industrial Products Division (IPD) on the invention of the LPCVDs silicon nitride system that made the Thematic Mapper diode arrays possible.
Additionally a photo shows the Hughes (IPD) Newsletter from August 1978 highlighting the second level of aluminium that formed the light shield and set the aperture locations. It was a necessary requirement to prevent this shield from shorting out the lower layer aluminium leads to the photodiodes through defects and pinholes given that this layer was a large sheet over everything. Added ref 3.. The Thematic Mapper has become a useful tool in the study of albedo and its relationship to global warming and climate change. The TM on the Landsat 5 has proven useful in determining the amount of ice loss on glaciers due to melting.
Landsat 7 carries an enhanced TM sensor known as the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)
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# American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
The **American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy** (**AAMFT**) is a professional association in the field of marriage and family therapy representing more than 50,000 marriage and family therapists throughout the United States, Canada, and abroad.AAMFT represents the interests of MFTs through education, advocacy, clinical standards, and ethical practice. The association plays a central role in the development, recognition, and growth of the marriage and family therapy profession.
## History
Founded in 1942 as the American Association of Marriage Counselors, the AAMFT has been involved with the problems, needs and changing patterns of couples and family relationships. A central premise of AAMFT is that marriage and family therapists should treat relationships within families rather than the symptoms of individuals based on a view that individuals are part of relationship systems.
## Mission Vision {#mission_vision}
**Mission:**
To advance the profession of marriage and family therapy and promote the well-being of families and individuals through education, advocacy, and ethical practice.
**Vision:**
A world where healthy relationships are valued and supported as essential to individual and community well-being.
## Goals
The association focuses on increasing understanding, research and education in the field of marriage and family therapy.
The AAMFT aims to:
1. Facilitate research, theory development and education,
2. Establish and implement standards for programs that serve as the basis for accreditation,
3. Establish implement standards for clinical supervision, professional ethics and the clinical practice of marriage and family therapy.
4. Serve as a recognized accreditor in North America for the accreditation of MFT academic programs in the United States and Canada.
5. Promote high-quality clinical practice.
6. Advocate for the MFT profession at state and federal levels.
## Continuing Education {#continuing_education}
The AAMFT conducts an annual national conference in the United States each fall as well as a week-long series of continuing education institutes in the summer and winter.
## Accreditation of Academic Programs {#accreditation_of_academic_programs}
AAMFT\'s \"is the nationally recognized accrediting agency that accredits Master\'s degree, doctoral degree, and post-graduate degree clinical training programs in marriage and family therapy throughout the United States and Canada.\"
## Licensing of Marriage and Family Therapists {#licensing_of_marriage_and_family_therapists}
Within the United States, marriage and family therapy is regulated by individual states.
## Membership
AAMFT offers several membership categories:
- **Student Members**: For individuals enrolled in MFT training programs.
- **Associate Members**: For recent graduates pursuing licensure.
- **Clinical Fellows**: Fully licensed MFTs.
- **Retired Members** and **Allied Professionals**: For those with aligned interests.
**Benefits of Membership Include:**
- Access to continuing education and conferences
- Networking opportunities
- Subscriptions to professional publications
- Professional advocacy and resources
- Discounts on liability insurance and clinical tools
## Code of Ethics {#code_of_ethics}
The **AAMFT Code of Ethics** is a cornerstone of the profession. It outlines principles of integrity, competence, informed consent, confidentiality, dual relationships, and cultural responsiveness. All members are required to adhere to these standards, which are reviewed and updated regularly
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# Anti-Urban
***Anti-Urban*** is an EP released by Ukrainian black metal band Drudkh on April 16, 2007 (see 2007 in music), by Supernal Music. It is the band\'s first EP and sixth release overall. It is only available directly from the label, and has been limited to a two-time-only pressing of 999 (of which only 992 were actually made) 10-inch vinyl records. In 2009, it was re-released in mini CD format by French label Season of Mist. This version was available only as a part of a box-set edition of their album *Microcosmos*, limited only to 500 copies.
The first rip of the album to circulate around the Internet was taken, incorrectly, from a 33.3 RPM playing of the album. The album was intended to be played at 45 RPM, and therefore the nine-minute-plus versions of *Anti-Urban* tracks floating around the Internet are improperly ripped.
This album, like *Forgotten Legends*, has vocals that are low in the mix, and the first track is entirely instrumental. As with Drudkh\'s first two albums, the lyrics to *Anti-Urban* have not been released. The tracks are rumoured to be outtakes from the *Forgotten Legends* sessions, although this has not been officially confirmed
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# Oh We Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside
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# Justice of Chester
The **Justice of Chester** was the chief judicial authority for the county palatine of Chester, from the establishment of the county until the abolition of the Great Sessions in Wales and the palatine judicature in 1830.
Within the County Palatine (which encompassed Cheshire, the City of Chester, and Flintshire), the Justice enjoyed the jurisdiction possessed in England by the Court of Common Pleas and the King\'s Bench. While the legal reorganisation of Wales and the Marches under Henry VIII diminished the authority of the Earl of Chester (i.e., the Prince of Wales) in the County Palatine, the authority of the Justice was, in fact, increased. In 1542, the Great Sessions were established in Wales, that country being divided into four circuits of three shires each. Denbighshire, Flintshire, and Montgomeryshire were made part of the Chester circuit, over which the Justice presided. Under Elizabeth I, a second justice was added to each of the Welsh circuits, after which the senior and junior justice are generally referred to as the **Chief Justice of Chester** and the **Second** or **Puisne Justice of Chester**.
Because the Cheshire justices were free to practise as barristers in the English courts or sit in Parliament, the post of Chief Justice was often awarded as a form of patronage by the Government to aspiring lawyers. The offices of Chief and Puisne Justice were abolished in 1830, as part of reforms that also brought Wales under the jurisdiction of the courts at Westminster.
## Justices of Chester {#justices_of_chester}
- Philip Orreby 1202--29
- John de Grey c.1246
- William de Vernon 1229--?1236
- Richard de Vernon
- Earl of Lincoln
- John Lestrange 1241-1245
- John Grey 1245-1249
- Alan la Zouche 1250--1255
- Gilbert Talbot 1255--
- Roger de Montalt/Mohaut (aka Mold) 1258--1259
- Fulk de Orreby 1259--1261
- Thomas de Orreby 1261--1262
- William la Zouche 1262--
- Luke de Thaney c.1265
- James de Audley c.1265
- Reginald de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Wilton c.1270
- Robert de Ufford c.1276--
- Guncelin Badelesmere 1276-79
- Reginald de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Wilton 1281-1290
- Reginald de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Wilton c.1297
- Richard Massy c.1300
- Robert Holland, 1st Baron Holand c.1307--c.1320
- Pain de Tibetot c.1311
- Richard Daumary c.1325
- William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon c.1330
- Hugh de Freyne c.1335
- Henry Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Groby 1336--1342
- Thomas de Felton 1369--1381
- Sir John Holland 1381--1385
- Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 1385--1387
- Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland 1387--1388
- Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester 1388--1391
- John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter 1391--1394
- Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk 1394--1398
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire 1398--1399
- Henry Percy 1400--1403
- Gilbert Talbot, 5th Baron Talbot 1403--1419
- Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter 1420--1427
- Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 1427--1440
- William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk 1440--1450 (jointly from 1443, murdered 1450))
- Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley 1443--1459 (jointly to 1450)
- John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury 1459--1460 (KIA 1460)
- *in commission* 1460
- John Needham 1461
- Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby 1461--1471
- Richard, Duke of Gloucester 1471
- Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby 1471--1504
- Sir Thomas Englefield 1505--1514?
- Sir Nicholas Hare 1540--1545
- Sir Robert Townshend 1545--1557
- Sir John Pollard 1557
- George Wood Esq
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# Dominick and Eugene
***Dominick and Eugene*** is a 1988 American drama film directed by Robert M. Young about twin brothers, Dominick and Eugene. Dominick has an intellectual disability due to an accident in his youth. The film stars Ray Liotta, Tom Hulce and Jamie Lee Curtis. For his performance, Hulce received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama.
## Plot
Dominick \"Nicky\" and Eugene \"Gino\" Luciano are fraternal twin brothers living together in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Nicky has a learning disability, and Gino cares for him. Gino, who is studying to become a doctor, receives an offer to complete his education at Stanford University but fears that Nicky will not be able to take care of himself. Nicky is a trash collector, which finances Gino\'s education. He and his best friend, Larry, work for Mr. Jesse Johnson.
Gino helps Jennifer Reston, a medical student at his hospital, study for her exams and becomes fond of her. Nicky mentions this to Larry, who tells him that they may get married and abandon him. A drug dealer pays Nicky ten dollars to deliver an illegal drug, wrapped in newspaper, to a drug user. Nicky forgets the delivery but tells his brother, who worries about his naivete and gullibility.
The night of their birthday, Gino must work late and calls a disappointed Nicky to tell him. Nicky wants to take Larry to a Wrestlemania event, but Larry brings him to visit Mrs. Vinson, with whom Larry occasionally has sex. Nicky goes outside while Larry and Mrs. Vinson are busy and is surprised to see Mikey Chernak, Mrs. Vinson\'s neighbor, with bruises on his face. When Nicky asks where the bruises are from, Mikey says that he fell. Not knowing that Mikey\'s father, Martin, abuses him, Nicky believes him.
Larry and Nicky get drunk, and Larry taunts Nicky about Gino\'s relationship with Jennifer. Nicky goes home, finds Jennifer and Gino talking, and tells Gino he knows he is \"screwing\" Jennifer. Gino shoves Nicky, and an embarrassed Jennifer leaves.
Nicky is collecting trash at Mikey\'s house and sees Martin hitting Mikey and shoving him down a flight of stairs. Martin calls 911, saying that Mikey fell. At the hospital, Martin tells Nicky that Mikey is dead and threatens to kill him if he tells anybody that he pushed the boy; Nicky flees. He takes a gun from Mr. Johnson\'s truck and returns to Martin\'s house. Nicky takes Mikey\'s baby brother, Joey, from Martin and his wife Theresa at gunpoint, believing that he is protecting Joey from Martin, and is cornered by a SWAT Team in an empty building.
Gino, Jennifer, Martin, and Theresa race to the building, and Gino confronts Nicky, whose sight of Mikey\'s abuse had triggered memories that their father had beaten him. Gino breaks down, admitting that Nicky is right; he had protected Gino from their father, taking blows meant for his twin. Nicky comforts Gino, telling him he is not like their father and he loves him.
They leave the building and give Joey to Theresa; the Pittsburgh police handcuff Nicky, who tells everyone that Martin killed Mikey. Nicky is released, and Martin is arrested.
Gino kisses Jennifer when he leaves for Stanford for his residency, and she promises to give Nicky her phone number when she starts her residency at Cornell. The twins embrace, and Gino leaves. As the credits roll, Nicky is on his garbage route with a new understanding of himself.
## Cast
- Tom Hulce as Dominick \"Nicky\" Luciano
- Ray Liotta as Eugene Luciano
- Jamie Lee Curtis as Jennifer Reston
- Todd Graff as Larry Higgins
- Bill Cobbs as Jesse Johnson
- David Strathairn as Martin Chernak
- Bingo O\'Malley as Abe
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# Dominick and Eugene
## Reception
The film received positive reviews, holding a 78% rating on the film-review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews. The consensus summarizes: \"Thanks to strong performances and a steady directorial hand, *Dominick and Eugene* successfully navigates potentially tricky themes in thoughtful, compelling fashion without resorting to trite sentimentality.\"
In a positive review, Sheila Benson of the *Los Angeles Times* commented the film \"is drama nudged uneasily into melodrama by the events of its last quarter. What keeps it on the side of the angels are the warmth of the writing, especially in the crucial early scenes that set the boys\' relationship; the depth and wonderment with which Hulce imbues Nicky, making him unworldly and sweet but never cloying, and the deep emotions tapped by Hulce and Liotta as these loving brothers.\"
Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* said: \"As directed by Robert M. Young, *Dominick and Eugene* has a refreshing plainness and a welcome unwillingness to milk the story for more pathos than is warranted. It examines the brothers\' growing realization that, at 26, they must become more independent of one another. But it accomplishes this by means of genuinely involving plot developments, along with a rather startling denouement. The screenplay by Alvin Sargent and Corey Blechman, from a story by Danny Porfirio, might seem more frankly manipulative were it not for the mutual love and concern conveyed by the two stars.\"
Desson Thomson of *The Washington Post* wrote, \"Robert M. Young\'s \'Dominick and Eugene\' wraps itself up neat as a button, but until that time Young produces an absorbingly messy blue-collar, white-collar Pittsburgh melodrama.\"
## Awards & Nominations {#awards_nominations}
Hulce received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance (Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama)
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# Bączkowski and Others v. Poland
***Bączkowski and Others v. Poland*** was a European Court of Human Rights case which ruled unanimously that the banning of an LGBT pride parade in Warsaw, locally known as the Parada Równości (equality parade), in 2005 was in violation of Articles 11, 13 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
## Background
In 2005, the Mayor of Warsaw, Lech Kaczyński (later President of Poland), refused to allow a gay pride parade to take place through the city, justifying his decision by the fact that the organisers had not submitted a traffic organisation plan, that such a parade would promote a \"homosexual lifestyle\" in Warsaw, and that he is against \"propagating gay orientation\". Despite this, on 11 June 2005, approximately 2500 people marched, in defiance of the ban.
One day before the parade, on 10 June 2005, the organisers appealed to the Governor of the Mazowsze Voivodship, arguing that the city\'s decision had breached their right to peaceful assembly. The Governor ruled that the city\'s requirement of a traffic organisation plan had been unlawful and that the parade was unlawfully restricted. Despite this, further proceedings were discontinued considering that the parade had taken place on 11 June 2005.
On 16 December 2005, the organisers of the parade, headed by Tomasz Bączkowski Tomasz Szypuła and Yga Kostrzewa, began a court case against the Republic of Poland at the European Court of Human Rights, alleging that their right to peaceful assembly had been breached and that they had been treated in a discriminatory manner, considering that other marches were allowed to take place on June 11. The ECHR accepted the case on 5 December 2006.
## Judgment
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that, even though the march still took place, the fact that it was banned by the city authorities represents an infringement of freedom of assembly under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Additionally, the ruling affirmed that:
The court also stated that Poland had violated Article 14 of the Convention, because other marches which had taken place on the same day were not subject to the same conditions as the gay rights march and were allowed to take place.
Furthermore, the court ruled that Article 13 of the Convention, relating to the right to an effective remedy, had been violated in that the organisers did not have any legal procedure at their disposal which would have enabled them to appeal the decision before the date on which the march was set to be held.
## Reactions
The ruling was hailed by LGBT rights groups as a landmark decision for the rights of LGBT people to freedom of assembly. According to Robert Biedroń, the leader of Campaign Against Homophobia, a Polish LGBT rights organisation, the ruling represented a \"very important step towards equality for gay and lesbian people in Poland and\... also in several other countries in central and eastern Europe.\" Michael Cashman, the head of the European Parliament\'s Intergroup on Gay and Lesbian Rights, stated that:
Sarah Ludford, a Liberal Democrat MEP from the United Kingdom, declared that, \"this judgement is extremely important as it is the first time that the European Court of Human Rights has ruled specifically on the question of banning Equality and Gay Pride marches. Its clarification that freedom of assembly applies fully to these events is, while fully expected, nonetheless welcome.\"
No official reaction has yet been released by the Polish authorities. However, the Secretary of State, Maciej Lopinski, stated that \"the president \[Lech Kaczynski\] may take further action\", and in 2007 there have been some speculation that the president of Poland may appeal against the verdict (which did not happen)
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# Prismatic uniform polyhedron
In geometry, a **prismatic uniform polyhedron** is a uniform polyhedron with dihedral symmetry. They exist in two infinite families, the uniform prisms and the uniform antiprisms. All have their vertices in parallel planes and are therefore prismatoids.
## Vertex configuration and symmetry groups {#vertex_configuration_and_symmetry_groups}
Because they are isogonal (vertex-transitive), their vertex arrangement uniquely corresponds to a symmetry group.
The difference between the prismatic and antiprismatic symmetry groups is that **D~*p*h~** has the vertices lined up in both planes, which gives it a reflection plane perpendicular to its *p*-fold axis (parallel to the {p/q} polygon); while **D~*p*d~** has the vertices twisted relative to the other plane, which gives it a rotatory reflection. Each has *p* reflection planes which contain the *p*-fold axis.
The **D~*p*h~** symmetry group contains inversion if and only if *p* is even, while **D~*p*d~** contains inversion symmetry if and only if *p* is odd.
## Enumeration
There are:
- prisms, for each rational number *p/q* \> 2, with symmetry group **D~*p*h~**;
- antiprisms, for each rational number *p/q* \> 3/2, with symmetry group **D~*p*d~** if *q* is odd, **D~*p*h~** if *q* is even.
If *p/q* is an integer, i.e. if *q* = 1, the prism or antiprism is convex. (The fraction is always assumed to be stated in lowest terms.)
An antiprism with *p/q* \< 2 is *crossed* or *retrograde*; its vertex figure resembles a bowtie. If *p/q* \< 3/2 no uniform antiprism can exist, as its vertex figure would have to violate the triangle inequality. If *p/q* = 3/2 the uniform antiprism is degenerate (has zero height).
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# Prismatic uniform polyhedron
## Forms by symmetry {#forms_by_symmetry}
Note: The tetrahedron, cube, and octahedron are listed here with dihedral symmetry (as a *digonal antiprism*, *square prism* and *triangular antiprism* respectively), although if uniformly colored, the tetrahedron also has tetrahedral symmetry and the cube and octahedron also have octahedral symmetry.
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| Symmetry group | Convex | Star forms |
+================+==========+===================================+
| D~2d~\ | \ | |
| \[2^+^,2\]\ | 3.3.3 | |
| (2\*2) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~3h~\ | \ | |
| \[2,3\]\ | 3.4.4 | |
| (\*223) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~3d~\ | \ | |
| \[2^+^,3\]\ | 3.3.3.3 | |
| (2\*3) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~4h~\ | \ | |
| \[2,4\]\ | 4.4.4 | |
| (\*224) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~4d~\ | \ | |
| \[2^+^,4\]\ | 3.3.3.4 | |
| (2\*4) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~5h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,5\]\ | 4.4.5 | 4.4.`{{frac|5|2}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*225) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~5d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,5\]\ | 3.3.3.5 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|5|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*5) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~6h~\ | \ | |
| \[2,6\]\ | 4.4.6 | |
| (\*226) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~6d~\ | \ | |
| \[2^+^,6\]\ | 3.3.3.6 | |
| (2\*6) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~7h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,7\]\ | 4.4.7 | 4.4.`{{frac|7|2}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*227) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~7d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,7\]\ | 3.3.3.7 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|7|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*7) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~8h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,8\]\ | 4.4.8 | 4.4.`{{frac|8|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*228) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~8d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,8\]\ | 3.3.3.8 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|8|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*8) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~9h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,9\]\ | 4.4.9 | 4.4.`{{frac|9|2}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*229) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~9d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,9\]\ | 3.3.3.9 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|9|5}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*9) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~10h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,10\]\ | 4.4.10 | 4.4.`{{frac|10|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*2.2.10) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~10d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,10\]\ | 3.3.3.10 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|10|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*10) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~11h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,11\]\ | 4.4.11 | 4.4.`{{frac|11|2}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*2.2.11) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~11d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,11\]\ | 3.3.3.11 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|11|3}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*11) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~12h~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2,12\]\ | 4.4.12 | 4.4.`{{frac|12|5}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (\*2.2.12) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| D~12d~\ | \ | \ |
| \[2^+^,12\]\ | 3.3.3.12 | 3.3.3.`{{frac|12|5}}`{=mediawiki} |
| (2\*12) | | |
+----------------+----------+-----------------------------------+
| \..
| 469 |
Prismatic uniform polyhedron
| 1 |
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# Serangoon Stadium
**Serangoon Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium in Serangoon, Singapore.
It is located at 33 Yio Chu Kang Road, Singapore 545677. It has a seating capacity of 1,200. It was built in 1993 and opened to the public on 1 March 1994.
The stadium is open to the public for recreational activities. Many events had been organized in the stadium since its opening.
## History
In 2015, the Football Association of Singapore opened its third Grassroots Football Training Centre at Serangoon Stadium.
## Major events {#major_events}
One of the recent most important event is the Workers\' Party (WP) rallies that were held in the 2006, 2011, and 2015 general elections for the Aljunied GRC constituency
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# Sergio Marinangeli
**Sergio Marinangeli** (born 2 July 1980 in Gualdo Tadino) is an Italian road bicycle racer. He turned professional in 2003
| 23 |
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| 0 |
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# Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
**Caffeine-induced sleep disorder** was a psychiatric disorder identified as resulting from overconsumption of the stimulant caffeine.
