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# Neumarkt (Dresden)
The **Neumarkt** is a square and culturally significant section of central Dresden, Germany. The historic area was almost completely wiped out during the Allied bombing during the Second World War. After the war, Dresden fell under Soviet occupation, and later the communist German Democratic Republic, which rebuilt the Neumarkt area in socialist realist style and partially with historic buildings. However, huge areas and parcels of the place remained untilled. After the fall of Communism and German reunification, the decision was made to restore the Neumarkt to its pre-war look.
## History
Due to its location on a slight rise above the flood-prone Elbe River, the Neumarkt was one of the first areas of Dresden\'s old city to be settled, with a small village arising around the old Frauenkirche. However, it was not actually located within the city walls until the city was expanded in 1530, from which point on, the old town contained two market squares. The square located around the Kreuzkirche was renamed *Altmarkt* (German for \"Old Market\"), and the square surrounding the Frauenkirche was named the *Neumarkt* (\"New Market\").
During the reign of August II the Strong, a great number of structures in Dresden were built in Baroque style, including the present-day Frauenkirche, and numerous other houses surrounding the Neumarkt. After damage sustained to buildings through artillery fire in the Seven Years\' War, a number of structures on the Neumarkt were rebuilt in the Rococo/Late Baroque style.
During the 19th century and into the early 20th century, the Neumarkt remained largely unchanged, except for renovations to the Johanneum completed in 1873 and the construction of the Albertinum and Academy of Fine Arts completed at the end of the 1800s.
### Nazi era, bombing of Dresden, and communist era {#nazi_era_bombing_of_dresden_and_communist_era}
The magnificent Romanesque Revival Semper Synagogue, the largest in Dresden, was destroyed by the Nazi government during Kristallnacht on the evening of November 9, 1938. During the bomb attack on Dresden in February 1945, the area around the Neumarkt was almost entirely destroyed in the resulting firestorm. The main structure of the Frauenkirche survived the initial bombing and firestorm, before collapsing a few days later. During the 1950s and 60s under rule of the German Democratic Republic, the Neumarkt and Altmarkt formed a mostly vacant area through the middle of the old city, save for the ruins of the Frauenkirche standing as a memorial to the horrors of war. The two squares were separated by the widened Wilsdruffer Strasse, then from 1969 by the Palace of Culture, and then later by new apartment blocks.
## Reconstruction
The completion of the reconstructed Dresden Frauenkirche in 2005 marked the first step in rebuilding the Neumarkt. Organisations such as the Dresden Historical Neumarkt Society (GHND) actively encourage an historically-faithful reconstruction of the structures around the Neumarkt, giving an outward appearance as close as possible to that from before 1945.
The areas around the square have been divided into eight \"quarters\", with each being rebuilt as a separate project, the majority of buildings to be rebuilt either to the original structure or at least with a facade similar to the original.
Quarter III and quarter VII/1 are currently (2020) under construction. All other quarters have been completed.
### Controversy and criticism {#controversy_and_criticism}
The reconstruction of the structures surrounding the Neumarkt has created some controversy, with architecture critic Andreas Ruby criticising the attempt to reconstruct the historic character of the city as inauthentic.
There has also been extensive debate as to what extent contemporary architecture should be present on the rebuilt Neumarkt
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# Aptenia
***Aptenia*** was a small genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae, which `{{As of|2024|January|lc=yes}}`{=mediawiki} was treated as a synonym of the genus *Mesembryanthemum*. Species formerly placed in the genus are native to southern Africa. The genus name is from the Greek *a-* (not) and *ptenos* (winged), and refers to the wingless fruit capsules.
## Description
Species formerly placed in the genus are succulent subshrubs growing from a system of fibrous, often fleshy roots. The stems lie prostrate on the ground or may climb. The stem bases are woody, and the stems are green. The leaves are mostly oppositely arranged, but those near the inflorescences may be alternate. The leaf blades are flat, hairless, sometimes waxy, and usually heart-shaped, or occasionally lance-shaped. Flowers are solitary or grow in small, whorled clusters, usually in the leaf axils along the stem. The flower is about a centimeter wide. There are two large sepals and two smaller. The corolla contains many narrow petals in shades of pink, purple, yellow, or white, and several staminodes that look very much like the petals. The many fertile stamens at the center are white or yellow. The fruit is a capsule with four valves.
## Taxonomy
In 2007, this genus and several others were transferred into *Mesembryanthemum*. Two years later other authors proposed that this move be reversed. `{{As of|2024|January}}`{=mediawiki}, Plants of the World Online continued to synonymize it with *Mesembryanthemum*.
### Species
Four species have been recognized:
- *Aptenia cordifolia* (L.f.) Schwantes → *Mesembryanthemum cordifolium* -- heart-leaf iceplant, baby sun-rose
- *Aptenia geniculiflora* (L.) Bittrich ex Gerbaulet → *Mesembryanthemum geniculiflorum*
- *Aptenia haeckeliana* (A.Berger) Bittrich ex Gerbaulet → *Mesembryanthemum haeckelianum*
- *Aptenia lancifolia* L
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# Janko Jesenský
Baron **Ján Jesenský** (30 December 1874 in Tučiansky Svätý Martin (*Túrócszentmárton*), Kingdom of Hungary (present day Martin, Slovakia) -- 27 December 1945 in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) was a Slovak lower nobleman of the House of Jeszenszky, poet, prose writer, translator, and politician. He was a prominent member of the Slovak national movement
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# Snowmass Peak
Snowmass}} `{{Infobox mountain
| name = Snowmass Peak
| photo = SnowmassPeak.jpg
| photo_caption = Snowmass Peak rises up out of Snowmass Lake
| elevation_ft = 13620
| elevation_ref = <ref name=NAVD88>The elevation of Snowmass Peak includes an adjustment of +1.981 m (+6.50 ft) from [[Sea Level Datum of 1929|NGVD 29]] to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988|NAVD 88]].</ref><ref name=PB>{{cite peakbagger|pid=14606|title=Snowmass Peak, Colorado|access-date=November 13, 2014}}</ref>
| prominence_ft = 120.
| prominence_ref = <ref name=PB/>
| isolation_mi = 0.24
| isolation_ref = <ref name=PB/>
| location = [[Gunnison County, Colorado|Gunnison]] and [[Pitkin County, Colorado|Pitkin counties]], [[Colorado]], [[United States]]<ref name=GNIS/>
| range = [[Elk Mountains (Colorado)|Elk Mountains]]<ref name=PB/>
| parent_peak = [[Hagerman Peak (Elk Mountains, Colorado)|Hagerman Peak]]<ref name=PB/>
| map = Colorado
| map_caption = '''[[Colorado]]'''
| coordinates = {{coord|39.1108213|N|107.0522687|W|type:mountain_region:US-CO_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=GNIS>{{cite gnis|id=175553|name=Snowmass Peak|access-date=November 13, 2014}}</ref>
| topo = [[United States Geological Survey#Topographic mapping|USGS 7.5' topographic map]]<br/>Snowmass Mountain, Colorado<ref name=GNIS/>
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Snowmass Peak** in the U.S. state of Colorado dominates the view from Snowmass Lake. It is often mistaken for Snowmass Mountain, the thirty-fourth highest mountain peak in the state, as well as for Hagerman Peak. Snowmass Peak is not really a peak but the lower end of Hagerman Peak\'s east ridge. Natural forced perspective causes the optical illusion that Snowmass Peak is higher than Hagerman Peak though it is actually 221 ft shorter than Hagerman\'s summit. This illusion combined with its striking rise behind Snowmass Lake justifies it being a named point on USGS topographical maps. It is located in the Elk Mountains, within the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of the White River National Forest. It lies along the border between Pitkin and Gunnison counties, west of Aspen and southwest of the town of Snowmass Village.
## Hiking/climbing
The route used to climb Snowmass Peak is the Trail Rider Pass trail to Hagerman Peak. This trail can be accessed by Snowmass Creek approach off Divide Road Snowmass Village or the Geneva Lake trail. It is possible to reach the summit between Hagerman Peak and Snowmass Mountain, but is much more difficult
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# Tasmanian literature
Tasmania, for its size and population, has a flourishing literary culture. Its history offers an eventful literary background with visits from early explorers such as the Dutchman Abel Tasman, the Frenchmen Bruni d\'Entrecasteaux and Marion du Fresne and then the Englishmen Matthew Flinders and George Bass. Colonisation coincided with deteriorated relations with indigenous Aboriginal people and a harsh convict heritage. These events in Tasmanian history are found in a large number of colonial sandstone buildings and in place names. Environmentally, the landscapes and changeable weather provide a vivid literary backdrop. Tasmania\'s geographical isolation, creative community, proximity to Antarctica, controversial past, bourgeoning arts reputation, and island status all contribute to its significant literature. Many fiction and non-fiction authors call Tasmania home, and many acclaimed titles are set there or written by Tasmanians. The journal of letters *Island* magazine appears quarterly. Tasmania\'s government provides arts funding in the form of prizes, events and grants. Bookshops contribute book launches and other literary events. Tasmania\'s unique history and environment gave rise to Tasmanian Gothic literature in the 19th century.
## Notable Tasmanian authors and poets {#notable_tasmanian_authors_and_poets}
In birth order:
- Reverend John West (1809--1873), journalist and historian
- Louisa Ann Meredith (1812--1895), author and illustrator
- Marcus Clarke (1846--1881), journalist and author
- \"Tasma\" (Jessie Couvreur) (1848--1897), author
- Royal Tasman Bridges (1885--1952), novelist
- Nan Chauncy (1900--1970), author
- Clive Sansom (1910--1981), poet and playwright
- Christopher Koch (1932--2013), author
- Margaret Scott (1934--2005), poet
- Amanda Lohrey (born 1947), author
- Pete Hay, poet
- Stephen Dando-Collins, author
- Stephen Edgar (born 1951), poet
- Lian Tanner (born 1951), author
- Martin Flanagan (born 1955), journalist
- Katherine Scholes (born 1959), author
- Julie Hunt, children\'s author
- Richard Flanagan (born 1961), author
- Liz Winfield (born 1964), poet
- Heather Rose (born 1964), author
- Rachael Treasure (born 1968), author
- Bradley Trevor Greive (born 1970), author
- Danielle Wood (born 1972), author
## Notable Tasmanian books {#notable_tasmanian_books}
In publication order:
- *Notes and Sketches of New South Wales*, 1844, by Louisa Ann Meredith
- *My Residence in Tasmania*, 1852, by Louisa Anne Meredith
- *History of Tasmania*, 1852, by Rev
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# Ryszard Bosek
**Ryszard Bosek** (born 12 April 1950) is a Polish former volleyball player and coach. He was a member of the Poland national team from 1969 to 1986, and a participant in three Olympic Games (1972, 1976, 1980). During his career, he won gold medals in the 1974 World Championship and the 1976 Summer Olympics.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bosek was born in Kamienna Góra, Poland. In 2008, he had cancer, and returned to health after receiving treatment. He worked as a volleyball expert for Polsat Sport, and as a manager of a few volleyball players (Bartosz Kurek, Piotr Nowakowski, Jakub Jarosz).
## Career
### National team {#national_team}
Bosek participated in several World Championships: 1970 (5th place), 1974, and 1978 (8th place). In 1974, Poland won the World Championship title for the very first time.
Among Bosek\'s achievements, he has three silver medals of the European Championship (1975, 1977, 1979). In all three cases, Poland lost to the Soviet Union.
Bosek was a participant in the following Olympic Games: 1972 Munich, 1976 Montreal, and 1980 Moscow. In 1976, as one of the players of the team led by Hubert Jerzy Wagner, he won a gold medal. Poland won the final match of the tournament against the Soviet Union on 30 July 1976
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# By the Great Horn Spoon!
***By The Great Horn Spoon*** is a children\'s novel by Sid Fleischman, published in 1963. It tells the story of a 12-year-old boy and his English butler and their adventures in the California Gold Rush. It was adapted into the Disney film *The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin*, starring Roddy McDowall and Suzanne Pleshette. Because of its setting, the novel is recommended by the California Department of Education as a literary selection for classroom use for grades 3-7.
## Plot
Twelve-year-old Jack heads to California to search for gold after his Aunt Arabella loses all her money. He is accompanied by Aunt Arabella\'s butler, Praiseworthy. They plan to pay for passage on the ship *Lady Wilma*, but when a criminal named Cut-Eye Higgins steals their money, they stow away instead. Captain Swain catches them and forces them to work for their passage in the coal bunkers. While there, they meet Dr. Buckbee, who possesses a map of the gold fields. Cut-Eye Higgins steals the map and escapes in one of the lifeboats. During the journey, the *Lady Wilma* sails around Cape Horn and wins a race against a ship called the *Sea Raven*.
After arriving in California, Praiseworthy and Jack give a miner named Quartz Jackson a haircut. Quartz Jackson teaches them how to pan for gold and finds some gold dust in his beard. He gives the gold dust to Praiseworthy, who puts it into his left glove. Praiseworthy and Jack board a stagecoach for the gold fields, only to discover Cut-Eye Higgins on the same journey. Highwaymen hold up the stagecoach and one tries to take Aunt Arabella\'s picture from Praiseworthy. Praiseworthy knocks him uphill with a punch from his left glove, which was weighted by the gold dust. The robbers take Higgins\' coat, which contains the map.
Jack and Praiseworthy arrive in Hangtown and have several adventures. When news of Praiseworthy\'s fight with the robbers reaches the locals, the miners give him the nickname \"Bullwhip\". A brawler named Mountain Ox challenges Praiseworthy to a boxing match.
Jack buys a rifle and goes on a hunting trip, where he falls down a coyote hole and is rescued by one of the stagecoach robbers, who is wearing Cut-Eye Higgins\' coat. Jack takes the coat, but the map is no longer there. Jack and Praiseworthy track Higgins to a mining town called Shirt-Tail Camp, where Higgins has become the local dentist. They arrive just in time to see Higgins being sentenced to hanging for stealing a horse. Eager to find the map, they negotiate for his release. The Justice of the Peace agrees to postpone the hanging until another dentist can be found, but still orders Jack and Praiseworthy to dig Higgins\' grave. As they dig, they find gold. Afterward, they sell their burro to the Justice of the Peace and turn in their mining tools. They return to Hangtown, where Praiseworthy wins his fight with the Mountain Ox.
The next day, as they are planning to leave, Jack sees his two sisters and his Aunt Arabella. Praiseworthy proposes to Aunt Arabella, she agrees to Praiseworthy, who plans to become the first lawyer in the West.
## Reception
*Horn Book* had high praise for the novel, calling it \"a delectable story, told and illustrated with zest and gusto to the very last page\". *Kirkus Reviews* was less complimentary and thought the book inferior to Fleischman\'s other work.
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# By the Great Horn Spoon!
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
In 1967, Walt Disney Pictures adapted *By the Great Horn Spoon* into a film called *The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin*. Bryan Russell starred as Jack and Roddy McDowall played \"Eric Griffin\", the new name for the butler character. Suzanne Pleshette played Aunt Arabella, who in this version follows them to California and becomes a singer in a saloon. The character of Cut-Eye Higgins was changed from a criminal to a corrupt judge and portrayed by Karl Malden
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# Alan Noonan
**Alan John Noonan** (13 October 1947 -- 13 April 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL) for the Essendon Football Club from 1966 to 1976 and the Richmond Football Club in 1977.
Noonan grew up in Warragul. He made his VFL debut in 1966 and in his 11-year career for Essendon kicked 420 goals and played 183 games. In 1974 he kicked 77 goals, one of seven times he topped Essendon\'s goalkicking.
## Essendon Football Club Committee {#essendon_football_club_committee}
Noonan holds the record for the Essendon Football Club\'s shortest ever term as a committeeman. In the 1992 Club election, he was elected to the committee. Within a couple of days, 50 \"lost\" votes were found, a recount was conducted and, with 18 of the votes for Noonan declared invalid, Barry J. Keam (who served on the Essendon Football Club Committee from 1976 to 1995) was restored to his place on the Committee.
Noonan later served on the Essendon Football Club Committee as Vice-President from 1994 to 1995.
## After football {#after_football}
Noonan was a teacher whose career extended from the 1970s to the 2010s. His schools included Aberfeldie, Pascoe Vale South and Roxburgh Homestead Primary Schools. He coached the football teams at all his schools.
## Death
Noonan died on 13 April 2011 after a long battle with cancer, aged 63
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# Standard Carrier Alpha Code
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# Mass media in Nicaragua
The **mass media in Nicaragua** consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites.
Freedom of speech is a right guaranteed by the Constitution of Nicaragua. There is no official state censorship of the media in Nicaragua.
## History of Nicaraguan media {#history_of_nicaraguan_media}
Noted during the Sandinista years for its virulently partisan and sensationalist character, the communications media began to show small signs of moderation and objectivity as the Chamorro regime progressed. However, partisanship was still a key word in the printed and broadcast press, and Sandinista dominance over the communications media largely continued, despite the transfer of power in the government. After the 1990 elections, however, important differences of opinion emerged in the relationship between the Sandinista-dominated media and official FSLN positions.
The greatest news source for most Nicaraguans is the radio. Some radio stations are considered so influential that opponents of their political position have targeted them for attacks. The rightist Radio Corporación, for instance, was heavily damaged twice by Sandinistas, in the early years of the Chamorro government and the Sandinista Radio Ya was attacked by unknown assailants.
### Domination of the print media {#domination_of_the_print_media}
The three major dailies of the Sandinista period continued to dominate the print media market in 1993. *La Prensa*, founded in 1926, with an estimated circulation of 30,000 in early 1992, continued the family tradition built by the president\'s late husband, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal. At the time of the transition, *La Prensa* was run by the president\'s daughter, Cristiana Chamorro de Lacayo also the wife of Antonio Lacayo. Cristiana Chamorro\'s tight control over *La Prensa* and reported refusal to permit criticism of her mother\'s government led to a rebellion among the editorial board and staff within a year after the 1990 election.
The editorial staff, which included other family members, took the opportunity presented by Cristiana Chamorro\'s official trip abroad with her mother in November 1990, to publish articles harshly critical of the government for its relations with Sandinista leaders. In January, the staff forced Cristiana Chamorro to resign as editor and removed Violeta Chamorro from the board of directors. The changes were seen as an attempt by the editorial staff to establish *La Prensa* as an independent paper rather than the official voice of the government.
One of the two pro-Sandinista newspapers also moved in the 1990s to a position more critical of the Chamorro government and the FSLN. *Barricada*, founded in 1979, with an estimated circulation of 20,000 in 1992, declared in early 1992 that it would no longer serve as the house organ of the FSLN and would instead take independent positions. Always regarded by many observers as the most professional of the three major newspapers, *Barricada* became the first public forum in which Sandinista leaders expressed internal disagreements in February 1992.
The shift in popular outlook may have been made possible by the division of powers among the Sandinista commanders after their electoral defeat. Bayardo Arce Castaño became head of the FSLN\'s newspapers, radio stations, and television programs and was planning to establish a Sandinista television station. Significantly, the first disagreement aired in Barricada was between Arce and Daniel Ortega.
The third main daily, *El Nuevo Diario*, which had an estimated circulation of 40,000 to 45,000 in 1992 and was founded in 1980 by Xavier Chamorro Cardenal, one of Violeta Chamorro\'s brothers-in-law, continued its loyal and uncritical posture of the FSLN, despite expectations that with the end of the Nicaraguan revolution the newspaper would take more independent positions.
Several weekly newspapers also were published in the early 1990s. The COSEP group brought out *La Nicaragüense*; a group headed by former vice president Sergio Ramírez published *El Seminario* in the early 1990s; and a Sandinista group continued *Semana Cómica*, a satirical tabloid. A new weekly newspaper, *El Centroamericano*, also appeared in León in the early 1990s.
## Television
### Terrestrial television channels {#terrestrial_television_channels}
- Televicentro Canal 2
- Canal 4
- Canal 6
- Telenica Canal 8
- Canal 9
- Canal 10
- TV RED
- Canal 12 Nicavisión
- Viva Nicaragua 13
- Canal 15 (100% Noticias)
- Enlace Nicaragua
- Extra Plus 37
### Cable television channels {#cable_television_channels}
- Vos TV
- Megabox
- Atv98
- CDNN 23
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# Mass media in Nicaragua
## Print media {#print_media}
### Newspapers
- *Barricada*
- *El Nuevo Diario*
- *La Prensa*
- *La Brújula Semanal*
- *[La Voz del Sandinismo](http://www.lavozdelsandinismo.com/)*
- *[Confidencial](http://www.confidencial.com.ni/)*
- *[Bolsa De Noticias](http://www.bolsadenoticias.com.ni/)*
- *[La Jornada](http://www.lajornadanet.com/)*
- *[El Observador Economico](http://www.elobservadoreconomico.com/)*
- *[Notifax](http://www.notifax.com.ni/)*
- *[Terra](http://www.terra.com.ni/)*
- *[La Trinchera](http://www.trinchera.com.ni/)*
- *[7 dias](http://www.7dias.com.ni/)*
### Magazines
- *Envío*
- *SER*
## Radio
Nicaraguan radio broadcasts in two bands:
- FM - which often includes news, and a variety of music radio stations that broadcast one or several types of music: reggaeton, cumbia, both Spanish and English hip-hop, etc.
- AM - which often features a mixture of news with music and opinion, traditional newscasts, music, radio dramas, humor shows, sports and listener call-in shows.
Some stations are only talk radio --- featuring interviews and discussions. Political parties also influence a majority of radio stations, some focusing on politics only.
- [La Nueva Radio Ya!](https://nuevaya.com.ni)
- [Radio Oxigeno](https://web.archive.org/web/20070516063227/http://www.radiooxigeno.net/)
- [Radio La Primerisima](http://www.radiolaprimerisima.com/)
- [Radio Corporacion](https://web.archive.org/web/20070508235632/http://www.radio-corporacion.com/principal.html)
- [Stereo Romance](http://www.stereo-romance.com/)
## Internet
The Internet has provided a means for newspapers and other media organizations to deliver news and, significantly, the means to look up old news. Some organizations only make limited amounts of their output available for free, and charge for access to the rest. Other organizations allow their archives to be freely browsed
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# Conrad Gugy
**The Hon. Conrad Gugy** (c. 1734 -- 10 April 1786) was a Dutch-Canadian political figure who was secretary to Sir Frederick Haldimand in Lower Canada and a seigneur.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born at The Hague, the eldest son of Hans George Gugi (b.1700), of Zuben Thurgau, a Swiss Captain of the Guards who later joined the Dutch service, and his Dutch wife, Thérèse Reis. Gugy purchased a commission in the Dutch army before joining a newly formed British regiment, the King\'s Royal Rifle Corps as a lieutenant in 1756, serving under General James Wolfe at Quebec in 1759.
## Life in Canada {#life_in_canada}
He remained in Canada, and having been trained for the Engineers and as an accomplished linguist, he was chosen by Sir Frederick Haldimand, who became military governor of Trois-Rivières, Quebec in 1763, to be his secretary. He resigned this position the following year and bought the seigneury of Grandpré with part of the seigneury of Grosbois-Ouest, where he built a manor house. Both seigneurs were in Yamachiche, Quebec. In 1771, he purchased Dumontier, next to Grosbois-Ouest; Frédérick, located behind Pointe-du-Lac, and some lands forming part of Rivière-du-Loup. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1765.
Gugy remained loyal to the British crown during the American Revolution, but was nonetheless harassed by various sympathizers of the cause. One of his tenants on his estate at Rivière-du-Loup accused him of threatening to whip anyone who supported the Americans, but his name was cleared after a trial. In 1776, when the Americans were retreating, they burned some buildings on his seigneuries.
In 1778, when refugees started arriving from across the border, with the marked approval of the now Governor of Canada, his old friend Sir Frederick Haldimand, Gugy erected dwellings and a school on his seigneuries at Yamachiche, Quebec, to house them. Gugy\'s reasoning was \"to the end of having an eye on them\", and this appealed to Haldimand who did not like the idea of the refugees intermingling with the local populace during those uncertain times.
Gugy was appointed to the first Legislative Council of Lower Canada at its inception in August, 1775, retaining the post until his death. In 1783, he had taken a lease out on the ironworks of Saint Maurice, but died three years later.
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# Conrad Gugy
## Personality and death {#personality_and_death}
Conrad Gugy was described as a man of \"large heart and hospitable to a fault\". In those early days in Canada, transport and taverns were rare, but Gugy enthusiastically received travellers, without distinction, into his home and hospitably entertained them. He loved horses, and was known to have made a gift of them to mark the pleasure which he had taken in the society of an occasional guest.
Towards the end of his life, the owner of a neighbouring fief claimed that Gugy had been responsible for wilful damage to his property during the construction of buildings for the American refugees. In 1787, Gugy\'s seigneuries were put up for auction to pay the damages for which the jury had held him liable. Shortly after, however, the judgement was reversed, and his seigneuries were saved, but it was too late for him. In *Sketches of Celebrated Canadians*, it was reported that following the verdict,
*He gently made his way through the crowd, and, going to his lodgings, without speaking one word, entered his room and locked the door. On its being burst next morning, his cravat was founded neatly folded upon an arm of the sofa, upon which he lay in a reclining position, stone dead. He had not committed suicide; but, proud and sensative, he was absolutely killed by the humiliation of such a verdict.*
Though Conrad Gugy was not married, his seigneuries were left to Elizabeth Wilkinson, who lived with him at his manor house. After her death, by his will, they were to pass to his brother, but as he had predeceased her, they were passed on to Conrad\'s nephew, Louis Gugy.
In 1980, a street - Rue Conrad Gugy - was named for him in Yamachiche, Quebec
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# İsyankar
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# Parada (Paredes de Coura)
**Parada** is a civil parish in the municipality of Paredes de Coura, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 298, in an area of 5.90 km^2^.
## Geography
The parish is bounded with Padornelo to the north, Vascões and Bico e Cristelo to the south. The source of the Rio Coura is near the parish.
## History
On November 15, 1993, the Associação Cultural Desportiva e Social de Parada was founded, its first president was Manuel Pereira Araújo. The association brings in the good ways in the strength of the youch in the sporting and cultural fields, it finds the enthusiasm that represents the name of the parish. The vitality of its youths that won 42 cups and 3 medals. One football (soccer) matches includes two first places with 13-15 in 1996 and in 1908, three second places, the other two were in 13-15 in 1995 and in 1997, it won three consecutive district titles along with inter-parish tournaments with 5-3 against Cunha in 1995 in penalty kicks, 1-0 against Resende in 1007 and 1-0 against Associação de Paredes de Coura in 1998. The soccer field was completed in 1998.
