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# Vitali Davydov
**Vitali Semyonovich Davydov** (*Виталий Семенович Давыдов*), born 1 April 1939 in Moscow, is a retired Russian ice hockey player who spent his entire club career with HC Dynamo Moscow of the Top Soviet Hockey Championship. On the international stage, he won three Olympic gold medals and nine Ice Hockey World Championships titles. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2004
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# William Balmer McAllister
**William Balmer McAllister** (January 25, 1840 -- May 23, 1918) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Renfrew North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1882 to 1883 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Eardley Township. He married Maria Stewart. McAllister was a miller and lumber merchant in Pembroke. He served on the municipal council and school board. In 1882, he was elected to a seat in the provincial assembly by acclamation after Thomas Murray resigned his seat to contest the seat in the federal parliament. McAllister operated Pembroke\'s first electric light plant which was located on the Muskrat River and he later became a shareholder in the Pembroke Electric Light Company, formed in 1889. With J. H. Metcalfe, McAllister staked a large mining claim in Copper Cliff which they sold to the Canadian Copper Company (later Inco) for \$1,200. He was also president of the Pembroke Southern Railway
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# Sergei Kapustin
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1974 World Ice Hockey Championships|1974 Finland]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1975 World Ice Hockey Championships|1975 West Germany]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalSilver | [[1976 World Ice Hockey Championships|1976 Poland]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalBronze | [[1977 World Ice Hockey Championships|1977 Austria]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1978 World Ice Hockey Championships|1978 Czechoslovakia]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1979 World Ice Hockey Championships|1979 Soviet Union]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1981 World Ice Hockey Championships|1981 Sweden]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1982 World Ice Hockey Championships|1982 Finland]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1983 World Ice Hockey Championships|1983 West Germany]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalCompetition | [[1981 Canada Cup|Canada Cup]] }}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1981 Canada Cup|1981 Canada]] |}}`{=mediawiki}
**Sergei Alekseevich Kapustin** (*Сергей Алексеевич Капустин*) (13 February 1953 -- 4 June 1995) was a Soviet ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC CSKA Moscow, Krylya Sovetov Moscow, and HC Spartak Moscow.
Kapustin played thirteen seasons with the Soviet Union national team. He was part of the team that won seven Gold Medals at the Ice Hockey World Championships in 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983. Kapustin was voted to the first All Star team at the 1978 and 1981 tournaments. He played for the Soviet Union team in the 1974 Summit Series, the 1976 Canada Cup, the Gold Medal team at the 1976 Winter Olympics, the 1979 Challenge Cup, and the 1981 Canada Cup. He was voted the \"best forward\" award at the 1978 Izvestia Cup.
Kapustin was selected by the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft, as they believed it possible he might go to North America.
Sergei Kapustin was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975. He retired in December 1985 after that year\'s Izvestia Cup tournament. He died of a heart attack in 1995 at age 42
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# Viktor Kuzkin
**Viktor Grigorievich Kuzkin** (July 6, 1940 -- June 24, 2008) was a Soviet ice hockey defender who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC CSKA Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963. He was born in Moscow, Soviet Union.
Kuzkin won three gold medals in ice hockey at the Winter Olympics, winning them from 1964 to 1972. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2005.
He died after suffering a heart attack whilst diving in Sochi, Russia
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# Konstantin Loktev
**Konstantin Borisovich Loktev** (April 16, 1933 -- November 4, 1996) was a Soviet ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC CSKA Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964. He was born and died in Moscow.
Loktev was the coach of CSKA Moscow when the team played the Super Series \'76 against teams in the National Hockey League (NHL). CSKA won against the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers, tied the Montreal Canadiens (who would go on to win the 1976 Stanley Cup) and lost to the Philadelphia Flyers. The loss to the Flyers gained extra notoriety when, during the first period, Loktev pulled the team off the ice after Flyers defenceman Ed Van Impe delivered a body check to Valeri Kharlamov that Loktev felt should have been penalized. After a delay, the team returned to the ice and played out the game.
Loktev was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2007
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# Vladimir Lutchenko
**Vladimir Yakovlevich Lutchenko** (*Владимир Яковлевич Лутченко*; born January 2, 1949, in Ramenskoye, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League.
Lutchenko played for HC CSKA Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1970. Lutchenko competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics and 1976 Winter Olympics. Additionally he played against Canada in the 1972 Summit Series and the 1974 Summit Series
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# Santana 22
The **Santana 22** is an American trailerable sailboat, that was designed by Gary Mull and first built in 1966.
## Production
The boat was built by W. D. Schock Corporation in the United States from 1966 to 2010. Some were also built in Australia by the Triton Boat Company. A total of 800 were completed, but the design is currently out of production.
W. D. Schock Corp records indicate that they built 747 boats between 1969 and 1979.
## Design
The Santana 22 was Mull\'s first design, commissioned by Bill Schock, whom Mull had met in 1965. Mull described the design process, \"Bill Schock kept saying, \'What would you do if you were going to draw a boat that would be faster than a Cal 20?\' That was the real yardstick boat at that time. We were sketching on the backs of napkins, as we do. \"Right after that lunch, I had to fly to New York, and when I came back, there were all these messages on the desk, \'Call Bill Schock; Call Bill Schock,\' so I called and said \'What do you need?\' And he said \'Where the hell are the drawings?\' I said, \'What drawings?\' He said, \'You said you were going to design a boat for me.\' I said, \'No, you said you were going to call me if you wanted me to.\' And he said, \'Well, I called.\' I said, \'Oh!\' And that got me started designing sailboats. The first one was the Santana 22.\"
The design competed with the Jensen Marine Cal 20 sailboat in the market.
The Santana 22 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, an internally-mounted spade-type rudder and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 2600 lb and carries 1230 lb of ballast.
The boat has a draft of 3.5 ft with the standard keel and 2.5 ft with the optional shoal draft keel.
The boat is normally fitted with a small 3 to outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.
The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double \"V\"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee quarter berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on both sides just after the bow cabin. The galley is equipped with an optional stove to starboard and a sink to port. The head is located in the bow cabin, centered under the \"V\"-berth. Cabin headroom is 46 in.
The boat has a PHRF racing average handicap of 249 with a high of 277 and low of 234. It has a hull speed of 5.79 kn.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, \"Best features: Compared to her comp\[etitor\]s, the Santana may be considered old-fashioned, with her narrow beam and squared off fin keel, spade-rudder underbody. But she is a wholesome design that many consider ageless---easy and fun to sail, forgiving, and still good-looking after all these years \... Worst features: As a 1965 design she is, after all, a bit old-fashioned. And compared with her comp\[etitor\]s, her deeper draft makes her harder to launch from a trailer
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# Boris Mayorov
**Boris Aleksandrovich Mayorov** (*Борис Александрович Майоров*; born 11 February 1938 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a retired Russian ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC Spartak Moscow and was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963. Mayorov was inducted into the player category of the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1999.
His twin brother Yevgeni Mayorov was also an international ice hockey player
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# Under Hawk's Wings
***DJ Screw and the Screwed Up Click Presents Under H.A.W.K.\'s Wings*** is the debut studio album by American rapper Big Hawk from Houston, Texas. It was released on January 4, 2000 via Dead End. The album peaked at #68 on the US *Billboard* Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart
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# Pio La Torre
**Pio La Torre** (`{{IPA|it|ˈpiːo la ˈtorre}}`{=mediawiki}; 24 December 1927 -- 30 April 1982) was a leader of the Italian Communist Party (*Partito Comunista Italiano*, PCI). He was killed by the Mafia after he initiated a law that introduced a new crime in the Italian legal system, mafia conspiracy, and extended the power of the courts to seize and confiscate assets of people belonging to a Mafia-type association.
## Peasant leader {#peasant_leader}
La Torre was born in Altarello di Baida, a neighbourhood on the outskirts of Palermo. He grew up with five siblings in a poor peasant family, with no water or electricity at home. His political commitment began with his enrolment in the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1945 and the establishment of a party section in his township, the first of many that he also helped to open in neighbouring townships. His political activities started as a leader of the peasant movement on Sicily, first in the Confederterra, later on as the regional secretary of the Italian General Confederation of Labour (Cgil).
In 1948, he had to leave his family home, ever since his father, worried by the threats of the Mafia, who had come to threaten him by burning down the stable doors, had invited Pio La Torre to choose between continuing his battle by leaving or staying with his family. At the time, on the eve of the 1948 Italian general election, several peasant leaders had been killed, including Placido Rizzotto in Corleone (who was killed by the Mafia of Luciano Leggio), Calogero Cangelosi in Camporeale and Epifanio Li Puma in Petralia.
In March 1950, La Torre was arrested in Bisacquino while leading the fight of peasants for land reform through occupations of large estates. He spent 18 months in jail in preventive custody before being released. While in jail, his wife `{{Interlanguage link multi|Giuseppina Zacco|it}}`{=mediawiki}, a daughter of a Palermo doctor who he had married in 1949, gave birth to his first-born son.
In 1960 he became a member of the Central Committee of the PCI, and in 1962 he was elected as the regional secretary of the party for Sicily. In 1961, he graduated in political science at the University of Palermo.
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# Pio La Torre
## In Parliament {#in_parliament}
La Torre was elected in the Italian Chamber of Deputies (Italian: Camera dei Deputati) for the district of Palermo in May 1972. He was re-elected twice and remained a deputy until he was killed by the Mafia on 30 April 1982. La Torre became a member of the Antimafia Commission, formed in 1962 during the First Mafia War, which published its final report in 1976. La Torre, together with judge Cesare Terranova, wrote a minority report, which pointed to links between the Mafia and prominent politicians in particular of the Christian Democrat party (DC - Democrazia Cristiana). According to the minority report:
: ... it would be a grave error on the part of the Commission to accept the theory that the Mafia-political link has been eliminated. Even today the behaviour of the ruling DC group in the running of the City and the Provincial Councils offers the most favourable terrain for the perpetuation of the system of Mafia power.
La Torre also proposed far-reaching legislation to fight the Mafia, but these did not advance at the time since they came at a politically inopportune moment.
After a series of Mafia killings in 1979--80, which included state officials that actively opposed Cosa Nostra such as police inspector Boris Giuliano, judge Terranova, and DC politician Piersanti Mattarella, La Torre initiated a bill on 31 March 1980 that introduced a new crime in the Italian legal system, mafia conspiracy, and extended the power for the courts to seize and confiscate assets of persons involved in the mafia conspiracy.
With the inclusion of a Mafia-type association in Article 416 bis of the Italian Penal Code, a serious legal gap in fighting mafia-type organized crime was filled. Despite the clear and known danger, mafia conspiracy had not been recognised as a criminal phenomenon in the Penal Code. As a result, many judges did not consider the Mafia as a criminal association. Until then, the provisions of Article 416 of the Penal Code on mafia-like associations were suitable only for local and limited phenomena of associated crime and delinquency, but not for organised crime of mafia proportions.
## Return to Sicily {#return_to_sicily}
In 1981, La Torre requested of the party that he be sent back to Sicily where he became the regional secretary of the PCI. He also became part of the popular movement against the deployment of Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) by the United States at Comiso Air Base, just like the journalist Giuseppe Fava. The missiles were stationed in June 1983 but were dismantled after the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was signed by the former Soviet Union and the United States on 8 December 1987. The last 16 GLCMs left the Comiso Air Base in 1991.
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# Pio La Torre
## Assassination by the Mafia {#assassination_by_the_mafia}
Before his new anti-Mafia law was approved in Parliament, La Torre was killed by the Corleonesi, which were engaged in a fierce internal war against rival Mafia factions (the so-called Second Mafia War) and against those representatives of the state that tried to seriously fight Cosa Nostra.
On 30 April 1982, La Torre and his driver Rosario Di Salvo were shot in a hail of bullets near the Communist Party\'s headquarters in Palermo. Their car was trapped in a one-way street blocked by the killers\' car. Di Salvo shot back with his .38-caliber pistol before he was killed. The hit team was composed of Pino Greco, Giuseppe Lucchese, Nino Madonia, Mario Prestifilippo and Salvatore Cucuzza.
The day after General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa was appointed as prefect for Palermo to stop the violence of the Second Mafia War. La Torre\'s law was approved only after Dalla Chiesa was also murdered on 3 September 1982, on the orders of Mafia boss Salvatore Riina of the Corleonesi. That compelled Parliament to adopt the law La Torre initiated in a rush together with other emergency measures against the Mafia.
### Murder investigation and convictions {#murder_investigation_and_convictions}
La Torre was \"sentenced\" to death by the Sicilian Mafia Commission because of his political endeavour against the Mafia. On 12 April 1995, Michele Greco, Totò Riina, Bernardo Brusca, Bernardo Provenzano, Pippo Calò, Francesco Madonia and Nenè Geraci, all members of the Commission, were sentenced to life imprisonment for ordering the murder. The remaining material killers, Antonino Madonia and Giuseppe Lucchese (the others had been killed in the Second Mafia War), were sentenced to life in 2004.
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# Pio La Torre
## Antimafia law {#antimafia_law}
The Rognoni-La Torre Law, also known as the \"Antimafia law\", unified two proposals; one by the Christian Democrat minister Virginio Rognoni and the one drafted by La Torre, and included two essential innovations:
: \(a\) The introduction of mafia conspiracy as a new crime in the legal system;
: \(b\) Extended the power for the courts to seize and to confiscate assets of persons involved in the mafia conspiracy, as well as of those who in the past five years acted as a \"front man\" or being involved in a cover-up role for a mafia-type organisation.
The Rognoni-La Torre Law granted the judiciary better access to bank records in order to follow money trails, allowed the state to seize and confiscate the assets of convicted mafiosi, and defined membership of the Mafia as a crime independent of other criminal acts. Instead of just participating in Mafia activities, being associated with the Mafia in any way was made a criminal offense.
Article 416 of the Italian Penal Code, which had its origins in Mussolini's fascist rule (1930), defined plain organized crime based on three elements: (1) an associative bond, (2) an organized structure, and (3) a criminal design. Mafia-type organized crime was now defined as having additional specific properties: an associative bond with a level of intimidating capacity to cause subjection and omertà. The level of organisation is such that it can be considered a system; the imposition of an absolute rule of obedience through a law of silence that demands, from the entire population, a submission to the power of the mafia resulting in a refusal to collaborate with law enforcement institutions.
According to the newly introduced article 416 bis:
: \"The organization is of the mafia-type when its components use intimidation, subjection and, consequentially, silence (omertà), to commit crimes, directly or indirectly acquire the management or the control of businesses, concessions, authorizations, public contracts and public services to obtain either unjust profits or advantages for themselves or others.\"
The Rognoni-La Torre Law was instrumental in the fight against the Mafia, and provided the tools used by Antimafia judge Rocco Chinnici, and the Antimafia Pool headed by Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, to prosecute the Sicilian Mafia in the Maxi Trial that started in 1986 and led to the conviction in December 1987 of the 475 defendants, including the Mafia\'s top echelon of the Commission. Like La Torre, the judges did not survive the revenge of the Mafia.
## Legacy
Journalist Alexander Stille summarized La Torre's significant but tragic legacy as the person that \"achieved only in death what he had fought for in life: for the first time in history, the parliament made it a crime to belong to the Mafia and gave prosecutors the power to seize Mafia assets accumulated through criminal activity.\" The Comiso Airport was dedicated to Pio La Torre
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# Sliver (film)
***Sliver*** is a 1993 American erotic thriller film starring Sharon Stone, William Baldwin, and Tom Berenger. It is based on the Ira Levin novel of the same name about the mysterious occurrences in a privately owned New York high-rise sliver building. Phillip Noyce directed the film, from a screenplay by Joe Eszterhas. Because of a major battle with the MPAA (which originally gave the film an NC-17 rating), the filmmakers were forced to make extensive reshoots before release which necessitated changing the killer\'s identity.
The film was released theatrically on May 21, 1993, by Paramount Pictures. While it topped the U.S box office it underperformed domestically, it was a huge hit overseas however. *Sliver*, like many erotic thrillers of the time, found great success in the home video market, and was the 8th most rented film in the United States for 1994.
## Plot
Carly Norris, a beautiful book editor and divorcee in her mid-30s, moves into the exclusive New York City sliver building \"113\". She meets other tenants including Zeke, a video game designer; Jack, a novelist; Vida, a fashion model who moonlights as a call girl; and Gus, a professor of videography at New York University. They tell Carly that she bears a striking resemblance to Naomi Singer, the previous tenant of her apartment who fell to her death from her balcony.
After running into Zeke numerous times, Carly invites him to her housewarming party. Soon afterwards, they begin a sexual relationship. Meanwhile, Jack starts stalking Carly and warning her about Zeke who he says is \"sick\". He also points out that Zeke\'s deceased mother, a soap opera actress named Thea Manning, bears a resemblance to Carly. As Jack\'s behavior becomes more erratic, Gus dies in the shower under suspicious circumstances and Vida is murdered, with police suspicion falling on Jack for her death after Carly discovers him in the stairwell with her corpse.
Zeke reveals to Carly that he is the owner of 113, which he bought with his inheritance from his wealthy father. As owner of 113, Zeke has installed a comprehensive video surveillance system throughout the building, allowing him to spy on all of the tenants from his own secret surveillance room. Through deduction and eventually one of Zeke\'s secret recordings, Carly learns that Jack killed Naomi in a crime of passion.
Jack was jealous of Zeke, who had sexual relations with both Naomi and Vida. Jack attacks Carly in her own apartment, and she accidentally shoots him dead. Angry at Zeke for withholding evidence in Naomi\'s murder, and jealous of his liaisons with Naomi and Vida, Carly destroys Zeke\'s surveillance room, tells him to \"get a life\", then leaves.
## Cast
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# Sliver (film)
## Production
### Location
In the film, the tall and narrow sliver building is located at 113 East 38th Street in Manhattan, placing it at 38th Street and Park Avenue. The actual building used in the film is known as Morgan Court, located at 211 Madison Avenue New York, one block west and two blocks south of the fictional address. The building has since become a condominium development. It was built in 1985 and has 32 floors. While the movie made use of the building\'s courtyard, the lobby was a Los Angeles film set.
### Original ending {#original_ending}
In the film\'s original ending Zeke, instead of Jack, turns out to be the killer. After the police assume Jack to be the murderer Carly and Zeke burn the videotapes. Soon afterwards they wed atop the Sliver building. On their honeymoon they fly a helicopter over a Hawaiian volcano where Carly reveals that she knows he is the killer. She tells him she still has the tape of him murdering Gus in the shower and that \"it\'s safe\", implying she is willing to cover up his crimes and that she has found the excitement missing from her previous marriage. With their seatbelts off and Carly videotaping the scenery Zeke lowers the aircraft into the volcano as they both laugh gleefully. The scene then cuts to Zeke\'s surveillance room where the televisions display nothing but static. The end credits roll and leave the audience to decide whether they survive. The shooting of the final scene resulted in the crashing of the helicopter. After an investigation the pilot\'s certificate was temporarily suspended. Preview audiences disliked the idea of Carly turning immoral, so the ending was re-written and re-shot, to the one used in the final release.
### Allegations about Robert Evans\' behavior {#allegations_about_robert_evans_behavior}
In her 2021 memoir *The Beauty of Living Twice*, Stone alleged but did not name a producer who, in her career, had told her to sleep with a costar in a film; in 2024, on *The Louis Theroux Podcast*,
Stone revealed the producer to be Robert Evans, further stating that Evans had wanted Stone and Baldwin to have sex in order to \"have chemistry onscreen\" and it would \"save the movie\", alleging that Evans had told her that \"the real problem is that I was such a tight-ass,\" while Stone refused. Baldwin later attacked these allegations on social media, claiming that Stone had \"a crush\" on him, and to have \"so much dirt on\" Stone and sarcastically asking if he should write a book to \"tell the many, many disturbing, kinky and unprofessional tales about Sharon\". At least one entertainment blog derided the posts as \"a bizarre, misogynistic rant\" and \"dripping with hatred for Stone\", while noting that Janice Dickinson, whom Baldwin had claimed said Stone had expressed interest in him, had denied his claims.
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# Sliver (film)
## Release and reception {#release_and_reception}
The film premiered on May 19, 1993, at Mann National Theatre in Westwood Village, Los Angeles. It was released two days later, on May 21, and received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 21% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site\'s critics consensus reads \"*Sliver* is an absurd erotic thriller with technobabble and posits prime Sharon Stone as a professional book nerd.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".
The main criticisms were that the film provided little in the way of compelling thriller elements, the script diluted the plot of the novel, the characters were underdeveloped, and the actors were not on form. Critics argued that compared to Sharon Stone\'s role as a femme fatale in *Basic Instinct* the year prior, her portrayal in *Sliver* as a passive character who has to be \"lured into sexual intrigue\" is unconvincing. *The* *Austin Chronicle* stated, \"There\'s no suspense, no drama, no tension, no logic. It makes you appreciate all the craft that went into *Basic Instinct*\".
Criticism was also directed at the handling of the recurring themes of voyeurism and surveillance. Peter Rainer of the *Los Angeles Times* wrote, \"There's no emotional pull to the neo-Gothic world in *\'Sliver*,\' where people connect up by video monitor and computer with occasional forays in the flesh. It's no news that we like to watch. But first you must give us something worth watching.\" Lastly, many critics also singled out the editing and ending, calling the latter hasty and unconvincing. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of \"C−\" on a scale from A+ to F.
### MPAA ratings issues {#mpaa_ratings_issues}
Director Phillip Noyce claimed he had to make 110 edits to the film in order to avoid an NC-17 rating by removing the display of male frontal nudity.
### Box office {#box_office}
The film debuted at No. 1 at the box office making \$12.1 million in 2,093 theaters. By the second week the box office taking dropped to No. 6. *Sliver* eventually grossed \$36.3 million domestically and \$87.6 million internationally to a total of \$123.9 million worldwide.
### Home media {#home_media}
When originally released on VHS, the film was released in both its theatrical R-rated version and an unrated version which restored the cuts made by the MPAA. In March 2006, to coincide with the theatrical release of *Basic Instinct 2*, which starred Stone, *Sliver* was released on DVD. Only the unrated cut was made commercially available, but the R-rated cut was distributed for rental. Although the film was theatrically shown in the 2.35 aspect ratio, the DVD features a matted, 2.10 aspect ratio transfer. In 2013, the R-rated cut was released on Blu-ray, sourced from the same 2.10 aspect ratio HD master used for the DVD release.
In 2024, Vinegar Syndrome, under license from Paramount, announced an Ultra HD Blu-ray release of the film as part of their annual Black Friday sales event, featuring a new director-supervised 4K restoration of the unrated version presented in its original 2.35 theatrical aspect ratio. The alternative scenes from the R-rated cut are also included as a bonus
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# Arrow Aircraft and Motors
**Arrow Aircraft and Motor Corporation** was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Havelock, Nebraska in the 1920s and 1930s. It built a variety of light sporting aircraft.
## History
The **Arrow Aircraft Corporation** founded on 27 March 1926 in Havelock, Nebraska by John D. Moore, George E. Moore, and Frederick J. Platz. In 1928, the Patriot Manufacturing Company, a truck body producer, was purchased and merged into the new entity, **Arrow Aircraft and Motors**. It began experimenting with using Ford V8 engines in aircraft in 1934. However, by 1939 the company was bankrupt, a consequence of the effect of the Great Depression, and cost overruns with LeBlond engines. Despite a hope that the increase in defense manufacturing -- including a contract with Boeing -- might save the company, its assets were later sold at two sheriff\'s sales in 1940
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# St Leonard, Foster Lane
**St Leonard, Foster Lane**, was a Church of England church dedicated to Leonard of Noblac on the west side of Foster Lane in the Aldersgate ward of the City of London. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt.
## History
This church originally belonged to the College of St Martin-le-Grand. It was founded in the 13th century by the dean and canons of St. Martin\'s, to serve the inhabitants of the precinct, who had previously worshipped at the altar of St Leonard in the collegiate church. The building, which was small, stood in the courtyard of the collegiate church, on the west side of Foster Lane.
There is a record of a new window being installed in the chancel in 1533. In 1579, the existing graveyard, being too small was leased out, and a new one laid out on an area of the precinct previously known as the \"Dean\'s Garden\" leased by the churchwarden and parishioners for a term of 61 years. The building was repaired and enlarged in 1631, at a cost of more than £500.
The poet Francis Quarles, who died 1644, was buried there.
## Destruction
St Leonard\'s was largely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt. the parish instead being united to that of Christ Church, Newgate Street, and the site used as a graveyard. Some ruins of the church remained, however, until the early 19th century, when they were finally cleared to make way for the new buildings of the General Post Office.
Despite the destruction of the church, the \"Parish Dole\" was still available as late as 1907.
Its former burial ground now forms part of Postman\'s Park
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# Executive Agency Port Administration
The **Executive Agency Port Administration** is a corporate body of the Bulgarian Ministry of Transport. It consolidates regional divisions in Varna, Bourgas, Rousse, and Lom. Its legal authority covers all ports, excluding the navy ones
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# Bromoiodomethane
**Bromoiodomethane** is a halomethane with the formula BrCH~2~I. It is a colorless liquid, although older samples appear yellow. The compound has been investigated as a reagent for cyclopropanation by the Simmons-Smith reaction, but diiodomethane and chloroiodomethane are preferred. It also occurs naturally as the result of microbial action.