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs: almost 90% of Americans in a survey consume some type of caffeine each day. \"When caffeine is consumed immediately before bedtime or \.... throughout the day, sleep onset may be delayed, total sleep time reduced, normal stages of sleep altered, and the quality of sleep decreased.\" Caffeine reduces slow-wave sleep in the early part of the sleep cycle and can reduce rapid eye movement sleep later in the cycle. Caffeine increases episodes of wakefulness, and high doses in the late evening can increase sleep onset latency. In elderly people, there is an association between use of medication containing caffeine and difficulty in falling asleep.
## Official recognition and past criteria {#official_recognition_and_past_criteria}
The latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, does not include caffeine-induced sleep disorder. It does have \"Other Caffeine-Induced Disorders\" and \"Unspecified Caffeine-Related Disorder\" which may have linkage with caffeine use.
Previously DSM-IV included criteria for the disorder that there must be a significant inability to sleep which is caused entirely by the physiological effects of caffeine as proven by an examination; if sleeping issues can be accounted for due to a breathing-related sleep disorder, narcolepsy, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder or a mental disorder, then caffeine-induced sleep disorder was not the cause. This condition was seen as causing a notable impairment in functioning.
Similarly the latest International Classification of Diseases, ICD-11, does not include a specific sleep-related caffeine disorder, but does include \"sleep-wake disorders\" under \"Disorders due to use of caffeine, unspecified\".
## Caffeine and age {#caffeine_and_age}
Most studies now, find that there is relatively no association between caffeine and its effects on sleep for infants. There was very little difference between mothers who had high caffeine consumption during pregnancy as opposed to mothers who did not have high consumption of caffeine during their pregnancy.
Caffeine in younger children has been found to shorten their sleep duration and increase daytime sleepiness. One study, which looked at children ages six to ten years of age, found that those who consistently consumed caffeine lost about 15 minutes of sleep each night. In most cases where younger children are drinking high amounts of caffeine, parents usually buy their children soft drinks, iced tea, or energy drinks without realizing the amount of caffeine these drinks contain or the implications they have on their children.
30% of adolescent adults in a survey were found to consume caffeine daily. Individuals with higher caffeine consumption, tended to feel an increase in wakefulness after sleep onset, shorter sleep durations, and longer daytime sleep. Those who consumed high amounts of caffeine daily, were found to be 1.9 times more likely to have difficulty sleeping and 1.8 times more likely to feel sleepy in the morning compared to those who consume almost no caffeine. Individuals with higher caffeine consumption felt an increase in wakefulness after sleep onset, shorter sleep durations, and longer daytime sleep. The higher consumption time for adolescent adults tends to be on the weekends, while the lowest consumption is midweek. This is assumed to be from greater social opportunities among adolescence.
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# Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
## Mechanism of caffeine {#mechanism_of_caffeine}
Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist. This means that caffeine mainly works by occupying adenosine receptors in the brain, specifically, receptors that influence sleep, arousal, and cognition. Once it is in the body, caffeine will persist for several hours, and takes about six hours for one half of the caffeine consumed to be eliminated. When caffeine reaches the brain, it increases the secretion of norepinephrine which is related to the \"fight or flight\" response. The rise in norepinephrine levels increases activity of neurons in areas of the brain and the symptoms resemble those of a panic attack.
The half-life of caffeine is roughly 3--4 hours in healthy adults, however, it is dependent on a variety of variables such as age, liver function, medications, level of enzymes, pregnancy. This short half-life has been found to help out daytime functioning, but increase the side effect of sleep problems. So, while caffeine has the potential to increase performance, it comes at a cost of sleep deprivation which in its own way can counter the main point of caffeine. Sleep deprivation alone can cause a variety of problems associated with cognitive control and functions. This can include reduced alertness, attention, vigilance, speed of motor functions.
Though caffeine can be shown to decrease the quality of sleep, there is no evidence that caffeine affects all people the same way. In fact, some people report no sleep problems despite regularly consuming caffeine. Regular intake of caffeine may be normal for a person so it is understandable how they may still get satisfactory sleep. This finding shows that caffeine interferes with a modulatory mechanism in sleep regulation rather than a fundamental sleep regulatory brain circuit. Ultimately, regular sleep habits are important in overall quality and timing of sleep.
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# Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
## Caffeine consumption {#caffeine_consumption}
### Overconsumption
Although the maximum daily consumption of caffeine varies with consideration of couple of aspects such as sex, age, race, physical activity and smoking, excessive ingestion of caffeine can lead to a state of intoxication. This period of intoxication is characterized by restlessness, agitation, excitement, rambling thought or speech, and even insomnia. Even doses of caffeine relating to just one cup of coffee can increase sleep latency and decrease the quality of sleep especially in non-REM deep sleep. A dose of caffeine taken in the morning can have these effects the following night, so one of the main practices of sleep hygiene a person can do is to cease the consumption of caffeine.
### Moderation
Keeping in mind that caffeine content in beverages and food varies and that some individuals are more sensitive to caffeine consumption than others are, moderation of caffeine is key. Between 200 and 300 mg of caffeine is considered \"moderate\" for most adults. While children can consume caffeine, it is advised to refrain children and adolescents from consuming caffeine due to their growing brains and to allow them to develop healthy sleep patterns.
## Consequences of sleep disruption {#consequences_of_sleep_disruption}
Normal healthy sleep is described as having sufficient duration, quality, timing, regulation, and the absence of sleep disturbances or disorders. Even though the suggested amounts of sleep is relatively well known, there are increasing high numbers in the lack of healthy and good quality sleep.
Risk factors of sleep can range across many different arrays such as environmental, lifestyle, psychosocial, sleep disorders, or medical conditions. These are all circumstances which put individuals at risk for sleep disruption. Environmental risk factors for sleep disruption can include living in an area where there is excessive noise such as near an interstate, keeping an individual up later than normal. A lifestyle risk factor would include drinking alcohol, drug abuse, or a late shift at work. Psychosocial risk factors include being a caregiver for someone who needs constant attention, parents of young children, anxiety, worry, or stress, etc.
Sleep plays an essential part in brain functions and has crucial implications across almost all body systems. Numerous studies have shown caffeine consumption to heavily disrupt sleep patterns. This can lead to other implications such as lengthening the onset of sleep latency and decrease the efficiency and duration of sleep. Disruption of sleep also affects \[<https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/work-hour-training-for-nurses/longhours/mod2/11.html#>:\~:text=Pressure%20for%20sleep%20(homeostatic%20sleep,night%20of%20good%2Dquality%20sleep. pressure for sleep\] and lowers electroencephalogram power in the frontal, central, and parietal regions of the brain. Short-term consequences of sleep disruption include: an increase in stress, emotional distress, mood and other mental health problems, cognition, memory, and performance deficits as well as an increase in behavioral problems in normally heathy individuals. Long-term consequences of sleep disruption include: cardiovascular problems such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, higher concentration of fats in the body, weight issues such as metabolic syndrome, increased likelihood of cancer, and gastrointestinal disorders
| 487 |
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# Clementi Stadium
The **Clementi Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium in Clementi, Singapore. It has a seating capacity of 4,000. It is managed by the Sport Singapore, which took over on 21 February 1983, and opened it to the public on 1 April the same year.
Clementi Stadium houses a grass football pitch, an 8-lane running track and partial athletic facilities. People can be seen running around the track daily as Sport Singapore allows joggers to use the track facilities between 4:30 am to 9:30 pm for free.
## History
The stadium was home to a football club, Clementi Khalsa in the S.League before they went on to merged with Balestier Central and vacated the Clementi Stadium at the end of 2002.
Rallies prior to the 2011 Singaporean general election by the Reform Party were held here.
In 2011, Tanjong Pagar United was temporary based at Clementi for the duration of the 2011 S.League season as their home ground was occupied by French club, Étoile FC.
The following year, During the construction of Our Tampines Hub, Tampines Rovers used Clementi Stadium as their temporary home ground from 2012 to 2014
| 190 |
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| 0 |
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# David Stewart (bishop)
**David Stewart** (*Dàibhidh Stiùbhart*) (died 1476) was a prelate from 15th century Scotland. A member of the Stewart kindred of Lorne, he is known to have held a succession of senior ecclesiastical positions in northern Scotland before eventually succeeding his brother James Stewart as Bishop of Moray.
David was provided to the bishopric before 30 June 1462 by Pope Pius II, and was consecrated sometime after 25 June 1463. David was a frequent attendee at parliament and was in the presence of King James III of Scotland on 5 August 1464, at Inverness. He built the great tower of Spynie Castle known as \"David\'s Tower\". He found himself in conflict with the Alexander, Earl of Huntly, who was at one point excommunicated until the differences were overcome by mediators.
Bishop David died in 1476. He was buried in the St Peter and St Paul aisle in the north of Elgin Cathedral, beside his brother. He was succeeded by William Tulloch
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# Gola Bazar, Uttar Pradesh
**Gola Bazar** is a town and a nagar panchayat in Gorakhpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is also known for its gold market. It is located near the Saryu (Ghaghra) river. This river itself is a border between Gorakhpur and Azamgarh. Distance from Gorakhpur City is around 54 km via kauriram. It is one of the tehsils of Gorakhpur. It is very famous for its ghats which are on the bank of river Saryu. Gola market is very famous among the villages and other towns around it.
## Demographics
As of the 2001 Census of India, Gola Bazar had a population of 10,613. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Gola Bazar has an average literacy rate of 80%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 46%. In Gola Bazar, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age Gola Nearly Rajesultanpur In 68 km
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# Ballistic limit
The **ballistic limit** or **limit velocity** is the velocity required for a particular projectile to reliably (at least 50% of the time) penetrate a particular piece of material. In other words, a given projectile will generally not pierce a given target when the projectile velocity is lower than the ballistic limit. The term *ballistic limit* is used specifically in the context of armor; *limit velocity* is used in other contexts.
The ballistic limit equation for laminates, as derived by Reid and Wen is as follows:
$V_b=\frac{\pi\,\Gamma\,\sqrt{\rho_t\,\sigma_e}\,D^2\,T}{4\,m} \left [1+\sqrt{1+\frac{8\,m}{\pi\,\Gamma^2\,\rho_t\,D^2\,T}}\, \right ]$\
where
- $V_b\,$ is the ballistic limit
- $\Gamma\,$ is a projectile constant determined experimentally
- $\rho_t\,$ is the density of the laminate
- $\sigma_e\,$ is the static linear elastic compression limit
- $D\,$ is the diameter of the projectile
- $T\,$ is the thickness of the laminate
- $m\,$ is the mass of the projectile
Additionally, the ballistic limit for small-caliber into homogeneous armor by TM5-855-1 is:
$V_1= 19.72 \left [ \frac{7800 d^3 \left [ \left ( \frac{e_h}{d} \right) \sec \theta \right ]^{1.6}}{W_T} \right ]^{0
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# Yio Chu Kang Stadium
**Yio Chu Kang Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium located in Ang Mo Kio, Singapore.
It has a seating capacity of 2,000.
It is run by Sport Singapore and was opened to the public on 1 April 1985. It is a rugby specific stadium with 8-lane running track.
## History
In December 2015, Hong Kong played against Singapore during the 2015 U-19 Asia Rugby Championship held at the stadium. The Singapore side lost the game 10--61.
On 7 December 2019, the Special Olympics South-east Asia Unified 5-a-side Football Tournament kicked off in Singapore at the stadium seven years after its inauguration.
## Transport
The stadium is accessible by MRT, bus and taxi and it is a short walk from Yio Chu Kang MRT station
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# K131 jeep
The **K131 Jeep**, alternately **K131** or **KM420**, is a light utility vehicle manufactured by Kia Motors in South Korea. The Kia K131 Jeep was designed and developed by Asia Motors, and it started being delivered to the South Korean army in 1997 as the replacement for its predecessor, the KM111 Jeep. Its civilian version is known as the Kia Retona, and was sold between 1998 and 2003. The 42 series vehicles are 1/4 ton capacity and are available in various configurations, serving since 1997. A toy version is sold as part of a larger construction toy set sold by Oxford Toy in South Korea
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| 0 |
11,064,916 |
# Hay railway line
The **Hay railway line** is a partly closed railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line branches from the Main South line at Junee, and passes in a westwards direction through the towns of Coolamon and Narrandera to Yanco. The first train arrived in Hay on 4 July 1882. The line beyond Yanco to Hay is now closed, although the section to Willbriggie remained open for grain haulage until 2004. At Yanco, the still-open Yanco to Griffith line branches off in a northwesterly direction to Griffith.
## Passenger services {#passenger_services}
Until 1986, passenger service operated over the section of line between Junee and Yanco on their way to Griffith, consisting of a through train to Sydney (the *Riverina Express*) on several days per week, with a connection service between Grifith and Junee (connecting with the *South Mail*) on the other days. A connecting railcar service was provided at Narrandera for passengers on the Tocumwal line operated three days per week, until withdrawn on Saturday 26 November 1983.
These services were withdrawn in 1986, and replaced by road coach services. Between 1986 and 1996, no passenger trains operated over the line until services were reintroduced in 1996 after considerable political pressure was placed upon the NSW State Government. A weekly locomotive train was initially reintroduced, subsequently replaced by a weekly Xplorer train. Railway stations remain open at Coolamon and Narrandera.
<File:Hay> Station pano.jpg\|Hay Station panorama <File:HayRailwayPlatform.JPG>\| Hay Station Platform <File:HayRailwayStation.JPG>\| Hay Railway Station <File:HayRailwayStation2008.JPG>\| Hay Railway Station <File:HayRailwayStationSign.JPG>\| Hay Railway Station <File:HayRailwayStationVeranda.JPG>\| Hay Railway Station <File:HayStationMastersHouse
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# Michael Pope (producer)
**Michael Pope** is an Australian voice-over announcer, warm-up comedian, and producer. He is best known as a producer of Nine Network\'s *Bert\'s Family Feud* as well as *The Price Is Right* on the same network.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Pope graduated from Flinders Drama Centre at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia.
## Career
Pope is best known as a producer of Nine Network\'s *Bert\'s Family Feud* as well as *The Price Is Right* on the same network.
He has also hosted shows---such as Seven Network\'s *Blockbusters* and *Total Recall*---and worked as an announcer and presenter on Network Ten\'s *Battle of the Sexes*.
He has \"warmed up\" the audience on numerous occasions for all major Australian Networks, including the shows *The AFL Footy Show*, *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, *Talkin\' \'Bout Your Generation*, *So You Think You Can Dance*, *Dancing with The Stars*, *Australia\'s Got Talent*, *The Logies*, the Arias, and *Q&A*
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# Stefan Falimierz
**Stefan Falimierz**, or **Stefan Falimirz**, was a Polish physician and botanist. He served at the court of the voivode Jan Tęczyński in Kraśnik. Falimierz is known for his 1534 work *On Herbs and Their Potency* (*O ziolach y o moczy gich*). The book has been described, as \"one of the most lavishly illustrated volumes published in Poland in the early sixteenth century\", and \"also the first real encyclopedia of natural science in Polish\". Among other topics, it includes recipes for preparing various types of nalewka
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11,064,991 |
# Šatiya
**Šatiya**, also ***Satiya***, or *Shatiya* was the ruler-\'mayor\' of Enišasi, during the Amarna letters period of 1350--1335 BC. In the entire correspondence of 382--letters, his name is only referenced in his own letter to the Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, EA 187, (EA for \'el Amarna\'). Šatiya\'s city/city-state of Enišasi is only referenced in one other letter, authored by another mayor of Enišasi, Abdi-Riša.
## Šatiya\'s letter no. 187 {#šatiyas_letter_no._187}
Šatiya\'s single letter to pharaoh, is a moderately short letter, entitled: *\"A daughter sent to the Pharaoh\"*. As 5 lines of the body of the letter are missing, (a lacuna), the main subject is lost, except for the final sentence concerning Šatiya\'s daughter.
### The letter, title: *\"A daughter sent to the Pharaoh\"* {#the_letter_title_a_daughter_sent_to_the_pharaoh}
: Sa\[y to the kin\]g, my lord, \[my god, my Sun: Mess\]age of *Šatiya*, the ruler of \[ Enišasi \], your \[ser\]vant, the \[\[Prostration formula\|dirt und\[er the f\]eet\]\] of the king, my lord. I \[fa\]ll \[a\]t the feet of the king, \[my\] lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times.
: As I am the loya\[l\] servant of the king, my lord, my god, \[my Sun\], in this place, and Enišasi is a city of the king, my lord, \[my\] god, my \[Sun\], I am guarding ***\[the pl\]ace**\'\' of the king, \[m\]y lo\[rd, my god, my Sun,***where I am\]**\'\'. \...
: **\...**
: \...And I herew\[ith s\]end my daughter to the \[\[Palace\|\[pa\]lace\]\], \[t\]o the king, my lord, m\[y\] god, my Sun
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# Montachusett-North County
The **Montachusett Region** (also known as **North County**) is a region comprising several cities and towns in the north-central area of Massachusetts surrounding Fitchburg. As it has no legal standing in state government, definitions of the region vary.
The terms, which are used interchangeably, are usually understood to refer to the area economically tied with the cities of Gardner, Fitchburg and Leominster. The \"North County\" label---the county referred to is Worcester County---is often used to emphasize the area\'s distance and separate political identity from the county seat at Worcester.
The region is sometimes defined as including Fitchburg suburbs in the northwestern corner of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The region\'s leading daily newspaper, the *Sentinel & Enterprise*, is published in Fitchburg. Another, the *Telegram & Gazette* of Worcester, publishes a \"North County\" daily edition and *Montachusett T&G* semiweekly insert, both of which cover most of the areas usually considered parts of the North County and Montachusett regions
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# Geoff Moon
**Geoffrey James Harwood Moon** `{{post-nominals|country=NZL|OBE}}`{=mediawiki} (2 April 1915 -- 13 March 2009) was a New Zealand naturalist, ornithologist, conservationist, veterinary surgeon and photographer. He was the author and photographer of many books on New Zealand birds and landscape. Moon was the patron of the Wingspan Birds of Prey Trust and the Photographic Society of New Zealand. He was also a Waitakere arts laureate, a distinguished life member of the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, an honorary fellow of the Photographic Society of New Zealand and an associate of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain.
Moon was born in China where his English parents were living while his father worked in a managerial position for Shell Oil. The family moved back to England for his education where he qualified as a veterinary surgeon at the Royal Veterinary College. Moon came to New Zealand in 1947 as the New Zealand Government was recruiting veterinary surgeons. Originally he worked and practised in Warkworth and surrounding area, where he lived with his family. In later years, he lived in Titirangi.
Moon was an honorary life member of the New Zealand Veterinary Association. In the 1994 Queen\'s Birthday Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the veterinary profession and photography.
Moon died on 13 March 2009 at the age of 93.
## Reception
Moon\'s book *The Reed Field Guide to New Zealand Birds* was called an \"\[e\]xcellent colour reference book\" by The Rough Guide to New Zealand. The book is also recommended by *Fodor\'s See It New Zealand*.
Elizabeth B. Booz, Ben Simmons and Andrew Hempstead call Moon \"New Zealand\'s best bird photographer\"
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# Geoff Moon
## Publications
- *Focus on New Zealand birds.* (1960) A.H & A.W. Reed.
- *Refocus on New Zealand Birds* (1967) A.H & A.W. Reed.
- *Photographing Nature* (1970) A.H & A.W. Reed.
- *The birds around us,*New Zealand birds, their habits and habitats (1979), Heinemann.
- *The children\'s guide to the birds of the New Zealand garden* text by Gordon Ell; photographs, Geoff Moon (1979) Bush Press.
- *The children\'s guide to the birds of the New Zealand seashore* text by Gordon Ell; photographs, Geoff Moon (1979) Bush Press.
- *Encouraging birds in the New Zealand garden* by Gordon Ell; colour photographs by Geoff Moon (1981) Bush Press.
- *The children\'s guide to the birds of the New Zealand forests* text by Gordon Ell; photographs by Geoff Moon, M.F. Soper & others (1981) Bush Press.
- *New Zealand Birds,*a photographic guide; with text by Ronald Lockley, (1982) Heinemann.
- *The collected guide to the birds of New Zealand for children and beginners* text by Gordon Ell; photographs, Geoff Moon (1982) Bush Press.
- *Common and garden birds of New Zealand* text by Gordon Ell; photographs Geoff Moon (1990) Bush Press.
- *Seashore birds of New Zealand*, photographs by Geoff Moon; text by Gordon Ell (1984) The Bush Press.
- *The River: The Story of the Waikato*; by Sue Miles & Geoff Moon (1984) Heinemann.
- *New Zealand birds* photographs by Geoff Moon; text by Gordon Ell (1985) Bush Press.
- *The Natural World of the Maori*; text by Margaret Orbell; photographs by Geoff Moon (1985) William Collins.
- *The Kingfisher*, by Sandra Morris & Geoff Moon (1985) Heinemann.