## Economy
Its main economic activity is agriculture, civil construction and ultimately employment in the Castanheira industrial area, São Bento and in Cerveira. Its main productions are corn, potatoes, wine and others
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# Eugen Merzbacher
**Eugen Merzbacher** (April 9, 1921 -- June 6, 2013) was an American physicist.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Merzbacher was born in Berlin. Being a Jew, he emigrated in 1935 with his family from Germany to Turkey, where his father worked as a chemist. He received his licentiate from University of Istanbul in Turkey in 1943 and taught high school in Ankara for the next four years. In 1947, he moved to the United States to attend Harvard University, where he earned his M.A. (1948) and his Ph.D. with Julian Schwinger in 1950. During 1950/51, he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1951-52, Merzbacher was a visiting assistant professor at Duke University. In 1952, he joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. In 1959/60, he worked at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, where he became closely acquainted with Niels Bohr; in 1967/68 he was visiting professor at the University of Washington in Seattle. In 1977, he was the recipient of a U. S. Senior Scientist Humboldt Award at the University of Frankfurt. In 1986, he was a visiting research fellow at the Universities of Edinburgh and Stirling in Scotland. He was an active member of the American Physical Society (APS) and in 1990, he served as APS President. In 1991, he was Arnold Bernhard Visiting Professor at Williams College. In 1992, he received the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers. In 2009, Merzbacher was the recipient of the Francis Slack Award from the Southeastern Section of the American Physical Society.
Merzbacher\'s research was in applications of quantum mechanics to atomic and nuclear collision theory. He was a co-founder of the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. From 1977 to 1982 he served as chairman of the Department of Physics at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC). He was named a Kenan Professor in 1969. He received UNC\'s 1972 [Thomas Jefferson Award](http://faccoun.unc.edu/awards/thomas-jefferson-award).
Merzbacher is probably best known for his influential graduate level quantum mechanics textbook, which has so far seen three editions, the most recent in 1998.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Ann Townsend Reid and together they had four children: Celia, Charles, Matthew and Mary (deceased). Merzbacher retired in 1991. In 1990, he was president of the American Physical Society. In 1993, UNC presented him with an honorary doctorate in science
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# Introselect
In computer science, **introselect** (short for \"introspective selection\") is a selection algorithm that is a hybrid of quickselect and median of medians which has fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance. Introselect is related to the introsort sorting algorithm: these are analogous refinements of the basic quickselect and quicksort algorithms, in that they both start with the quick algorithm, which has good average performance and low overhead, but fall back to an optimal worst-case algorithm (with higher overhead) if the quick algorithm does not progress rapidly enough. Both algorithms were introduced by David Musser in `{{harv|Musser|1997}}`{=mediawiki}, with the purpose of providing generic algorithms for the C++ Standard Library that have both fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance, thus allowing the performance requirements to be tightened.
However, in most C++ Standard Library implementations, a different \"introselect\" algorithm is used, which combines quickselect and heapselect, and has a worst-case running time of *O*(*n* log *n*). The C++ draft standard, as of 2022, does not have requirements on the worst-case performance, therefore allowing such choice.
## Algorithms
Introsort achieves practical performance comparable to quicksort while preserving *O*(*n* log *n*) worst-case behavior by creating a hybrid of quicksort and heapsort. Introsort starts with quicksort, so it achieves performance similar to quicksort if quicksort works, and falls back to heapsort (which has optimal worst-case performance) if quicksort does not progress quickly enough. Similarly, introselect combines quickselect with median of medians to achieve worst-case linear selection with performance similar to quickselect.
Introselect works by optimistically starting out with quickselect and only switching to a worst-case linear-time selection algorithm (the Blum-Floyd-Pratt-Rivest-Tarjan median of medians algorithm) if it recurses too many times without making sufficient progress. The switching strategy is the main technical content of the algorithm. Simply limiting the recursion to constant depth is not good enough, since this would make the algorithm switch on all sufficiently large lists. Musser discusses a couple of simple approaches:
- Keep track of the list of sizes of the subpartitions processed so far. If at any point *k* recursive calls have been made without halving the list size, for some small positive *k*, switch to the worst-case linear algorithm.
- Sum the size of all partitions generated so far. If this exceeds the list size times some small positive constant *k*, switch to the worst-case linear algorithm. This sum is easy to track in a single scalar variable.
Both approaches limit the recursion depth to *k* ⌈log *n*⌉ = *O*(log *n*) and the total running time to *O*(*n)*.
The paper suggested that more research on introselect was forthcoming, but the author retired in 2007 without having published any such further research
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# Helzberg Diamonds
**Helzberg Diamonds** is a jewelry retailer founded in 1915 by Morris Helzberg that has 210 stores in 36 US states.
## Leadership
In April 2009, Beryl Raff, former executive vice president and general merchandise manager of fine jewelry at JCPenney, was named chairman and chief executive officer of Helzberg. Raff was succeeded at CEO in 2022 by Brad Hampton.
## History
Soon after Helzberg\'s founding, Morris Helzberg became ill and the company was taken over by his son, Barnett Helzberg Sr., at the age of 14. In 1963, Barnett Sr. became Chairman of the Board and his son, Barnett Helzberg Jr., took over company operations. Barnett replaced his father in the Chairman position in 1988. Barnett Jr. sold the company to Berkshire Hathaway, owned by Warren Buffett, in 1995, and authored the book *What I Learned Before I Sold to Warren Buffett*
In 2017, Helzberg closed several stores, though customers who purchased Lifetime Care warranties are still able to utilize other stores for regular cleanings and inspections, or mail the jewelry to the company\'s service center
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# Port Militarization Resistance
**Port Militarization Resistance (PMR)** is an anti-war movement in the United States. The movement began in May 2006, in Olympia, Washington, but also has chapters in Tacoma, Washington, Grays Harbor, Washington, and the Mid-Atlantic region. Port Militarization Resistance is also the name of the strategy employed by this movement. Adherents of the PMR strategy advocate an end to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan to be accomplished through making civilian-owned ports inaccessible to the military, with less emphasis on persuading elected officials to abandon the war. PMR organized high-profile protests at the Port of Olympia and the Port of Tacoma in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009.
## Strategy and tactics {#strategy_and_tactics}
While attempts are made to appeal to local governing bodies to cease military shipments, many PMR organizers and port action participants believe these avenues have largely been exhausted. Thus, PMR the movement and adherents of the PMR strategy focus on direct action, a political philosophy which relies on circumventing the authority of elected officials.
Tactics used in PMR actions vary, and have included each of the following:
- daily/nightly vigils
- picketing
- die-ins
- banner drops
- human blockades and locking arms
- civil disobedience such as ignoring police-designated \"free-speech zones\"
- soft-arrest demonstrations
- physical road blockades
- unpermitted marches
- property damage.
While each of the above listed tactics has been used at PMR hosted protests, PMR does not necessarily endorse each of those, and organizers have from time to time spoken out against various actions taken at its protests.
It has also been suggested by port action participants that one of PMR\'s most effective tactics is the forcing of local jurisdictions to escalate their security expenses during the shipments, making the shipments less valuable.
Port Militarization Resistance has encouraged participants to engage in a mixture of direct action and indirect action for the purposes of obstructing military shipments. PMR has at times acted as a cohesive unit, and at other times has encouraged members to organize into affinity groups.
Port Militarization Resistance has issued statements committing itself to non-violence. This commitment includes refusals to engage in things like \"verbal harassment\" and \"malicious sabotage.\" While the movement has never been involved in any act in violation of this commitment, not all participants in port actions consider themselves aligned with PMR the movement, and some have engaged in actions which would be in violation of PMR\'s commitment to non-violence.
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Pre-PMR port actions {#pre_pmr_port_actions}
The basic strategy of Port Militarization Resistance is not unique to the anti-Iraq War movement. During the Vietnam War, sailors and anti-war activists petitioned local governments to prevent deployments and shipments out of local ports.
Not long after the start of the Iraq War, activists engaged in protests at the Port of Oakland. Police responded by firing wooden pellets and concussion grenades at protesters and longshore workers alike, sending several people to the hospital.
The Port of Olympia was used several times to ship equipment to Iraq before the formation of Port Militarization Resistance. In November 2004, an announcement by the Olympia Movement for Justice and Peace indicated the intent to protest one such shipment. Daily vigils were organized around the port by OMJP. On the night of November 18, individuals unaffiliated with OMJP gathered around the port fence, cutting a large hole in it, prompting heightened security measures. Some witnesses have claimed this breach in security prompted the USNS Cape Intrepid to leave early and without all its intended cargo, while the military maintains there was no disruption to its operations.
The following week, anti-war activists packed a meeting of the Port of Olympia Commissioners expressing opposition to the military shipments, only to discover the Commissioners had already decided to continue military shipments in the future. Contracted vessels continued to ship equipment and munitions to Iraq through the Port of Olympia a few more times over the next several months. While each of these shipments were met with passive protest, no direct action occurred until May 2006.
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Port of Olympia -- May 2006 {#port_of_olympia_may_2006}
From May 22, 2006 until May 31, 2006, equipment belonging to the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, based out of Fort Lewis, was convoyed onto the Port of Olympia quay, to be loaded onto the USNS Pomeroy to be delivered to Iraq. This equipment included Stryker vehicles, as well as various munitions and unlabeled equipment. Despite prior shipments being met with passive protest, press accounts at the time indicate no resistance to the convoys were expected.
While some demonstrations and arrests occurred in the first two days, the first major actions occurred on 24 May. Several people lined across the road in a human chain, obstructing the path of a Stryker convoy. Several participants reported they were mishandled by police. A detour was forced when Olympia police proved unable to move one of the blockade participants, Ultimate Fighting champion Jeff Monson, out of the street. The second attempt to enter the port quay was successful after Olympia police parted a line of protesters linked with PVC pipes.
The protests, blockade attempts, and arrests continued sporadically for the next several days. Tent cities were established near the port grounds. Protesters reportedly kept constant watch on the port grounds, even after the Strykers finished convoying in. During this time, participants report being followed by police, even away from the scene of the protest.
The protests intensified on 29 May as participants expected the USNS Pomeroy to arrive that evening. After night fell, protesters lined along the Port of Olympia fence and began shaking it. Police then deployed pepper spray into the crowd on two occasions. Demonstrators then marched through downtown Olympia before breaking up for the night.
At 4:00 pm on 30 May, several demonstrators, many of them masked, gathered at a busy intersection in Olympia. From this intersection, the crowd marched to the front gate of the Port of Olympia, chanting \"Port of Olympia! Tear it down! Port of Olympia! Tear it down!\" Members of the crowd tore down the front gate of the port, and several people ran in and laid down in the entranceway. Police jabbed participants with batons, and maced several more before arresting those who would not disperse. 22 people were arrested. Many other demonstrators remained near the port the remainder of the evening, draping banners on the public port watchtower and building an art display around it. The police attacked the crowd again that evening with pepper spray and rubber bullets. One individual was reportedly struck with a Taser.
In the late afternoon of 31 May, the USNS Pomeroy departed the Port of Olympia for Iraq with all its cargo aboard. Protesters staged a die-in on the bank of Budd Inlet, and shared final words in wrapping the May 2006 Port of Olympia protests to a close. There were no arrests nor any reports of police actions that day.
A total of 37 arrests were made during the May 2006 round of port protests. The estimated cost of security for the port was just over \$14,000. As of March 2007, it was not yet decided whether the bill would be covered by the military, the city of Olympia, or the Port of Olympia.
Supporters and critics of Port Militarization Resistance alike see the protests at the Port of Olympia in May 2006 as setting the stage for all future port protests. This round is cited as being the origin of Port Militarization Resistance, as well as that of the Olympia chapter of Students for a Democratic Society, based at the Evergreen State College.
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Port of Tacoma -- March 2007 {#port_of_tacoma_march_2007}
Beginning March 2, 2007, Stryker vehicles and other equipment from the 4th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, based out of Fort Lewis, was convoyed onto the grounds of the Port of Tacoma, to be loaded onto the Iraq-bound USNS Soderman. Protests began on the Port of Tacoma grounds late at night on March 3/4, and concluded the afternoon of March 15, two days after the USNS Soderman\'s departure. Protests largely happened in the middle of the night, as the military chose to run its convoys at night instead of during the day.
After the May 2006 protests concluded, many people anticipated and announced that similar protests would coincide with the next major war shipment leaving Fort Lewis. Many of these announcements were made even before the time and location of these shipments had been announced. Port Militarization Resistance organizers expected the shipments to return through the Port of Olympia.
The first major incident of the Port of Tacoma protests occurred the night of March 4, when three PMR organizers were arrested by police. Of them, one had been shot with a rubber bullet at point blank range, and another had been struck with a Taser three times as he was pinned down.
Over the next several days, protests over the shipments spread across Tacoma. Several more people were arrested or threatened with arrest. A legal observer was arrested for approaching a police officer to ask a question. A previous arrestee was again arrested at a Tacoma City Council meeting for speaking too long. And a PMR videographer, while filming legally, was ordered to turn off his camera or else it would be broken. Also, police instituted a ban on backpacks in the protest area, arresting one individual for defying the ban.
The night of Friday, March 9, not long after the USNS Soderman arrived, the next major incident of this round of port protests occurred. Demonstrators marched through the Port of Tacoma grounds until they came to a line of police, at which point they stopped and sat down. Protesters report that police then shot rubber bullets at them at point blank range and fired tear gas canisters at them as artillery.
On the afternoon of Sunday, March 11, Port Militarization Resistance organized a non-violent civil disobedience action. This action was coordinated with Tacoma police. The first wave involved 8 people bringing backpacks containing such items as the U.S. Constitution into the no-backpack zone. The second wave involved 15 people reading a Citizens\' Injunction against the war, climbing over police barricades, and being subsequently soft-arrested.
Protesters returned to the Port of Tacoma tideflats on the evening of March 12. After a rally described \"peaceful\" by a Tacoma police detective, police began firing tear gas into the crowd of protesters, chasing them to the edge of the port grounds. Protesters had to negotiate with police to be allowed back on port grounds to retrieve their cars.
The USNS Soderman left early in the morning of March 13. Port Militarization Resistance organizers agreed to carry through with demonstrations they had already scheduled. The March 2007 Port of Tacoma protests concluded with a vigil the afternoon of March 15, in which a coffin was carried in a funeral march to the gate of the port quay. All told, 37 arrests were made.
Throughout the protests, PMR organizers made use of Internet media, especially the website YouTube. On some occasions, video of objectionable police behavior was viewable online only a few hours after it occurred. One video, \"Film Is Not a Crime,\" was instrumental in inspiring the only internal investigation began by the Tacoma Police Department in regards to the protests.
The increased police presence cost the city of Tacoma an unbudgeted \$500,000. The city is considering sending the bill for the extra security to the military.
The city of Tacoma has instructed its Citizen Review Panel to investigate allegations of police misconduct at the Port of Tacoma. Except for the \"Film Is Not a Crime\" incident, the city has said it will not investigate individual allegations of misconduct, citing police union contracts.
In the months after the March 2007 protests at the Port of Tacoma, PMR organizers claimed they had ended military shipments through the Port of Olympia, basing this conclusion on the fact that the military had chosen to go through the Port of Tacoma instead of the Port of Olympia. However, the Stryker shipments would return to the Port of Olympia a few months later.
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Port of Olympia -- November 2007 {#port_of_olympia_november_2007}
On November 5, 2007, the USNS Brittin arrived at the Port of Olympia, returning equipment from use in the Iraq War. This equipment, belonging to the 3rd Brigade 2nd Infantry Division, was the same equipment shipped out through the Port of Olympia in May 2006. Although Port Militarization Resistance had earlier said they would not obstruct the return of equipment, the group changed its mind in response to the shipment. PMR adopted a policy of \"containment\" of the equipment, citing health concerns and the wish to obstruct the refurbishment process.
Protests began on November 5, with a rally along the 4th Avenue Bridge, and a die-in at the Evergreen State College. Protests continued every day thereafter, and on many evenings.
The first arrests of protest participants were made Wednesday evening. Olympia police reported two demonstrators were arrested for attempting to block the convoys leaving the port grounds. Protest participants reported police used excessive force that evening. On the evening of November 8, another individual was arrested, this time for trespassing after he had successfully bluffed his way past the Port of Olympia security gate.
Beginning 3:00 pm on Friday, November 9, around 40 protesters established a human blockade of all traffic in and out of the port for the rest of the day and into Saturday. This traffic included at least two trucks with military equipment. One truck driver reportedly tried to push his way through the line of protesters, but was unable. Protesters began erecting physical barricades on the roads, using fences, signs, garbage bins and cinder blocks, in an attempt to continue the blockade of the port through the night. The Olympia police, citing lack of personnel, did not respond until the next morning.
At 9:45 am on Saturday, November 10, Olympia police began to clear the front gate of protesters. Police began deploying pepper spray, pushing people with batons, and at times even picked up and threw people out of the road. Activists reported police sprayed people directly in the eyes, and even removed protesters\' goggles to do so. Reports indicate several bystanders were also hit with pepper spray for law-abiding behavior. Protest participants reported police covered their badge numbers, and taunted protesters as they deployed pepper spray. Police claim several warnings to disperse were given, citing their actions as their last resort.
Once the protest was broken up at the port gate, many participants took up similar tactics in intersections in downtown Olympia. Protesters clogged the intersection of 4th and Plum with dumpsters, cinder blocks, garbage cans, and newspaper boxes. Other intersections were similarly blocked as well. The debris was eventually cleared by Olympia police, and the trucks were able to reach the Interstate. During this time, several protesters locked down in PVC pipes at the onramp to Interstate 5. While the activists sat, locked down, Olympia police shot pepper balls at them. Police later sawed through the PVC pipes and cleared the road. 12 people were arrested.
Sunday, November 11, brought more pepper spray and three more arrests. Members of PMR attempted to lay flowers at the port gate in honor of the 48 soldiers from the Stryker division who had died during their deployment, but were shoved back with police batons. That evening, the Olympia City Council hosted a standing-room-only public forum on the police response to the protests.
On or around November 12, an unidentified individual poured concrete over the only rail line leading out of the Port of Olympia. An anonymous individual posted a warning of the concrete, recommending all rail traffic out of the port be suspended until the concrete is removed. Olympia police report the concrete was cleaned up without incident.
At 9:00 am on Tuesday, November 13, convoys attempted to resume leaving the port grounds. A truck carrying military equipment, attempting to elude waiting protesters, drove so close behind another truck with non-military cargo that it nearly rear-ended it. Demonstrators were still able to obstruct the truck, and it was forced to return to the port grounds. Demonstrators maintained this road blockade throughout the day.
That evening, the blockade was maintained by the Women\'s Caucus of Port Militarization Resistance. While 39 women maintained the roadblock, men in PMR reportedly defended them from verbal assaults from counter-demonstrators. During this blockade, one soldier assigned to drive the convoys refused to do so, and asked demonstrators to drive him back to Fort Lewis.
When police arrived to break up the blockade that evening, they began by pulling participants away one by one, but then began to use pepper spray to force the crowd to disperse. Reports also indicate two concussion grenades were thrown into the crowd. 43 protesters were arrested.
Once the protest at the port gate was dispersed, protesters again took their efforts to downtown Olympia. Protesters again attempted to blockade the convoys in downtown with dumpsters and newspaper boxes. Some participants threw rocks through windows of police cars and banks. One police officer was struck in the knee with a rock by a protester.
No convoys left the port on November 14. The final trucks left the port on November 15. 5 more demonstrators were arrested that day, and several others were pepper sprayed. PMR concluded the evening with a 100-person candlelight vigil in downtown Olympia. The final event of the protests was a 350-person march through downtown Olympia on November 17. Rail cars containing the final equipment from the shipment left the port on November 28 without further incident.
A total of 66 people were arrested during the November 2007 round of Port of Olympia protests. The cost to the city for security during this round of port protests was estimated to be at least \$112,168. City Manager Steve Hall suggested the bill be sent to the Port of Olympia.
There was a notable anarchist presence in the November 2007 Port of Olympia protests. Several people report seeing black bloc marches go through downtown Olympia, the first on the evening of November 5. Further, some anarchist participants in the November 2007 protests at the Port of Olympia, while employing the strategy of Port Militarization Resistance, chose instead to identify with the name Port Liberation Front (A play on the name Earth Liberation Front). In statements posted online, the PLF criticizes PMR for its commitment to non-violence, and for what it claims is its support for \"legal wars\" like the Invasion of Afghanistan. PLF members cite decentralization as necessary for the achieving of port militarization resistance goals, while also stressing the need for involved parties to find \"basic common ground in which they could operate together\". Various PLF statements have taken credit or partial credit for many actions during the protests, including physical barricades both at the port and in downtown Olympia. There is no evidence of any anarchist or PLF participation in events or actions organized by PMR the movement.
Olympia police have come under both praise and criticism for their response to the November 2007 Port of Olympia protests. Protesters have criticized police for deploying pepper spray on broad swaths of bystanders and on protesters passively failing to comply with orders, in violation of guidelines that say pepper spray should only be used to subdue violent resisters. Police have also been criticized by community members for moving beyond individual arrest into a strategy of group punishment. Others have expressed support for the police, and suggested the blame for the confrontations lies with the protesters.
Several reporters from local newspaper *The Olympian* were victims of attacks by police while attempting to cover the protests, one of whom was reportedly treated by protest medics. The newspaper later came under criticism when an editor wrote an editorial disavowing these events had happened.
## Other actions/Related actions {#other_actionsrelated_actions}
While being most noted for the protests at the Port of Olympia and Port of Tacoma, Port Militarization Resistance has been involved in or associated with other less noted port protests.
### Port of Grays Harbor -- May 2007 {#port_of_grays_harbor_may_2007}
On May 1, 2007, Fort Lewis began shipping equipment from the 4th Squadron, 6th U.S. Air Cavalry Regiment, to the Port of Grays Harbor in Aberdeen, Washington, to be shipped to Iraq. This was the first time the military used the Port of Grays Harbor for shipments. Despite the intensity of the protests at the Port of Tacoma two months earlier, only a couple daytime protests materialized during this shipment.
The added security during the Port of Grays Harbor protests cost the city \$165,000. The military has refused to cover this bill, claiming that \"it wasn\'t the military that required the security.\"
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Other actions/Related actions {#other_actionsrelated_actions}
### Port of Oakland -- May 2007 {#port_of_oakland_may_2007}
On May 19, 2007, anti-war activists in Oakland maintained a picket line outside the gates of the Port of Oakland during a shipment of war materials. The local ILWU chose not to cross this picket line, and thus the shipment was delayed for several days.
The event was organized by the Port Action Committee of Oakland, which comprises many of the people who organized the port protests at that port in April 2003. Although this was unaffiliated with Port Militarization Resistance, organizers cited PMR as an inspiration.
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Court cases {#court_cases}
Due to the high number of arrests at Port Militarization Resistance protests, several criminal cases were pursued by local jurisdictions against protest participants.
### Olympia 22 {#olympia_22}
The most publicized court case to come from Port Militarization Resistance actions involved 16 of the 22 people arrested at the Port of Olympia on May 30, 2006. Despite that some defendants were severed from the case, PMR organizers continued to refer to the remaining defendants as the Olympia 22.
The Olympia 22 case got national headlines when the judge denied a prosecution motion to suppress discussion of the war. This gave the defense the ability to use the necessity defense, to argue in court that their actions, though they may have been illegal, were necessary to stop a greater crime. While this defense was used many times in the Vietnam War era to win acquittals in cases where defendants had clearly done what they were accused of, this would have been the first such attempt to use the necessity defense in regards to the Iraq War. However, the decision was later overturned on appeal, and the necessity defense was never brought before a jury.
The first trial of the sixteen Olympia 22 defendants, which began on March 26, 2007, ended in mistrial on its fourth day, when an individual identifying himself as being with Homeland Security furnished a printout of an e-mail from a confidential riseup e-mail list of attorneys and defendants. This e-mail contained a spreadsheet with confidential juror information. The prosecution, characterizing the information as being \"out there\" on the Internet, successfully argued for a mistrial. Defendants maintain the list constituted attorney-client protected discussions.
While preparing to retry the case through three split trials, the charges were dismissed with prejudice on June 12, 2007. The judge cited \"gross negligence\" on the part of the prosecution, in failing to provide new discovery to the defendants in a timely manner before trial. Local newspaper The Olympian editorialized that the prosecution blew the case by not pursuing it aggressively enough.
### Other court cases {#other_court_cases}
There were several other court cases to come from each of PMR\'s protests. Many charges were dismissed, and some were acquitted, while other protest participants were convicted on their charges.
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# Port Militarization Resistance
## Public reaction and impact {#public_reaction_and_impact}
Port Militarization Resistance actions garnered international attention, with coverage from The New York Times, the BBC, Democracy Now!, and Air America Radio.
### Support
Many anti-war activists cited the port protests as being inspirational. Among them, 1st Lt Ehren Watada cited the May 2006 PMR protests as inspiration for his decision to publicly refuse to deploy with the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. During the May 2006 protests at the Port of Olympia, author Ron Jacobs called for \"One, Two, Three, Many Olympias.\" PMR also gained the support of international organizations, like the Japan Peace Committee.
PMR also frequently cited messages of support they received from active-duty soldiers.
### PMR Spied on by US Military {#pmr_spied_on_by_us_military}
On July 22, 2009 a man named John Towery was publicly outed for infiltrating and spying on PMR and anarchists over a period of at least two years. This information was discovered through documents received from the City of Olympia through a public records request. Towery, who was known by activists as \"John Jacob\", was active in PMR and frequented the Tacoma anarchist community space Pitch Pipe Infoshop. After he was outed he admitted to two anarchists that he did in fact spy on them for two years. He worked as an informant for a force protection unit in the Army. Other records showed that numerous police agencies, federal agencies and every branch of the US military was involved with spying on, and in some cases infiltrating, PMR. Democracy Now!, The New York Times and countless other national and international media outlets covered the story. PMR activists and anarchists are currently involved in a lawsuit against the Army, Air Force, Coast Guard, Olympia Police Department, Tacoma Police Department, Thurston County Sheriffs and Pierce County Sheriffs for violating civil rights, civil liberties and the Posse Comitatus Act.