Its critical point is at 367.85 °C and 6.3 MPa and refractive index is 1.6382 (20 °C, D)
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| 0 |
11,059,950 |
# List of CDMA terminology
\_\_NOTOC\_\_
This article contains terminology related to CDMA [International Roaming](https://web.archive.org/web/20090813162329/http://wiki.cdg.org/wiki/IRT_Plenary_Meetings). To quickly find a term, click on the first letter of the term below:
\# \| A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| P \| Q \| R \| S \| T \| U \| V \| W \| X \| Y \| Z
## \#
**1x** -- See 1xRTT
**1xEV-DO** -- cdma2000 Evolution, Data Optimized
**1xRTT** -- cdma2000 Radio Transmission Technology
**2G Authentication** -- See CAVE-based Authentication
**3G Authentication** -- See AKA
**3GPP2** -- Third Generation Partnership Project 2
## A
**A12 Authentication**
**AAA** -- Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
**AC** -- Authentication Center -- See CAVE-based Authentication
**Access Authentication**
**Acquisition_Table** -- See PRL
**Active Pilot** -- base station(s) currently serving a call. A base station usually has 3 pilot numbers. Also See **PN Offset.**
**AKA** -- Authentication and Key Agreement
**A-key** -- Authentication Key -- See CAVE-based Authentication
**AMPS** -- Advanced Mobile Phone System
**AN** -- Access Network
**ANI** -- Automatic Number Identification
**ANID** -- Access Network Identifiers
**ANSI** -- American National Standards Institute
**ANSI-41** -- See IS-41
**ARP** -- Authorized Receipt Point
**ARPU** -- Average revenue per user
**AT** -- Access Terminal
**Authentication**
**Authorization**
**Automatic Call Delivery**
**Automatic Roaming**
**Autonomous Registration**
## B
**Band**
**Bandclass**
**BID** -- Billing Identification
**Bilateral Roaming**
**BILLID** -- BillingID
**Border System**
## C
**Call Disconnect**
**Caller ID**
**Call Release**
**Call termination**
**Carrier**
**CAVE** -- Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption
**CAVE-based Authentication**
**CDG** -- CDMA Development Group
**CDMA** -- Code Division Multiple Access
**CDR** -- Call Detail Record
**Cell site**
**CIBER** -- Cellular Intercarrier Billing Exchange Roamer
**Cibernet**
**CHAP** -- Challenge- Handshake Authentication Protocol aka (**HDR** -- *High Data Rate*)
**Clearing**
**Clearinghouse**
**CLI** -- Calling Line Identification -- See Caller ID
**CLIP** -- Calling Line Identification Presentation -- See Caller ID
**CLLI** -- Common Language Location Identifier
**Clone**
**Closed PRL** -- See PRL
**CoA** -- Care-of-Address -- See Mobile IP
**CND** -- Caller Number Display -- See Caller ID
**CNID** -- Calling Number Identification -- See Caller ID
**CRX** -- CDMA Packet Data Roaming Exchange
**CSCF** -- Call Session Control Function -- See IMS
**CTIA** -- Cellular Telecom. & Internet Association
## D
**D-AMPS** -- Digital Analog Mobile Phone Service
**DES** -- Data Encryption Standard
**Diameter**
**DO** -- See 1xEV-DO
**DRRR** -- Direct Routing for Roamer to Roamer
**Dual-mode handset** (i.e. dual-mode mobile phones)
## E
**eHRPD** -- Enhanced HRPD
**EDI** -- Electronic Data Interchange
**EDT** -- Electronic Data Transfer
**Encryption**
**Enhanced PRL**
**ERI** -- Enhanced Roaming Indicator -- See Roaming Indicator
**ESA** -- Enhanced Subscriber Authentication -- See AKA
**ESN** -- Electronic Serial Number
**ESPM** -- Extended System Parameters Message
**EV-DO** -- See 1xEV-DO
## F
**FA** -- Foreign Agent -- See Mobile IP
**FCC** -- U.S. Federal Communications Commission
**Financial Settlement**
**FOTA** -- Firmware Over-the-Air -- See OTA
**Frequency Block**
## G
**Global Challenge** -- See CAVE-based Authentication
**Global Title**
**GTT** -- Global Title Translation
## H
**HA** -- Home Agent -- See Mobile IP
**Handoff (data)**
**Handoff (voice)**
**HLR** -- Home Location Register
**Home Address** -- See Mobile IP
**Home System**
**HNI** -- Home Network Identifier -- See IMSI
**Home SID/NID List**
**HRPD** -- High Rate Packet Data -- See 1xEV-DO
**HRPD Session**
**HSS** -- Home Subscriber Server -- See IMS
**Hybrid Device**
## I
**ICCID** -- Integrated Circuit Card IDentifier (sim card Number)
**IETF** -- Internet Engineering Task Force
**IFAST** -- International Forum on ANSI-41 Standards Technology
**IIF** -- Interworking and Interoperability Function
**IMEI** -- International mobile equipment Identity
**IMS** -- IP Multimedia Subsystem
**IMSI** -- International Mobile Subscriber Identity
**IMSI 11 12** -- Same as **MNC** (Mobile Network Code)
**IMSI S** -- Short IMSI, Mobile Identification Number
**Inbound Roamer**
**[Industry Organizations](http://210.54.118.1/wiki/Category:Industry_Organizations)**
**INF** -- Industry Negative File
**Interconnection**
**Inter standard roaming**
**IRM** -- International roaming MIN
**IS-2000** -- Superseded by TIA-2000
**IS-41** -- Superseded by TIA-41
**IS-835**
**IS-856** -- Superseded by TIA-856
**IS-95**
**ISG** -- International Signaling Gateway
**ISUP** -- Integrated Services User Part
**ITU** -- International Telecommunication Union
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# List of CDMA terminology
## J
**J-STD-038**
## K
**Key**
## L
**L2TP** -- Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
**LAC** -- L2TP Access Concentrator -- See L2TP
**Line Range**
**LNS** -- L2TP Network Server -- See L2TP
## M
**MABEL** -- Major Account Billing Exchange Logistical
**Main Service Instance** -- See Service Instance
**MAP** -- Mobile Application Part -- See TIA-41
**MBI** -- MIN Block Identifier
**MC** -- Message Center -- See SMS
**MCC** -- Mobile Country Code
**MDN** -- Mobile Directory Number
**ME** -- Mobile Equipment
**MEID** -- Mobile Equipment Identifier
**MIN** -- Mobile Identification Number
**MIP** -- Mobile IP -- See Mobile IP
**MMD** -- Multimedia Domain
**MMS** -- Multimedia Messaging Service
**MN** -- Mobile Node
**MNC** -- Mobile Network Code
**MN ID** -- Mobile Node Identifier -- See A12 Authentication
**Mobile IP**
**MS** -- Mobile Station
**MSC** -- Mobile Switching Center
**MSCID** -- Mobile Switching Center Identification
**MSCIN** -- MSC Identification Number
**MSID** -- Mobile Station Identity
**MSIN** -- Mobile Subscription Identification Number, same as **MIN**
**MSISDN** -- Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number
**MSL** -- Master Subsidy Lock
**MTSO** -- Mobile Telephone Switching Office -- See MSC
**Multi-Band Handset**
**Multi-Mode Handset**
## N
**NAI** -- Network Access Identifier
**NAM** -- Number Assignment Module
**NANP** -- North American Numbering Plan
**Negative System** -- See PRL
**Net Settlement**
**NID** -- Network Identification Number
**NMSI** -- National Mobile Station Identity
**NMSID** -- National Mobile Station IDentity, Same as **NMSI**
**NPA-NXX** -- See NANP
## O
**OMA** -- Open Mobile Alliance
**Open PRL** -- See PRL
**OTAPA** -- Over The Air Parameter Administration
**OTASP** -- Over The Air Service Provisioning
**OTA** -- Over-The-Air Programming
**Outbound Roamer**
## P
**PAP** -- Password Authentication Protocol
**Packet Data Service**
**Packet Data Service Option**
**Packet Data Session**
**PCS** -- Personal Communications Services
**PDSN** -- packet data serving node
**Permissive Mode** -- See PRL
**PIN** -- Personal Identification Number -- See RVR
**Plus Code Dialing**
**PN Offset** -- Identifies a base station. As base station usually has 3 pilot numbers. Also See **Active Pilot
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# Steppesaurus
***Steppesaurus*** is an extinct genus of basal Eupelycosauria belonging to the Sphenacodontidae, related to *Dimetrodon* and *Sphenacodon*, from the Late Permian San Angelo Formation of Texas.
## Discovery and naming {#discovery_and_naming}
A maxilla and dentary, holotype **FMNH UR 148**, were at the Pease River found by Everett Claire Olson in 1950, who named the genus in 1953, together with James R. Beerbower, after J. Steppe who had assisted in the excavation.
## Description
The body length of *Steppesaurus* has been estimated as high as eighteen feet, making it the largest known sphenacodontid, but this failed to take into account that its teeth, as restored, were more widely spaced. It likely had less teeth in its maxilla, which as a whole was not particularly large.
## Classification
Olson in 1953 placed *Steppesaurus* in the Sphenacodontidae but in 1962 changed this to the Phthinosuchidae, making it a member of the Therapsida, as support for his hypothesis that these had been found in the Early Permian. This has proven to be very controversial
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# Jozef Raskin
**Jozef Maria Raskin** (21 June 1892 -- 18 October 1943) was a Belgian artist, painter, draftsman, and Scheutist missionary who served in World War I and became a missionary in China from 1920 to 1934. Later, during World War II, he was drafted into the Belgian army as a chaplain and was a personal advisor to King Leopold III. While operating under the code name Leopold Vindictive 200 for the Belgian resistance, on 1 May 1942 he was arrested by the Gestapo, tried and convicted, and on 18 October 1943 was guillotined. A statue honoring his service stands in Aarschot. After World War II, a book about Raskin\'s exploits in both world wars was written by Jozef De Vroey, himself a Catholic priest and survivor of both these conflicts, under the title *Pater Raskin in de beide wereldoorlogen* (*Father Raskin in Both World Wars*).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Jozef Raskin was born in Stevoort, Belgium, in 1892. He was the eldest son of Amandus and Marie Léonie (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Cleeren). He studied in a college in Sint-Truiden and took his vows in 1910 with the CICM Missionaries, a Catholic religious order widely known as the Scheut Missionaries.
## World War I {#world_war_i}
After becoming a deacon on 25 July 1914, Raskin was mobilized into the Belgian army where, due to a shortage of uniforms, he continued to wear his cassock. He was captured on the front lines with the Germans giving him an automatic death sentence, as soldiers disguised as priests were suspected of carrying secret documents, but he successfully escaped from his captors. As a front-line soldier and observer of enemy lines, his skills in drawing were particularly noted.
## Missionary in China {#missionary_in_china}
After his ordination by the CICM Missionaries on 2 February 1920, he was stationed as a missionary to Inner Mongolia, China, where he became fluent in both the spoken and written Chinese language. While attached to the Apostolic Vicariate of Xiwanzi there, he taught natural sciences. In February 1934 he returned to Belgium and became a writer for his order.
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# Jozef Raskin
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
At the outbreak of World War II, Raskin was drafted as a chaplain into the Belgian military. In this role, he was the personal adviser to King Leopold III, and celebrated Mass with the monarch.
Following defeat in the Battle of Belgium, Raskin used the code name \"Leopold Vindictive 200\" while working for the Dutch resistance. His knowledge of radio allowed him to eavesdrop on the transmissions between the various *Wehrmacht* commands occupying Belgium. He also spent much of his time mapping the German positions on the Belgian coast. He worked with MI14 section \"d\" (the \"Secret Pigeon Service\") to convey his intelligence reports to England using the birds. Containers carrying the birds would be parachuted to him in occupied Belgium. His reports were dispatched in small 3 mm wide tubes attached to the pigeons legs. Although written on ultra thin paper, Raskin wrote in-depth reports which included detailed sketches of enemy positions and up to 5,000-word memos. An example of one such message from Raskin, which was flown to Britain by pigeon, is now archived in the UK\'s National Archives under the heading \"Source Message No. 37\", it read:
### Arrest and execution {#arrest_and_execution}
On 1 May 1942, Raskin was betrayed as a spy by a man dressed as a beggar and was arrested by the Gestapo. While imprisoned awaiting trial, he was described by other prisoners as being \"a learned man, uplifting, eloquent, a support and an example\" who sang every night, told stories of his years in China, and heard confessions from his fellow inmates. On 31 August 1943 he was tried and convicted, offering as his only defense: *Im Gewissen und vor Gott habe ich meine Pflicht getan* (In conscience and before God I have done my duty). The following day, 1 September 1943, he was sentenced to death and on 18 October 1943, at 1843 hours, he was guillotined in Dortmund Prison.
He was buried in Stevoort.
## Memorial
A statue was erected in his honor in Aarschot
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# Vladimir Shadrin
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1970 World Ice Hockey Championships|1970 Sweden]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1971 World Ice Hockey Championships|1971 Switzerland]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalSilver | [[1972 World Ice Hockey Championships|1972 Czechoslovakia]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1973 World Ice Hockey Championships|1973 Soviet Union]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1974 World Ice Hockey Championships|1974 Finland]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalGold | [[1975 World Ice Hockey Championships|1975 West Germany]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalSilver | [[1976 World Ice Hockey Championships|1976 Poland]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalBronze | [[1977 World Ice Hockey Championships|1977 Austria]] |}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalBottom}}`{=mediawiki}
**Vladimir Nikolaevich Shadrin** (*Владимир Николаевич Шадрин*; 6 June 1948 -- 26 August 2021) was a Russian ice hockey centre who played in the Soviet Championship League from 1964 to 1979 for HC Spartak Moscow. He also played in the Japan Ice Hockey League for Oji Seishi between 1979 and 1983. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1971.
## Biography
Shadrin won three Soviet League championships with Spartak Moscow (1967, 1969, 1976). On the international level, Shadrin won two Olympic gold medals and five World Championship titles. He was one of the stars on the Soviet team that played Team Canada in the famous 1972 Summit Series. During this series he finished second in team scoring, behind Alexander Yakushev, with three goals and five assists for eight points.
Shadrin, who had cancer, died on 26 August 2021, after contracting COVID-19. He was 73
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# Viktor Shalimov
**Viktor Ivanovich Shalimov** (Russian: Виктор Иванович Шалимов; born April 20, 1951, in Solnechnogorsk, Soviet Union) is a retired ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League. He played for HC Spartak Moscow. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975. He scored 66 goals in his 126 career games for the Soviet national team. He played in the 1976 Winter Olympics and was one of the top scorers of the tournament. He spent final seasons of his career in Austria, making him one of the first Soviet ice-hockey players to get to play abroad
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# Vyacheslav Starshinov
**Vyacheslav Ivanovich Starshinov** (*Вячеслав Иванович Старшинов*; born May 6, 1940, in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a Russian former ice hockey player, coach and executive. Starshinov played in the Soviet Hockey League for HC Spartak Moscow, scoring 405 goals in 540 league games. He led the league in goals in 1966-67, 1967--68, and 1968--69. Starshinov also scored 149 goals in 182 international games with the Soviet national team, and was named top forward at the IIHF World Championships in 1965. He also played for the Japanese hockey team Oji Eagles in 1976-1978.
He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2007.
## Career
Starshinov first played for Spartak in the 1957--58 season, earning a regular position in the 1958--59 season, in which he scored 12 goals. Starshinov would play for Spartak until 1972, when he would change over to coaching. His best season for Spartak was 1966--67, when he scored 47 goals and 9 assists for 56 points in 44 games. He first played for the national team in 1961 in the World Championships contributing six goals and three assists in seven games. He would be a member of the national team in World Championships until 1971. During this time the team won nine world championship tournaments and twice won the Olympic ice hockey tournament. In 1972, he turned to coaching Spartak, but before coaching, he played in the second game of the 1972 Summit Series versus the NHL professionals of Team Canada. In 1974--75, he returned to play for Spartak for one season before moving to Japan to play and coach Oji Eagles He was one of the first Soviet ice-hockey players to get to play for a foreign club. In 1978, he returned to Spartak to play one final season, scoring 11 goals and seven assists in 37 games.
In 1979, Starshinov joined the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, as head of the Department of Physical Education. He was named chairman of the Ice Hockey Federation of the Russian Federation in 1991. In 2002, Starshinov was named president of Spartak. In 2004, Starshinov was named president of the Association of Sports Industry (APSI).
## Awards
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1965)
- \"Badge of Honor\" (1968), Medal of Honor (2010)
- Order \"For Services to the Fatherland\" III degree ( 26 April 2000 ) and IV ( 18 January 2007 ) - for outstanding contribution to the development of national sport
- Order of Friendship (1995, in connection with the 60th anniversary of the society \"Spartacus\")
- Olympic Order (2000).
- Inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2007
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# St Martin, Ludgate
**St Martin, Ludgate**, also known as **St Martin within Ludgate**, is an Anglican church on Ludgate Hill in the ward of Farringdon, in the City of London. The church is of medieval origin, but the present building dates from 1677 to 1684 and was designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
## History
Some legends connect the church with legendary King Cadwallo (now usually referred to as Cadwallon ap Cadfan, father of Cadwaladr). A sign on the front of the church reads \"Cadwallo King of the Britons is said to have been buried here in 677\". Modern historians would place his death about 682. Cadwallo\'s image was allegedly placed on Ludgate, to frighten away the Saxons. However, Middlesex and the London area were controlled by the Anglo-Saxon polities at that time and there is no evidence of British or any other occupation of the intramural area of the abandoned \'Londinium\' since the late fourth century. Previously the sign stated that it was the West Saxon king Caedwalla but this was contradicted by Bede\'s writings that he was buried in Rome. However the earliest written reference is from 1174. A Blackfriars monastery was built nearby in 1278. The church was rebuilt in 1437 and the tower was struck by lightning in 1561. The parish books start from 1410. Before the Reformation, the church was under the control of Westminster Abbey, and afterwards under St. Paul\'s Cathedral.
St Martin of Tours is a Patron Saint of travellers. Churches which are dedicated to him often stand just within city gates. A blue plaque next to church records the earlier presence of Ludgate, demolished 1760. The church consists of a lead-clad dome, topped by a lantern and on top of that a sharp obelisk steeple. From the lower part of Fleet Street the steeple stands between the viewer and the dome of St Paul\'s Cathedral. Wren probably planned to make a contrast between the spiky steeple of St Martin\'s and the circular dome of St Paul\'s. In \"The Roaring Girl, or Moll Cutpurse\" by Dekker and Middleton, Sebastian says \"The clock at Ludgate, sir, it ne\'er goes true\". This might refer to St Martin\'s church. \"I owe you three farthings, say the bells of St Martin\", might refer to this church, but is more likely to refer to St Martin Orgar in Cannon Street (previously Eastcheap). In 1614 Samuel Purchas, a travel writer, became the rector. On the 17th century font there is a Greek palindrome -- ΝΙΨΟΝ ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ *Nipson anomemata me monan opsin* (Wash the sins, not only the face). There is a 17th-century carved oak double churchwarden\'s chair -- the only one of its kind known to exist. The north windows are by Powell of Whitefriars, representing the Abbot and Chapter of Westminster, the Bishop of London, and the Dean of St Pauls. Those high up on the south are also by Powell.
The medieval church was repaired in 1623, only to be destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Rebuilding was not immediate, but was largely completed by 1680, finished in 1703. In 1669 a Roman tombstone, now in the Ashmolean Museum, was found. The current design is topped by a lead-covered octagonal cupola supporting a balcony and tapered spire rising to a height of 158 ft. The centre of the church is in the form of a Greek cross, with four large columns. The chandelier dates from about 1777 and comes from St Vincent\'s Cathedral in the West Indies. As a curiosity, this is from the burial register: \""1615, February 28, St. Martin's, Ludgate, was buried an anatomy from the College of Physicians." (It was first noticed by Andrew Lang, in an article in \"Books and Bookmen\"). The Royal College of Physicians were based in Amen Corner, a few yards away from 1614 to 1666. In 1678 Robert Hooke designed a new hall in Warwick Lane, also nearby.
The view from the steeple towards the river is spectacular. It was painted by T.M. Baynes.
In 1893 to 1894, the church underwent a major rebuilding and alteration, with the floor level raised, and many bodies disinterred from the churchyard and reburied at Brookwood Cemetery.
In 1941, during the London Blitz, a German incendiary bomb damaged the roof, but St Martin\'s received relatively little damage during the Second World War. In 1954 St Martin\'s became a Guild Church and was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.
## Organ
The organ is a Bernard Schmidt design dating from 1684. There are carvings by Grinling Gibbons inside. The contemporary carvings in the church are also attributed to three joiners, Athew, Draper and Poulden, and to the carvers Cooper and William Newman. There are organ recitals every other Monday; chamber music every Wednesday and Friday.
A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.
Past organists at St Martin include:
- Frederick Albert Bridge (b. 1841 -- d
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# Dan van Husen
**Dan van Husen** (30 April 1945 -- 31 May 2020) was a German actor. He started his career in the 1960s, playing in a number of Spaghetti Westerns (usually he was cast as the bad guy), and also performed in Italian and German films by renowned directors including Frederico Fellini and Werner Herzog and in German TV series. Starting in the 2000s he performed in Hollywood films, and in 2008 had a role in a Dutch World War 2 movie, *Winter in Wartime*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Dan van Husen was born in Gummersbach, Germany, on 30 April 1945, the day Adolf Hitler committed suicide in Berlin.
## Career
He was first discovered by Italian producers while working as a club disc jockey in Spain and began working increasingly seriously as an actor in the late 60s. He appeared in twenty Italo Westerns in six or seven years and before branching out to diverse roles and genres. In the years 1968-1974 he participated in more than 24 Italo Westerns, amongst others directed by Sergio Corbucci, Sergio Martino, Enzo G. Castellari etc. In 1977, he was also involved in the play *Courage* at the Schauspielhaus Bochum, directed by Jérôme Savary. He was cast as the bad guy in 90% of his films.
Van Husen was credited for numerous further film appearances such as *Fellini Casanova*, by Federico Fellini, in *Salon Kitty* by Tinto Brass and *Nosferatu the Vampyre* directed by Werner Herzog, amongst others.
He also worked in German TV series such as *The Old Fox*, *Derrick*, *Alarm für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei* and many more. He was often cast as a rogue as in the television disaster film *Tsunami* or in the \'80s cult film *Ritchy Guitar* of *Michael Laux*, and in the film *Cold and Dark* directed by Andrew Goth.
In 2001, he worked on *Band of Brothers*, a Steven Spielberg production, *Perfect Strangers* directed by Stephen Poliakoff and in *Enemy at the Gates* directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, as well as *Hart\'s War* directed by Gregory Hoblit in 2002.
In 2006, he acted in the German television film *Karol Woityla* directed by Gero von Boehm and in 2007 in *Gellert*, a motion picture film under the direction of Ayassi with Ken Duken and the German TV crime series *SOKO Wismar*.
In February/March 2008, he worked on *Winter in Wartime* a Dutch movie based on the hit novel by the same name, written by Jan Terlouw and directed (and written) by Martin Koolhoven. In June and July 2010, he worked in southern California on the American Western film *Scarlet Worm*, in the role of the antagonist Heinrich Kley, directed by Michael Fredianelli. In 2011, he worked on the American film production *Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn*, directed by Jo Kastner, and got invited to the Spaghetti Western Film Festival in Los Angeles on 19 March of that year. He attended the Almería Western Film Festival from 8 to 11 September 2011, and received a lifetime achievement award in the western film genre. He then got invited to the Lund International Fantastic Film Festival in Sweden, from 15 to 24 September 2011. He attended the Cinefest 2011, VIII, and Internationales Festival des deutschen Film-Erbes Hamburg from 12 to 20 November 2011.
## Death
Dan van Husen died from COVID-19 in Ilminster, Somerset, England in May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in England at age 75.
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# Dan van Husen
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
Van Husen played in film including: `{{Div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Cats* (1968) (uncredited)
- *Las trompetas del apocalipsis* (1969), as Beatnik (uncredited)
- *Sundance and the Kid* (1969), as Cowboy on the Train (uncredited)
- *A Bullet for Sandoval* (1969), as Mestizo
- *Robin Hood: the Invincible Archer* (1970)
- *El Condor* (1970), as Bandit
- *Arizona Colt Returns* (1970)
- *The Arizona Kid* (1970)
- *More Dollars for the MacGregors* (1970), as Frank Landon (uncredited)
- *Cannon for Cordoba* (1970), as Soldier (uncredited)
- *Light the Fuse\... Sartana Is Coming* (1970), as Deputy Sheriff in Sandy Creek (uncredited)
- *The Trojan Women* (1971), as Soldier (uncredited)
- *Doc* (1971), as Clanton Cowboy (uncredited)
- *Captain Apache* (1971), as Al
- *Catlow* (1971), as Dutch
- *Boulevard du Rhum* (1971), as Un tireur (uncredited)
- *Bad Man\'s River* (1971)
- *Kill! Kill! Kill! Kill!* (1971), as Bodyguard (uncredited)
- *Long Live Your Death* (1971), as Kelly, Prison Guard
- *Condenados a vivir* (1972), as Lackey (uncredited)
- *Sonny and Jed* (1972), as Bounty Hunter (uncredited)
- *Cry of the Black Wolves* (1972), as Joe
- *Pancho Villa* (1972), as Bart
- *The Death Avenger of Soho* (1972), as Kronstel
- *100 Fäuste und ein Vaterunser* (1972)
- *Verflucht, dies Amerika* (1973) (uncredited)
- *Zinksärge für die Goldjungen* (1973), as O\'Brian
- *Tendre et perverse Emanuelle* (1973), as Inspecteur Siodmak
- *La noche de los asesinos* (1974), as Albert Pagan (uncredited)
- *The White, the Yellow, and the Black* (1975), as Albino, Donovan\'s Cousin (uncredited)
- *John Glückstadt* (1975), as Wenzel
- *Cipolla Colt* (1975), as Deputy Zachary
- *Berlinger (film)* (1975)
- *Salon Kitty* (1976), as Rauss
- *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Strongman Ferdinand|de|Der starke Ferdinand|fr|Ferdinand le radical|it|Ferdinando il duro}}`{=mediawiki}* (1976) (uncredited)
- *Montana Trap* (1976), as Smoothie Nestler
- *Anita Drögemöller und die Ruhe an der Ruhr* (1976), as Killer
- *Fellini\'s Casanova* (1976), as Viderol / Faulkircher\'s lover (uncredited)
- *Paradies* (1976)
- *Eierdiebe* (1977)
- *Invitation to the Dance (1977 film)* (1977, TV Movie), as Zaplata
- *Kiss Me Killer* (1977), as Jules (uncredited)
- *The Rip-Off* (1978), as Hans
- *Nosferatu the Vampyre* (1979), as Warden
- *Beware of Schwarzenbeck* (1979), as Security Guard
- *The Lady Vanishes* (1979), as 2nd Killer
- *Bloodline* (1979), as Cameraman
- *Avalanche Express* (1979), as Bernardo
- *Lena Rais* (1979), as Harry
- *Graf Dracula in Oberbayern* (1979), as Franz
- *Derrick* (1979-1980, TV Series), as Walter Lohmann / Moersch
- *Why the UFOs Steal Our Lettuce* (1980)
- *The Sea Wolves* (1980), as U-boat First Officer
- *Strike Back (1981 film)* (1981)
- *Freak Orlando* (1981), as Lederboy
- *Be Gentle, Penguin* (1982)
- *Comeback* (1982), as Pimp
- *Ich bin dein Killer* (1982), as Danny
- *Richy Guitar* (1985), as Tough Guy
- *Gotcha!* (1985), as Man in Shadow
- *Wild Geese II* (1985), as Stroebling\'s Driver
- *The Holcroft Covenant* (1985), as Journalist (uncredited)
- *Alpha City (film)* (1985), as Brute
- *Morena* (1986), as Henry, Street Painter
- *Enemy at the Gates* (2001), as Political Officer
- *Hart\'s War* (2002), as Boxcar Sergeant
- *Killer Barbys vs. Dracula* (2002), as Seaward
- *Darkhunters* (2004), as Jack
- *Tsunami: Terror in the North Sea* (2005, TV Movie), as Kramlick
- *Cold and Dark* (2005), as Solly Tunkel
- *Forest of the Damned* (2005), as Crazy Old Man
- *Drawn in Blood* (2006), as Bergen
- *The Man Who Sold the World* (2006), as Zisna
- *Winter in Wartime* (2008), as Auer
- *The Scarlet Worm* (2011), as Heinrich Kley
- *One Last Game* (2011), as Obonya
- *Killing all the Flies* (2013, TV Movie), as Simon Moskovitz
- *Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn* (2014), as Windy
- *Zombie Massacre 2: Reich of the Dead* (2015), as Doktor Mengele
- *Brimstone* (2016), as Coach Driver
- *EXCRETION: The Shocking True Story of the Football Moms* (2017), as Dr
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# Vladimir Vikulov
**Vladimir Ivanovich Vikulov** (July 20, 1946 -- August 9, 2013) was an ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League.