- *Discover New Zealand Birds* (1985) The Bush Press.
- *Birds of the New Zealand forest* Geoff Moon; \[written by J. Cobb\] (1985) Horwood.
- *New Zealand The,*Living Land (1986), X-S Books.
- *New Zealand Birds in Focus* (1988), Weldon New Zealand.
- *What New Zealand Bird is That?* (1991) Weldon.
- *The living forests of New Zealand* photographs by Geoff Moon & John Cobb; \[text by John Cobb\]. (1992) New Zealand Native Forests Restoration Trust.
- *The children\'s guide to birds of the New Zealand rivers, lakes & open country* text by Gordon Ell; photographs, Geoff Moon (1992) Bush Press.
- *Nests* written by Graham Meadows; photography by Graham Meadows and Geoff Moon (1993) Shortland.
- *The Reed field guide to New Zealand wildlife* (1994), Reed Books.
- *Auckland Birds and Wildlife* (1995), Reed New Zealand.
- *Reed habitat guides* (1995) Reed New Zealand.
- *Bird behaviour: Living Together* written by, Lynette Moon; photography by Geoff Moon (1995) Applecross; Auckland, NZ.
- *Birds of the city* written by Lynnette Moon; photography by Geoff Moon (1995) Applecross; Auckland, NZ.
- *The Reed field guide to New Zealand birds* (1996) Reed Books.
- *Endangered birds* written by Lynnette Moon; photographs by Geoff Moon (1996) Lands End Pub.
- *Common Birds in New Zealand (Mobil New Zealand Nature)* (1996) Reed New Zealand.
- *The Singing Island : The Story of Tiritiri Matangi*; by Lynnette Moon; photography by Geoff Moon (1998) Random House.
- *New Zealand\'s Unique Bird\'s*; by Brian Gill & Geoff Moon; photography by Geoff Moon (1999) Raupo Publishing.
- *Rare Birds of New Zealand (Reed New Zealand Nature)* (2000) Reed New Zealand.
- *Bird Migration in New Zealand* (2002). Reed Books.
- *A photographic guide to: Birds of New Zealand* (2002), New Holland.
- *New Zealand Land of Birds* (2002) New Holland Publishers.
- *New Zealand birds in focus : a photographer\'s journey* (2005) Reed Publishing.
- *Bird's-eye view : through the eyes of New Zealand birds*; by Maria Gill; photography by Darryl Torkler & Geoff Moon (2006) Puffin.
- *Know Your New Zealand\... Birds*; by Lynnette Moon; photography by Geoff Moon (2006) New Holland.
- *Draw New Zealand birds: a step-by-step guide* Heather Arnold; photographs by Geoff Moon and Rod Morris (2007) Reed.
- *New Zealand Wetland Birds and their world* (2009) New Holland.
- *New Zealand Forest Birds and their world* (2018) New Holland
| 667 |
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# Multispectral Scanner
The **Multispectral Scanner** (MSS) is one of the Earth\'s observing sensors introduced in the Landsat program. A Multispectral Scanner was placed aboard each of the first five Landsat satellites.
The scanner was designed at Hughes Aerospace by Virginia Norwood. Her design called for a six band scanner, but the first one launched had only four bands. For her work on the design Norwood is called \"The Mother of Landsat.\"
## MSS technical specifications {#mss_technical_specifications}
Sensor type Spatial Resolution Spectral Range Number of Bands Temporal Resolution Image Size Swath
----------------- ----------------------- ---------------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------- --------
opto-mechanical 68 m X 83 m (or 57 m) 0.5 - 1
| 110 |
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| 0 |
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# Jeff Baicher
**Jeff Baicher** (born November 16, 1968, in Sunnyvale, California) is a retired American soccer forward whose professional career took him through multiple leagues, including the Western Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League, Continental Indoor Soccer League and Major League Soccer. He ended his playing career with the Bay Area Seals of the USL A-League. He earned two caps with the U.S. national team and coaches youth soccer.
## Youth
Baicher was born and raised in California. He lived in Santa Clara County while growing up and entered organized soccer with the Sunnyvale United Soccer Club. He also attended Homestead High School where he played on the boys soccer team. After graduating from high school, Baicher attended Foothill College, a local two year community college near his home and went to two straight State Championships. In 1989, he transferred to Santa Clara University where he spent the next two seasons. In 1989, Baichers first year with the Broncos, the team won the NCAA championship title against Virginia after the two schools played even through four overtimes. 1989 Baicher was named NCAA player of the year and was scouted by Manchester United and the US National Team. While at Santa Clara, he paired with fellow forward Paul Bravo who later teamed with Baicher at both the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks and the San Jose Clash. Baicher was named NCAA top 11 and was named NCAA All-America both in his Junior and Senior year. He ended his two years at Santa Clara fifth on the NCAA list of assists per game with 37 in 43 games.
## Minor leagues {#minor_leagues}
While still in college, Baicher began playing for the professional soccer club San Francisco Bay Blackhawks of the Western Soccer League during the collegiate off season. He would remain with the Blackhawks for their entire existence under that name, beginning with the team\'s first season in 1989 and ending in 1991. During his years with the Blackhawks, he became an integral part of this dominant U.S. club. That same season, the Blackhawks went to the semifinals of the CONCACAF Champions\' Cup. The last two seasons saw Baicher play for Laurie Calloway as well as former Broncos teammate Paul Bravo .^[1](http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1991/stats91.htm#SFB)^.
In 1991, Baicher was recruited and traveled to England where he had a trial with Manchester United. Baicher trained with the first team and reserves and saw time with the reserve squad during the 1991 season before returning home in early 1992 for ACL reconstruction in his left knee.
In 1994, Baicher spent the season with the Central California Valley (CCV) Hydra of the U.S. Interregional Soccer League (USISL). The next year found him with the Monterey Bay Jaguars of the USISL Professional League. That season, Monterey Bay compiled a 16--4 record, taking their Division championship. That put them in the Sizzling Nine tournament where they failed to make the title game.
The 1995 season also saw Baicher spend time with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL).^[2](http://www.kicksfan.com/1995/box/season/game21.htm)^
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# Jeff Baicher
## MLS
In 1996, the San Jose Clash of Major League Soccer drafted Baicher for 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft. He went on to play from 1996 to 1999 in San Jose. The first two seasons saw him reunited with his former Blackhawks coach Laurie Calloway as well as his recurring teammate Paul Bravo. The team thought so highly of him that they protected him in the 1997 MLS Expansion Draft. However, in 1999, while he was the team\'s second leading scorer, San Jose sent him to the New England Revolution for Jair on August 13, 1999. The mid-season trade sparked considerable controversy as Robert Kraft owned both teams. Kraft owned the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) and had grown up and lived in the New England area his entire life. At the time it appeared as if Kraft had made the trade in order to boost the Revolution\'s prospects at the expense of the Clash.^[3](https://web.archive.org/web/20091216190800/http://www.soccertimes.com/langdon/1999/aug18.htm)^
Regardless, Baicher spent only the remainder of the 1999 season with the Revs before being traded, with a third round draft pick, to the Kansas City Wizards on January 3, 2000, for the Wizards' second, third and fourth round picks in the 2000 Super Draft.^[4](http://www.revolutionsoccer.net/search/index.cfm?ac=searchdetail&pid=17603&pcid=115)^ Baicher was furious with the trade and refused to move to Kansas City. He had spent his entire playing career in the San Francisco bay area and his wife had long established herself in the Silicon Valley computer industry. He demanded that the league send him back to San Jose. When MLS refused to invalidate the trade or pressure the Wizards to send him to the Earthquakes, Baicher retired from MLS.^[5](http://www.soccertimes.com/wagman/2000/apr12.htm)^. Baicher was named the team\'s Offensive Player of the Year but decided to retire from playing professionally.
## National team {#national_team}
Baicher was scouted by US soccer for his performance in the NCAA final in 1989. He joined the US National Team pool after his junior year at Santa Clara University and spend the next five years in and out of the team. He played 22 times against opponents like Bayern Munich, Flamingo and Boca Juniors. Baicher earned two caps with the U.S national team in 1990 and 1991. His first cap came as a substitute for Bruce Murray in a February 13, 1990, victory over Bermuda. His second, and last, cap came a year later as a substitute for Fernando Clavijo in a February 1, 1991, loss to Switzerland.
## Coaching
Since retiring from playing professionally, Baicher has joined the coaching ranks with Bethany University. He is currently the Boys Coaching Director and coach for the DeAnza Force Soccer Club
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# Packing (firestopping)
**Packing** is the process and/or the materials used in filling both service penetrations and building joints with backer materials as approved components within a firestop.
## Purpose
Packing with inherently fire-resistive materials, such as rockwool or ceramic fibre is intended to protect sealants that would, on their own, be consumed by the fire. Lesser packing, such as foam backer rod or fibreglass are used simply to hold up materials that can survive fire testing on their own. In both cases, the packing is placed in such a way as to control the exact depth of the materials that top off the seal
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# Singapore Sports Museum
The **Singapore Sports Museum** is a sports museum in Singapore, located at the Singapore Sports Hub in Kallang.
The Singapore Sports Museum is affiliated to the International Association of Sports Museums and Hall of Fame (IASMHF) based in the United States since 1984. It is also a member of the Museum Roundtable, set up by the National Heritage Board.
## History
The Singapore Sports Museum was established in 1983 at the former National Stadium to preserve and showcase Singapore\'s sporting heritage. It was opened to the public in May 1983 to coincide with the staging of the 1983 Southeast Asian Games in Singapore. In 2007, its collection was temporarily moved to the Singapore Sports Council\'s (SSC) temporary office and heritage corners of selected SSC sports and recreation centres such as Jurong West and Sengkang, while a new iteration of the museum was constructed as part of the Singapore Sports Hub project, originally expected to be completed by 2011.
The rebuilt museum reopened on 6 October 2014, which added new interactive exhibits, an exhibit paying tribute to the former National Stadium, and a new Singapore Youth Olympic Museum.
## Galleries
In total, there were 6 galleries
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# Tom Molloy
**Tom Molloy** (Australia), was a rugby league footballer in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), Australia\'s major rugby league competition.
A front-rower, Molloy played 7 matches for St George in the years 1921--1922 and 42 for the Eastern Suburbs club in the years 1923--1926.
As well as playing for the St George Dragons in their foundation 1921 season, Molloy was also a member of the Eastern Suburbs side that defeated South Sydney in the 1923 premiership decider
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# Jakhangaon
**Jakhangaon** is a village in the Khatav Taluka (subdistrict) of the Satara district in the Indian state Maharashtra. Jakhangaon\'s village-deity is *Bhairavnath*. 60-70% of Jakhandgaon\'s land is irrigated. The famous *Aundh Tirthakshetra* is about 13 km from here. This holy place has the temple of Yamaai Devi. Sevagiri Maharaj\'s temple is situated at 10 km north of Jakhangaon in Pusegaon
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# Imachara
**Imachara** (Greek: *Ἱμιχάρα* or *Ἡμιχάρα*, Ptol.), was an ancient city of Sicily repeatedly mentioned by Cicero among the municipal towns of the island. There is great discrepancy in regard to the form of the name, which is written in many manuscripts *Macarēnsis* or *Macharēnsis*; and the same uncertainty is found in those of Pliny, who also notices the town among those of the interior of Sicily. The precise location of Imachara is not known but has been and remains the subject of much scholarly debate. Even though Mirabella Imbaccari is still named in Sicilian as *Màcara* and its inhabitants are called *macarisi*, both deriving incontrovertibly from their corrispective Latin ascendants.
## History and location {#history_and_location}
From the manner in which it is spoken of by Cicero, it would seem to have been a town of some consideration, with a territory fertile in corn. That writer associates it with Herbita, Assorus, Agyrium (modern Agira), and other towns of the interior, in a manner that would lead us to suppose it situated in the same region of Sicily; and this inference is confirmed by Ptolemy, who places *Hemichara* or *Himichara* (evidently the same place) in the northeast of Sicily, between Capitium (modern Capizzi) and Centuripa (modern Centuripe). Hence Cluverius conjectured that it may have occupied the site of Traina, but this is wholly uncertain. Fazello and other Sicilian writers have supposed the ruins of an ancient city, which are still visible on the coast about 15 km north of Cape Pachynum, near the Porto Vindicari, in the *comune* of Noto, to be those of Imachara; but though the name of Macaresa, still borne by an adjoining headland, gives some color to this opinion, it is wholly opposed to the data furnished us by ancient authors, who all agree in placing Imachara in the interior of the island. The ruins in question, which indicate the site of a considerable town, are regarded by Cluverius (but equally without authority) as those of Ichana. Modern scholars still debate the location of the city. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World tentatively place Imachara at the *località* of Vaccarra di Nicosia in the *comune* of Nicosia
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# Jane Gerber
**Jane S. Gerber** (born 1938) is a professor of Jewish history and director of the Institute for Sephardic Studies at the City University of New York.
## Life and education {#life_and_education}
Gerber, née **Jane Satlow** was born in 1938 to Israeli mother Elise Kliegman and father David Satlow. Growing up in an observant family, she and her two sisters attended The Center Academy at the Brooklyn Jewish Center. In 1955, she finished high school and enrolled at Wellesley College studying the works of French novelist, Marcel Proust.
After receiving her undergraduate education, she continued on at Harvard University where she began to study the relationship between Jewish and Islamic history. She met her future husband, Roger A. Gerber,at Harvard. She and Gerber moved to New York and married in 1965. In New York, Gerber continued her work on Jewish-Islamic History at Columbia University and earned her Ph.D. on the interactions between the local population of Fez, Morocco, and the recently immigrated Megorashim.
Gerber has three daughters.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
Gerber teaches classes in Classics, History, and Masters level Liberal Studies in the Center for Jewish Studies at the City University of New York, specializing in Sephardic history. She is director of the Institute for Sephardic Studies.
Gerber\'s books include *Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience* and *Jewish Society in Fez.* Gerber served as president of the Association for Jewish Studies from 1981 to 1983.
## Works
-
-
-
- \(1997\) *Jewish Society in Fez, 1450-1700: Studies in Communal and Economic Life (Studies in Judaism in Modern Times)* `{{ISBN|9004058206}}`{=mediawiki}
Her one-volume history of Sephardic Jews of Spain was described as \"excellent\" and a reviewer noted her strengths in synthesizing much recent research about this people
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# Temora–Roto railway line
The **Temora--Roto railway line** is a partly closed railway line in the southwest of New South Wales, Australia. It branches from the Lake Cargelligo line at the town of Temora and travels west through the northern part of the Riverina to the towns of Griffith and Hillston. A connection to the Broken Hill line created a cross-country route, although this was never utilised to its full potential, and the line beyond Hillston was built to low grade \'pioneer\' standards.
The line opened in stages in the 1920s. The line is now only used for goods haulage, mainly wheat, and is closed beyond Hillston. Passenger services were operated by CPH type railmotors from 1926 until 1974 when services were withdrawn between Griffith and Hillston. Services between Temora and Griffith continued until November 1983 when they too were withdrawn and replaced by road coach services (services continued between Griffith and Junee via Narrandera until 1986). Griffith station is the only passenger station that remains open, and although this line via Temora is the shortest connection to Griffith, passenger trains now operate only over the longer route via Narrandera, as this line travels through larger population centres
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
`{{History of Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors. In 1130, the territories in southern Italy united as the Kingdom of Sicily, which included the island of Sicily, the southern third of the Italian Peninsula (including Benevento, which was briefly held twice), the archipelago of Malta, and parts of North Africa.
Itinerant Norman forces arrived in southern Italy as mercenaries in the service of Lombard and Byzantine factions, communicating swiftly back home news about opportunities in the Mediterranean. These groups gathered in several places, establishing fiefdoms and states of their own, uniting and elevating their status to *de facto* independence within 50 years of their arrival.
Unlike the Norman Conquest of England (1066), which took a few years after one decisive battle, the conquest of southern Italy was the product of decades and a number of battles, few decisive. Many territories were conquered independently, and only later were unified into a single state. Compared to the conquest of England, it was unplanned and disorganised, but equally complete.
## Pre-Norman Viking activity in Italy {#pre_norman_viking_activity_in_italy}
There is little evidence of Viking activity in Italy as a precursor to the arrival of the Normans in 999, but some raiding is recorded. Ermentarius of Noirmoutier, the Annales Bertiniani, and several additional Moorish sources provide accounts of Vikings based in Frankia (France), raiding in Iberia, then proceeding to raid in other parts of the Mediterranean around 860. In 860, according to an account by the Norman monk Dudo of Saint-Quentin, a Viking fleet co-commanded by Alstignus, believed to be Hastein, and Björn Ironside, landed in Italy seeking to sack the city of Rome. The Viking force arrived at the town of Luna, whose walls were too heavily defended for an outright assault. The force devised a plan to trick the town's bishop into converting Hastein to Christianity. Once converted, Hastein faked his death with the final wish to be buried in the town\'s church. Entering with a small force with concealed weapons in the funeral procession, the force surprised the town guards and opened the city gates for the remaining Viking force. Upon learning that the town was not Rome, the Viking force raided the surrounding countryside before ultimately sailing back to Frankia.
Many Norsemen fought as mercenaries in Southern Italy, including the Varangian Guard led by Harald Hardrada, who later became king of Norway, who conquered Sicily between 1038 and 1040, with the help of Norman mercenaries, under William de Hauteville, who won his nickname *Iron Arm* by defeating the emir of Syracuse in single combat, and a Lombard contingent, led by Arduin. The Varangians were first used as mercenaries in Italy against the Arabs in 936. Runestones were raised in Sweden in memory of warriors who died in Langbarðaland (Land of the Lombards), the Old Norse name for southern Italy.
Later, several Anglo-Danish and Norwegian nobles participated in the Norman conquest of southern Italy, like Edgar the Ætheling, who left England in 1086, and Jarl Erling Skakke, who won his nickname *(\"Skakke\", meaning bent head)* after a battle against Arabs in Sicily. On the other hand, many Anglo-Danish rebels fleeing William the Conqueror joined the Byzantines in their struggle against Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, in Southern Italy.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Arrival of the Normans in Italy {#arrival_of_the_normans_in_italy}
The earliest reported date of the arrival of Norman knights in southern Italy is 999, although it may be assumed that they had visited before then. In that year, according to some traditional sources of uncertain origin, Norman pilgrims returning from the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem via Apulia stayed with Prince Guaimar III in Salerno. The city and its environs were attacked by Saracens from Africa demanding payment of an overdue annual tribute. While Guaimar began to collect the tribute, the Normans ridiculed him and his Lombard subjects for cowardice, and they assaulted their besiegers. The Saracens fled. Booty was confiscated and a grateful Guaimar asked the Normans to stay. They refused, but promised to bring his rich gifts to their compatriots in Normandy and tell them about possibly lucrative military service in Salerno. Some sources have Guaimar sending emissaries to Normandy to bring back knights, and this account of the arrival of the Normans is sometimes known as the \"Salerno (or Salernitan) tradition\".
The Salerno tradition was first recorded by Amatus of Montecassino in his *Ystoire de li Normant* between 1071 and 1086. Much of this information was borrowed from Amatus by Peter the Deacon for his continuation of the *Chronicon Monasterii Casinensis* of Leo of Ostia, written during the early 12th century. Beginning with the *Annales Ecclesiastici* of Baronius in the 17th century, the Salernitan story became the accepted history. Although its factual accuracy was questioned periodically during the following centuries, it has been accepted (with some modifications) by most scholars since.
Another historical account of the arrival of the first Normans in Italy, the \"Gargano tradition\", appears in primary chronicles without reference to any previous Norman presence. According to this account Norman pilgrims at the shrine to Michael the Archangel at Monte Gargano in 1016 met the Lombard Melus of Bari, who persuaded them to join him in an attack on the Byzantine government of Apulia.
As with the Salerno tradition, there are two primary sources for the Gargano story: the *Gesta Roberti Wiscardi* of William of Apulia (dated 1088--1110) and the *Chronica monasterii S. Bartholomaei de Carpineto* of a monk named Alexander, written about a century later and based on William\'s work. Some scholars have combined the Salerno and Gargano tales, and John Julius Norwich suggested that the meeting between Melus and the Normans had been arranged by Guaimar. Melus had been in Salerno just before his visit to Monte Gargano.
Another story involves the exile of a group of brothers from the Drengot family. One of the brothers, Osmund (according to Orderic Vitalis) or Gilbert (according to Amatus and Peter the Deacon), murdered William Repostel (Repostellus) in the presence of Robert I, Duke of Normandy after Repostel allegedly boasted about dishonouring his murderer\'s daughter. Threatened with death, the Drengot brother fled with his siblings to Rome and one of the brothers had an audience with the pope before joining Melus (Melo) of Bari. Amatus dates the story to after 1027, and does not mention the pope. According to him, Gilbert\'s brothers were Osmund, Ranulf, Asclettin and Ludolf (Rudolf, according to Peter). Between 1016 and 1024, in a fragmented political context, the Lombard County of Ariano was usurped by a group of Norman knights headed by Gilbert and hired by Melus. The County, which replaced the pre-existing chamberlainship, is considered to be the first political body established by the Normans in the South of Italy.