### Criticism
Port Militarization Resistance also came under scrutiny, both for its uncompromising stance and for its choice of tactics. One of PMR\'s more prolific critics was conservative columnist Michelle Malkin. Malkin criticized PMR\'s actions as putting U.S. servicepeople in danger, and accused PMR members of sedition.
One point of criticism levied at PMR during the November 2007 protests at the Port of Olympia involved the participation of children in situations where police were likely to deploy crowd control weapons. Critics of PMR suggested it was reckless of protest participants to put children in danger. PMR supporters contended that they were not responsible for the police response, and suggested that children should have the right to participate in the protests. Another frequent point of criticism of PMR involved the choice to engage in tactics that are disapproved by more moderate anti-war allies and elected officials
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# Reitman v. Mulkey
***Reitman v. Mulkey***, 387 U.S. 369 (1967), was a United States Supreme Court decision that set an important legal precedent that held that a state could not authorize invidious discrimination by private landlords without entangling itself in the ensuing discriminatory private decisions. Thus, the state constitutional amendment by referendum purporting to authorize landlord freedom was unconstitutional.
## Background
In 1963, the Rumford Fair Housing Act (AB 1240) was introduced in the California State Assembly, by Assemblyman William Byron Rumford. The act banned racial discrimination among mortgage holders, real estate brokers, property owners and landlords who refuse to rent or sell to tenants or potential buyers on the basis of color. The bill passed the California Legislature on September 20, 1963 and was later signed into law by California Governor Pat Brown.
The act faced immediate protest after it was passed, and faced an initiative and referendum challenge; with opponents collecting over 600,000 signatures---well more than the 468,259 required to add the referendum to the ballot. The referendum saw significant financial support from California\'s real-estate industry, with the California Real Estate Association and the Apartment House Owners Association leading the effort to rescind the law. The \"Committee for Home Protection\" was initiated by the real-estate industry in the lead up to the laws challenge; looking to garner support with their slogan: \"A man\'s home is his castle.\"
The referendum, officially called California Proposition 14, Art. I, § 26, stated that neither the State nor any agency thereof \"shall deny, limit or abridge, directly or indirectly, the right of any person, who is willing or desires to sell, lease or rent any part or all of his real property, to decline to sell, lease or rent such property to such person or persons as he, in his absolute discretion, chooses.\"
The referendum passed on November 3, 1964, with two-thirds of Californians voting to repeal the law. A legal challenge was then brought to Proposition 14 in the California Supreme Court by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The California Supreme Court held that Art. I, § 26, was designed to overturn state laws prohibiting discrimination, encouraged discrimination and unconstitutionally involved the State in racial discrimination, and was therefore invalid under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
## Supreme Court {#supreme_court}
The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the California Supreme Court in a 5--4 decision. The Supreme Court focused on examining the constitutionality of § 26 in terms of its \"immediate objective\" its \"ultimate effect\" and its \"historical context and the conditions existing prior to its enactment.\" The Court pointed to its decision in *McCabe v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co.* that this was nothing less than considering a permissive state statute as an authorization to discriminate and as sufficient state action to violate the Fourteenth Amendment in the context of that case. Therefore, the California Supreme Court was correct in holding that this amendment encouraged discrimination and thus violated the 14th Amendment.
This case can be compared to *Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1* where the court held that a statewide initiative that was designed primarily to put an end to a newly formed busing program in Seattle was unconstitutional. Thus collectively these cases stand for the proposition that, non-constitutionally required racially based desegregation programs may be repealed, must be repealed by the level of government that develops the program. That is a state can not change the rules just so that a municipality cannot institute a desegregation program
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# Saga Domain
was a Japanese domain of the Edo period Tokugawa Shogunate. It encompassed most of what are now Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures and was ruled from Saga Castle in what is now the urban center of the city of Saga. It was ruled through its history by the *tozama daimyō* Nabeshima clan. The domain was also referred to as `{{nihongo|Hizen Domain|肥前藩||}}`{=mediawiki} after its location in Hizen Province or `{{nihongo|Nabeshima Domain|鍋島藩||}}`{=mediawiki} after its ruling clan. The domain played a significant role in the Meiji Restoration.
Though the Dutch and Chinese trading posts in Nagasaki were overseen directly by officials of the Tokugawa shogunate, the domain was largely responsible for the military defense of the city and the port.
## History
The Nabeshima clan were originally vassals of the Ryūzōji clan who controlled northern Kyushu in the Muromachi period. However, Ryūzōji Takanobu was killed in the Battle of Okitanawate with the Shimazu and Arima clans in 1584, and Nabeshima Naoshige became the guardian of Takanobu\'s young heir, Ryūzōji Takafusa. Six years later, Toyotomi Hideyoshi granted approval for Nabeshima to overthrow Ryūzōji and seize the territory for his own lineage. Nabeshima supported Hideyoshi\'s invasions of Korea in the 1590s, and fought in the Western Army, against the Tokugawa clan in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. During this battle, however, he turned against and captured Western Army general Tachibana Muneshige, earning some degree of favor from Tokugawa Ieyasu and being allowed to keep his fief.
### Edo period {#edo_period}
The Nabeshima were allotted a *kokudaka* of 357,000 *koku*, which remained constant throughout the Tokugawa period. The Tokugawa shogunate granted the Nabeshima the ceremonial use of the \"Matsudaira\" surname and one *kanji* from the shogun\'s given name to all the successive *daimyō*, starting with Katsushige\'s eldest son, Nabeshima Tadanao. The domain\'s location close to Korea and far from Edo, the shogunal capital, along with its trade connections, brought significant foreign influence to the area. The area was a center for ceramic production and techniques as a result of its connections with Korea, becoming famous for its Imari porcelain which was a significant export good to Europe. However, although the nominal *kokudaka* of the domain was 357,000 *koku*, the actual *kokudaka* of the *daimyō* was only 60,000 *koku*, as the Nabeshima clan had established three sub-domains headed by cadet branches of the clan as insurance to ensure succession: Hasunoike Domain, Ogi Domain and Kashima Domain. In additional, large *hatamoto* stipends were granted to four branch families of Nabeshima (Shiraishi, Kawakubo, Murata, Kubota), and four branch families of the Ryūzōji (Taku, Takeo, Isahaya, Suko).
Remnants of the Ryūzōji continued to surface from time to time, however, and occasionally threatened the Nabeshima grip on power. Although members of the Ryūzōji clan ofter held high positions in domain affairs, efforts by the Ryūzōji to obtain a restoration of their status as an independent domain were denied the shogunate.
The area also bore a considerable Kirishitan population, which erupted in protest in the famous Shimabara Rebellion (1637--8).
Because the Saga Domain was close to Nagasaki, in 1631, the Shogunate ordered the domain to take turns providing troops to guard Nagasaki, exchanging on a yearly basis with Fukuoka Domain. In exchange, the domain was granted a reduction in its *sankin kotai* obligation, reducing the required attendance in Edo to about three months out of two years, instead of the usual two years. This was still a considerable expense, and at times the domain sought to lessen its losses by reducing the number of samurai it sent to defend the port. In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Phaeton incident occurred, in which a British frigate invaded Nagasaki and demanded the handover of the Dutch trading post. However, as Saga Domain had reduced its security personnel without permission (only 100 Saga samurai were present to deal with the situation, rather than the obligatory one thousand), the shogunate was forced to submit to the demands of the British ship, and scolded Saga harshly for its failure to fulfill its obligations. The situation surrounding the domain worsened with the death toll of the Siebold typhoon in 1828, which killed nearly 10,000 people, and the domain\'s finances on the brink of collapse.
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# Saga Domain
## History
### Around the Open Bay and the end of Shogunate {#around_the_open_bay_and_the_end_of_shogunate}
The 10th *daimyō*, Nabeshima Naomasa (Kansō) to be informed about the Opium Wars in China, visited the Dutch warship Palembang and reaffirmed the need for Western military technology. He decided to reform the domain\'s administration and to adopt Western technology. In particular, he carried out extensive restructuring, reducing the number of officials by two-fifths, and devoted himself to protecting and nurturing farmers, as well as to developing and trading in industries such as pottery, tea, and coal, which improved the domain\'s finances. He also established organizations for the research of Western technologies, including steel refining, steam engines and artillery, and turned the domain\'s efforts towards these pursuits, making it one of the most modern domains in this period. Saga thus began constructing operations for the first Japanese iron refinery in 1849, and made the first use of reverberatory furnaces three years later at Tafuse by the Saga Castle in 1852. Then the domain set up `{{nihongo|[[Seirenkata]]|精煉方}}`{=mediawiki}, the research institute for industrial technology on the site.
In 1853, Russian Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin arrived in Nagasaki harbor, and provided the first demonstration of a steam locomotive to the Japanese. Ishiguro Hirotsugu, Nakamura Kisuke, and Tanaka Hisashige were among the first Japanese engineers, who attempted to manufacture their own steam locomotives and steamships. They built up the second reverberatory furnace.
When the shogunate relaxed the restrictions on the construction of large ships, an order was placed with the Dutch. Saga saw the revitalization of Japan\'s shipbuilding industry, and the launching of the first Japanese steamship, the *Ryōfūmaru*. The Nagasaki Naval Training Center was established in 1855, its first students coming from Saga. Then it created the Mietsu Naval Dock in 1858 on the inlet of the north of the Ariake Sea.
By 1866, the incorporation of British Armstrong Whitworth cannon made the ships at Nagasaki into the first Japanese Western-style (\"modern\") navy. The defense batteries at Shinagawa were also supplied by cannon from Saga. The domain also exhibited at the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris. Largely responsible for Japan\'s technological and military advancement, and holding much of the fruits of those labors, Saga attracted the attention of the shogunate, which kept a close eye on the domain. Saga refused to take a clear stance on the political situation and prohibited its samurai from interacting with samurai from other domains. However, in late 1867, it chose to side with Tosa, Satsuma, and Chōshū against the shogunate.
In the Boshin War, Saga was assigned the vanguard of the forces advancing northward on the Hokuriku highway, and samurai from the domain fought the shogunate at the Battle of Ueno and in other clashes. As a result, the new Meiji government which emerged afterwards featured a number of figures from Saga, including Etō Shinpei, Ōkuma Shigenobu, Ōki Takatō, and Sano Tsunetami.
The feudal domains were abolished in 1871, and the Nabeshima clan given the title \"marquis\" (*kōshaku*) under the new *kazoku* peerage system. The territory of the domain was split between Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures.
Disgruntled former samurai of the domain, disillusioned with the Meiji government over the disputes over invading Korea and their loss of status and stipends, launched the Saga Rebellion in 1874, which was quickly suppressed.
## Holdings at the end of the Edo period {#holdings_at_the_end_of_the_edo_period}
As with most domains in the han system, Saga Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned *kokudaka*, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
- Hizen Province
- 11 villages in Mine District
- 92 villages in Saga District
- 39 villages in Kanzaki District
- 10 villages in Yabu District
- 22 villages in Ogi District
- 50 villages in Kishima District
- 18 villages in Fujitsu District
- 36 villages in Matsura District
- 6 villages in Sonogi District
- 39 villages in Takaki District
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# Saga Domain
## List of daimyō {#list_of_daimyō}
: {\| class=wikitable
! \|\|Name \|\| Tenure \|\| Courtesy title \|\| Court Rank \|\| *Kokudaka* \|- \|colspan=6\| **Ryūzōji clan,** 1590 - 1607 (*Tozama daimyo*) \|- \|\|1\|\|Ryūzōji Takafusa (龍造寺高房)\|\|1590 - 1607\|\| *Suruga no kami* (駿河守)\|\|Junior 5th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|colspan=6\| **Nabeshima clan,** 1609 - 1871 (*Tozama daimyo*) \|- \|\|1\|\|Nabeshima Katsushige (鍋島 勝茂)\|\|1607 - 1657\|\| *Shinano no kami* (信濃守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|2\|\|Nabeshima Mitsushige (鍋島 光茂)\|\|1657 - 1695\|\| *Tango no kami* (丹後守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|3\|\|Nabeshima Tsunashige (鍋島 綱茂)\|\|1695 - 1706\|\| *Shinano no kami* (信濃守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|4\|\|Nabeshima Yoshishige (鍋島 吉茂)\|\|1707 - 1730\|\| *Tango no kami* (丹後守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|5\|\|Nabeshima Muneshige (鍋島 宗茂)\|\|1730 - 1738\|\| *Shinano no kami, Hida no kami* (信濃守、飛騨守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|6\|\|Nabeshima Munenori (鍋島 宗教)\|\|1730 - 1760\|\| *Tango no kami* (丹後守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|7\|\|Nabeshima Shigemochi (鍋島 重茂)\|\|1760 - 1770\|\|*Shinano no kami* (信濃守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|8\|\|Nabeshima Harushige (鍋島 治茂)\|\|1770 -- 1805\|\| *Hizen no kami, Sakone no no shosho* (肥前守 左近衛少将)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|9\|\|Nabeshima Narinao (鍋島 斉直)\|\|1805 -- 1830\|\| *Hizen no kami* (肥前守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|10\|\|Nabeshima Naomasa (鍋島 直正)\|\|1830 -- 1861\|\| *Hizen no kami* (肥前守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|\|11\|\|Nabeshima Naohiro (鍋島 直大), \|\|1861 -- 1871\|\| *Shinano no kami, Hizen no kami* (信濃守、肥前守)\|\|Junior 4th Rank Lower Grade (従五位下)\|\|357,000 *koku*\|\| \|- \|}
### Genealogy (simplified) {#genealogy_simplified}
- **I. Nabeshima Katsushige, 1st Lord of Saga (cr. 1607)** (1580--1657; r. 1607--1657)
- Tadanao (1613--1635)
- **II. Mitsushige, 2nd Lord of Saga** (1632--1700; r. 1657--1695)
- **III. Tsunashige, 3rd Lord of Saga** (1652--1707; r. 1695--1706)
- **IV. Yoshishige, 4th Lord of Saga** (1664--1730; r. 1707--1730)
- **V. Muneshige, 5th Lord of Saga** (1687--1755; r. 1730--1738)
- **VI. Munenori, 6th Lord of Saga** (1718--1780; r. 1738--1760)
- **VII. Shigemochi, 7th Lord of Saga** (1733--1770; r. 1760--1770)
- **VIII. Harushige, 5th Lord of Kashima, 8th Lord of Saga** (1745--1805; r. 1770--1805)
- **IX. Narinao, 9th Lord of Saga** (1780--1839; r. 1805--1830)
- **X. Naomasa, 10th Lord of Saga** (1815--1871; r. 1830--1861)
- **XI. Naohiro, 11th Lord of Saga, 17th family head, 1st Marquess**(1846--1921; 11th Lord of Saga: 1861--1869, Governor of Saga: 1869--1871, 1st Marquess: 1884)
- **Naomitsu, 18th family head, 2nd Marquess** (1872--1943; 18th family head and 2nd Marquess: 1921--1943)
- **Naoyasu, 19th family head and 3rd Marquess** (1907--1981; 19th family head and 3rd Marquess: 1943--1947, 13th family head: 1947--1981)
- **Naomoto, 20th family head** (1935--2008; 20th family head: 1981--2008)
- **Naoaki, 21st family head** (b. 1959; 21st family head: 2008--present)
- Naoyori (b
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# Talton v. Mayes
***Talton v. Mayes***, 163 U.S. 376 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case, in which the court decided that the individual rights protections, which limit federal, and later, state governments, do not apply to tribal government. It reaffirmed earlier decisions, such as the 1831 *Cherokee Nation v. Georgia* case, that gave Indian tribes the status of \"domestic dependent nations,\" the sovereignty of which is independent of the federal government.
## Background
*Talton v. Mayes* was brought before the United States Supreme Court in 1896 by Robert Harrison \"Bob\" Talton, a Cherokee Indian convicted of the murder of a fellow Cherokee. He was sentenced to death by hanging after a trial that took place between May and December 1892. The appellant appealed the decision on the basis that the court had violated his rights by being in contradiction to the law. The US Constitution and, by the end of his trial, the Cherokee laws, demanded more than the five Grand Jury members furnished by the Cherokee Courts.
According to Justice White in the majority opinion of the Supreme Court, \"Prior to May 1892, a law enacted by the legislature of the Cherokee Nation made it the duty of the judges of the circuit and district courts of the Nation, 14 days before the commencement of the first regular term of said courts, to furnish to the sheriff a list of the names of five persons, who should be summoned by the sheriff to act as grand jurors for that district during the year. The first regular term of the courts named commenced on the second Monday in May.
On November 28, 1892, a law was enacted providing for the summoning and impaneling of a grand jury of 13, the names of the persons to compose such jury to be furnished to the sheriff, as under the previous law, 14 days before the commencement of the regular term of the circuit and district courts. There was no express repeal of the provisions of the prior law. Under the terms of the act of November 28, 1892, a grand jury could not have been impaneled before the term beginning on the second Monday of May 1893. The indictment in question was returned in December 1892, by a grand jury consisting of five persons, which grand jury had been impaneled under the prior law, to serve during the year 1892.\" The appellant argued that the decision should be thrown out because it violated either the Fifth or the Fourteenth amendment.
The central focus of the case was on the relationship between the Cherokee Nation and the United States, and if the local government of the Cherokee Nation was dependent in any way upon the Constitution and its amendments. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that \"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury\...\" Because the grand jury consisted of fewer members than were by law required in the United States, Talton argues that it was not an actual \"Grand Jury\" as would be needed to fulfill the requirements for the Fifth Amendment.
The part of the Fourteenth Amendment that was of consequence in *Talton v. Mayes* is the very first part. The first section of the amendment states, \"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\"
Talton argued that he should have been subject to the federal law since he was born and raised in the United States, but this defense was not accepted by the Supreme Court because of the unique status of Indian tribes. Being \"domestic dependent nations,\" they do not qualify as a state or a part of the federal government, and do not derive any of their local governmental powers from the Constitution and are not necessarily bound by its rules. *Talton v. Mayes* took place during an era known as the Assimilation Era, which lasted from the 1890s to the 1940s.
Most Native Americans were not considered citizens of the United States until Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
## Decision
The decision of the Cherokee court was upheld with an almost unanimous vote, 8-1. The only person who dissented was Justice Harlan. The case had numerous precedents, particularly *Barron v. Baltimore.* Since that case was adjudicated in 1833, it had been a settled fact that the Fifth Amendment was a limitation on the powers of the federal government only, which were created by the Constitution.
Since the Court had determined several times previously that the powers of local government the Native American tribes exercised were in existence before the Constitution and therefore were not derived from it, they held in the *Talton* case that the Fifth Amendment held no sway over the operations of the Cherokee\'s local justice system, as *Talton* involved only Cherokee persons and laws. The Court stated that \"as the powers of local self-government enjoyed by the Cherokee Nation existed prior to the constitution, they are not operated upon by the Fifth Amendment.\"
Talton was hanged by the Cherokee Nation in Tahlequah on July 31, 1896.
However, since the early 20th century, the Supreme Court has used the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (interpreted, however, to have the same meaning as the 5th amendment) to apply most of the Bill of Rights to the states through the process and doctrine of selective incorporation. Therefore, as to most, but not all, provisions of the Bill of Rights, *Barron* and its progeny have been circumvented, if not actually overruled.
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# Talton v. Mayes
## Effects
### *United States v. Andrew Red Bird* {#united_states_v._andrew_red_bird}
Andrew Red Bird was arraigned on the charge of rape by the Rosebud Sioux Tribe Court. He was then sent on the District Court in South Dakota, and federal authorities were finally notified nearly a month after his arrest. One of the first things that the Court set out to determine was whether the tribe had the power to act in this situation. Even though this appeals court case took place in 2001 and 2002, *Talton v. Mayes* was referenced as one of the main prerequisites showing that the tribe had indeed had the power to act as they had, because their power was not derived from the Constitution, but rather was in existence before that. Red Bird ended up winning his case to suppress one of his statements made under unconstitutional circumstances, but the power of local government exercised by the Rosebud Sioux tribe was upheld based on *Talton v. Mayes.*
### *United States v. Wheeler* {#united_states_v._wheeler}
*United States v. Wheeler* included much the same storyline as *United States v. Andrew Red Bird*, with *Talton v. Mayes* playing the same role. Wheeler was also arraigned for rape, and *Talton v. Mayes* was again mentioned as the Justices tried to determine what the power of the local tribal government was.
*Talton v. Mayes* was also mentioned briefly either in the arguing or the decision making for several different cases, including *United States v. Lara*, Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co., Inc, and more\....
### Legislation
*Talton v. Mayes* also had an effect on legislation, most notably the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968. While *Talton v. Mayes* did uphold the fact that the tribes were sovereign in their purely local affairs, it also said that while they were \"possessed of . . . attributes of local self government, when exercising their tribal functions, all such rights are subject to the supreme legislative authority of the United States." and that \"Congress has plenary authority to limit, modify or eliminate the powers of local self-government which the tribes otherwise possess.\" Congress used that power to create the Indian Civil Rights Act, which forced Indian tribes to mimic the procedures of US courts in their judicial actions. While the Indian Civil Rights Act did not force the entire Constitution upon the Indians, it did include quite a few and forced the issue of plenary power, Congress using its abilities to control the way Indian justice is served
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# Alberto Ruy Sánchez
**Alberto Ruy-Sánchez Lacy** is a Mexican writer and editor born in Mexico City on 7 December 1951. He is an author of fiction, non-fiction and poetry. Since 1988 he has been the chief editor and founding publisher of Latin America\'s leading arts magazine, *Artes de Mexico*. He has been a visiting professor at several universities including Stanford, Middlebury and La Sorbonne, and has been invited to give lectures in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America. His work has been praised by Octavio Paz, Juan Rulfo, Severo Sarduy, Alberto Manguel and Claude Michel Cluny and has received awards from several international institutions.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ruy-Sánchez\'s parents, Joaquín Ruy-Sánchez and María Antonieta Lacy, were both born in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. Alberto was the first of five children. For a few years, the family spent almost half the year in Mexico City and the other half in northern Mexico. These relocations included long residence periods in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora and Villa Constitución in the Sonoran desert of Baja California, where Ruy-Sánchez lived from ages three to five. This experience gave him a unique early experience of the desert.
### Journey to Morocco {#journey_to_morocco}
Ruy-Sánchez had forgotten his early childhood experiences until he suddenly recalled them in 1975, visiting the Sahara for the first time. From that involuntary sudden recollection he developed a special creative relationship with the Moroccan desert, especially the walled city of Essaouira (the ancient Mogador), which became a principal setting for most of his novels. As he explains in his essay, \"The nine gifts that Morocco gave me\":
### Inspirations
Before travelling to Morocco for the first time as a teenager, and later returning as a college student, Ruy-Sánchez received a severe humanistic education from Jesuit schools in Mexico. From these experiences he gained \"a Baroque idea of the world as a complex reality that can only be fully understood and enjoyed with all the senses.\" The baroque aim of \"listening with the eyes, looking with the fingers and the ears, tasting with the smell, etc, as an artistic principle\" is a common theme in his poetry and prose.
Ruy-Sánchez\'s large Sonoran family finally fully emigrated to Mexico City and held weekly meetings where Ruy-Sánchez learned \"the big pleasure of hearing and telling stories, and it was there that I felt growing inside me the desire of being a writer.\" This desire was confirmed when he visited the Djemaa el Fna square in Marrakech in 1975 and 1976, where traditional storytellers are responsible for the square\'s designation as an UNESCO Oral Human Heritage Site in June 1997.
### The theme of search in life and writing {#the_theme_of_search_in_life_and_writing}
The theme of the search in Ruy-Sánchez\'s novels also has its roots in his own life. Specifically, he uses his novels as a means to search for knowledge in the senses of investigating life\'s mysteries and going beyond observed material reality. Ruy-Sánchez began writing seeking to understand women\'s desire, through the stories women told him those he witnessed. This first search led to the novel *Mogador, the names of the air.* This became a series that included *En los labios del agua*, *Los Jardines secretos de Mogador*, and *Nueve veces el asombro*. The full series took almost twenty years to write, as each published novel generated many letters in response, mostly from women telling their own stories of desire. Sánchez would consider those stories, alter them, and create another book, following this ongoing theme of search.
Ruy-Sánchez had a number of jobs while living in Paris, but in between he became a tantra student, a tantra instructor, and worked for a sexual therapist. This exploration of tantra contributed to the search through writing both in the sense of literally searching for women\'s desire and in a more spiritual or religious sense of seeking transcendent experiences. Ruy-Sánchez describes in a statement essay [1](http://www.albertoruysanchez.net/disc.htm) his books as \"material objects, geometrical compositions, that could help people think, feel, understand and improve their lives\".
### Education and reception {#education_and_reception}
Ruy-Sánchez lived in Paris from 1975 to 1983. He took writing seminars from his thesis director Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Jacques Rancière and André Chastel and received a PhD from the University of Paris. He worked as both an editor and a writer, building on his experiences as managing editor of the Mexican magazine *Vuelta,* edited by Octavio Paz, from 1984 to 1987. Paz called Ruy-Sánchez, \"the strangest of Mexican writers, a true cosmopolitan poet telling stories from a territory wider than just a country because he is the poet from the Skin. That is why his language is the Touch, the sense that implies all the others.\" The Cuban writer Severo Sarduy wrote that Ruy-Sánchez, \"invented not only novels but a new way of reading, the way of poetic lightning stroke.\" The historian and essayist Alberto Manguel wrote about his novel Los sueños de la serpiente: \"based on my experience I can say that this is a masterpiece. One of the most important books written in Spanish in recent years.\"
### Awards and current life {#awards_and_current_life}
Ruy-Sánchez\'s books have been translated into several languages -- mainly French, but also Portuguese, Italian, German, Arabic, Serbian and Turkish. Only one of his books has been published in English, however. They remain in print in Spanish as cult favorites, unusual for poetry. His first work came out in 1987, when he was awarded the Xavier Villaurrutia Prize, the most prestigious literary recognition in Mexico.
The University of New Mexico awarded him as Literary Essayist in 1991 and he was also a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. In February 2000 he was decorated by the French Government as Officier de l\'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The Governor of Kentucky awarded him as \"Kentucky Colonel\", the highest distinction given in that state, where he also is Honnorary Citizen of Louisville. Between 1999 and 2003 he was appointed Chairman of the Creative Non-Fiction Summer Program at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Canada. In November 2006 The Editor\'s Guild of Mexico awarded him with the Premio Juan Pablos al Mérito Editorial, a lifetime achievement recognition for 26 years of working as an editor and mainly for his work in creating the publishing house *Artes de México,* a leading cultural project in the Americas.
