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# Proto-Oceanic language
## Lexicon
From the mid-1990s to 2023, reconstructing the lexicon of Proto-Oceanic was the object of the *Oceanic Lexicon Project*, run by scholars Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross and Meredith Osmond. This encyclopedic project produced 6 volumes altogether, all available in open access.
In addition, Robert Blust also includes Proto-Oceanic in his *Austronesian Comparative Dictionary* (abbr. ACD).
### Animal names {#animal_names}
Selected reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms of various animals from Blust\'s ACD:
Fishes
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Common name !! Scientific name \|- \| \*bubu₇ \|\| triggerfish \|\| *Balistes* sp. \|- \| \*sumu \|\| triggerfish \|\| Balistidae \|- \| \*sulik \|\| a fish, the fusilier \|\| Caesionidae sp. \|- \| \*tipi-tipi \|\| butterflyfish \|\| *Chaetodon* spp. \|- \| \*taŋapa \|\| wrasse \|\| *Cheilinus* spp. \|- \| \*bolo bolo \|\| small dark surgeonfish \|\| possibly *Ctenochaetus* \|- \| \*komi \|\| suckerfish / remora \|\| *Echeneis naucrates*; hold on by biting \|- \| \*kamaRi \|\| a fish, the rainbow runner \|\| *Elagatis bipinnulata* \|- \| \*piRu-piRu \|\| sailfish \|\| Istiophoridae \|- \| \*kulabo \|\| a fish \|\| Lethrinidae spp. \|- \| \*sabutu; \*surup₂; \*susul₁; \*kasika \|\| a fish, the emperor \|\| *Lethrinus* spp. \|- \| \*tasiwa \|\| sea perch \|\| *Lutjanus* sp. \|- \| \*pu-pulan \|\| a white fish, the tarpon; herring \|\| *Megalops cyprinoides* \|- \| \*tiqo \|\| goatfish \|\| family Mullidae \|- \| \*mwanoRe \|\| unicornfish \|\| *Naso unicornis* \|- \| \*taRa \|\| short snouted unicornfish \|\| *Naso* spp. \|- \| \*lau \|\| a fish, the banded sweetlips \|\| *Plectorhinchus* spp. \|- \| \*lio-lio \|\| brown triggerfish \|\| *Pseudobalistes fuscus* \|- \| \*kitoŋ \|\| rabbitfish \|\| *Siganus punctatus* (family Siganidae) \|- \| \*palaja \|\| rabbitfish \|\| *Siganus* sp. \|- \| \*takua \|\| yellowfin tuna \|\| *Thunnus albacares* \|- \| \*piRa₂ \|\| sailfin tang \|\| *Zebrasoma veliferum* \|}
Birds
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Common name !! Scientific name \|- \| \*pusiRa \|\| starling \|\| *Aplonis* spp. \|- \| \*kaRa \|\| male eclectus parrot \|\| *Eclectus roratus* \|- \| \*kao \|\| heron \|\| probably *Egretta* sp. \|- \| \*kiki₁ \|\| kingfisher \|\| *Halcyon* spp. \|- \| \*kikau, \*kipau \|\| Bismarck scrub fowl \|\| *Megapodius eremita* \|- \| \*sau \|\| a bird, the Golden Whistler \|\| *Pachycephala* spp. \|- \| \*takere \|\| a bird, the fantail \|\| *Rhipidura* sp. \|- \| \*bune \|\| fruit dove \|\| probably *Treron* spp. \|- \| \*pwirip \|\| parrot \|\| probably *Trichoglossus* sp. \|}
Other animals
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Common name !! Scientific name \|- \| \*poñu \|\| the green turtle \|\| *Chelonia mydas* \|- \| \*kasi \|\| to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell \|\| *Asaphis* spp. \|- \| \*buliq₁ \|\| cowrie shell \|\| *Cypraea mauritiana* \|- \| \*sapulu \|\| bivalve mollusc \|\| possibly *Pinna* sp. \|}
| 464 |
Proto-Oceanic language
| 1 |
11,068,520 |
# Proto-Oceanic language
## Lexicon
### Plant names {#plant_names}
#### Pawley and Ross (2006) {#pawley_and_ross_2006}
Reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms for horticulture and food plants (other than coconuts):
Tubers and their culture:
```{=html}
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: {\| `{{table}}`{=mediawiki}
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*mwapo(q) \|\| taro (possibly all Araceae) \|- \| \*talo(s) \|\| taro, *Colocasia esculenta* \|- \| \*piRaq \|\| giant taro, elephant ear taro, *Alocasia macrorrhiza* \|- \| \*bulaka \|\| swamp taro, *Cyrtosperma merkusii* \|- \| \*kamwa \|\| kind of wild taro (?) \|- \| \*qupi \|\| greater yam, *Dioscorea alata*; yam (generic) \|- \| \*pwatik \|\| potato yam, aerial yam, *Dioscorea bulbifera* \|- \| \*(s,j)uli(q) \|\| banana or taro sucker, slip, cutting, shoot (i.e. propagation material) \|- \| \*wasi(n) \|\| taro stem (used for planting) \|- \| \*bwaŋo \|\| new leaves or shoots, or taro tops for planting \|- \| \*up(e,a) \|\| taro seedling \|- \| \*pasoq\[-i\] \|\| to plant (tubers) \|- \| \*kotiŋ \|\| to cut off taro tops \|}
Bananas:
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: {\| `{{table}}`{=mediawiki}
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*pudi \|\| banana, *Musa* cultivars \|- \| \*joRaga \|\| banana, *Australimusa* group \|- \| \*sakup \|\| kind of cooking banana: long with white flesh (presumably *Eumusa* group) \|}
Other food plants:
```{=html}
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```
: {\| `{{table}}`{=mediawiki}
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*topu \|\| sugar cane, *Saccharum officinarum* \|- \| \*pijo \|\| a kind of edible wild cane or a reed, *Saccharum spontaneum* \|- \| \*\[ka\]timun \|\| cucurbit (generic); cucumber, *Cucumis sativus* \|- \| \*laqia \|\| ginger, *Zingiber officinale* \|- \| \*yaŋo \|\| turmeric, *Curcuma longa* \|- \| \*kuluR \|\| breadfruit, *Artocarpus altilis* \|- \| \*baReqo \|\| breadfruit fruit (?) \|- \| \*padran \|\| pandanus (generic); coastal pandanus, *Pandanus tectorius* \|- \| \*kiRe \|\| coastal pandanus, *Pandanus tectorius* \|- \| \*pakum \|\| *Pandanus dubius* \|- \| \*ima \|\| kind of pandanus with useful leaves \|- \| \*Rabia \|\| sago, *Metroxylon* spp., mainly *Metroxylon sagu* \|- \| \*sag(u) \|\| sago starch \|- \| \*qatop \|\| sago fronds, thatch \|- \| \*talise \|\| Java almond, Indian almond, *Terminalia catappa* \|- \| \*qipi \|\| Tahitian chestnut, Pacific chestnut, *Inocarpus fagifer* \|- \| \*\[ka\]ŋaRi \|\| canarium almond, *Canarium* spp. \|- \| \*molis \|\| citrus fruit or citrus-like fruit \|- \| \*pau(q) \|\| mango, probably *Mangifera indica* \|- \| \*wai, \*waiwai \|\| mango (generic) \|- \| \*kapika \|\| Malay apple and rose apple, *Eugenia* spp. \|- \| \*ñonum \|\| *Morinda citrifolia* \|- \| \*tawan \|\| *Pometia pinnata* \|- \| \*wasa \|\| edible greens, *Abelmoschus manihot* \|- \| \*m(w)asoku \|\| wild cinnamon, *Cinnamomum* spp. \|- \| \*quRis \|\| Polynesian plum, hog plum, Tahitian apple, *Spondias cytherea* \|- \| \*ñatu(q) \|\| kind of tree with avocado-like fruit and hard wood, *Burckella obovata* \|- \| \*raqu(p) \|\| New Guinea walnut, *Dracontomelon dao* \|- \| \*buaq \|\| areca palm, *Areca catechu* \|}
Gardening practices:
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```
: {\| `{{table}}`{=mediawiki}
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*quma \|\| garden \|- \| \*tanoq \|\| soil, earth \|- \| \*poki \|\| to clear ground for planting \|- \| \*sara \|\| to dig a hole \|- \| \*tanum\[-i\] \|\| to plant \|}
| 520 |
Proto-Oceanic language
| 2 |
11,068,520 |
# Proto-Oceanic language
## Lexicon
### Plant names {#plant_names}
#### Ross (2008) {#ross_2008}
Reconstructed plant terms from Malcolm Ross (2008):
Proto-Oceanic plant terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian or Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (65 reconstructions)
```{=html}
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```
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*\[a\]ñuliŋ \|\| *Pisonia* sp. \|- \| \*aRu \|\| a shore tree, *Casuarina equisetifolia* \|- \| \*bai-bai(t) \|\| a cycad, *Cycas rumphii* \|- \| \*\[baR\]baR \|\| coral tree, *Erythrina variegata* \|- \| \*bitu(ŋ) \|\| bamboo sp. \|- \| \*botu(ŋ) \|\| large bamboo, presumably *Bambusa* sp. \|- \| \*buaq \|\| betelnut, areca nut, palm, *Areca catechu* \|- \| \*drokol \|\| small *Dillenia* sp. \|- \| \*droRu(ŋ) \|\| *Trema orientalis* \|- \| \*guRu(n) \|\| sword grass, *Imperata cylindrica* \|- \| \*\[ja\]latoŋ \|\| *Laportea* and *Dendrocnide* spp. \|- \| \*kanawa(n) \|\| *Cordia subcordata* \|- \| \*\[ka\]tim(o,u)n \|\| *Cucumis* spp. (generic?); cucumber, *Cucumis sativus* \|- \| \*kati(p)al \|\| a palm with black wood, *Caryota* sp. \|- \| \*kayu \|\| tree or shrub: generic name for plants with woody stems and branches, probably not including palms or tree-ferns; wood, stick \|- \| \*kiRe \|\| coastal *Pandanus* sp., probably *Pandanus tectorius* \|- \| \*kulapu(R) \|\| *Dillenia schlechteri* \|- \| \*kuluR \|\| breadfruit, *Artocarpus altilis* \|- \| \*laqia \|\| ginger, *Zingiber officinale* (?) \|- \| \*m(ʷ)aso(q)u \|\| wild cinnamon, *Cinnamomum* sp., probably *Cinnamomum xanthoneuron*; possibly also *Cananga odorata* \|- \| \*malo \|\| paper mulberry, *Broussonetia papyrifera*; barkcloth, loincloth \|- \| \*naRa \|\| *Pterocarpus indicus* \|- \| \*ñatuq \|\| *Burckella obovata* \|- \| \*nini(q) \|\| shrub, *Donax cannaeformis* \|- \| \*nipaq \|\| *Nypa fruticans* \|- \| \*niuR \|\| coconut palm and/or fruit, *Cocos nucifera* \|- \| \*nunuk \|\| fig trees, *Ficus* taxon \|- \| \*ŋiRac \|\| *Pemphis acidula* \|- \| \*p(ʷ)atoRu \|\| a cycad, *Cycas rumphii* \|- \| \*padran \|\| coastal pandanus, *Pandanus tectorius*; pandanus (generic) \|- \| \*pali\[s,j\]i \|\| generic term for grasses and other grass-like plants \|- \| \*(p,b)anaRo \|\| *Thespesia populnea* \|- \| \*para(k) \|\| Zingiberaceae spp. with edible rhizomes \|- \| \*paRu \|\| *Hibiscus tiliaceus* \|- \| \*pila(q)u \|\| *Casuarina equisetifolia* \|- \| \*pinu(q)an \|\| *Macaranga* spp., perhaps *Macaranga involucrata* \|- \| \*piRaq \|\| giant taro, elephant ear taro, *Alocasia macrorrhizos* \|- \| \*piRu(q) \|\| fan palm, *Licuala* sp. \|- \| \*pitaquR \|\| *Calophyllum inophyllum* \|- \| \*pudi \|\| banana, *Musa* cultivars \|- \| \*\[pu-\]pulu \|\| betel pepper, *Piper betle* \|- \| \*puna \|\| vine used for fish poison, probably *Derris elliptica* \|- \| \*putun \|\| *Barringtonia asiatica* \|- \| \*qa(l,R)a \|\| *Ficus* sp. \|- \| \*qaramʷaqi \|\| *Pipturus argenteus* \|- \| \*qasam \|\| fern used for tying and binding, *Lygodium circinnatum* \|- \| \*(qate-)qate \|\| *Wedelia biflora* \|- \| \*qauR \|\| bamboo spp. \|- \| \*qipil \|\| a taxon of hardwood trees including *Intsia bijuga* and *Casuarina equisetifolia* \|- \| \*qu(w)e \|\| rattan, *Calamus* spp. \|- \| \*qupi \|\| greater yam, *Dioscorea alata*: yam (generic) \|- \| \*Rabia \|\| sago, *Metroxylon* spp., mainly *Metroxylon sagu* (syn. *Metroxylon rumphii*) \|- \| \*raqu(p) \|\| New Guinea walnut, *Dracontomelon dao* \|- \| \*rarap \|\| coral tree, *Erythrina* spp. \|- \| \*talise \|\| *Terminalia catappa* \|- \| \*talo(s) \|\| taro, *Colocasia esculenta* \|- \| \*toŋoR \|\| mangrove, *Bruguiera* spp.; mangroves (generic) \|- \| \*topu \|\| sugarcane, *Saccharum officinarum* \|- \| \*toRas \|\| a taxon of hardwood trees including *Intsia bijuga* (?) \|- \| \*tui \|\| *Dolichandrone spathacea* \|- \| \*tupa \|\| climbing shrubs, *Derris* spp. \|- \| \*wai, \*waiwai \|\| mango (generic) \|- \| \*walasi \|\| tree sp. with poisonous sap, *Semecarpus forstenii* \|- \| \*waR\[e\] \|\| *Flagellaria indica* \|- \| \*waRoc \|\| generic term for vines and creepers, plants with creeping or climbing growth structure; string, rope \|}