Repostel\'s murder is dated by all the chronicles to the reign of Robert the Magnificent and after 1027, although some scholars believe \"Robert\" was a scribal error for \"Richard\" (Richard II of Normandy, who was duke in 1017). The earlier date is necessary if the emigration of the first Normans was connected to the Drengots and the murder of William Repostel. In the *Histories* of Ralph Glaber, \"Rodulfus\" leaves Normandy after displeasing Count Richard (Richard II). The sources disagree about which brother was the leader on the southern trip. Orderic and William of Jumièges, in the latter\'s *Gesta Normannorum Ducum*, name Osmund; Glaber names Rudolph, and Leo, Amatus and Adhemar of Chabannes name Gilbert. According to most southern-Italian sources, the leader of the Norman contingent at the Battle of Cannae in 1018 was Gilbert. If Rudolf is identified with the Rudolf of Amatus\' history as a Drengot brother, he may have been the leader at Cannae.
A modern hypothesis concerning the Norman arrival in the Mezzogiorno concerns the chronicles of Glaber, Adhemar and Leo (not Peter\'s continuation). All three chronicles indicate that Normans (either a group of 40 or a much-larger force of around 250) under \"Rodulfus\" (Rudolf), fleeing Richard II, came to Pope Benedict VIII of Rome. The pope sent them to Salerno (or Capua) to seek mercenary employment against the Byzantines because of the latter\'s invasion of papal Beneventan territory. There, they met the Beneventan *primates* (leading men): Landulf V of Benevento, Pandulf IV of Capua, (possibly) Guaimar III of Salerno and Melus of Bari. According to Leo\'s chronicle, \"Rudolf\" was Ralph of Tosni. If the first confirmed Norman military actions in the south involved Melus\' mercenaries against the Byzantines in May 1017, the Normans probably left Normandy between January and April.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Lombard revolt, 1009--1022 {#lombard_revolt_10091022}
On 9 May 1009, an insurrection erupted in Bari against the Catapanate of Italy, the regional Byzantine authority based there. Led by Melus, a local Lombard, the revolt quickly spread to other cities. Late that year (or early in 1010) the *katepano*, John Curcuas, was killed in battle. In March 1010 his successor, Basil Mesardonites, disembarked with reinforcements and besieged the rebels in the city. The Byzantine citizens negotiated with Basil and forced the Lombard leaders, Melus and his brother-in-law Dattus, to flee. Basil entered the city on 11 June 1011, reestablishing Byzantine authority. He did not follow his victory with severe sanctions, only sending Melus\' family (including his son, Argyrus) to Constantinople. Basil died in 1016, after years of peace in southern Italy.
Leo Tornikios Kontoleon arrived as Basil\'s successor in May of that year. After Basil\'s death, Melus revolted again; this time, he used a newly arrived band of Normans, sent by Pope Benedict, who met him (with or without Guaimar\'s aid) at Monte Gargano. Tornikios sent an army, led by Leo Passianos, against the Lombard-Norman coalition. Passianos and Melus met on the Fortore at Arenula; the battle was either indecisive (William of Apulia) or a victory for Melus (Leo of Ostia and Amatus). Tornikios then took command, leading his forces into a second encounter near Civita. This second battle was a victory for Melus, although Lupus Protospatharius and the anonymous chronicler of Bari recorded a defeat. A third battle (a decisive victory for Melus) took place at Vaccaricia, modern Vaccareccia in Rieti; the region from the Fortore to Trani was in his hands, and in September Tornikios was replaced by Basil Boioannes (who arrived in December). According to Amatus, there were five consecutive Lombard and Norman victories by October 1018.
At Boioannes\' request, a detachment of the elite Varangian Guard was sent to Italy to fight the Normans. The armies met at the Ofanto near Cannae, the site of Hannibal\'s victory over the Romans in 216 BC, and the Battle of Cannae was a decisive Byzantine victory; Amatus wrote that only ten Normans survived from a contingent of 250. After the battle, Ranulf Drengot (one of the Norman survivors) was elected leader of their company. Boioannes protected his gains by building a fortress at the Apennine pass, guarding the entrance to the Apulian plain. In 1019 Troia (as the fortress was known) was garrisoned by Boioannes\' Norman troops, an indication of Norman willingness to fight on either side. With Norman mercenaries on both sides, they would obtain good terms for the release of their brethren from their captors regardless of outcome.
Alarmed by the shift in momentum in the south, Pope Benedict (who may have initiated Norman involvement in the war) went north in 1020 to Bamberg to confer with Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. Although the emperor took no immediate action, events the following year persuaded him to intervene. Boioannes (allied with Pandulf of Capua) marched on Dattus, who was garrisoning a tower in the territory of the Duchy of Gaeta with papal troops. Dattus was captured and, on 15 June 1021, received the traditional Roman *poena cullei*: he was tied up in a sack with a monkey, a rooster and a snake and thrown into the sea.`{{contradictory-inline|article=Poena cullei|section=Abolition}}`{=mediawiki} In 1022, a large imperial army marched south in three detachments under Henry II, Pilgrim of Cologne and Poppo of Aquileia to attack Troia. Although Troia did not fall, the Lombard princes were allied with the Empire and Pandulf removed to a German prison; this ended the Lombard revolt.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Mercenary service, 1022--1046 {#mercenary_service_10221046}
In 1024, Norman mercenaries under Ranulf Drengot were in the service of Guaimar III when he and Pandulf IV besieged Pandulf V in Capua. In 1026, after an 18-month siege, Capua surrendered and Pandulf IV was reinstated as prince. During the next few years Ranulf would attach himself to Pandulf, but in 1029 he joined Sergius IV of Naples (whom Pandulf expelled from Naples in 1027, probably with Ranulf\'s assistance).
In 1029, Ranulf and Sergius recaptured Naples. In early 1030 Sergius gave Ranulf the County of Aversa as a fief; that seigniory was long considered to be the first Norman lordship in southern Italy, although this primacy is currently attributed to the county of Ariano which was officially recognized by the Emperor Henry II since 1022. Sergius also gave his sister, the widow of the duke of Gaeta, in marriage to Ranulf. In 1034, however, Sergius\' sister died and Ranulf returned to Pandulf. According to Amatus:
> For the Normans never desired any of the Lombards to win a decisive victory, in case this should be to their disadvantage. But now supporting the one and then aiding the other, they prevented anyone being completely ruined.
Norman reinforcements and local miscreants, who found a welcome in Ranulf\'s camp with no questions asked, swelled Ranulf\'s numbers. There, Amatus observed that the Norman language and customs welded a disparate group into the semblance of a nation. In 1035, the same year William the Conqueror would become Duke of Normandy, Tancred of Hauteville\'s three eldest sons (William \"Iron Arm\", Drogo and Humphrey) arrived in Aversa from Normandy.
In 1037, or the summer of 1038 (sources differ), Norman influence was further solidified when Emperor Conrad II deposed Pandulf and invested Ranulf as Count of Aversa. In 1038 Ranulf invaded Capua, expanding his polity into one of the largest in southern Italy.
In 1038 Byzantine Emperor Michael IV launched a military campaign into Muslim Sicily, with General George Maniaches leading the Christian army against the Saracens. The future king of Norway, Harald Hardrada, commanded the Varangian Guard in the expedition and Michael called on Guaimar IV of Salerno and other Lombard lords to provide additional troops for the campaign. Guiamar sent 300 Norman knights from Aversa, including the three Hauteville brothers (who would achieve renown for their prowess in battle). William of Hauteville became known as William Bras-de-Fer (\"William Iron Arm\") for single-handedly killing the emir of Syracuse during that city\'s siege. The Norman contingent would leave before the campaign\'s end due to the inadequate distribution of Saracen loot.
After the assassination of Catapan Nikephoros Dokeianos at Ascoli in 1040 the Normans elected Atenulf, brother of Pandulf III of Benevento, their leader. On 16 March 1041, near Venosa on the Olivento, the Norman army tried to negotiate with Catapan Michael Dokeianos; although they failed, they still defeated the Byzantine army in the Battle of Olivento. On 4 May 1041 the Norman army, led by William Iron Arm, defeated the Byzantines again in the Battle of Montemaggiore near Cannae (avenging the Norman defeat in the 1018 Battle of Cannae). Although the catapan summoned a large Varangian force from Bari, the battle was a rout; many of Michael\'s soldiers drowned in the Ofanto while retreating.
On 3 September 1041 at the Battle of Montepeloso, the Normans (nominally under Arduin and Atenulf) defeated Byzantine catepan Exaugustus Boioannes and brought him to Benevento. Around that time, Guaimar IV of Salerno began to attract the Normans. In February 1042, Atenulf negotiated the ransom of Exaugustus and then fled with the ransom money to Byzantine territory. He was replaced by Argyrus, who was bribed to defect to the Byzantines after a few early victories.
The revolt, originally Lombard, had become Norman in character and leadership. In September 1042, the three principal Norman groups held a council in Melfi which included Ranulf Drengot, Guaimar IV and William Iron Arm. William and the other leaders petitioned Guaimar to recognize their conquests, and William was acknowledged as the Norman leader in Apula (which included Melfi and the Norman garrison at Troia). He received the title of Count of Apulia from Guiamar, and (like Ranulf) was his vassal. Guaimar proclaimed himself Duke of Apulia and Calabria, although he was never formally invested as such by the Holy Roman Emperor. William was married to Guida (daughter of Guy, Duke of Sorrento and Guaimar\'s niece), strengthening the alliance between the Normans and Guaimar.
At Melfi in 1043, Guaimar divided the region (except for Melfi itself, which was to be governed on a republican model) into twelve baronies for the Norman leaders. William received Ascoli, Asclettin Drengot received Acerenza, Tristan received Montepeloso, Hugh Tubœuf received Monopoli, Peter received Trani, Drogo of Hauteville received Venosa and Ranulf Drengot (now the independent Duke of Gaeta) received Siponto and Monte Gargano.
During their reign William and Guaimar began the conquest of Calabria in 1044, and built the castle of Stridula (near Squillace). William was less successful in Apulia, where he was defeated in 1045 near Taranto by Argyrus (although his brother, Drogo, conquered Bovino). At William\'s death, the period of Norman mercenary service ended with the rise of two Norman principalities owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire: the County of Aversa (later the Principality of Capua) and the County of Apulia (later the Duchy of Apulia).
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## County of Melfi, 1046--1059 {#county_of_melfi_10461059}
thumb\|upright=1.25\|alt=Castle against sky, with sloping grass in front\|The stone castle at Melfi was constructed by the Normans where no fortress had previously stood. The present castle includes additions to a simple, rectangular Norman keep. In 1046 Drogo entered Apulia and defeated the catepan, Eustathios Palatinos, near Taranto while his brother Humphrey forced Bari to conclude a treaty with the Normans. Also that year, Richard Drengot arrived with 40 knights from Normandy and Robert \"Guiscard\" Hauteville arrived with other Norman immigrants.
In 1047 Guaimar (who had supported Drogo\'s succession and the establishment of a Norman dynasty in the south) gave him his daughter, Gaitelgrima, in marriage. Emperor Henry III confirmed the county of Aversa in its fidelity to him and made Drogo his vassal, granting him the title *dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae* (duke and master of Italy and count of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria, the first legitimate title for the Normans of Melfi). Henry did not confirm the other titles given during the 1042 council; he demoted Guiamar to \"prince of Salerno\", and Capua was bestowed upon Pandulf IV for the third (and final) time. Henry, whose wife Agnes had been mistreated by the Beneventans, authorised Drogo to conquer Benevento for the imperial crown; he did so in 1053.
In 1048 Drogo commanded an expedition into Calabria via the valley of Crati, near Cosenza. He distributed the conquered territories in Calabria and gave his brother, Robert Guiscard, a castle at Scribla to guard the entrance to the recently conquered territory; Guiscard would later abandon it for a castle at San Marco Argentano. Shortly thereafter he married the daughter of another Norman lord, who gave him 200 knights (furthering his military campaign in Calabria). In 1051 Drogo was assassinated by Byzantine conspirators and was succeeded by his brother, Humphrey. Humphrey\'s first challenge was to deal with papal opposition to the Normans. The Norman knights\' treatment of the Lombards during Drogo\'s reign triggered more revolts. During the unrest, the Italo-Norman John, Abbot of Fécamp was accosted on his return trip from Rome; he wrote to Pope Leo IX:
> The hatred of the Italians for the Normans has now reached such a pitch that it is almost impossible for any Norman, albeit a pilgrim, to journey in the towns of Italy, without being assailed, abducted, robbed, beaten, thrown in irons, even if fortunate enough not to die in a prison.
The pope and his supporters, including the future Gregory VII, called for an army to oust the Normans from Italy. On 18 June 1053, Humphrey led the Norman armies against the combined forces of the pope and the Holy Roman Empire. At the Battle of Civitate the Normans destroyed the papal army and captured Leo IX, imprisoning him in Benevento (which had surrendered). In 1054 Peter II, who succeeded Peter I in the region of Trani, captured the city from the Byzantines. Humphrey died in 1057; he was succeeded by Guiscard, who ended his loyalty to the Empire and made himself a papal vassal in return for the title of duke.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## County of Aversa, 1049--1098 {#county_of_aversa_10491098}
During the 1050s and 1060s, there were two centres of Norman power in southern Italy: one at Melfi (under the Hautevilles) and another at Aversa (under the Drengots). Richard Drengot became ruler of the County of Aversa in 1049, beginning a policy of territorial aggrandisement to compete with his Hauteville rivals. At first he warred with his Lombard neighbours, who included Pandulf VI of Capua, Atenulf I of Gaeta and Gisulf II of Salerno. Richard pushed back the borders of Salerno until there was little left of the once-great principality but the city of Salerno itself. Although he tried to extend his influence peacefully by betrothing his daughter to the oldest son of Atenulf of Gaeta, Richard later demanded the Lombard dower from the boy\'s parents when the boy died before the marriage. When the duke refused, Richard seized Aquino (one of Gaeta\'s few remaining fiefs) in 1058. However, the chronology of his conquest of Gaeta is confusing. Documents from 1058 and 1060 refer to Jordan (Richard\'s oldest son) as Duke of Gaeta, but these have been disputed as forgeries (since Atenulf was still duke when he died in 1062). After Atenulf\'s death, Richard and Jordan took over the rule of the duchy and allowed Atenulf\'s heir---Atenulf II---to rule as their subject until 1064 (when Gaeta was fully incorporated into the Drengot principality). Richard and Jordan appointed puppet, usually Norman, dukes.
When the prince of Capua died in 1057, Richard immediately besieged the comune. This chronology is also unclear. Pandulf was succeeded at Capua by his brother, Landulf VIII, who is recorded as prince until 12 May 1062. Richard and Jordan took the princely title in 1058, but apparently allowed Landulf to continue ruling beneath them for at least four years more. In 1059 Pope Nicholas II convened a synod at Melfi confirming Richard as Count of Aversa and Prince of Capua, and Richard swore allegiance to the papacy for his holdings. The Drengots then made Capua their headquarters for ruling Aversa and Gaeta.
Richard and Jordan expanded their new Gaetan and Capuan territories northwards toward Latium, into the Papal States. In 1066 Richard marched on Rome, but was easily repelled. Jordan\'s tenure as Richard\'s successor marked an alliance with the papacy (which Richard had attempted), and the conquests of Capua ceased. When Jordan died in 1090, his young son Richard II and his regents were unable to hold Capua. They were forced to flee the city by a Lombard, Lando, who ruled it with popular support until he was forced out by the combined Hauteville forces in the siege of Capua in 1098; this ended Lombard rule in Italy.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Conquest of the Abruzzo, 1053--1105 {#conquest_of_the_abruzzo_10531105}
In 1077 the last Lombard prince of Benevento died, and in 1078 the pope appointed Robert Guiscard to succeed him. In 1081, however, Guiscard relinquished Benevento. By then, the principality comprised little more than Benevento and its environs; it had been reduced in size by Norman conquests during the previous decades, especially after the Battle of Civitate and after 1078. At Ceprano in June 1080 the pope again gave Guiscard control of Benevento, an attempt to halt Norman incursions into it and associated territory in the Abruzzi (which Guiscard\'s relatives had been appropriating).
After the Battle of Civitate, the Normans began the conquest of the Adriatic coast of Benevento. Geoffrey of Hauteville, a brother of the Hauteville counts of Melfi, conquered the Lombard county of Larino and stormed the castle Morrone in the region of Samnium-Guillamatum. Geoffrey\'s son, Robert, united these conquests into a county, Loritello, in 1061 and continued his expansion into Lombard Abruzzo. He conquered the Lombard county of Teate (modern Chieti) and besieged Ortona, which became the goal of Norman efforts in that region. Loritello soon reached as far north as the Pescara and the Papal States. In 1078 Robert allied with Jordan of Capua to ravage the Papal Abruzzo, but after a 1080 treaty with Pope Gregory VII they were obligated to respect papal territory. In 1100 Robert of Loritello extended his principality across the Fortore, taking Bovino and Dragonara.
The conquest of the Molise is poorly documented. Boiano (the principal town) may have been conquered the year before the Battle of Civitate by Robert Guiscard, who had encircled the Matese massif. The county of Boiano was bestowed on Rudolf of Moulins. His grandson, Hugh, expanded it eastward (occupying Toro and San Giovanni in Galdo) and westward (annexing the Capuan counties of Venafro, Pietrabbondante and Trivento in 1105).
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Conquest of Sicily, 1061--1091 {#conquest_of_sicily_10611091}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|alt=Painting of mounted battle\|Roger I of Sicily at the 1063 Battle of Cerami, where he was victorious over 35,000 Saracens according to Goffredo Malaterra. After roughly a century of Arab control (following the Saracen defeat of Byzantine forces in 965), Sicily was inhabited by a mix of Christians, Arab Muslims, and Muslim converts at the time of its conquest by the Normans. It had originally been under the rule of the Aghlabids and then the Fatimids, but in 948 the Kalbids wrested control of the island and held it until 1053. During the 1010s and 1020s, a series of succession crises paved the way for interference by the Zirids of Ifriqiya. Sicily was wracked by turmoil as petty fiefdoms battled each other for supremacy. Into this, the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his younger brother Roger Bosso came intending to conquer; the pope had conferred on Robert the title of \"Duke of Sicily\".
Robert and Roger first invaded Sicily in May 1061, crossing from Reggio di Calabria and besieging Messina for control of the strategically vital Strait of Messina. Roger crossed the strait first, landing unseen overnight and surprising the Saracen army in the morning. When Robert\'s troops landed later that day, they found themselves unopposed and Messina abandoned. Robert immediately fortified the city and allied himself with the emir, Ibn al-Timnah, against his rival Ibn al-Hawas. Robert, Roger, and at-Timnah then marched into the centre of the island by way of Rometta, which had remained loyal to at-Timnah. They passed through Frazzanò and the *Pianura di Maniace* (Plain of Maniakes), encountering resistance to their assault of Centuripe. Paternò fell quickly, and Robert brought his army to Castrogiovanni (modern Enna, the strongest fortress in central Sicily). Although the garrison was defeated the citadel did not fall, and with winter approaching Robert returned to Apulia. Before leaving, he built a fortress at San Marco d\'Alunzio. Roger returned in late 1061 and captured Troina. In June 1063 he defeated a Muslim army at the Battle of Cerami, securing the Norman foothold on the island.
left\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|alt=Seated man with sword receiving objects on a tray\|Roger I receiving the keys of Palermo in 1071 Robert returned in 1064, bypassing Castrogiovanni on his way to Palermo; this campaign was eventually called off. In 1068 Roger struck another defeat against the Muslims at the Battle of Misilmeri. In August 1071, the Normans began a second and successful siege of Palermo. The city of Palermo was entered by the Normans on 7 January 1072 and three days later the defenders of the inner-city surrendered. Robert invested Roger as Count of Sicily under the suzerainty of the Duke of Apulia. In a partition of the island with his brother Robert retained Palermo, half of Messina, and the largely Christian Val Demone (leaving the rest, including what was not yet conquered, to Roger).
In 1077 Roger besieged Trapani, one of the two remaining Saracen strongholds in the west of the island. His son, Jordan, led a sortie which surprised guards of the garrison\'s livestock. With its food supply cut off, the city soon surrendered. In 1079 Taormina was besieged, and in 1081 Jordan, Robert de Sourval and Elias Cartomi conquered Catania (a holding of the emir of Syracuse) in another surprise attack.