He was born in Moscow, Soviet Union and played for HC CSKA Moscow. Vikulov led the Soviet league in goals in 1971--72, and was top goal scorer at the IIHF World Championships the same year. He was a Soviet all-star in 1970, 1971, and 1972, and an all-star at the world championships in 1971 and 1972. Vikulov tied for second in scoring at the 1968 Winter Olympics with 12 points in 7 games. He played in the 1972 Summit Series against NHL all-stars and the 1974 Summit Series against WHA all-stars. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1967
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# Idris Legbo Kutigi
**Idris Legbo Kutigi** `{{Post-nominals|country=NGA|GCON}}`{=mediawiki} (31 December 1939 -- 21 October 2018) was a Nigerian lawyer and jurist. He was Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice in Niger State before becoming a high court judge. He joined the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 1992 and served as Chief Justice from 30 January 2007 to 30 December 2009.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Kutigi, North-Western State (now located in the Lavun Local Government Area of Niger State), Kutigi attended elementary school in that town and middle and secondary school in Bida. He then moved on to Government College (now known as Barewa College), and then to Ahmadu Bello University (both in Zaria, Kaduna State). He left the country for England, where he studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and Gibson and Weldon, before returning to attend the Nigerian Law School in Lagos, Lagos State. He was called to the bar in approximately 1964.
## Career
Kutigi was the Solicitor General and Permanent Secretary, North-Western State in 1976 and later became the Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice in Niger State as well as the Director of public Prosecution, three positions he held concurrently between 1976- 1977 before becoming a high court judge. He was elevated to the Supreme Court in 1992 and was later appointed in 2002 by President Olusegun Obasanjo as the Chief Justice of Nigeria to succeed the outgoing Salihu Alfa Belgore. Belgore retired on 17 January 2002 and Kutigi succeeded him on 30 January 2002, after being confirmed by the Senate. he amended the 1979 Fundamental Human Enforcement Procedure Rules that later became the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009.
Kutigi retired on 30 December 2009, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 70. He swore in his successor, Aloysius Iyorgyer Katsina-Alu. The President of Nigeria usually swears in the Chief Justice, but President Umaru Musa Yar\'Adua was not available on this occasion due to ill health. He afterwards returned to serve as a high court judge until his death in October 2018. Kutingi also continued to attend Council of State meetings held at the decision of the president.
In 2014 he was appointed chairman of the National Conference on constitutional matters by President Goodluck Jonathan. His appointment was widely welcomed by those on all sides of the Nigerian political spectrum with praise coming for his impartiality and fair handedness. On 12 June 2014 he stepped in to separate northern and southern politicians who almost came to blows during a conference meeting over a disagreement on holding a one minute silence to honour those that died during the 1993 presidential election. Kutigi later described the conference as the \"most arduous\" to have been held in Nigeria\'s history due to the short length of time, four and a half months, that had been allowed for it. By its conclusion more than 600 resolutions had been addressed covering points of law, public policy and the constitution. The findings were presented in a 22-volume, 10,335-page document.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kutigi had 18 children and more than 42 grandchildren. He died in a London hospital on 21 October 2018 following a short period of illness.
A street in the Federal Capital Territory was named in his honour in April 2015. The Justice Idris Legbo Kutigi International Conference Centre in Minna is also named for him.
As a mark of honour following his death the Nigerian flag was ordered to be flown at half mast at the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the official residence of the chief justice, all judicial institutions and courts of records for seven days. A book of condolence was opened at the premises of the Supreme Court
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# St Mary Abchurch
**St Mary Abchurch** is a Church of England church off Cannon Street in the City of London. Dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, it is first mentioned in 1198--1199. The medieval church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, and replaced by the present building.
## History
### Medieval church {#medieval_church}
The church dates back to the twelfth century and is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The additional name \"Abchurch\" probably comes from the name of an early incumbent. An obsolete suggestion is that it is a variant of \"Upchurch\", referring to its position on comparatively high ground; this is unsupported by the early spellings.
The patronage of the church belonged to the convent of St Mary Overy, Southwark, until around 1455, when it passed to the master and chaplains of the college of Corpus Christi at the church of St Laurence Pountney. After the Reformation, Archbishop Parker persuaded Elizabeth I to grant the church to his college, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, which has appointed the incumbent ever since.
\"Restored and beautified\" in 1611 at the cost of the parishioners, St Mary\'s was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666.
### Rebuilding
The church was rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, or under his aegis, in 1681--1686. The parish was united with that of the nearby church of St Laurence Pontney, also destroyed in the Great Fire but not rebuilt.
### Wartime damage and repair {#wartime_damage_and_repair}
A bomb hit the church in September 1940 during the London Blitz. The greatest damage was to the dome. W. Godfrey Allen repaired the church between 1948 and 1953.
The dome was restored by E. W. Tristan, and work on it was completed after his death in 1952 by the artist Walter Hoyle. Many sources describe the reredos as having been shattered into many pieces by the bombing and then carefully restored. In fact it was removed from the church by order of the church wardens, and kept in a place of safety for the duration of the war. The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.
## Exterior
The church has a red brick exterior with stone dressings. There is a four-storey, 51-foot-high tower with a leaded spire. The church was originally intended to be much larger, with a structure similar to St. Stephen Walbrook; however for reasons unknown it was rebuilt on a smaller scale under the supervision of Robert Hooke.
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# St Mary Abchurch
## Interior
The ceiling of the church takes the form of a dished cupola pierced by four elliptical openings, which become almost circular externally in the dormer windows. The cupola springs from four plain brick walls, has no external thrusts, and spans more than forty feet across. It was painted with the present decorative scheme in 1708, when the whole church went under repair and beautification. The artist was almost certainly William Snow, a member of the Painter-Stainers\' Company, who lived in a house just to the north of the church; the church\'s accounts from the time list payments totalling £170 to a \"Mr Snow\", without, however, specifying the services rendered. Painted in oils directly on the plaster, the decorations are divided in two horizontally by a painted *Trompe-l\'œil* cornice. Above this a choir of angels and cherubs in adoration surrounds a golden glow, in the centre of which it the name of God in Hebrew characters. Below it are eight seated female figures painted in monochrome in imitation of sculpture; their precise symbolism has been variously interpreted. The painting was restored once in the 18th century and twice in the 19th. before the complete rebuild and repainting of the decorations following the end of the Second World War.
The pulpit is by William Grey, and the door cases, a font cover, rails and Royal Arms are by William Emmett. Its grand altar-piece is by Grinling Gibbons. Gibbons\' original bill for what he called the \'Olter Pees\' was rediscovered in the Guildhall Library in 1946. The motif of the gilded \'Pelican in her piety\' (the emblem of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge) makes its appearance both on the reredos and in the original copper weathervane made by Robert Bird, which was relocated to sit over the north door after being removed from the spire for safety reasons. Also to be seen there are original high box pews on three sides of the church. The church was without an organ until 1822, when public subscription allowed one to be built by J.C. Bishop. This sustained serious bomb damage during the Second World War and a new organ was made by N. P. Mander in the 1950s, using the 1717 organ casing once belonging to All Hallows, Bread Street.
The remains of the former Lord Mayor of London Peter Perchard and his family are buried at St Mary Abchurch
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# Oliver Winery
**Oliver Winery** is the oldest and largest winery in the U.S. state of Indiana. Established in 1972, the winery has grown to become the 28th largest winery in the U.S. The Oliver Winery tasting room operates in Monroe County north of Bloomington at 200 E Winery Road. It is open for visitors year-round, and can be rented for private events. Oliver wines are available nationwide and can be purchased at their tasting room, through their ecommerce website, or at retailers in over 40 states.
## History
Professor William Oliver, a law instructor at Indiana University, moved to Bloomington with his family in 1959, and began making wine in his home from grapes purchased at an Ohio vineyard. In the 1960s he purchased land near Bloomington in order to grow his own, and by 1970 operated some 30 acres (120,000 m^2^) of vineyard, now known as Creekbend Vineyard.
William Oliver played an integral part in the creation and passing of the Small Winery Act of 1971 in Indiana, which permitted direct sale of wine to the public---without distribution channels. Oliver Winery opened in the spring of 1972, and its first tasting room was opened to the public in 1973. Sales took off with Camelot Mead, and have continued since.
William\'s son Bill assumed management of the winery in 1983 and introduced the use of grapes from outside Indiana to Oliver wines in 1988. Sales grew steadily in the \'80s, and by 1990, reached 25,000 cases per year.
In 1993, Kathleen Oliver joined the winery as General Manager. Bill Oliver turned his attention to winemaking and viticulture at Creekbend Vineyard, which was re-planted in 1994. A new tasting room was built in 1997, and is still in use today. By the late 1990s, annual production exceeded 100,000 gallons.
In 2001, their best-selling wine Sweet Red (previously named Soft Red) rose to the #1 wine sold in Indiana, and in 2004 they launched their estate-bottled Creekbend Collection, releasing vintages through 2024. Major facility expansions occurred again in 2002 and 2007, making Oliver Winery one of the most modernly-equipped wineries in the eastern United States.
The winery became 100% employee-owned in 2006, and was the only 100% employee-owned winery in the U.S. until 2021. In 2021, NexPhase Capital, LP took ownership of the winery. Between 2011 and 2016, production capacity expanded, packages were redesigned, and Pilot Project Experimental and Apple Pie fall seasonal wines were released. In 2017, the winery released its first Real Fruit Moscato---Cherry Moscato. Blueberry Moscato's release in 2019 propelled exponential growth and geographic expansion.
In 2021 and 2022, Oliver increased total production capacity with facility expansion, a 40K sq. ft. onsite warehouse, and a high-speed, state-of-the-art bottling line.
## Winemaking
Oliver Winery is meticulous in its efforts to source the highest quality fruit for winemaking. For decades, the winery has partnered with vineyards in some of the most well-known growing regions in the U.S., such as Yakima Valley, Columbia Valley, Lodi and Monterey, as well as the Finger Lakes and Great Lakes. Creekbend Vineyard, part of the Indiana Uplands AVA, produced fruit for the estate-bottled Creekbend Collection through 2024.
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# Oliver Winery
## Wine Portfolio {#wine_portfolio}
Oliver Winery's portfolio includes more than 30 wines, ranging from dry to dessert. The hallmark of Oliver wine style is fruit-forward and approachable. The brand offers high quality at an affordable price, with most wines priced under \$15. Notably, the award-winning Real Fruit Moscatos™ offer a variety of low-ABV options, and Oliver Sweet Red has earned a total of 56 medals since 2010 and a 93-point rating in the 2015 Consumer Wine Awards. For the more traditional wine enthusiast, Oliver's Flight Series offers award-winning varietal wines at an affordable price. Overall, the brand has won 300 winemaking medals since 2013. Learn more about their wine collections below.
### Collections
- The **Soft Collection** comes from the term "soft wines," coined by the winery in 1983, and describes the less acidic, round, and gentle flavors of these semi-sweet wines. The collection includes their best-selling Sweet Red, as well as Sweet Rosé, and Sweet White. In 2024, they released two new fruit-infused wines, inspired by Sweet Red: Cosmoberry and Dreamberry.
- The **Real Fruit Moscato™** wines are made with real fruit juices and extracts with a hint of carbonation. A lower alcohol level (6.8% ABV) creates a light and refreshing flavor profile. Includes Cherry Moscato, Blueberry Moscato, and several other fruit varieties.
- The **Bakery Series** are the winery's pie-inspired, limited-time seasonal offerings. These include their fall release of Apple Pie wine, and their spring release of Peach Pie wine.
- **Camelot Mead** began in 1972 and is still available today, ranking as the #1-selling mead in the U.S. While it is an old-world wine style, Oliver sources orange blossom honey to create a new-world twist with subtle citrus and honeycomb flavor.
- The **Creekbend Collection** is made with grape varieties that thrive in Indiana's environment. Originally named for their estate vineyard, the collection was estate bottled through 2024. Including varietals such as Catawba, Chambourcin, Chambourcin Rosé, Vignoles, and Vidal Blanc Sparkling.
- The **Flight Series** is made with fruit sourced from the industry's best growers, and the wines range from dry to semi-sweet including traditional varietals such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Pinot Grigio.
- Their **Signature Cocktail Collection** was released in 2024 and features three wine-based, ready-to-drink cocktails made with real fruit and natural botanicals. The collection includes Blossom Drop, Peach Sangrini, and Passion Fleurtini.
- **Beanblossom Hard Ciders** are a trio of ciders crafted from the pure fruit juice of gently pressed Midwestern apples. Available in three flavors---Original, Peach, and Bourbon Barrel
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# Juha Rantasila
**Pekka** \"**Juha**\" **Rantasila** (born June 5, 1945) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Porin Karhut and HIFK. Rantasila was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1989. Currently, he works a lawyer
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# James Clements Municipal Airport
**James Clements Municipal Airport** `{{airport codes|||3CM}}`{=mediawiki} is a city-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) south of the central business district of Bay City, in Bay County, Michigan, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017--2021, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility. It is also a seaplane base with landing areas on the Saginaw River, adjacent to the airport.
The airport was dedicated in 1930 in commemoration of Bay City pilots who gave their lives for their country in military service. The Georgian Revival Administration Building became part of to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and houses a collection of photographs of those pilots.
It is home port for local chapters of the Civil Air Patrol and the Experimental Aircraft Association. Also centered there is the Valley Aero Club (which celebrates Father\'s Day with an annual fly-in breakfast in early June, and hosts an air show in August).
Wetlands on the airport\'s edges are home to the cream-colored Eastern Prairie fringed orchid, which is a threatened and rare wildflower.
## History
In 1912, three pilots built and flew a Wright Flyer No. 15 on the field that eventually became the airport.
The first airport in the Saginaw Valley was opened in 1913 by Lionel DeRemer, and included land that is now part of the James Clemens airport. DeRemer also established a flying school that same year; one of his first students was mechanic Henry Dora. Dora\'s flying career was interrupted by World War I, but after his return he purchased a surplus Curtiss JN-4 and began barnstorming. He also began advocating for the establishment of a permanent and well-equipped airport for Bay City. His idea found fertile ground, as a number of young Bay City businessmen had also served in World War I and recognized the potential of airplanes in peacetime. The Bay City Chamber of Commerce began to promote the project in 1923, but the idea languished until 1926, when the suggestion was made to dedicate a new airport to the young men from Bay City who had lost their lives in World War I.
The Chamber of Commerce reached out to William L. Clements, a wealthy local industrialist and a regent of the University of Michigan, where he had already funded construction of the William L. Clements Library. Clement\'s son James had been a naval aviator in World War I, and had died in France of influenza. Clements offered to donate \$10,000 for the construction of an airport, asking that it be named for his son. Other local businessmen donated money, including James E. Davidson and O.E. Sovereign. Construction began immediately under the direction of Henry Dora. The landing field and hangar were completed and officially dedicated in 1928, and planes began using the facility. Especially noteworthy was the commencement of airmail flights at the airport. The administration building was completed in 1930, and the city sponsored a dedication ceremony that year.
In the 1930s, the airport was used by the First Pursuit Group from the modern-day Selfridge Air National Guard Base to allow pilots to simulate attack runs over the industrial areas of Flint.
Regular passenger service from the airport began in 1931, and although the first company to offer the service went out of business, air routes were well established by 1935. Henry Dora continued as the airport manager until 1942, living in the administration building and hosting visits from aviators including Eddie Stinson, Clarence Chamberlain, Eddie Rickenbacker, and Walter J. Carr. The Clements Airport remained in use under the direction of other airport managers.
In 2020, a number of upgrades were made to the airport to extend the life of its runway by 10--15 years. More plans are in the works to attract additional traffic to the airport. Special emphasis is made on continual resurfacing of runways and taxiways.
As of 2018, a study by the Michigan Department of Transportation found the airport contributes \$8 million to the local economy and \$10 million total statewide, with each visitor the airport spending an average of \$248 in the area.
The airport is today home to a variety of events and attractions. It hosts a pancake breakfast fly-in each Father\'s Day. There is also a regular aerobatics competition featuring antique aircraft performing aerobatics.
## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft}
James Clements Municipal Airport covers an area of 266 acres (108 ha) at an elevation of 585 feet (178 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 18/36 is 3,798 by 75 feet (1,158 x 23 m) and 5/23 is 2,600 by 75 feet (792 x 23 m). It also has three seaplane landing areas on water: 9W/27W is 3,500 by 500 feet (1,067 x 152 m); 13W/31W is 2,600 by 400 feet (792 x 122 m); 18W/36W is 3,500 by 500 feet (1,067 x 152 m).
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 13,870 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 38 per day. It includes almost 100% general aviation and \<1% military. At that time there were 44 aircraft based on the field: 41 single-engine and 2 multi-engine airplanes as well as 1 helicopter.
The airport sells fuel through its city-operated fixed-base operator.
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# James Clements Municipal Airport
## James Clements Airport Administration Building {#james_clements_airport_administration_building}
The James Clements Airport Administration Building was designed by local Bay City architect Joseph C. Goddeyne, and constructed by the Webber Construction Company in 1929--30. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1980 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
The building is a `{{frac|2|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-story, three bay brick Georgian Revival structure measuring 40 feet by 48 feet. The first floor has a projecting entry bay with a six panel door topped by a leaded glass transom. Fluted pilasters, a frieze, and a cornice surround the entrance. Two plaques flank the entrance, one commemorating the men who died in World War I and the other memorializing James Renville Clements. A single double-hung eight-over-one window is set on each side of the door. The second story contains three small six-over-one double-hung sash window units in the center bay, with windows similar to those on the first floor to each side. A wood cornice rins across the top. The gable roof is covered with slate., and contains three dormers with six-over-six double-hung windows.
The interior includes the main foyer, a large lounge, a manager\'s office, an airport office, and restrooms on the first level. The second floor contains the airport manager\'s apartment, with a first aid room, two bedrooms, a kitchen, a dining room, and a living room. The upper level is only partially finished. It was originally meant as a dormitory for pilots. The building includes a full basement with utilities and storerooms.
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
- On August 5, 1983, a Canadian-registered Piper PA-28 Cherokee crashed at the airport.
- On June 7, 1987, an Mbb BO-105CBS crashed in Bay City.
- On August 2, 2008, a Beech H35 Bonanza landed with its landing gear retracted. During the recovery of the aircraft, it was found the cockpit landing gear control handle was down and no landing gear circuit breakers were tripped. When the master switch was turned on, the landing gear extended and its indicators showed the gear was extended and locked. The probable cause of the accident was found to be an inadvertent wheels up landing resulting from unfollowed checklists.
- On August 30, 2008, a Cessna 150 crashed into a cornfield while on approach to the airport. The pilot reported that the engine \"stumbled and quit\" 3 miles out and, while he was able to momentarily restart the engine, it eventually quit again. The probable cause of the accident was loss of engine power due to carburetor icing.
- On July 6, 2019, a plane crashed while on approach to the airport. The pilot, who flew for Air America Aerial Ads, was in critical condition after the crash
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# UCI World Championships
The **UCI World Championships** are annual competitions promoted by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) to determine world champion cyclists. They are held in several different styles of racing, in a different country each year. Championship winners wear a white jersey with coloured bands around the chest for the following year. The similarity to the colours of a rainbow gives them the colloquial name of \"the rainbow jersey.\" The first three individuals or teams in each championship win gold, silver and bronze medals. Former world champions are allowed to wear a trim to their collar and sleeves in the same pattern as the rainbow jersey.
Championships are held for men and for women in road cycling, track cycling, cyclo-cross, mountain biking, gravel, BMX, and indoor cycling. There are also championships for disabled competitors.
## History
The first recognised world championships were promoted by the International Cycling Association, a body formed in November 1892 by cycling bodies from Britain, Canada, France, Holland, Italy, Germany and Belgium. The ICA was formed at the initiative of the National Cyclists\' Union in Britain. Until then its own championships, open to riders from any country, were considered the unofficial championships of the world. It was because the sport needed world championships independent of any national body that Henry Sturmey of the magazine *The Cyclist* and later founder of the Sturmey-Archer gear company proposed an International Cyclists Association in 1892.
The first recognised world championship was held in Chicago in 1893, with track races at one mile, 10 kilometres, and a 100 km race in which riders were paced by tandems of up to six riders. An American, Arthur Augustus Zimmerman, won the mile and 10 km races and a South African, Mentjes, won the 100 km.
The 1894 championship in Antwerp were, like Chicago, for amateurs. Lehr, a German, won the mile, Jaap Eden of Holland won the 10 km and Henie of Norway the 100 km.
Professionals raced from 1895, in Cologne, when Jimmy Michael of Britain won the 100 km.
The definition of amateurs and professionals was important for the International Cycling Association, to which the National Cyclists Union would allow only national bodies which shared its own strict definition of amateurism. That definition excluded the main French body, the Union Vélocipèdique Française, which had been allowed to observe the founding meeting but not to vote. French discontent at that exclusion, and that the British insisted on separate votes for England, Wales, Ireland and its colonies, led France and other countries to set up a rival body before the 1900 races. The Union Cycliste Internationale became the world governing body and the International Cycling Association vanished.
In 2023, the various UCI World Championships were held in the same location for the first time, with 190 world titles awarded at the 2023 UCI Cycling World Championships in Glasgow, Scotland. This will be held every 4 years in future, with the 2027 edition to be held in Haute-Savoie, France
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# Pellet (air gun)
A **pellet** is a non-spherical projectile designed to be shot from an air gun, and an airgun that shoots such pellets is commonly known as a **pellet gun**. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms in terms of the pressures encountered; airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres. Airguns generally use a slightly undersized projectile that is designed to obturate upon shooting so as to seal the bore, and engage the rifling; firearms have sufficient pressure to force a slightly oversized bullet to fit the bore in order to form a tight seal. Since pellets may be shot through a smoothbore barrel, they are often designed to be inherently stable, much like the Foster slugs used in smoothbore shotguns.
## Types
### Diabolo pellet {#diabolo_pellet}
The **diabolo pellet** (or \"wasp waist pellet\") is the most common design traditionally found in airguns. It consists of a solid front portion called the *head*, which can have a flat (\"wadcutter\"), hemispherical (\"round nose\"), hollow point or conical (\"pointed\") front end profile, and a thin-walled funnel-shaped hollow rear portion called the *skirt*, joined by an hourglass-looking narrow mid-section known as the *waist*, giving the whole pellet the shape of a diabolo. The head is usually sized to just touch the rifling, and this keeps the pellet centered in the bore while keeping the friction as low as possible. The effect of friction is used in order to keep the pellet stationary until the piston has reached the end of its travel, compressing as much air as is possible. The thin hollow skirt is made of a malleable material, usually lead, although non-toxic alternatives are available that use tin or even plastic. During shooting, the skirt flares out and obturates the bore when pressure builds up behind it to provide a good seal that allows efficient pellet acceleration, and engages the rifling whereby imparting spin. In a smoothbore barrel, the skirt will still flare to provide a tight seal, but since there is no rifling the pellet will not spin, and is less accurate.
Because the majority of the pellet\'s mass resides in the solid head in the front, and the hollow skirt in the back generates significant drag during flight, this creates *drag stability* that will counteract yawing and help to maintain consistent trajectories. However, such stability is limited, and if the pellet\'s speed exceeds what the aerodynamics allow it will become unstable and start tumbling in flight. When this happens, the pellet can hit the target sideways and leave behind a keyhole-shaped impact hole on the target paper, instead of a clean round hole as expected from a direct frontal hit. This phenomenon is known as keyholing.
Pellets are designed to travel at subsonic speeds. High velocities can cause light pellets to overly deform, or even break apart in flight. The transition from subsonic to supersonic velocities will cause almost all pellets to tumble. The closer a pellet gets to the speed of sound, the more unstable it becomes. This is a problem for high-powered \"magnum\" break-barrel and pre-charged pneumatic air rifles, which are capable of pushing lighter pellets beyond the sound barrier. A few companies`{{example needed|date=December 2018}}`{=mediawiki} have addressed this issue by manufacturing heavier-than-normal pellets for use in these high powered air guns. The heavier weight of these pellets ensures lower muzzle velocities, resulting in less chance of tumbling and more overall accuracy. Their weight also makes them sectionally denser and less susceptible to wind deviation and drag deceleration, and thus imparts better external and terminal ballistic performance.
### Ball pellets {#ball_pellets}
*Main article: BB gun* The earliest airgun pellets are actually small round lead shots similar to those used in muskets. First popularized by the Daisy BB Gun in the 1890s, a spring-piston airgun that shot \"BB\"-size birdshots, the .180-caliber lead shots were later replaced by the lighter .175-caliber steel shots modified from bearing balls, and remained popular as a plinking/pest shooting projectile due to the popularity and affordability of BB guns such as the Daisy Red Ryder.