Ruy-Sánchez currently lives in Mexico City with his wife, historian Margarita De Orellana, coeditor of *Artes de México*, and their children Andrea (born 1984) and Santiago (born 1987). He continues to speak internationally and travel within Mexico as a researcher of diverse Mexican cultures.
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# Alberto Ruy Sánchez
## Awards
- 1987, **Premio Xavier Villaurrutia** for his novel *Los nombres del aire.*
- 1988, **Fellowship, John Simon Guggenheim Foundation**, Nueva York.
- 1991, **José Fuentes Mares National Prize for Literature**, for his book *Una introducción a Octavio Paz*. New Mexico State University and Universidad de Ciudad Juarez.
- 1993, **Honorary Member of the Sistema Nacional de Creadores,** México.
- 1998, **Honorary Citizen of Louisville**, Kentucky.
- 1999, **Honorary Member of the chapter Mu Epsilon** of the National Hispanic Society Sigma Delta Pi, in the USA.
- 1999\. **Kentucky Colonel,** by the Governor of Kentucky.
- 2000\. **Prix des Trois Continents,** for the French edition of his novel *En los labios del agua.*
- 2001\. **Officier de l\'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres,** by the French Government.
- 2002\. **Honorary Captain** of the historical Steam Boat *La belle de Louisville*.
- 2003\. **Premio Cálamo**, by Librería Cálamo and the Universidad de Zaragoza for *Los Jardines Secretos de Mogador*, Spain.
- 2005\. **Gran Orden de Honor Nacional al Mérito Autoral**. By the *Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor*. Mexico.
- 2006\. **Premio a la Excelencia de lo Nuestro.** By the Fundación México Unido. México.
- 2006\. **Premio Juan Pablos al Mérito Editorial.** By the Cámara Nacional de la Industria Editorial Mexicana (CANAIEM). Mexico.
- 2011\. **Premio San Petersburgo Lee**, votación de lectores de la ciudad de San Petersburgo, Rusia.
- 2014\. **Premio Las Pérgolas.** Otorgado por la Asociación Mexicana de Libreros.Entregado durante la FIL Guadalajara. Por su \"contribución notable a las letras hispánicas\".
- 2015\. **Premio ELENA PONIATOWSKA,** Chicago. Otorgado por el NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MEXICAN ARTS, en Chicago. 22 de mayo. Premio compartido con Margarita De Orellana.
- 2015\. **Premio POESTATE 2015.** Otorgado por el Festival de Poesía de la ciudad de Lugano, Suiza: POESTATE. 6 de junio. Compartido con Elsa Cross.
- 2017\. **Premio Homenaje al Bibliófilo 2017.** Otorgando por la FIL: Feria Internacional del libro de Guadalajara
- 2017\. **Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes 2017.** Campo de Lingüística y Literatura. Máxima distinción que otorga el estado mexicano desde 1945.
- 2018\. **Premio Mazatlán de Literatura.** Por la novela Los sueños de la serpiente.
- 2018\. **Doctorado Honoris Causa.** Otorgado por el Centro Universitario de Integración Humanística, CIUH, Estado de México.
- 2019\. **Premio Caracol de Plata.** Otorgado por el Festival de Poesía Letras en la Mar. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco
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# G.D. Milheiroense
The **Grupo Desportivo Milheiroense** is a Portuguese football (soccer) club in the parish of Rio Meão, municipality of Santa Maria da Feira, the district of Aveiro. The team currently plays in the third division of the district of Aveiro.
The club was founded on October 23, 1975. Its current president is Edgar Perestrelo Lima.
## Presidents
- 1975--1976: Serafim Tavares 2nd district division
- 1976--1977: Licínio Pina 2nd district division
- 1977--1978: Valdemar Pinho 2nd district division
- 1978--1979: Manuel Ferreira 1st district division
- 1979--1980: José Campos 1st district division
- 1980--1981: Augusto Casimiro 1st district division
- 1981--1982: Augusto Casimiro 1st district division
- 1982--1983: Augusto Casimiro 1st district division
- 1983--1984: César Lisboa 1st district division
- 1984--1985: Alfredo de Azevedo 2nd district division
- 1985--1986: Alfredo de Azevedo 1st district division
- 1986--1987: Joaquim Lima 1st district division
- 1987--1988: Rui 1st district division
- 1988--1989: Adriano Martins 1st district division
- 1989--1990: Armando Lima Oliveira 1st district division
- 1990--1991: Manuel Lima 1st district division
- 1991--1992: António Costa 1st district division
- 1992--1993: Manuel Lima 2nd district division
- 1993--1994: José Rocha 1st district division
- 1994--1995: Adriano Martins 1st district division
- 1995--1996: Adriano Martins 1st district division
- 1996--1997: Arménio Pinho 1st district division
- 1997--1998: António Ferreira 1st district division
- 1998--1999: Arménio Pinho 1st district division
- 1999--2000: Arménio Pinho 1st district division
- 2000--2001: Arménio Pinho 1st district division
- 2001--2002: Arménio Pinho 3rd National division
- 2002--2003: Arménio Pinho 3rd National division
- 2003--2004: Arménio Pinho 3rd National division
- 2004--2005: Edgar Perestrelo 3rd National division
- 2005--2006: Edgar Perestrelo 3rd National division
- 2006--2007: Edgar Perestrelo 3rd National division
## League
- National Third Division (2006--2007)
## Participation
- Aveiro District First Division: 1991/92
- Aveiro Honra DivisionL 2000/2001
- National First Division 1980/1981
## Stadium
The team home ground is the Complexo Desportivo de Milheirós de Poiares and it features a natural turf surface.
## Equipments
The official kit used by the team is made by Patrick and \"Irmãos Tavares Lda.\" are the sponsors
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# Federation of South African Trade Unions
The **Federation of South African Trade Unions** (**FOSATU**) was a trade union federation in South Africa.
## History
The federation was formed at a congress over the weekend of 14--15 April 1979 in Hammanskraal and officially launched five days later on 20 April. Its roots lay in the unions which had emerged from the spontaneous 1973 strike wave by black workers in Durban and Pinetown as part of the \"Durban Moment\", and which had since been part of the Trade Union Advisory Co-ordinating Council or the Black Consultative Committee.
FOSATU\'s constitution enshrined the principles of workers\' control of their trade unions, non-racialism, worker independence from party politics, international worker solidarity and trade union unity. It strove to build a tight national federation to work towards an industrial workers\' bloc firmly based in strong grassroots organisation on the factory floor. It became the first truly national non-racial trade union federation in South African history, building unity and avoiding the regionalism which had pervaded earlier attempts at such an organisation. Its success here has been attributed to the fostering of a national leadership layer of \"organic intellectuals\" through a strong focus on the political education of shop stewards, and tight integration of the national, provincial and local structures of the organisation.
While the unions affiliated primarily organised black workers, their leadership, and that of FOSATU, was mixed, and included white activists in some prominent positions. As the Government of South Africa legalised multi-racial unions in 1979, FOSATU\'s affiliates decided to register. However, despite applying for multi-racial status, the government issued six of the unions with certificates which only permitted the organisation of black workers. FOSATU successfully challenged this, and the number of non-black members gradually increased.
FOSATU argued for its affiliates to become industrial unions, merging so that there was only one representing workers in each industry. This led to a number of mergers, most significantly in 1980 when several unions formed the new National Automobile and Allied Workers\' Union. By 1983, the federation represented workers at 489 factories, and had a total of 285 agreements with employers.
The federation initially opposed industrial councils, arguing that they moved unions away from plant-based negotiations, and often compelled affiliates to renounce the right to strike. From 1982, it permitted affiliates to join industrial councils, although in some cases they faced strong opposition from rival unions. The right to strike was important, and for example, in 1983, its affiliates took part in 124 work stoppages, more than one-third of the total number of strikes across the country. It also organised consumer boycotts where a major employer would not negotiate, such as at Colgate-Palmolive in 1981.
As part of its commitment to trade union unity, FOSATU was prepared to disband its structures if wider unity could be attained. On 1 December 1985, following four years of unity talks between competing trade union federations, FOSATU upheld this pledge by dissolving into the newly formed Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)
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# The Black Gestapo
***The Black Gestapo**\'\' (also released as***Ghetto Warriors**\'\') is a 1975 American crime film about a vigilante named General Ahmed, who starts an inner-city \"People\'s Army\" to protect the black citizens of Watts. However, when the Army succeeds in chasing the mob out of town, Ahmed is replaced by his colleague Colonel Kojah, who reforms the movement into a National Socialist criminal organization in order to have complete control over the town.
It was written and directed by Lee Frost, and stars Rod Perry, Charles P. Robinson, Phil Hoover, Ed Cross and features a cameo from Russ Meyer regular Uschi Digard. It depicts African-American men dressed as Nazis and contains many scenes of violence (including a castration scene) and soft-core nudity.
## Cast
- Rod Perry as General Ahmed
- Charles P. Robinson as Colonel Kojah
- Phil Hoover as Vito
- Ed Cross as Delmay
- Angela Brent as Marsha
- Wes Bishop as Ernest
- Lee Frost as Vincent
- Dona Desmond as White whore
- Charles Howerton as Joe
- Rai Tasco as Dr. Lisk
- David Bryant as Dope Pusher
- J. Christopher Sullivan as T. V. Owner
- Susan Randolph as Vincent\'s Girl
- Colin Male as Newscaster
- Gene Russell as Gambler
- Uschi Digard as Kojah\'s Girl
- Chuck Wells as Trooper
- Bill Quinn as The Accountant
- Tim Wade as Hood
- Roger Gentry as Hood
## Critical responses {#critical_responses}
Writing in AllMovie, critic Donald Guarisco wrote that the film \"lives up \[to\] the offensive potential of its title by cramming every bit of nastiness it can muster into its short running time,\" and that although it \"is socially irresponsible \[\...\] At its best, it\'s even inspired in a very twisted sort of way.\" Critic Matthew Roe wrote in *Under the Radar* magazine that the \"nazi iconography in this film is as subtle as the apocolypse,\" that \"everything about this film screams 70s action schlock,\" and although \"there are scattershot moments of interesting introspection, the movie keeps the dial cranked up and keeps cheap thrills coming its entire runtime
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# Romariz F.C.
The **Romariz Futebol Clube** is a Portuguese football (soccer) club in the parish of Romariz, municipality of Santa Maria da Feira, the district of Aveiro. The team currently plays in the first division of the district of Aveiro. The team plays in the stadium called Campos dos Valos. The team uses its equipments made by Lusocal.
The club was founded in 1976
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# Richard K. Yamamoto
**Richard K. Yamamoto** (1935--2009) was an elementary particle physicist and professor of physics at MIT focusing primarily on the study of leptons and quarks and their interactions. To this end he was involved with experiments at Brookhaven, Fermilab, and SLAC, including the BaBar Experiment. He was also known for his expertise in building experimental hardware, which he shared with students.
## Biographical information and education {#biographical_information_and_education}
Richard K. Yamamoto was born June 29, 1935, in Hawaii, the son of Richard M. Yamamoto, a service station proprietor, and Yatsuko Yamamoto, a waitress. He became a freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1953, earning an A.B. in 1957 and a Ph.D. in 1963, working with advisor Irwin A. Pless.
He was known to enjoy working with his hands. An excellent mechanic and a devotee of fast cars, he rebuilt his own car engines and took driving lessons at NASCAR tracks.
With his first wife Lily, a graphic designer, Yamamoto had three daughters and eight grandchildren. His second wife, Kathleen (Cougan) Barreto (1955-2012) was from Sunnyvale, California, and had a career in Silicon Valley.
Yamamoto died October 16, 2009, of complications related to lung cancer.
## Career
Yamamoto spent his entire career at MIT, first as a researcher at the Laboratory for Nuclear Science in 1963, and as an instructor in 1964. In 1965 he became an assistant professor, and in 1972 a full professor. His colleague Edmund Bertschinger said, \"His kindness and gentle enthusiasm helped make the department an exciting and supportive place for everyone in physics.\"
Yamamoto loved teaching, both in the classroom and in the laboratory. For many years he taught the Junior Lab at MIT, as a master of all the experiments.
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# Richard K. Yamamoto
## Research
Yamamoto conducted research at three national laboratories: Brookhaven, Fermilab, and SLAC. At Fermilab, was credited with \"a leading role in the creation, operation, and exploitation of the 30-inch Bubble Chamber Hybrid Spectrometer in studying hadronic interactions\". In the SLD collaboration at SLAC, he studied Z0 boson production and decay in polarized electron-positron collisions, measuring \"the electroweak mixing angle based on a polarized electron-positron scattering\". Yamamoto\'s group contributed a \"precise measurement of the electron beam polarization based on Compton scattering\". The MIT faculty newsletter described it as \"the most precise measurement of the electroweak mixing angle (sin2θW) based on a single process\". That measurement was \"an important constraint on models of electroweak symmetry breaking, including the possible mass of the Higgs Boson in the Standard Model\".
Colleagues have said his management style was low-key, yet effective. Colleague Peter Fisher began working in 1994 with Yamamoto. Fisher said, \"He loved to work with students, making things\...He was happiest when he had his hands on some knob, adjusting a mirror, and looking at an oscilloscope.\" Fisher commented, \"Dick was a mild-mannered guy, but when push came to shove, he stood up to the system.\" Fisher described a situation at SLAC when the Center\'s director was pressuring Yamamoto\'s team to publish their results, even though the team members were puzzled why two different electron-counting methods produced different results. Yamamoto insisted that they needed to know why the numbers were off, and they only published when they figured it out.
His group also \"conducted precise studies of decays of charmed and bottom particles\" at the BaBar B-Factory. He was involved in creating the BaBar drift chamber, contributing to measurement of CP violation and properties of heavy mesons. One source commented, \"He was happiest building something and making it work. Many of his students have gone on to careers in physics and carry with them his love of experimental hardware
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# Adair Tishler
**Adair Tishler** is an American actress, model and singer, who has appeared in television shows such as *Charmed* and *House* and in movies such as *Within* and *An American Girl: Chrissa Stands Strong*. She is also known for portraying Molly Walker on NBC\'s *Heroes*.
## Career
Tishler has participated in theater productions of *Cinderella* and *Sound of Music*. Her résumé includes voice-over work, and she has also performed in music videos---she appears in Martina McBride\'s video *God\'s Will* and in Rhonda Vincent\'s video *If Heartaches Had Wings* which also featured pop-star and actress Miley Cyrus.
Her other performances include the role of Carrie in the short indie film *Six and the City*, a knock-off of the hit TV show *Sex and the City*. Tishler has also appeared in the hit WB series *Charmed* in its final season. She portrayed Tara James in the American Girl movie *Chrissa Stands Strong*.
Adair used to sing lead vocals for the indie rock band Smash It Up. Tishler sang with four of her middle school friends from Burbank, California: Cole Clarke (lead guitar), Brennan Flynn (bass guitar), Mia Viesca (drums). The band released a self-titled CD of original songs on April 21, 2009.
## Awards
She won a Young Artist Award in 2008 for Best Performance in a TV Series - Supporting Young Actress for her performance in *Heroes*.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
2003 *Six and the City* Carrie Short film
2003 *Paper Doll* Young Natasha Short film
2004 *Ms
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# Argo Investments
**Argo Investments Limited** is an Australian listed investment company (LIC), which trades its shares on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). Its diversified portfolio of shares are selected for profitability and long-term growth prospects at cost-effective prices. `{{As of|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, it is the second largest LIC in Australia.
Argo invests predominantly in shares of other companies listed on the ASX.
## Establishment and history {#establishment_and_history}
Argo Investments Limited was established in Adelaide, South Australia in 1946 by Kevin Ward QC, solicitor, and Alf Adamson, a chartered accountant who had previously worked on company valuations. Donald Bradman was chairman of the company from 1982 to 1984.
In 1990, Argo acquired investment company Schroder Dual Fund, and in 1992 it acquired Stoddarts Holdings. Argo was involved in the establishment of other LICs, including Bounty Investments Ltd and Wakefield Investments Ltd, both of which Argo maintained an investment in. In 2001, Argo merged with both Bounty and Wakefield, after making successful takeover offers for both, on the basis of offering Argo shares in exchange for shares in the companies being acquired. These terms of acquisition allowed Bounty and Wakefield shareholders to be relieved from liability to pay capital gains tax on the disposal of their shares.
The top 20 investments and Net Tangible Asset backing per share (NTA) are published regularly in the [Monthly NTA newsletters](https://www.argoinvestments.com.au/announcements/monthly-nta).
## Investment philosophy {#investment_philosophy}
Argo has maintained a conservative investment philosophy, holding a diversified portfolio of investments in many Australian listed public companies. It has historically paid regular semi-annual dividends to shareholders, with the 2017 full year dividend being 31 cents per share.
## Argo Global Listed Infrastructure (AGLI) {#argo_global_listed_infrastructure_agli}
For the purpose of managing a portfolio of foreign company shares, Argo launched AGLI as a separate company and listed it on the ASX (code [ALI](https://www.asx.com.au/asx/share-price-research/company/ALI)) on 3 July 2015. The advantage to shareholders is a single \"paper trail\" of income from foreign sources. AGLI is managed by ASCO, a wholly owned subsidiary of Argo
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# Peter A. Wolff
**Peter Adalbert Wolff** (November 15, 1923 -- September 5, 2013) was an American physicist who is considered a pioneer in semiconductor research. He earned his PhD in physics at UC Berkeley with Robert Serber as thesis advisor in 1951 and began his career at the Bell Telephone Laboratories the following year. Thereafter Wolff joined the physics department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1970, becoming head of the condensed matter and atomic physics division. Together with P. M. Platzman, he coauthored the textbook *Waves and Interactions in Solid State Plasmas* (1973). In 1976 he moved on to the directorship of the Research Laboratory of Electronics and then of the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory in 1981. Wolff left the director\'s chair in 1987 and retired from his faculty position in 1989 to become a fellow of the newly created NEC Research Institute at Princeton University. In 1994 he returned to MIT as the leader of the physics/industry forum for the physics department and remained a professor emeritus there until his death
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# Dead Air Dave
**Dead Air Dave** was one of several on-air names used by the radio personality who currently calls himself **Dylan**. He has also broadcast as **Nigel**, **A.B.**, **A.B. Love** and **Ashok** (which is his actual first name). He got his start in the radio business as an intern at WXRK New York in 1994.
Dave\'s first on-air gig was at WPDH (Poughkeepsie). Over the next four years, he moved on to WBHT (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton), WRRV (Middletown), WKRZ (Wilkes-Barre/Scranton) and WDBZ/WNSR/WBIX (New York City).
He took the name \"Dead Air\" Dave when he was hired back as a personality on WXRK New York in September 1998. In March 2002, as part of an agreement that guaranteed him three weekly airshifts, he begrudgingly accepted the position of monitoring *The Howard Stern Show* for content that then-GM Tom Chiusano feared would incur a fine for indecency by the FCC, and pressing a dump button when questionable content arose. Dave was then frequently used as an on-air punching bag for Howard\'s frustrations with the increasingly difficult FCC regulated broadcast climate and censorship. During this time, he was also an on-air personality for the Sirius Satellite Radio channels Hits 1, The Pulse and 90s on 9.
Dave left WXRK in January 2006 when it became \"Free-FM\" (WFNY-FM) and soon after appeared on *The Howard Stern Show* (newly on Sirius) to discuss his time as the show\'s censor and his video documentary *Irritation: A Radio Saga*, which was available to watch for free on his then-website deadairdave.net.
Although Dead Air Dave is no longer a part of *The Howard Stern Show*, his voice was heard on Howard TV as the voiceover announcer for the original series \"Wack Pack Bowling\" as well as \"DJ Black Cloud\", a special documenting Scott the Engineer\'s triumphant return to party hosting.
Dave is currently using the on-air name \"Dylan\". He was the afternoon drive host (3--8 pm) on WWFS (New York City) from 2007 to 2015, and is currently doing weekends/swing at WKTU, New York City
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# Vincent L. Palmisano
**Vincent Luke Palmisano** (August 5, 1882 -- after January 12, 1953) was an American politician from Maryland.
Born as **Vincenzo Palmisano** in Termini Imerese, Palermo in the Kingdom of Italy, to Cosimo Palmisano and Anna Maria Sansone Chiariano. Palmisano emigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Baltimore in 1887. He attended parochial schools and studied law at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. He was admitted to the bar in 1909 and commenced practice in Baltimore.
Palmisano served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1914 and 1915, as a member of the Baltimore City Council from 1915 to 1923, as a member of the Democratic State central committee of Baltimore from 1923 to 1927, and as police examiner of Baltimore from 1925-1927. In 1926, he was elected as a Democrat to the Seventieth and to the five succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1927 to January 3, 1939. His re-election in 1928 was very close, winning by only 330 votes and was contested. While the committee report recommended that Palmisano was not elected due to irregularities in one precinct (\"No attempt whatever was made by the election board to follow the law as to counting, recording, or certifying the vote in this precinct\") and questions about his residency, the report was never acted on by the House.
In Congress, Palmisano served as chairman of the Committee on Education (Seventy-fourth and Seventy-fifth Congresses), and as a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia (Seventy-fifth Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1938. After his tenure in Congress, Palmisano resumed the practice of law and served on the Baltimore Zoning Board until his resignation in 1952.
Palmisano had been in ill health after an emergency appendectomy in the summer of 1952. He disappeared from his home on January 12, 1953, and his gloves were soon discovered at a pier along the Baltimore Inner Harbor. Suspecting suicide, the police and Coast Guard dragged the frigid waters of the harbor in search of his remains. On March 5, 1953, a body was recovered from the harbor and confirmed to be Palmisano by his landlady. He is interred in the New Cathedral Cemetery of Baltimore
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# 2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
The **2007 Nextel Open and Nextel All-Star Challenge** was a professional auto race held on May 19, 2007, at Lowe\'s Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. North Carolina native and former NBA MVP Michael Jordan was the grand marshal of the event.
## Race and qualifying format {#race_and_qualifying_format}
### All-Star Challenge {#all_star_challenge}
NASCAR\'s All-Star Challenge is an exhibition race which uses a different format. Similarly to the All-Star games in other North American sports leagues, it does not affect the championship standings. Race winners (either drivers or teams) in the 2006 and the first eleven races of the 2007 seasons, plus former Winston/Nextel Cup Champions and All-Star event winners from the past decade, automatically qualify for the main event. On restarts of the race after caution flags, the cars line up in a double file restart, akin to the start of a regulation race. A description of how the race was reformatted for the 2007 running can be found here.
Qualifying for this event is different from qualifying in NASCAR. Those entered for the main event take 3 timed qualifying laps, instead of the usual two laps used in all sanctioned oval races, but they must take a required pit stop for four tires after either the first or second lap, coming in at the pit road speed (in the case of LMS, 45 miles per hour), with no speed limit on exits. Infractions will also incur time penalties. Starting in 2007, the selection of the pit boxes used by teams was made after the annual Pit Crew Challenge event to be held three days earlier at Charlotte Bobcats Arena, won by the Ryan Newman No. 12 team. In the qualifying, Matt Kenseth won the pole. Kevin Harvick was bumper-to-bumper with Jimmie Johnson coming to the start/finish line to win the race.
### Nextel Open {#nextel_open}
All other drivers or teams that are in the Nextel Cup Top 50 owners or drivers points that do not automatically qualify for the All-Star Challenge are entered into a 40-lap, a two-half event called the Nextel Open. Only the top two drivers, plus one additional driver on the lead lap that is voted in by fans on the World Wide Web via Sprint/Nextel\'s website, their customers, and attendees of the race, join the elite field. Standard qualifying rules applied for those in this event, which saw Carl Edwards win \"P-1\" (`{{aka}}`{=mediawiki} the pole position), edging fellow Roush-Fenway teammate David Ragan. The Nextel Open was won by Martin Truex Jr. Johnny Sauter finished second.
### Kobalt Tools Crew Chief Race {#kobalt_tools_crew_chief_race}
Before the All-Star Challenge, a new preliminary race was held between Nextel Cup crew chiefs---the Kobalt Tools Crew Chief Race. The race comprised eighteen crew chiefs driving small Legends Thunder Roadster cars on the quarter-mile oval in front of the main track\'s grandstand and was televised in the United States on Speed. *NASCAR on ESPN* color commentator and former crew chief, Andy Petree won the main event, earning a \$10,000 donation for any charity of his choice. The charities he decided to donate the race winnings to were Motor Racing Outreach and Mud Creek Baptist Church.