Roger left Sicily in the summer of 1083 to assist his brother on the mainland; Jordan (whom he had left in charge) revolted, forcing him to return to Sicily and subjugate his son. In 1085, he was finally able to undertake a systematic campaign. On 22 May Roger approached Syracuse by sea, while Jordan led a small cavalry detachment 15 mi north of the city. On 25 May, the navies of the count and the emir engaged in the harbour -- where the latter was killed -- while Jordan\'s forces besieged the city. The siege lasted throughout the summer, but when the city capitulated in March 1086 only Noto was still under Saracen dominion. In February 1091 Noto yielded as well, and the conquest of Sicily was complete.
In 1091, Roger invaded Malta and subdued the walled city of Mdina. He imposed taxes on the islands, but allowed the Arab governors to continue their rule. In 1127 Roger II abolished the Muslim government, replacing it with Norman officials. Under Norman rule, the Arabic spoken by the Greek Christian islanders for centuries of Muslim domination became Maltese.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Conquest of Amalfi and Salerno, 1073--1077 {#conquest_of_amalfi_and_salerno_10731077}
The fall of Amalfi and Salerno to Robert Guiscard were influenced by his wife, Sichelgaita. Amalfi probably surrendered as a result of her negotiations, and Salerno fell when she stopped petitioning her husband on behalf of her brother (the prince of Salerno). The Amalfitans unsuccessfully subjected themselves to Prince Gisulf to avoid Norman suzerainty, but the states (whose histories had been joined since the 9th century) ultimately came under Norman control.
By summer 1076, through piracy and raids Gisulf II of Salerno incited the Normans to destroy him; that season, under Richard of Capua and Robert Guiscard the Normans united to besiege Salerno. Although Gisulf ordered his citizens to store two years\' worth of food, he confiscated enough of it to starve his subjects. On 13 December 1076, the city submitted; the prince and his retainers retreated to the citadel, which fell in May 1077. Although Gisulf\'s lands and relics were confiscated, he remained at liberty. The Principality of Salerno had already been reduced to little more than the capital city and its environs by previous wars with William of the Principate, Roger of Sicily and Robert Guiscard. However, the city was the most important in southern Italy and its capture was essential to the creation of a kingdom fifty years later.
In 1073 Sergius III of Amalfi died, leaving the infant John III as his successor. Desiring protection in unstable times, the Amalfitans exiled the young duke and summoned Robert Guiscard that year. Amalfi, however, remained restless under Norman control. Robert\'s successor, Roger Borsa, took control of Amalfi in 1089 after expelling Gisulf (the deposed Prince of Salerno, whom the citizens had installed with papal aid). From 1092 to 1097 Amalfi did not recognise its Norman suzerain, apparently seeking Byzantine help; Marinus Sebaste was installed as ruler in 1096.
Robert\'s son Bohemond I of Antioch and his brother Roger of Sicily attacked Amalfi in 1097, but were repulsed. During this siege, the Normans began to be drawn by the First Crusade. Marinus was defeated after Amalfitan noblemen defected to the Norman side and betrayed him in 1101. Amalfi revolted again in 1130, when Roger II of Sicily demanded its loyalty. It was finally subdued in 1131 when Admiral John marched on it by land and George of Antioch blockaded it by sea, establishing a base on Capri.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Byzantine--Norman wars, 1059--1085 {#byzantinenorman_wars_10591085}
The Normans\' initial military involvement in southern Italy was on the side of the Lombards against the Byzantines. Eventually, some Normans, including the powerful de Hauteville brothers, served in the army of George Maniakes during the attempted Byzantine reconquest of Sicily, only to turn against their employers when the emirs proved difficult to conquer. By 1030, Rainulf became count of Aversa, marking the start of permanent Norman settlement in Italy. In 1042, William de Hauteville was made a count, taking Lombard prince Guaimar IV of Salerno as his liege. To further strengthen ties and legitimacy, Robert Guiscard also married Lombard Princess Sikelgaita in 1058. Following the death of Guaimar, the Normans were increasingly independent actors on the south Italian scene, which brought them into direct conflict with Byzantium.
During the time that the Normans had conquered southern Italy, the Byzantine Empire was in a state of internal decay; the administration of the Empire had been wrecked, the efficient government institutions that provided Basil II with a quarter of a million troops and adequate resources by taxation had collapsed within a period of three decades. Attempts by Isaac I Komnenos and Romanos IV Diogenes to reverse the situation proved unfruitful. The premature death of the former and the overthrow of the latter led to further collapse as the Normans consolidated their conquest of Sicily and Italy.
Reggio Calabria, the capital of the tagma of Calabria, was captured by Robert Guiscard in 1060. At the time, the Byzantines held a few coastal towns in Apulia, including Bari, the capital of the catepanate of Italy. In 1067--68, they gave financial support to a rebellion against Guiscard. In 1068, the Normans besieged Otranto; in the same year, they began the siege of Bari itself. After defeating the Byzantines in a series of battles in Apulia, and after two major attempts to relieve the city had failed, the city Bari surrendered in April 1071, ending the Byzantine presence in southern Italy.
In 1079--80, the Byzantines again gave their support to a rebellion against Guiscard. This support came largely in the form of financing smaller Norman mercenary groups to assist in the rebellion
Over a thirty-year period (1061--1091), Norman factions also completed the initial Byzantine attempt to retake Sicily. However, it would not be until 1130 that both Sicily and southern Italy were united into one kingdom, formalized by Roger II of Sicily.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Conquest of Naples, 1077--1139 {#conquest_of_naples_10771139}
The Duchy of Naples, nominally a Byzantine possession, was one of the last southern Italian states to be attacked by the Normans. Since Sergius IV asked for Ranulf Drengot\'s help during the 1020s, with brief exceptions the dukes of Naples were allied with the Normans of Aversa and Capua. Beginning in 1077, the incorporation of Naples into the Hauteville state took sixty years to complete.
In summer 1074, hostilities flared up between Richard of Capua and Robert Guiscard. Sergius V of Naples allied with the latter, making his city a supply centre for Guiscard\'s troops. This pitted him against Richard, who was supported by Gregory VII. In June Richard briefly besieged Naples; Richard, Robert and Sergius soon began negotiations with Gregory, mediated by Desiderius of Montecassino.
In 1077 Naples was again besieged by Richard of Capua, with a naval blockade by Robert Guiscard. Richard died during the siege in 1078, after the deathbed lifting of his excommunication. The siege was ended by his successor, Jordan, to insinuate himself with the papacy (which had made peace with Duke Sergius).
In 1130, the Antipope Anacletus II crowned Roger II of Sicily king and declared the fief of Naples part of his kingdom. In 1131, Roger demanded from the citizens of Amalfi the defences of their city and the keys to their castle. When they refused, Sergius VII of Naples initially prepared to aid them with a fleet; George of Antioch blockaded Naples\' port with a large armada and Sergius, cowed by the suppression of the Amalfitans, submitted to Roger. According to the chronicler Alexander of Telese, Naples \"which, since Roman times, had hardly ever been conquered by the sword now submitted to Roger on the strength of a mere report (i.e. Amalfi\'s fall).\"
In 1134 Sergius supported the rebellion of Robert II of Capua and Ranulf II of Alife, but avoided direct confrontation with Roger and paid homage to the king after the fall of Capua. On 24 April 1135 a Pisan fleet with 8,000 reinforcements, captained by Robert of Capua, anchored in Naples and the duchy was the centre of the revolt against Roger II for the next two years. Sergius, Robert and Ranulf were besieged in Naples until the spring of 1136, by which time starvation was widespread. According to historian (and rebel sympathiser) Falco of Benevento Sergius and the Neapolitans did not relent, \"preferring to die of hunger than to bare their necks to the power of an evil king.\" The naval blockade\'s failure to prevent Sergius and Robert from twice bringing supplies from Pisa exemplified Roger\'s inadequacy. When a relief army commanded by Emperor Lothair II marched to Naples, the siege was lifted. Although the emperor left the following year, in return for a pardon Sergius re-submitted to Roger in Norman feudal homage. On 30 October 1137, the last Duke of Naples died in the king\'s service at the Battle of Rignano.
The defeat at Rignano enabled the Norman conquest of Naples, since Sergius died without heir and the Neapolitan nobility could not reach a succession agreement. However, it was two years between Sergius\' death and Naples\' incorporation by Sicily. The nobility apparently ruled during the interim, which may have been the final period of Neapolitan independence from Norman rule. During this period Norman landowners first appear in Naples, although the Pisans (enemies of Roger II) retained their alliance with the duchy and Pisa may have sustained its independence until 1139. That year, Roger absorbed Naples into his kingdom; Pope Innocent II and the Neapolitan nobility acknowledged Roger\'s young son, Alfonso of Hauteville, as duke.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Kingdom of Sicily, 1130--1198 {#kingdom_of_sicily_11301198}
Although the conquest of Sicily was primarily military, Robert and Roger also signed treaties with the Muslims to obtain land. Hindered by Sicily\'s hilly terrain and a relatively small army, the brothers sought influential, worn-down Muslim leaders to sign the treaties (offering peace and protection for land and titles). Because Sicily was conquered by a unified command, Roger\'s authority was not challenged by other conquerors and he maintained power over his Greek, Arab, Lombard and Norman subjects. Latin Christianity was introduced to the island, and its ecclesiastical organisation was overseen by Roger with papal approval. Sees were established at Palermo (with metropolitan authority), Syracuse and Agrigento. After its elevation to a Kingdom of Sicily in 1130, Sicily became the centre of Norman power with Palermo as capital. The Kingdom was created on Christmas Day, 1130, by Roger II of Sicily, with the agreement of Pope Innocent II, who united the lands Roger had inherited from his father Roger I of Sicily.
These areas included the Maltese Archipelago, which was conquered from the Arabs of the Emirates of Sicily; the Duchy of Apulia and the County of Sicily, which had belonged to his cousin William II, Duke of Apulia, until William\'s death in 1127; and the other Norman vassals.
When the invasion of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of his wife, Constance, the daughter of Roger II, eventually prevailed, the kingdom fell in 1194 to the House of Hohenstaufen. Through Constance, the Hauteville blood was passed to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who succeeded as King of Sicily in 1198.
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# Norman conquest of southern Italy
## Encastellation
The Norman conquest of southern Italy began an infusion of Romanesque (specifically Norman) architecture. Some castles were expanded on existing Lombard, Byzantine or Arab structures, while others were original constructions. Latin cathedrals were built in lands recently converted from Byzantine Christianity or Islam, in a Romanesque style influenced by Byzantine and Islamic designs. Public buildings, such as palaces, were common in larger cities (notably Palermo); these structures, in particular, demonstrate the influence of Siculo-Norman culture.
The Normans rapidly began the construction, expansion and renovation of castles in southern Italy. By the end of the Norman period, most wooden castles were converted to stone.
After the Lombard castle at Melfi, which was conquered by the Normans early and augmented with a surviving, rectangular donjon late in the 11th century, Calabria was the first province affected by Norman encastellation. In 1046 William Iron Arm began construction of Stridula (a large castle near Squillace), and by 1055 Robert Guiscard built three castles: at Rossano, on the site of a Byzantine fortress; at Scribla, the seat of his fief guarding the pass of the Val di Crati, and at San Marco Argentano (donjon built in 1051) near Cosenza. In 1058, Scalea was built on a seaside cliff.
Guiscard was a major castle-builder after his accession to the Apulian countship, building a castle at Gargano with pentagonal towers known as the Towers of Giants. Later, Henry, Count of Monte Sant\'Angelo built a castle at nearby Castelpagano. In the Molise the Normans built many fortresses into the naturally defensible terrain, such as Santa Croce and Ferrante. The region of a line running from Terracina to Termoli has the greatest density of Norman castles in Italy. Many sites were originally Samnite strongholds reused by the Romans and their successors; the Normans called such a fortress a *castellum vetus* (old castle). Many Molisian castles have walls integrated into the mountains and ridges, and much of the quickly erected masonry demonstrates that the Normans introduced the *opus gallicum* into the Molise.
The encastellation of Sicily was begun at the behest of the native Greek inhabitants. In 1060, they asked Guiscard to construct a castle at Aluntium. The first Norman building on Sicily, San Marco d\'Alunzio (named after Guiscard\'s first castle at Argentano in Calabria), was erected; its ruins survive. Petralia Soprana was then built near Cefalù, followed by a castle at Troina in 1071; in 1073 a castle was built at Mazara and another at Paternò . At Adrano (or Aderno) the Normans built a plain, rectangular donjon whose floor plan illustrates 11th-century Norman design. An outside stairway leads to the first-storey entrance, and the interior is divided lengthwise down the middle into a great hall on one side and two rooms (a chapel and chamber) on the other
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# Naradhan railway line
The **Naradhan railway line** is a railway line in south-western New South Wales, Australia. It branches from Ungarie on the Lake Cargelligo line and heads in a westerly direction, passing through Youngareen and Kikoira, to the small town of Naradhan. The line opened on 11 February 1929 to open up the region for agriculture, and is currently used for seasonal grain haulage. The line saw passenger services until 1974.
A 1929 proposal to extend the line to Monia Gap was never actioned.
## Passenger Services {#passenger_services}
From the opening of the railway a tri-weekly passenger service operated in each direction. The service was a mixed passenger and goods train leaving Ungarie on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 1:20 pm, and leaving the terminus, Naradhan, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays at 9:06 am. Naradhan branch line trains connected at Ungarie with the Lake Cargelligo to West Wyalong services, and those trains connected at West Wyalong with the mail trains to Sydney. Passenger services ceased in 1975. Today it is served by seasonal grain trains
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# Enišasi
**Enišasi**, was a city, or city-state located in the Beqaa Valley-(called *Amqu*, or *Amka*) of Lebanon, during the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Of the 382--Amarna letters, Enišasi is only referenced in two letters. Enišasi was located near *Hašabu*, (Tell Hašbe), and *Hasi*, (Tell Hizzin?), southwest of Baalbek.
Two \'mayors\', or rulers of Enišasi were Šatiya and Abdi-Riša, who each authored a letter to the Egyptian pharaoh, EA 187- (title: *A daughter sent to the Pharaoh*), and EA 363- (title: *A joint report on Amqu--(4)*). (EA is for \'el Amarna\'
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# Rankins Springs railway line
The **Rankins Springs railway line** is a closed railway line in southwestern New South Wales, Australia. The line branched from the Lake Cargelligo line at the town of Barmedman, heading in a westerly direction to the town of Rankins Springs. It opened in 1923, and was constructed primarily to open up the agricultural areas in the vicinity. Passenger services were operated by CPH railmotors until the widespread withdrawal of country branchline trains in 1974. The line carried approximately 80,000 tonnes of grain per year, before being \'mothballed\' in 2004. A stop block is placed on the Rankins springs line just after the junction with the Lake Cargelligo line at Barmedman
## Gallery
<File:Weethalle> Railway Station 001.JPG <File:Weethalle> Railway Station.JPG <File:Rankins> Springs Rail Line
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# Burcher railway line
The **Burcher railway line** is a partly closed railway line in New South Wales, Australia, branching from the Cootamundra to Lake Cargelligo line at Wyalong Central.
## Construction
The construction of rail lines from Parkes to Condobolin, Forbes to Stockinbingal and Wyalong to Lake Cargelligo left a large area of land inside the bounds of those lines too far from rail facilities to make wheat production profitable.
Initial suggestions included a line from Ungarie to Condobolin and a survey was made in 1917, but shelved. A further inquiry in 1922 brought a recommendation for a line from Wyalong towards Condobolin and an Act authorising its construction was assented to on 21 December 1923. Construction began soon afterwards and the line was opened on 16 December 1929. Originally the terminus was called Euglo, but the name changed to Burcher on 4 August 1936.
## Traffic
When the line opened, services comprised a Mixed train on Mondays to Euglo, returning the following day. By 1970, the train had been classified as a Goods train with Passenger Accommodation. In 1972, the timetable was changed to provide for a return journey on Mondays, however there was no longer any passenger accommodation.
## Stations
Station Name Date opened Date closed
---------------------- ------------------ ---------------
Wyalong Junction 16 December 1929 still in use
Wyrra Station 16 December 1929 6 July 1972
Clear Ridge platform 16 December 1929 4 May 1975
Lake Cowal Station 16 December 1929 4 May 1975
Corringle Station 16 December 1929 6 July 1972
Wamboyne Station 16 December 1929 4 May 1975
Burcher Station. 16 December 1929 12 March 1992
## Demise
The \"last train\" to Burcher ran on 12 March 1992, returning the following day after loading. Despite the fact that this line was only \"mothballed\", State Rail set about recovering a number of sleepers from the branch, to use elsewhere. This did not go unnoticed by local farmers who took the matter up with their local Member of State Parliament. State Rail subsequently agreed to replace the sleepers. Trains did in fact run the following wheat season.
The ARTC officially \"closed\" the line on 30 June 2005. A Safe Notice issued for the line states \"Closure of branch line and suspension of train services\" with a stop block placed on the Burcher railway line junction at West Wyalong
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# Tour of the Netherlands
The **Tour of the Netherlands** *(Dutch: **Ronde van Nederland**)* was a road bicycle racing stage-race in the Netherlands, founded in 1948.
It was an annual race since 1975. Because of the start of the UCI ProTour in 2005, it was replaced by the Eneco Tour.
The first edition started on April 24, from Dam Square, Amsterdam. The riders finished on May 1, nine days later, in the Olympisch Stadion.
The competition\'s roll of honor includes the successes of Rik Van Looy, Jan Janssen, Joop Zoetemelk and Laurent Fignon. The record of victories belongs to Gerrie Knetemann
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# Tocumwal railway line, New South Wales
The **Tocumwal railway line** is a closed railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line branched from the still open Junee -- Hay line at Narrandera station and then headed south west to Tocumwal station where there was a break-of-gauge with the Victorian Railways Goulburn Valley line from Shepparton.
The line was opened to Jerilderie station in 1884, extended to Berrigan in 1896, Finley in 1898 and Tocumwal in 1914. The Victorian line had reached Tocumwal in July 1908.
Two of the stations on the Tocumwal railway line were Widgiewa and Morundah.
The last goods train left Tocumwal for Narrandera in 1985, and traffic ceased over the line south of Jerilderie in September 1986 and the entire line was closed in December 1988. The Victorian line to Tocumwal remains open for freight traffic.
Tocumwal was the site in 1915 of early tests with third-rail devices to enable standard gauge and broad gauge trains to share the same tracks.
In later years passenger services on the line were operated by railcars, connecting with an overnight train at Narrandera. From 1973 the service operated three days per week, until their withdrawal on Saturday 26 November 1983. The final passenger service was a special excursion train operated with a Silver City Comet railcar set on 20 September 1986.
A 2018 report addresses the feasibility of re-opening the line, given that the still-operating line south from Tocumwal could be converted to standard gauge. The report finds that re-opening would not be financially justified although it might be justified on economic or environmental grounds
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# Kywong railway line
The **Kywong railway line** is a closed branch railway line in New South Wales, Australia, 53 km in length. It branched from the Main South line at Uranquinty to the township of Kywong.
## Construction
Representations for the construction of the branch railway were first made in 1919 when a deputation waited upon the Minister for Public Works to urge the building a line from Wagga Wagga to Corobimilla. Exploratory surveys were made and it was decided that the most suitable route lay from Uranquinty to Moons Siding, a point about six kilometres south of Narrandera on the Tocumwal line.
The Railway Commissioners furnished a report on the proposal and the matter was referred for consideration by the Public Works Committee on 22 November 1922. The proposal at that time was for the line to terminate at a location near to present day Galore. Finally, in August, 1923, the Parliamentary Committee on Public Works recommended construction of the line, but construction did not begin until March, 1926. The section between `{{rwsa|Uranquinty}}`{=mediawiki} and Galore opened on 30 October 1928. The previous year, on 27 June 1927, The Public Works Committee had agreed to a 4-mile extension of the line to Sandigo, the present day Kywong. The extension was opened to Kywong on 23 March 1929.
## Operations
The Down Mixed Train operated on Tuesdays only in 1957, connecting off the southbound *Albury Mail*, the Up service returning the same day, connecting with the northbound *Albury Mail* at Uranquinty.
The surrounding countryside is flat, open terrain, with few trees. The track was mainly unfenced, allowing livestock to graze along the track, causing some difficulty for train crews.
## Closure
Passenger services ceased operation in 1975, during a period of widespread closure of New South Wales branch-line passenger services, leaving the line at that time as a seasonal wheat line. The line was completely closed in 1988
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# Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts
The **Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts** was established in 1858, and was based in the architectural galleries and offices at 9 Conduit Street, Mayfair, London. Meetings were held at various galleries to increase technical knowledge.
The society\'s 9 Conduit Street location was the former town residence of the Earl of Macclesfield, and was shared by the society with several other organisations, including the Architectural Association, the Architectural Publication Society, the Architectural Union Company, the District Surveyors\' Association, the Royal Photographic Society, the Provident Institution of Builders\' Foremen and Clerks of Works, the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Society of Biblical Archaeology, the Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts, and access to the Museum of Building Appliances.