Modern BB guns use the same calibers as the pellet guns, namely the .177 caliber and (occasionally) .22 caliber. Galvinized/copper-coated steel balls are the commonest projectile used in BB guns due to their better muzzle speed and penetration, but are only used in smoothbore barrels due to the risk of wearing down riflings, therefore lead balls are still used for rifled barrels.
### Slug pellet {#slug_pellet}
Recently, some manufacturers also have introduced the more cylindro-conoidally shaped \"slug\" pellets for some of the more powerful modern PCP air rifles. Contrasted to the commonly used diabolo pellets, these slug pellets resemble Minié balls, with cannelures and a hollow base, and have more contact surface with the bore and hence need greater propelling force to overcome friction, but they have better ballistic coefficients and thus longer effective ranges due to the more aerodynamic shape. Because these slug pellets have no skirts to generate enough drag stability in flight, they rely on spin stabilization from a fully rifled barrel.
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# Pellet (air gun)
## Lead-free pellets {#lead_free_pellets}
There are many different kinds of lead-free pellets, utilizing non-lead alloys and/or plastics in their construction. Consequently, they are much lighter than lead pellets, with weights ranging from 5.1 to around 20 grains. Due to their lighter weight, they accelerate more quickly inside the barrel, and commonly reach supersonic velocities. This increases the effective feet per second (FPS) of an airgun, which can result in greater accuracy.
However, lead-free pellets typically have a lower ballistic coefficient (BC), which results in more wind-drift, and reduced velocity at longer distances. As an example, H&N Sport\'s Baracuda Green pellet has a BC of 0.013, but the standard Baracuda pellet\'s BC is 0.024.
Although some airguns are equipped with moderators or other noise dampening chambers, lead-free pellets can break the sound-barrier, and produce a loud cracking noise. This can be misinterpreted as a malfunction of the suppressor, when in fact it results from using a supersonic pellet. Upon switching back to a lead pellet, the supersonic crack will cease.
H&N Sport markets their lead-free pellets as part of their \"GreenLine,\" and Gamo markets their lead-free pellets as a \"Performance Ballistic Alloy\" (PBA). Regardless of the terminology, the underlying technology involves a mix of non-lead materials, such as zinc, iron, tin, or copper. Lead-free pellets are offered by all major manufacturers, including RWS, Gamo, H&N Sport, Predator International, JSB, Crosman, SIG Sauer, and others.
These metals are all lighter than lead, and significantly harder. As a result, they penetrate more deeply, and do not deform as greatly upon impact with the target. By contrast, lead pellets are often designed to fragment, expand, or mushroom, and can cause more damage. As a result, they are favored by hunters. However, many hunters are using non-lead pellets, to avoid lead contamination.
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# Pellet (air gun)
## Match shooting use {#match_shooting_use}
Match pellets are used for the 10 metre air rifle and 10 metre air pistol disciplines. These 4.5 mm calibre pellets have wadcutter heads, meaning the front is (nearly) flat, that leave clean, hole punch-like round holes in paper targets for easy scoring. Match pellets are offered in tins and more elaborate packagings that avoid deformation and other damage that could impair their uniformity.
Most match pellets are made of soft lead (a lead alloy with low antimony content), but some companies offer lead-free versions. The antimony content is used to control the hardness of the soft lead alloy. It is a very soft alloy, which makes it easy to process. Since the soft lead alloy is prone to strongly deform when striking a bullet catcher, it rapidly loses its kinetic energy and will not easily bounce off. Lead is toxic and hazardous to the environment, so precautions should be taken if shooting with lead pellets. For this reason, many shooters use lead-free match pellets, produced by H&N Sport, Predator International, JSB, RWS, Olympia Shot, Gamo, or Daisy.
Match air gun shooters are encouraged to perform shooting group tests with their gun clamped in a fixed rest in order to establish which particular pellet type performs best for their air gun. To facilitate maximum performance out of various air guns the leading match pellet manufacturers produce pellets in graduated weight variants (the light/high speed variants are often marketed for air pistol use) and with graduated \"head sizes\", which means the pellets are offered with front diameters from 4.48 mm up to 4.52 mm.
However at higher and top competitive levels, even these variations are thought too coarse-grained and match pellets are *batch tested*; that is, the specific gun is mounted in a machine rest test rig and pellets from a specific production run on a specific machine with the same ingredients fed into the process (a *batch*) are test-fired through the gun. Many different batches will be tested in this manner, and the pellets which give the smallest *consistent* group size without fliers (shots which fall outside of the main group) will be selected (small but inconsistent group sizes are not useful to a top competitor); and the shooter will then purchase several tens of thousands of pellets from that batch. Group sizes of 4.5 mm diameter are theoretically possible, but practically shot groups of 5.0 mm are considered highly competitive. Unbatched ammunition, especially if the air gun is not regularly cleaned, is generally thought to be capable of only 8.0 mm diameter group sizes. Batch testing match pellets for a particular gun is not generally thought to be worthwhile until the shooter reaches a high proficiency level, around the 95% level (570 for men, 380 for women)
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# Fritz Katzmann
**Fritz Katzmann**, also known as Friedrich Katzmann, (6 May 1906 -- 19 September 1957) was a German SS and Police Leader during the Nazi era. He perpetrated genocide in the cities of Kattowitz (today, Katowice), Radom, Lemberg (today, Lviv), Danzig (today, Gdańsk), and across the Nazi occupied District of Galicia in the General Government during the Holocaust in Poland, making him a major figure during the Holocaust there.
Katzmann was responsible for many of the atrocities that were perpetrated by the SS during Operation Barbarossa. He personally directed the slaughter of between 55,000 and 65,000 Jews of Lemberg between 1941 and 1942, followed by mass deportations to death camps including Janowska (pictured). In 1943, Katzmann wrote a top-secret report summarizing Operation Reinhard in Galicia. The Katzmann Report is now considered a significant piece of evidence of the extermination process. He managed to escape prosecution after the war, living under a false identity.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Born in Langendreer, the sixth son of a coal miner, Katzmann worked as a carpenter before he lost his job and joined the SA, the Nazi paramilitary organization, in December 1927. He joined the Nazi Party in September 1928 (membership number 98,528) and transferred from the SA to the SS on 1 July 1930 (membership number 3,065). His early entry into the Party would later result in him being awarded the Golden Party Badge.
Katzmann\'s career rapidly advanced: on 20 August 1931 he was commissioned as an SS-*Untersturmführer* and, on 1 December 1932, promoted to SS-*Hauptsturmführer*. Assigned first to the SS formation in Duisburg until August 1931, he led units of the 25th SS-*Standarte* \"Ruhr,\" based in Essen until January 1934. He became an SS-*Sturmbannführer* on 20 April 1933, and was promoted to SS-*Obersturmbannführer* on 30 January 1934. Between February and April 1934, he held a staff position in SS-*Oberabschnitt* (Upper District) \"West\" in Düsseldorf. He married and became the commander of the 75th SS-*Standarte* "Widukind," headquartered in Berlin, on 4 April 1934. Katzmann participated in the murders of the Night of the Long Knives and was promoted to SS-*Standartenführer* on 17 August 1934. On 21 March 1938, he was named commander of SS-*Abschnitt* (District) VI in Breslau (today, Wrocław) overseeing three SS-*Standarten*. He would be promoted to SS-*Oberführer* on 9 November 1938 and hold this command until 1 January 1942.
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# Fritz Katzmann
## Second World War and Holocaust {#second_world_war_and_holocaust}
Following the invasion of Poland, Katzmann led *Selbstschutz* executioners during murder operations in Breslau, and in Kattowitz. On 30 November 1939 he became the first SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of occupied Radom. In the spring of 1940 he set up the Radom Ghetto for 32,000 Jews followed by wanton violence and plunder for personal gain. He was promoted to SS-*Brigadeführer* on 21 June 1941, and remained in command in Radom until 8 August 1941 when he was succeeded by SS-*Brigadeführer* Carl Oberg.
After the conquest of western Ukraine in Operation Barbarossa, Katzmann was transferred to the post of SS and Police Leader for the District of Galicia on 8 August 1941 with headquarters in Lemberg, and on 26 September was promoted to *Generalmajor* of Police. In October 1941, he ordered Jews to work on building *Durchgangsstrasse* IV, a major military road from Lemberg to Stalino (today, Donetsk). Katzmann ordered the slaughter of 55,000--65,000 Jewish men, women and children in the same year. On his orders the Lviv Ghetto was formed in November 1941 resulting in relocation of some 80,000 Jews. He set up a kindergarten for ghetto children with cocoa and milk and secretly murdered them all in one outing. He organized transports to Belzec extermination camp as soon as the gassing operations started. By the end of 1942, the ghetto population was reduced from 120,000--140,000 inmates to 40,000. On 5--7 January 1943, 15,000 more Jews were murdered along with members of the *Judenrat*. Katzmann was promoted to SS-*Gruppenführer* and *Generalleutnant* of Police on 30 January 1943 and by midyear had produced a death toll of 143,000 more people in his district. On 30 June 1943, Katzmann delivered his leatherbound Katzmann Report to SS-*Obergruppenführer* Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger, the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) Ost in occupied Kraków. The report documented the murder of 434,329 Jews, and Katzmann declared in it: "Galicia is Judenfrei!"
Katzmann remained in Lemberg until 20 April 1943, when he was transferred to Danzig to become the HSSPF \"Weichsel\" comprising Danzig-West Prussia, holding this command until the end of the war. There he oversaw the installation of gas chambers and crematoria at the Stutthof concentration camp. Katzmann brought Central and Eastern European collaborators auxiliaries with him.
On 1 July 1944, Katzmann was made a *Generalleutnant* of the Waffen-SS and tasked with the final liquidation of the Stutthof camp with all of its sub-camps, ahead of the Red Army advance. Gassing with Zyklon B had begun already in June. Until that point, Stutthof prisoners were considered important for German armaments production with Focke-Wulf workshop churning out airplane parts right at the main camp. Stutthof had 105 sub-camps located as far as Thorn (today, Toruń) and Elbing (today, Elbląg).
When Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, Katzmann vanished. He lived in Darmstadt under the alias \"Bruno Albrecht.\" His wife and five children never heard from him. He revealed his identity to a hospital priest chaplain shortly before his death on 19 September 1957
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# Oregon Pioneer
***Oregon Pioneer**\'\', also known as***Gold Man**\'\', is an eight-and-a-half ton bronze sculpture with gold leaf finish that sits atop the Oregon State Capitol in Salem, Oregon, United States. Created by Ulric Ellerhusen, the statue is a 22 ft-tall hollow sculpture. The gilded piece was installed atop the building in 1938 when a new capitol was built.
## History
The \"brawny woodsman\", as *Time* magazine called it, was built in New Jersey by sculptor Ulric Ellerhusen. While under construction, Ellerhusen had a large door built in order to allow him to move the statue outdoors to view how it would look in natural lighting. It was finished in 1938 and shipped to Oregon for installation on top of the new capitol building. The previous capitol building had burned in 1935. Shipped to Oregon via the Panama Canal, the statue then traveled by rail to Salem, and then by truck to the capitol. Installation began on September 17, 1938, when the pioneer was hoisted to the top of the building as the installation took several days and was briefly delayed in order for the contractor to find heavier duty equipment to lift the heavy statue.
Although the rotunda of the capitol that the statue rests upon was damaged in the 1993 Scotts Mills earthquake, the statue itself was unharmed even though it did shift. The Oregon Pioneer statue has been finished with a new layer of gold leaf four times in its history. First in 1939 and again in 1958 by Bob Fulton, then in 1984 by John Edwards and Roy Darby. Then in September 2000, it was re-gilded for the fourth time by Lee Littlewood, Peter McKearnan and Nancy Comstock. The 1984 re-gilding of the statue was funded by Oregon school children through a penny drive. The fundraising effort raised over \$37,000.
In January 2001 the Capitol stopped lighting the pioneer at night. This was to save energy during the Western Energy Crisis. Then in April 2002 solar panels were installed on the building to power the floodlights that illuminate the statue at night. These panels generate an average of 7.8 kilowatts and were the first solar panels ever installed on a state capitol. The 850 sqft array cost \$60,000 and was purchased by Portland General Electric using a special ratepayer financed fund dedicated to purchasing from renewable energy sources. As the solar array produces twice as much power as is needed, the additional energy is sent to the power grid and is enough to power roughly one home for eight months out of the year.
## Details
The statue sits 140 ft above the ground on top of the Capitol\'s rotunda. It can be reached by a 121-step spiral staircase that starts on the building\'s fourth floor. The pioneer is 22 ft tall and sits on a 23 ft tall marble base. The head measures six feet ten inches in circumference. Hollow inside, the bronze artwork weighs 8.5 ST with a gold leaf finish. The gold leaf is 23K gold and must be refurbished every so often due to physical abrasion from dust (and scratches from bird claws).
The pioneer depicted holds a splitting axe in his right hand with the blade end facing the ground. In the other hand is a tarp, as according to the artist the pioneer was planning on building a shelter. The pioneer also has a beard and looks to the west while facing north. The capitol conducts tours that include trips to the base of the statue
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# Sackville Pelham, 5th Earl of Yarborough
**Sackville George Pelham, 5th Earl of Yarborough**, MC (17 December 1888 -- 7 February 1948), styled **Lord Worsley** from 1914 to 1926 and known as **The Lord Conyers** from 1926 until his accession to the earldom in 1936, was a British peer and soldier.
## Biography
Pelham was the second son of Charles Pelham, 4th Earl of Yarborough and his wife, Marcia. In 1910, he became a Second Lieutenant in the 11th Hussars and initially fought as a lieutenant in France during World War I before being promoted to the rank of captain in 1916. During the war, his elder brother, Charles was killed in action and Sackville assumed the former\'s courtesy title of Lord Worsley. After the war, he was awarded the Military Cross and retired from the Army in 1919 when he married Nancye Brocklehurst (a niece of Lord Ranksborough). The couple had two daughters, Diana Mary who became Diana Miller, 11th Countess of Mértola (1920-2013) and (June) Wendy who married Michael Hildesley Lycett (1924-2012).
In 1926, Lord Worsley became a major in the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry and on the death of his mother that year, inherited the baronies of Conyers and Fauconberg and the Portuguese countship of Mértola. He later inherited the earldom of Yarborough from his father in 1936.
From 1936 to 1940 the earl commanded the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry as a Lieutenant Colonel and fought in World War II from 1939 to 1944. Together with his wife, he was a survivor of the aerial bomber bombardment of the RMS *Empress of Britain* in October 1940 (and later sinking under tow) in which 45 were killed off Ireland. On his death in 1948, the earldom, Brocklesby Hall and a moderately large area of farmland passed to his brother, Marcus, whilst the countship passed to his eldest daughter, Lady Diana, and the baronies went into abeyance between his two daughters. The death of his youngest daughter in 2012 terminated that in favour of Diana, who thus succeeded him in the baronies
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# Blue Oak Energy
**Blue Oak Energy** is an American full-service photovoltaic system design, engineering and consulting firm. The company engineers commercial and utility solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems in the United States and abroad.
The company engineered and constructed the Google campus in Mountain View, California, the San Francisco International Airport, and the 37MW Long Island Solar Farm, and has designed solar installations for Whole Foods, Staples, Walmart, the US Navy, and the State of California.
## History
In 2003, Tobin Booth established Blue Oak Energy in Davis, California.
In 2006, the firm was selected to engineer the campus-wide distributed generation solar facility at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California.
In 2008, Blue Oak Energy began delivering commercial rooftop solar projects for REI retail stores and warehouse facilities throughout the United States.
In late 2011, the firm partnered with Baker Electric Solar to complete the design and construction oversight for a 1.5MW project for the U.S. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, California. Blue Oak Energy designed hardware for the solar panel mounting involved in the project.
In December 2012, Blue Oak Energy constructed Arizona\'s largest rooftop solar array (4.2MW) at a First Solar facility.
By 2013, the firm engineered and constructed a 4.4MW utility scale solar farm located in Shasta County, California.
In 2014, Blue Oak Energy engineered and constructed the 2.6MW Putah Creek Solar Farm near Davis, California. That same year, the firm engineered and constructed the 908KW Fortinet distributed generation solar campus project in Santa Clara, California.
## Recognition
During 2013, Blue Oak Energy was placed #629 in Inc. Magazine\'s annual listing of the 5,000 fastest growing private companies in the United States.
In 2014, Solar Power World Magazine listed Blue Oak Energy as the #98 solar contractor in the United States
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# CAVE-based authentication
**CAVE-based authentication** is a security protocol used to verify access in CDMA2000 1X, a type of third-generation (3G) mobile network system. The term \"CAVE\" stands for Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption, which is the algorithm used to perform the authentication process. This system helps to confirm that a user is authorized to connect to the mobile network.
It is also referred to as \"HLR authentication\" (Home Location Register authentication), \"2G authentication,\" or \"Access Authentication.\" In simpler terms, it ensures that the person trying to access the network is who they claim to be, protecting the network from unauthorized users.
## Network entities {#network_entities}
In CAVE-based authentication, two main components work together when a user is roaming on a mobile network:
- Authentication Center (AC) (also known as HLR/AC or AuC): This is located in the user\'s home network and manages the authentication process. It either directly verifies the identity of the Mobile Station (MS, commonly known as a mobile phone) or shares a security key (called SSD) with the Visitor Location Register (VLR) in the network the user is visiting. The AC must have a specific security key (A-key) for each mobile device. Authentication depends on both the device and the AC having the same A-key. The AC is usually part of the Home Location Register (HLR) but can also exist as a separate system that serves multiple HLRs. Although \"AuC\" is the abbreviation used in GSM networks, it is sometimes incorrectly applied to CDMA networks as well.
- Visitor Location Register (VLR): This is the network component in the visited network (the one the user is currently connected to while roaming). If the SSD key is shared with this network, the VLR can authenticate the user locally. If not, it acts as a middleman, passing authentication requests to the user\'s home AC for verification.
This system ensures that users can be securely authenticated even when they are using networks outside their home area.
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# CAVE-based authentication
## Keys
In mobile network authentication, the *authentication controller* is responsible for determining whether the response from the Mobile Station (MS, or mobile phone) is correct. Depending on the situation, this controller can either be the Authentication Center (AC) in the user\'s home network or the Visitor Location Register (VLR) in the network the user is currently roaming in. This process uses two shared keys in CAVE-based authentication, which relies on the CAVE (Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption) algorithm:
- Authentication key (A-key): This is a 64-bit secret key that is only known to the MS and the AC. If the mobile phone uses a RUIM card (similar to a SIM card), the A-key is stored on the RUIM; otherwise, it is stored in the device\'s memory. The A-key is never shared with other networks. However, it is used to create another key called Shared Secret Data (SSD), which can be shared with a roaming network to allow local authentication.
- Shared Secret Data (SSD): This is a 128-bit key created using the CAVE algorithm during a procedure known as an SSD update. Both the MS and the AC in the user's home network independently calculate this SSD. The SSD, not the A-key, is used during the actual authentication process. SSD may or may not be shared between the user's home network and a roaming network. If it is shared, it allows the roaming network to authenticate the user locally. The SSD is divided into two parts:
- SSD_A: Used for generating authentication signatures.
- SSD_B: Used to create session keys for encryption and voice privacy.
This process allows users to be securely authenticated without revealing the most sensitive key (A-key) to other networks.
## Authentication challenges {#authentication_challenges}
CAVE-based authentication uses two types of challenges to verify the identity of a mobile phone (MS):
- Global challenge: This is a process where every mobile device trying to access the network must respond to a common challenge. This challenge is broadcast to all devices in the area through the network\'s overhead messages. To respond, the mobile phone creates an *authentication signature response* (called AUTHR) using the CAVE algorithm. It combines the challenge value, the phone's electronic serial number (ESN), and either the last six digits dialed (if the user is making a call) or a part of the subscriber's unique identification number (IMSI_S1). It also uses part of the shared secret data (SSD_A) to generate this response.
- Unique challenge: This process allows the network (either the home network or a roaming network if SSD is shared) to specifically challenge a particular mobile phone. This might happen for security reasons or to verify the device's identity. The phone generates a different *authentication signature response* (called AUTHU), using the CAVE algorithm with inputs from the unique challenge value, ESN, IMSI_S1, and SSD_A.
CAVE-based authentication is a *one-way process*, meaning the network always authenticates the mobile phone, but the phone does not authenticate the network. The only exception is during an SSD update, where the phone may challenge the base station.
## Specification
CAVE-based authentication procedures are outlined in the TIA-41 standard, which is part of the specifications created by 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2). These procedures explain how mobile phones and networks verify each other in CDMA-based systems, ensuring secure communication. TIA-41, also known as X.S0004, provides detailed guidelines for how this verification, or authentication, is performed using the CAVE algorithm
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# T. J. Morgan
**Thomas John Morgan** (22 April 1907 -- 9 December 1986), better known as **T. J. Morgan**, was a Welsh academic. He was Professor of Welsh at Swansea University from 1961 to 1975.
## Life
Morgan was born at \"Ynys-y-mwn\", in the village of Glais, near Swansea, and he studied Welsh at Swansea University. In 1926, he met his future wife, Huana Rees, at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. The couple wed in 1935. They had two sons: the politician Rhodri Morgan (1939--2017) and historian Prys Morgan (b. 1937).
Kate Roberts wrote *Traed mewn cyffion (Feet in Chains)* which was awarded a prize at the National Eisteddford in Neath in 1934. Roberts won the prize jointly with Grace Wynne Griffith and her novel *Creigiau Milgwyn*. However it was alleged that *Creigiau Milgwyn* was unworthy of the prize according to Morgan.
A Welsh speaker, he was not a nationalist and opposed Saunders Lewis. *Y Treigladau a\'u Cystrawen*, published in 1952, is generally considered his most important academic work.
Morgan was Professor of Welsh at Swansea University from 1961 to 1975. He died suddenly at home in Bishopston, Gower, and was buried at Coed Gwilym cemetery in Swansea.
## Works
- *Dal Llygoden Ac Ysgrifau Eraill* (1937)
- *Y Treigladau a'u Cystrawen (\"The Mutations and their Syntax\")* (1952)
- *Peasant Culture* (1962)
- *Amryw Flawd* (1966)
- *Dydd y Farn Ac Ysgrifau Eraill* (1969)
- *W.J
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# CHC Airways
**CHC Airways** is an airline based in Hoofddorp, Netherlands. It operates a fleet of six aircraft and helicopters on behalf of leading airlines and international oil companies. Its main bases are Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and Den Helder Airport, with hubs at Brussels Airport and Rotterdam The Hague Airport.
## History
The airline was established in 1945 as Schreiner Airways. It was part of the Schreiner Aviation Group which was purchased by the CHC Helicopter Corporation in 2005 and Schreiner Airways became CHC Airways.
In 2016, CHC ceased flight operations
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# Eastern Colleges Science Conference
The **Eastern Colleges Science Conference** (**ECSC**) is an annual conference at which undergraduate students present the results of their research. ECSC is an interdisciplinary conference covering the fields of biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics engineering, computer science and behavioral sciences and was first organized in 1947. The conference is attended primarily by students enrolled in colleges located in the northeastern United States
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# The Fullness of Time
***The Fullness of Time*** is progressive metal band Redemption\'s second album overall, but the first to feature a band lineup, as opposed to a project lineup as found on the 2003 eponymous debut and featuring James Sherwood and Chris Quirarte of Prymary on bass guitar and drums, respectively. The vocals were provided by Fates Warning singer Ray Alder, who previously produced the first album and provided vocals for one song. This is the only album with Sherwood on the bass.
## Reception
The album generally received positive reviews from magazines and webzines. Writing for *Blabbermouth*, Scott Alisoglu also praised the album and commented that the 16-minute track \"Sapphire\" was the standout piece of the album. *Metal Storm*\'s review was also complimentary calling it a \"masterpiece.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Nick Van Dyk. `{{track listing
| total_length = 57:25
| title1 = Threads
| length1 = 5:43
| title2 = Parker's Eyes
| length2 = 6:15
| title3 = Scarred
| length3 = 7:56
| title4 = Sapphire
| length4 = 15:55
| title5 = The Fullness of Time"
*I. "Rage"
*II. "Despair"
*III. "Release"
*IV
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# Murder of Rebecca Middleton
**Rebecca Jane Middleton** (June 27, 1979 -- July 3, 1996) was a Canadian teenager who was raped and murdered while on vacation in Bermuda. She was stabbed over 30 times, although alive when found, she bled to death before paramedics arrived.
Due to numerous errors in the prosecution of the perpetrators and double jeopardy, no one was charged with the murder. Due to the heinous nature of the crime, the lack of prosecution and the persistence of the Middleton family in seeking justice, it became a high-profile case and attracted the attention of Cherie Booth (the former UK Prime Minister\'s wife)
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# 2004 Deutschland Tour
These are the results for the 2004 edition of the Deutschland Tour cycling race, which was won by Germany\'s Patrik Sinkewitz.