Proto-Oceanic plant terms inherited from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (11 reconstructions)
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! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*\[bual\]bual \|\| species of palm used for making spears and bows; palm-wood spear or bow, probably *Caryota* sp. \|- \| \*dalo \|\| *Calophyllum inophyllum* \|- \| \*dradrap \|\| *Hoya* sp. \|- \| \*ima \|\| *Pandanus* sp. with useful leaves \|- \| \*jasi \|\| *Cordia subcordata* \|- \| \*kai(k) \|\| *Albizia* sp. \|- \| \*\[ka\]ŋaRi \|\| canarium almond, *Canarium indicum* \|- \| \*lowaŋa \|\| *Litsea* sp. \|- \| \*pail \|\| *Falcataria moluccana* \|- \| \*pau(q) \|\| mango, *Mangifera* sp. (not *Mangifera indica*) \|- \| \*Reqi \|\| sword grass, *Imperata cylindrica* \|}
Proto-Oceanic plant terms inherited from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (4 reconstructions)
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: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*na\[su\]-nasu \|\| *Scaevola taccada* \|- \| \*qayawan \|\| *Ficus*, strangler fig taxon \|- \| \*tawan \|\| *Pometia pinnata* \|- \| \*tuRi-tuRi \|\| candlenut tree, *Aleurites moluccanus* (?) \|}
Reconstructed terms with no external cognates
```{=html}
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```
Proto-Oceanic plant terms with no known non-Oceanic cognates (97 reconstructions)
```{=html}
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```
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
| 797 |
Proto-Oceanic language
| 3 |
11,068,520 |
# Proto-Oceanic language
## Lexicon
### Plant names {#plant_names}
#### Ross (2008) {#ross_2008}
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*ba(k,g)a \|\| banyan tree, medium-sized *Ficus* spp., not stranglers \|- \| \*babak \|\| *Falcataria moluccana* \|- \| \*bala \|\| taxon including various *Euodia* spp. (?) \|- \| \*baqun \|\| banana cultivar \|- \| \*baReko \|\| breadfruit \|- \| \*bau \|\| hardwood taxon \|- \| \*bele \|\| *Abelmoschus manihot* \|- \| \*beta \|\| breadfruit \|- \| \*biRi-biRi \|\| *Hernandia nymphaefolia* \|- \| \*bosi \|\| a forest tree with white wood, probably *Euodia elleryana* \|- \| \*bou \|\| *Fagraea* spp. \|- \| \*bulu \|\| *Garcinia* sp., perhaps *Garcinia novo-guineensis* \|- \| \*b(ʷ)ala \|\| tree fern, *Cycas* or *Cyathea* sp. \|- \| \*bʷau \|\| bamboo \|- \| \*bʷele \|\| bamboo sp. \|- \| \*bʷera \|\| *Musa* cultivar \|- \| \*drala \|\| shrub sp., *Vitex trifolia* \|- \| \*(dr,d)aRa(q,k)a \|\| wild nutmeg, *Myristica* sp. \|- \| \*i(u)bu \|\| *Corynocarpus cribbianus* \|- \| \*iguRa \|\| *Ficus* sp. with sandpapery leaves, either *Ficus copiosa* or *Ficus wassa* or both \|- \| \*ipi \|\| Tahitian chestnut, *Inocarpus fagifer* \|- \| \*jajal \|\| croton, *Codiaeum variegatum* \|- \| \*jamaR \|\| *Commersonia bartramia* \|- \| \*jiRi \|\| taxon consisting of *Cordyline fruticosa* and *Dracaena angustifolia* \|- \| \*joRaga \|\| banana, Fei (?) cultivars \|- \| \*ka(mʷa)-kamʷa \|\| *Ficus* sp., perhaps *Ficus nodosa* \|- \| \*ka\[(r,l)a\]qabusi \|\| *Acalypha* spp. \|- \| \*kalaka \|\| *Planchonella* sp. \|- \| \*kapika \|\| Malay apple, rose apple, *Syzygium malaccense* \|- \| \*karagʷam \|\| seaweed, seagrass \|- \| \*kaRi(q)a \|\| taxon of decorative plants \|- \| \*kaRi(q)ana \|\| *Pandanus lamekotensis* \|- \| \*kayu qone \|\| *Heritiera littoralis* \|- \| \*koka \|\| *Macaranga* spp. \|- \| \*koma(r,R)(o,u) \|\| *Endospermum* sp. \|- \| \*kopu \|\| *bamboo* sp. \|- \| \*koRa \|\| wild mango, *Mangifera minor* \|- \| \*kurat \|\| the dye produced from *Morinda citrifolia* \|- \| \*m(ʷ)ase \|\| wild mulberry, paper mulberry, *Broussonetia papyrifera* \|- \| \*ma(i)tagaR(a) \|\| *Kleinhovia hospita* \|- \| \*mapuqan \|\| *Flueggea flexuosa* (?) \|- \| \*maqota \|\| *Dysoxylum* spp. \|- \| \*maRakita \|\| the putty nut, probably *Parinari laurina* and *Parinari glaberrima* \|- \| \*maRako \|\| *Trichospermum peekelii* \|- \| \*mari(a)sapa \|\| *Syzygium* sp. \|- \| \*molis \|\| citrus fruit or citrus-like fruit, perhaps *Clymenia polyandra* \|- \| \*mʷala(q)u \|\| *Glochidion philippicum* \|- \| \*mʷalak (?) \|\| spider lily, *Crinum asiaticum* \|- \| \*mʷaña \|\| *Pandanus* sp., perhaps *Pandanus conoideus* \|- \| \*mʷapo(q) \|\| taro, *Colocasia esculenta* \|- \| \*mʷaruqe \|\| *Dioscorea* sp. or perhaps a cultivar of *Dioscorea alata* \|- \| \*nipus \|\| *Cryptocarya* sp. \|- \| \*ñoñu \|\| *Morinda citrifolia* \|- \| \*olaŋa \|\| *Campnosperma brevipetiolatum* \|- \| \*pakum \|\| *Pandanus dubius* \|- \| \*pala(ŋ) \|\| cut nut, bush nut, *Barringtonia novae-hiberniae* (green variety?) \|- \| \*paliaRua \|\| a vine, *Merremia peltata* \|- \| \*paqo \|\| *Heliconia* sp. \|- \| \*paqu \|\| *Kleinhovia hospita* \|- \| \*pasa(r,R) \|\| *Vitex cofassus* \|- \| \*pesi \|\| a coastal forest tree, perhaps *Pongamia pinnata* \|- \| \*pi(y)uŋ \|\| *Miscanthus floridulus* \|- \| \*pijo \|\| cane or reed taxon, including *Saccharum spontaneum* \|- \| \*poipoi \|\| *Pandanus* sp., perhaps *Pandanus tectorius* \|- \| \*poka(q) \|\| variety of Malay apple \|- \| \*(p,b)oso \|\| kind of *taro* \|- \| \*puRe \|\| taxon of beach creepers; perhaps prototypically *Ipomoea grandiflora* and *Ipomoea pes-caprae* \|- \| \*pʷa(k,g)e \|\| kind of green vegetable (?) \|- \| \*pʷabosi \|\| free-standing small or medium-sized *Ficus* sp., probably *Ficus wassa* \|- \| \*p(ʷ)asa(r,R) \|\| large *Pandanus* sp. \|- \| \*pʷatika \|\| potato yam, aerial yam, *Dioscorea bulbifera* \|- \| \*p(ʷ)awa(t) \|\| *Cerbera* spp., probably *Cerbera floribunda* and *Cerbera manghas* \|- \| \*pʷete \|\| bird\'s nest fern, *Asplenium nidus* \|- \| \*pʷi(r,R)a \|\| *Cananga odorata* \|- \| \*qarop \|\| *Premna* spp. \|- \| \*qat(V) \|\| *Terminalia* sp. with edible nut \|- \| \*(q,k)atita \|\| the putty nut, probably *Parinari laurina* and *Parinari glaberrima* \|- \| \*(q)alipa, \*lalipa \|\| nut sp., possibly canarium almond, *Canarium* sp. (?) \|- \| \*qope \|\| *Gyrocarpus americanus* \|- \| \*quRis \|\| *Spondias cytherea* \|- \| \*(quta)quta \|\| grass and weeds (generic) \|- \| \*rabum \|\| grass \|- \| \*Rigi \|\| rosewood, *Pterocarpus indicus* \|- \| \*sabakap \|\| *Alstonia scholaris* \|- \| \*sakup \|\| banana cultivar with long fruit (?) \|- \| \*seRa \|\| *Ficus* sp., perhaps *Ficus adenosperma* \|- \| \*sila \|\| Job\'s tears, *Coix lacryma-jobi* \|- \| \*tamanu \|\| *Calophyllum* sp. \|- \| \*taŋa \|\| *Ficus tinctoria* \|- \| \*tapi(l) \|\| puzzlenut tree, *Xylocarpus granatum* (?) \|- \| \*tapoRa \|\| a nut-bearing tree sp. \|- \| \*tawasi \|\| *Rhus taitensis* \|- \| \*toRu \|\| *Cordia subcordata* \|- \| \*udu(r,R) \|\| *Dioscorea alata* cultivar (?) \|- \| \*wasa \|\| *Abelmoschus manihot*; green vegetables in general \|- \| \*wasi-wasi \|\| *Abroma augusta* \|- \| \*yaŋo \|\| turmeric, *Curcuma longa* \|}
Proto-Western Oceanic plant terms with no known external cognates (22 reconstructions)
```{=html}
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```
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*bara \|\| *Macaranga* spp. \|- \| \*basi \|\| mango \|- \| \*baul \|\| mangrove, *Rhizophora* sp. (?) \|- \| \*bʷana \|\| *Intsia bijuga* \|- \| \*bʷatiq \|\| banana cultivar \|- \| \*gobu \|\| *Dioscorea* sp. \|- \| \*ka(p)ul \|\| seed yam \|- \| \*kamisa \|\| lesser yam, *Dioscorea esculenta* \|- \| \*kam(ʷ)apaR \|\| *Cryptocarya* sp. \|- \| \*kasuwai \|\| mango \|- \| \*kobo \|\| taxon of *Macaranga* spp. \|- \| \*kokoi \|\| mushroom sp. \|- \| \*\[ku,i\]Rim(a,o) \|\| *Octomeles sumatrana* \|- \| \*lapuka \|\| kind of tree with fruit similar to breadfruit, *Parartocarpus venenosa* (?) \|- \| \*m(ʷ)ali \|\| *Derris* sp. \|- \| \*mamisa \|\| lesser yam, *Dioscorea esculenta* \|- \| \*moke \|\| *Pandanus* sp. \|- \| \*mʷa(r,R)e \|\| taxon including *Codiaeum variegatum* and *Cordyline fruticosa* \|- \| \*nagi \|\| *Cordia* sp. \|- \| \*(s,j)a(q,k)umu \|\| *Pandanus* sp. \|- \| \*tabun \|\| *Garcinia* sp. \|- \| \*tabuqaR \|\| *Saccharum edule* \|}
Proto-Eastern Oceanic plant terms with no known external cognates (15 reconstructions)
```{=html}
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```
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*bakuRa \|\| *Calophyllum* sp., probably *Calophyllum kajewskii* \|- \| \*buka \|\| taxon of littoral trees, including *Pisonia* spp. and *Gyrocarpus americanus* \|- \| \*bulipa \|\| *Ficus* sp. \|- \| \*gama \|\| *Finschia cloroxantha* \|- \| \*(k)a(r,l)adroŋa \|\| *Acalypha* sp. \|- \| \*koka \|\| tree sp., *Bischofia javanica* \|- \| \*mabʷe \|\| Tahitian chestnut, *Inocarpus fagifer* \|- \| \*melo \|\| *Elaeocarpus angustifolius* \|- \| \*milo \|\| *Thespesia populnea* \|- \| \*mʷa(q)ele \|\| a cycad, *Cycas rumphii* \|- \| \*pakalo, \*pʷakala (?) \|\| *Hibiscus* sp. \|- \| \*paRage \|\| *Pangium edule* \|- \| \*pinuaq \|\| a nut tree, perhaps *Canarium* sp. (?) \|- \| \*rako \|\| *Heliconia* sp., usually *Heliconia indica* \|- \| \*sinu \|\| taxon of shrubs whose sap causes irritation, including species of *Phaleria* \|}