Those who were officers of the society included: the Earl of Carlisle (President 1858--1859); the Earl of Ellesmere (President from 1859); Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (President in 1871); the Duke of Manchester (President in 1873); George Charles Haité (vice-president since 1881); and the Lord Mayor of London (vice-president in 1882).
Election to the membership was by means of a council ballot, with women being eligible
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# Rand railway line
The **Rand railway line** is a closed railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The line ran for 53 km south-west to the town of Rand from the Main South railway line at Henty.
## Proposals
In 1908, a petition was handed to the Minister for Public Works requesting the construction of a railway from Yerong Creek to Daysdale, via Pleasant Hills. By October that year, a survey had been conducted and it was recommended that a line from Henty was preferable.
A further deputation was made to the Minister on 10 November 1910 and he suggested that an unballasted line could be acceptable to Government. Eleven months later, on 25 October 1911, the Minister for Public Works recommended that the line be referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works. The enquiry opened on 16 November.
Following many hearings at locations throughout the area, the Committee returned to Sydney and passed the resolution that the line be built from Henty towards Daysdale, but be carried out to Billabong Creek, the site of the future township of Rand. On 29 November 1916 the requisite Act was signed by the Governor.
## Construction
The Public Works Department commenced construction in March, 1918. The rails for the line were being rolled at Newcastle, but supply was short and delays ensued. By May 1919, the line had reached Pleasant Hills and goods were carried over the line. Twelve months later the line reached Rand.
In 1918 there was a proposal to extend the line from Rand to Ringwood. The matter was investigated by the Parliamentary Standing Committee of Public Works, but it was rejected in 1922.
## Opening
The line was available for traffic from 17 May 1920. It was an unfenced, \"Pioneer\" line. Stations were established at Ryan, Munyabla, Pleasant Hills, Urangeline, Ferndale and Rand. All intermediate stations were unattended.
The Official Opening took place on 16 October 1920. There was a ribbon cutting ceremony at Rand and a banquet in the Pleasant Hills Literary Institute.
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# Rand railway line
## Train Working {#train_working}
### Passenger and mixed trains {#passenger_and_mixed_trains}
At the commencement, the service on the line was a Mixed Train (comprising goods vehicles and a passenger carriage) on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. This was probably hauled by a Z12-class locomotive. It made the return journey the following day. From January 1922, the train returned to Henty on the same day as the outward journey.
Railmotors began to operate on the line from December, 1923, but they only lasted until November 1924, when the Mixed train returned as the passenger service. In 1930 the service was reduced to running on Mondays and Fridays. The service remained as a twice weekly service thereafter, until April 1942 when a railmotor service was timetabled on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It went a Saturdays only service from 10 March 1946. This remained in force until 21 January 1956 when passenger services were suspended.
### Junctions
The junctions on the line that were not even proper towns but just farming areas (these places are Ryan and Munyabla) only consisted of a minor station and a loading bank. Though in Urangeline and Ferndale there was a stock race included. At Rand there was a station, water stand where the steam trains filled up with water, a coal stage where the trains filled up with coal, a loading bank and a station. At Pleasant Hills there was a station, a water stand, a loading bank and a stock race. In 1933 two silos were added. Loading banks were used for loading and unloading mail, cargo etc.
### Goods trains {#goods_trains}
During the 1920s, goods trains would have been hauled by Z25-class locomotive. In the 1930s, 30T and 50 class locomotives would have been rostered. Locomotives and their crews were based at Culcairn. Goods trains appear to have worked mostly on Tuesdays.
Diesels arrived in late 1961 for trials on a number of Southern branches and the following January, they were permanently allocated.
From 14 February 1972 the Rand line saw its weekly goods train on Thursday nights.
## Closure
The last goods train worked to Rand and return on 17 June 1987
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# Viktor Schmieden
**Viktor Schmieden** (19 January 1874 -- 11 October 1945) was a German surgeon born in Berlin.
In 1897 he earned his medical doctorate from the University of Bonn, and subsequently worked in hospitals in Göttingen, Berlin and Bonn. Later he was a professor at the Universities of Halle (from 1913) and Frankfurt (from 1919).
Schmieden is remembered for his work with Franz Volhard (1872-1950) in the establishment of pericardectomy for the treatment of constrictive pericarditis. Historically this procedure was referred to as \"Schmieden\'s operation\". He also made important contributions towards the treatment of hydrocephalus, and in 1926 identified that polyps of the colon were a precursor of colorectal cancer. He was a Generalarzt in the Wehrmacht during World War II.
## Written works {#written_works}
Schmieden was the author of numerous works. With August Borchard (1864-1940), he was co-author of two books on war-related surgery; *Lehrbuch der Kriegschirurgie* and *Die deutsche Chirurgie im Weltkriege 1914-1918*), and with Ernst Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1875-1951), he published the sixth edition of *Chirurgische Operationslehre* (Surgical Operation Teachings) by August Karl Gustav Bier, Heinrich Braun and Hermann Kümmell. Other noted worked by Schmieden include:
- *Der chirurgische Operationskursus*, (1910); 12th edition with A. W. Fischer in 1930; translated into English.
- *Ueber Erkennung und Behandlung der Umklammerung des Herzens durch schwielige Parikarditis*, with Franz Volhard (1872-1950). Klinische Wochenschrift, Berlin, 1923, 2: 5--9. First complete pericardectomy for constrictive pericarditis
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# Tumbarumba railway line
The **Tumbarumba railway line** is a railway line in New South Wales, Australia. Proposals were commenced back as early as 1881. The length of an initial proposal showed it to be 74 mile in length. The final built length being 129 km.
Following heavy rains causing numerous wash-aways services were suspended, although the line is not officially closed (which would require an Act of Parliament). Passenger services on the line in the final years comprised CPH railmotors. The line branched from the Main South line at Wagga Wagga and passed through Tarcutta to the township of Tumbarumba. It opened in stages from 1917 to 1921 and was essentially closed in 1987. Passenger trains ceased operation in 1974 after significant flooding saw much of the line abandoned. In 2001, a large grass fire started by a passing Northbound semi-trailer destroyed the disused Tarcutta railway station before it could be restored by a local historical group. All other stations on the line have been demolished with the exception of Ladysmith (which is maintained by the Ladysmith Tourist Railway Inc. historical group) and Borambola. Although several sections of rail have been removed (albeit without the approval of NSW Railways), much of the line still exists. In 2020 the disused 22 km section Tumbarumba--Rosewood was graded, surfaced and sealed by the NSW government and Snowy Valleys Council as a pilot \"rail trail\" for recreational use by walkers, joggers and cyclists; official opening 3 April 2020.
The Tarcutta fires of early 2013 caused significant damage to the small historic halt platform of Edwards Crossing and the surrounding area of railway
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# The Queen of Corinth
***The Queen of Corinth*** is a Jacobean era stage play, a tragicomedy in the canon of John Fletcher and his collaborators. It was initially published in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647.
## Date
Scholars have dated the play to the 1616--18 period, based in part on an allusion in the play to \"the Ulyssean traveller that sent home his image riding upon elephants to the great Mogul\" (Act III, scene i). This is a reference to Thomas Coryat\'s *Greetings from the Court of the Great Mogul,* which was published in London in 1616. The play, therefore, could not pre-date that year. The casual and somewhat deprecating tone of the allusion -- \"his wit is so huge, nought but an elephant could carry him\" -- has been interpreted to mean that it also dates prior to Coryat\'s death in Surat in 1617, or prior to news of his death reaching England, in 1618 at the latest.
This dating is confirmed by the cast list added to the play in the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679, which cites Richard Burbage, Nathan Field, Henry Condell, John Lowin, John Underwood, Nicholas Tooley, Thomas Pollard, and Thomas Holcombe. The list indicates that the play was produced by the King\'s Men in the 1616--19 period, between Field\'s joining the troupe in the earlier year and Burbage\'s death in the later.
## Authorship
Since Francis Beaumont had retired from dramatic authorship in 1613 and had died in 1616, he could not have contributed to the authorship of *The Queen of Corinth.* One piece of external evidence states that Fletcher, Nathan Field, and Philip Massinger were collaborating c. 1616: an entry in the Stationers\' Register dated 8 April 1654 assigns the lost play *The Jeweller of Amsterdam* to the three writers. The murder that that play dramatized occurred in 1616, and it is likely that the play was written soon after the event to capitalize on current public interest.
The styles of the three authors, Fletcher, Field, and Massinger, are distinctive enough to be fairly readily differentiable; scholars from E. H. C. Oliphant to Cyrus Hoy have been able to reach agreement on assignment of shares:
:
: Massinger -- Acts I and V;
: Fletcher -- Act II;
: Field -- Acts III and IV.
Other plays of this period, *The Honest Man\'s Fortune* and *The Knight of Malta,* also show clear internal signs of being collaborations among the three playwrights.
## Possible Revision {#possible_revision}
Scholars have disagreed, however, on the nature of the trio\'s collaborative effort in *The Queen of Corinth.* Rather than a \"simple\" three-way authorial effort, some scholars have suggested that an original play written by Field and Fletcher (like *Four Plays in One*) was later revised by Massinger, perhaps around 1626. The fact that the play\'s leading comic character has two different names, Onos and Lamprias, is the kind of inconsistency that sometimes indicates a revision by a hand other than that (or those) the original author(s). Ira Clark regarded the hypothesis of Massinger\'s revision \"more plausible,\" the alternative of triple collaboration \"less likely.\"
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# The Queen of Corinth
## Synopsis
The play is set in ancient Greece. The city-state of Corinth is ruled by a Queen (otherwise unnamed), a middle-aged widow with an adult son, Theanor. The Queen is a virtuous, just, and capable ruler, but Theanor is \"a vicious Prince,\" and the play\'s villain. For some time before the play\'s action starts, Theanor has been the intended husband of Merione, a young ward of the Queen who has grown to adulthood in her court. This situation changes at the start of the play: Corinth\'s military conflict with Argos has been resolved peacefully, and the Argosian ruler Agenor has come to Corinth with the Queen\'s general Leonidas to formalize the peace. The Queen decides to promote a dynastic marriage between Agenor and Merione. Theanor is unhappy at losing his intended bride.
Simultaneously, a young Corinthian named Euphanes has returned home from foreign travels. He is a younger son, and like many younger sons under the system of primogeniture, he has little in life, the family estates having descended to the older brother Crates upon their father\'s death. Crates is a mean-spirited individual who resents his younger brother\'s virtues and natural gifts. Crates is also a key follower of Theanor, and his primary assistant in evil deeds to come. The Queen, however, responds very positively to Euphanes on their first meeting, and he quickly becomes her new favorite. This instant promotion only adds to the resentments of Theanor and Crates. Euphanes enjoys the Queen\'s favor without restraint; her anger flairs when he requests permission to marry a young woman named Beliza -- but the Queen soon recovers from her irritation. (Queen Elizabeth was famous for resenting, and interfering with, the marriage plans of her courtiers; the Queen in this play bears general resemblances to Elizabeth.)
Theanor decides to vent his malice by raping Merione. Crates and other court sycophants abduct Merione in the night and take her to a secluded place, where Theanor commits the act. The courtiers are masked, and stage the rape so that it resembles the abduction of Proserpine by Pluto. Merione is drugged, and carried to the house of her brother Leonidas, where she is left unconscious. She is discovered on the front stoop by Leonidas and Agenor, and awakened; her condition becomes understood by them and by the Queen and her court, to general outrage. Her wedding with Agenor is postponed, and Leonidas and Agenor swear vengeance on the rapist.
Merione is nursed by Beliza, with the aid of Leonidas and Agenor. Theanor and his supporters confront and insult Euphanes and his friends; Euphanes is restrained in his reaction, but the Queen learns about the matter and reproves her son. She orders Theanor to take a casket of jewels to Euphanes as a present; Theanor instead sends the casket by an anonymous messenger, and adds to it a ring that he took from Merione on the night of the rape. Euphanes gives the ring to Beliza. When Merione sees it on Beliza\'s hand and instantly recognizes it, Agenor and Leonidas conclude that Euphanes is the rapist. They take an unorthodox approach to their quest for revenge, however: believing that they cannot gain access to Euphanes directly, they seize Theanor as a hostage and take refuge in the city\'s fortress. They demand Euphanes in exchange for Theanor.
The Queen is outraged, and refuses co-operation. She orders Euphanes and his friend Conon to lead troops against the rebels. Euphanes disobeys her order by confronting Leonidas and Agenor, alone and unarmed. He convinces the two that he did not rape Merione, even reminding Leonidas that the two of them were together on the night of the crime. In a dumbshow, Euphanes pleads for the rebels with the Queen, and she pardons them.
Theanor, not satisfied with the outcome of his machinations, decides to rape Beliza as he did Merione. Crates has qualms, feeling that things are going too far. Before the crime can take place, Euphanes\' friend Conon confronts Crates; the two duel, and both are wounded, before the fight is broken up by Euphanes and others. Crates experiences a change of heart as a result of the duel and his wound (which happens repeatedly in the works of Fletcher and his collaborators); he confesses Theanor\'s plan against Beliza. Euphanes, Leonidas, and Agenor concoct a scheme to apprehend Theanor as he tries to commit the crime; they do so, but not before the prince completes a second rape.
In the play\'s final scene, Theanor is brought to trial before the Queen and her court. The law states that a rapist can be put to death -- or pardoned, if the victim takes the rapist as her husband. Theanor is confronted by both Merione, dressed in white, and Beliza, dressed in black; Merione, willing to marry Theanor, pleads for his pardon, while Beliza demands his death. After hearing their pleas, the Queen condemns her son to death, asserting that the law is not intended for a repeat offender. It is then revealed that Beliza\'s place had been taken by Merione on the night in question -- so that instead of raping two women, Theanorhas raped the same woman twice. This allows the Queen to pardon the repentant Theanor, and marry him to Merione. Euphanes and Beliza are also headed toward the altar; and the Queen compensates Agenor for his lost bride by marrying the Argosian prince herself.
The play\'s comic relief is supplied by the clown character variously called Onos or Lamprias. He and his Tutor and Uncle have just returned from foreign travels, like Euphanes -- but they represent the inverse situation, showing that foreign travel by itself cannot redeem fools from their folly. The clown, seconded by tutor and uncle, attempts to fulfill the role of a gentleman and a gallant; but he fails badly, and ends the play abused and ridiculed by pages and grooms.
## Commentary
Modern critics have concentrated attention of the gender issues of the play: \"*The Queen of Corinth* is best known today for its appalling sexual politics and its treatment of rape
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# McNee Ranch State Park
**McNee Ranch** is located in the Santa Cruz Mountains of the United States, near the unincorporated community of Montara, California in San Mateo County. The highest point in the 690-acre ranch rises to 1,898 feet above sea level. An unpaved fire road, the North Peak Access Road, accessible from the Pedro Mountain Road, provides access to the summit by hikers. The mountain has an extensive biodiversity especially on the serpentine soils of the lower slopes where such endangered species as Hickman\'s potentilla and San Mateo thornmint, *Acanthomintha duttonii*, are found. On rare occasions light snow has dusted the summit. On clear days the summit provides views of much of the San Francisco Bay Area.
The ranch is part of Montara State Beach
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# 20th Century Battlefields
***20th Century Battlefields*** is a BBC documentary television series hosted by television and radio personality Peter Snow, and his son Dan Snow.
Episodes cover the major battles of the twentieth century, and is best known for its extensive use of \"sand table\" (often called the \"mapcase\" in both series) CGI effects to help viewers visualize the battles.
## Production
Dan Snow has admitted that during the production he bickered with his father about the significance of certain battles such as the Spanish Armada at Gravelines and who won the Yom Kippur war. He also expressed concern over his father\'s health during filming in the Middle East when his father was becoming tired and run down from not drinking enough water.
## Episode list {#episode_list}
### Episode 1: 1918 Western Front {#episode_1_1918_western_front}
Covers the Battle of Amiens, and in particular the innovative tactics invented, most notably the close coordination of infantry, tanks and aircraft which characterises modern battles shown by the British commander Douglas Haig, as well as basic infiltration tactics. Peter and Dan Snow observe a combined-arms exercise.
### Episode 2: 1942 Midway {#episode_2_1942_midway}
Covers the War in the Pacific from the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of the Coral Sea and then in more detail on the Battle of Midway. The episode also focuses on the rise of the aircraft carrier in World War II. Dan Snow takes part in a training exercise with the Royal Navy where they tackle a simulated engine room fire.
### Episode 3: 1942 Stalingrad {#episode_3_1942_stalingrad}
Covers the Eastern Front briefly up to the Battle of Stalingrad and then describes the battle in detail from the initial attacks on the city to the surrounding and eventual destruction of the German 6th Army. Focuses in particular on urban warfare tactics employed, especially snipers. Dan Snow spends some time with the British Army Snipers to illustrate the power of the sniper, targeting a command post occupied by Peter Snow. Dan succeeds in \'assassinating\' his father.
### Episode 4: 1951 Korea {#episode_4_1951_korea}
Covers the entire Korean War from the initial invasion by North Korea until the final ceasefire (but not peace treaty, as it is shown the two nations are still technically at war) after Chinese involvement. Focuses in particular on the retaking of Seoul and then the Battle of the Imjin River as the main fight shown. Peter and Dan experience the power of artillery.
### Episode 5: 1968 Vietnam {#episode_5_1968_vietnam}
Covers the Tet Offensive, in particular the fighting at Saigon and Khe Sanh, but the main focus is on the Battle of Hue. Dan Snow participates in training for urban assault.
### Episode 6: 1973 Middle East {#episode_6_1973_middle_east}
Covers the Yom Kippur War from start to finish concentrating on both the Syrian and Egyptian fronts. It also briefly covers the six day war of 1967, in which Israel launched a preemptive strike against Syria, Jordan and Egypt. Does not cover one engagement primarily, other than a slight focus on the Battle of Chinese Farm near the Suez Canal. The Palestinian struggle for statehood is heavily emphasized. The episode is filmed in the Negev Desert in Southern Israel, since neither Egypt nor Syria gave permission to film in their countries. Dan Snow learns how to operate an anti-tank missile.
### Episode 7: 1982 Falklands {#episode_7_1982_falklands}
Covers the Falklands War from start to finish. Beginning with the invasion of the island, it then details all major engagements of the conflict from the sinking of *General Belgrano*, the sinking of HMS *Sheffield*, the British landing on the Falklands, Battle of Goose Green, and finally the battle for Stanley. Dan Snow practices night fighting with the British Army.
### Episode 8: 1991 Gulf War {#episode_8_1991_gulf_war}
Covers the First Gulf War from start to finish. Beginning with the invasion and occupation of Kuwait the episode then details the retaking of the country by the UN coalition. It covers in most detail the air campaign (noting the changes in tactics to respond to international pressure) and then the ground attack. No individual engagement is given priority, though an amount of time is given to non-combat events, such as the burning of oil wells and SCUD attacks on Tel-Aviv. Dan Snow experiences operating in gas masks
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# Leo Alexander
**Leo Alexander** (October 11, 1905 -- July 20, 1985) was an American psychiatrist, neurologist, educator, and author, of Austrian-Jewish origin. He was a key medical advisor during the Nuremberg Trials. Alexander wrote part of the Nuremberg Code, which provides legal and ethical principles for scientific experiment on humans.
## Life
Born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, Alexander was the son of a physician. His father, Gustav Alexander, was an ear, nose and throat doctor in Vienna, who had published more than eighty scientific papers even before Leo was born. His mother, Gisela Alexander, was the first woman awarded a PhD in philosophy from the University of Vienna.
He graduated from the University of Vienna Medical School in 1929, interned in psychiatry at the University of Frankfurt. In January 1933, he went to Beijing Union Medical College in China for half a year as an honorary lecturer in neurology and psychiatry. But after Hitler taken power, he couldn\'t return to Germany, and was awarded a fellowship at a state mental hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts.
He taught at the medical schools of Harvard University and Duke University. During the war, he worked in Europe under United States Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson as an army medical investigator with the rank of Major. After the war, he was appointed chief medical advisor to Telford Taylor, the U.S. Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, and participated in the Nuremberg Trials in November 1946. He conceived the principles of the Nuremberg Code after observing and documenting German SS medical experiments at Dachau, and instances of sterilization and euthanasia. Alexander later wrote that \"science under dictatorship becomes subordinated to the guiding philosophy of the dictatorship.\"
Later, he served as assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at Tufts University Medical School, where he stayed for almost 30 years. As a consultant for the Boston Police Department, Alexander was instrumental in solving the Boston Strangler case. He directed the Multiple Sclerosis Center at Boston State Hospital, where he researched multiple sclerosis and studied neuropathology. He arranged for the treatment of 40 German Nazi concentration camp victims who had been injected by Josef Mengele with a precursor to gas gangrene, and provided them with psychiatric therapy. Alexander wrote several books on psychiatry and neuropathology, and coined the terms *thanatology*---defined as the study of death---and *`{{visible anchor|ktenology}}`{=mediawiki}*---the science of killing.