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# 2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
## List of 2007 qualifiers {#list_of_2007_qualifiers}
The following drivers qualified after they won at least one race in the 2006 or 2007 seasons, in order of their qualifying win:
- Jimmie Johnson - 2006 Daytona 500
- Matt Kenseth - 2006 Auto Club 500
- Kasey Kahne - 2006 Golden Corral 500
- Kurt Busch - 2006 Food City 500
- Tony Stewart - 2006 DirecTV 500
- Kevin Harvick - 2006 Subway Fresh 500
- Dale Earnhardt Jr. - 2006 Crown Royal 400
- Greg Biffle - 2006 Dodge Charger 500
- Denny Hamlin - 2006 Pocono 500
- Jeff Gordon - 2006 Dodge/Save Mart 350
- Kyle Busch - 2006 Lenox Industrial Tools 300
- Jeff Burton - 2006 Dover 400
- Brian Vickers - 2006 UAW Ford 500 (drove the No. 25 Hendrick Motorsports car)
The following drivers qualified as a result of driving a car that won a race in 2006 with a different driver:
- Casey Mears - No. 25 car won the 2006 UAW Ford 500
The following drivers qualified as a result of being a former Nextel Cup champion (since 1997):
- Jeff Gordon (1997, 1998 and 2001 Champion, already qualified)
- Dale Jarrett (1999 Champion)
- Bobby Labonte (2000 Champion)
- Tony Stewart (2002 and 2005 Champion, already qualified)
- Matt Kenseth (2003 Champion, already qualified)
- Kurt Busch (2004 Champion, already qualified)
- Jimmie Johnson (2006 Champion, already qualified)
The following drivers qualified as a result of being a former winner of the Nextel All-Star Challenge (since 1997):
- Jeff Gordon (1997 and 2001 winner, already qualified)
- Mark Martin (1998 and 2005 winner, already qualified)
- *The 1999 winner was Terry Labonte, who retired after the 2006 season and did not compete*
- Dale Earnhardt Jr. (2000 winner, already qualified)
- Ryan Newman (2002 winner)
- Jimmie Johnson (2003 and 2006 winner, already qualified)
- Matt Kenseth (2004 winner, already qualified)
The following drivers qualified via the Nextel Open:
- Martin Truex Jr. (won the Nextel Open)
- Johnny Sauter (finished 2nd in the Nextel Open)
Also qualifying, the 2007 Fan Vote Winner:
- Kenny Wallace
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# 2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
## Entry List {#entry_list}
### The Open {#the_open}
- **(R)** = Rookie
\# Driver Team Make
---- ---------------------------- ------------------------------ -----------
00 David Reutimann **(R)** Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota
1 Martin Truex Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
4 Ward Burton Morgan-McClure Motorsports Chevrolet
6 David Ragan **(R)** Roush Fenway Racing Ford
07 Clint Bowyer Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet
7 Robby Gordon Robby Gordon Motorsports Ford
10 Scott Riggs Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge
13 Joe Nemechek Ginn Racing Chevrolet
14 Sterling Marlin Ginn Racing Chevrolet
15 Paul Menard **(R)** Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
18 J. J. Yeley Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet
19 Elliott Sadler Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge
21 Jon Wood **(R)** Wood Brothers Racing Ford
22 Dave Blaney Bill Davis Racing Toyota
26 Jamie McMurray Roush Fenway Racing Ford
34 Kevin Lepage Front Row Motorsports Dodge
36 Jeremy Mayfield Bill Davis Racing Toyota
37 Boris Said Front Row Motorsports Dodge
38 David Gilliland **(R)** Robert Yates Racing Ford
40 David Stremme Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge
41 Reed Sorenson Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge
42 Juan Pablo Montoya Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge
45 Kyle Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge
49 Mike Bliss BAM Racing Dodge
55 Michael Waltrip Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota
66 Jeff Green Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet
70 Johnny Sauter Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet
78 Kenny Wallace Furniture Row Racing Chevrolet
84 A. J. Allmendinger **(R)** Red Bull Racing Team Toyota
88 Ricky Rudd Robert Yates Racing Ford
96 Tony Raines Hall of Fame Racing Chevrolet
99 Carl Edwards Roush Fenway Racing Ford
### All-Star Challenge {#all_star_challenge_1}
\# Driver Team Make
---- -------------------- ------------------------------ -----------
01 Mark Martin Ginn Racing Chevrolet
2 Kurt Busch Penske Racing South Dodge
5 Kyle Busch Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
8 Dale Earnhardt Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
9 Kasey Kahne Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge
11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet
12 Ryan Newman Penske Racing South Dodge
16 Greg Biffle Roush Fenway Racing Ford
17 Matt Kenseth Roush Fenway Racing Ford
20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet
24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
25 Casey Mears Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
29 Kevin Harvick Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet
31 Jeff Burton Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet
43 Bobby Labonte Petty Enterprises Dodge
44 Dale Jarrett Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota
48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
83 Brian Vickers Red Bull Racing Team Toyota
| 390 |
2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
| 2 |
11,062,776 |
# 2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
## Qualifying
### The Open {#the_open_1}
Pos. \# Driver Team Make
------ ---- ---------------------------- ------------------------------ -----------
1 99 Carl Edwards Roush Fenway Racing Ford
2 6 David Ragan **(R)** Roush Fenway Racing Ford
3 22 Dave Blaney Bill Davis Racing Toyota
4 38 David Gilliland **(R)** Robert Yates Racing Ford
5 42 Juan Pablo Montoya **(R)** Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge
6 26 Jamie McMurray Roush Fenway Racing Ford
7 41 Reed Sorenson Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge
8 84 A. J. Allmendinger **(R)** Red Bull Racing Toyota
9 88 Ricky Rudd Robert Yates Racing Ford
10 15 Paul Menard **(R)** Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
11 1 Martin Truex Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
12 10 Scott Riggs Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge
13 14 Sterling Marlin Ginn Racing Chevrolet
14 13 Joe Nemechek Ginn Racing Chevrolet
15 66 Jeff Green Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet
16 49 Mike Bliss BAM Racing Dodge
17 96 Tony Raines Hall of Fame Racing Chevrolet
18 21 Jon Wood **(R)** Wood Brothers Racing Ford
19 4 Ward Burton Morgan-McClure Racing Chevrolet
20 70 Johnny Sauter Haas CNC Racing Chverolet
21 78 Kenny Wallace Furniture Row Racing Chevrolet
22 07 Clint Bowyer Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet
23 19 Elliott Sadler Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge
24 18 J. J. Yeley Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet
25 7 Robby Gordon Robby Gordon Motorsports Ford
26 36 Jeremy Mayfield Bill Davis Racing Toyota
27 45 Kyle Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge
28 00 David Reutimann **(R)** Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota
29 34 Kevin Lepage Front Row Motorsports Dodge
30 37 Boris Said Front Row Motorsports Dodge
31 40 David Stremme Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge
32 55 Michael Waltrip Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota
### All-Star Challenge {#all_star_challenge_2}
Pos. \# Driver Team Make
------ ---- --------------------- ----------------------------- -----------
1 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Fenway Racing Ford
2 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
3 2 Kurt Busch Penske Racing South Dodge
4 29 Kevin Harvick Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet
5 31 Jeff Burton Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet
6 5 Kyle Busch Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
7 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
8 12 Ryan Newman Penske Racing South Dodge
9 11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet
10 8 Dale Earnhardt Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
11 9 Kasey Kahne Gillet Evernham Motorsports Dodge
12 16 Greg Biffle Roush Fenway Racing Ford
13 44 Dale Jarrett Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota
14 83 Brian Vickers Red Bull Racing Toyota
15 43 Bobby Labonte Petty Enterprises Dodge
16 25 Casey Mears Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet
17 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet
18 01 Mark Martin Ginn Racing Chevrolet
19 1 Martin Truex Jr.\* Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet
20 70 Johnny Sauter\*\* Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet
21 78 Kenny Wallace\*\*\* Furniture Row Racing Chevrolet
\* - Won the Showdown
\*\* - Showdown runner up
\*\*\* - Fan Vote winner
## The Open {#the_open_2}
Martin Truex Jr. won the Nextel Open, which was the first win for Truex of any kind in a Nextel Cup race. Johnny Sauter edged out Carl Edwards for the second transfer spot in this race.
The 40-lap race was stopped four times due to caution, including a 10-car incident halfway through lap 1 in which, among other things, the hoods of the cars driven by David Gilliland and Juan Pablo Montoya collided.
Kenny Wallace won the fan vote, partly due to a large Get out the vote campaign mounted by Speed Channel, where he worked as an analyst.
## The Challenge {#the_challenge}
Kevin Harvick passed Jeff Burton at the start of the fourth and final segment and won the event for the first time in his career. Harvick won \$1,031,539, which at the time was the largest amount awarded to an all-star race winner. Jimmie Johnson finished second, and Mark Martin finished third.
Burton had inherited the lead from Matt Kenseth, who was sent to the tail end of the longest line due to speeding on pit road during the break between segments three and four. During this break, teams had to visit the pits at least once, but no service was required. Kenseth decided on the visit and also won the first segment. Kyle Busch was first at the end of the second segment.
It was the fourth win for Richard Childress Racing after three wins by Dale Earnhardt.
This race was also notable for a crash between brothers Kurt Busch and Kyle Busch. They touched entering turn 1 with 18 laps to go, sending both into the wall rear-first. In an interview after the incident, Kurt Busch joked that he would not \"be eating Kellogg\'s anytime soon,\" referring to Kyle Busch\'s sponsor.
| 776 |
2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
| 3 |
11,062,776 |
# 2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
## Results
### The Open {#the_open_3}
Pos. \# Driver Team Make Laps Led Status
------ ---- ---------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------- ------ ----- ------------
1 1 Marin Truex Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet 40 3 running
2 70 Johnny Sauter Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
3 99 Carl Edwards Roush Fenway Racing Ford 40 37 running
4 22 Dave Blaney Bill Davis Racing Toyota 40 0 running
5 88 Ricky Rudd Robert Yates Racing Ford 40 0 running
6 07 Clint Bowyer Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
7 14 Sterling Marlin Ginn Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
8 36 Jeremy Mayfield Bill Davis Racing Toyota 40 0 running
9 96 Tony Raines Hall of Fame Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
10 26 Jamie McMurray Roush Fenway Racing Ford 40 0 running
11 40 David Stremme Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge 40 0 running
12 66 Jeff Green Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
13 18 J. J. Yeley Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
14 45 Kyle Petty Petty Enterprises Dodge 40 0 running
15 84 A. J. Allmendinger **(R)** Red Bull Racing Toyota 40 0 running
16 7 Robby Gordon Robby Gordon Motorsports Ford 40 0 running
17 4 Ward Burton Morgan-McClure Motorsports Chevrolet 40 0 running
18 78 Kenny Wallace Furniture Row Racing Chevrolet 40 0 running
19 34 Kevin Lepage Front Row Motorsports Dodge 40 0 running
20 55 Michael Waltrip Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota 38 0 running
21 00 David Reutimann **(R)** Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota 33 0 electrical
22 6 David Ragan **(R)** Roush Fenway Racing Ford 20 0 crash
23 41 Reed Sorenson Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge 20 0 crash
24 19 Elliott Sadler Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge 20 0 crash
25 49 Mike Bliss BAM Racing Dodge 9 0 crash
26 37 Boris Said Front Row Motorsports Dodge 9 0 crash
27 10 Scott Riggs Gillett Evernham Motorsports Dodge 1 0 crash
28 38 David Gilliland **(R)** Robert Yates Racing Ford 0 0 crash
29 42 Juan Pablo Montoya **(R)** Chip Ganassi Racing Dodge 0 0 crash
30 15 Paul Menard **(R)** Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet 0 0 crash
31 13 Joe Nemechek Ginn Racing Chevrolet 0 0 crash
32 21 Jon Wood **(R)** Wood Brothers Racing Ford 0 0 crash
### All-Star Challenge {#all_star_challenge_3}
Pos. \# Driver Team Make Laps Led Status
------ ---- -------------------- ------------------------------ ----------- ------ ----- ---------
1 29 Kevin Harvick Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 80 20 running
2 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 80 0 running
3 01 Mark Martin Ginn Racing Chevrolet 80 0 running
4 31 Jeff Burton Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 80 0 running
5 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet 80 0 running
6 70 Johnny Sauter Haas CNC Racing Chevrolet 80 0 running
7 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Fenway Racing Ford 80 36 running
8 12 Ryan Newman Penske Racing South Dodge 80 0 running
9 8 Dale Earnhardt Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc. Chevrolet 80 0 running
10 1 Martin Truex Jr. Dale Earnhardt Inc
| 512 |
2007 Nextel All-Star Challenge
| 4 |
11,062,799 |
# Long and Kees
**Long and Kees** was an architecture firm based in Minneapolis, Minnesota active for a twelve-year period starting from 1885 and ending in 1897. Named for its two proprietors, Franklin B. Long (1842--1912) and Frederick Kees (1852-1927), the firm designed several notable churches, offices, schools and houses, including Minneapolis City Hall. Most of the buildings designed by Long and Kees reflect the Richardsonian-Romanesque style.
## History
The firm was established in 1885 when Franklin Long, having recently relocated to Minneapolis from Chicago, partnered with Maryland-born Frederick Kees. In later years, Long added his son Louis Long as a partner, as well as Lowell A. Lamoreaux. After Long and Kees disbanded their firm, Kees partnered with Serenus Colburn starting in 1898 and ending in 1921.
## Legacy
Many of Long and Kees\'s buildings remain standing today, such as the Lumber Exchange Building (1885), Hennepin Center for the Arts (1888), the Flour Exchange Building (1892), Hawthorn Terrace Apartments (20-26 N. 15th St., 1892), William Nott residence (15 Groveland Terrace, 1892) and Minneapolis City Hall (designed in 1897; completed in 1906).
At the same time, a number of buildings designed by Long and Kees have been demolished, such as the first Minneapolis Public Library (1889), the Minneapolis Corn Exchange, and Donaldson\'s Glass Block
| 213 |
Long and Kees
| 0 |
11,062,822 |
# RealGM
**RealGM.com** is a sports website created in 2000. The site was originally a basketball site, but has since expanded its scope to provide information about American football, baseball, ice hockey and soccer. According to Alexa, the site ranked in the top 5000 of most visited sites in January 2009. The site includes basketball team forums as well as off-topic, media, and graphic arts forums. The site also offers the sale of sporting event tickets. It focuses its news mainly on players and their movement and actions in their respective leagues.
## In the media {#in_the_media}
CBSSports.com wrote that the core writers at RealGM.com \"have produced quality work over the years\". *Sports Business Journal* called the site \"one of the most influential independent voices within basketball\".
In 2005, a thread on the RealGM.com forum was mentioned as a source of motivation for Washington Wizards guard Juan Dixon after a playoff game in which he scored 35 points. Dixon told reporters that he had been notified by one of his friends of a thread in the RealGM forum entitled \"The Amazingly \[starts with \"S\" and rhymes with plucky\] Juan Dixon Thread.\" Dixon said that the thread gave him extra motivation to be able to throw it back in their face. Forum members mentioned that they felt entitled after hearing that they had motivated Dixon.
In 2008, Chris Bosh submitted a video on his YouTube channel cboshtv in which he asked RealGM members to upload videos and ask him anything.
In 2012, a RealGM poll was mentioned by Ernie Johnson of the TNT broadcast team during a 2012 playoff game between the Oklahoma City Thunder and the San Antonio Spurs. The poll asked RealGM users to vote on which TNT commentator they thought would make the best NBA General Manager. The poll results indicated that 37.7% of users voted for Kenny Smith, 26.9% voted for Reggie Miller, 16.5% voted for Charles Barkley, 12.2% voted for Chris Webber, and 6.8% voted for Shaquille O\'Neal. These results prompted Barkley to say \"those people know absolutely nothing\".
In late 2013, a group of Milwaukee Bucks fans who populate the highly active Bucks Forum crowd-funded the creation of a local billboard designed to encourage the local ownership of the team to scrap their long-held commitment to mediocrity and, instead, focus on a youth-driven rebuilding process. The billboard received national attention, from *Sporting News*, *Deadspin*, Yahoo! Sports, and other media entities
| 405 |
RealGM
| 0 |
11,062,837 |
# Treadwell gold mine
The **Treadwell gold mine** was on the south side of Douglas Island, .5 mi east of downtown Douglas and southeast of downtown Juneau, owned and operated by John Treadwell. Composed of four sub-sites, Treadwell was in its time the largest hard rock gold mine in the world, employing over 2,000 people. Between 1881 and 1922, over 3 million troy ounces of gold were extracted. Not much remains today except for a few crumbling buildings and a \"glory hole\". Although John Treadwell had twelve years of experience in both placer and lode mines, he was a carpenter and builder by trade who had come to Alaska prior to the Klondike Gold Rush.
## Beginnings
In 1880, prospectors Joseph \'Joe\' Juneau and Richard Harris discovered gold in Silver Bow Basin. This brought waves of prospectors to the region, including John Treadwell, whose first move was to purchase a lode claim on Douglas Island from Pierre Joseph Erussard (\"French Pete\") on September 13, 1881.
Treadwell formed a partnership in Sept. 1881 with Erussard de Ville, D.P. Mitchell and Dave Martin under the name of The San Francisco Company. For unknown reasons he later backed out of this, and in early December 1881 he devoted his attention solely to the Douglas Island property. He then went on to buy two claims neighboring his property from D. W. Clark. Treadwell extracted twenty two samples from his three claims which he sent to San Francisco, California for a mill test, yielding encouraging results.
On December 27, 1881, Treadwell organized the Alaska Mill & Mining Company and began operations at the Treadwell Dike. Shortly after this, five men from California bought over \$10,000 worth of stock in the business. These men were James Freeborn (1828 - June 21, 1894), San Francisco banker and mining magnate John Douglas Fry (July 1, 1819 - February 3, 1901), Horace Lewis Hill (1840 - November 6, 1912), Howard Hill Shinn (born April 4, 1857) and E. M. With these men funding him, Treadwell began running a tunnel and discovered that much of the vein he was mining was not on his property. Because word of his strike had not yet gotten out he was able to buy many of the adjoining claims for very little money, after which he returned to San Francisco to secure more backing for a much larger mill. His financial benefactors agreed to invest more and the major mining operation had begun.
By 1882, a 5-stamp mill was operating. In 1887, a 120-stamp mill was erected, which was doubled in size the next year. Between 1883 and 1896, three more mills were added to the Treadwell Complex. These served the Mexican, Seven Hundred Foot, and Ready Bullion mines. A second mill, with 300 stamps, was added to the Treadwell Mine in 1899.In 1889, Treadwell sold his stake in the company for \$1.5 million (\~\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1500000|start_year=1889}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}) and returned to California.
{{-}}
## Geology
The geology on Douglas Island consists of a belt of volcanic greenstones next to Stephens Passage, which alternate with slate before the transitioning into a belt of slate next to the Gastineau Channel. The slate band includes many dikes of diorite. \"Secondarily fractured and mineralized diorite dikes constitute the ore bodies in the Treadwell group of mines on Douglas Island.\" Gold-bearing sulfide minerals impregnate the dikes, principally pyrite.
<File:Douglas> geologic map.PNG\|Geological map of the Douglas area. <File:Treadwell> Mines geologic map.PNG\|Detailed geological map indication location of the individual mines. <File:Douglas> Island gold mines.PNG\|Detailed map of the mine shafts and levels. <File:Treadwell> Mines Douglas Island.PNG\|View of the Treadwell Mines on Douglas Island.
## Operation
At the height of the operation there were five mills with over 960 stamps in continuous operation, closing down only on Christmas and Independence Day. These mills were fed by four mines known as the Treadwell, 700-Foot, Mexican and Ready Bullion. At this time the mine employed over 2,000 people and was the largest hard rock mine in the world. The gold was 55% free milling and 45% embedded in pyrite, which was extracted using chlorination, smelting, and cyanidation. Power to the complex was supplied by a coal-fired power plant (later switching to oil and two hydroelectric dams).
Some of the shafts extended as much as 2400 ft below the surface.
In 1914, many Serbian and Greek miners at Treadwell, who made up the bulk of the miners, left to fight for their home countries in World War I.
The Treadwell had its own baseball field and team that competed with four other teams from Alaska and Yukon. There was also a natatorium, which housed a swimming pool, as well as basketball courts.
| 776 |
Treadwell gold mine
| 0 |
11,062,837 |
# Treadwell gold mine
## Decline
On March 3, 1910, there was a massive explosion on the 1,100-foot level of Mexican mine. The blast was so powerful a miner on the 900-foot level died in the accident. The explosion was due to eight cases of dynamite stored in a magazine. The area was designed that in the case of an explosion, the fumes would go up through the shaft and not suffocate the miners. Unfortunately, the men killed and wounded were directly in the way of the blast. Thirty nine men and one horse were killed in total. Many of them came from countries far across the ocean. Serbia alone accounted for 17 deaths. The 1910 explosion was the worst disaster in Alaska mining history.
The mine was still yielding gold in 1917 when the Treadwell, 700-Foot and Mexican mines (excavated to a depth of more than 500 ft below sea level under Gastineau Channel) suddenly began leaking and were evacuated. Hours later the mines collapsed. At the climax, sprays of water were sent up to 200 ft in the air from the mine entrances. The only casualties were a dozen horses and one mule; local lore has it that one man unaccounted for used the opportunity to head for parts unknown.
Evidence of instability had been noticed around 1909, but there was no indication of impending disaster until 1913, when major geological shifts occurred. Reinforcements were constructed but were ineffective. The last shaft was worked in a limited fashion until 1922.
## Demographics
Treadwell first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census, but was returned with Douglas, so did not report a separate figure. It first appeared separately on the 1900 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village, and was the 10th largest community in Alaska. In 1901, Treadwell formally incorporated. In 1910, it reached its apex of 1,222 residents (including 1,175 Whites, 44 Other and 3 Native Americans), and was the 6th largest city in Alaska. However, in 1912, it disincorporated and the population rapidly fell with the gradual closure of the mines. It fell to 325 residents and 26th place by 1920. It continued to report as a village until 1940, but became effectively a ghost town by the 1920s. By 1970, it and all other places in Juneau Borough were merged into the city of Juneau.
## Today
From the dissolution of the Boston Alaska Mining Company, the property became 99.9% interest to the historical Nowell family and specifically George. The Nowell descendants and Alaska Electric Light & Power, have since deeded a portion to the city of Juneau with the stipulation that it be maintained as a historic site. Under the management of the Treadwell Historic Preservation & Restoration Society there are recreation trails with markers identifying various locations. Another portion of the property is leased to a zip line operator.
Directly above the cave-in site is a concrete pad where the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities placed a 105mm howitzer, which was fired across Gastineau Channel at a shoulder of Mount Roberts to break up avalanches before they get so big as to pose a danger to Thane Road and residences there; however, in 2019 the howitzer was removed and avalanche control is now handled by helicopters with attached DaisyBell devices
| 547 |
Treadwell gold mine
| 1 |
11,062,839 |
# Keith Forbes
**Keith MacKenzie Forbes** (28 May 1906 -- 7 September 1996) was a former Australian rules footballer who played for Coburg in the Victorian Football Association (VFA), and for Essendon, North Melbourne (as captain-coach), and Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
## Family
The son of Donald Forbes, and Sarah Jane Forbes, née MacPhail, Keith MacKenzie Forbes was born on 28 May 1906.
He married Dorothy Viola Brown on 25 November 1935.
## Football
A small goalkicking rover, he stood at 171 cm.
### Coburg
Forbes played a total of 30 games for Coburg over three seasons (1926--1928), and was part of the 1927 premiership team.
### Essendon
Forbes transferred to Essendon without a clearance from Coburg, having played for Coburg for the first five matches in the VFA\'s 1928 season, as did another two of his 1927 Grand Final winning Coburg team-mates, Aub Charleston, and Ernie Martin.
He was twice runner-up in the Brownlow Medal; in 1930 (joint), and in 1935. He took Essendon\'s best and fairest twice, and was runner-up on two occasions.
He captained Essendon in 1934, 1935, and 1937. He stepped aside to allow Jack Baggott to captain/coach in 1936 and part of 1937, serving as the team\'s vice-captain.
In nine of his ten years with Essendon, he either won, or was runner-up in goal kicking. In his first year with Essendon (1928), despite missing the first five matches (he made his debut in round 6), he came third. He kicked his 200th VFL goal in 1932 and was the first Essendon player to achieve this milestone. Forbes went on to also be the first Essendon player to kick both 300 and 400 goals. He achieved the 300 goal mark during the 1935 season, and then the 400 goal mark during his final, tenth year at Essendon in 1937.
### North Melbourne {#north_melbourne}
In 1938 and 1939 Forbes was the captain-coach of North Melbourne.
### Fitzroy
Having served the remaining four weeks of his 1939 suspension, Forbes played four senior games with Fitzroy in 1940.
## Tribunal
### 28 July 1934 {#july_1934}
Forbes was reported for attempting to kick Leo Ryan during the round 12 match against Footscray on 28 July 1934; and, following the VFL Tribunal\'s hearing on 31 July 1934, Forbes was suspended for four weeks.
### 12 August 1939 {#august_1939}
During the fiery round 16 match against Richmond on 12 August 1939, in which the spectators invaded the ground and mobbed the players and umpires at the end of the match, Forbes was reported for two offences:
1. disputing the field umpire\'s decisions, and
2. having used threatening language to the field umpire (Stanley Morgan)
Following the VFL Tribunal\'s hearing on 15 August 1939, Forbes was suspended for six matches.
## Recognition
### Essendon\'s Team of the Century {#essendons_team_of_the_century}
In 1997, he was selected as an interchange player in Essendon\'s \"Team of the Century\".
### Champions of Essendon {#champions_of_essendon}
In 2002 an Essendon panel ranked him at 16 in their *Champions of Essendon* list of the 25 greatest players ever to have played for Essendon.
### Essendon Hall of Fame {#essendon_hall_of_fame}
Forbes was inducted into the Essendon Football Club\'s Hall of Fame in 2011. His average of goals per game during his 10 years at the Bombers (2.73) ranks him in the top 3 goal kicking rovers in VFL/AFL history
| 560 |
Keith Forbes
| 0 |
11,062,881 |
# Racial Vilification Act 1996
**Racial Vilification Act 1996** is the short title of the Act to prohibit certain conduct involving vilification of people on the ground of race. It is a part of the legislation in South Australia, assented to 12 December 1996. The act amends the Wrongs Act 1936.
A person must not, by a public act, incite hatred towards, serious contempt for, or severe ridicule of, a person or group of persons on the ground of their race by threatening or inciting other to threaten physical harm to the person, or members of the group, or to property of the person or members of the group.
For the purpose of the law, \"race\" means the nationality, country of origin, colour or ethnic origin of the person
| 129 |
Racial Vilification Act 1996
| 0 |
11,062,890 |
# Karasi (horse)
**Karasi** (born 1995) is an Australian Racing Hall of Fame champion steeplechase horse bred in Ireland. The horse is best known for winning the world\'s richest steeplechase race, the Nakayama Grand Jump at Nakayama Racecourse, Japan for three consecutive years (2005, 2006, 2007). He was a top flat performer as a younger horse, with his best performance being a fourth in the 2001 Melbourne Cup, in which he was the highest placed Australian trained runner. He suffered a career-ending injury while in Japan preparing for his fourth Grand Jump.
Karasi was inducted to the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2018
| 104 |
Karasi (horse)
| 0 |
11,062,909 |
# Keep the Car Running
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| 21 |
Keep the Car Running
| 0 |
11,062,912 |
# U.S. Route 40 in Delaware
**U.S. Route 40** (**US 40**) is a US highway running from Silver Summit, Utah, east to Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the US state of Delaware, it serves as a major east--west highway in northern New Castle County, just south of Wilmington. It runs from the Maryland state line west of Glasgow east to the Delaware Memorial Bridge over the Delaware River to New Jersey, at which point it is concurrent with Interstate 295 (I-295). Along the way, US 40 passes through suburban areas in Glasgow and Bear before running concurrent with US 13 and I-295 around New Castle. US 40 is a multilane divided highway the entire length across Delaware, with the section concurrent with I-295 a freeway.