Proto-Remote Oceanic plant terms with no known external cognates (6 reconstructions)
| 1,128 |
Proto-Oceanic language
| 4 |
11,068,520 |
# Proto-Oceanic language
## Lexicon
### Plant names {#plant_names}
#### Ross (2008) {#ross_2008}
```{=html}
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```
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Meaning \|- \| \*buavu \|\| *Hernandia* sp. \|- \| \*maRi \|\| breadfruit \|- \| \*sasaRu \|\| *Abelmoschus manihot* \|- \| \*vaRo \|\| *Neisosperma oppositifolium* \|- \| \*vuba \|\| kind of vine, probably *Derris elliptica* \|- \| \*wasi-wasi \|\| *Sterculia vitiensis* \|}
| 65 |
Proto-Oceanic language
| 5 |
11,068,520 |
# Proto-Oceanic language
## Lexicon
### Plant names {#plant_names}
#### Blust and Trussel (2020) {#blust_and_trussel_2020}
Selected reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms of various plants from the *Austronesian Comparative Dictionary*:
: {\| class=\"wikitable sortable\"
! Proto-Oceanic !! Common name !! Scientific name \|- \| \*kalaqabusi \|\| a shrub \|\| *Acalypha* sp. \|- \| \*piRaq₂ \|\| wild taro, elephant-ear or itching taro \|\| *Alocasia* spp. \|- \| \*sabakap \|\| a tree \|\| *Alstonia scholaris* \|- \| \*putun₁ \|\| a shore tree \|\| *Barringtonia* spp. \|- \| \*que \|\| rattan \|\| *Calamus* sp. \|- \| \*pitaquR \|\| a shore tree \|\| *Calophyllum inophyllum* \|- \| \*kaŋaRi \|\| tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond \|\| *Canarium commune* \|- \| \*(q)alipa \|\| a nut tree \|\| *Canarium* sp. \|- \| \*aRu \|\| a shore tree \|\| *Casuarina equisetifolia* \|- \| \*talos \|\| taro \|\| *Colocasia esculenta* \|- \| \*toRu \|\| a tree \|\| *Cordia subcordata* \|- \| \*aŋo \|\| turmeric \|\| *Curcuma longa* \|- \| \*punat \|\| a plant used to stun fish \|\| *Derris elliptica* \|- \| \*tupa₂ \|\| fish poison \|\| *Derris* spp. \|- \| \*pwatika \|\| potato yam, aerial yam \|\| *Dioscorea bulbifera* \|- \| \*rarap \|\| a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree \|\| *Erythrina indica* \|- \| \*buRat \|\| a tree with sweet-smelling flowers \|\| *Fagraea berteroana* \|- \| \*pail \|\| a plant \|\| *Falcataria moluccana* \|- \| \*taŋa₃ \|\| a shrub with edible figs \|\| *Ficus tinctoria* \|- \| \*baka₂ \|\| kind of banyan tree \|\| *Ficus* sp. \|- \| \*pwano-pwano \|\| a plant \|\| *Guettarda speciosa* \|- \| \*paqo \|\| a plant \|\| *Heliconia* spp. \|- \| \*kuRun; \*pitu₂ \|\| sword grass \|\| *Imperata cylindrica* \|- \| \*ipi₂ \|\| the 'Tahitian chestnut' \|\| *Inocarpus fagiferus* or *Inocarpus edulis* \|- \| \*puRe₂ \|\| beach creepers \|\| including *Ipomoea grandiflora* and *Ipomoea pes-caprae* \|- \| \*pau \|\| a plant \|\| *Kleinhovia hospita* \|- \| \*karat₂ \|\| a small stinging plant \|\| perhaps *Laportea interrupta* \|- \| \*latoŋ, \*la-latoŋ, \*salatoŋ, \*silatoŋ \|\| stinging nettle \|\| *Laportea* spp. \|- \| \*piRu \|\| fan palm \|\| *Licuala rumphii* \|- \| \*pinuan \|\| a tree \|\| *Macaranga* spp. \|- \| \*koka \|\| a tree \|\| *Macaranga* spp., Euphorbiaceae \|- \| \*koRa \|\| wild mango \|\| *Mangifera minor* \|- \| \*paliaRua \|\| a vine \|\| *Merremia peltata* \|- \| \*gurat \|\| a tree with roots that furnish a red dye \|\| *Morinda citrifolia* tree \|- \| \*kurat \|\| the dye produced from the *Morinda citrifolia* \|\| *Morinda citrifolia* dye \|- \| \*ñoñu \|\| tree with inedible white fruit and root that yields a useful dye \|\| *Morinda citrifolia* tree \|- \| \*paoq (ʔ) \|\| a tree \|\| *Ochrosia oppositifolia* \|- \| \*mwaña \|\| pandanus sp. \|\| probably *Pandanus conoideus* \|- \| \*kiRe \|\| a pandanus \|\| *Pandanus odoratissimus*; a mat made from the leaves of this plant \|- \| \*katita \|\| putty nut \|\| *Parinari laurinum* \|- \| \*pu-pulu \|\| betel pepper \|\| *Piper betle* \|- \| \*pesi \|\| coastal tree \|\| perhaps *Pongamia pinnata* \|- \| \*tawasi \|\| a tree \|\| *Rhus taitensis* \|- \| \*pijo \|\| kind of reed or cane \|\| including *Saccharum spontaneum* \|- \| \*kapika, \*kapiku \|\| the Malay apple \|\| *Syzygium malaccense* \|- \| \*talise₁ \|\| a shore tree with edible nuts \|\| *Terminalia catappa* \|- \| \*pasa(r,R) \|\| a woody plant or tree \|\| *Vitex cofassus* \|}
### Pottery
There are several known reconstructed words evident of material pottery culture among the Lapita:
- \*kuroŋ -- earthernware pot
- \*kalala(ŋ) -- water jar
- \*palaŋa -- frying pan (cf. Malay *belanga*)
## Example sentences {#example_sentences}
From Lynch, Ross, and Crowley (2002): `{{interlinear|indent=3|lang=poz-oce-pro
|*I{{=}}`{=mediawiki}kaRat-i{{=}}a a tau na ᵐboRok. \|3SG{{=}}bite-TR{{=}}3SG ART person ART pig \|\'The pig bit a/the person.\' }} `{{interlinear|indent=3|lang=poz-oce-pro
|*A na{{=}}`{=mediawiki}ᵑgu a Rumaq. \|ART CL{{=}}3SG ART house \|\'The house is mine.\' }} From Ross (2004): `{{interlinear|indent=3|lang=poz-oce-pro
|*Au{{=}}`{=mediawiki}papa-i{{=}}a natu-mu i{{=}}ua i laur. \|1SG{{=}}carry-TR{{=}}3SG child-2SG 3SG{{=}}go PREP coast \|\'I brought your child (to you) to the beach.\' }} `{{interlinear|indent=3|lang=poz-oce-pro
|*Ra{{=}}`{=mediawiki}sipo ra{{=}}paqus-i{{=}}a na waᵑga. \|3PL{{=}}go.down 3PL{{=}}bind-TR{{=}}3SG ART canoe \|\'They went down to bind up the canoe
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# Johnny Scott (jazz musician)
**John** \"**Johnny**\" **Kerningham Sidney Scott** (ca. 1938 -- April 20, 2010) was an American jazz vocalist and tenor saxophonist.
## Early life {#early_life}
Scott was born in Buffalo, New York, and began his musical studies at the age of 15.
## Career
After enlisting in the United States Army, he joined a band that entertained American troops in Europe. Subsequent to his discharge from the Army in the early-1960s, Scott moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he performed in a wide spectrum of settings for over 47 years.
Scott explored a variety of other genres over the course of his career, including pop music, R&B, and blues.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Scott died of cancer in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada, on April 20, 2010. He was 72 years old
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# Abrek
thumb\|250px\|right\|upright\|Zelimkhan, the most famous Chechen abrek **Abrek** is a Caucasian term used for a lone Caucasian warrior living a partisan lifestyle outside power and law and fighting for a just cause. Abreks were irregular soldiers who abandoned all material life, including their family and friends, in order to fight for a just cause, to worship, and to meditate. The term was mostly used by people who struggled against Russian colonialism, mostly a guerrilla struggle during Russian expansion in the Caucasus in the 19th century. An abrek would renounce any contact with friends and relatives, and then dedicate his life to praying and fighting for justice. Some abreks stole from the rich to give to the poor while others protected Caucasian villages from foreign attacks. The abrek lifestyle included a lonely life in the unexplored wilderness. Later, the majority of abreks became devoted Sufi Muslims. During the Caucasian War, which is divided into the Russo-Circassian War and the Murid War, there were constant raids between Russian and Caucasian settlements.
In Circassian, the word \"Abrek\" means \"brave warrior\", and in Chechen, Ingush and Avar it means \"avenger\". In Russian and in the Ossetian the word *abrek* (абрек) has the derogatory meaning of \"bandit\", as the Russians have historically been enemies of the abrek lifestyle.
The word *abrek* was used in propaganda to label the anti-Russian guerrillas of the North Caucasus after the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, as well as for all illegals. Abreks were popularized as the defenders of the fatherland and as paupers. In their old age, the abreks of the West Caucasus usually devoted themselves to beekeeping. The majority of the East Caucasus abreks were killed in non-stop warfare against the federal army.
Before and even after the establishment of Soviet power in the Caucasus in the 1920s, abreks continued to resist, for the most part in Ingushetia and Chechnya, many of them also in Georgia after the Soviet conquest of the country. Abreks provoked the rebellions of 1920-21, 1924, 1929--31, 1931-1939, and the last in 1940-44. During the Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush in 1944 several local guerilla groups were formed against Stalinist repression. The most prominent abrek during this period was the Ingush guerilla fighter Akhmed Khuchbarov. The last anti-Soviet Chechen abrek Khasukha Magomadov was killed on 28 March 1956 at the age of 70.
## History
A person who became an abrek was usually a Caucasian, having taken a vow of revenge due to grief, shame or resentment. The newly appeared abrek abandoned his native society and wandered on his own without any companions. From that moment on, there were no more laws for him, and even his own life was not valuable to him, he dedicated his entire existence to fighting for a specific purpose. Therefore, coming across an abrek was considered dangerous. In addition, abreks almost never surrendered, preferring to fight to the death or instead commit suicide if there were no other options left. The primary targets of abreks usually were Cossacks who occupied their lowlands, Russian trade, banking, and mail services, because of the proximity of the Georgian Military Road, a major artery connecting Russia and Georgia.
Russian caucasologist N. Yakovlev, described how the occupation of the native lands by Cossack colonisers and oppression of the Ingush, *\"turned kind and gentle people into the first abreks of the Caucasus, fighting for their place in the Sun\"*.