Alexander was a leading proponent of electroconvulsive (shock) therapy and insulin shock therapy. According to psychiatrist Peter Breggin, Alexander -- who was German-trained and German-speaking -- was also an early eugenicist, and the failure of the Doctors\' trial to bring psychiatrists to justice was due in part to Alexander being the chief investigator.
Alexander died of cancer on 20 July 1985 in Weston, Massachusetts, survived by three children
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# Ma-Mha
***Ma-Mha*** (*มะหมา 4 ขาครับ*, or *Ma-Mha 4 Ka Krub*, also *Mid-Road Gang*) is a 2007 Thai comedy-drama film directed by Pantham Thongsang and Somkiet Vituranich about a pack of stray dogs in suburban Bangkok who want to cross a busy highway in hopes of finding a better life on the other side of the road. It is the first Thai live-action feature film to feature main characters that are animals.
## Plot
Makham is a Thai Ridgeback living with his middle-class owner and girlfriend and the girlfriend\'s white Persian cat. After the cat tricks Makham into chewing on her master\'s shoes, the girlfriend becomes furious and when her boyfriend is gone, sneaks the dog off to a suburban Bangkok Buddhist temple, and leaves the dog.
Makham falls in a pack of five stray dogs who live in a burned out neighborhood. An illustrated sequence during the opening credits shows the lives of the strays and how their village came to be burned down. The five strays are led by an old mixed breed hound named Luang Kaffee. The other dogs are mostly mixed breed as well, except for a poodle named Sexy. The dogs are starving. They cannot forage for food in the nearby temple because of a rival pack of strays. A neighboring orchard is off limits because of some fierce guard dogs. And there is a gated, high-class housing estate, but the dogs are stopped from entering by a kindly young security guard.
Makham manages to sneak his way into the estate anyway, and his eyes are captured by a female collie, Nam Kang. A rich neighbor is after Nam Kang\'s female owner, and brings in his own collie, Tommy, as a potential companion for Nam Kang to woo Nam Kang\'s owner. The man is angry with Makham because Makham had earlier disrupted a lavish birthday party. The man reveals himself as a cruel person, wanting to poison the strays or shoot them with a pistol.
Hope for the strays comes from Makham, who knows of a \"Dogtopia\", where all dogs are well fed and cared for. It is across a busy highway that no dog has survived the crossing. The older dog, Luang Kaffee, is injured in an initial attempt at crossing. So the strays pool their resources to try and cross the road. They find a wagon to pull Luang Kaffee in, and determine that on the full moon, there is a temple fair when traffic will be stopped and they can cross.
Eventually they do cross and find Dogtopia, where indeed they are cared for. Makham is reunited with his owner, who is at the fair. And all the dogs live happily ever after.
## Cast
- Golf Pichaya as Makham (voice)
- Pirachaya Pinmueng-nyam as Nam Kang (voice)
- Suthep Po-ngam as Luang Kaffee
- Sakawjai Punsawat as Sexy (voice)
- Maneerat Kham-uan as Pikul (voice)
- Christopher Wright as Tommy (voice)
- Chaleumpol Tikumpornteerawon as Security guard
## Production
Director Pantham Thongsang originally conceived of *Ma-Mha* as an animated film, but an experience with a trained dog during the making of his 2004 film, *Ai-Fak*, led him to believe he could make a live-action film with dogs. Further inspiration came from a call by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, himself a dog lover, for the police to adopt stray dogs and train them for police work.
The leading dog, a Thai Ridgeback, was found at a dog competition. Four other members of the starring stray dog pack were all found in dog shelters. A fifth dog, an aging, wounded stray mixed-breed, was spotted on the streets of Bangkok by Pantham and trained for the film.
Nearly one year was spent in pre-production, rehearsing with the dogs and training them for specific scenes, such as playing hide and seek, running makeshift agility courses, swimming and acting out emotional scenes.
Longer time was spent in actual shooting as well. The majority of Thai films are made in 30 days, but 100 days were spent making *Ma-Mha.*
The dogs speak, with the voiceover by human actors, but the animals\' mouths do not move, as seen in *Babe* or *Charlotte\'s Web*. \"We wanted to do it the old-fashioned way, which means we had to train the dogs harder and ask them to give us more,\" Pantham said in an interview
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# Bruce D. Porter
**Bruce Douglas Porter** (September 18, 1952 -- December 28, 2016) was a political scientist, university professor, and general authority of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
## Biography
Porter was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico and attended Brigham Young University (BYU). He was a recipient of the David O. McKay scholarship. Porter married Susan H. Porter on February 2, 1977, in the Washington D.C. Temple. They are the parents of four children. His wife later became a counselor and president in the LDS Church\'s Primary General Presidency.
Porter attended Harvard University and received a doctoral degree in political science emphasizing Russian affairs. He spent a summer in the Soviet Union as an exchange student during his doctoral program. He worked for the federal government on the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services and as executive director of the U.S. Board for International Broadcasting. He worked for two years for the Northrop Corporation and worked from 1990 to 1993 as the Bradley Senior Research Fellow at the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. He later taught political science at BYU. Porter was 6\'7\" tall and was known for his \'self-deprecating manner and penchant for compassion\'.
## LDS Church service {#lds_church_service}
In 1970, Porter interrupted his BYU studies to serve as a full-time missionary for the LDS Church in the Germany Central Mission, based in Düsseldorf, West Germany. Porter served in Germany under two mission presidents who were both native Germans holding United States citizenship, Walter H. Kindt and Rudolf K. Poecker. They served as consecutive mission presidents and had served as missionary companions in the immediate postwar period in what became communist East Germany. Kindt and Poecker had both been arrested a number of times by Soviet authorities because of their missionary activities, and Poecker used his time in Russian incarceration to learn the Russian language and tried to teach the doctrines of the church to any Russians he met. The stories that these two men frequently related to the missionaries under their supervision inspired Porter to change his university major to Russian Affairs.
In the 1980s, while a resident in Munich, where he worked for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty as a foreign policy specialist, Porter served as president of the church\'s Munich Servicemen\'s Branch. He later served as a bishop in Virginia, and after accepting a position of Associate Professor at BYU, he served as a counselor to Noel B. Reynolds in a student stake presidency.
Porter was initially called to the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 1995, but in 2003 was transferred to the First Quorum of the Seventy. Since being called as a general authority, he served in the presidencies of the church\'s Europe East and Salt Lake City areas. Other assignments as a general authority included time as Executive Director of the church\'s Correlation Department, and he assisted in coordinating the church\'s Middle East/Africa North areas from 2008 to 2014. That assignment was done from the church\'s headquarters in Salt Lake City. He also served on the church\'s Area Committee, with responsibility for tracking international issues of interest to the church. He was president of the church\'s Europe East Area, centered in Moscow, Russia from August 2014 to early December 2016, when he was transferred back to the church\'s headquarters.
Porter died from a pulmonary infection on December 28, 2016, at his home in Salt Lake City.
## Publications
Porter is the author of books and articles on politics, religion, Russian foreign policy, and international relations.
- *The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945--1980* by Bruce D. Porter (Cambridge University Press, July 25, 1986, `{{ISBN|978-0521310642}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Red Armies In Crisis: Creating The Post-communist Order* by Bruce D. Porter (Westview Press, May 6, 1992, `{{ISBN|978-0892061754}}`{=mediawiki})
- *War and the Rise of the State* by Bruce D. Porter (Free Press, February 1, 2002, `{{ISBN|978-1629722474}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The King of Kings* by Bruce D
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# Mytistraton
**Mytistraton** or **Mytistratus** or **Myttistraton** (Greek: *Μυτίστρατος*, Μυτισέρατος Steph. B., Diod.; *Μουτίστρατος*, Zonar.; *τὸ Μυττίστρατον*, Pol.), was an ancient town in the interior of Sicily, the site of which is located at modern the *località* of Monte Castellazzo di Marianopoli, in the *comune* of Marianopoli, in the Province of Caltanissetta.
It was probably a small town, though strongly fortified, whence Philistus (*ap.* Steph. B. *s. v.*) called it a fortress of Sicily. It is conspicuously mentioned during the First Punic War, when it was in the hands of the Carthaginians, and was besieged by the Romans, but for some time without success, on account of the great strength of its position; it was at length taken by the consul Aulus Atilius Caiatinus in 258 BCE. The inhabitants were either put to the sword or sold as slaves, and the town itself entirely destroyed. (Pol. i. 24; Diod. xxiii. 9, Exc. Hoesch. p. 503; Zonar. viii.) It was, however, again inhabited at a later period, as we find the Mutustratini mentioned by Pliny among the municipal towns of the interior of Sicily (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14) but no notice of its name occurs in the interval
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# Jane Skiles O'Dea
Captain **Jane Skiles O\'Dea** was one of the first six women to earn their wings as U.S. Navy pilots in 1974, and was the first woman qualified in the C-130 Hercules. She was also the first woman in the U.S. Navy qualified as a flight instructor. She was the first female Navy aviator to achieve command (Navy Recruiting District, Indianapolis) and to be selected for the rank of captain.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
O\'Dea was born **Jane Skiles** on April 11, 1950. Her father Paul, an architect, had served as a naval aviator in World War II. Her mother Claire had been a naval supply officer. O\'Dea attended Theodore Roosevelt High School in Des Moines, Iowa. She graduated from Iowa State University with a degree in political science.
## Navy career {#navy_career}
O\'Dea joined the Naval service in 1972. In 1974 she was selected as one of the first eight women to enter military pilot training. She completed women\'s Officer Candidate School in Newport, Rhode Island, then headed to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, for flight training. She was designated a Naval Aviator in April 1974, one of the first six women to earn their wings as Navy pilots. The other five women to earn their wings were Barbara Allen Rainey, Rosemary Bryant Mariner, Judith Ann Neuffer, Ana Marie Fuqua, and Joellen Drag.
During her naval career, O\'Dea spoke of her frustration with Congressional mandates that prevented military women from serving in combat. Because of the no-combat rules, the female pilots\' opportunities for career advancement were somewhat limited. \"It\'s very discouraging to know the best you can play on is the junior varsity team no matter how good you are,\" she said in a 1984 interview.
## Retirement
O\'Dea retired from the Navy with the rank of captain on April 11, 1997. She was the Navy\'s senior woman aviator at the time of her retirement. One of the initial group of six women to complete Navy flight training, O\'Dea received her wings in April 1974. She was the first to achieve command (Navy Recruiting District, Indianapolis) and to be selected for the rank of captain. She had logged over 3,000 hours in the C-130, C-1A, T-34, and EC-130Q while assigned to VR-24, VT-2, AVT-16 (aboard USS *Lexington)*, and VQ-4
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# Lemon pepper
**Lemon pepper** (also called **lemon pepper seasoning**) is a seasoning made from granulated lemon zest and cracked black peppercorns. The lemon zest is mashed with the pepper to allow the citrus oil to infuse into the pepper. This mix is then baked and dried and can be used on meats (particularly poultry) and pasta, although it was originally used primarily for seafood. It is also used in the preparation of lemon pepper wings.
Lemon pepper seasoning was commercially launched in July 1967 by William Shoffeitt, a product engineer who developed Shoffeitt\'s Enhance Seasoners in Healdsburg, California. The all-purpose seasoning was originally distributed along the West Coast of the United States but gained popularity through trade shows and sales at Sears and JCPenney stores.
Lemon pepper is generally commercially available in small jars, although it may also be homemade. Although the original recipe was a closely-guarded secret, along with preserved lemons it may also include smaller amounts of salt, sugar, onion, garlic, citric acid, additional lemon flavor, cayenne pepper, and other spices
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# George Henry Griebel
**George Henry Griebel** (13 August 1846 -- March 1933) was a prominent Berlin-born and trained architect who resided in New York City. He designed numerous public and private buildings, many of which are still standing in New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington DC. However, because at the time an architect did not receive credit for his work unless he owned his own firm, Griebel is largely uncredited for buildings such as the Dakota Building and other luxury apartment buildings in New York City, a staircase in the Library of Congress, the design for Grant\'s Row, planned as the home of embassies in Washington, DC, and many other buildings. The original architectural drawings of the Dakota building and the Singer Building are in the private collection of the Griebel family.
## Early Prussian life {#early_prussian_life}
The Griebels were a wealthy and influential family from Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia. George came from a musical family whose rank belongs to the royal orchestras of King Frederick II of Prussia. His father, Julius Heinrich Griebel (1809--1865), was a cellist and music master of the Royal Prussian Court Orchestra (königlich preußische Hofkapelle) and also conductor of the Soirren Quartet which gave concerts in many countries. His grandfather, Johann Heinrich Griebel, first teacher of the composer Albert Lortzing, and his great uncle, George Ritter, were bassoonists with the Imperial Chapel. His uncles, Heinrich Franz Griebel (oboe) and Ferdinand Griebel (violin), were also members of the Imperial Royal Chamber Music Orchestra. Since three generations of Griebels were employed by three generations of the House of Hohenzollern, Griebel had ample exposure to and training in the North German Renaissance style.
## Training
George was educated at a military academy for the Engineer Corps of the Prussian Army. In 1865 he left the army and migrated to New York City with his brother, Maximilliam, a violinist. He continued his studies at Georgetown University in Washington DC.
## Career from 1865 to 1880 {#career_from_1865_to_1880}
He moved to Washington, DC, in 1865 and opened an office. In 1869, he accepted employment in the War Department and for some years held the position of architect and engineer to the Quartermaster-General\'s Office, War Department. He was sent West to San Antonio, Texas, and built the quadrangle at Fort Sam Houston in 1871.
In Washington, DC, he designed the staircase in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress. Next to the Library of Congress he designed residences for embassies in the land on which the Folger Shakespeare Library now stands. \"Back in the early 70s, when old Washington was expected to grow to the east from the face of the Capital, Grant row was built in elaborate style after designs by a German architect named Griebel, in the belief that embassies and legations would be attracted to Capital Hill and that the section would become the most attractive residential section of the city\....Failing in the original plan of becoming a focal point of the elite of Washington society, these houses, nevertheless, held a place of their own in Washington realty\...Many members of the Congress occupied these houses after their completion but for some reason the embassies did not spread in that direction.\" \"The residents of Capitol Hill welcome this new structure in their neighborhood but they will not soon forget old Grant Row, a line of well built red brick houses set far back from the street on the site now occupied by the Folger Library.\"
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# George Henry Griebel
## Later career in New York City {#later_career_in_new_york_city}
In 1880 Griebel established himself in New York City. He married Frances Bourne of the John Gieb family of piano makers and the Bourne family known for arts; \"Views of New York\" NYHS, and anti-slavery work. He was almost fifty when his wife died and left him with three small children. In honor of his first daughter, Alma, he put a design of her on one of his buildings.
He designed with Karl Jacobsen and \"superintended the construction of the Dakota Apartment Hotel for the Clark Estate, while for the same estate, during a period of eighteen years, he erected several fine structures and rows of building, such as the Singer Manufacturing Company\'s Office Building, Third Avenue and 16th Street; fourteen houses on West Eighty-fifth Street, with a row on West Seventy-third Street, both rows being near Columbus Avenue; the Barnett Store, Seventy-fourth Street and Columbus Avenue, and many others.\" Karl Jacobsen married Daisy, a friend of his daughter, Edna B. Griebel, who was a composer of classical music. He and the children lived most of their lives in an apartment that had been converted from a chapel. He was a gentle and amiable man, thin of frame, and possessing a strong Prussian accent.
Other buildings erected by him include the Aschenbroedel Clubhouse, on East Eighty-sixth Street, of which he was made a life member in recognition of his efficient services; the Unger Storage and Power Building, 46 Huston Street; the Ahrens Building, corner of Elm and Franklin streets; the Majestic Apartment House, corner of St Nicholas and One Hundred and Forty-fifth Street, and many other buildings, equally prominent, including clubhouses, apartment hotels, and business buildings.\"
He died at 93 years of age
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# Black Butte Lake
**Black Butte Lake** is an artificial lake located in Tehama and Glenn counties in the U.S. state of California. The lake was formed from Stony Creek in `{{start date and age|1963|p=y}}`{=mediawiki} upon the completion of **Black Butte Dam** by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The dam is located approximately 9 mi west of Orland. At full pool, the lake is 7 mi long and has a shoreline of 40 mi and a surface area of 4460 acre. The dam and lake were constructed for flood protection for local towns and agricultural lands.
The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment released a [warning](https://oehha.ca.gov/fish/advisories/black-butte-lake) regarding eating fish caught from this lake based on the elevated mercury level
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# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
The **2002--03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season** was one of the longest lasting and the fourth-most active season in the South-West Indian Ocean. Storms during the season impacted the Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Madagascar, and countries in south-eastern Africa. The season began early when an unnamed tropical storm struck Seychelles in September, becoming the most damaging storm there in 50 years. The next system, Atang, was the first named storm of the season, but was only a tropical depression; it was named due to the threat to an outer island of Mauritius. Atang later struck Tanzania in a climatologically unusual area in November, resulting in unconfirmed deaths of fishermen. The first named storm to reach tropical storm intensity was Boura, which brushed the Mascarene Islands with gusty winds and rainfall. In December, Cyclone Crystal threatened to strike Mauritius but instead veered eastward, and later, Tropical Storm Delfina lasted from late December through early January 2003. Delfina damaged or destroyed thousands of houses in Mozambique and Malawi, killing 54 people.
In January 2003, Severe Tropical Storm Ebula continued the steady activity, forming in the eastern portion of the basin. Later, Tropical Storm Fari crossed southern Madagascar with heavy rains, causing flooding and mudslides that left 3,400 people homeless. In February, there were four simultaneous tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean, three of which in the basin. Cyclone Gerry formed first and the farthest west, passing just east of Mauritius and killing one person there. Cyclone Hape formed shortly thereafter, and Tropical Storm Isha formed farther east, having originated from the Australian basin. Cyclone Japhet struck southern Mozambique and produced widespread flooding in south-eastern Africa, killing 25 people. In March, Cyclone Kalunde was the strongest storm of the season, reaching 10-minute sustained winds of 215 kph. It struck Rodrigues while weakening, damaging 1,600 houses and causing an island-wide power outage. About a month later, a subtropical cyclone named Luma intensified south-east of Madagascar and developed an eye. Lastly, Cyclone Manou was only the sixth May tropical cyclones on record, making a rare landfall in south-eastern Madagascar, killing 89 people and destroying thousands of houses.
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# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Season summary {#season_summary}
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`from:01/01/2003 till:31/01/2003 text:January`\
`from:01/02/2003 till:28/02/2003 text:February`\
`from:01/03/2003 till:31/03/2003 text:March`\
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`from:01/05/2003 till:01/06/2003 text:May`
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Météo-France\'s meteorological office in Réunion (MFR) is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the South-West Indian Ocean, tracking all tropical cyclones from the east coast of Africa to 90° E. At the beginning of the season, the MFR moved the tropical cyclone year from August 1 to July 1. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), which is a joint United States Navy -- United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the region, also issued advisories for storms during the season.
During the season, MFR issued advisories on 16 systems, of which 13 intensified to reach tropical storm force winds, meaning conditions were generally favorable for tropical cyclogenesis. The 13 systems with tropical storm force winds is only one short of the most such storms since the beginning of satellite-tracking in the 1967--68 season, set in the 1993--94 season. This is four more than the average of nine named storms. In this season, there were 24 days on which tropical cyclones were active, slightly above normal, but only one storm---Kalunde---remained at that intensity for more than three days. By contrast, there were 68 days in which a tropical storm was active in the basin, which is 15 days above normal. The season began early and ended late; only four seasons began earlier and four ended later than this season since the start of satellite-coverage in the basin.
In addition to the named storms and an unnamed tropical storm in September, there was one non-developing tropical depression. On December 25, Tropical Depression 05 developed in the north-eastern portion of the basin. It moved to the south and later south-east, crossing into the Australian region on December 27. A day later, the JTWC issued its last advisory.
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# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Moderate Tropical Storm 01 {#moderate_tropical_storm_01}
In late August, a weak low-level circulation persisted near Diego Garcia. It was associated with a trough near the equator, and initially remained disorganized due to high wind shear. The disturbance was located at a low latitude near the equator, and a ridge extending from the eastern coast of Africa imparted a general west-south-west movement. The system was organized enough to be classified by MFR on September 5 at 3.1° S. Subsequently, the system developed more convection as its circulation became better defined. Operationally, MFR began issuing warnings on September 5 on Tropical Disturbance 01, and the next day upgraded it to a tropical depression. Post analysis from MFR indicated that the system reached peak winds of 65 kph on September 6, the same day that the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on it as Tropical Cyclone 01S. The storm developed banding features, but the thunderstorms were sheared away from the circulation. On September 7, the storm moved through Seychelles---an island nation in the southern Indian Ocean---before weakening. MFR discontinued advisories on September 8, and the JTWC followed suit the next day.