## Final classification {#final_classification}
Pos Cyclist Team Time
-------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- -------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sinkewitz]]|GER}}`{=mediawiki}** **Quick. Step-Davitamon** **26h 17\' 12\"**
**2** Team CSC \+ 18\"
**3** Liberty Seguros \+ 23\"
**4** Liberty Seguros \+ 28\"
**5** Illes Balears-Banesto \+ 54\"
**6** T-Mobile Team \+ 57\"
**7** T-Mobile Team \+ 59\"
**8** Illes Balears-Banesto \+ 1\' 47\"
**9** Gerolsteiner \+ 2\' 12\"
**10** Domina Vacanze \+ 2\' 18\"
## Stages
### 31-05-2004: Karlsruhe-Karlsruhe, 23 km {#karlsruhe_karlsruhe_23_km}
RANK STAGE ONE - ITT TEAM TIME
------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Michael Rich (cyclist)|Michael Rich]]|GER}}`{=mediawiki}** **Gerolsteiner** **27\' 20\"**
**2** T-Mobile Team \+ 24\"
**3** T-Mobile Team \+ 29\"
### 01-06-2004: Bad Urach-Wangen im Allgäu, 180 km {#bad_urach_wangen_im_allgäu_180_km}
RANK STAGE TWO TEAM TIME
------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- ------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Tom Boonen]]|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}** **Quick. Step-Davitamon** **4h 00\' 47\"**
**2** Liberty Seguros s.t.
**3** Gerolsteiner s.t.
### 02-06-2004: Wangen im Allgäu-St. Anton am Arlberg, 170 km {#wangen_im_allgäu_st._anton_am_arlberg_170_km}
RANK STAGE THREE TEAM TIME
------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- ------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Patrik Sinkewitz]]|GER}}`{=mediawiki}** **Quick. Step-Davitamon** **4h 31\' 06\"**
**2** Illes Balears-Banesto s.t.
**3** Rabobank \+ 34\"
### 03-06-2004: Bad Tölz-Landshut, 190 km {#bad_tölz_landshut_190_km}
RANK STAGE FOUR TEAM TIME
------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Sébastien Hinault]]|FRA}}`{=mediawiki}** **Crédit Agricole** **4h 10\' 09\"**
**2** Liberty Seguros s.t.
**3** Quick. Step-Davitamon s.t.
### 04-06-2004: Kelheim-Kulmbach, 192 km {#kelheim_kulmbach_192_km}
RANK STAGE FIVE TEAM TIME
------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Allan Davis (cyclist)|Allan Davis]]|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}** **Liberty Seguros** **4h 20\' 07\"**
**2** Gerolsteiner s.t.
**3** Illes Balears-Banesto s.t.
### 05-06-2004: Kulmbach-Oberwiesenthal, 180 km {#kulmbach_oberwiesenthal_180_km}
RANK STAGE SIX TEAM TIME
------- ------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Francisco Mancebo]]|ESP}}`{=mediawiki}** **Illes Balears-Banesto** **4h 52\' 49\"**
**2** Team CSC s.t.
**3** Quick. Step-Davitamon s.t.
### 06-06-2004: Chemnitz-Leipzig, 170 km {#chemnitz_leipzig_170_km}
RANK STAGE SEVEN TEAM TIME
------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- ------------------
**1** **`{{flagathlete|[[Tom Boonen]]|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}** **Quick. Step-Davitamon** **3h 53\' 37\"**
**2** Gerolsteiner s.t.
**3** Team Wiesenhof s.t
| 323 |
2004 Deutschland Tour
| 0 |
11,060,291 |
# The Day the Leader Was Killed
***The Day the Leader Was Killed*** (orig. Arabic يوم قُتِل الزعيم) is a novel written and published by Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz in 1983.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The novel follows multiple narratives written in the stream of consciousness format. The novel is set during the early 1980s whilst Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was introducing the infitah or *open door* free-market economic policies which led to widespread unrest. The plot revolves around a young Egyptian man who is in love with a co-worker, but her father will not permit their marriage because the young man cannot earn enough money to purchase and furnish an apartment. Told from the perspective of Elwan, Randa and Elwan\'s grandfather Muhtashimi. Trapped in low-paid jobs amidst years of inflation and uneven distribution of wealth, Elwan and Randa\'s engagement has persisted for years without Elwan finding the means to fulfill the financial obligations for marriage. Elwan refuses to accede to corruption or outside work to improve these circumstances, and both characters are noble and proud but perceived by others to be impractical and stagnant. Randa is pressured by her family and her government superior - Anwar - to break off the engagement as her advancing years means she will soon find herself too old to be desirable to potential suitors. Anwar simultaneously pressures Elwan to reconsider his circumstances and introduces him to his widowed sister, Gulstan, who is wealthy and looking for a new husband. Elwan finds himself attracted to Gulstan and feels sexual desire he has had to long suppress on account of his attenuated engagement to Randa. Muhtashimi is disappointed that his beloved grandson finds himself in his situation, and his narrative questions the direction of the country which as a younger man he had ardently fought to create as an activist teacher in the nationalist movement. Punctuated throughout the novel are comments on the decline of Sadat\'s Egypt and the increasing national despair amidst a revolution that has gradually lost its way.
Matters come to a head when Randa\'s mother visits Elwan\'s family and lays plain the problems of the engagement. Elwan\'s family is sympathetic as Elwan, as a man, may marry easily at any age. Elwan, unable to bear the social pressure and the lack of support for continued engagement from his family or colleagues, releases Randa from her obligations to him, despite great personal angst at betraying his love for her. Randa is in disbelief and then furious at Elwan, breaking off most contact between them and quickly dismissing her deep-seated love for Elwan, whilst Elwan remains tortured and despairing of the turn of events. She soon pursues a relationship with Anwar and then marries him, seeing it as a practical and viable alternative after years of torpor with Elwan. However she is soon disenchanted when she realizes despite Anwar\'s long overtures, the marriage is not one of true emotional connection and Anwar merely desires Randa as means to befit his social position and serve domestic functions. Randa, caught between modern ideals and traditional obligations, struggles with the new role and then quickly rejects it, seeking a quick divorce, which throws her and Anwar into social disrepute. Elwan meanwhile pursues a relationship of sorts Gulstan and considers marrying her, but his pride refuses the notion of him being \'sold\' and he feels any match with Gulstan will be socially embarrassing and speak to weakness. Randa and Elwan reacquaint after Randa\'s divorce and Randa confesses the lie of the marriage to Anwar, which angers Elwan but does not lead to their reconciliation.
At the crescendo of the story, President Sadat is assassinated, much to the horror of the characters in the story. Provoked by the events while despairing of his country and himself, Elwan goes to meet with Gulstan but finds Anwar there. In uncharacteristic rage, Elwan unleashes on Anwar kills him. The horrified Gulstan attempts to help Elwan cover up the murder on account of Anwar\'s pre-existing heart condition and her feelings for Elwan, but Elwan is resigned to fate and only half-heartedly attempts to conceal his crime. Elwan is imprisoned, bringing the story of Egypt\'s path and Elwan\'s into alignment. The novel ends with Muhtashimi\'s regret over the twin courses of disappointment, and regards Egypt as a nation caught between its many problems and a national character with occasional victories but far many disappointments and failings. Muhtashimi however recalls over the course of the novel his great faith in the teachings of the prophet and Islam, and ultimately believes as he prepares to die that faith will see his family, his grandson and his country through these yet again difficult times.
Like many of Mahfouz\'s novels, the book uses Egyptian history and society to analyze universal themes such as the relationship between love and economics, familiar relationships, death, and the irrationality of human emotion
| 812 |
The Day the Leader Was Killed
| 0 |
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# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
The **Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television** presents an annual award for **Best Achievement in Music: Original Song** to the best original song in a Canadian motion picture.
First presented at the 3rd Genie Awards in 1982, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards until 2011. Since 2012, it has been presented as part of the Canadian Screen Awards.
## 1980s
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominees | Song | Film | Ref |
+===================+==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+============================================+===========================================================================================+=====+
| 1980\ | | | | |
| 1st Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *No award presented* | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1981\ | | | | |
| 2nd Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *No award presented* | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1982\ | | | | |
| 3rd Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Stéphane Venne** | **\"Il était une fois des gens heureux\"** | ***The Plouffe Family (Les Plouffe)*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ann Mortifee | \"Gypsy Born\" | *Surfacing* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Neil Young | \"Comes a Time\" | *Silence of the North* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1983\ | | | | |
| 4th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Burton Cummings** | **\"You Saved My Soul\"** | ***Melanie*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Claude Fonfrède, Raoul Duguay | \"Le quéteux d\'amour\" | *Wild Flowers (Les fleurs sauvages)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Réjean Marois, Fernand Dansereau | \"Doux aveux\" | *Sweet Lies and Loving Oaths (Doux aveux)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Fred Mollin | \"Just One Chance to Be Free\" | *Spring Fever* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Luc Plamondon, Germain Gauthier | \"Call Girl\" | *Scandale* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Leslie Pouliot | \"My Love for You\" | *Harry Tracy, Desperado* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1984\ | | | | |
| 5th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Bo Harwood, Bobby Pollard** | **\"Ups & Downs\"** | ***Ups and Downs*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jimmy Bond | \"Feel It\" | *Just a Game (Rien qu\'un jeu)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | André Vincelli | \"Talk About It\" | *A 20th Century Chocolate Cake* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1985\ | | | | |
| 6th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Yves Laferrière, Marjolène Morin, Paule Baillargeon** | **\"Touch Me\"** | ***A Woman in Transit (La Femme de l\'hôtel)*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Germain Gauthier, Robert Léger, Daniele Faubert | \"L\'Amour a pris son temps\" | *The Dog Who Stopped the War (La Guerre des tuques)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Betty Lazebnik, Charles Dennis | \"A Little Piece of Forever\" | *Reno and the Doc* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1986\ | | | | |
| 7th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Lewis Furey, Leonard Cohen** | **\"Angel Eyes\"** | ***Night Magic*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lewis Furey, Leonard Cohen | \"Fire\" | *Night Magic* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lewis Furey, Eddy Marney, Howard Foreman, Judy Richard | \"Michael\'s Song\" | *The Peanut Butter Solution (Opération beurre de pinottes)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Rivard | \"Le temps nous dépasse\" | *Jacques and November (Jacques et novembre)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | John Sebastian | \"Nobody Cares Like a Bear\" | *The Care Bears Movie* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1987\ | | | | |
| 8th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Gilles Vigneault** | **\"Les îles de l\'enfance\"** | ***Equinox (Équinoxe)*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Danielle Messia** | **\"De la main gauche\"** | ***Anne Trister*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *Note: Messia\'s \"De la main gauche\" had been named the original winner, but its award was later rescinded when the Academy belatedly discovered that the song had not been written for the film. Vigneault\'s song was named the new winner in June.* | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Robert Joy, Andy Jones | \"Show Goin\' On\" | *The Adventure of Faustus Bidgood* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Peter Pringle, Kevin Hunter | \"Cold As Ice\" | *Toby McTeague* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Peter R. Simpson, Paul Zaza | \"Out of the Fire\" | *Bullies* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1988\ | | | | |
| 9th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jean-Pierre Bonin, Daniel De Shaimes, Jean Corriveau, Robert Stanley** | **\"Lost in a Hurricane\"** | ***Night Zoo (Un zoo la nuit)*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | William D. MacGillivray | \"Mary\'s Lament\" | *Life Classes* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maribeth Solomon | \"Rise and Shine\" | *The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Guy Trépanier | \"The Great Land of Small\" | *The Great Land of Small (C\'est pas parce qu\'on est petit qu\'on peut pas être grand!)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Howard Forman, Krzesimir Dębski | \"When We\'re Together\" | *The Young Magician (Le jeune magicien)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1989\ | | | | |
| 10th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Louis Natale, Anne Wheeler** | **\"Cowboys Don\'t Cry\"** | ***Cowboys Don\'t Cry*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Normand Dubé, Guy Trépanier, Nathalie Carson | \"We Are the One\" | *The Tadpole and the Whale (La Grenouille et la baleine)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Louise Bennett | \"You\'re Going Home\" | *Milk and Honey* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jay Gruska, Marc Jordan | \"Shadow Dance\" | *Shadow Dancing* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Rufus Wainwright | \"I\'m Running\" | *Tommy Tricker and the Stamp Traveller* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 967 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
| 0 |
11,060,292 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
## 1990s {#s_1}
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominees | Song | Film | Ref |
+===================+==============================================================+============================================+=============================================================================================================+=====+
| 1990\ | | | | |
| 11th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Bill Henderson** | **\"When I Sing\"** | ***Bye Bye Blues*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Claude Dubois, Dany Laferrière | \"On vit de femmes\" | *How to Make Love to a Negro Without Getting Tired (Comment faire l\'amour avec un nègre sans se fatiguer)* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Colin Nairne, Barney Bentall, Gary Fraser | \"Restless Dreamer\" | *American Boyfriends* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jane Siberry | \"This Old Earth\" | *The Top of His Head* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maribeth Solomon | \"The Best We Both Can Be\" | *Babar: The Movie* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maribeth Solomon | \"Elephant March\" | *Babar: The Movie* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1991\ | | | | |
| 12th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **George Blondheim, Anne Wheeler** | **\"Such Magic\"** | ***Angel Square*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Rémy Girard, Claire Wojas | \"C\'est plus fort que nous\" | *Love Crazy (Amoureux fou)* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Daniel Lavoie, Jean Pierre Lefebvre | \"Quand tu partiras\" | *The Fabulous Voyage of the Angel (Le fabuleux voyage de l\'ange)* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Patricia Rozema, Mark Korven | \"A Certain Slant of Light\" | *White Room* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Patricia Rozema, Mark Korven | \"Hello I\'m Nobody\" | *White Room* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1992\ | | | | |
| 13th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Ron Hynes** | **\"The Final Breath\"** | ***Secret Nation*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Cam Wagner | \"Midnight Ride\" | *North of Pittsburgh* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Gord Norris, Larry Harvey | \"Oh What a Fool You Made of Me\" | *The Shower* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1993\ | | | | |
| 14th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *No award presented* | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1994\ | | | | |
| 15th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Rheostatics** | **\"Claire\"** | ***Whale Music*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Penny Anne Baker, Michael Conway Baker | \"Far Away\" | *Savage Land* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Brad Hayes, Ray Bonneville | \"Say Those Things\" | *The Myth of the Male Orgasm* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Rheostatics | \"Song of Courtship\" | *Whale Music* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Glenn Schellenberg, John Greyson | \"Just Like Scheherazade\" | *Zero Patience* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Shari Ulrich, Graeme Coleman, David Graff | \"Every Road\" | *Max* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1995\ | | | | |
| 16th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *No award presented* | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1996\ | | | | |
| 17th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Michael Turner, Swamp Baby, Peter J. Moore** | **\"Who the Hell Do You Think You Are?\"** | ***Hard Core Logo*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Steven Drake, Bruce McCulloch, Craig Northey | \"Some Days It\'s Dark\" | *Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael Timmins | \"House on the Horizon\" | *House* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1997\ | | | | |
| 18th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Luc Plamondon, François Dompierre** | **\"L\'Homme idéal\"** | ***The Ideal Man (L\'Homme idéal)*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna, Sarah Polley | \"The Sweet Hereafter\" | *The Sweet Hereafter* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Kristy Thirsk | \"Bounds of Love\" | *Kissed* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1998\ | | | | |
| 19th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Suzie Ungerleider** | **\"River Blue\"** | ***The Fishing Trip*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Daniel Lavoie, Claude Gauthier | \"Est-ce si loin Québec\" | *Now or Never (Aujourd\'hui ou jamais)* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Tremblay, François Dompierre | \"Laura la Belle\" | *It\'s Your Turn, Laura Cadieux (C\'t\'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux)* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1999\ | | | | |
| 20th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Peter Luciano, Glenn Coulson, Joe Heslip, Marty Beecroft** | **\"One Thing to Say\"** | ***Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang*** | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Daniel Bélanger | \"Le Dernier souffle\" | *The Last Breath (Le Dernier souffle)* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Tim Burns | \"It\'s a Treat to be a Creep\" | *Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | John Wesley Chisholm | \"Beefcake\" | *Beefcake* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Benoit Jutras, René Dupéré | \"Alegría\" | *Alegría* | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 827 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
| 1 |
11,060,292 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
## 2000s {#s_2}
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominees | Song | Film | Ref |
+===================+======================================================================+==========================================+==============================================================+=====+
| 2000\ | | | | |
| 21st Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **François Dompierre** | **\"Fortuna\"** | ***Laura Cadieux II (Laura Cadieux\...la suite)*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael Bublé | \"Dumb Ol\' Heart\" | *Here\'s to Life!* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael Bublé | \"I\'ve Never Been in Love Before\" | *Here\'s to Life!* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lascelles Stephens, Keith Andes, Deborah Cox | \"29\" | *Love Come Down* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lascelles Stephens, Keith Andes, Deborah Cox | \"Our Love\" | *Love Come Down* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2001\ | | | | |
| 22nd Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Ron Sexsmith** | **\"Love Is Free\"** | ***The Art of Woo*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Simon Kendall, Tom Landa, Geoffrey Kelly | \"Parting Glass\" | *Lunch with Charles* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Chantal Kreviazuk, Raine Maida | \"Can\'t Make It Good\" | *Century Hotel* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | James McGrath, Joel Feeney | \"Falling Forward\" | *Treed Murray* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Osvaldo Montes | \"La niebla del tiempo\" | *On Your Head (Le Ciel sur la tête)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2002\ | | | | |
| 23rd Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Carlos Lopes** | **\"Com Estas Asas\"** | ***Saint Monica*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Laura Doyle | \"Let You Go\" | *Suddenly Naked* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Laura Doyle | \"Your Love\" | *Suddenly Naked* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mel M\'Rabet | \"Ab (Father)\" | *Khaled* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael Shields | \"Just Say Goodbye\" | *Turning Paige* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2003\ | | | | |
| 24th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Ken Whiteley** | **\"Tell Me\"** | ***Falling Angels*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Adam James Broughton, Jeanne Dompierre, Steve Galluccio, FM Le Sieur | \"Montréal Italiano\" | *Mambo Italiano* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pamela Phillips-Oland, David Martin, LeVar Burton | \"Center of My Heart\" | *Blizzard* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Luc Plamondon, Michel Cusson | \"Depuis le premier jour\" | *Séraphin: Heart of Stone (Séraphin: un homme et son péché)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Brian C. Warren, Mark Anthony | \"La Vie\" | *Saved by the Belles* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2004\ | | | | |
| 25th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jacob Tierney, Ron Proulx** | **\"Pantaloon in Black\"** | ***Twist*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre Houle, Lorraine Richard, Michel Cusson | \"Le Blues de Monica\" | *Machine Gun Molly (Monica la mitraille)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Rebecca Jenkins | \"Something\'s Coming\" | *Wilby Wonderful* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Kyprios | \"Ignorance Is Beautiful (Help Me)\" | *Childstar* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Luc Plamondon, Patrick Doyle | \"Ma Nouvelle France\" | *Battle of the Brave (Nouvelle-France)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2005\ | | | | |
| 26th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Glenn Buhr, Margaret Sweatman** | **\"When Wintertime\"** | ***Seven Times Lucky*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Daniel Bélanger | \"Tourner\" | *Audition (L\'Audition)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Sylvain Cossette, Robert Marchand, Michel Corriveau | \"Comme un plume au vent\" | *The Outlander (Le Survenant)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Matt Murphy, Michael Mabbott | \"Just a Show\" | *The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Matt Murphy, Michael Mabbott | \"Make Believe\" | *The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2006\ | | | | |
| 27th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jennifer Kreisberg** | **\"Have Hope\"** | ***Unnatural & Accidental*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Dan Bigras | \"L\'Astronaute\" | *Angel\'s Rage (La Rage de l\'ange)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Eric Lapointe, Stéphane Dufour, Jamil | \"Tattoo\" | *Bon Cop, Bad Cop* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Bramwell Tovey, Richard Bell | \"In a Heartbeat\" | *Eighteen* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Patrick Watson, Caroline Dhavernas | \"Trace-moi\" | *The Beautiful Beast (La belle bête)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2007\ | | | | |
| 28th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Valanga Khoza, David Hirschfelder** | **\"Kaya\"** | ***Shake Hands with the Devil*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Alan Doyle | \"Young Triffie\'s Been Made Away With\" | *Young Triffie* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Byron Wong, Luke Nicholson | \"Breathe\" | *Poor Boy\'s Game* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2008\ | | | | |
| 29th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Dr. Shiva** | **\"Rahi Nagufta\"** | ***Amal*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Loco Locass | \"M\'Accrocher?\" | *Everything Is Fine (Tout est parfait)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Bry Webb | \"Big Smoke\" | *This Beautiful City* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2009\ | | | | |
| 30th Genie Awards | | | | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **John Welsman, Cherie Camp** | **\"Oh Love\"** | ***Nurse.Fighter.Boy*** | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Susan Avingaq | \"Pamani\" | *Before Tomorrow (Le jour avant le lendemain)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Sari Dajani, Iohann Martin, Rudy Toussaint, John Von Aichlinger | \"Bon Swa\" | *Heat Wave (Les grandes chaleurs)* | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 929 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
| 2 |
11,060,292 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
## 2010s {#s_3}
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominees | Song | Films | Ref |
+============================+==================================================+===========================================+==========================================+=====+
| 2010\ | | | | |
| 31st Genie Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mary Milne** | **\"Already Gone\"** | ***The Trotsky*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Buck 65 | \"What\'s Wrong with That?\" | *Year of the Carnivore* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Cherie Pyne, Matthew J. Thomson | \"Tender Steps\" | *Crackie* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mark Sasso, Casey Laforet, Stephen Pitkin | \"West End Sky\" | *Grown Up Movie Star* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Paul Spence | \"There\'s No Place Like Christmas\" | *FUBAR 2* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2011\ | | | | |
| 32nd Genie Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Carole Facal** | **\"Quelque part\"** | ***Starbuck*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jay Brannan | \"My Love My Love\" | *Cloudburst* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Malajube | \"Œil pour œil\" | *Good Neighbours* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Steven Page | \"A Different Sort of Solitude\" | *French Immersion* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jean Robitaille, Steve Galluccio | \"Waiting for Your Touch\" | *Funkytown* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2012\ | | | | |
| 1st Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Emily Haines, James Shaw, Howard Shore** | **\"Long to Live\"** | ***Cosmopolis*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Erland and the Carnival | \"Out of Sight\" | *Rufus* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Erland and the Carnival | \"Wanting\" | *Rufus* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2013\ | | | | |
| 2nd Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jimmy Harry, Serena Ryder** | **\"It\'s No Mistake\"** | ***The Right Kind of Wrong*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Cusson | \"À la claire fontaine\" | *The Storm Within (Rouge sang)* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maerin Hunting | \"Iva/Moses\" | *Stay* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Elisapie Isaac | \"Far Away\" | *The Legend of Sarila* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Colleen Rennison | \"Molly\" | *Down River* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2014\ | | | | |
| 3rd Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Manjeet Ral** | **\"Dal Makhani\"** | ***Dr. Cabbie*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Patric Caird, Sonya Côté | \"Danse Elegant\" | *Tru Love* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lewis Furey | \"Road to Rainbow\'s End\" | *Love Project* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ian LeFeuvre | \"The Whisper in Me\" | *Dirty Singles* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Dan Mangan | \"Wants\" | *The Valley Below* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2015\ | | | | |
| 4th Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jenny Salgado** | **\"C\'est aujourd\'hui que je sors\"** | ***Scratch*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Kris Elgstrand | \"Asshole Dave\" | *Songs She Wrote About People She Knows* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Peter Katz and Karen Kowsowski | \"Where the Light Used to Be\" | *88* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Martin Léon | \"Red and Yellow\" | *Our Loved Ones (Les Êtres chers)* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Noah Reid | \"People Hold On\" | *People Hold On* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2016\ | | | | |
| 5th Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **David Braid** | **\"Could Have Been\"** | ***Born to Be Blue*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Nikan Boivin | \"Sokecimyekw\" | *Before the Streets (Avant les rues)* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Camille Poliquin and Laurence Lafond-Beaulne | \"Natalie\" | *King Dave* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Matthew Schellenberg | \"Draw Blood\" | *Lovesick* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Daniel Stimac | \"Almost Had It All\" | *A Date with Miss Fortune* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2017\ | | | | |
| 6th Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Qais Essar, Joshua Hill** | **\"The Crown Sleeps\"** | ***The Breadwinner*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Dani Bailey | \"Rid the Dark\" | *Hunting Pignut* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Joey Sherrett, Chris Gordon, Nathaniel Huskinson | \"CTS Thief\" | *Boost* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2018\ | | | | |
| 7th Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Dan General, Thomas Lambe, Adam Tanuyak** | **\"Trials\"** | ***The Grizzlies*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Sook-Yin Lee, Adam Litovitz, Alia O\'Brien | \"Ghost of Love (Onakabazien Remix)\" | *Octavio Is Dead!* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jean-Sébastien Williams | \"Help Is on the Way\" | *Sashinka* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2019\ | | | | |
| 8th Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | **\"The Song of Names (Cantor Prayer)\"** | ***The Song of Names*** | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Peter Chapman, Leslie Seaforth | \"We Run the World\" | *Riot Girls* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ian LeFeuvre | \"Travel Through\" | *James vs. His Future Self* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Bramwell Tovey, Richard Bell | \"I\'ve Got a Big One\" | *Brotherhood* | |
+----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----+
| 874 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
| 3 |
11,060,292 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
## 2020s {#s_4}
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominees | Song | Films | Ref |
+=============================+========================================================================================================+===============================================+============================================+=====+
| 2020\ | | | | |
| 9th Canadian Screen Awards | | | | |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Marie-Hélène L
| 46 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Song
| 4 |
11,060,332 |
# Camp Rilea Heliport
**Camp Rilea Heliport** `{{Airport codes|||15OR}}`{=mediawiki} is a military heliport three miles (4.8 km) south of the city of Warrenton in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States.
It is located at Camp Rilea Armed Forces Training Center
| 39 |
Camp Rilea Heliport
| 0 |
11,060,340 |
# Duraiappa stadium mass grave
The **Duraiappa stadium mass grave** (also spelled Duraiyappah or Thuraiappa) was discovered and excavated at the Duraiappah Sports Stadium (named after Alfred Duraiappah) in the formerly embattled northern city of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, during a period of relative calm between civil conflicts. The mass grave was unearthed in stages between April 4 and 10 of 1999.
## Discovery
Renovation of the stadium, which was damaged and neglected during the course of the various phases of the Sri Lankan civil war, began in 1999. The attempt was hailed as a sign that normalcy had returned to the Jaffna peninsula, the battle-scarred heartland of the Tamils by the then government. Instead, it exposed one of the many secret mass graves created during the conflict between the Sinhalese majority dominated military forces and the minority Sri Lankan Tamil dominated rebel group the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a conflict that has claimed more than 65,000 lives by 2007.
As workers sank the foundations for new changing rooms at the Duraiyappah stadium in northern Sri Lanka, their spades struck bones. Eventually 25 skeletons, including those of two children, were unearthed. As the battered skins of six oil drums were pulled back to reveal a pit a few feet across, horrified villagers clutching the identity cards of missing sons and husbands came forward to witness the layers of skulls and broken vertebrae crushed into hardened clay 3 feet below the turf.