The Russian view on the *abreks* is that they were simply mountain bandits and outlaws; however, they were depicted as men of honor by some Russian authors. The locals view is that they were heroes of valor, much like Robin Hood. As Moshe Gammer points out in his book *Lone Wolf and Bear*, Soviet ideology fell somewhere in between the two views―and notably, one such *abrek*, Zelimkhan, was made a Chechen hero
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# Stockinbingal–Parkes railway line
The **Stockinbingal--Parkes railway line** (also known as the \'Forbes line\') is a railway line in New South Wales, Australia which connects Stockinbingal on the Main South line with Parkes on the Main West line. The line has come to be part of the main route for goods trains travelling between Sydney and the west of NSW and beyond, allowing trains to bypass the steep grades and passenger services on the Blue Mountains section of the Main West line.
Western goods trains were rescheduled to operate over this line in lieu of the Blue Mountains from 1993 when the now-defunct *National Rail* company commenced interstate freight haulage. The line opened between Parkes and Forbes in 1893, and Forbes and Stockinbingal in 1918. Passenger services were operated by CPH railmotors until their withdrawal between Stockinbingal and Forbes in October 1974. Services operated between Parkes and Forbes until 1983, consisting of a *Mail* train and a rail-motor service.
No regular passenger services use the line, although Main West line passenger services occasionally divert over the line when trackwork closes the regular route. The line is owned by the Transport Asset Holding Entity of New South Wales, however it is leased by the Australian Rail Track Corporation who are responsible for the maintenance and operation of the line
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# Go Gone
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unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Scotland|41|date=20050409|rowheader=true|access-date=18 January 2019}}
^
``
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Go Gone
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# Mio My Mio (song)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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unexpected '{'
{{Single chart|Sweden|3|artist=Gemini|song=Mio min Mio}}
^
``
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# Henning Palner
**Henning Palner** (18 July 1932 -- 20 December 2018) was a Danish actor
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# Jim (TV channel)
***Jim*** (abbr. of ***J**otain **i**han **m**uuta*, in English *Something completely different*) is a Finnish national television channel that replaced Nelonen Plus on 26 February 2007. Jim is part of Nelonen Media\'s media division, which is part of the Sanoma Group\'s Finnish media business division, Sanoma Media Finland.
The programming of the channel consists of imported programs: mainly do-it-yourself programs, documentaries and popular series such as Border Security: Australia, Border Security: Canada, Pawn Stars and American Pickers. Also, it features some lesser-known television series, such as *Bondi Rescue*, *Ninja Warrior, Massive Moves and Hoarders.*
## Logos and identities {#logos_and_identities}
<File:Jimtv-n> logo.svg\|*Jim* logo used from 2010 to 2012. <File:JIM> logo.svg\|*Jim* logo used from 2013 to 2017
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# Andrew Brown (rugby union, born 10 April 1980)
**Andrew Brown** (born 10 April 1980 in Rockhampton, Queensland and Educated at Brisbane Boys College) is an Australian Rugby Union player for the Queensland Reds in the international Super Rugby Competition. Brown is a very versatile player being able to play at Fullback, Flyhalf or in either Centre position but has made all appearances for the Reds at Inside Centre in Super Rugby.
Brown is credited for being a very strong defender being able to withstand the strong attacking style against All Black Legend Tana Umaga and Ma\'a Nonu in his debut Super Rugby game. His strong defensive commitment saw him puncture a lung playing against the Hurricanes in round one of the 2007 season
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# Svirlag
**Svirlag**, **SvirLAG** (Svirskiy Lager\' -- Svir Concentration-Camp, *Свирлаг*, also ***Свирьлаг*** / ***СвирЛАГ*** -- *Свирский концентрационно трудовой лагерь*) was a Soviet forced labour camp run by NKVD\'s GULAG Directorate. It was located on the river Svir (hence the name Svirskiy in Russian) in the forests by the town Lodeynoye Pole, 244 km north-east of Saint Petersburg, in Leningrad oblast, Vepsland -- the land of the Vepses, operated in the 1930s (Joseph Stalin\'s time) and onwards. SvirLAG concentration camp was supplier of wood to Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
The camp was established on November 17, 1931.
The number of those who died or were killed in Svirlag in 1930s (the times of the most numerous and heavy executions that took place in SvirLAG seem to be 1931--1937) is measured in thousands of victims. In 1935, 36.500 inmates were kept in this camp.
The camp was located in the medieval buildings of what was formerly the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery. Bolsheviks closed and vandalized the monastery in 1918 (it finally ceased in 1925). The holy relics were removed, monks partly executed and partly expelled. The chief of the monastery archimandrite Evgeniy Trofimov was executed on October 23, 1918 along with 5 monks behind the monastery walls. The monastery buildings were turned into prisons, barracks, and mental asylum. On September 22, 1998 Ministry of Culture of Russia and Russian Ministry of State Property signed decree about delivery of monastery back to Saint Petersburg parish of Russian Orthodox Church.
## Svirlag compared in GULAG system {#svirlag_compared_in_gulag_system}
\"The situation review\" of GULAG for October 1935 presents the average composition of the camp population as for October 1934 -- 694,100 persons, as for October 1935 -- 828,800 persons and of these 36,500 were concentrated in SvirLAG -- 6th by size along with Bamlag (the biggest with 190,300 inmates in Svobodnyi, Amur Oblast), Dmitlag (193,300 inmates), Volgolag on Volga, Belbaltlag (82,000 inmates) and Ukhtpechlag in Ukhta, Temlag (21,100 inmates), Dallag (70,200 inmates), Siblag (Siberian concentration camp 74,600 inmates), Sazlag, Karlag (34,100 inmates), Prorvlag, Sarlag, Vetlag, Sevvostlag (47,700 inmates), Vaygach, Norilsklag in Norilsk.
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# Svirlag
## Convicts and victims {#convicts_and_victims}
Political and church convicts were kept there. Only 1 of 4 was a criminal.
The administration of the camp was based in Svirstroy (Svir Construction Directorate) on the Svir River. The convicted inmates worked in mines extracting mica, stone and clay.
Sampson Sievers -- hieromonk (born of English mother) of Saint Petersburg\'s Alexander Nevsky Lavra was imprisoned and tortured in this camp (from 1932, what is witnessed by archival documents and personal testimonies), though survived.
Among other inmates who were imprisoned or executed in SvirLAG were:
- Archbishop Augustine (Alexander Belayev) (imprisoned in SvirLAG in 1931--1934, executed November 23, 1937), Russian Orthodox archbishop.
- Vladimir Vorobyev (b. in 1876 in Russia\'s Saratov Region, sat in SvirLAG in 1931--1932, died in Kuybyshev prison in 1940 from heart paralysis) -- archeologist and Russian Orthodox parish priest.
- Stepan Rudnytskyi -- Ukrainian geographer, founder of Ukrainian geography (born in Tarnopol in 1877, then Austro-Hungary), sat in SvirLAG in 1933--1937 where he was also executed in 1937 .
- Yulian Shpol (literary name, in life: Mykhaylo Yalovyi -- Ukrainian writer (born in Poltava region), arrested in 1933 and May 11, 1934 with special convoy sent to SvirLAG, 2,5 years later executed in SvirLAG November 3, 1937.
- Magzhan Zhumabayev -- Kazakh poet, arrested by Soviet authorities in 1929, sent to Svirlag where he was imprisoned until June 2, 1934. Arrested again in 1935 in Alma-Ata, March 1938 he was executed by organs of NKVD.
Archival statistics tells that only in one year of 1932 1,569 died or were executed in Svirlag and in 1935 3,887 inmates more died or were killed in Svirlag, this makes total of 5,456 victims just in two years of 1932 and 1935
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# Maszoperia
**Maszoperia** (*maszoperëjô*; from *maatschappij*, meaning company or society, plural: **maszoperie**) was a socio-economic organisation of coastal Kashubian fishermen, especially from Kashubian villages on the Hel Peninsula (Chałupy, Kuźnica, Jastarnia).
## Literature
- Bernard Sychta. Słownik gwar kaszubskich na tle kultury ludowej, Ossolineum, Wrocław - Warszawa - Kraków 1969, tom III, s
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# Dick Kaysø
**Dick Kaysø**, (born 13 February 1947) is a Danish actor.
## Filmography
- *Mafiaen, det er osse mig* (1974)
- *Piger i trøjen* (1975)
- *Strømer* (1976)
- *Julefrokosten* (1976)
- *Affæren i Mølleby* (1976)
- *Normannerne* (1976)
- *Gangsterens lærling* (1976)
- *Olsen-banden deruda\'* (1977)
- *Skytten (film)* (1977)
- *Olsen-banden overgiver sig aldrig* (1979)
- *Pigen fra havet* (1980)
- *Olsen-banden over alle bjerge* (1981)
- *Pengene eller livet* (1982)
- *Den ubetænksomme elsker* (1982)
- *Isfugle* (1983)
- *Forræderne* (1983)
- *Valhalla* (1986)
- *Peter von Scholten* (1987)
- *Ved vejen* (1988)
- *En afgrund af frihed* (1989)
- *Dagens Donna* (1990)
- *Bananen -- skræl den før din nabo* (1990)
- *Krummerne* (1991)
- *Krummerne 2 -- Stakkels Krumme* (1992)
- *Det forsømte forår* (1993)
- *Vildbassen* (1994)
- *Riget I* (1994)
- *Krummerne 3 -- Fars gode idé* (1994)
- *Kærlighed ved første desperate blik* (1994)
- *Mørkeleg* (1996)
- *Mimi og madammerne* (1998)
- *Send mere slik* (2001)
- *Jolly Roger* (2001)
- *Bertram og Co
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# Heinrich Schrader (botanist)
**Heinrich Adolf Schrader** (1 January 1767 in Alfeld near Hildesheim -- 22 October 1836 in Göttingen) was a German botanist and mycologist. He studied medicine early in life. He named the Australian plant genus *Hakea* in 1797.
In 1795 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Göttingen, where in 1803 he became an associate professor to the medical faculty and director of the botanical garden. In 1809 he attained the title of \"full professor\" at Göttingen, where he taught classes until his retirement.
Among his better known publications are *Nova genera plantarum* (1797) and *Flora germanica* (1806). Schradere issued the exsiccata *Systematische Sammlung cryptogamischer Gewächse* (1896--1897). The plant genus *Schraderanthus* is named in his honour.
Schrader was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1815
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# Wynyard Cricket Club
**Wynyard Cricket Club** (WCC) is a cricket team which represents the town of Wynyard in the North West Tasmanian Cricket Association (now Cricket North West) grade cricket competition.
An article from the Emu Bay Times and North West and West Coast Advocate dated September 19, 1898, references a Wynyard Cricket Club holding its annual meeting, suggesting that cricket activities were present in the area as early as the late 19th century.
The side was admitted to the NWTCA competition for the 1952/53 season and originally played on a concrete wicket.
By 1954 they had laid a turf pitch, and in the 1957/58 season they narrowly missed out on their first title by losing to Sheffield in the Grand Final by 29 runs on first innings, and running out of time in run chase for outright victory. The club remained competitive for the next decade, and played a remarkable grand final tie led by captain John Coughlan against Burnie/Yeoman Cricket Club in the 1965/66 season, both sides being all out for 122. However Wynyard were awarded the title on the basis of having finished higher in the league, and so won their first NWTCA premiership.
In the 1974/75 season new clubrooms were constructed at the Showground with an incredible amount of voluntary work contributed, and it proved the start of another successful season, with the club wrapping up their second premiership that season under the captaincy of Maurice Hodgetts.
The club struggled for success in the 1980s, but managed to finally win a third title in the 1990/91 season under the guidance of Shane Walker. The last first grade men\'s club premiership was in 2004/05 led by Brendon Keeling after making grand finals in 2002/03 and 2003/04. The club has had a strong showing in 50 over cricket, winning Advocate Cup/Greater Northern titles in 1990/91, 2000/01, 2001/02, 2013/14.
Wynyard Cricket Club\'s senior female team, the \"Bluebelles\", won a record four premierships in a row in the Cricket North West competition from season 2013-15 through to 2016-17. The first premiership was captained by former Tasmanian representative allrounder Cherie Hawkins. The following three flags were led by Kahla Summers. The Bluebelles lost the 2017/18 grand final which would have made five straight premierships.
Wynyard Cricket Club has produced some outstanding players, and many state representatives, including Jamie Cox, Dene Hills, Shaun Young, Phillip Blizzard, John Coughlan, Peter Mancell, Les \"Snowy\" Allen, Gregg Sharman, and Cherie Hawkins.