While moving through Seychelles, the storm produced a microburst that lasted for two hours across several islands, producing wind gusts up to 130 kph on Praslin. Heavy rainfall affected Praslin, La Digue, and particularly Mahé, which reported 327.1 mm in a 24‑hour period. Damage on Mahé was limited to landslides and some flooding. On Praslin, high winds damaged the roofs of over 50 houses and destroyed six homes, while the airport was also damaged. The winds damaged 50 power lines, causing an island-wide power outage. High winds also downed about 30,000 trees, which blocked roads but were quickly removed. Due to widespread tree damage, Cousin Island---a nature preserve---was closed for about two weeks, accounting for about \$50,000 (2002 USD, SR250,000 rupees) in damage. Nationwide, the storm left 375 families homeless and damaged crop fields, becoming the most damaging in the country in 50 years.
### Tropical Depression Atang {#tropical_depression_atang}
Convection persisted near a broad circulation on November 3 to the west of Diego Garcia. The system moved westward and organized due to generally favorable conditions. MFR classified it as Tropical Disturbance 02 on November 4. Two days later, the agency upgraded it to Tropical Depression 2, and shortly thereafter the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 02S. At that time, the storm was moving to the south-west toward the Mauritius outer island of Agaléga, developing improved outflow. To emphasize the threat, the Meteorological Service of Mauritius named the system Atang, despite it only being a tropical depression. Late on November 6, JTWC estimated peak winds of 85 kph, around the same time that Atang began a slow motion to the southwest. The next day, the depression resumed a westward motion and became disorganized, with several circulations, and the JTWC and MFR both discontinued advisories. The remnants of Atang again turned to the south-west and re-intensified, prompting JTWC and MFR to re-issue advisories on November 9. By that time, the outflow improved, although it maintained multiple circulations. Atang passed near the north coast of Madagascar on November 10 after turning to the west, and that day the JTWC again discontinued advisories. After another period of re-organization, the agency again re-issued advisories on Atang on November 11 over the Mozambique Channel. The next day, the system moved inland in south-eastern Tanzania, and dissipated shortly thereafter.
In northern Mozambique, Atang produced moderate but beneficial rainfall in Cabo Delgado Province. The landfall area does not usually experience tropical cyclones, and damage in Mozambique was minimal. In Tanzania, there were unofficial reports that Atang killed several fishermen and caused heavy rainfall with wind gusts to 148 kph.
### Tropical Cyclone Boura {#tropical_cyclone_boura}
A strong area of winds near the equator developed an area of convection on November 14 to the east-north-east of Diego Garcia. It quickly developed outflow and a distinct circulation, becoming a tropical depression late on November 14. Early on November 15, MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Boura, and later that day the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 03S. With a ridge to the south-east, the storm moved quickly southwestward. Easterly wind shear prevented significant intensification until the circulation became established beneath the convection. On November 17, Boura intensified to reach 10-minute winds of 120 kph, making it a tropical cyclone. The JTWC upgraded Boura to the same intensity that day but in 1-minute winds, or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane. The cyclone intensified slightly further to peak winds of 130 kph.
Boura maintained its peak winds for about 18 hours, during which wind shear began to increase. The cyclone weakened as it curved more to the west, a change due to a ridge to the south. The JTWC estimated that Boura maintained peak winds of 140 kph. Initially, the storm retained good outflow and convection, and Boura passed just north of St. Brandon on November 19, producing 54.5 mm of rainfall and wind gusts of 106 kph. While the storm turned to the west and northwest, it interacted with the ridge to the south to produce wind gusts of 118 and on Mauritius and Réunion, respectively. The convection gradually diminished, and on November 22 Boura weakened to tropical depression status while the JTWC discontinued advisories. The circulation continued to the northwest, devoid of convection. After turning to the north-east on November 25, Boura dissipated a day later north of Madagascar.
### Tropical Cyclone Crystal {#tropical_cyclone_crystal}
For several days in mid-December, tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated a storm to form to the south-west of Diego Garcia, which was proven true when an area of convection formed in that area, becoming a tropical disturbance on December 21, the fourth of the season. On December 23, MFR upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression, and later that day to Tropical Storm Crystal. The storm moved southwestward toward Mauritius due to a ridge to the south-east. Strengthening was gradual, and the JTWC upgraded Crystal to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane late on December 24. The next day, an eye developed, although dry air initially prevented much further intensification. MFR upgraded Crystal to tropical cyclone status on December 26, and that day the cyclone passed just east of St. Brandon. Subsequently, Crystal intensified quickly after the eye became clearer, reaching peak winds of 150 kph on December 27. Around that time, the storm passed east of Mauritius as it turned to the south while rounding the ridge. After maintaining peak winds for about 18 hours, Crystal weakened, gradually undergoing extratropical transition. The convection diminished over the center, and Crystal weakened to tropical storm status on December 28. The next day, the JTWC and MFR discontinued advisories, labeling the storm as extratropical. The remnants continued to the south-east, dissipating on January 3 after crossing into the Australian region.
While passing just east of St. Brandon, Crystal produced wind gusts of 91 kph. The storm initially threatened to strike Mauritius, but effects were minimal due to the island being on the dry south-west quadrant of the storm. Crystal produced wind gusts of 91 kph. Rainfall reached 58.8 mm, although minimal precipitation occurred in northern Mauritius.
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# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Severe Tropical Storm Delfina {#severe_tropical_storm_delfina}
In late December, a tropical disturbance rapidly formed off the north-west coast of Madagascar. By late on December 30, MFR classified it as a tropical disturbance. The system quickly intensified while moving westward, becoming a strong tropical storm before hitting north-eastern Mozambique on December 31. Delfina weakened while moving inland, and it was no longer classifiable as a tropical cyclone by January 1. However, its remnants moved across the country and into Malawi, later looping around and crossing back over Mozambique. When the remnants reached the Mozambique Channel, they were reclassified as Tropical Disturbance 07, which moved southward over waters. It re-intensified into a tropical storm on January 8 before weakening the next day, becoming extratropical. The remnants persisted for several days, dissipating on January 14.
In both Mozambique and Malawi, Delfina dropped heavy rainfall that caused flooding. In the former country, over 18,000 houses were severely damaged or destroyed, leaving thousands homeless. The storm damaged roads and bridges, which disrupted relief efforts in the aftermath, and floods destroyed widespread areas of crops in the midst of an ongoing food shortage. Lingering flooding caused an outbreak of cholera and malaria in Mozambique, and 47 people were killed by Delfina. In Malawi, flooding was not widespread, although the storm destroyed about 3,600 houses. Delfina killed eight people in the country. Only two months after the storm struck, however, Cyclone Japhet left damage and deaths in many of the same areas that Delfina affected.
### Severe Tropical Storm Ebula {#severe_tropical_storm_ebula}
An area of convection persisted on January 6 to the south-west of Diego Garcia with an associated circulation. It moved generally southward south-west within an area of generally favorable conditions, becoming Tropical Disturbance 08 on January 7. Thunderstorms increased, and the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 09S early on January 8. The next day, MFR upgraded it to Tropical Storm Ebula. Outflow became more pronounced and the storm continued to intensify. On January 10, the JTWC upgraded Ebula to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, and estimated peak winds of 115 kph, just shy of tropical cyclone status. Subsequently, increased wind shear imparted weakening. After having spent much of its duration moving generally southward, Ebula turned to the south-east on January 11 due to a ridge to the south moving farther east. The thunderstorms diminished, and the JTWC discontinued advisories on January 12. That day, MFR declared that Ebula became extratropical, and the remnants dissipated on January 15.
### Severe Tropical Storm Fari {#severe_tropical_storm_fari}
An area of convection persisted on January 20 to the east-south-east of Diego Garcia, quickly developing outflow due to minimal wind shear. It moved to the south-west and its circulation became better defined. On January 23, the MFR initiated advisories on Tropical Disturbance 09, and later that day the JTWC issued a TCFA. Subsequently, the MFR upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression and the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 11S. Shortly thereafter, the system weakened and the circulation became exposed from the deep convection. The JTWC discontinued advisories on January 24, but MFR continued tracking the disturbance as it moved to the west. After reaching an area of low wind shear, thunderstorms again increased over the center, and the JTWC re-issued advisories on January 28. By that time, the system was nearing eastern Madagascar, and later that day MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Fari. Early on January 29, MFR estimated peak winds of 95 kph, making Fari a moderate tropical storm. Shortly thereafter, the storm made landfall on Madagascar just south of Mahanoro. Fari quickly weakened into a tropical depression while crossing the country, emerging into the Mozambique Channel early on January 30. After the storm turned to the south, the MFR and JTWC declared Fari extratropical on January 31, and the remnants dissipated on February 2.
Tropical Storm Fari struck Madagascar after the country had experienced weeks of heavy rainfall, causing widespread flooding. In the area where it moved ashore, the storm flooded crop fields that damaged most of the banana and fruit trees. The storm left landslides that isolated Marolambo and caused damage in other towns. Fari left 3,400 people homeless and caused an outbreak of conjunctivitis and diarrhea.
### Intense Tropical Cyclone Gerry {#intense_tropical_cyclone_gerry}
On February 5, MFR began tracking a tropical disturbance to the east of Madagascar\'s northern coast. The system moved to the south-west before turning to the north on February 7. By that day, the system had persistent convection around a weak circulation, located in an area of low wind shear. On February 8, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 16S, although initially the circulation was broad and exposed from the thunderstorms. The next day, MFR upgraded the depression to tropical storm status, and the Meteorological Services of Mauritius named the system Gerry. The storm turned to the south toward Mauritius and steadily intensified. On February 12, the JTWC upgraded Gerry to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, and shortly thereafter MFR upgraded the storm to a tropical cyclone. Around that time, Gerry began undergoing rapid deepening, becoming an intense tropical cyclone early on February 13 while developing a well-defined eye and outflow. That day, the cyclone passed about 120 km east of Mauritius. At that time, the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 195 kph, and MFR estimated peak 10 minute winds of 165 kph. Subsequently, Gerry began weakening due to increasing wind shear, with the eye becoming disorganized. Later, the convection separated from the deepest convection, and the cyclone weakened to tropical storm status on February 14. The next day, JTWC discontinued advisories, and on February 16 MFR declared Jerry extratropical. The remnants dissipated two days later.
Early in its duration, Gerry passed just west of Tromelin Island, producing tropical storm force winds and gusts to 111 kph. The cyclone originally threatened to strike Mauritius directly, but due to a more east-south-easterly motion, Gerry passed more to the east. The storm forced the closure of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, along with schools and government offices. Wind gusts on Mauritius reached 144 kph. Gerry dropped heavy rainfall, peaking at 139.2 mm at Mare aux Vacoas, and it produced high waves along the northern coast. One person was killed who was electrocuted during the storm\'s passage.
| 1,057 |
2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
| 3 |
11,065,446 |
# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Hape {#tropical_cyclone_hape}
Around the same time that Tropical Storm Gerry was developing, another area of convection to its east was organizing. On February 7, the system became a tropical disturbance, and initially moved to the north. Operationally, MFR first began issuing advisories on February 9 for Tropical Disturbance 11, when the system had a small center and accompanying convection. By that time, the disturbance had turned to the south, and favorable conditions allowed for gradual development. MFR upgraded the system to tropical storm status late on February 9, although the system was not named Hape until 36 hours later. On February 10, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 17S. An eye developed on February 11, suggesting quick intensification. At 1800 UTC that day, the JTWC and MFR upgraded Hape to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane and to tropical cyclone status, respectively. By that time, the cyclone had turned to the east-north-east due to a weakness in a ridge to the north. MFR estimated that Hape reached peak 10-minute winds of 150 kph on February 12, and the next day the JTWC estimated 1-minute winds of 165 kph. Later, the storm weakened, and it turned to the south-east when the ridge re-intensified. Outflow decreased due to interaction with Cyclone Gerry to the west, and Hape weakened to tropical storm status on February 13. On February 15, the JTWC discontinued advisories once the circulation was exposed from the deep convection. The next day, MFR followed suit after the circulation dissipated.
### Moderate Tropical Storm Isha {#moderate_tropical_storm_isha}
Widespread convection in the monsoon trough persisted across the south-eastern Indian Ocean in early February. One area was tracked by the JTWC on February 3 in the Australian basin, south-west of Indonesia. The system moved westward without development, crossing into the basin on February 8. The next day, MFR began tracking the system as a tropical disturbance. On February 11, the system turned to the south-east, due to a ridge to the north. That day, JTWC started issuing advisories on Tropical Cyclone 18S. Initially, the storm failed to intensify much due to a nearby upper-level ridge. On February 12, MFR upgraded the system to a tropical storm, and the next day the system was named Isha. Outflow became more pronounced due to minimal wind shear. The JTWC briefly estimated peak 1 minute winds of 85 kph, but the MFR never estimated winds above 65 kph. Isha weakened late on February 13 due to cooler waters, dry air, and stronger shear. On February 14, the JTWC discontinued advisories once there was little convection left, and the MFR estimated Isha dissipated the next day.
### Intense Tropical Cyclone Japhet {#intense_tropical_cyclone_japhet}
Cyclone Japhet developed on February 25 near the south-west coast of Madagascar, and initially moved to the north-west before turning to the southwest. With favorable conditions for development, Japhet quickly intensified in the Mozambique Channel, reaching maximum winds of 175 kph, sustained over 10 minutes. This made it an intense tropical cyclone, only the sixth to occur in the channel in 24 years. After stalling briefly, the cyclone turned to the northwest, weakening slightly before striking Mozambique just south of Vilankulo on March 2. Japhet slowly weakened while progressing inland, dissipating over Zambia on March 6.
Along its path, Japhet dropped heavy rainfall that caused widespread river flooding. The rains occurred after an extended drought, although excessive precipitation caused heavy crop damage, notably around where the storm moved ashore. In two provinces in Mozambique, the cyclone damaged or destroyed 25,000 houses, leaving at least 23,000 people homeless. Flooding in Zambia caused rivers to rise in Mozambique several days after the storm\'s passage. There were 17 deaths in Mozambique. Further inland, remnant rainfall destroyed a bridge and several houses in Zimbabwe, killing eight people.
### Intense Tropical Cyclone Kalunde {#intense_tropical_cyclone_kalunde}
Kalunde formed on March 3 from an area of convection south-east of Diego Garcia. The system slowly intensified while drifting to the west, becoming a moderate tropical storm on March 5. Its intensification rate increased as it began a steady south-west movement. Kalunde underwent rapid deepening and developed an eye, reaching peak intensity on March 8. Around that time, MFR estimated a minimum pressure of 910 mbar with winds of 215 kph, and the JTWC estimated peak winds of 260 kph; this made Kalunde the strongest cyclone of the year in the basin. It weakened after undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle, and on March 12 Kalunde passed near Rodrigues island as a weakening cyclone. Around that time, the storm turned to the south, weakening to a tropical storm on March 14 before becoming extratropical the next day. The remnants of Kalunde dissipated on March 16.
When the cyclone passed Rodrigues, it produced wind gusts estimated up to 210 kph, which caused an island-wide power outage. Many roads were washed out, and about 80 percent of the drinking water was contaminated. During the storm\'s three-day passage of the island, a total of 329.1 mm of rain fell. A total of 1,600 homes were damaged, and total losses across the island amounted to \$3.15 million (2003 USD, €3.4 million).
### Subtropical Depression Luma {#subtropical_depression_luma}
A large low-level circulation persisted off the south-west coast of Madagascar on April 6. On April 8, it became a subtropical depression according to MFR, and moved to the south-west before turning sharply to the south-east. That day, the JTWC briefly assessed a fair potential for development. The circulation became exposed on April 9, but when it began quickly intensifying the next day, MFR initiated advisories on Subtropical Depression Luma. By that time, the JTWC classified the system as extratropical; however, the system developed convection near the center and became more of a tropical cyclone. On April 11, Luma developed an eye in the center of the thunderstorms, prompting MFR to upgrade the storm to peak winds of 130 kph. At that time, the storm was in an area of weak wind shear, although increasing shear caused rapid weakening and for the eye to dissipate. Early on April 12, Luma became extratropical as it merged with an approaching cold front.
| 1,027 |
2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
| 4 |
11,065,446 |
# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Manou {#tropical_cyclone_manou}
Late in the season in April, an area of convection formed south-west of Diego Garcia. It gradually organized, and there was a companion system to the west that also showed signs of development. The eastern system was declared Tropical Disturbance 16 on May 2, and with a ridge to the south-east it moved generally to the southwest. Early in its duration, the system affected St. Brandon and Mauritius with gusty winds. On May 4 it intensified into Tropical Storm Manou on May 4. After an initial strengthening phase, the storm weakened but later re-intensified as it approached Madagascar. Manou developed a well-defined eye and reached peak winds only 19 km from the eastern Madagascar coastline. It reached tropical cyclone status, at the time only one of six in the month since 1968. For about 12 hours, the cyclone stalled before turning to the south and weakening. After becoming extratropical on May 10, Manou dissipated three days later.
Manou struck Madagascar a year after Cyclone Kesiny hit the country in May 2002, representing the first known occurrence of May tropical cyclone impacts in consecutive years. When Manou struck Madagascar, it produced gusts as strong as 211 kph and heavy rainfall reaching 227 mm in a 15‑hour period, both at Vatomandry. Damage in the country was heaviest there, where 85% of buildings were destroyed and 23 people were killed. Manou destroyed about 24,500 houses nationwide, leaving 114,480 people homeless. The storm destroyed large areas of crops and disrupted transportation, including damaging the road between Vatomandry and Brickaville. Manou injured 85 and killed 89 people throughout Madagascar.`{{EM-DAT}}`{=mediawiki}
## Storm names {#storm_names}
A tropical disturbance is named when it reaches moderate tropical storm strength. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status west of 55°E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. If a tropical disturbance reaches moderate tropical storm status between 55°E and 90°E, then the Sub-regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre in Mauritius assigns the appropriate name to the storm. A new annual list is used every year so no names are retired.
+-------------+-------------+------+
| - Atang | - Japhet | - |
| - Boura | - Kalunde | - |
| - Crystal | - Luma | - |
| - Delfina | - Manou | - |
| - Ebula | - | - |
| - Fari | - | - |
| - Gerry | - | - |
| - Hape | - | - |
| - Isha | - | |
+-------------+-------------+------+
| 441 |
2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
| 5 |
11,065,446 |
# 2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
## Season effects {#season_effects}
This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2002--2003 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Reunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2003 USD
| 72 |
2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
| 6 |
11,065,475 |
# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
The **2002--03 Australian region cyclone season** included Cyclone Inigo, which tied with Cyclone Gwenda in 1999 as the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Australian basin. It began on 1 November 2002 and ended on 30 April 2003. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a *tropical cyclone year* separately from a *tropical cyclone season*, which runs from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Australian region, which is defined as in the southern hemisphere between 90°E and 180°E. The season\'s ten tropical depressions existed within these dates, with the first, designated as Tropical Cyclone 07S, entering the basin on 27 December 2002. The last system, Cyclone Epi, dissipated on 6 June 2003. Tropical cyclones in this area were monitored by four Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWCs): the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane and one in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Tropical cyclogenesis in the season began when a tropical low developed in the Arafura Sea on 5 January and last until 24 January, after meandering over northern and Western Australia. On 1 February, weakening Cyclone Beni entered the Australian region and brought severe flooding to Queensland, before dissipating on 5 February. Severe Tropical Cyclone Fiona formed north of Western Australia on 3 February and later peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. Cyclone Graham developed offshore Western Australia on 24 February and made landfall in a rural area of that state on 28 February, producing flooding in the area. Tropical Cyclone Harriet existed offshore of Western Australia from 1 to 11 March.
On 1 March, Cyclone Erica formed offshore Queensland and strengthened as it moved in a parabolic path, before leaving the Australian region on 12 March. Erica caused only minor damage in Queensland. Cyclone Craig originated offshore Northern Territory on 8 March. The system subsequently struck the territory and eventually made another landfall in Queensland on 12 March, after crossing the Gulf of Carpentaria. Impact from Craig was generally minor. Cyclone Inigo formed on 30 March and caused severe impact in Indonesia, especially in Flores, Sumba, and West Timor. Inigo later deepened into the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Australian region, tied with Cyclone Gwenda in 1999. Inigo weakened significantly before striking Western Australia on 8 April and dissipating shortly thereafter. The final system, Tropical Cyclone Epi developed east of Papua New Guinea on 5 June and dissipated on the following day. Overall, the tropical cyclones of this season caused 60 deaths and about \$12 million (2003 USD){{#tag:ref\|All damage totals are in their respective currency values of 2003\|group=\"nb\"}} in damage.
| 463 |
2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
| 0 |
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