## Eye witness {#eye_witness}
Paramanthan Selvarajah was one of the witnesses to the unearthing of the mass graves. He was quoted as looking for his son, Pirapakaran, who disappeared in July 1996, age 24, after being taken by the Sri Lankan army as he rode home past a checkpoint in Jaffna. \"I saw his bike lying behind a bunker and heard him crying inside,\" he said. \"We never saw him again.\"
Pirapakaran, a tailor, is among more than 12,000 predominantly Tamil civilians believed to have disappeared since the war began.
Jaffna Additional magistrate S. A. E. Ekanathan sought assistance from forensic experts, Ruhuna University's Professor N. Chandrasiri declared that proper scientific methods were not used in the excavation and vital evidence may have been destroyed. Preliminary reports suggest that the site may be around ten years old, placing the suspicion on the Indian Peace Keeping Force or the rebel LTTE.
| 391 |
Duraiappa stadium mass grave
| 0 |
11,060,340 |
# Duraiappa stadium mass grave
## UTHR
According to a local human rights group UTHR the bodies could hardly have been buried there before late 1987. The Indian Army or the IPKF was there until the end of 1989. The LTTE was in control of the area from September 1990 to October 1995. Since then the Sri Lankan Army has been in control.
According to UTHR the age of the victims had not been ascertained, which would allow the forensic experts to determine as to when they might have died. The organization demanded that an impartial investigation must be conducted and the Magistrate allow exhumations. It was noted that the basic step of issuing a public notice calling upon persons who have reason to believe, or even suspect, that the graves may contain the remains of persons in whom they have an interest, to come forward was not done, and because of this error the field has been left open to interested speculators. The forensic tests alone will not be satisfactory since the gaps between the departure of one armed party and the arrival of the next are small. It demanded that only a public testimony that will be the determining factor. The report concluded that at that time the excavations at Duraiappah Stadium are neither satisfactory nor professional.
A local newspaper demanded that as they are several more mass graves in the North-East of the country and they should be investigated impartially as well. Although news agencies reported that the skeletons were sent to capital Colombo for further forensic analysis there is no further information on this mass grave
| 270 |
Duraiappa stadium mass grave
| 1 |
11,060,343 |
# Retox (album)
***Retox*** is the seventh album by Norwegian rock band Turbonegro. It is the first release under the band\'s newly created Scandinavian Leather Recordings. *Retox* is the final Turbonegro album to feature vocalist Hank von Helvete, guitarist and keyboardist Pål Pot Pamparius and drummer Chris Summers.The album was released on 11 June 2007 in Norway, 13 June 2007 in Sweden and on 15 June 2007 in the rest of Europe except for the UK. It was released on 23 June 2007 in Australia, 9 July 2007 in the UK and 14 August 2007 in the US.
Turbonegro described the album as \"a nihilistic homo punk metal bikermovie: Full of speed, power, humiliation and freedom! *Retox* is rock music that\'s been up for 5 days without sleeping, able to see more than most people, but not seeing anything exactly clear.\"
## Recording and release {#recording_and_release}
In May 2006, the band started recording demos at Crystal Canyon Studio, before moving to Fagerborg Lydstudio for the recording of the basic tracks and returning to Crystal Canyon to finalize the recordings. In January 2007, guitarist Knut Schreiner, bassist Thomas Seltzer and drummer Chris Summers travelled to the United States to mix the album with John Agnello at Water Music and The Magic Shop in Hoboken, New Jersey and New York City respectively. Out of 23 finished songs, 11 was sent for mastering to Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound in New York.
*Retox* was released on 11 June 2007 to positive reviews. Upon release, the band noted, \"We survived Grunge, Britpop, House music, Hip Hop, new rock revolution, dance rock, but maybe not new rave..? People say we\'ve been making the same record for 10 years, that\'s not right. We\'ve been making the same record for 4-5 years.\" The club Sticky Fingers in Gothenburg, Sweden held a release party for the album on 15 June, which also coincided with Hank von Helvete\'s 35th birthday. The band was in attendance and handed out several giveaways, in addition to performing a set of songs. Turbonegro appeared at Download Festival in June and toured both Europe and the United states in support of the album. They served as opening act for Metallica during their show in Oslo in July and Marilyn Manson on their arena tour in late 2007. Drummer Summers departed the band in early 2008 following a foot-injury and was replaced by Tomas Dahl. Following the end of the Retox Tour in 2009, the band went on a hiatus until 2011, while singer von Helvete officially left the band in 2010
| 427 |
Retox (album)
| 0 |
11,060,369 |
# USS Askari
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{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 19 |
USS Askari
| 0 |
11,060,392 |
# Pitiniana
**Pitiniana** was an ancient city of Sicily on the overland road from Agrigentum (modern Agrigento) to Panormus (modern Palermo). Its precise location is unknown, but is supposed to be near the present cities of Aragona and Raffadali
| 39 |
Pitiniana
| 0 |
11,060,447 |
# Bahmanyar
**Abu al-Hasan (or Abu al-Husayn) Bahmanyar ibn al-Marzban**, better simply known as **Bahmanyar** (*بهمنیار*; died 1066) was an Iranian scholar, who is mainly known as one of the most prominent pupils of Avicenna (d. 1037).
## Background
Bahmanyar was from a Zoroastrian family, reportedly from Azerbaijan in northern Iran. His father may have been the Bavandid prince al-Marzuban, who ruled in Mazandaran in the late 10th-century, and was the author of the *Marzban-nama*. Bahmanyar\'s knowledge of Arabic was not perfect.
## Life
Little is known of Bahmanyar\'s life. He most likely started his studies in philosophy along with Abu al-Qasim al-Kirmani in the Buyid city of Ray in northern Iran. There they both became involved in the administration, while they read Avicenna works. Bahmanyar was possibly part of the Buyid court in Ray through family ties with the Bavandid princess Sayyida Shirin, her husband Fakhr al-Dawla (`{{reign|984|997}}`{=mediawiki}) and son Majd al-Dawla (`{{reign|997|1029}}`{=mediawiki}), both Buyid rulers of Ray.
Bahmanyar eventually started to interact with Avicenna, which would later result in the latter\'s creation of the*al-Mubāḥathāt* (\"The Discussions\"), which were mainly answers to questions made by Bahmanyar. The work was compiled sometime between 1024 and 1037, during Avicenna\'s stay in Isfahan, the capital of the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar (`{{reign|1008|1041}}`{=mediawiki}). In the work, Bahmanyar is referred to as *al-Shaykh al-fāḍil* (\"the aristocratic gentleman\"). Bahmanyar and Avicenna possibly encountered each other in 1014/5 at Ray, when the latter worked for Sayyida Shirin and Majd al-Dawla.
Bahmanyar\'s main work, the *Kitāb al-taḥṣīl* (\"The Summation\"), which summarises Avicenna\'s logic, physics and metaphysics was written between 1024 and 1037 and dedicated to his Zoroastrian uncle, Abu Mansur Bahram ibn Khurshid ibn Yazdyar, who was possibly the son of the treasurer of the Buyid emperor Adud al-Dawla (`{{reign|949|983}}`{=mediawiki}). Abu\'l-Hasan Bayhaqi (d. 1169) writes that Bahmanyar also wrote a book on logic and one on music and other works are attributed to him.
## Beliefs
Some sources claim that he converted to Islam later in life; however, the earliest sources about him do not comment on this. His main work *Kitāb al-taḥṣīl* is ambiguous about his beliefs. While the introduction and conclusion of the book is made in a Muslim manner and character, it is unknown if these were part of the original version of the book or later added by secretaries. However, it is still plausible that he converted to Islam, due to his way of thinking on questions regarding divine unity and the struggle between good and evil, which Bahmanyar places inside the created order, contrary to the Zoroastrian belief that associates it with the divine essence. Furthermore, his *kunya* Abu al-Husayn may be a possible sign of a conversion to Shia Islam
| 451 |
Bahmanyar
| 0 |
11,060,504 |
# The Promenade Bolingbrook
**The Promenade Bolingbrook**, also known as **The Promenade**, is a 778000 sqft open-air shopping center in Bolingbrook, Illinois. It opened on April 26, 2007, at the intersection of Boughton Road and Interstate 355. Anchor tenants include Bass Pro Shops, Macy\'s, Star Cinema Grill, Binny\'s Beverage Depot, Barnes & Noble and DSW. It is owned and managed by Rhino Investments Group.
Six buildings in The Promenade Bolingbrook have received LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.
## History
In May 2002, Meijer opened on the shopping center\'s property, five years prior to its grand opening.
The Promenade Bolingbrook officially opened on April 26, 2007, with Macy\'s, Bass Pro Shops, Barnes & Noble, and Circuit City as its original anchors. Macy\'s was initially planned to be a Marshall Field\'s prior to Macy\'s rebranding all of their department stores under the Macy\'s banner.
Gold Class Cinema would open to the public during the autumn in 2009. It was renamed to iPic Theaters in July 2011. iPic closed on December 31, 2021 before being replaced with Star Cinema Grill in February 2022.
On October 15, 2010, Binny\'s Beverage Depot opened in the former spot of Circuit City, which went out of business in 2009.
On December 22, 2018, Prince Arcades opened at 12 p.m. The arcade was expanded by July 1, 2024 into an adjacent available lot.
Rhino Investments Group announced that they had obtained an interest in The Promenade on March 31, 2025. Upon obtaining the property, the CEO of Rhino Investments Group stated that plans are being put into place to redevelop the shopping center.
Upcoming tenants to The Promenade include Arra Jewels and BullVino\'s Churrascaria Brazilian Steak House.
## Expansion
Forest City is developing twenty-one acres adjacent to The Promenade Bolingbrook into a mixed-use residential/office development. The development will include at least 160 apartments for low-income residents aged 55 or older. The office space, which is planned to include at least three buildings and will take up 2/3 of the site, is being developed build-to-suit. While construction on the first 80 units of the residential portion is scheduled for late 2009, the office development may take several years to begin, once market conditions rebound
| 368 |
The Promenade Bolingbrook
| 0 |
11,060,515 |
# AN-6530 goggles
**AN-6530 Goggles** were produced during World War II as eye protection for United States Army and Navy flight crews. In 1943, the AN-6530 design served as a product modification of the USAAF B-7 goggle produced by Chas Fischer Spring Company of Brooklyn, New York. Contracts for AN-6530 goggles were awarded to Chas Fischer Spring Co. and American Optical.
## Construction
The AN-6530\'s frame is nickel-plated brass and steel. Construction consists of stamped and milled pieces, soldered together. Milled brass pieces form the bridge and ferrule/strap lugs, and pieces of stamped sheet steel form the frame to hold the facepad and lenses. The ferrule / strap lugs are split lengthwise to facilitate removal and insertion of the lenses and rubber facepad. The lugs are secured closed by a salt-blued or parkerized and knurled carbon steel ferrule.
The frame has vents on the upper and lower edge. The upper vents were produced in two patterns. One using a small brass tube with the inward open end faced slightly forward along the top edge of the frame. The other with a lower profile design that consists of a stamped and soldered channel, curved along the upper edge of the frame with two milled openings, one facing forward and one downward. The frame\'s lower edge vents are three depressions or three sets of small holes on the flat area of the underside. The two-piece milled bridge acts as a hinge and the larger midsection of the hinge is stamped \'AN 6530\'. The manufacturer\'s identification / inscription can usually be found stamped on the left half of the frame\'s underside of the Charles Fischer Spring Co. goggles. The American Optical goggles are not identified. Regarding the vents, many collectors believe the tube-type were \"early\" design and the streamlined vents were \"later design\". The truth is both tube-type and streamline-type vents were being produced at the same time- the difference was Charles Fischer using his patented streamlined vents in the construction of his B-7s, Navy Mk-II and AN-6530s, while American Optical was using their own tubular design. This difference in vent design is useful to distinguish a Charles Fischer Spring goggle from an American Optical-made goggle at first glance. Also on the lower vents, AO used small round pinholes, while Charles Fischer used triangular-shaped stamped vent holes. No such thing as \"early tube-type\" or \"later streamlined vent-type\".
The facepad is a single piece of natural gray medium-density rubber. Leather chamois is glued to the face side to increase comfort and prevent bonding to the skin due to low temperatures at high altitudes. Nickel-plated or salt-blued steel rings are sewn to the frame side of the pad, which allow connection to the frame by resting in the frame\'s inner channel. Some came with right and left eye cushions made of soft rubber. Parts numbers are 33B5021-3 for the right cushion and 33B5021-2 for the left.
The strap is 1 in black, white or gray cotton webbing with interwoven rubber tensioners. Hardware consists of nickel-plated or salt-blued steel wire bails at either end with a stamped nickel-plated or salt-blued steel adjuster. The wire bails are inserted through holes in the ends of the frame\'s strap lugs and are retained by their own clip tension design. The bails also act as retainers for the lug ferrules.
AN-6530 lenses are ground and polished optical glass, approximately 3/32 in thick. These share their design with B-7, Navy Mk-II and commercial \'Skyway\' brand goggles. They were produced in clear, amber, green, and a high-density dark green for gunnery to facilitate spotting targets against the sun. Lens contractors were American Optical, Bausch & Lomb Optical and Libby-Owens-Ford. Small quantities of clear plastic lenses were produced in response to lenses being shattered by flying debris during combat use.
## Use
AN-6530 goggles saw use in nearly every type of U.S. flight crew position during World War II, particularly with pilots, gunners and observers who needed protection from glare, wind and debris.
Expense in production technique, time, and materials and issues with lenses shattering and contributing to eye injury led to the development of the rubber-framed, plastic-lensed B-8 goggle. The B-8 goggle was standardized in 1944, making the AN-6530 obsolete.
Despite its one-year run as standard issue, the AN-6530 goggle became an icon of its era and is now highly sought after by collectors
| 722 |
AN-6530 goggles
| 0 |
11,060,531 |
# Electron beam ion trap
**Electron beam ion trap** (**EBIT**) is an electromagnetic bottle that produces and confines highly charged ions. An EBIT uses an electron beam focused with a powerful magnetic field to ionize atoms to high charge states by successive electron impact.
It was invented by M. Levine and R. Marrs at LLNL and LBNL.
## Operation
The positive ions produced in the region where the atoms intercept the electron beam are tightly confined in their motion by the strong attraction exerted by the negative charge of the electron beam. Therefore, they orbit around the electron beam, crossing it frequently and giving rise to further collisions and ionization. To restrict the ion motion along the direction of the electron beam axis, trapping electrodes carrying positive voltages with respect to a central electrode are used.
The resulting ion trap can hold ions for many seconds and minutes, and conditions for reaching the highest charge states, up to bare uranium (U^92+^) can be achieved in this way.
The strong charge needed for radial confinement of the ions requires large electron beam currents of tens up to hundreds of milliampere. At the same time, high voltages (up to 200 kilovolts) are used for accelerating the electrons in order to achieve high charge states of the ions.
To avoid charge reduction of ions by collisions with neutral atoms from which they can capture electrons, the vacuum in the apparatus is usually maintained at UHV levels, with typical pressure values of only 10^−12^ torr, (\~10^−10^ pascal).
## Applications
EBITs are used to investigate the fundamental properties of highly charged ions e. g. by photon spectroscopy in particular in the context of relativistic atomic structure theory and quantum electrodynamics (QED). Their suitability to prepare and reproduce in a microscopic volume the conditions of high temperature astrophysical plasmas and magnetic confinement fusion plasmas make them very appropriate research tools. Other fields include the study of their interactions with surfaces and possible applications to microlithography
| 329 |
Electron beam ion trap
| 0 |
11,060,547 |
# A12 Authentication
**A12 Authentication** (*Access Authentication* for 1xEV-DO) is a CHAP-based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network (AN) to authenticate a 1xEV-DO Access Terminal (AT).
- Evolution-Data Optimized (*EV-DO*, *EVDO*, etc.) is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access.
- In computing, the **Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol** (*CHAP*) authenticates a user or network host to an authenticating entity. That entity may be, for example, an Internet service provider.
- *CDMA2000* is the core wireless air interface standard.
## Description
A12 authentication occurs when an AT first attempts to access the AN and is repeated after some authentication timeout period. The element in the AN that performs this authentication is the Radio Network Controller (RNC) using its Access Network AAA (AN-AAA). In order to support A12 authentication, matching A12 credentials (i.e., an A12 Network Address Identifier (NAI) and A12 CHAP key) must be provisioned into the AT and the user\'s home AAA server. Since these credentials are only shared between the AT and its home AAA, the AN-AAA forwards A12 challenge responses received from an AT to its home AAA to determine whether they are correct. A12 authentication is separate from packet data authentication that may occur later when a data session is being established.
A12 authentication is important for roaming since all participating operators in the IRT have agreed to support it. If A12 credentials are not provisioned into an AT, that AT will not be able to access any visited network that performs A12 authentication. In addition, the Mobile Node Identifier (MN ID) is obtained from the AN-AAA during successful A12 authentication. This MN ID is used by the AN on the A8/A9 and A10/A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV-DO and 1xRTT systems. If A12 authentication is not performed, the MN ID must be somehow derived and such handoffs may not be possible without establishing a new Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) session.
A12 authentication is defined in TIA-878 (3GPP2 A.S0008)
| 344 |
A12 Authentication
| 0 |
11,060,552 |
# The Wizards of Odd
***The Wizards of Odd*** is a 1996 English compilation book of humorous short stories by many great writers in the science-fiction/fantasy genre. The stories were compiled by Peter Haining. The book is separated into three sections: Wizards and Wotsits: Stories of Cosmic Absurdity, Swords and Sorcery: Tales of Heroic Fantasy, and Astronauts and Aliens: Space Opera Yarns.
## Stories
### Wizards and Wotsits {#wizards_and_wotsits}
- \"Theatre of Cruelty\" by Terry Pratchett
- \"How Nuth Would Have Practised his Art Upon the Gnoles\" by Lord Dunsany
- \"Hell Hath No Fury\" by John Collier
- \"The Twonky\" by Henry Kuttner
- \"A Great Deal of Power\" by Eric Frank Russell
- \"Doodad\" by Ray Bradbury
- \"Not By Its Cover\" by Philip K. Dick
- \"The Rule of Names\" by Ursula K. Le Guin
### Swords and Sorcery {#swords_and_sorcery}
- \"Mythological Beast\" by Stephen R. Donaldson
- \"The Adventure of the Snowing Globe\" by F. Anstey
- \"Affairs in Poictesme\" by James Branch Cabell
- \"The Ring of Hans Carvel\" by Fredric Brown
- \"The Bait\" by Fritz Leiber
- \"A Good Knight\'s Work\" by Robert Bloch
- \"Poor Little Warrior\" by Brian W. Aldiss
- \"The Odd Old Bird\" by Avram Davidson
### Astronauts and Aliens {#astronauts_and_aliens}
- \"Young Zaphod Plays it Safe\" by Douglas Adams
- \"The Wild Asses of the Devil\" by H. G. Wells
- \"Ministering Angels\" by C. S. Lewis
- \"The Gnurrs Come from the Voodvork Out\" by Reginald Bretnor
- \"Captain Wyxtpthll\'s Flying Saucer\" by Arthur C. Clarke
- \"Playboy and the Slime God\" by Isaac Asimov
- \"There\'s a Wolf in my Time Machine\" by Larry Niven
- \"2BR02B\" by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
## Reception
Gideon Kibblewhite reviewed *The Wizards of Odd* for *Arcane* magazine, rating it a 9 out of 10 overall. Kibblewhite comments that \"It\'s difficult to award any anthology a perfect ten because some stories are inevitably better than others; *The Wizards of Odd*, though, comes close: a great nine
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# Redemption (Redemption album)
***Redemption*** is the debut album by the American progressive metal band of the same name. It was formed around the friendships and compositions of guitarist/keyboardist Nicholas van Dyk, joined by well-known musicians of the genre from bands like Steel Prophet, Agent Steel, Symphony X, and Fates Warning. The first four tracks are taken from Stephen King\'s novel *Desperation*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Nick Van Dyk, except where noted. `{{track listing
| total_length = 68:13
| title1 = Desperation, Part I
| length1 = 5:56
| title2 = Desperation, Part II
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Desperation, Part III
| length3 = 5:43
| title4 = Desperation, Part IV
| length4 = 5:08
| title5 = Nocturnal
| note5 = Van Dyk, Chris Roy, Bernie Versailles
| length5 = 3:51
| title6 = Window to Space
| length6 = 13:26
| title7 = As I Lay Dying
| length7 = 5:08
| title8 = Something Wicked This Way Comes"
*I. "Arrivals"
*II. "Torments"
*III. "The Carnival"
*IV. "Pursuits"
*V. "The Autumn People"
*VI. "Temptations"
*VII. "Confrontations"
*VIII
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# Tam Lenfestey
**Thomas \"Tam\" Lenfestey** (1818--1885), was a farmer and poet based in Guernsey. He published poetry in Guernsey newspapers and in book form.
His \"Chanson de la ribotresse\", referring to a peasant woman making butter who celebrates the arrival of spring, became a popular folksong in Guernsey
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# Joshua Prawer
**Joshua Prawer** (*יהושע פרַאוֶור*; November 22, 1917 -- April 30, 1990) was a notable Israeli historian and a scholar of the Crusades and Kingdom of Jerusalem.
His work often attempted to portray Crusader society as a forerunner to later European colonialist expansion. He was also an important figure in Israeli higher education, was one of the founders of the University of Haifa and Ben-Gurion University, and was a major reformer of the Israeli education system.
## Life
Prawer was born on November 10, 1917, to a prosperous Jewish merchant family in Będzin, a small city in the Polish part of Silesia. He grew up speaking Polish and German, learned Hebrew, French, and Latin at school, and after joining a Zionist group, learned Yiddish as well. He immigrated to Palestine in 1936, where he learned English, and became a student of mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. An invitation to study at the university was one of the few legal ways for Jews to enter the British Mandate of Palestine at the time. His mother died at the outbreak of World War II, and most of his family was murdered in the Holocaust.
Prawer found that he was unhappy with mathematics, and his father suggested he study history instead since he had always enjoyed history in high school. His professor, Richard Koebner, an Anglophile historian of imperialism, set him on the course of studying the crusader colonies in the Holy Land. The close ties to Koebner were likely to have instilled in Prawer his interest in the history of settlements and colonialization. Prawer began his teaching career at the Hebrew University in 1947 and (after fighting in the 1948 siege of Jerusalem) soon rose through the faculty ranks. He became deputy dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 1953 to 1955, was made professor and chair of medieval history in 1958, was dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 1962 to 1966, and served as prorector at the university in the years 1975--78. In the process, he succeeded in making the university into a \"global center\" for Crusade Studies, and trained many future Israeli historians in that specialty. Prawer has been described as an outstanding teacher and lecturer who combined thorough preparation with a charismatic style. He was often invited to lecture abroad.
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# Joshua Prawer
## Life
### Other roles {#other_roles}
In addition to his work at the Hebrew University, Joshua Prawer was involved in the creation of other Israeli institutions of higher learning, namely Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and especially the University of Haifa, where he was the first dean and academic chairman in the years 1966--8.
Prawer was a key contributor to Israeli government policy as well. Between 1957 and 1959, at the request of David Ben-Gurion, he chaired the Pedagogic Secretariat of the Education Ministry which was responsible for setting up new norms for Israeli secondary education. He fought against graded fees and for wider free compulsory education, and gave high priority to social integration and the rights of Sephardi students. During that time and as advisor to education minister Zalman Aranne afterwards, he helped draft the principles for teaching \"Jewish awareness\" that were incorporated into the primary and secondary school curricula. In 1963--65, he chaired a committee of experts bearing his name that recommended a radical reform of the entire Israeli education system. Its suggestions included making preschool enrollment universal for disadvantaged children, shortening elementary school to grades 1--6; admitting all pupils without tests into integrated junior high schools (grades 7--9), raising the age of free compulsory education to fifteen (later raised to eighteen), establishing two-year and three-year comprehensive schools that provided a choice of tracks towards either a vocational diploma or a matriculation certificate, further integrating students of different skills and social classes, and establishing a new curriculum division in the Ministry of Education and Culture. The plan was approved by the Knesset and government, which allocated substantial resources to it, and the program began to be implemented in the summer of 1968.
Together with Professor H. Hanani, Prawer initiated the mechina university preparatory programs in 1963, which were originally intended to provide an additional year of study for Sephardic students after discharge from the defense forces, but were later expanded to include foreign educated students and immigrants.
Prawer served as chief editor of the *Encyclopaedia Hebraica* from 1967 onwards, with volume 21 the first to be published under his tenure. He advised and helped shape the Tower of David Museum of the History of Jerusalem, and was asked to advise the government on cultural agreements with other countries.
### Honors and later life {#honors_and_later_life}
- In 1967, Prawer served as chairman of the Humanities Section of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and was elected as Corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America.
- In 1969, he received the Israel Prize in the humanities.
- In 1969, he also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Montpellier.
- In 1974, Prawer was honored as Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford,
- In 1974, he was also awarded the Rothschild Prize and the Order of the Chevalier de L\'Ordre Nationale du Mérite.
- In 1982, he was presented with a festschrift containing papers by twenty-two historians during a special conference in Jerusalem.
- In 1987, Prawer and his colleagues hosted the Second International Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East.
- In 1989, he was honored as a Yakir Yerushalayim (Distinguished Citizen of Jerusalem).
In an interview a year before his death, Joshua Prawer said his message for the Jerusalem of today is \"that it is a universal city, belonging to all cultures and conquering time.\" Prawer died in Jerusalem on April 30, 1990.
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# Joshua Prawer
## Research
Prawer was part of a cadre of historians, including Claude Cahen and Jean Richard, who freed crusader studies from the old conception of crusader society as an exemplar of pure, unchanging feudalism that spontaneously emerged from the conquest. This view, which originated with feudal jurists in the thirteenth century, was held to by modern historians since the early thirties. Through the work of Prawer, particularly his two papers from the fifties, and his colleagues, crusader society began to be seen as dynamic, with the nobility gradually putting checks on the monarchy. The combined efforts of these historians led to a surge of new research into crusader society. Prawer\'s research extended to a wide variety of other aspects of the crusader states. Among the topics he addressed were land development projects and urban settlement, agriculture, the Italian quarters of port cities, the types of landed property, and legal issues in the *Assises des Bourgeois*.