## Honours
**1st Grade NWTCA/CNW Premierships**: (4) 1965/66, 1974/75, 1990/91, 2004/05
Greater Northern Cup (Men): (2) 2001/02, 2013/14
Advocate Cup 50 Over Titles (Men): (3) 1990/91, 2000/01, 2001/02
Senior Female: (4) 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/17
Second Grade Men: (5) 1977/78, 1980/81, 1983/84, 1995/96, 2005/06
Second Grade T20 Men\'s: (1) 2013/14
Third Grade Men\'s: (3) 1995/96, 2002/03, 2003/04
Under 17 Boys: (1) 2007/08
Under 15 Boys: (2) 2011/12, 2017/18
NWTCA/CNW Hall of Fame inductees: Tom Rocher (1997), Barry Stewart (1997), Les Allen (2002), Phil Blizzard (2011), Shane Walker (2012)
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# Glenwood, Edmonton
**Glenwood** is a large neighbourhood in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood has a mixture of residential and commercial development. Glenwood became a part of Edmonton in 1964, when the Town of Jasper Place was amalgamated with Edmonton.
The neighbourhood is bounded on the north by Stony Plain Road, on the south by 95 Avenue, on the east by 156 Street and on the west by 170 Street.
The Edmonton Transit Service\'s Jasper Place terminal is located at the northeast corner of the neighbourhood.
The Edmonton Police Service west Edmonton headquarters is located in the north end of the neighbourhood at 100th Avenue and 165 Street. `{{stack|[[File:2008-10-18 Glenwood.jpg|thumb|Residential street in Glenwood]]}}`{=mediawiki}
The community is represented by the Glenwood Community League, established in 1939, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 164 Street and 97 Avenue.
## Demographics
In the City of Edmonton\'s 2012 municipal census, Glenwood had a population of `{{nts|5095}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{nts|2437}}`{=mediawiki} dwellings, a 3.5% change from its 2009 population of `{{nts|4921}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 1.77 km2, it had a population density of `{{nts|2878.5}}`{=mediawiki} people/km^2^ in 2012.
## Residential development {#residential_development}
Much of Glenwood was developed in the 35 years following the end of World War II, with three out of four residences being built between 1946 and 1980. Almost half (49%) of the residences are single-family dwellings, with an almost equal proportion (46%) of apartments. Another 4% of residences are duplexes, with 2% of the residences being row houses. Over half (55%) or residences are rented, with just under half (45%) being owner occupied.
## Schools
There are six schools located in Glenwood. Three are operated by the Edmonton Public School System, one is operated by the Edmonton Catholic School System, and two are independent.
Edmonton Public Schools
- Glendale Elementary School
- Meadowlark Christian School (Former Our Lady of Fatima Catholic School)
- Westlawn Junior High School
Edmonton Catholic Schools
- St. Thomas More Junior High School
Independently Operated Schools
- Britannia A M I Montessori School
- Crestwood Montessori School
The Edmonton Public School System\'s Jasper Place High School and the Edmonton Catholic School System\'s St. Francis Xavier High School are both located just to the south of Glenwood in the neighbourhood of West Meadowlark Park.
## Jasper Place Transit Centre {#jasper_place_transit_centre}
The **Jasper Place Transit Centre** is located on the northern end of the neighborhood at 157 Street and Stony Plain Road. There are few amenities at this transit centre except for a shelter and pay phone (there are no washrooms, park and ride, drop off areas, or vending machines).
The transit centre reopened on April 9, 2020 after it underwent a \$5.6 million overhaul of the bus ways, sidewalks, medians, and shelter, among other changes, as part of a city-wide \$37.75 million transit centre improvement initiative. \$3.639 million in funding for the Jasper Place Transit Centre renewal project was provided by the federal government
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# Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin
**Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin**, also **Woronin** (*Михаи́л Степа́нович Воро́нин*; 21 June 1838 -- 20 February 1903) was a prominent Russian biologist, a botanist with particular expertise in fungi.
## Education
Voronin was born in St Petersburg on 21 June (2 July/August old calendar) 1838 into the family of a rich merchant, which was subsequently ennobled. He received an excellent home education. One of his teachers was Nikolay Chernyshevsky (still a student, but later to become a famous Russian writer). M.S. Voronin had a perfect command of three foreign languages: French, German and English. In 1854 Voronin entered Saint Petersburg State University in the Department of Natural Sciences. Professor Lev Semionovich Tsenkovsky excited in him an interest in investigating the lower plants, among which fungi were placed that time. In 1858 he graduated from the University, after which, according to the recommendation of Tsenkovsky, he went with his friend, A.S. Famintsyn, to probation to Freiburg University (Germany) to Professor de Bary.
Although de Bary intensively investigated fungi, he suggested that Voronin study anatomical peculiarities of the shrub, *Calycanthus*. Voronin\'s first scientific article, published in the journal \"Botanische Zeitung\" (1860) was devoted to this question. Later on friends were introduced to the renowned algologist, G. Ture, who proposed that Voronin investigate phases of development of the Mediterranean alga, *Acetabularia*. M.S. Voronin thoroughly studied the ontogenesis of *Acetabularia* and demonstrated that it was the initial stage in the developmental cycle of other forms of algae. As a result, a large amount of experimental data was accumulated, which underlay Voronin\'s master\'s dissertation \"Investigations of sea algae\". He successfully defended this work in St Petersburg University in May 1861.
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# Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin
## Early career {#early_career}
Still working in Freiburg, Voronin decided to devote himself to the investigation of fungi. After taking a Master\'s degree in botany he refused a paying position at the University, because he did not want to be diverted from his scientific investigations. The means of his family allowed him not only to subsist comfortably, but to establish an equipped scientific laboratory at home. In this laboratory he started his first investigation on fungi, dealing with the bread mould, *Monilia*. The work turned out to be very complicated and it became necessary to consult with de Bary.
In 1863 he went to Freiburg, where he worked on the peculiarities of mould development. He studied in passing also some other fungi. His work was interrupted when he had to return to St Petersburg after the sudden death of his father. Then he continued his investigations which helped to restore mental balance. After studying the ontogenesis of mucoraceous moulds on bread, Voronin decided to investigate the developmental cycle of typical representatives of different groups of fungi. His attention was attracted by *Archimycetes*, in particular representatives of the genus *Synchytrium*, parasites of vascular plants. The same group of fungi fell into the sphere of interests of de Bary. In the course of correspondence the two scientists agreed to carry on collaborative investigations.
At the same time Voronin took a great interest in another subject - tubercles on lupin roots. A thorough investigation revealed the cause of these structures\' formation. On numerous microscope sections it was observed, that the cells of tubercles were filled with rod-like bacteria, which Voronin called \"root nodule bacteria\". After experimentation, he demonstrated the possibility of artificial inoculation of lupin roots, and then also roots of the alder tree, by nodule bacteria. He came to the conclusion that bacteria, like fungi, could cause plant diseases.
But his interest in fungi was still strong. Living now on the outskirts of St. Petersburg along with his family Voronin often made excursions to nearby forests. During one of these excursions he noticed red spots on the upper side of some leaves of cowberry. After investigating thousands of plants with similar spots on their leaves, Voronin was able to describe a new species - *Exobasidium vaccinii*. On the basis of this fungus, a new family and order of fungi was established. Investigation of *Exobasidium* on the cowberry was carried on in the classic manner: developmental phases of the species were studied in detail, different sensitivities of flowers and leaves to the fungus was established and correlation between the age of plant and its receptivity was revealed. Later on this work underlay the teaching on immunity in plants.
In the summer of 1866 Voronin went abroad with his family and continued work with de Bary. They wrote a book together, \"Materials on morphology and physiology of fungi\" (in German), which became one of the fundamental books about fungi.
In the spring of 1867 Voronin returned to Russia, where he continued his scientific work and also actively participated in scientific-public life. Voronin repeatedly was a sponsor of his alma mater: endowed the building of a greenhouse in the Botanical Garden of the University, refused the salary of senior lecturer (from 1869 to 1870 he lectured mycology at St Petersburg University) in favour of purchasing of study aids for the botanical laboratory.
In 1868 in St Petersburg the Naturalists Society was organized into three departments (botanical, zoological and mineralogical). Voronin was elected as a secretary of the Botanical Department. On periodic meetings of the department he reported the results of his investigations, introduced synopses of works of foreign scientists on fungi, algae and lichens, and also on general problems of biology, and he participated in discussions of the reports of other members of the society. As a result Voronin struck up many of interesting scientific contacts both with venerable Russian scientists and with scientific youth. At the Second Meeting of Naturalists and Physicians of Russia (August, 1869, Moscow) Voronin was elected the secretary of the section of botany, anatomy and physiology of plants.
However his scientific work always remained foremost for Voronin. At the end of the 1860s and beginning of the 1870s his attention was attracted by two practical scientific problems: rust of the sunflower and club root. In 1868-1869 this disease achieved menacing amplitude in Russia, in particular in Voronezh province. The \"Agricultural Newspaper\" appealed to Voronin for help. He immediately commenced an investigation of the pest, studied its life cycle, established the presence of summer and winter (autumn) spores, revealed that spreading of the fungus agent as well as the disease caused by it are promoted by thickness of planting and non-observance of crop rotation. Based on this example of rust on sunflowers, Voronin formulated major rules of the mass spreading of fungal diseases of plants.
At the same time (1869) near St Petersburg and other north-western regions of Russia club root disease began to spread. The losses of transporters were so significant, that the Russian Society of Horticulturists in 1872 announced a competition to reveal the cause of this disease. M.S. Voronin succeeded, showing that it was the slime mold *Plasmodiophora brassicae*.
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# Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin
## Later career {#later_career}
In 1874 Voronin was elected honorary member of the Moscow Naturalists Society. In 1875, the Council of New Russia University (Odessa) conferred him the degree of Doctor of Botany honoris causa. However Voronin continued his investigation of *Plasmodiophora brassicae* - an organism with an intricate developmental cycle. During the period from 1873 to 1878 he published six articles on the agent and the disease. The Russian Society of horticulturists in 1878 awarded him a gold medal for his investigations of the club root.
In 1877-1878 Voronin lived abroad, but after his wife\'s death he predominantly devoted himself to the education of his children. And only after returning to Russia, did he begin a new cycle of investigations on the biology and classification of smut fungi. These fungi had attracted his interest as early as 1865, when he managed to collect *Tuburcinia trientalis* on the outskirts of St Petersburg. 16 years after, in 1881, he published his summarized work on smut fungi in Frankfurt in \"Transactions of Zenkenberg Naturalists Society\". De Bary used Voronin\'s materials on smut fungi in his variant of natural classification of fungi.
The life and activity of Voronin were tightly bound with the life and activity of his preceptor and friend - A. de Bary. So, when in October 1880 Strasburg University celebrated the 25th anniversary de Bary\'s professorship, Voronin took part in the celebration and brought, as a present, the new species of alga named after de Bary - *Vaucheria debaryana*. On the occasion of this celebration, where the pick of European botanists were assembled, his colleagues saw M.S. Voronin and his role in the development of mycology in a new light. As a result, in 1881 the Vienna Botanical Society elected him as an honorary member, in 1882 the Russian Academy of Sciences conferred him with the Academician Ber Prize, in 1883 the Berlin Naturalists Society elected him as a corresponding member, and finally, in 1884 he was elected corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Voronin\'s attention was attracted by new unstudied problems of mycology. In the 1880s he concentrated on an investigation of fungi of the genus *Sclerotinia*, which remained his favourite object of study until the end of his life. Voronin studied developmental cycles, described new species of this genus on bilberries, cowberries, great bilberries, cranberries, and investigated *Sclerotinia* on bird tree and mountain ash.
In 1898 Voronin established the relationship between anamorphs of the genus *Monilia* on cherry and seed fruit trees, and teleomorphs of the genus *Sclerotinia*. He dedicated his main work on *Sclerotinia*, \"On Sclerotinia, affected plants of genus Vaccinium,\" (1888) to his teacher and friend A. de Bary, who died in January 1888.
In 1889 the head of the Emigrant Department of South-Ussuriysk Territory of Russia, F.F. Busse, made a request to M.S. Voronin to discover the cause of a widespread and dangerous disease in the territory called \"tempulent corn\" or scab. Voronin received numerous specimens of affected cereal plants and he began his investigation. He found numerous species of fungi on affected ears, ranked them by extent of potential harm for human and animals and then singled out two the most probable initiators of the disease (it turned out subsequently that they were two stages of the same fungus). Comparing the intensity of manifestation of disease with meteorological data in the territory, Voronin came to the conclusion that the agent of scab developed intensively in rainy and warm weather when harvested cereals were stacked directly on the ground.