US 40 was originally built as a state highway during the 1920s, comprising Elkton Road and a part of the Dupont Highway. When first designated, the route followed these two roads from the Maryland state line to Wilmington, where it crossed the Delaware River on a ferry to Penns Grove, New Jersey. In 1928, the route was rerouted at Hares Corner to head east into New Castle and cross the river on a ferry to Pennsville, New Jersey. The entire length of US 40 west of Hares Corner was widened to a divided highway during the 1930s. The Delaware Memorial Bridge opened in 1951, and US 40 was rerouted north along US 13 before heading east along the bridge approach, with Delaware Route 273 (DE 273) extended east along the former route into New Castle. In 1959, the Delaware Memorial Bridge approach became a part of I-295. Between the 1960s and 1990s, US 301 ran along the US 13/US 40 concurrency and US 301N followed US 40 between Glasgow and State Road from the 1970s to the 1980s.
| 302 |
U.S. Route 40 in Delaware
| 0 |
11,062,912 |
# U.S. Route 40 in Delaware
## Route description {#route_description}
US 40 enters Delaware from Maryland west of Glasgow, heading east on four-lane divided Pulaski Highway (which originates in Baltimore). From the state line, the route passes near residential subdivisions. Upon reaching Glasgow, the road continues into commercial areas and the median of the road widens to include businesses in it. US 40 passes north of the Peoples Plaza shopping center and comes to an intersection with DE 896 Bus. in the center of the community. The median of the road narrows as it reaches a junction with DE 896 on the eastern edge of Glasgow. Past this junction, the route runs between Glasgow Park to the north and a mix of development and woods to the south, crossing Belltown Run. US 40 passes through residential and business areas and comes to an intersection with DE 72. Past this intersection, the road curves to the northeast, crossing Norfolk Southern\'s Delmarva Secondary railroad line at-grade. The route heads through a mix of wooded areas and businesses as it enters Bear, intersecting Salem Church Road/Porter Road. US 40 continues through suburban development with some farm fields, passing to the south of the Wilmington University Athletic Complex. The road widens to six lanes at the Walther Road/Glendale Boulevard junction before reaching an intersection with DE 7 in a business area.
Past this intersection, US 40 comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with the DE 1 freeway. After this interchange, the route narrows to four lanes and passes more development and some farm fields, reaching a westbound right-in/right-out with Appleby Road. Farther east, US 40 heads through business areas immediately to the north of Norfolk Southern\'s New Castle Secondary railroad line as it reaches a directional intersection with US 13 in State Road; this intersection has no access from northbound US 13 to westbound US 40.
At this point, US 40 heads northeast for a concurrency with US 13 on South Dupont Highway, an eight-lane divided highway. DE 9 Truck also runs concurrent with US 13/US 40 at this point. The road runs through commercial areas, coming to an intersection with DE 273 in Hares Corner. At this point, DE 9 Truck splits from US 13/US 40 by heading east along DE 273. Past this intersection, US 13/US 40 becomes North Dupont Highway and passes between Wilmington Airport to the northwest and businesses to the southeast as it runs along the western border of the city of New Castle for a short distance, reaching a partial cloverleaf interchange with the southern terminus of US 202 and DE 141 at the end of the airport property. Following this, the two routes narrow to six lanes, heading to the northwest of the Main Campus of Wilmington University and running through more commercial areas in Wilmington Manor. Along this stretch, the route gains an eastbound combined right turn, bus, and bicycle lane. The road loses the eastbound combined right turn, bus, and bicycle lane before passing over the Jack A. Markell Trail and reaching an interchange with I-295 in Farnhurst.
Here, US 40 splits from US 13 by heading east concurrent with I-295 on an eight-lane freeway maintained by the Delaware River and Bay Authority (DRBA). The road has an eastbound ramp to Landers Lane before it passes between residential neighborhoods and comes to a cloverleaf interchange with DE 9 north of New Castle. This interchange provides access to Veterans Memorial Park, where a war memorial honoring veterans from Delaware and New Jersey is located. Past DE 9, the median of the freeway widens to include the DRBA headquarters, with direct access to and from the westbound lanes while eastbound access is provided by way of DE 9. After this, the westbound direction has a toll plaza for the Delaware Memorial Bridge. I-295/US 40 continues east and passes over Norfolk Southern\'s New Castle Secondary before crossing the Delaware River on the twin-span Delaware Memorial Bridge, at which point both routes head into New Jersey.
US 40 in Delaware has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 107,176 vehicles at the DE 9 interchange along the I-295 concurrency to a low of 25,863 vehicles at the Appleby Road intersection between Bear and New Castle. The entire length of US 40 in Delaware is part of the National Highway System.
| 725 |
U.S. Route 40 in Delaware
| 1 |
11,062,912 |
# U.S. Route 40 in Delaware
## History
By 1920, what would become the Delaware portion of US 40 was a county road, with the portion along US 13 under contract to become a state highway. The section of US 40 along the Dupont Highway was completed by 1923. The Pulaski Highway portion of the road was built as a state highway by 1924. When the US Highway System was created on November 11, 1926, US 40 was designated to pass through Delaware along Elkton Road (Pulaski Highway) between the Maryland state line and State Road, a concurrency with US 13 from State Road to Wilmington, and Christina Avenue from US 13 to a ferry across the Delaware River which carried the route to Penns Grove, New Jersey. In 1926, the Delaware State Highway Department suggested that the portion of US 40 that followed US 13 along the DuPont Highway be widened. This widening was completed a year later. In 1928, US 40 was rerouted at Hares Corner to head east through New Castle and cross the Delaware River on a ferry to Pennsville, New Jersey. All of the route was a state highway by 1931 except the portion from Hares Corner to the Basin Road intersection in New Castle.
In 1931, work began on widening US 40 along the US 13 concurrency to a divided highway. The completion of the divided highway between State Road and Wilmington was slated for summer 1933. US 202 was designated concurrent with US 13/US 40 north of State Road in 1934. Recommendations were made in 1932 to widen US 40 into a divided highway between the Maryland state line and State Road. A year later, the divided highway portion of US 40 had been graded between the Maryland state line and Glasgow while paving of the divided highway was in progress between Bear and State Road. Grading of the divided highway between the Maryland state line and State Road had been completed in 1934 with construction of the remainder of the road underway. Work on widening US 40 to a divided highway between the Maryland state line and US 13 was finished in 1936. In 1934, recommendations were made to upgrade US 40 to a state highway between Hares Corner and New Castle. The portion of US 40 between Hares Corner and New Castle was taken over by the state on July 1, 1935. Construction on upgrading this section began in 1936, with the project completed later that year. The same year, a bridge was constructed over a Pennsylvania Railroad line (now the Jack A. Markell Trail) in New Castle.
Construction on the Delaware Memorial Bridge began in 1949. At the same time, work was underway on the Delaware Memorial Bridge approach, a divided highway which would begin at a directional T interchange with US 13/US 202 in Farnhurst and head east to a cloverleaf interchange at New Castle Avenue (present DE 9) before leading to the bridge. Construction on the US 13/US 202 interchange at Farnhurst began on July 12, 1950. On August 16, 1951, the Delaware Memorial Bridge opened to traffic. US 40 was rerouted to use the Delaware Memorial Bridge to cross the Delaware River, being realigned to follow US 13/US 202 north from Hares Corner to Farnhurst and the bridge approach road between Farnhurst and the bridge. The ferry connecting New Castle to Pennsville was discontinued and DE 273 was extended east along the former alignment of US 40 into New Castle.
In 1954, plans were made to replace the intersection with DE 41/DE 141 in Basin Corner with a modified cloverleaf interchange in an effort to reduce traffic congestion. Construction on the interchange began in September of that year. The interchange between US 13/US 40/US 202 and DE 41/DE 141 was completed in 1956. In 1958, construction began for a bridge at the Farnhurst interchange that would link the US 40 approach to the Delaware Memorial Bridge to the Delaware Turnpike that was proposed to run west to the Maryland state line. A year later, the Farnhurst interchange and the bridge approach were upgraded to Interstate Highway standards, and it was designated as part of I-295. Construction at the interchange connecting to the Delaware Turnpike at Farnhurst was completed in July 1961. On November 14, 1963, the Delaware Turnpike opened to traffic, with I-295 extended west (south) to I-95 at the northern terminus of the turnpike. In the middle of 1964, work began on a second span at the Delaware Memorial Bridge due to increasing traffic volumes. The second span of the bridge was opened to traffic in the later part of 1968.
The US 202 designation was removed from US 13/US 40 between State Road and Farnhurst in 1964, with US 301 extended north to follow US 13/US 40 from State Road to Farnhurst. US 301N was designated to follow US 40 between DE 896 and US 13 in 1971. US 301N was removed from US 40 in 1985. By 1994, US 301 was removed from the US 13/US 40 concurrency, having been rerouted to follow DE 896 to end at US 40 in Glasgow. Despite this, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) still had US 301 follow US 40 between DE 896 in Glasgow and I-295/US 13 in Farnhurst.
There are plans to widen the portion of US 40 from Salem Church Road/Porter Road east to Walther Road/Glendale Boulevard in Bear from four lanes to six lanes. The widening project is planned to begin in 2024 and be finished in 2027
| 929 |
U.S. Route 40 in Delaware
| 2 |
11,062,938 |
# Mats Åhlberg
**Mats Bertil Åhlberg** (born 16 May 1947) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey player who played in the Elitserien. He played for Leksands IF, and with 323 goals in 491 matches remains the top goalscorer for that club. He won the Swedish national title with Leksands in 1969 and 1973--75.
He competed as a member of the Sweden men\'s national ice hockey team at the 1972 and 1980 Winter Olympics where he won the bronze medal. He was also a member of the Swedish 1976 Canada Cup team. In 1972, he played two matches and scored one goal. In 1980, he was Sweden\'s most productive player, with six goals and four assists. In total Åhlberg played 73 matches in international tournaments and scored 38 goals
| 129 |
Mats Åhlberg
| 0 |
11,062,964 |
# Akbar Adibi
**Akbar Adibi** (Persian: *اکبر ادیبی* *Akbar Adībī*) (1939--2000) was an Iranian electronic engineer, VLSI researcher, and university engineering professor.
## Biography
Akbar Adibi was born on February 12, 1939, in the city of Songhor, in North East province of Kermanshah in Iran. He received his Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering Department from Tehran University in 1965 and he was offered a position as a university instructor at the Tehran Polytechnic (Amirkabir University of Technology). In 1965--66, he worked for the Alstom Power Plant, in Tehran, Iran, In 1966--73, he served as an instructor at the Tehran Polytechnic, Tehran, Iran.
Professor Akbar Adibi continued his studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) in 1973, where he achieved two Master of Science degrees, the first degree in Microprocessor-based Computer Systems and the second degree in Solid State and Semiconductor Devices in 1975. He completed his PhD degree, in 1977, and his dissertation title was *Schottky Barrier Solar Cells*.
Akbar Adibi\'s academic career started at Tehran Polytechnic University of Technology (which later changed name to Amirkabir University of Technology)Tehran Polytechnic, as an assistant professor[1](http://www.aut.ac.ir/official/main.asp?uid=sepehrmanesh) and as a senior researcher at the Material and Energy Research Center (MERC) in Tehran.
His notable achievements are: The creation of Iran\'s first Solar Cell in 1978 , creation of Amirkabir University\'s Graduate Studies in 1984, supervising Hassan Kaatuzian, who became Iran\'s first Ph.D. graduated in electronics in 1994, publishing more than 100 internal and international publications, earning the title of Full Professor in year 1995, earning the respected Kharazmi National Prize for his contribution as one of the best projects in 1995, earning the respected title of \"The Most Recognized and Elite University Professor of Iran\" in 1996, where he was awarded a prize from the hand of the President of Islamic Republic of Iran in 1996, becoming a senior member of IEEE in 1996, and earning the respected title of \"The Father of Electronics and VLSI in Iran\" by the Iranian academia and the media .
He was a member of numerous academic societies, including; the New York Academy of Sciences, New York Planetary Society, Optical Society of America, and Iran\'s IEEE Student Branch Counselor. He was involved in many industry-based projects, namely; the design and implementation of a 32 channel PCM system (in cooperation with the Iranian Communication Research Center \"ICRC\"), the design and construction of a DSP-based high voltage network protection system (in cooperation with Tavanir research and technology center), and the design of a DCS-based control system (in cooperation with Bethat Power Plant) [2](http://www.aut.ac.ir/official/main.asp?uid=sepehrmanesh).
Adibi is the author of several technical books (*Pulse Techniques*, published by Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran Iran, 1987; *Theory and Technology of Semiconductor Devices*, published by Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran Iran, 1995; *Digital Electronics* published by Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran Iran) and he translated the book *Underground Excavations in Rock*, by Hook & Brown, from English to Persian
He truly believed that electronics and VLSI technology could help Iran lower its dependency on oil, through which Iran would be able to join the frontier of high tech exporters. His wish was never fully realized as he was never granted the entire budget needed to create Iran\'s first operational VLSI lab .
His career continued until his final moment of life on August 26, 2000, at 6:30 p.m. local time due to heart failure.
Currently an auditorium in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Amirkabir University of Technology is named after him .
He is survived by his two children; Sasan Adibi and Mahsa Adibi and his wife; Shahla Ejtemai Adibi.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- P. F. Ordung, A. Adibi, D. Heald, R. Neville, J. Skalnik, \"\[<http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978pvse.conf>..340O A collection-velocity model for predicting efficiency of Schottky barrier solar cells\]\", Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Luxembourg, September 27--30, 1977, p. 340-349
- A. Adibi and K. Eshraghian, \"Generalized-model for GaAs-MESFET Photodetectors,\" *IEE Proceedings-G Circuits Devices and Systems*, **Vol. 136**, No. 6, pp. 337--343 (1989).
- M. J. Sharifi and A. Adibi, \"A new method for quantum device simulation,\" *International Journal of Electronics,* **Vol. 86,** No. 9, pp. 1051--1062 (1999)
- M. A. Jafarizadeh, A. Adibi, and A. Rostami, \"Solution of quantized optical parametric interaction Hamiltonian,\" *Nuovo Cimento D,* **Vol. 20,** No. 10, pp. 1459--1468 (1998).
- S. Ardalan and A. Adibi, \"Design, simulation and synthesis of a 32-bit math-processor,\" *IEEE 48th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems*, 2005, **Vol. 2**, 7-10 Aug. 2005, pp. 1469--1472 (2005)
| 745 |
Akbar Adibi
| 0 |
11,062,969 |
# Lars-Göran Nilsson
**Lars-Göran Birger Nilsson** (born 9 March 1944) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the Elitserien for Brynäs IF.
He placed fourth with the Sweden men\'s national ice hockey team at the 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics. He played all 13 games (7 in 1968 and 6 in 1972) and scored two goals at each Games. He was a member of the Swedish 1976 Canada Cup team
| 73 |
Lars-Göran Nilsson
| 0 |
11,062,975 |
# Robert Baron (theologian)
**Robert Baron** (1596--1639) was a Scottish Presbyterian minister, theologian and one of the so-called Aberdeen doctors. He is commemorated in the Calendar of saints of the Scottish Episcopal Church on 28 March.
## Life
Born in 1596 at Kinnaird, Gowrie, he was the younger son of John Baron of Kinnaird. After graduating from the University of St Andrews in 1613, he became a teacher of Philosophy there until, in 1619, he entered the ministry and took charge of parish of Keith. In the latter charge his predecessor had been the famous Patrick Forbes.
He held this position until 27 October 1624, when he was translated to Greyfriars parish, Aberdeen. In the following year, on 21 December 1625, he was appointed as the first Professor of Divinity at Marischal College, a post he would hold simultaneously with his charge at Greyfriars. In 1627, he earned his Doctorate in Divinity, the thesis for which began a long theological dispute with George Turnbull, a Scottish Jesuit theologian.
Baron was a firm supporter of the Anglicanising religious policies of Kings James VI and Charles I. He opposed the National Covenant of 1638 both through preaching and writings, including three tracts that were co-authored with John Forbes, both of whom, along with four others, were referred to by the Presbyterians as \"the Aberdeen doctors\". In this year Baron was nominated to be Bishop of Orkney, but was unable to receive consecration. He fled to England in the Spring of 1639 to avoid being forced to sign the National Covenant. He was on his way back to Scotland later in the year, but fell ill and died at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 19 August 1639.
Baron married once, to Jean *née* Gibson, a girl from Strathisla in Aberdeenshire. They had four children. Baron left a great number of published and unpublished works. After his death the Covenanters forced his widow to allow them to see his papers, after which they accused him of Arminianism. Following the Restoration, the crown paid his family £200 in reward for his loyalty to King Charles I
| 348 |
Robert Baron (theologian)
| 0 |
11,062,991 |
# Reg Burgess
**Reginald Mark Burgess** (6 August 1934 -- 12 May 2024) was an Australian rules footballer who played 124 Victorian Football League (VFL) (VFL) games for the Essendon Football Club.
## Football
Burgess was a centreman, recruited from Apsley, after he finished second in the Kowree Naracoorte Mail Medal as an 18 year old. Burgess debuted for Essendon in 1954. He was one of Essendon\'s best players in the 1950s and won the club\'s best and fairest in 1957 and 1960. He represented Victoria in 1957-58 and 1960.
Burgess left Essendon in 1960 at the age of 26 to captain-coach Casterton in the South-East & Border Football League. He was paid more in one season for Casterton than his entire Essendon career. He would lead Casterton to three premierships and returned to Apsley to win another premiership.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Reginald Mark Burgess was born in Apsley, Victoria on 6 August 1934. He married Margaret Ryan in 1957. Burgess was the father in law of VFL/AFL player Roger Merrett who married his daughter Sharon. Burgess was also the grandfather of Emily Burgess who played netball in the Suncorp Super Netball.
Burgess died on 13 May 2024, at the age of 89.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
In 2002 an Essendon panel ranked him at 13 in their *Champions of Essendon* list of the 25 greatest players ever to have played for Essendon.
Burgess was inducted into Essendon\'s Hall of Fame in 2015
| 247 |
Reg Burgess
| 0 |
11,063,009 |
# Mats Waltin
**Mats Stefan Waltin** (born 7 October 1953) is a Swedish ice hockey coach and former player. During his career he played 236 international matches and won Olympic bronze medals in 1980 and 1984, world championship silvers in 1977 and 1981, and world championship bronzes in 1975, 1976 and 1979. A the European championships he won silver medals in 1976, 1977 and 1981 and bronzes in 1975, 1978, 1979 and 1983. He was a member of the Swedish 1976 Canada Cup and 1981 Canada Cup teams and served as the team captain at the 1980 Olympics and as the Olympic flag bearer for Sweden at the 1984 games. He was awarded the Stora Grabbars och Tjejers Märke #97 in ice hockey. Domestically Waltin was awarded the Guldpucken as the best player at the 1976 Swedish Championships; he also won the national title with Djurgårdens in 1983. Between 1984 and 1989 he played in Switzerland and won the Swiss title in 1986 and 1987. In 1989, he returned to Sweden, and won his second national title with Djurgårdens in 1990.
Since retiring from competitions in 1991 Waltin works as an ice hockey coach. In 1991--1998 he was the assistant coach and in 1998--2002 head coach of Djurgårdens IF, leading them to the national titles in 2000 and 2001. In 2002 he managed the national team at the world championships and in 2002--2004 served as the manager of Djurgårdens IF. He then went abroad, coaching Klagenfurter AC in Austria in 2004--2006, the Slovenian national team in 2007--2008 and Manglerud Star Ishockey in Norway since 2012
| 265 |
Mats Waltin
| 0 |
11,063,014 |
# Sam Black Church (band)
**Sam Black Church** (also known as SBC) is an American rock band. It was named after the West Virginia community of Sam Black Church.
## History
Sam Black Church, as a band, was known for their monstrous sound, unique vocals, and energetic live performances. They played a frenetic blend of hardcore, metal, and thrash and shared the bill with acts as diverse as Bad Brains, Clutch, Motörhead, Cro-Mags, Nothingface, Stuck Mojo, and Helmet. They were one of the most popular hardcore bands in the northeast United States for a period in the mid-1990s.
After releasing their first three EPs on Taang! Records, Sam Black Church self-released a CD and then signed with Wonderdrug Records where they remained until the band broke up in 2000.
Sam Black Church reunited for a sold out show on September 22, 2007, at The Roxy in Boston. Unearth, Madball and Darkbuster opened the show.
Sam Black Church played the Hometown Throwdown 16, with The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, at House of Blues in Boston, on December 29, 2013.
They reunited again in 2016 for three sold out shows at The Sinclair and Brighton Music Hall in Boston, celebrating the release of Duncan Wilder Johnson's documentary on the band, *Leave Behind a Groove in the Earth*.
The band reunited once again in early October 2021 at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston, MA for back-to-back nights during the \"Boston Rocks For Julie Duffy\" fundraiser event. Guitarist Ben Crandall auctioned off one of his B.C. Rich guitars immediately after the performance to help raise funds. The instrument ultimately sold for \$3,400 to the highest bidder at the club that night.
## Documentary
The band is the subject of the documentary film *Leave Behind a Groove in the Earth: The Story of Sam Black Church*. Notable appearances providing commentary on the band\'s influence include Bad Brains' Dr. Know, Page Hamilton of Helmet, Lamb Of God's D. Randall Bythe and Neil Fallon of Clutch.
## Discography
- *Unincorporated* (1989)
- *Sam Black Church* (1993)
- *Let in Life* (1993)
- *Superchrist* (1995)
- *That Which Does Not Kill Us\...
| 354 |
Sam Black Church (band)
| 0 |
11,063,040 |
# Farman MF.11
The **Maurice Farman MF.11 *Shorthorn*** is a French aircraft developed before World War I by the Farman Aviation Works. It was used as a reconnaissance and light bomber during the early part of World War I, later being relegated to training duties.
The Maurice Farman Shorthorn was the aircraft in which Biggles, Capt W.E. Johns\' fictional character, first took to the air in \"Biggles Learns To Fly\".
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
A pusher configuration unequal-span biplane like the earlier Farman MF.7, the MF.11 differed in lacking the forward-mounted elevator, the replacement of the biplane horizontal tail surfaces with a single surface with a pair of rudders mounted above it, and the mounting of the nacelle containing crew and engine in the gap between the two wings. The aircraft was also fitted with a machine gun for the observer, whose position was changed from the rear seat to the front in order to give a clear field of fire.
Its nickname in British service was derived from that of the MF.7 Longhorn, as it lacked the characteristic front-mounted elevator and elongated skids of its predecessor. The aircraft was also referred to by British pilots as the *Rumpty.*
From 1914, Farman built a modified version of the MF.11 for French army with a larger wingspan of 21 m and powered by a 100 hp Renault V-12 which was known as the *Farman MF.12* or *Type Armee XXVI*.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
On 6 September 1914, the first air-sea battle took place when a Japanese Farman MF.11 aircraft launched by the seaplane carrier `{{ship|Japanese seaplane carrier|Wakamiya||2}}`{=mediawiki} unsuccessfully attacked SMS *Kaiserin Elisabeth* with bombs.
The MF.11 served in both the British and French air services on the Western Front in the early stages of the war. It flew the first bombing raid of the war when, on 21 December 1914, an MF.11 of the Royal Naval Air Service attacked German artillery positions around Ostend, Belgium.
The MF.11 was withdrawn from front-line service on the Western Front in 1915 but continued to be used by the French in Macedonia and the Middle East, while the British also used it in the Dardanelles and Africa. The Australian Flying Corps (AFC), provided with the MF.11 by the British Indian Army, operated it during the Mesopotamian campaign of 1915--16.
Following its withdrawal from frontline service, the MF.11 continued to be used by the British in flight schools where it became known as the *Rumpty (or Rumpety)*. Despite its archaic looks, the MF.11 was regarded as a good aircraft for trainee pilots as its sturdy build meant that bad landings rarely caused damage to the undercarriage.
Italy\'s Società Italiana Aviazione, a Fiat company, licence-built a number of MF.11s under the designation **SIA 5** from early 1915, fitted with a fixed forward machine gun and a 74.5 kW (100 hp) Fiat A.10 engine.
In 1916, the AFC also bought some MF.11s for training purposes.
## Operators
`{{AUS}}`{=mediawiki}
- Australian Flying Corps
- No. 5 (Training) Squadron AFC in United Kingdom
- Mesopotamian Half Flight
- Central Flying School AFC at Point Cook, Victoria
`{{BEL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Belgian Air Force
`{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}`{=mediawiki}
- French Air Force
`{{flag|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
- Corpo Aeronautico Militare
`{{flag|Kingdom of Greece|name=Greece}}`{=mediawiki}
- Hellenic Air Force
`{{flag|Kingdom of Hejaz}}`{=mediawiki}
- Hejaz Air Force - Two Farman MF.11s were obtained from Italy in 1921.
`{{flag|Empire of Japan|name=Japan}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
`{{NOR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Norwegian Air Force
`{{POR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Portuguese Air Force
`{{flag|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}}`{=mediawiki}
- Romanian Air Corps
`{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Russian Air Force
`{{SAU}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Saudi Air Force
`{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia|name=Serbia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Serbian Air Force
`{{ESP}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spanish Air Force
`{{SUI}}`{=mediawiki}
- Swiss Air Force
`{{UKR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ukrainian Air Force - One aircraft only.
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Flying Corps
- No. 2 Squadron RFC
- No. 3 Squadron RFC
- No. 4 Squadron RFC
- No. 9 Squadron RFC
- No. 14 Squadron RFC
- No. 16 Squadron RFC
- No. 19 Squadron RFC
- No. 23 Squadron RFC
- No. 24 Squadron RFC
- No. 25 Squadron RFC
- No. 29 Squadron RFC
- No. 30 Squadron RFC
- No. 65 Squadron RFC
- Royal Naval Air Service
## Surviving aircraft {#surviving_aircraft}
- The Canada Aviation Museum has an MF.11 manufactured by Airco for the Royal Flying Corps and sent to Australia in 1917.
- Farman F.11A-2, Royal Army and Military History Museum, Brussels, Belgium.