One of Prawer\'s best known works is the *Histoire du Royaume Latin de Jérusalem*, which won him the Prix Gustave Schlumberger of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. The two-volume work presents the crusader states as a working immigrant society, and shows the importance of immigration and labor shortages. Another book by Prawer, *The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages*, which was intended for a larger audience, was more controversial. In it, he portrays the crusaders as a society of Frankish immigrants living in complete political and social segregation from the local Muslim and Syro-Christian population, and terms this phenomenon \"Apartheid\". To Prawer, it is the settlers\' refusal to assimilate and their reconstruction of a European-type society on foreign soil, as well as the persistence of indigenous institutions without any interference, that mark the Crusader settlement as colonialist. His thesis is that the economy, society, and institutions of the Latin states are best understood in the light of their colonial status. The 1980 book *Crusader Institutions* collected a number of his earlier publications and expanded upon them with revisions and new chapters. The book continues his treatment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem as a European colonial product but focuses attention on five topical areas, while throughout employing the tools of textual criticism and commentary on sources. Especially prominent is his coverage of the status and administrative role of burgesses, which had not received such attention before. In his last years, he published a book on a topic of especial interest to him, *The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem*, which examined the tightly knit isolated Jewish communities of the Levant, the Jewish philosophical feuds they engaged in, and their dreams of restoring Israel.
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# Joshua Prawer
## Comparison of Zionism to the Crusades {#comparison_of_zionism_to_the_crusades}
An analogy has frequently been drawn between the European Crusades of the Middle Ages and the modern day Zionist movement. This view, which has been espoused by Arab media and political leaders, has also been discussed in Israeli academia. Prawer was often asked to comment on this analogy, and claimed that a major difference was that the Jews settled the land and worked it, whereas the Crusaders lorded over a conquered land worked by the natives. Ronnie Ellenblum, a lecturer at Hebrew University, identifies a subliminal objective in Prawer\'s work to draw a distinction between the two: \"He\'s always writing about the Crusaders\' manpower shortage and about their not settling the land\...He claims that their presence here was principally urban, consisting of nobility and merchants. This is why they lost in the end. The implications are obvious: If we bring enough immigrants, and if we settle the land, we are bound to succeed.\" (Ellenblum himself has shown that Crusader settlement in the Holy Land was much more widespread than previously thought and has found evidence of hundreds of Crusader farms.) But he also notes that \"if Joshua Prawer were alive today he would no doubt deny any linkage between his Zionist political beliefs and the model of segregation that he developed.\"
Ziad J. Asali, who considers Zionism \"the heir---albeit illegitimate---of the Crusader movement,\" goes further and writes that Prawer \"recognized the extent of the similarity in the individual and social experience of Crusaders and Zionists. Rather than studying the comparison and denying its validity, he chose to study the Crusader\'s experience as if it were a historical model which could be completely analyzed and dissected in order to benefit from its experience and avoid its mistakes.\" To Zionist author Yoram Hazony, however, it is exactly because of Prawer\'s readiness to draw the analogy that he considers him a subverter of Zionism and a progenitor of post-Zionist thought. David Ohana, a professor of history at Ben Gurion University who rejects the Zionist-Crusader analogy, writes that the subject has now become a litmus test for clarifying one\'s views on Zionism, with post-Zionists freely making the analogy and sympathizers with the Zionist viewpoint rejecting it.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- (1969--70). *Histoire du royaume Latin de Jérusalem*. Le Monde byzantin. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
- (1972). *The Latin kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages*. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson (later editions *The Crusader\'s Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages*).
- (1972). *The world of the Crusaders*. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
- (1980). *Crusader institutions*. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- (1988). *The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem*. Oxford: Clarendon Press
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# Steffen Radochla
**Steffen Radochla** (born 19 October 1978, in Leipzig) is a German former road cyclist, who was professional from 2001 until 2013. He last rode for the `{{UCI team code|EUS|2013}}`{=mediawiki} team
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# The Necklace Affair
***The Necklace Affair*** (English for \"**L\'Affaire du Collier**\") by the Belgian artist Edgar P. Jacobs was the tenth comic book in the *Blake and Mortimer* series.
## Plot
The necklace of Queen Marie-Antoinette that was believed to have been destroyed centuries ago has been found by Sir Henry Williamson, a wealthy British collector based in France. Blake and Mortimer arrive in Paris in order to testify at the trial of their sworn enemy Colonel Olrik only to learn that he has managed to slip away under the very noses of the police during a transfer to the court house from the main jail.
Williamson then invites them to a reception where he intends to show off the necklace for the first time in public. The party is held at the residence of Duranton-Claret, the jeweller who restored the necklace, but as he is on his way to fetch it a large explosion shakes the house. Going to the cellar, Blake and Mortimer find it in a state of collapse with water pouring in from the burst water main. They barely manage to save the jewel case from the strongroom, but when they open it the necklace is gone and they find a note in which Olrik claims responsibility. The explosion was caused by an actual bomb and Olrik and his men escaped using the Paris Catacombs over which the house rests.
Blake summons his contact Commissaire Pradier of the DST, the French security service (similar to the FBI or MI5) who is in charge of the Olrik case. Olrik himself leaks the news to the press and before long Duranton is harassed by phone calls from reporters and becomes a bundle of nerves.
In the morning, Blake and Mortimer are visiting Duranton when they witness an attempt by Olrik\'s men, led by his henchman Sharkey, to kidnap him. The two Britons manage to rescue Duranton but the crooks escape. A couple of nights later, Duranton is again the subject of an attempt, this time led by Olrik himself. With the help of Vincent, Duranton\'s loyal valet, Blake and Mortimer manage to rescue the terrified jeweller, but, in spite of the sudden arrival of the police, Olrik and his men escape, again via the catacombs.
Pradier has arranged a wire-tapping of the phones in the Duranton residence. They thus intercept a call from Olrik to the jeweller in which it emerges that Duranton, facing financial ruin, arranged for the theft of the necklace with Sharkey in return for help in springing Olrik from prison. However, Duranton also double-crossed Olrik by placing a fake necklace in the strongroom - the real item is still somewhere in his house. Olrik tells him that to end the nightmare Duranton is to deliver the real necklace to him at night at Montsouris Park.
That night Duranton recovers the necklace and discreetly leaves his house, his real intention being to flee abroad. Following him from a distance are Blake, Mortimer and Pradier, but Duranton\'s car is hijacked by Sharkey who was hidden inside. Driving erratically, the terrified Duranton crashes into the park fence. With the police surrounding the area he hides the necklace in a merry-go-round. He then hails a cab only to find it driven by Olrik who promptly drives through a police roadblock.
Blake, Mortimer and Pradier find Sharkey who was knocked unconscious in the crash. He agrees to co-operate and leads them to an entrance to the catacombs. While walking through the tunnels, Sharkey gives the police the slip. Blake and Mortimer go after him but then get hopelessly lost in the underground maze. Sharkey himself manages to make his way to an old underground bunker which was used by the resistance during World War II and is now Olrik\'s HQ. Duranton is placed in a deep, dry well which is filled bit by bit with water. As it reaches his throat he finally confesses to Olrik where he left the necklace. Olrik leaves him with the fake and sets off to recover the genuine article.
Just as he is leaving, Blake and Mortimer manage to find their way through the maze and reach the bunker. As they take on the guards they are on the verge of being killed when the police led by Pradier arrives. In the battle that follows, the police manage to capture Olrik\'s gang, including Sharkey, and recover Duranton and the fake necklace.
Olrik himself evades the police by making his way through the sewers. He reaches Montsouris Park and recovers the necklace from the merry-go-round. At that moment he is surrounded by police but manages to escape, again via the sewers.
Driving to a safe-house, Olrik learns on the radio that there will be a special TV broadcast about the recent events. Arriving at his hide-out he switches on the TV: during the programme Mortimer announces that the necklace Olrik obtained from the park is in fact the fake. The police had recovered the genuine article just moments before the crook\'s arrival. Enraged, Olrik smashes up the fake necklace.
Sir Henry Williamson then announces that he is donating the necklace to the French nation.
## Publication
The strip was originally published in *Tintin* magazine in 1965 before being published in book form in 1967. With *S.O.S. Meteors* and *The Time Trap*, it forms the final instalment of a trilogy of adventures that take place in France featuring many of the same characters---Blake, Mortimer and their contact Pradier.
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# The Necklace Affair
## English publication {#english_publication}
The first publication in English is by Cinebook Ltd in January 2010.
## Reception
*The Necklace Affair* is generally considered one of Jacobs\' weaker \"Blake and Mortimer\" stories. It is the only \"pure\" crime story within the Blake and Mortimer series, and it is the only one that doesn\'t include any science-fiction element
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# Marie de Garis
**Marie de Garis** MBE (*née* **Le Messurier**; 15 June 1910 -- 10 August 2010) was a Guernsey author and lexicographer who wrote the *Dictiounnaire Angllais-Guernésiais* (English-Guernésiais dictionary), the first edition of which was published in 1967. This new work largely superseded George Métivier\'s *Dictionnaire Franco-Normand*.
## Biography
Born in 1910 in Saint Peter, Guernsey, she published *Folklore of Guernsey* (1975) and the [*Glossary of Guernsey place-names*](https://web.archive.org/web/20161226185451/http://societe.org.gg/sales/books.php?type1=Island%20History). She served as president of La Société Guernesiaise and of L\'Assembllaïe d\'Guernesiais.
De Garis died in the early hours of 10 August 2010 after being admitted to the *Princess Elizabeth Hospital* in Saint Andrew, Guernsey.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
In 1999, de Garis received an MBE for her contributions to the preservation of Guernsey culture. She turned 100 in 2010
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# Butterfly pea
**Butterfly pea** is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
- *Centrosema*, a genus native to the Americas
- *Clitoria ternatea*, a species native to tropical Asia, and cultivated as an ornamental
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# För den som älskar
\"**För den som älskar**\", written by Peder Ernerot and Gustave Lund, is a song performed by Shirley Clamp released as a single from her studio album *Den långsamma blomman*. At the Swedish singles chart, it peaked at number 14. The song also charted at Svensktoppen for five weeks during the period 12 December 2004--9 January 2005 before leaving chart. It peaked at \# 4 there.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"För den som älskar\"
2
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# Dean McTaggart
**Robert Dean McTaggart** is a Canadian singer-songwriter and record producer. His most recent album is *Drop the Needle in the Groove* from 2010.
## Biography
McTaggart was the lead vocalist in the Canadian band The Arrows from 1981 to 1986. The Arrows produced two albums and one EP and had popular hits in Canada including \"Meet Me in the Middle\", \"Say It Isn\'t True\", \"Heart of the City\", \"Never Be Another One\" and \"Talk Talk\".
Following this, McTaggart spent a lot of time in Nashville, Tennessee as a staff writer. Four of his songs were featured on Amanda Marshall\'s self-titled debut album *Amanda Marshall*. Of these, \"Dark Horse\" and \"Birmingham\" were notable hits with the latter reaching No. 43 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 charts in the U.S. in 1996. McTaggart also wrote successful songs for Wynonna Judd, including \"Heaven Help My Heart\" from her 1996 album *Revelations* which reached No. 14 on the Billboard Country charts and \"Love\'s Funny That Way\" from 1997\'s *The Other Side*.
McTaggart has also written songs for Australian singer Tina Arena including her version of \"Heaven Help My Heart\" from the 1994 album *Don\'t Ask* and \"Unsung Hero\" from 1997\'s *In Deep*. \"Unsung Hero\" was also recorded by Terri Clark for her 1998 album *How I Feel* and in 1999 this version reached No. 15 on the Canadian Country charts and No. 47 on the Billboard Country charts in the U.S.
In 1998, McTaggart was nominated for the Juno Award for \"Songwriter of the Year\" for his works recorded by Amanda Marshall, Wynonna Judd and Tina Arena
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# 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election
Early parliamentary elections were held in Ukraine on 30 September 2007. The election date was determined following agreement between the President Viktor Yushchenko, the Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian Parliament) Oleksandr Moroz on 27 May 2007, in an attempt to resolve the political crisis in Ukraine triggered by the 2 April 2007 presidential decree on dissolution of Ukraine\'s parliament.
The 450 seats were divided among all parties that achieved a minimum 3% nationwide vote tally. The number of seats that are allocated to each party, above the 3% participation rate quota, is calculated using the Hamilton method of apportionment.
An alliance of two electoral blocs associated with the Orange Revolution, Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT) and Our Ukraine-Peoples Self Defence (OU-PSD) obtained a narrow majority of seats, leaving their main rival, the Party of Regions (PoR) in opposition.
## Background
Following the 2006 parliamentary elections, there was an ongoing power struggle between the president and the parliamentary majority, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament. The majority in the parliament, known as Coalition of National Unity, was formed by Party of Regions, Communist Party, and Socialist Party. It was opposed by Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc and Our Ukraine.
Early in 2007, several members of the opposition indicated their support to the ruling coalition. If sufficient numbers of members of parliament supported the government, the Coalition of National Unity could have secured a two-thirds majority, empowering the parliament to override the president\'s right of veto and enabling the parliament to initiate limited constitutional changes.
On 2 April 2007, Yushchenko decreed the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada.
The authority of the president to dismiss the parliament was challenged in the Constitutional Court, however following the president\'s intervention in the operation of the Constitutional Court the court has not ruled on the constitutionality of the president\'s decree.
The election was originally scheduled to be held on 27 May 2007 and later postponed to 24 June 2007. On 27 May 2007 an agreement was signed by President Viktor Yushchenko, Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych, and Parliamentary Speaker Oleksandr Moroz, scheduling the elections to be held on 30 September 2007.
The President\'s previous decrees were revoked and a new decree based on the provisions of Article 82 and Article 90 of Ukraine\'s Constitution was issued in its place in August 2007 following the resignation of over 150 members of the opposition parties.
## Timetable
- August 2 - Commencement of Official Campaign
- August 3 - The Central Election Commission of Ukraine (CEC) is to make decision about giving an airtime for blocs and parties at the budget expense
- August 4 - The CEC must hold a draw to establish broadcast priorities; Deadline for setting of the ballot's form and text
- August 14 - The CEC has to prepare information placards of election participants and send them to district election commissions
- August 22 - Ballots papers to be submitted for printing
- August 24 - Close of Registration by Foreign Observers
- August 25 - Close of Party List nominations; State television and radio broadcasters should submit a schedule of parties and bloc's commercial
- August 28 - CEC verification of nominations finalized
- August 30 - Party and Block registration documentation deadline; Close of registration for civil organizations to petition for participation of official observers
- September 2 - Official publication of Election List
- September 26 - Border Services to submit list of Ukrainian Citizens who have left the country and have not returned
- September 30 - Parliamentary Elections
- October 15 - Preliminary announcement of election results
- October 20 - Official final announcement of election results
## Registered parties and blocs {#registered_parties_and_blocs}
*Number in parentheses is the number of candidates included on the party list. Parties or blocs that obtained 3% or more of the vote are in **bold**.*
- **Communist Party of Ukraine** (444)
- **Party of Regions** (450)
- Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (403)
- **Our Ukraine--People\'s Self-Defense Bloc** (401)
- All-Ukrainian Union \"Freedom\" (351)
- **Lytvyn\'s Bloc** (260)
- **Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc** (447)
- Socialist Party of Ukraine (282)
- All-Ukrainian Party of People\'s Trust (86)
- Party of National Economic Development of Ukraine (136)
- Bloc \"All-Ukrainian Community\" (103)
- Electoral bloc of Liudmyla Suprun -- Ukrainian Regional Asset (387)
- Party of Free Democrats (85)
- Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) (41)
- Peasant\'s Bloc \"Agricultural Ukraine\" (136)
- Party of Greens of Ukraine (147)
- Ukrainian People\'s Bloc (213)
- Electoral bloc of political parties \"KUCHMA\" (168)
- Bloc of Party of Pensioners of Ukraine (92)
- Christian\'s Bloc (225)
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# 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election
## Conduct
3354 international observers were officially registered to monitor the conduct of the election.
Representatives of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and Fair Election organization registered officials with the Central Elections Committee. The OSCE closely worked with Ukrainian officials in the design, administration, and conduct of the election.
Observers declared that elections generally met international standards for democratic elections. However they noted:
- delays in the formation of district and precinct election commissions
- the inadequate quality of voter lists
- possible disenfranchisement of voters due to law amendments on:
- abolishment of absentee ballots
- removing from lists voters who have crossed the state border after 1 August 2007.
- modalities for voting at home
- extensive campaigning by state and local officials from all sides in violation of law.
## Exit polls {#exit_polls}
Party National Exit Poll [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215956/http://exit-poll.org.ua/ua/results) [2](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215434/http://unian.net/eng/online/12/1965698.html) Sotsiovymir [3](https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215529/http://unian.net/ukr/online/9/1965834.html) Ukrainian Exit Poll [4](https://web.archive.org/web/20071205031813/http://pravda.com.ua/news/2007/9/30/64690.htm) Public Strategies [5](http://unian.net/ukr/news/news-214694.html)
---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
Party of Regions 35.3 33.9 34.9 34.5
Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral Bloc 31.5 32.5 32.4 30.4
13.5 14.7 14.1 14.4
Communist Party of Ukraine 5.1 4.4 4.5 5.2
Lytvyn\'s Bloc 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.0
Socialist Party of Ukraine 2.5 2.4 2.1 \-
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine 1.5 \- \- \-
Other parties and blocs 3.9 \- \- \-
Against all 2.9 2.8 4.3 \-
## Results
The first polling places to open were at the Ukrainian embassies in Australia and Japan. Election districts were open from 7:00AM until 10:00PM local time. According to the Central Election Commission of Ukraine 63.22% of registered voters cast ballots. This easily exceeded the 50% participation required by Ukrainian law to make the election valid.
Five parties received the required election threshold of 3% of the total vote and entered the Verkhovna Rada: Party of Regions (PoR), Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT), Our Ukraine-Peoples Self Defence (OU-PSD), the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) and the Bloc Lytvyn (BL). The Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU) secured only 2.86% of the vote and as such did not win any seats in the new parliament. Had the Socialist Party received an additional 0.14% of the vote the overall results would have been more or less the same as the previous Ukrainian parliamentary election in 2006 with the addition of Bloc Lytvyn representatives.
### Support of leading parties and blocs by administrative regions {#support_of_leading_parties_and_blocs_by_administrative_regions}
Region Voter registration Voter turnout PoR BYuT OU-PSD CPU BL SPU
------------------------------- -------------------- --------------- ------ ------ -------- ------ ----- -----
Autonomous Republic of Crimea 1,568,070 55.8 61.0 6.9 8.2 7.6 3.9 1.9
Cherkasy Oblast 1,095,058 60.1 15.5 47.0 15.3 4.9 4.9 4.3
Chernihiv Oblast 939,072 61.8 20.7 41.9 14.9 6.7 4.2 2.9
Chernivtsi Oblast 705,272 58.2 16.8 46.2 20.3 2.3 2.5 3.8
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 2,810,168 58.9 48.7 20.8 6.2 7.6 5.0 1.3
Donetsk Oblast 3,620,888 66.0 76.0 4.5 2.0 6.8 1.0 1.3
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 1,080,296 72.6 3.0 50.7 36.8 0.8 1.0 0.8
Kharkiv Oblast 2,282,993 58.3 49.6 16.4 8.1 8.3 4.6 2.6
Kherson Oblast 893,442 55.5 43.2 23.1 9.1 9.1 3.7 2.5
Khmelnytskyi Oblast 1,083,968 66.3 14.1 48.2 18.4 4.0 6.6 1.7
Kirovohrad Oblast 614,832 57.9 27.0 37.6 11.7 6.4 5.5 2.8
Kyiv 2,151,576 63.5 15.0 46.2 15.8 4.6 6.6 1.6
Kyiv Oblast 1,679,197 61.9 13.0 53.4 15.1 3.0 5.1 2.2
Luhansk Oblast 1,898,637 66.3 73.5 5.1 1.7 8.5 2.4 1.3
Lviv Oblast 2,002,372 73.9 4.2 50.4 36.0 1.0 1.1 0.6
Mykolaiv Oblast 971,038 57.6 54.4 16.6 5.8 7.2 4.5 1.9
Odesa Oblast 1,851,868 54.5 52.2 13.7 6.5 6.2 5.1 7.2
Poltava Oblast 1250,952 61.9 24.8 37.9 14.5 6.5 4.9 3.0
Rivne Oblast 865,092 68.7 10.4 51.0 20.8 2.4 6.1 2.1
Sevastopol 308,928 59.7 64.5 5.0 2.3 10.3 2.5 2.7
Sumy Oblast 990,575 62.0 15.7 44.5 20.8 5.8 3.3 2.0
Ternopil Oblast 870,214 76.5 3.0 51.6 35.2 0.7 1.6 1.1
Vinnytsia Oblast 1,342,608 64.5 12.6 50.0 18.6 5.0 3.1 2.5
Volyn Oblast 801,557 71.0 6.7 57.6 20.0 2.7 4.6 1.9
Zakarpattia Oblast 946,525 52.1 19.8 28.9 31.1 1.8 6.0 3.5
Zhytomyr Oblast 1,044,852 62.5 22.4 37.0 15.1 5.8 8.3 2.5
Zaporizhzhia Oblast 1,515,832 61.4 55.5 14.7 4.7 8.3 5.5 2.3
*Foreign Embassies* 431,142 6.0 26.5 33.1 25.5 1.6 2.3 1.2
*Ukraine* 37,185,882 62.0 34.4 30.7 14.2 5.4 4.0 2.9
### Maps
-- -- --
-- -- --
: Maps showing the top six parties support - percentage of total national vote
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# 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election
## Results
### Comparison with previous elections {#comparison_with_previous_elections}
In 2006, minor parties that received less than the 3% statutory representation threshold, accounted for 17% of all registered votes. In 2007, this number had fallen to 5.5%. This 11.5% difference shows a voter consolidation towards major political parties.
The most prominent winners of the 2007 election were the Tymoshenko- and the Lytvyn Bloc, who gained 27 and 20 parliamentary seats respectively, while the Socialist Party lost all of its 33 seats. The Our Ukraine bloc merged with the newly formed People\'s Self-Defence. Despite a marginal 0.15% gain of votes, they lost 9 of their 81 previously held seats.
Voter turnout fell 5.5%, from 67.5% in 2006 to 62% in 2007.