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# Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin
## Honours
Voronin was well-known in scientific groups of Europe and America where scientific societies included him among their honorary members. In 1889 he was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society, honorary member of the Society of Amateurs in Anthropology and Ethnography in Moscow, in 1894 - honorary member of the Moscow Naturalists Society and the Petersburg Naturalists Society, in 1895 - honorary member of the Russian Society of Horticulture and a foreign member of the Linnaean Society in London. And finally, in 1898, Voronin became an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1899 he was inducted as an honorary member into the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Properties, and in the same year he was invited to head the Department of Cryptogam Plants of the Botanical Museum Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1902 he was elected an honorary member of Kharkov and Yuryev Universities.
M.S. Voronin died of pneumonia on 20 February (5 March old calendar) 1903
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# Manuel Lopes (barber)
**Manuel Lopes** (c. 1812 -- December 23, 1895) was Seattle\'s first black resident whose identity is known, as well as its first barber.
## Biography
Born on the island of Fogo in the Cape Verde Islands in roughly 1812, Lopes arrived in the United States on a whaling ship. According to the history of Cape Verde in \"1810 whaling ships from Massachusetts and Rhode Island in the United States recruited crews from the islands of Brava and Fogo.\" He first settled in Maine and then in Massachusetts, in the city of New Bedford. He married Susannah Jones in 1841 at New Bedford, Massachusetts and they had a son William H Lopes.
In 1858, he arrived in Seattle approximately seven years after the founding of Seattle. His wife died shortly after he left Massachusetts. Lopes became the city\'s first black resident and its first barber. Additionally, as a propertied individual, he ran a restaurant on Commercial Street (later First Ave South) in the same building where he lived and plied his barber trade.
Lopes was a musician and known to signal mealtimes by marching up and down Seattle\'s main thoroughfare, beating out a rhythm on a snare drum. He similarly headed parades celebrating Independence Day in the US.
In the early 1870s, Lopes ultimately moved to Port Gamble, Washington, in search of work as a result of one of many economic downturns that struck Seattle. Later in life, he apparently suffered from dropsy, for which he was admitted to Providence Hospital in 1885.
Lopes died at Providence Hospital, Seattle, Washington on December 23, 1895, after a long illness
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# List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown
The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as \"**The Crown**\" and the constitutional title of the monarch is simply *rey/reina de España*: that is, \"king/queen of Spain\". However, the constitution allows for the use of other historic titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, without specifying them. A royal decree promulgated 6 November 1987 at the Council of Ministers regulates the titles further, and on that basis the monarch of Spain has a right to use (\"may use\") those other titles appertaining to the Crown. Contrary to some belief, the long titulary that contains the list of over 20 kingdoms is not in state use, nor is it used in Spanish diplomacy. In fact, it has never been in use in that form, as \"Spain\" was never a part of the list in the pre-1837 era when the long list was officially used.
Spain, mentioned differently in the titulary depending on which monarch was reigning, was for more than three centuries also symbolized by the long list that started \"\... of Castile, León, Aragón, \...\" The following long titulary in the feudal style was last used officially in 1836 by Queen Isabella II (see the account of titulary in her article) before she became constitutional queen.
Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon were together described as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The first king to officially use a derivation of the name \"Spain\" as the realm in the titulary was Charles I of Spain, who used *Rex Hispaniarum et Indiarum* (i.e. King of the Spains and the Indies). This title was often used after his title of Holy Roman Emperor which was superior to that of king. During his brief and controversial occupancy of the throne Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Emperor Napoleon, also used a similar title, *King of the Spains and the Indies*, and conferred the title \"Prince of Spain\" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren in the male and female line.
During the first restoration of the Bourbons, it returned to the traditional format (\"of Castile, Leon, Aragon, \...\") until 1837, when the short version \"queen of the Spains\" was taken into use by Isabella II. The singular *Spain* was first used by Amadeo---he was \"by divine grace and will of nation, king of Spain\". During the second restoration, King Alfonso XII started to use \"constitutional king of Spain, by divine and constitutional grace\".
Juan Carlos I, King from 1975 to 2014, did not use the style of Catholic Majesty and the other titles and honours, but did not relinquish them. Like his father, King Felipe VI uses the simple title of \"King of Spain\", without any divine, national or constitutional reference.
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# List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown
## Titles associated with the Spanish Crown {#titles_associated_with_the_spanish_crown}
The titles used by the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, were:
The title used by the first Bourbon (Bourbon-Anjou branch of the House of Capet) king of Spain, King Philip V of Spain, was:
Don Philip, By the Grace of God, King of Castile, of León, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Mallorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Cordóba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies, of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Anjou, of Burgundy, of Brabant and of Milan, Count of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol and of Barcelona, Lord of Biscay and of Molina, etc.
### Kingdoms
- King of Spain
- King of Asturias
- King of Castile
- King of León
- King of Aragon
- King of Jerusalem`{{refn|group=fn|name=first|[[Pretender|Titles in Pretence]]: historical title which is only nominal and ceremonial.}}`{=mediawiki}
- King of Cyprus`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- King of Navarre
- King of Pamplona
- King of Granada
- King of Mallorca
- King of Toledo
- King of Seville
- King of Valencia
- King of Galicia
- King of Sardinia`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- King of Cordoba
- King of Corsica`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- King of Menorca
- King of Murcia
- King of Jaén
- King of the Algarves`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}`{{refn|group=fn|name=third|Spain today holds [[Ceuta]], a city which, at time when the country got hold of it, was part of the [[Kingdom of the Algarves]].}}`{=mediawiki}
- King of Algeciras
- King of Gibraltar`{{refn|group=fn|In 2010 the [[Government of Gibraltar]] began referring to [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as [[Queen of Gibraltar]].<ref>{{cite press release |date=2010-05-06 |title=No. 103/2010 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/Press%20archives/Press%20Releases/2010/103-2010%20(1).pdf |location=[[Gibraltar]] |publisher=[[Government of Gibraltar]] |access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref> Initially just on coinage, the title now appears on many government documents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/368808/bis-14-1179-united-kingdom-partnership-agreement-part-one.pdf |title=United Kingdom Partnership Agreement |date=2014-10-15 |website=www.gov.uk |publisher=[[HM Government]] |access-date=2016-04-18 |quote=The Governor of Gibraltar is the representative of the '''Queen of Gibraltar''', Queen Elizabeth II. }}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
- King of the Canary Islands
- King of the Spanish East and West Indies and of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
### Duchies
- Duke of Burgundy`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Brabant`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Limburg`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Lothier`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Milan`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Luxembourg`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Athens`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Duke of Neopatria`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
### Counties
- Count of Habsburg`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Flanders`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Holland`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Zeeland`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Burgundy`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Hainaut`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Namur`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Artois`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Charolais`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Tyrol`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Roussillon`{{refn|group=fn|name=first}}`{=mediawiki}
- Count of Cerdanya
- Count of Barcelona
- Count of Girona
- Count of Osona
- Count of Besalú
- Count of Covadonga
### Lordships
- Lord of Biscay
- Lord of Molina
### Other titles maintained, but usually abbreviated with \"etc.\" {#other_titles_maintained_but_usually_abbreviated_with_etc.}
Because of the large number of titles associated with the Spanish Crown, only the most important were written, finishing the list with \"etc.\" or \"&c.\", referring to minor or obsolete titles. These titles are:
- Duke of Limburg, of Lothier, of Luxemburg, of Gelderland, of Styria, of Carniola, of Carinthia, and of Württemberg;
- Landgrave of Alsace;
- Prince of Swabia;
- Palatine Count of Burgundy;
- Count of Artois, of Hainaut, of Namur, of Gorizia, of Ferrette, of Haut-Rhin, and of Kyburg;
- Marquis of Oristano, and of Goceano;
- Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, and of Burgau;
- Lord of Salins, of Mechelen, of the Slovenian March, of Pordenone, and of Tripoli.
- *Rex Catholicissimus*
Andreas Palaiologos, the nephew of the last Byzantine emperor, designated Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile as his heirs at his death in 1502. However, neither Ferdinand nor Isabella, nor any succeeding monarch of Spain, ever used the title
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# Kutonen (TV channel)
**Kutonen** (*Sixth*) is a Finnish general entertainment channel that replaced the music-video oriented The Voice TV in September 2012. Kutonen is very closely related to its Danish counterpart 6\'eren, sharing its visual branding and much programming with it, as well as having close strategic connections to other brands owned and operated by SBS in other European countries.
## History
### The start of interactive television (2003--2004) {#the_start_of_interactive_television_20032004}
In 2003, a Finnish multimedia corporation called *Vizor Media Ltd.* bid for a station in the digital terrestrial television network with a winning bid, putting aside bids from six other companies (including the country\'s largest media groups MTV Media and Nelonen Media). After winning the auction for the channel space, Vizor announced it would launch its station some time during 2004. Later that year they announced the name and the profile of the channel: *Vitonen* was due to become Finland\'s first cross media channel, widely utilizing the benefits of wireless technology and allowing viewers to participate in the broadcasts online, with their mobile phones and later, with the red button of one\'s set-top box (of which the latter never happened on this particular station). Regional broadcasts were also commenced to market products and services locally and more cost-efficiently. Test broadcasts were launched in December 2003 in the Otaniemi campus of the then-Helsinki University of Technology by the state-owned VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Previously that year various private companies also took part in an auction for the contract to provide red button services for Vitonen. The winning bidder, *Icareus Ltd.*, started MHP tests in Otaniemi simultaneously with the DVB-T tests in co-operation with VTT.
The tests took three months to complete and on 12 March 2004 at 5:00 pm, the channel finally launched itself into the televisions of the digital nation on DTT channel 15. Note that at the final weeks preceding the launch, the name of the channel was simplified from Vitonen to *Viisi* The launch was preceded by a 10-hour countdown accompanied with white noise from 7:00 am that morning until the final hour -- much like the launch of British digital station BBC Choice back in 1998. For the last ten minutes the precise seconds of the countdown were accompanied by the Greenwich Time Signal. At the point where one minute was left of the countdown, the decreasing numbers were joined by the famous Apollo 11 countdown sequence. At the 30 second mark, the first song of the station (namely *Ready to Go* by Republica) started to play and at \"lift-off\" -- as it was called in the media -- an explosion-like transition launched into the music video of *Ready to Go*. The first program officially transmitted on Viisi was an edition of the channel\'s music program *Rumba.tv* spanning the whole launch night. Its first months\' programming consisted of interactive programs, music videos, movie/music/media magazines, low-budget import shows, teleshopping, infomercials and (mainly regional) chat shows. Viisi is also largely claimed to be responsible for introducing the TV advertising revolution in Finland, with overhead banners on top of broadcasts, adverts incorporated to station DOG\'s and showing classified MMS ads sent by viewers during normal breaks.
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# Kutonen (TV channel)
## History
### The voice of the new generation (2004--2008) {#the_voice_of_the_new_generation_20042008}
All the way from the launch of Viisi, its owner Vizor Media had close ties with the pan-European multimedia corporation SBS Broadcasting Group, mainly due to having bought most of its staff from SBS. The co-operation included simulcasting SBS-owned radio station Kiss FM\'s morning show *Aamutiimi* daily from 5 am onwards until the beginning of actual programs. SBS also handled the selling of Viisi\'s advertising time on behalf of Vizor. In August 2004, SBS, which already owned multiple radio stations in Finland and other Nordic countries, announced it would expand its services to television by buying Viisi from Vizor Media. After buying the channel, the new owner rebranded it as a 24/7 music-oriented station called *The Voice*, launching the new brand on 11 November 2004. Before launching on television, The Voice had been a strong and popular radio brand for 20 years in Sweden and Denmark. A local version of The Voice TV was launched three months before the Finnish version in Denmark, Swedish and Norwegian versions followed shortly afterwards. At first it only showed a mix of music videos and adverts, but five months after the launch, in February 2005, hosts appeared on the channel for the first time as well as did topical magazines. It aimed to be a largely influential party in the Finnish youth culture and it also aimed to be its mouthpiece by broadcasting programming for the youth, made by the youth -- a thing no other channel in the country had ever done before. Initially covering only southern and western parts of the country, it grew to be a national station in a very small period of time. It went on to be one of the most popular digital channels in the country.