- Farman MF.11 Shorthorn (#CFS-15), RAAF Museum at Point Cook, Victoria, Australia.
| 750 |
Farman MF.11
| 0 |
11,063,040 |
# Farman MF.11
## Specifications (Farman MF.11) {#specifications_farman_mf
| 8 |
Farman MF.11
| 1 |
11,063,042 |
# Apollo High School (Kentucky)
**Apollo High School** is a high school that is part of the Daviess County Public Schools district, located in Owensboro, Kentucky, United States. It was named after the Apollo Space Program, and opened in 1969 as a junior high school. It then converted into a high school in 1972 and held its first graduation in 1974. The school paper is named *The Challenger*, after the Space Shuttle *Challenger*. This school also has a marching band program called the Apollo Marching Eagles.
Apollo has been involved in a 1-1 laptop project since August 2005, providing a laptop to every incoming freshman for their use during the school year
| 112 |
Apollo High School (Kentucky)
| 0 |
11,063,067 |
# Mike Sanchez
**Jesus Miguel** \"**Mike**\" **Sanchez** (born 17 February 1964) is a British rhythm and blues singer, pianist and songwriter. He is known for his work with the Big Town Playboys and Bill Wyman\'s Rhythm Kings, and for his solo career.
Sanchez, of Spanish-English heritage, was born in Hackney in the East End of London.
## Discography
- *Playboy Boogie*, Big Town Playboys (1985 -- Making Waves)
- *Now Appearing*, Big Town Playboys (1990 -- Blue Horizon)
- *Crazy Legs*, Big Town Playboys with Jeff Beck (1993 -- Epic)
- *Hip Joint*, Big Town Playboys (1994 -- Blue Horizon)
- *Ready to Rock*, The Big Six (1995 -- Vinyl Japan)
- *Struttin\' Our Stuff*, Bill Wyman\'s Rhythm Kings (1997 -- BMG/RCA)
- *Just a Game* (1997 -- MS-001)
- *Off the Clock\..
| 133 |
Mike Sanchez
| 0 |
11,063,085 |
# Dieter Hegen
**Dieter Hegen** (born April 29, 1962 in Kaufbeuren, West Germany) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the Eishockey-Bundesliga and its replacement the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2010.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Hegen began playing for his hometown ESV Kaufbeuren in 1979. Hegen was drafted 46th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft but never signed a contract and remained with Kaufbeuren until 1985 when he joined Kölner EC, winning the Bundesliga championship in 1987 and 1988. In 1989 he moved to for Düsseldorfer EG and in a three-year spell he won three more Bundesliga titles. In 1992, he joined EC Hedos München and won his sixth and final Bundesliga title with the team in 1994, which turned out to be the last year of the Ice Hockey Bundesliga as it was replaced with the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. The team also changed its name to Maddogs München for the inaugural DEL season which turned out to be their only season as they would fold on December 18, 1994, just 27 games into the 44 game season. Hegen would re-join DEG and went to win the DEL championship in 1996. In 1998, he moved to Star Bulls Rosenheim. In 2000, Rosenheim left the DEL and Hegen decided to drop two divisions to the Oberliga and re-join ESV Kaufbeuren. He remained with the team until his retirement in 2002.
## International career {#international_career}
Hegen was a member of the German 1984 Canada Cup and competed in five Winter Olympics in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994 and 1998. His appearance at the 1998 Olympics made him, along with Raimo Helminen (Finland) the third and fourth hockey players to ever compete at five Winter Olympics, after Udo Kießling (Germany) and Petter Thoresen (Norway).
Hegen was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2010.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
--------------- --------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1979--80 ESV Kaufbeuren FRG.2 42 60
1980--81 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 43 54
1981--82 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 47 45
1982--83 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 36 38
1983--84 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 41 39
1984--85 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 33 31
1985--86 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 26 21
1986--87 Kölner EC 1.GBun 33 14
1987--88 Kölner EC 1.GBun 35 26
1988--89 Kölner EC 1.GBun 36 35
1989--90 Düsseldorfer EG 1.GBun 36 34
1990--91 Düsseldorfer EG 1.GBun 32 29
1991--92 Düsseldorfer EG 1.GBun 44 41
1992--93 Hedos München 1.GBun 44 23
1993--94 Hedos München 1.GBun 44 21
1994--95 Mad Dogs München DEL 15 13
1994--95 Düsseldorfer EG DEL 24 17
1995--96 Düsseldorfer EG DEL 48 24
1996--97 Düsseldorfer EG DEL 41 17
1997--98 Düsseldorfer EG DEL 46 23
1998--99 Star Bulls Rosenheim GmbH DEL 46 16
1999--2000 Star Bulls Rosenheim GmbH DEL 33 4
2000--01 ESV Kaufbeuren GER.3 45 30
2001--02 ESV Kaufbeuren GER.3 28 8
1
| 490 |
Dieter Hegen
| 0 |
11,063,109 |
# Gerd Truntschka
**Gerhard Truntschka** (born September 10, 1958 in Landshut, West Germany) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the Ice hockey Bundesliga.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Truntschka played for Kölner Haie and DEG Metro Stars. He played for West Germany 1984 Canada Cup as well as three Winter Olympics. He competed for the West German national team at the 1980 Winter Olympics and also played for the German national team at the 1992 Winter Olympics.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
--------------- ----------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1975--76 EV Landshut 1.GBun 23 12
1976--77 EV Landshut 1.GBun 46 33
1978--79 EV Landshut 1.GBun 49 52
1979--80 Kölner EC 1.GBun 44 38
1980--81 Kölner EC 1.GBun 43 20
1981--82 Kölner EC 1.GBun 44 40
1982--83 Kölner EC 1.GBun 30 17
1983--84 Kölner EC 1.GBun 42 22
1984--85 Kölner EC 1.GBun 36 22
1985--86 Kölner EC 1.GBun 35 14
1986--87 Kölner EC 1.GBun 45 16
1987--88 Kölner EC 1.GBun 35 21
1988--89 Kölner EC 1.GBun 33 25
1989--90 Düsseldorfer EG 1.GBun 36 9
1990--91 Düsseldorfer EG 1.GBun 44 19
1991--92 Düsseldorfer EG 1.GBun 43 18
1992--93 Hedos München 1.GBun 4 0
1993--94 Hedos München 1.GBun 40 11
1
| 211 |
Gerd Truntschka
| 0 |
11,063,112 |
# Antral follicle
`{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}`{=mediawiki} An **antral or secondary follicle**, also known as **Graafian follicle** and **tertiary follicle**, is an ovarian follicle during a certain latter stage of folliculogenesis.
Definitions differ in where the shift into an antral follicle occurs in the staging of folliculogenesis, with some stating that it occurs when entering the *secondary* stage, and others stating that it occurs when entering the *tertiary* stage.
## Appearance
The antral follicle is marked by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity adjacent to the oocyte called the antrum. The basic structure of the mature follicle has formed and no novel cells are detectable. Granulosa and theca cells continue to undergo mitosis concomitant with an increase in antrum volume. The Graaf follicle reaches its maximum diameter (20--22 mm) during ovulation. Antral follicles can attain a tremendous size that is hampered only by the availability of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), on which it is dependent in this stage of folliculogenesis.
By command of an oocyte-secreted morphogenic gradient, the antral follicle\'s granulosa cells begin to differentiate themselves into four distinct subtypes: *corona radiata* that surrounds the zona pellucida, *membrana* that is interior to the basal lamina, *periantral* that is adjacent to the antrum, and *cumulus oophorus* that connects the membrana and corona radiata granulosa cells together. Each type of cell behaves differently in response to FSH.
## Endocrine properties {#endocrine_properties}
Theca cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH). LH kicks off the production of androgens by the theca cells, most notably androstenedione, which are aromatized by granulosa cells to produce estrogens, primarily estradiol. Consequently, estrogen levels begin to rise.
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# Antral follicle
## Antral follicle count {#antral_follicle_count}
The *antral follicle count* (AFC) is the number of antral follicles, generally in both ovaries taken together if not specified otherwise. It can be determined by transvaginal ultrasonography.
A low AFC is a major factor in the diagnosis of poor ovarian reserve, that is, low fertility characterized by low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries, usually accompanied by high follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Several studies show that an AFC test is more accurate than basal FSH testing for older women (\< 44 years of age) in predicting IVF outcome. However, it does not appear to add any predictive information about success rates of an already established pregnancy after IVF.
It is also a major determinant of the success of ovarian hyperstimulation.
There are three categories when performing an ultrasound to check the antral follicle count:
- Low follicle count (1-3): low ovarian reserve and increased risk of menopause in the next 7 years.
- Normal follicle count (4-24): Normal follicle amount for women in reproductive age.
- High follicle count (\>=): High risk of hyperandrogenism.
It has been suggested that counting the antral follicles measuring 2--5 or 4--6 mm in diameter is preferable. On the other hand, the number of smaller antral follicles (2--5 mm) is highly correlated with the total number of antral follicles (2--10 mm), and therefore it is suggested that counting all identifiable antral follicles of 2--10 mm in diameter would provide the most practical method for assessment of AFC in clinical practice.
Three-dimensional (3D) automated follicular tracking is a developing technique that can substantially decrease both intra- and inter-observer variability in estimating the AFC
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# The Candy Spooky Theater
**The Candy Spooky Theater** (ザ キャンディー スプーキー シアター) was a Japanese visual kei rock band, who debuted in 2005 with the single \"Pumpkins Scream in the Dead of Night Parade\". The band was made up of three members: Jack Spooky, Kal Bone Jr., and Peggy Giggles, and their music was driven by Tim Burton-like horror influences under the concept of \"Comical Horror Halloween Party\".
## History
The band formed in February 2003 by Jack Spooky, but prior to that Jack Spooky and Peggy were in a band together called Dororo (however, then Jack was known as Shati and Peggy was known as MeiLa (迷La)). The band later in 2004 started to release music, under their own label called Candy Makers (CM(S)).
They debuted with the four-track single \"Pumpkins Scream in the Dead of Night Parade\", which was limited to 1,000 copies. From there on, they released three more singles and were featured on a three-track single called \"Mikkai\". They have also released their first full-length album, *Living Dead Spooky Doll\'s Family in the Rock n\' Childs Spook Show Baby!!*, on March 23, 2007, through the German record label Trisol.
They finished their first U.S. tour called Comical Horror\'s Wonder Land East Coast Showcase Tour which ran from May 20--22, 2007.
They released their most recent work, *SpookyWonderland*, on October 1, 2010.
The band announced the cessation of \"all activities with the performance of the June 6, 2014\".
In 2024, the band announced that they would reunite after ten years to perform a single gig at the Shibuya Club Malcom on November 1, 2024.
## Members
**Current**
- Jack Spooky -- vocals, programming
- Peggy Giggles -- bass guitar
- Kal Bone Jr. -- guitar
**Past**
- Zull -- guitar (left May 2007, moved to Monaural Curve)
- Kiddy Skeleton -- guitar (left September 2008)
## Discography
**Albums**
- *Living Dead Spooky Doll\'s Family in the Rock n\' Childs Spook Show Baby!!* (2007.03.23)
- *SpookyWonderland* (2010.10.01)
*\'Singles*
- \"Pumpkins Scream in the Dead of Night Parade\" (2004.03.21)
- \"Wonderland\" (2005.09.09)
- \"Murderland\" (2005.10.31)
- \"The Bedroom\" (2006.07.05)
- \"Prince of Darkness\" (2007.10.01)
- \"The Haunted House\" (2009.02.02)
**Other**
- Mikkai (蜜会; A Sweet, Secret Meeting) (#2 Murder Factory in the Closet) (2006.05
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# Linear relation
In linear algebra, a **linear relation**, or simply **relation**, between elements of a vector space or a module is a linear equation that has these elements as a solution.
More precisely, if $e_1,\dots,e_n$ are elements of a (left) module `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} over a ring `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} (the case of a vector space over a field is a special case), a relation between $e_1,\dots,e_n$ is a sequence $(f_1,\dots, f_n)$ of elements of `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} such that
$$f_1e_1+\dots+f_ne_n=0.$$
The relations between $e_1,\dots,e_n$ form a module. One is generally interested in the case where $e_1,\dots,e_n$ is a generating set of a finitely generated module `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}, in which case the module of the relations is often called a **syzygy module** of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}. The syzygy module depends on the choice of a generating set, but it is unique up to the direct sum with a free module. That is, if $S_1$ and $S_2$ are syzygy modules corresponding to two generating sets of the same module, then they are stably isomorphic, which means that there exist two free modules $L_1$ and $L_2$ such that $S_1\oplus L_1$ and $S_2\oplus L_2$ are isomorphic.
Higher order syzygy modules are defined recursively: a first syzygy module of a module `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is simply its syzygy module. For `{{math|''k'' > 1}}`{=mediawiki}, a `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki}th syzygy module of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is a syzygy module of a `{{math|(''k'' – 1)}}`{=mediawiki}-th syzygy module. Hilbert\'s syzygy theorem states that, if $R=K[x_1,\dots,x_n]$ is a polynomial ring in `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} indeterminates over a field, then every `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}th syzygy module is free. The case `{{math|1=''n'' = 0}}`{=mediawiki} is the fact that every finite dimensional vector space has a basis, and the case `{{math|1=''n'' = 1}}`{=mediawiki} is the fact that `{{math|''K''[''x'']}}`{=mediawiki} is a principal ideal domain and that every submodule of a finitely generated free `{{math|''K''[''x'']}}`{=mediawiki} module is also free.
The construction of higher order syzygy modules is generalized as the definition of free resolutions, which allows restating Hilbert\'s syzygy theorem as a polynomial ring in `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} indeterminates over a field has global homological dimension `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}.
If `{{mvar|a}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{mvar|b}}`{=mediawiki} are two elements of the commutative ring `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki}, then `{{math|(''b'', –''a'')}}`{=mediawiki} is a relation that is said *trivial*. The *module of trivial relations* of an ideal is the submodule of the first syzygy module of the ideal that is generated by the trivial relations between the elements of a generating set of an ideal. The concept of trivial relations can be generalized to higher order syzygy modules, and this leads to the concept of the Koszul complex of an ideal, which provides information on the non-trivial relations between the generators of an ideal.
## Basic definitions {#basic_definitions}
Let `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} be a ring, and `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} be a left `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki}-module. A *linear relation*, or simply a *relation* between `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki} elements $x_1, \dots, x_k$ of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is a sequence $(a_1, \dots, a_k)$ of elements of `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} such that
$$a_1x_1+\dots+ a_kx_k=0.$$
If $x_1, \dots, x_k$ is a generating set of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}, the relation is often called a *syzygy* of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}. It makes sense to call it a syzygy of $M$ without regard to $x_1,..,x_k$ because, although the syzygy module depends on the chosen generating set, most of its properties are independent; see `{{slink||Stable properties}}`{=mediawiki}, below.
If the ring `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} is Noetherian, or, at least coherent, and if `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is finitely generated, then the syzygy module is also finitely generated. A syzygy module of this syzygy module is a *second syzygy module* of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}. Continuing this way one can define a `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki}th syzygy module for every positive integer `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki}.
Hilbert\'s syzygy theorem asserts that, if `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is a finitely generated module over a polynomial ring $K[x_1, \dots, x_n]$ over a field, then any `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}th syzygy module is a free module.
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# Linear relation
## Stable properties {#stable_properties}
Generally speaking, in the language of K-theory, a property is *stable* if it becomes true by making a direct sum with a sufficiently large free module. A fundamental property of syzygies modules is that there are \"stably independent\" of choices of generating sets for involved modules. The following result is the basis of these stable properties.
*Proof.* As $\{x_1,\dots, x_m\}$ is a generating set, each $y_i$ can be written $\textstyle y_i=\sum \alpha_{i,j}x_j.$ This provides a relation $r_i$ between $x_1,\dots, x_m, y_1,\dots, y_n.$ Now, if $r=(a_1, \dots,a_m, b_1,\dots,b_n)$ is any relation, then $\textstyle r-\sum b_ir_i$ is a relation between the $x_1,\dots, x_m$ only. In other words, every relation between $x_1,\dots, x_m, y_1,\dots, y_n$ is a sum of a relation between $x_1,\dots, x_m,$ and a linear combination of the $r_i$s. It is straightforward to prove that this decomposition is unique, and this proves the result. $\blacksquare$
This proves that the first syzygy module is \"stably unique\". More precisely, given two generating sets $S_1$ and $S_2$ of a module `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}, if $S_1$ and $S_2$ are the corresponding modules of relations, then there exist two free modules $L_1$ and $L_2$ such that $S_1\oplus L_1$ and $S_2\oplus L_2$ are isomorphic. For proving this, it suffices to apply twice the preceding proposition for getting two decompositions of the module of the relations between the union of the two generating sets.
For obtaining a similar result for higher syzygy modules, it remains to prove that, if `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} is any module, and `{{mvar|L}}`{=mediawiki} is a free module, then `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''M'' ⊕ ''L''}}`{=mediawiki} have isomorphic syzygy modules. It suffices to consider a generating set of `{{math|''M'' ⊕ ''L''}}`{=mediawiki} that consists of a generating set of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} and a basis of `{{mvar|L}}`{=mediawiki}. For every relation between the elements of this generating set, the coefficients of the basis elements of `{{mvar|L}}`{=mediawiki} are all zero, and the syzygies of `{{math|''M'' ⊕ ''L''}}`{=mediawiki} are exactly the syzygies of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki} extended with zero coefficients. This completes the proof to the following theorem.
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# Linear relation
## Relationship with free resolutions {#relationship_with_free_resolutions}
Given a generating set $g_1,\dots,g_n$ of an `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki}-module, one can consider a free module of `{{mvar|L}}`{=mediawiki} of basis $G_1,\dots,G_n,$ where $G_1,\dots,G_n$ are new indeterminates. This defines an exact sequence
$$L\longrightarrow M \longrightarrow 0,$$ where the left arrow is the linear map that maps each $G_i$ to the corresponding $g_i.$ The kernel of this left arrow is a first syzygy module of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}.
One can repeat this construction with this kernel in place of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}. Repeating again and again this construction, one gets a long exact sequence
$$\cdots\longrightarrow L_k\longrightarrow L_{k-1} \longrightarrow \cdots\longrightarrow L_0 \longrightarrow M \longrightarrow 0,$$ where all $L_i$ are free modules. By definition, such a long exact sequence is a free resolution of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}.
For every `{{math|''k'' ≥ 1}}`{=mediawiki}, the kernel $S_k$ of the arrow starting from $L_{k-1}$ is a `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki}th syzygy module of `{{mvar|M}}`{=mediawiki}. It follows that the study of free resolutions is the same as the study of syzygy modules.
A free resolution is *finite* of length `{{math|≤ ''n''}}`{=mediawiki} if $S_n$ is free. In this case, one can take $L_n = S_n,$ and $L_k = 0$ (the zero module) for every `{{math|''k'' > ''n''}}`{=mediawiki}.
This allows restating Hilbert\'s syzygy theorem: If $R=K[x_1, \dots, x_n]$ is a polynomial ring in `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} indeterminates over a field `{{mvar|K}}`{=mediawiki}, then every free resolution is finite of length at most `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}.
The global dimension of a commutative Noetherian ring is either infinite, or the minimal `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} such that every free resolution is finite of length at most `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}. A commutative Noetherian ring is regular if its global dimension is finite. In this case, the global dimension equals its Krull dimension. So, Hilbert\'s syzygy theorem may be restated in a very short sentence that hides much mathematics: *A polynomial ring over a field is a regular ring.*
## Trivial relations {#trivial_relations}
In a commutative ring `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki}, one has always `{{math|1=''ab'' – ''ba'' = 0}}`{=mediawiki}. This implies *trivially* that `{{math|(''b'', –''a'')}}`{=mediawiki} is a linear relation between `{{mvar|a}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{mvar|b}}`{=mediawiki}. Therefore, given a generating set $g_1, \dots,g_k$ of an ideal `{{mvar|I}}`{=mediawiki}, one calls **trivial relation** or **trivial syzygy** every element of the submodule the syzygy module that is generated by these trivial relations between two generating elements. More precisely, the module of trivial syzygies is generated by the relations
$$r_{i,j}= (x_1,\dots,x_r)$$ such that $x_i=g_j,$ $x_j=-g_i,$ and $x_h=0$ otherwise.
## History
The word *syzygy* came into mathematics with the work of Arthur Cayley. In that paper, Cayley used it in the theory of resultants and discriminants. As the word syzygy was used in astronomy to denote a linear relation between planets, Cayley used it to denote linear relations between minors of a matrix, such as, in the case of a 2×3 matrix:
$$a\,\begin{vmatrix}b&c\\e&f\end{vmatrix} - b\,\begin{vmatrix}a&c\\d&f\end{vmatrix} +c\,\begin{vmatrix}a&b\\d&e\end{vmatrix}=0.$$
Then, the word *syzygy* was popularized (among mathematicians) by David Hilbert in his 1890 article, which contains three fundamental theorems on polynomials, Hilbert\'s syzygy theorem, Hilbert\'s basis theorem and Hilbert\'s Nullstellensatz.
In his article, Cayley makes use, in a special case, of what was later called the Koszul complex, after a similar construction in differential geometry by the mathematician Jean-Louis Koszul
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# Jacobo Kyushei Tomonaga
**Jacobo Kyushei Gorobioye Tomonaga de Santa María**, OP (*ヤコボ・デ・サンタ・マリア朝長五郎兵衛*, *Yakobo de Santa Maria Tomonaga Gorōbyōe*; c. 1582 -- August 17, 1633) was a Japanese Dominican friar and Catholic priest. He worked on the 1630 Spanish edition of the *Nippo Jisho*, one of the first modern Japanese dictionaries. He was martyred in 1633.
## Life
Jacobo Kyushei Gorobioye Tomonaga was born of a noble Christian family in Kuidetsu (part of modern Ōmura, Nagasaki), Japan. In his youth, he studied with the Jesuits and became a catechist. After 1614, he came to Manila and became a Franciscan tertiary. He then sought admission to the Dominican Order and was accepted. He was ordained a priest in 1626 and sent to the island of Formosa (Taiwan). He returned to Manila in 1630.
He returned to Japan in 1632 as a missionary. He served to spread Catholicism during the period of Christians persecution.
After returning to Japan he spent very difficult years of hunger, his life was at risk and he was continually in hiding. In July 1633 his hiding place was uncovered by the authorities with the help of the traitor Matthew Kohioye, who was his own catechist, he was caught and put into prison. There he was tortured by gallows and thrown into a pit on 15 August 1633. In two days he was dead. His body was not buried but burnt and thrown into the sea.
Jacobo Kyushei Tomonaga was declared Venerable on 11 October 1980 by Pope John Paul II (decree of martyrdom), who later beatified him on 18 February 1981 in Manila, Philippines and canonized him on 18 October 1987 in St. Peter\'s Basilica, Vatican City
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# 2007 Macclesfield Borough Council election
**Elections to Macclesfield Borough Council** in England were held on 3 May 2007. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party kept overall control of the council with a majority of 16 seats. Overall turnout was 35.9%
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# Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies
\_\_NOTOC\_\_
The **Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies** (**CIMSS**) is a research institute where scientists study the use of data from geostationary and polar orbit weather satellites to improve forecasts of weather (including tropical cyclones and severe storms. CIMSS was formed through a Memorandum of Understanding between the University of Wisconsin--Madison, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). CIMSS parent organization, the Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) is a primary developer and operator of environmental satellite technologies.
It is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).
## Background
CIMSS develops and successfully implements techniques and products for using geostationary and polar-orbiting weather satellite visible and thermal radiation observations to improve forecasts of severe storms, including tornadoes and tropical cyclones. CIMSS plays a major role in the transfer of new technology into operational practice. CIMSS scientists conduct research using passive remote sensing systems for meteorological and surface-based applications.
CIMSS also plays a major role in instrument design and testing, and related software development for improved space-based measurements of the Earth\'s atmosphere. CIMSS is very active in national and international field programs, testing new instrumentation, data processing systems, and assessing the geophysical utility of measurements.
## Current research {#current_research}
Current research also focuses on the development and testing of computer-based analysis and forecast techniques that use observations from existing and planned spacecraft and ground-based weather observing systems as part of a national program to greatly improve weather forecast capabilities for the next decade. The optimal use of satellite data in climate and global change studies has become another essential part of the CIMSS mission.
CIMSS serves as an international center for research on the interpretation and uses of operational and experimental satellite observations and remote sensing data acquired from aircraft and the ground. These data are applied to a wide variety of atmospheric and oceanographic studies and evaluated for their potential operational utility. The CIMSS international role is further strengthened through its visiting scientist program that hosts sabbaticals for several foreign scholars each year.
## Staff
The CIMSS staff consists of over 100 associates, including administrative staff, principal investigators, federal employees stationed at CIMSS, scientific and programming staff, visiting scientists, and student hourly support. The federal employees consist of the 7 members of the NOAA Advanced Satellite Products Branch, 1 NOAA Office of Research and Applications employee, 1 NOAA Severe Storms Lab employee, and 1 NASA Langley Research Center employee
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# Ontario Highway 65
**King\'s Highway 65**, commonly referred to as **Highway 65**, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The route begins at Highway 66 and travels 123.3 km southeast to the Quebec border. At its midpoint, the route is concurrent with Highway 11.
Highway 65 was assumed in 1937 following the merger of the Department of Northern Development (DND) with the Department of Highways (DHO). It initially connected Matachewan with Highway 11 at New Liskeard, but was extended east to the Quebec border in 1956. The route has remained unchanged since.
## Route description {#route_description}
Highway 65 travels from Highway 66 at a junction east of Matachewan, southeast to New Liskeard then northeast to the Quebec provincial border. The total length of Highway 65 is 123.3 km. With the exception of the community of Elk Lake, the section of the route between Highway 66 and Highway 11 passes through a remote and sparsely populated wilderness. The route becomes concurrent with Highway 11 and follows that route north for 2.7 km, bypassing the urban section of New Liskeard in the process. Highway 65 is entirely situated in Timiskaming District. It travels through the communities of Elk Lake, Kenabeek and New Liskeard.
The route\'s continuation into Quebec does not have a provincial route number, but has developed the name \'Rue Ontario\' by the local town of Notre-Dame-du-Nord. Rue Ontario ends at Route 101 in Notre-Dame-du-Nord, 2.6 km east of the provincial border.