### Charts
-- -- --
-- -- --
: Results of the parliamentary elections:
### Charts 2006 {#charts_2006}
-- --
-- --
: Results of the parliamentary elections:
\|- !rowspan=2 \| Region ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| PR ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| BYuT ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| OU / UO-PSD ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| SPU ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| CPU \|- !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 \|- !\|Ukraine !32.1 !34.4 !22.3 !30.7 !14.0 !14.2 !5.7 !2.9 !3.7 !5.4 \|- \|Autonomous Republic Crimea \|58.0 \|61.0 \|6.5 \|6.9 \|7.6 \|8.2 \|1.2 \|1.9 \|4.5 \|7.6 \|- \|Vinnytsia Oblast \|8.2 \|12.6 \|33.3 \|50.0 \|20.0 \|18.6 \|14.7 \|2.5 \|3.4 \|5.0 \|- \|Volyn Oblast \|4.5 \|6.7 \|43.9 \|57.6 \|20.7 \|20.0 \|4.1 \|1.9 \|2.2 \|2.7 \|- \|Dnipropetrovsk Oblast \|45.0 \|48.2 \|15.0 \|20.9 \|5.3 \|6.3 \|3.8 \|1.4 \|5.7 \|7.6 \|- \|Donetsk Oblast \|73.6 \|72.1 \|2.5 \|3.9 \|1.4 \|1.6 \|3.7 \|8.0 \|3.1 \|6.0 \|- \|Zhytomyr Oblast \|18.0 \|22.4 \|24.9 \|37.0 \|17.5 \|15.1 \|8.9 \|2.5 \|5.4 \|5.8 \|- \|Zakarpattia Oblast \|18.7 \|19.8 \|20.3 \|28.9 \|25.8 \|31.1 \|3.6 \|3.5 \|1.3 \|1.8 \|- \|Zaporizhzhia Oblast \|51.2 \|55.5 \|10.9 \|14.7 \|5.3 \|4.7 \|2.9 \|2.3 \|5.3 \|8.3 \|- \|Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast \|1.9 \|3.0 \|30.4 \|50.7 \|45.1 \|36.8 \|2.3 \|0.8 \|0.6 \|0.8 \|- \|Kyiv Oblast \|9.9 \|13.0 \|44.5 \|53.4 \|11.6 \|15.1 \|10.2 \|2.1 \|2.3 \|2.9 \|- \|Kirovohrad Oblast \|20.1 \|27.0 \|30.1 \|37.6 \|8.7 \|11.7 \|9.7 \|2.8 \|6.1 \|6.4 \|- \|Luhansk Oblast \|74.3 \|73.5 \|3.7 \|5.0 \|2.0 \|1.7 \|1.2 \|1.2 \|4.4 \|8.4 \|- \|Lviv Oblast \|3.0 \|4.2 \|33.0 \|50.4 \|38.0 \|36.0 \|2.2 \|0.6 \|0.7 \|1.0 \|- \|Mykolaiv Oblast \|50.3 \|54.4 \|11.9 \|16.6 \|5.6 \|5.8 \|4.3 \|1.9 \|5.3 \|7.2 \|- \|Odesa Oblast \|47.5 \|52.2 \|9.9 \|13.7 \|6.4 \|6.5 \|6.3 \|7.2 \|3.2 \|6.2 \|- \|Poltava Oblast \|20.4 \|24.8 \|26.8 \|37.9 \|13.2 \|14.5 \|12.7 \|3.8 \|5.4 \|6.5 \|- \|Rivne Oblast \|7.2 \|10.4 \|31.3 \|51.0 \|25.5 \|20.8 \|6.5 \|2.1 \|1.9 \|2.4 \|- \|Sumy Oblast \|10.9 \|15.7 \|33.3 \|44.5 \|19.4 \|20.7 \|10.6 \|2.0 \|5.4 \|5.8 \|- \|Ternopil Oblast \|2.0 \|3.0 \|34.5 \|51.6 \|34.2 \|35.2 \|3.7 \|1.1 \|0.4 \|0.7 \|- \|Kharkiv Oblast \|51.7 \|49.6 \|12.7 \|16.4 \|5.9 \|8.1 \|2.8 \|2.6 \|4.6 \|8.3 \|- \|Kherson Oblast \|39.1 \|43.2 \|17.4 \|23.0 \|9.8 \|9.0 \|4.8 \|2.5 \|6.8 \|9.1 \|- \|Khmelnytskyi Oblast \|10.0 \|14.1 \|35.6 \|48.2 \|18.3 \|18.4 \|9.2 \|1.7 \|3.1 \|4.0 \|- \|Cherkasy Oblast \|10.7 \|15.5 \|38.3 \|47.0 \|12.2 \|15.3 \|13.4 \|4.3 \|4.4 \|4.9 \|- \|Chernihiv Oblast \|15.6 \|20.7 \|33.9 \|41.9 \|10.3 \|14.9 \|12.9 \|2.9 \|5.5 \|6.7 \|- \|Chernivtsi Oblast \|12.7 \|16.8 \|30.3 \|46.2 \|27.0 \|20.3 \|4.5 \|3.8 \|1.7 \|2.3 \|- \|Kyiv \|11.8 \|15.0 \|39.2 \|46.2 \|15.8 \|15.8 \|5.5 \|1.6 \|3.0 \|4.6 \|- \|Sevastopol \|64.3 \|64.5 \|4.5 \|5.0 \|2.4 \|2.3 \|0.8 \|2.7 \|4.8 \|10.3 \|- \| colspan=11 style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Source: [Central Election Commission of Ukraine (Ukrainian)](http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2007/w6p001.html) \|}
\|- !rowspan=2 \| Major cities ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| PR ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| BYuT ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| OU / UO-PSD ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| SPU ! colspan=2 style=\"text-align:center;\" \| CPU \|- !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 !2006 !2007 \|- !\|Ukraine !32.1 !34.4 !22.3 !30.7 !14.0 !14.2 !5.7 !2.9 !3.7 !5.4 \|- \|Vinnytsia \|10.2 \|13.5 \|40.5 \|54.2 \|17.2 \|14.3 \|8.3 \|2.0 \|3.2 \|4.7 \|- \|Dnipropetrovsk \|41.1 \|43.7 \|16.3 \|22.8 \|6.2 \|6.8 \|3.4 \|1.6 \|4.2 \|7.2 \|- \|Donetsk \|72.6 \|76.0 \|2.7 \|4.5 \|1.8 \|2.0 \|1.0 \|1.3 \|2.9 \|6.8 \|- \|Zhytomyr \|21.2 \|24.5 \|31.2 \|40.0 \|12.9 \|11.5 \|6.1 \|2.1 \|5.1 \|5.8 \|- \|Zaporizhzhia \|44.2 \|50.6 \|14.6 \|19.1 \|6.6 \|5.5 \|2.5 \|1.4 \|5.0 \|8.6 \|- \|Kirovohrad \|18.9 \|26.8 \|39.6 \|42.2 \|7.5 \|8.9 \|5.2 \|2.2 \|5.0 \|5.8 \|- \|Kryvyi Rih \|47.3 \|48.8 \|14.2 \|19.9 \|5.8 \|5.8 \|2.9 \|0.9 \|8.3 \|9.2 \|- \|Luhansk \|70.5 \|67.8 \|5.5 \|7.1 \|2.0 \|2.0 \|0.9 \|1.1 \|3.4 \|8.7 \|- \|L\'viv \|6.5 \|8.4 \|27.7 \|43.6 \|34.4 \|34.1 \|3.0 \|0.9 \|1.5 \|2.4 \|- \|Makiivka \|80.6 \|82.6 \|1.6 \|3.1 \|1.0 \|1.1 \|0.5 \|0.6 \|1.8 \|4.8 \|- \|Mariupol \|56.4 \|42.6 \|1.9 \|3.1 \|1.7 \|1.6 \|18.4 \|42.4 \|3.5 \|4.1 \|- \|Mykolaiv \|55.1 \|59.4 \|10.2 \|13.8 \|4.5 \|4.4 \|1.6 \|1.2 \|3.5 \|6.8 \|- \|Odesa \|44.2 \|52.7 \|13.0 \|15.5 \|6.9 \|6.3 \|4.8 \|3.4 \|2.5 \|7.2 \|- \|Poltava \|25.6 \|26.8 \|33.1 \|41.1 \|11.4 \|10.5 \|4.9 \|1.9 \|4.4 \|6.3 \|- \|Rivne \|10.1 \|12.5 \|32.2 \|48.2 \|19.8 \|20.6 \|8.0 \|1.9 \|2.7 \|3.4 \|- \|Simferopol \|56.0 \|59.0 \|6.5 \|6.9 \|5.2 \|5.8 \|0.9 \|1.1 \|5.2 \|9.2 \|- \|Sumy \|6.9 \|10.8 \|46.7 \|55.8 \|20.9 \|18.1 \|4.1 \|1.2 \|3.4 \|3.7 \|- \|Kharkiv \|49.5 \|45.7 \|14.7 \|18.9 \|6.9 \|8.1 \|1.7 \|2.4 \|3.8 \|8.6 \|- \|Chernihiv \|23.5 \|28.5 \|31.9 \|36.1 \|7.5 \|10.1 \|8.0 \|2.8 \|7.5 \|7.0 \|- \|Chernivtsi \|15.6 \|19.8 \|34.9 \|45.8 \|18.7 \|16.8 \|3.7 \|1.6 \|2.3 \|3.6 \|- \| colspan=11 style=\"text-align:left;\" \|Source: [Central Election Commission of Ukraine (Ukrainian)](http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2007/w6p001.html) \|}
## Government formation {#government_formation}
Following the announcement of preliminary election results, the parties expressed their position on forming the coalition. The Party of Regions announced itself a winner of the election and stated that it started negotiations on forming a ruling coalition. The party did not express the desire to be in opposition. Tymoshenko\'s Bloc advocated a coalition with Our Ukraine and possibly Lytvyn\'s Bloc. Yulia Tymoshenko was strongly against any coalition with the Party of Regions or the Communists. She stated that her Bloc would be in opposition should such a coalition be formed. President Yushchenko has expressed the need for a better relationship between coalition and opposition. This should be achieved by providing the opposition with posts in the parliament and the government. Lytvyn\'s Bloc received proposals from all top parties on forming a coalition. Leaders of the Bloc stated that their decision will be made at the party\'s assembly. Oleksandr Moroz, the leader of the Socialist Party of Ukraine, acknowledged his defeat on 4 October 2007 and supported Tymoshenko\'s bid for premiership.
Yulia Tymoshenko, following the formation of a coalition between the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc and Our Ukraine--People\'s Self-Defense Bloc was subsequently elected prime-minister on 18 December 2007. Her candidacy was supported by the vote of 226 deputies.
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is competent on the condition that no less than two-thirds of its constitutional composition has been elected. This means that if any one of the two largest parties resign en masse, the parliament would lose its authority and fresh elections would be required.
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# 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election
## Parliamentary factions after the elections {#parliamentary_factions_after_the_elections}
After the election various factions were formed in parliament. It was possible for 15 or more deputies to form a parliamentary faction (a lawmaker could join only one faction; the chairman and his two assistants could not head factions of deputies). hence not all parties represented in the Verkhovna Rada had their own faction. Factions are colored raspberry.
- Party of Regions
- Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko -- Fatherland (In November 2010 the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc faction in the Verkhovna Rada was officially renamed Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko -- Fatherland.)
- All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland
- Reforms and Order Party,
- Our Ukraine--People\'s Self-Defense Bloc
- People\'s Union \"Our Ukraine\"
- Christian Democratic Union
- People\'s Self-Defense Political Party (Former Forward, Ukraine!)
- People\'s Movement of Ukraine,
- Ukrainian People\'s Party
- Ukrainian Platform \"Sobor\"
- European Party of Ukraine
- PORA
- Motherland Defenders Party
- Communist Party of Ukraine
- People\'s Party faction (In November 2010 the Lytvyn Bloc faction in the Verkhovna Rada was renamed People\'s Party faction.)
- People\'s Party
### Factions created during the convocation {#factions_created_during_the_convocation}
- Reforms for the Future
### Leaders of factions/groups {#leaders_of_factionsgroups}
- Oleksandr Yefremov (Party of Regions)
- Andriy Kozhemiakin (Bloc of Yulia Tymoshenko - Batkivshchyna)
- Mykola Martynenko (Our Ukraine--People\'s Self-Defense Bloc)
- Petro Symonenko (Communist Party of Ukraine)
- Ihor Sharov (People\'s Party, formerly Bloc of Volodymyr Lytvyn)
- Ihor Rybakov (Reforms for the Future)
### Extra-parliamentary parties representation within the Verkhovna Rada {#extra_parliamentary_parties_representation_within_the_verkhovna_rada}
- Front of Changes (Members were part of the Our Ukraine--People\'s Self-Defense Bloc faction.)
- United Centre (Members were part of the Our Ukraine--People\'s Self-Defense Bloc faction.)
- Communist Party of Workers and Peasants (Chairman Leonid Hrach was expelled from the Communist Party and its faction in the Verkhovna Rada in December 2010)
- Radical Party of Ukraine was represented by Oleh Lyashko (former Fatherland)
- Ukraine -- Forward! (the renamed Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party)
### Parliamentary parties that dissolved or merged during the convocation {#parliamentary_parties_that_dissolved_or_merged_during_the_convocation}
- Strong Ukraine (Strong Ukraine merged with Party of Regions on March 17, 2012; the former members of Strong Ukraine remained part of the People\'s Party faction)
### Faction changes after the 2007 elections {#faction_changes_after_the_2007_elections}
Numerous MPs were removed from their original faction after the 2007 election; several left their (original) faction to join another faction in October 2010. From 2006 till October 2010 this was not allowed because of the (so-called) \"imperative mandate\".
In November 2010 the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc faction was officially renamed "Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko-Batkivschyna". and the Bloc of Lytvyn faction was renamed People\'s Party faction. On February 16, 2011 a new parliamentary faction \"Reforms for the Future\" was created. The parliament elected in the following election on 28 October 2012 was appointed and started its tasks six weeks after the elections on 12 December 2012. The parliament elected in 2007 convened on 6 December 2012 for the last time
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# Margaret Bayard Smith
**Margaret Bayard Smith** (20 February 1778 -- 7 June 1844) was an American writer and political commentator in the early Republic of the United States, a time when women generally lived within strict gender roles. Her writings and relationships shaped both politics and society in the capital of early Washington, DC. Her literary reputation is based primarily on a collection of her letters and notebooks written from 1800 to 1841, and published posthumously in 1906 as *The First Forty Years of Washington Society*, edited by Gaillard Hunt.
Smith began writing books in the 1820s: a two-volume novel in 1824 called *A Winter in Washington, or Memoirs of the Seymour Family,* and *What is Gentility?* (1825). She also wrote several biographical profiles, including one of her close friend Dolley Madison for the *National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans*, published in 1836.
## Early life {#early_life}
Margaret Bayard was born on 20 February 1778 in rural Pennsylvania, the seventh of eight children born to Colonel John Bubenheim Bayard (1738--1807) and the former Margaret Hodge (1740--1780). At the time of her birth during the Revolutionary War, her father was serving with George Washington at Valley Forge. One of her first cousins was Rev. Charles Hodge (1797--1878). Her mother died in 1780, when Margaret was a toddler. Her father remarried to Mary (née Grant) Hodgson (d. 1785), a widow of John Hodgson of South Carolina. She died in 1785. John Bayard married again to Johannah White (d. 1834), sister of General Anthony Walton White (1750--1803).
Margaret Bayard was educated at a Moravian boarding school in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. She later \"read widely in the classics, sciences, and literature while living with a married sister in New Brunswick, New Jersey.\" Their father and stepmother had also settled in New Brunswick; he was elected as mayor in 1790.
Her father\'s twin brother, Dr. James Asheton Bayard (1738--1770), married her mother\'s sister, Ann Hodge. They had three children together, but both parents died when the children were young. The three orphans were raised by John and Margaret Bayard, and were part of their large household. One was James A. Bayard. He later became a lawyer and politician.
## Marriage and family {#marriage_and_family}
At age 22, Margaret Bayard married Samuel Harrison Smith (1772--1845), her second cousin, on 29 September 1800. That year they moved to Washington, DC, the new capital where the government had relocated. Soon after the birth of their first child in 1801, the family bought a farm, Turkey Thicket, three miles from town (land that is now part of Catholic University). They renamed the farm Sidney. Together, they were the parents of:
- Julia Harrison Smith (b. 1801)
- Susan Harrison Smith (b. 1804)
- Jonathan Bayard Harrison Smith (1810--1889). He became a lawyer in the capital and married Henrietta Elizabeth Henley in 1842, daughter of Com. John Dandridge Henley.
- Anna Maria Harrison Smith (b. 1811)
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# Margaret Bayard Smith
## Career
Samuel Smith was already a well-known editor and publisher who befriended Thomas Jefferson when they both acted as officers of the American Philosophical Society, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania when it served as the temporary capital.
After moving to Washington in 1800, Margaret Smith and her husband became quickly part of the political and social elite, a political power couple. Samuel Smith established the first newspaper in Washington City, the *Daily Intelligencer.* When Jefferson took office as president, his administration awarded Smith a government contract to print the House of Representatives\' *Journal.* Margaret Smith\'s ability to write about her observations made her an ideal partner for her husband. She often wrote for the *Intelligencer* and other publications, most often anonymously, but sometimes under her own name.
As a woman, her role in the new republic was expected to be exclusively domestic. Margaret Smith used this expectation to her advantage by quickly immersing herself in Washington life: befriending local families and politicians, and strengthening her relationships with previous acquaintances. Doris Kearns Goodwin\'s history of Abraham Lincoln and his cabinet showed how important women were to political life in Washington. Most notably, the Smith couple became frequent guests at the Jefferson White House. Margaret Smith used her nearly unlimited access to political figures and inside knowledge of Washington to become an authority on Washington politics and the shaping of the new republic.
She wrote numerous letters to her sisters, and sisters-in-law, which are considered insightful about the political landscape of Washington. Her letters were the first step in establishing herself as a legitimate political thinker. The information in her letters was later published in the *Richmond Enquirer* and finally collected in a 1906 memoir under her name, which was edited and published posthumously. It was more a political and social exploration of Washington than a description of her own life.
Her skill and enduring legacy is expressed in her writings on presidents Thomas Jefferson and on James Madison in the summer of 1809, during the first year of his presidency. She was aware of the state of the nation and understood that the citizenry was in need of reassurance regarding the president\'s leadership. Her commentary during her summer trip firmly established Jefferson\'s legacy as president, as well as shaping his image as \"the Sage of Monticello.\" While visiting Montpelier, the Virginia home of James and Dolley Madison, Smith keenly observed Dolley\'s hospitality and her political performance as the wife of the President. The ease of Dolley\'s entertaining became her trademark, and Smith wrote about it in great detail.
Margaret Bayard Smith reassured the public through her writings that the government was in good hands. She accomplished this at a time when most women were confined to more domestic roles.
## Death
Margaret Bayard Smith died on 7 June 1844.
### Descendants
Through her son, Margaret Bayard Smith was the grandmother of John Henley Smith (c. 1844--1907), who married Rebecca Young; Samuel Harrison Smith, who married Alice Hall; and Bayard Thornton Smith (b. 1857), who married Eleanor J. Hyde (d. 1929) (the daughter of George Hyde (1819--1890), an early settler elected in 1882 as the Alcalde of San Francisco)
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# Sebastian Siedler
**Sebastian Siedler** (born 18 January 1978 in Leipzig) is a former racing cyclist from Germany, who last rode for UCI Continental team `{{UCI team code|VOL|2010}}`{=mediawiki}. He had a successful track career prior to turning to road bicycle racing, winning Team Pursuit at the 2000 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Manchester. He turned professional in 2004 with Team Wiesenhof, and spent two seasons there before moving to Team Milram for two seasons. Siedler joined `{{UCI team code|VOL|2009}}`{=mediawiki} at the start of the 2009 season. He rode in the 2006 Vuelta a España, finishing 127th overall
| 98 |
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| 0 |
11,060,686 |
# Carl Ernst Bock
**Carl Ernst Bock** (February 21, 1809 -- February 19, 1874) was a German physician and anatomist.
Born in Leipzig to anatomist Carl August Bock, he studied at the University of Leipzig, where he earned his doctorate in 1831. During the November Uprising in Poland, he served as a hospital physician for both the Polish and Russian armies. On returning to Leipzig in 1832 he became a private lecturer, and in 1837 was appointed to preside over autopsies at Leipzig\'s hospital. In 1839 he was appointed extraordinary professor of pathological anatomy, and in 1850 became head of the university\'s clinical department.
In addition to his writings on anatomical and surgical matters, in his later years Bock wrote numerous essays and books on public health. These were written in clear and strident language and addressed to a popular audience, often as essays in Ernst Keil\'s family magazine *Die Gartenlaube*
| 151 |
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| 0 |
11,060,692 |
# Front for Democracy and the Republic
The **Front for Democracy and the Republic** (*\'\'\'Front pour la démocratie et la république\'\'\'*) is an opposition coalition in Mali that fought the presidential election on 29 April 2007 and the parliamentary election of 1 July and 22 July 2007. The FDR is an umbrella organisation, bringing together 16 independent political parties and groups. It rejected the official results of the election, according to which incumbent president Amadou Toumani Touré won with about 71% of the vote, and alleged fraud, unsuccessfully asking the Constitutional Court to annul the election. On 19 May, the leading FDR candidate, National Assembly president Ibrahim Boubacar Kéita, said that the group would abide by the court\'s decision to confirm Touré\'s victory and would concentrate on the July 2007 parliamentary election.
Of the eight candidates who fought the presidential election, four were affiliated with the FDR alliance:
- Ibrahim Boubacar Kéita (RPM)
- Tiébilé Dramé (PARENA)
- Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga (Convergence 2007)
- Mamadou Blaise Sangaré (Social Democratic Convention)
The parties and other organisations were:
- Rally for Mali (RPM)
- Party for National Rebirth (PARENA)
- Social Democratic Convention (CDS-Mogotiguiya)
- Concertation démocratique
- COPP
- DPM
- Faso
- MPDD
- PARI
- PER
- PRDDM
- RDR
- RDT
- RJP
- Convergence 2007
- ADJ
In the July 2007 parliamentary election, the FDR won a total of 15 out of 147 seats: 11 for the RPM and four for PARENA
| 245 |
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| 0 |
11,060,698 |
# Carl Bock (explorer)
**Carl Alfred Bock** (`{{IPA|no|ˈbuːk}}`{=mediawiki}; 17 September 1849 -- 10 August 1932) was a Norwegian government official, author, naturalist and explorer.
## Biography
Bock was born in Copenhagen, Denmark when his parents were traveling on business. He was the son of merchant and factory owner Carl Henirich Bock (1812--1877) and Regitze Hansen (1826--1900). His parents had a cotton factory in Sweden. He grew up in Kristiansand and attended Kristiansand Cathedral School. He continued his education at Christiansfeld in Sønderjylland, Denmark. Later he studied zoology and natural sciences in London, England.
Bock served for six years at the Norwegian-Swedish Foreign Consulate at the seaport of Grimsby, England before he came to London in 1875. He obtained private funding, especially from Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale for a journey of discovery to Sumatra and Borneo from 1878 to 1879 under authority of Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge, Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. With the support of the King Chulalongkorn, he traveled in 1881 around the interior of Siam and Laos.
In 1886, he joined the joint Swedish-Norwegian Foreign Consulate Service. He was Norwegian-Swedish vice-consul at Shanghai in 1886 and in 1893 consul general in Shanghai. From 1899 to 1900, he was consul in Antwerp and 1900--1903 Consul General in Lisbon. He left the Foreign Consulate Service in 1903 and settled in Brussels.
He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (*Videnskapsselskapet i Kristiania*) and was a knight, first class of the Order of St. Olav. His large collection of artifacts from Thailand and Indonesia is now kept principally at the British Museum in London.
A species of snake, *Atractus bocki*, is named in his honor.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *Descriptions of two new Species of Shells from China and Japan* (1878).
- *List of Land and Freshwater. Shells collected in Sumatra and Borneo, with Descriptions of new Species* (1881).
- *The Head Hunters of Borneo; A Narrative of Travel up the Mahakkam and Down the Barito; Also, Journeyings in Sumatra* (1882).
- *Temples and Elephants: The Narrative of a Journey of Exploration Through Upper Siam and Lao* (1884)
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# Mexican National Trios Championship
The **Mexican National Trios Championship** (*Campeonato Nacional de Tríos* in Spanish) is a three-man tag team professional wrestling championship, sanctioned by the \"Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F.\" (*Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission*), which oversees all matches where the championship is defended. Since its creation in 1985 the championship has been promoted by several major Mexican wrestling promotions, Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) and is currently promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL, formerly EMLL). The change from promotion to promotion was approved by the commission if the trios champions left one promotion to work for the other. As it is a professional wrestling championship, it is not won or lost competitively, but instead by the decision of the bookers of a wrestling promotion. The title is awarded to a team after the team \"wins\" a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport. All title matches take place under two-out-of-three falls rules.
In the early 1980s the six-man tag team match became very popular in Mexico, to the point where that match format is the most prevalent format in *Lucha Libre* today. The Universal Wrestling Association created the UWA World Trios Championship in 1984 and the Boxing and Wrestling Commission created the Mexican National Trios Championship in 1985, making it only the second Trios championship in Mexico. Control of the championship was given to EMLL, the UWA\'s main rival at the time, with the commission retaining oversight and approval of the championship matches. In 1993 then champions *Los Infernales* (\"The Infernal Ones\"; MS-1, Pirata Morgan, and El Satánico) left EMLL to join AAA, taking the trios championship with them after approval by the commission. In the late 1990s the championship was not promoted on a regular basis by AAA and appeared inactive until the champions, Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera, and El Signo, joined CMLL in 2001 and lost the championship to a CMLL team. From that point forward the championship has been controlled by CMLL once more.
The current Mexican National Trios Champions are *Los Viajeros Del Espacios* (Futuro, Hombre Bala Jr. and Max Star), who are in their first reign as a team and individually. They defeated *Los Indestructibles* (Apolcalipsis, Cholo and Disturbio) at *CMLL Martes De Arena Mexico* on July 9, 2024 in Mexico City, Mexico; they are the 46th overall champions. *Los Reyes de la Atlantida* hold the record for most reigns as a team, with three reigns in total, while Atlantis, Delta and Volador Jr. holds the individual record with four reigns each.
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# Mexican National Trios Championship
## History
With the emergence of trios (tag teams consisting of three people) such as *Los Misioneros de la Muerte*, *Los Brazos* and more, the six-man tag team match became increasingly popular in the early 1980s. Its popularity led to the trios format becoming the most prevalent match format in *Lucha libre* to this day. The popularity led to the creation of the first trios championship in Mexico when the Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) created the UWA World Trios Championship in 1984. The Mexican National Trios Championship was created in 1985, at the request of Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) and endorsed by the Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission. The commission granted EMLL the rights to promote the championship, which meant that CMLL had control over the everyday use of the championship, determining which storylines the title were being used in, who were allowed to challenge for the title and how to use it in a public relations sense. The Commission would oversee the rule and approves any championship change that EMLL proposed.
The finals of the tournament to crown the first champions saw *Los Infernales* (\"The Infernal Ones\"; the team of MS-1, Pirata Morgan, and El Satánico) defeat *Los Brazos* (\"The Arms\"; El Brazo, Brazo de Oro, and Brazo de Plata) to become the first champions. *Los Brazos* would win the championship 9 months later but only hold them for a short while. In February 1986 *Los Brazos* became the first team to hold the title twice as they defeated Dos Caras, Villano III, and Villano IV for the championship. EMLL rebranded themselves \"Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\" (\"World Wrestling Council\") in 1991 and created the CMLL World Trios Championship but also kept the rights to the Mexican National Trios Championship. In 1992 Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) was formed by a group of officials and wrestlers who broke away from CMLL. The then-reigning champions Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000, and Universo 2000 left CMLL to join AAA and brought the Mexican National Trios Championship with them as it was not a CMLL owned title. The Commission granted AAA the right to control the title from 1992 on, later on when AAA began working with Promotora Mexicana de Lucha Libre (PROMELL) both promotions were allowed used the Trios title by the commission. In 1996 AAA and PROMELL stopped working together and the title was vacated. PROMELL was granted the right to promote the title from that point on and held a tournament to crown new champions. Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera, and El Signo won the tournament and would go on to hold the titles for 1,728 days, although for the majority of the time the three did not team up and the Trios championship was inactive. In 2001 the trio worked a couple of matches for CMLL, just long enough for them to lose the championship to Mr. Niebla, Olímpico, and Safari, bringing the championship back under CMLL\'s control, where it has remained ever since.
On June 13, 2003 a championship match between champions *La Familia de Tijuana* (Nicho el Millonario, Damián 666, and Halloween) and *Los Nuevo Infernales* (Sátanico, Averno, and Mephisto), ended with *La Familia* being disqualified. The disqualification meant that the titles would change hands, but *Los Nuevo Infernales* refused to win the championship in such a manner. A rematch was set up for June 20, but Nicho el Millonario did not show up for the match. CMLL held an eight-team tournament to determine the next championship trio, ending with El Felino, Safari and Volador Jr. become the 23rd Trios champions. In 2010 Máscara Dorada teamed up with Stuka Jr., and Metro to win the Trios championship, making Dorada a quadruple champion as he also held the CMLL World Super Lightweight Championship, CMLL World Trios Championship, and the CMLL World Welterweight Championship at the time. In November, 2010 Dorada suffered a knee injury and relinquished his portion of the Mexican National Trios Championship. Delta was selected as his replacement via a fan vote, but the team lost the trios championship in the first defense against the team of Ángel de Oro, Diamante (who were the other two options for Dorada\'s replacement) and Rush.
## Rules
The title is a \"National\" title which means that non-Mexican citizens are prohibited from challenging or holding the championship. As it is a professional wrestling championship, it is not won legitimately; it is instead won via a scripted ending to a match. The fact that the championship is a \"trios\" championship means that it is restricted to Tag teams with three members. The championship is generally not allowed to be defended in any other type of match than a regular match, as is the case for all the Mexican National titles. The commission has been inconsistent on enforcing the rules, in one case they stripped Psicosis of the Mexican National Middleweight Championship for defending it in a hardcore match, in another case they allowed the Mexican National Heavyweight Championship to change hands in a Steel cage match. On occasion single fall title matches have taken place, for example when promoting CMLL title matches in Japan, conforming to the traditions of the local promotion.
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