In the beginning of 2007, the SBS-owned radio station Kiss FM (also known as Uusi Kiss) was rebranded as The Voice, completing the so-called triangle of SBS\' media platforms in Finland. According to SBS, \"having a television channel, a radio station and a comprehensive website had a positive effect on the usage of all services\". This includes television, which drew many new viewers to The Voice TV thanks to the co-branding. The effectiveness of the co-branding is debatable due to the fact that another SBS-owned radio station, Radio City, lost its broadcast license in the 2006 bid. The station was very much loved and topped the listening charts of the Helsinki area for many months of its last year on air -- some shows of the station were even simulcasted on The Voice TV. After the ending of Radio City, only occasional listeners found their way to Kiss FM, which overall weakened SBS\' foothold on Finnish radio. Nevertheless, The Voice kept going strong as a multimedia brand and got more television viewers than ever.
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# Kutonen (TV channel)
## History
### Return of Viisi (2008--2012) {#return_of_viisi_20082012}
C More Entertainment, a major player in Nordic pay television, was owned by SBS Broadcasting Group until 2009 and SBS wanted to advertise and get more subscribers to the Canal+ channels, any means necessary. These means included turning the channels free-to-air for a few weekends each year, allowing the free viewers to get a glimpse of what Canal+ had to offer. After a while SBS realized that their message didn\'t necessarily get to all viewers and being desperate to get subscriber figures up, they decided to utilize their free-to-air channels for promoting purposes. In Finland, Canal+ had the exclusive rights to Finnish national football team\'s qualifier matches for FIFA World Cup 2010 and their only free-to-air television channel in the country at the time was The Voice. Sports didn\'t suite the channel profile well, so they decided to launch a general entertainment block called *TV Viisi*, showing cost-effective import programmes amongst sports and selected movies from the *Canal+ Film* line up. TV Viisi was launched on 10 September 2008 at 8 pm with the FIFA World Cup 2010 qualifier Finland v Germany and scored the most viewers a digital channel in Finland had ever achieved: 242,000 simultaneous viewers according to overnight ratings, which makes up 11% of all television viewers at the time. The viewer record was only broken by another football qualifier on TV Viisi between Finland and Russia on 10 June 2009, when 286,000 viewers were watching the game.
TV Viisi\'s entertainment block was originally transmitted from 8 pm to 11 pm with The Voice covering the rest of the hours, but in the beginning of 2009 the hours were extended to five with programs starting at 6 pm. The changes in the schedule woke large amounts of hatred among the loyal viewers of The Voice, who found music videos a great alternative to the prime time line-ups of other channels. The viewership decreased drastically during the first year of the new arrangement, when over half of the viewers left. Journalist Tuomas Enbuske claimed in his show, *\"Incorrect, Tuomas Enbuske!\"*, that \"TV Viisi was the creation of a dumbed-down channel boss who has most likely spent his whole life digging his nose and eating all the snot that comes out\". Even though he made a heavy attack against the channel, Enbuske later went on to present his own self-titled talk show on TV Viisi in 2012.
The channel place stayed shared between the two blocks for a couple of years and among all the hatred rose a new community of viewers increasing the viewer figures of TV Viisi almost back to the levels of The Voice\'s heyday. The same arrangement continued all the way until 1 April 2011, when TV Viisi moved to its own channel and The Voice turned back into a 24-hour music video station. Even with The Voice reverting to its original profile, TV Viisi also started its own music block broadcast outside regular hours, called *The Voice 5*. The change was welcomed back by The Voice\'s former loyal viewers, but TV Viisi kept growing faster than any other television channel in Finland when The Voice\'s viewing figures returned to the days when The Voice/TV Viisi combination hit the rock bottom. The Voice stayed as a 24-hour music channel for the rest of the year, but in January 2012 it started another comedy block in prime time showing classic comedy shows like Seinfeld and The Nanny, but this time retaining its own identity for the time being.
### The sixth alternative gets on board (2012--) {#the_sixth_alternative_gets_on_board_2012}
SBS, yet again desperate to get viewing figures up, tried to broaden the target audience of The Voice with a prime time comedy block *Me rakastamme komediaa* (*We love comedy*), but it didn\'t respond too well with the viewers. The nation had been craving for a 24-hour music video station also broadcasting music in prime time for the last three years and when The Voice was finally reverted to a music-only station in 2011, the joy didn\'t last for long. Viewers were again left unsatisfied. SBS did not yield to the viewer\'s will but instead kept on promoting the comedy block and even extending its hours. The Voice was no more the same channel in the eyes of the viewers and a rebrand was known to be only a matter of time. When the name change to *Kutonen* and changing the profile to focus on men was announced only 15 days before change was due to happen in August 2012, there was little to none opposition found anywhere. The Voice stayed as an independent brand broadcasting outside regular hours on both TV Viisi and Kutonen, but changed its music profile to pop and rap music only.
## Logo and identities {#logo_and_identities}
<File:6'eren> logo.svg\|Kutonen\'s first logo from 2012 until 2015 <File:Kutonen> logo.svg\|Kutonen\'s second logo from 2015 until 2024
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# Kutonen (TV channel)
## Programming
### Current
- *Dog the Bounty Hunter*
- \'\'Finnish First Division ice hockey
- *Finnish Premier League football*
- *Star Trek: The Next Generation*
- *JCVD: Behind Closed Doors*
- *Expedition Impossible*
- *Beauty and the Geek*
- *Sunday Night Movies*
- *Friday Night Movies*
- *The Naked Truth*
- *Just for Laughs*
- *Operation Repo*
- *Swamp People*
- *Coyote Ugly*
- *Twin Peaks*
- *Dr. Steve-O*
- *The Nanny*
- *Leverage*
- *Seinfeld*
- *Mobbed*
- *Nanny*
- *Inked*
- *Cops*
### Current *The Voice* programming {#current_the_voice_programming}
- *Me rakastamme musiikkia*
*We Love Music*. The main music block of the station with various styles of music. Mostly on the air as a filler programme and during the little hours of the night. The title of the programme is also the long-running and well-known slogan of The Voice.
- *Voicen uutuudet*
*Brand new at Voice*. Formerly known as *New4You.*
- *The Voice Top Ten*
The weekly top ten list program of the station, where the songs included in the list are chosen by the station staff.
- *100% Rock*
As the title says, only rock and heavy metal videos are played in this program block. The program was widely criticized by the pentecostal movements of Finland in its early days for allegedly promoting Satanist attitudes, even though the program has never contained any Satanist music at all. The whole channel was even boycotted for a time by all kinds of Christian denominations due to \"glorifying secularism and sacrilegious attitudes and spoiling the lives of young, innocent children and the youth of Finland\" and the boycott was backed with the classic claims of backmasking having revealed hidden messages. At the time it was a widely believed stereotype that all metal and rock music was of the Satanist attitude, though these beliefs were mostly broken after the Eurovision Song Contest victory of Finnish heavy metal band Lordi in 2006, which made metal music mainstream.
- *Parasta Suomesta*
*The Best of Finnish*. An hour of Finnish music videos from all genres, both old and new music.
- *Pop Hop*
Formerly known as Hop\'nB. The block consists of Hip hop, pop hop and rhythm and blues music.
- *Retro*
Formerly known as *Deja Voice*. The program varies in length, with one half-hour block focusing on the music of one particular year.
- *The Voice of Summer*
Summer themed music block replacing *Me rakastamme musiikkia* from June to August.
- *The Voice of Xmas*
Based on the same concept as *The Voice of Summer*, this block plays Christmas music of all genres. Also replaces *Me rakastamme musiikkia* in December.
- *Heräämö*
*Recovery Room*. The weekday morning show of The Voice running from 6 am to 9 am, hosted by a team of five comedians also simulcasted on The Voice radio network throughout the country. Based on its Swedish sister channel\'s concept *VAKNA!*. A \'best of\' program also airs on the weekends.
- *Latauslista*
The official Finnish download chart program, with only selected songs from the Top 200 shown and the Top 40 shown in full.
- *Killer Karaoke*
As the title suggests, a karaoke program with all genres of music. The show is accompanied by an [interactive site](https://web.archive.org/web/20120911152823/http://www.voice.fi/killerkaraoke/), where users are encouraged to send clips of themselves singing songs featured on the station\'s playlist. The user also has the ability to share their takes on these songs with their friends on various social networking services and the most popular takes end up on television.
- *The Voicen uudenvuoden lähtölaskenta*
*The Voice New Year Countdown*. The annual 24-hour countdown of the year\'s top hits is most likely the largest crowd magnet of the station. The base count of the countdown is commonly 500, whereas the last two digits of the ending year are added to the base count (e.g. in 2009 the number of songs was 509 and in 2011 it was 511). The broadcast ends with the first ranking song of the year at usually five minutes to midnight, when the signal cuts to a live broadcast of the Helsinki Senate Square\'s new year festivities.
### Past
### Past *The Voice* programming {#past_the_voice_programming}
- *KPS*
A weekday daytime program hosted by Kristiina Komulainen, Heikki Paasonen and Johannes Saukko, the first letters of the hosts\' surnames make up the title of the show. Replaced by *Voicela* in the autumn of 2007.
- *The Voice in the Mix*
A large interactive music video megamix, where the next song of the megamix voted by SMS and mixed into the previous one by a live DJ. Usually shown at late nights, the program was a common raid target for the Finnish imageboard Kuvalauta.
- *Top 5@5*
Summing up the top five songs of the day voted by The Voice\'s online community at 5 pm every weekday.
- *Voicela*
A daytime comedy talk show hosted by Jukka Rossi, Juuso Mäkirinne and Tea Khalifa, that at first ran for 1,5 hours. In September 2008 it was reduced to only one hour and Khalifa quit hosting the show.
- *POP*
A weekly topical magazine hosted by Jussi Mäntysaari. It ran for half an hour, often consisting purely of interviews with musicians. After the magazine was cancelled, Mäntysaari went on to host a show of the same type to the same corporation\'s commercial radio station Radio City, simply titled *Ohjelma* (or *The Program*).
- *The Voice Party*
Live rave parties hosted all around the country and broadcast live on television on Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights.
- *Your Voice*
The program consisted of an editor doing vox pops around the streets of Helsinki and asking for music requests to fill on television.
- *1 artisti, 3 hittiä*
Interviews with international and domestic musicians, playing three hit songs by that particular artist amidst the interview sequences.
### Past *Viisi* (2004) programming {#past_viisi_2004_programming}
- *Rumba*
The main music program of the station, made in co-operation with the *Rumba magazine*. Mainly hosted by Tea Khalifa, the program was broadcast from Lasipalatsi in central Helsinki and had studio guests every day.
- *Hohto*
A daily half-hour show focusing on rating new movie releases and television series. Also interviewed people in the movie industry.
- *ChatGalleria*
An SMS chat show made in co-operation with social networking site *IRC-Galleria*, which allowed users to connect their telephones with their IRC nicknames and chat with other users of the service around the country.
- *Huuto*
An auctioning program made in co-operation with online auctioning site *Huuto.net*, where the host of the program pinpointed selected interesting items while other items were running through the screen. New bids were typed to the screen in real time using the *Vidiprinter* system, made famous by the BBC in their football show Final Score.
- *KissTV*
A simulcast of radio station *Kiss FM* accompanied by a live camera feed from the studio and an SMS chat. Mostly used as a breakfiller when no other programming was available and was shown regularly each morning from 5 am to 10 am to simulcast the Kiss FM morning show *Aamutiimi*.
- *Peliforum*
A weekly magazine consisting of video game news and reviews. Repeated every day of the week
| 1,196 |
Kutonen (TV channel)
| 3 |
11,068,790 |
# Dois Vizinhos
**Dois Vizinhos** (\"Two Neighbours\" in English) gained its municipality on November 28, 1961. It is a Brazilian municipality in the southwestern state of Paraná, situated in the southwestern mesoregion of the state and in the microregion of Francisco Beltrão. It is at an average altitude of 509 meters in relation to sea level. Its main accesses are by highways PR-281, PR-473 and PR-493. Its population, according to the 2020 estimate of IBGE, was of 41,038 inhabitants. In 2005, the municipality won the title of *National Capital of Chicken*.
Dois Vizinhos has a population of approximately 40,000 people, of whom the major part lives in the city. The economy is mainly based on agriculture, turkey and chicken processing and export, and an ascending computer industry named [CISS](https://ciss.com.br/). It is the birthplace of the footballer Dagoberto who plays as a forward.