Like other provincial routes in Ontario, Highway 65 is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. In 2010, traffic surveys conducted by the ministry showed that on average, 4,200 vehicles used the highway daily along the section between Highway 11 and Armstrong Street in New Liskeard while 190 vehicles did so each day along the section between Highway 66 and the bridge over Sydney Creek, the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively.
## History
Highway 65 was first established on August 7, 1937, when the New Liskeard to Matachewan Road was assumed by the DHO in the days following its merger with the DND on April 1. The route, which initially ended in the east at Highway 11 (the Ferguson Highway), was extended 22.5 km east to the Ontario--Quebec border on February 22, 1956. It has remained unchanged since
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# List of highways numbered 324
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# Aberdeen doctors
The **Aberdeen doctors** or **doctors of Aberdeen** were six divines working at Marischal College and King\'s College in Aberdeen, Scotland in the seventeenth century. Until 1635, they enjoyed the leadership of Patrick Forbes, Bishop of Aberdeen. They are distinguished not only for their positions at Aberdeen, but also by their irenicist opposition to the National Covenant of 1638. Their adherence to Episcopacy and their support for the Articles of the Assembly at Perth (1618), which prescribed several English forms of worship, form the backdrop of their opposition to the Presbyterian Covenanters.
## History
When Patrick Forbes was consecrated Bishop of Aberdeen in 1618, he endowed a chair of divinity in each Aberdeen college. He revived the awarding of degrees in divinity which earlier Protestants had suppressed as prideful or as redolent of the Roman Catholic title Doctor of the Church. The early recipients of the Doctor of Divinity who stayed on to teach at the colleges became known as the \"Aberdeen doctors\".
John Dury wrote to the doctors seeking their opinion on the points of dispute between the Lutherans and the Calvinists. Their reply of 20 February 1637 was supported by Robert Baillie but opposed by Samuel Rutherford. On 20 July 1638, a deputation seeking Aberdeen\'s adhesion to February\'s National Covenant arrived, comprising the Earl of Montrose, Lord Cupar, the Master of Forbes, and Sir Thomas Burnett, Laird of Leyes representing the nobility; and Alexander Henderson, David Dickson, and Andrew Cant, the ministry. The doctors were prepared to adhere provided satisfactory answers were given to 14 written questions, termed \"demands\". The Covenanter ministers\' \"answers\" were submitted the following day, prompting \"replies\" from the doctors and \"second answers\" from the Covenanters, who then left the town. The doctors issued further replies which they called \"duplies\", which went unanswered. All the texts were quickly printed and widely circulated and debated.
The doctors\' obduracy contributed to the First Bishops\' War of 1639 in which the Covenanters sought the submission of Aberdeen
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# Acrocalymma medicaginis
***Acrocalymma medicaginis*** is a plant pathogen that causes root and crown rot in alfalfa. It is found in Australia
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# Alternaria mali
***Alternaria mali***, also called **alternaria blotch of apple**, is a pathogenic fungus affecting plants. It is prevalent in the southern United States and elsewhere, and damages the leaves of infected apple trees.
## Pathogenesis
*Aleternaria mali* can overwinter as mycelium on dead leaves on the ground, in mechanical injuries in twigs, or in dormant buds. Primary infection occurs about one month after petal fall the following year. The disease is favoured by temperatures between 77 and, and by wet conditions. Infection occurs at optimum temperatures with 5.5 hours of wetting, and an outbreak can become serious within two days of infection. The fungus attacks susceptible cultivars using a chemical toxin. Affected plants exhibit circular spots on the leaves that enlarge as the disease advances. Normally, hyphae cannot adhere to the surface of the host, but under moist conditions light-grey mycelium might be present on the surface. Normally the fungus will not attack fruits except in highly susceptible cultivars; fruit-spotting may occur on the tree or in storage, particularly on fruits with already damaged skin.
## Plant defense {#plant_defense}
Plants\' first lines of defense against *A. mali* infection are the physical barrier provided by the epidermis on the primary body and the periderm on the secondary body. *A. mali* can still penetrate the stomates and hydathodes of leaves.
As with most pathogens, *Alternaria mali* resistance involves a gene-for-gene relationship. Apple trees can recognize invading pathogens and mount a defense. Often, the plant may be able to resist the pathogen, even though it has no genetic resistance to same. Apple trees seem to have a weak defense to *A. mali*, base on the fact that no survivors if leaves has been infected.`{{clarify|date=July 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
## Control
*Alternaria mali* prevention consists of strict quarantine, never importing plants or scions from affected plants and collecting fallen or infected leaves and burning them in winter. Apple cultivars can be ranked in order of increasing resistance as follows: Indo, Red Gold, Raritan, Delicious, Fuji, Golden Delicious, Ralls, Toko, Tsugaru, Mutsu, Jonagold, Jonathan. Chemical control uses fungicides such as iprodione, mancozeb and captan. Disease severity is aggravated by severe mite infestation; thus good mite management is an important factor in preventing severe disease development
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# David J. Allstot
**David J. Allstot** (born January 22, 1947, in Brookings, South Dakota), is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. His research includes work on analog, mixed-signal, and radio frequency integrated circuits. He was formerly a professor at UC Berkeley and the University of Washington.
Dr. Allstot was elected to serve as president of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society in 2009, and was for that reason president-elect in 2008.
Dr. Allstot was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 2020 for his research and commercialization of mixed-mode integrated circuits and systems.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Allstot received several awards and honors, including:
- In 1980 the IEEE W.R.G
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# Aphanomyces euteiches
***Aphanomyces euteiches*** is a water mould, or oomycete, plant pathogen responsible for the disease Aphanomyces root rot. The species *Aphanomyces euteiches* can infect a variety of legumes. Symptoms of the disease can differ among hosts but generally include reduced root volume and function, leading to stunting and chlorotic foliage. *Aphanomyces* root rot is an important agricultural disease in the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Management includes using resistant crop varieties and having good soil drainage, as well as testing soil for the pathogen to avoid infected fields.
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
Hosts of *Aphanomyces euteiches* can be annuals or perennials in the legume family, including: pea (*Pisum sativum*), alfalfa (*Medicago sativa*), snap bean and red kidney bean (*Phaseolus vulgaris*), faba bean (*Vicia faba*), red clover (*Trifolium pratense*), and white clover (*Trifolium repens*). Of particular concern is *Aphanomyces euteiches* f.sp. *pisi*, which is responsible for pea root rot and is the most economically damaging form of pea root rot. In North America, genetically distinct populations of *A. euteiches* demonstrate host specificity, but such specificity has not been observed in Europe.
Because *A. euteiches* is a root-infecting pathogen, primary symptoms occur on roots and stem tissue below the soil line. Infected roots often appear gray and water-soaked, eventually becoming soft and honey-brown or blackish-brown in appearance. Infection causes a reduction in root volume and function, including reduced nodulation, leading to decreased water and nutrient up-take, which lead to above-ground secondary symptoms. Symptoms in the above-ground plant tissue can include chlorosis of the cotyledons and necrosis of the epicotyls and/or hypocotyls, stunting, and wilting of foliage. Some symptoms can differ among hosts. Infected plants and patterns of infection in the field often correspond to areas in the field with poor soil drainage, which can be the result of soil compaction, soil texture (high clay content), or excessive wetness due to irrigation or rainfall. Symptoms are generally similar among infected legumes, however timing and pattern of disease can differ among hosts and between annuals and perennials. In both peas and beans, lesions tend to progress up the plant tissue, starting with the epicotyls and moving to the hypocotyls, eventually extending above the soil. Lesions on pea epicotyls turn black, eventually creating a pinched region above the cotyledons as the result of pinched tissue. Lesions on beans, on the other hand, have a characteristic water-soaked appearance, are grayish-green in color, and are firm to the touch. In alfalfa symptoms include chlorotic cotyledons which may eventually become necrotic.
Although the symptoms caused by *A. euteiches* can be difficult to distinguish from symptoms caused by other root-infecting plant pathogens (such as *Pythium*, *Rhizoctonia*, and *Fusarium*), there are some distinct differences. *Aphanomyces* root rot rarely results in seed rot and/or pre-emergent damping-off. The characteristic lesions caused by the different pathogens also differ. *Fusarium* infection results in black or reddish vascular tissue, and *Rhizoctonia* infection results in sunken, cankerous lesions.
*A. euteiches* exhibits no macroscopic signs, but oogonia and oospores can be seen in root tissue with a compound microscope.
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# Aphanomyces euteiches
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
Aphanomyces root rot is an example of a monocyclic disease, causing only one infection cycle per season. This is in contrast to polycyclic diseases, which can infect new hosts and produce multiple disease cycles within a single season. *A. euteiches* is not usually a saprophyte in nature, but can be grown in culture in the lab.
Although *A. euteiches* can potentially infect hosts at any point in the growing season, infection usually begins during seedling emergence. The primary source of inoculum is oospores, which can be found either in the soil or in infected plant debris from previously infected host plants. Oospores germinate as a response to chemical signals detected from the roots of new hosts plants. Germination can either be direct or indirect. Either way, infecting begins at the cell in the root tips of the host plant. In direct germination, the oospore produces hyphae which directly penetrate host cells at the plant\'s root tips. In indirect germination, the oospore produces sporangia which release zoospores. The zoospores then encyst on the host plant cells, and germinate. After direct or indirect germination, coenocytic hyphae of *A. euteiches* colonize host tissue through inter- and intra-cellular growth. For sexual reproduction, hyphae develop male and female gametangia called, respectively, antheridia and oogonia. Because *Aphanomyces euteiches* is homothallic the antheridium and oogonium arise from the same hypha and are self-compatible, meaning separate mating types are not needed for sexual reproduction. The antheridium fertilizes an oogonium, which then develops into a single oospore, which is 20-35 micrometers in diameter.
When growing under optimal conditions, an infection of *A. euteiches* can result in symptoms within 10 days, and oospores can be formed between 7 and 14 days. Oospores become dormant after being formed, and can survive for more than 10 years.
## Environment
Aphanomyces is a soil-borne disease, and the entire lifecycle is completed in the host root and surrounding soil. The pathogen *A. euteiches* does best in warm, wet soil conditions, but can survive at a range of moderate temperatures. Infection is most prevalent when host plants are in the seedling stage, and when temperatures are between 22 and 28 degrees Celsius. Because zoospores require water for mobility, standing water in the soil increases host infection by making it easier for zoospores to move to host cells. After infection, though, the development of symptoms is favored by warm and dry soil conditions.
## Management
The most effective management technique available to farmers is the use of disease-resistant cultivars. Resistant cultivars have been identified in alfalfa, bean, pea and red clover. Breeding for resistance has been successful in alfalfa and beans, however in beans it has been difficult to establish resistant cultivars that also meet consumer needs. The efficacy of chemical suppression is dependent on environmental factors such as temperature and soil moisture. Before widespread fungicide use, control consisted mainly of avoiding fields with high disease risk based on a field indexing procedure developed in 1958 by Sherwood and Hagedorn. Management practices should also include good soil drainage and soil testing to avoid infested fields. Crop rotation can be implemented to slow the rate of build-up of *A. euteiches*, however because oospores can survive for up to 10 years in the soil, rotation is not an effective means of eradicating the inoculum. Therefore, once high levels of *A. euteiches* have been identified in a field, growers should abstain from planting susceptible hosts in that field.
A study indicates that *A. euteiches* abundance is less severe when the infected plant also has significant mycorrhizal development. Excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and repeated tillage can reduce mycorrhizal development.
In alfalfa, there is evidence that another interaction can occur between *A. euteiches* and *P. medicaginis*, another important alfalfa pathogen which causes Phytophthera root rot. In this case, colonization by *A. euteiches* may make it more difficult for *P. medicaginis* to take hold.
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# Aphanomyces euteiches
## History and importance {#history_and_importance}
*Aphanomyces euteiches* was first described by Drechsler in 1925 as the causal pathogen of root rot in peas. At the time, the disease had plagued Wisconsin and the American Midwest, where monoculture was commonplace in pea production for processing, for decades. The pathogen has since been recorded in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and throughout the United States, suggesting that the disease may have already been widespread at the time of its discovery.
Pea (*Pisum sativum*) is the crop where Aphanomyces causes the greatest economic damage. Aphanomyces root rot can account for yearly losses of about 10% in the fields where it occurs, and may cause losses of entire fields in conditions that are favorable to the pathogen. In agricultural regions that produce large amounts of susceptible crops and have favorable weather conditions for *A. euteiches*, careful monitoring is of paramount importance. Such regions include the American Midwest, particularly the Great Lakes region. In areas where peas are grown for processing, widespread *Aphanomyces* infection can cause processing (canning) factories to relocate, a considerable threat for local economies. In fact, prevalence of Aphanomyces root rot has ultimately shifted pea production in the United States from being predominantly in the Midwest and Eastern parts of the country to drier states such as Idaho, Washington, and Oregon where *A. euteiches* is still common but conditions are less favorable.
In addition to fresh peas, alfalfa is another crop where Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) causes significant economic damage. Whereas in peas *A. euteiches* usually occurs alone, in alfalfa it often occurs in conjunction *Fusarium* and *Pythium spp*, two other root rot-causing pathogens. Thus although *A. euteiches* had been known as a pathogen of pea since the 1920s, in alfalfa it was often confused with other pathogens. It was not until the 1980s that scientists from the University of Wisconsin confirmed it as a significant pathogen of alfalfa. Since then, Aphanomyces root rot has been an emerging concern in alfalfa crops in the United States and Canada, and is considered widespread in Wisconsin.
In alfalfa, *A. eutiches* is especially damaging in conjunction with *Phytophthora medicaginis*, which causes Phytophthora root rot (PRR) in alfalfa. After initial studies in Wisconsin, *A. euteiches* was identified as an economically significant alfalfa pathogen in other states as well. In Wisconsin, Iowa and Kentucky it often exceeds *P. medicaginis* in prevalence in fields where alfalfa is grown. Due to these diseases, conventional advice was to avoid growing alfalfa in any wet soils. However, with the development of ARR- and PRR-resistant varieties, wet soil conditions have become less of a concern for alfalfa production, at least as far as disease pressure is concerned. Today, modern alfalfa varieties are required to have both PRR and ARR resistance
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# Desarmillaria tabescens
***Armillaria tabescens*** (also known as **ringless honey mushroom**) is a species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. It is a plant pathogen. The mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
*Armillaria* species infect a wide variety of woody plants. In a survey of 250 permanent plots of trees in Albania, *Armillaria tabescens* affected multiple species of trees including fir species, where it invaded when the plant was stressed. A study in Greece reported *Armillaria tabescens* to be more prevalent in areas where the trees were stressed due to limited moisture. In oak trees, it was slightly more damaging and could kill young trees. *Armillaria tabescens* was also recorded in poplar and eucalyptus plantations, and almond trees were found to be very susceptible to infection. The results of the study by Lushaj et al. showed that *Armillaria tabescens* was most frequently recorded on fruit and ornamental trees compared to the other species***.***
*Armillaria tabescens* causes separation of the bark from the wood by the production of mycelial fans in the trunk, a common sign of *Armillaria* root rot. It also causes gummosis, patches of gummy material on the surface of plants, which occurs in response to an external stimulus which causes the plant to ooze sap. Other common symptoms are soft rot of cortex, dwarfing, dieback, wilting, and abnormal coloring of the leaves. Small trees are killed rapidly by *Armillaria tabescens* and the symptoms aren\'t noticeable until the leaves wilt. However, on larger trees symptoms occur earlier and start as a thin crown with small leaves. A crown of a tree refers to any branches or foliage that are growing out from the trunk. Therefore, thinning of the crown would mean reduced branches and leaves. The trees eventually start yellowing and defoliating followed by fast wilting and dying of limbs. The fungus is a white rot so it breaks down lignin in the wood. The breaking down of the lignin leads to the trees becoming hollow.
## Environment
*Armillaria tabescens* is found in warm and dry regions, so, in Europe, it tends to be in southern areas. It has also been found in altitudes ranging from sea level to 1300 m. Studies in Europe have found that it exists in south-east England, France, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Greece and, rarely, Germany and Switzerland. In Japan, it is very rare; only one isolate of *Armillaria tabescens* was found out of 59 sites surveyed**.**
*Armillaria tabescens* grows quickly at 28--30 C and more slowly at 5 C. If the soil is moist, fruiting bodies are abundant. It is the first to fruit in September, compared to *Armillaria mellea* and *Armillaria gallica*. The fruiting bodies can be seen even earlier if the season has been exceptionally wet. *Armillaria tabescens* grows poorly on sand and produces shorter rhizomorphs. Rhizomorphs are threadlike structures in fungi that are made up of hyphae. Hyphae are branching structures that release enzymes to absorb nutrients from the host.
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# Desarmillaria tabescens
## Pathogenesis
*Armillaria* *tabescens* is a heterothallic species of *Armillaria.* Heterothallic species perform anastomosis when haploid monokaryon come in contact with one another. Anastomosis is the connection or opening between two things, in this case the mycelium. Mycelium is the vegetative part of the fungus that consists of hyphae. If the two monokaryons are sexually compatible they form a clamp connection. This results in a mycelium consisting of dikaryotic cells. The dikaryon cells predominate in the vegetative phase. In the basidia karyogamy occurs before meiosis and then the formation of basidiospores. The basidiospores then infect the host plant.
*Armillaria* *tabescens* is found to attack trees that are already stressed or have a wound. The pathogen can spread its mycelia and get into the trunk or root of a tree. The fungus has the ability to spread its mycelia throughout the root and trunk system and form mycelial mats. Mycelia is damaging to trees because they absorb the nutrients by secreting enzymes to breakdown the plant material. It specifically breaks down lignin because it is a white rot. No rhizomorphs have been found for *Armillaria tabescens* in nature. However, Rishbeth and Kile did find rhizomorphs buried in the soil on inocula. Since the species doesn\'t produce rhizomorphs commonly in the nature, infected roots must come into contact with other potential hosts for infection to occur. So, root grafting provides an effective pathway for the spread of this pathogen. Tsopelas conducted an experiment of inoculating almond trees with *Armillaria tabescens* and two other *Armillaria* species. The result of the experiment was that basidiocarps developed 6--8 weeks after the inoculation. The basidiocarps are recognized by not having an annulus around the stalk of the basidium. The basidiospores infect the trees. After two years, it only killed 3 out of the 16 trees and two other trees had symptoms of dieback.
## Edibility
The species can be cooked and eaten, even being regarded as choice, but has been reported to cause upset stomachs. *Armillaria tabescens* additionally contains small levels of antioxidants which have been studied for possible use as protection against lipid peroxidation and free radical damage
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# John Kronmiller
**John Kronmiller** (December 6, 1858 -- June 19, 1928) was an American politician and Congressman from Maryland.
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Kronmiller attended private and public schools and later engaged in the mercantile business and the manufacturing of ivory goods. He served on the city council from 1905 to 1907 before being elected as a Republican to the Sixty-first Congress, serving from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1911. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1910.
Kronmiller later served as a voluntary member of the board of visitors to the Baltimore City Jail from 1908 to 1912, as director of the Maryland General Hospital in 1913 and 1914, and resumed his former manufacturing pursuits. He was a member of the board of supervisors of election for the city of Baltimore from December 29, 1914, to May 1, 1916. He died in Baltimore, and is interred in Loudon Park Cemetery
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# Biscogniauxia marginata
***Biscogniauxia marginata*** is a species of fungus in the family Graphostromataceae. A plant pathogen, it was given its current name by Czech mycologist Zdeněk Pouzar in 1979
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# Botryosphaeria dothidea
***Botryosphaeria dothidea*** is a plant pathogen that causes the formation of cankers on a wide variety of tree and shrub species. It has been reported on several hundred plant hosts and on all continents except Antarctica. *B. dothidea* was redefined in 2004, and some reports of its host range from prior to that time likely include species that have since been placed in another genus. Even so, *B. dothidea* has since been identified on a number of woody plants---including grape, mango, olive, eucalyptus, maple, and oak, among others---and is still expected to have a broad geographical distribution. While it is best known as a pathogen, the species has also been identified as an endophyte, existing in association with plant tissues on which disease symptoms were not observed. It can colonize some fruits, in addition to woody tissues.
## Life as a plant pathogen -- \"Bot rot\" of apple {#life_as_a_plant_pathogen_bot_rot_of_apple}
White rot, or \"Bot rot\", of apple is one of the many plant diseases that have been attributed to *B. dothidea*. Recent analysis has confirmed the presence of *B. dothidea*, along with other *Botryosphaeria* species, on *Malus sp.*. Cankers and other dead wood and bark tissue, as well as mummified fruit (fruit infected by the pathogen and remaining in the orchard) serve as sources of primary and secondary inoculum.
Both pycnidia and pseudothecia are observed on plant tissues, producing conidia and ascospores. Conidia are produced in greater numbers. Using spore traps for airborne spores and funnel traps for rainwater, Sutton (1981) determined that, while both conidia and ascospores of *B. dothidea* are released from infected pruning waste (dead wood) during rainfall events and conidia are predominantly water-dispersed, ascospores spread in both air and water. Conidia and ascospores germinate most readily at 28 to. (*B. dothidea* has been reported to grow best, in culture, at 25 to.) Lenticels and wounds provide locations for wood infection
The cankers of white rot appear similar to those of black rot, caused by *Diplodia seriata* (formerly *B. obtusa*). Girdling of limbs by cankers can result in yellowing (\"chlorosis\") of leaves on affected branches in the spring. While the precise time of fruit infection is unclear, symptoms of fruit rot appear approximately four to six weeks before harvest. The name \"white rot\" comes from the light brown color of the surface of affected red-skinned apples.
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# Botryosphaeria dothidea
## Classification and characteristics {#classification_and_characteristics}
*Botryosphaeria dothidea* is the type species of the genus *Botryosphaeria*. While the International Botanical Congress recently emended the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to state that one fungal species should be called by one name, the sexual (teleomorphic) and asexual (anamorphic) stages of single fungal species have often been called by different names. *B. dothidea* was the name given to the teleomorphic form, and *Fusicoccum aesculi* has been identified the anamorph of *B. dothidea*, as currently defined. Phillips et al. (2013) chose to use the genus name *Botryosphaeria*, rather than *Fusicoccum*, since *Botryosphaeria* is commonly used and is the type genus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae.
Fries first published a description of *B. dothidea* as *Sphaeria dothidea* in *Systema Mycologicum* in 1823. Cesati and De Notaris described the genus *Botryosphaeria* and moved the species formerly known as *S. dothidea* into the new genus.
After determining that a type specimen consistent with the original description of *Sphaeria dothidea*, on ash, did not exist, Slippers et al. (2004) designated an epitype specimen to go along with a non-sporulating neotype from the collection of Fries, who published the original description of the species. Slippers et al. (2004) then revised the description of *B. dothidea*. The name is believed to have previously encompassed a species complex, and references to it in older literature might represent species now otherwise identified.
Like other members of the Dothideomycetes, the sexual stage of *B. dothidea* has bitunicate asci, which are borne in cavities (\"ascomata\") formed through a process known as \"ascolocular development\". In the case of *B. dothidea*, these ascomata are pseudothecia. The asci in the pseudothecia produce ascospores that can then infect plants. Like other species in the order Botryosphaeriales, *B. dothidea* ascomata have \"multilayered dark brown walls\" and contain septate pseudoparaphyses which are transparent or translucent (hyaline). Pseudothecia are sometimes located alone and other times clustered together.
In the asexual stage, conidia, which can also infect plants, are produced in pycnidia. The pycnidia and pseudothecia of *B. dothidea* look very similar. Microconidia have also been reported in at least one *B. dothidea* isolate. Microconidia are small, asexual spores that often act as male gametes or gametangia (spermatia) in a process of cytoplasmic fusion (plasmogamy)
According to a key provided in Phillips et al. (2013), *B. dothidea* can be distinguished from six other members of the genus by conidia that are typically longer than 20 μm, have a length to width ratio greater than 4.5, and occur on hosts other than *Vaccinium* species. These conidia are \"narrowly\...or irregularly fusiform,\" have thin walls, and are generally transparent or translucent (hyaline) and aseptate but sometimes form up to two septa and/or darken when they are older. Differentiating between species based on morphology depends on observing multiple samples, to get an idea of prevailing character states, and doing so at the appropriate developmental stage
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# Botryosphaeria obtusa
***Botryosphaeria obtusa*** is a plant pathogen that causes frogeye leaf spot, black rot and cankers on many plant species. On the leaf it is referred to as frogeye leaf spot; this phase typically affects tree and shrubs. In fruit such as the apple, cranberry and quince, it is referred to as black rot, and in twigs and trunks it causes cankers.
## Symptoms
**Black rot**
*Botryosphaeria obtusa* enters the fruit through wounds. These can be made by insects, birds or growth cracks. At first a brown spot, near the calyx, appears on the fruit. The spot on the fruit then enlarges and black/brown rings appear on the fruit. The fruit holds its shape, however, unlike other fruit diseases. The fruit will then wither up and can remain on the tree for another year before falling off. During this time pycnidia appear on the surface of the rotted fruit.
**Frogeye leaf spot**
In leaves the fungus begins by causing purple specks on infected leaves. These then enlarge to cause large spots on the leaf, developing a brown color. The spots appear to have rings of brown with a purple margin, thus giving it its frogeye appearance. The spots can then produce pycnidia which can separate this species of fungus from other possible leaf fungi.
**Canker**
On twigs, branches and trunks *B. obtusa* can infect where there has been a winter injury or fire blight cankers. Slightly sunken reddish/brown spots appear on the infected areas of bark. These then enlarge to form cankers, which can then enlarge slightly more each year. The bark usually dies and can, after time, be pulled away from the tree. In older cankers the pycnidia appear on the bark.
**Black dead arm disease of grapevine**
*Botryosphaeria obtusa* is the pathogen of black dead arm disease of grapevine. It has been shown to be able to oxidise wood δ-resveratrol into delta-viniferin.
## Treatment and control {#treatment_and_control}
The most effective treatment is to prune out the infected areas on trees, to ensure transfer between trees does not occur. Fruit that is infected can stay on the tree for over a year, and therefore remaining fruit should be removed to avoid another source of inoculation for other trees. The trimmed branches or dead fruit should then be burned or disposed of immediately as the organism can survive on the dead tissue for a long period of time. Infection of leaves and fruit can be avoided by spraying them with a fungicide. The treatment for the fungicide should be also kept up to date via the manufacturer\'s instructions
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