## Demography
Population
População (1970-2007)
--------------------------
rowspan=1 width 40%\|Ano
1970
1980
1991
1993
2000
2007
2020
Dois Vizinhos went through different periods in their development. In the decade of 1950 to 1960, there was intense population and significant population growth. The population, generally speaking, is made up of immigrants from Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul descendants of predominantly Italian immigrants, followed by Poles, Germans and Japanese individuals.
From the 1970s, there was a population decrease of 8.76% of the rural population in relation to its totality, while the urban population grew up to 193.89% in relation to its total population. The decrease of the rural population is due to the factors of the agricultural mechanization that caused the rural exodus, contributed to both the drought that occurred from December 77 to May 78. Urban population growth is justified by the growth of cities themselves, by the development of industry and commerce. In the \[1980s\] we had a decrease of 5.42% in the total population, and the rural population decreased by 40.39%, a decrease that occurred due to several factors: dry (drought) from December 85 to January 1986 and July 1988. Causing severe damage to agricultural production. Contrary to the decrease of the rural population, the urban population grew 8.51% in relation to its total population. This factor also justifies the strong rural exodus. In the 1990s, another significant factor changed the population scenario, when in 1993, the physical-territorial dismemberment of the administrative districts of Cruzeiro do Iguaçu and Boa Esperança do Iguaçu occurred.
## Education
The IDEB of the municipality is 6.7 (out of 10.0) for the initial years of Elementary School. This index is one of the best results in the region, the 8th best at the state level (tied with another nine municipalities) and higher than the national index which is 5.7.
13 Municipal Schools (9 urban and 4 rural - serves 3,523 students) and 11 State Colleges (5th to 8th and High School - 5124 students). Of these, fifteen are located in the urban perimeter and nine in the rural area, with approximately 8647 students attending. In the service to the schools they act:
- 565 teachers duly qualified and registered by the municipal administration and the state government.
- 371 students in the Private Network of Primary Education.
- 200 students in high school.
The municipality has two higher education institutions; the [Unisep](http://www.unisep.edu.br/) of a private character and a campus of the Federal University of Technology - Paraná, making Dois Vizinhos a growing educational center in the entire southwestern region. It has a total of 23 courses offered by the two educational centers, making up a contingent of over two thousand students in higher education. Unisep College stands out in the region for being the fastest growing in the entire state of Paraná, counting with 11 undergraduate and 3 post graduate
| 619 |
Dois Vizinhos
| 0 |
11,068,804 |
# Manuel Olivares
**Manuel Olivares Lapeña** (2 April 1909 -- 16 February 1976) was a Spanish football striker and manager.
In only 82 La Liga games he scored 56 goals, mostly for Real Madrid with which he won three major titles.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Son Servera, Balearic Islands, Olivares joined Deportivo Alavés in 1928 and made his debut in La Liga in the 1930--31 season, scoring ten goals in 14 games as the Basques finished in eighth position (out of ten clubs). In the following off-season, he signed for country giants Real Madrid.
In his first two years with the *Merengues*, Olivares netted at an impressive rate, winning two consecutive national championships and the 1934 Copa del Presidente de la República. In the 1932--33 campaign, he scored 16 goals in only 14 matches to conquer the Pichichi Trophy.
Olivares spent a further three years in the top division, with Donostia CF, Real Zaragoza and Hércules CF. In 1935 he started his coaching career with the second club, going on to act as player-coach for several teams until 1943 and definitely retiring as a player with Algeciras CF in the regional leagues.
In 1944--45, Olivares led UD Salamanca to Segunda División, being relegated the following season. He died on 16 February 1976 in Madrid, at the age of 66.
## International career {#international_career}
Olivares played once for Spain, appearing in a 0--2 friendly loss in Czechoslovakia on 14 June 1930
| 242 |
Manuel Olivares
| 0 |
11,068,810 |
# Erromanga (ship)
There are three vessel listed in Lloyd\'s register of British and foreign shipping prior to 1880 named ***Erromanga***, they are:
- *Erromanga* -- a wooden barque of 395 tons, built in Greenock in 1845 Owner: J. Kelso, Master: J. Kelso, Port of registry: Greenock, Destined voyage: Clyde to Quebec
- *Erromanga* -- a wooden barque of 361 tons, built in Newcastle in 1844 Owner: R. Hansell, Master: Robinson, Port of registry: North Shields, Destined voyage: Newcastle
- *Erromanga* -- a wooden barque of 309 tons, built in Sunderland in 1856 Owner: L. A. V. Rudolph, Master: E. Polson, Port of registry: Sunderland
- *Eromanga* (Australian vessel) details as recorded in the 1824--25 edition of Lloyd\'s register of shipping was as follows: Official number 130166. A steel single screw steamship of 3,359 tons, built by the State Dockyard in Newcastle in 1921 for the Commonwealth Line. In 1926 this vessel was sold to the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company and renamed *Maranoa*
| 164 |
Erromanga (ship)
| 0 |
11,068,822 |
# Aage Stentoft
**Aage Stentoft** (1 May 1914 -- 8 July 1990) was a Danish composer, film score composer and theatre director. He composed over 700 melodies during his lifetime.
## Biography
Stentoft was born in Holbæk, where he graduated from the Stenhus Kostskole (now Stenhus Gymnasium og HF). Initially, he planned to study law, but due to lack of money, he started to compose music for commercials. In 1934, he began working as an accompanist and composer for the revue troupe *Co-Optimisterne*. A lot of his tunes quickly achieved widespread popularity, and he earned good money by composing and, later on, by producing revues.
During his career, Stentoft also managed various theatres: Frederiksberg Teater (now Aveny-T) in Frederiksberg and three theatres in Copenhagen, Dagmar Teatret, Det Ny Scala and Apolloteatret. In 1961, he emigrated to Spain. In 1973, he returned to Denmark as leader of the Tivoli Gardens theatre, a job he kept until his retirement in 1981, when he returned to Spain. He died at his home near Málaga in 1990
| 173 |
Aage Stentoft
| 0 |
11,068,825 |
# Markees Stradivarius
The **Markees** is a violin made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari of Cremona. It was created in 1701. The violin is owned by the Music Chamber of Hong Kong, having been purchased in 2004 from a professor at the Juilliard School of Music. It was loaned to Leung Kin-fung, concertmaster of the Hong Kong Philharmonic, but has been returned.
The Markees is one of six Stradivari violins that have been preserved with the original varnish. It was previously owned by Professor Karl Markees (1865--1926), a Swiss violinist who studied under Joseph Joachim
| 95 |
Markees Stradivarius
| 0 |
11,068,844 |
# Antwerp school
The **Antwerp School** was a school of artists active in Antwerp, first during the 16th century when the city was the economic center of the Low Countries, and then during the 17th century when it became the artistic stronghold of the Flemish Baroque under Peter Paul Rubens.
## History
Antwerp took over from Bruges as the main trading and commercial center of the Low Countries around 1500. Painters, artists and craftsmen joined the Guild of Saint Luke, which educated apprentices and guaranteed quality.
The first school of artists that emerged in the city were the Antwerp Mannerists, a group of anonymous late Gothic painters active in the city from about 1500 to 1520. They were followed by Mannerist painters in the Italian tradition that developed at the end of the High Renaissance. Jan Gossaert was a major artist in the city at this time. Other artists, such as Frans Floris, continued this style.
The iconoclastic riots (\'Beeldenstorm\' in Dutch) of 1566 that preceded the Dutch Revolt resulted in the destruction of many works of religious art, after which time the churches and monasteries had to be refurnished and redecorated. Artists such as Otto van Veen and members of the Francken family, working in a late mannerist style, provided new religious decoration. It also marked a beginning of economic decline in the city, as the Scheldt river was blockaded by the Dutch Republic in 1585 diminishing trade.
The city experienced an artistic renewal in the 17th century. The large workshops of Peter Paul Rubens and Jacob Jordaens, and the influence of Anthony van Dyck, made Antwerp the center of the Flemish Baroque. The city was an internationally significant publishing centre, and had a huge production of old master prints and book illustrations. Antwerp *animaliers* or animal painters, such as Frans Snyders, Jan Fyt and Paul de Vos dominated this speciality in Europe for at least the first half of the century. Many artists joined the Guild of Romanists, a society for which having visited Rome was a condition of membership. But as the economy continued to decline, and the Habsburg Governors and the Church reduced their patronage, many artists trained in Antwerp left for the Netherlands, England, France or elsewhere, and by the end of the 17th century Antwerp was no longer a major centre for art.
The artistic legacy of Antwerp is represented in many museums, and paintings of the Antwerp School are valued at auctions
| 409 |
Antwerp school
| 0 |
11,068,849 |
# Peter Hynes (rugby union)
**Peter Hynes** (born 18 July 1982) is a retired Australian professional rugby union footballer. He played on the wing or at fullback for the Queensland Reds and Australia.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born and raised in Brisbane, Hynes attended Brisbane State High School, and formally St Laurence\'s college where he was a schoolboy 400m sprint champion and was selected to play for the Australian Schoolboys rugby team in 2000.
Hynes played for the University of Queensland Rugby Club, and was invited to join the Queensland Reds Rugby College in 2001.
## Rugby career {#rugby_career}
Hynes was chosen for the Queensland Under 19s and went on to play for Australia at the Under 19 World Cup in Chile in 2001. He was selected for the Australian Sevens team in 2002, and he played for Australia Under 21s two years in a row at the Under 21 Rugby World Championships in 2002 and 2003.
### 2003--2007
Hynes signed a contract with the Queensland Reds for the 2003 season, and made his Super 12 debut for the Reds against the Hurricanes on 4 April 2003. He was selected to tour with Australia A and played in the two matches against Japan at Osaka and Tokyo in June 2003.
On 8 May 2004, in a match against the Waratahs, Hynes scored the first ever Reds try at Suncorp Stadium in front of a record Australian Super 12 crowd.
Hynes earned his 20th Super Rugby cap in 2005, the last season of the Super 12 before the competition expanded to 14 teams. It was the middle of several lean years for the Queensland team and the backline players being starved of possession under a 10-man rugby gameplan was frustrating for Hynes.
In November 2006, Hynes played for the Australian Prime Minister\'s XV against Japan in Tokyo, scoring the opening try in a 61-19 thrashing of the home side.
Hynes notched up his 50th game for the Reds in 2007, a year where his versatility was put to the test, playing at wing and inside centre after some trial games at flyhalf. Later in 2007, he played six matches for the Ballymore Tornadoes in the Australian Rugby Championship.
| 367 |
Peter Hynes (rugby union)
| 0 |
11,068,849 |
# Peter Hynes (rugby union)
## Rugby career {#rugby_career}
### 2008--2011 {#section_1}
Phil Mooney was installed as the Reds\' coach in 2008, and brought in a new gameplan that encouraged instinct and flair. Hynes had his best year for the Reds, scoring several spectacular tries in 2008, including an 80-metre solo effort against the Lions in Johannesburg. His punishing defence was also outstanding.
Hynes made his Test debut for the Wallabies as one of the two run-on wingers against Ireland in Melbourne on 14 June 2008. He had a very strong game and won the Player\'s Player award for the match against Ireland. Two weeks later, he went on to win the Man of the Match award in the first Test against France on 28 June 2008. In the second Test against France on 5 July 2008, Hynes scored his first try for the Wallabies in front of his home crowd at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. After playing in all six Test matches in the 2008 Tri Nations Series, Hynes received the Wallabies Rookie of the Year award, and toured with the Wallabies on the 2008 Spring tour.
Hynes had an injury-affected campaign in 2009 and played 8 matches in the Super 14 season for the Reds. He never shook off lingering knee problems, even after a mid-season arthroscopic operation, He nevertheless returned to play for the Wallabies with a win against Italy in Melbourne on 20 July 2009. He played in the 2009 Tri Nations Series and on the 2009 Spring tour, and extended his number of Test caps to 22.
Throughout 2010, Hynes battled a degenerative condition in his left knee, in which the cartilage was gradually being worn away. He played 12 matches in the Super 14 season for the Reds, and had another arthroscopic operation at the end of the season to clear out the debris. He played two matches for the Australian Barbarians against England in June 2010, but had lost top-end speed and did not make much impact. He did not gain reselection for the Wallabies.
Hynes entered the 2011 season with severe bone bruising in his left knee resulting from the cartilage degeneration and was forced to miss all but the opening two matches of the Reds 2011 Super Rugby title-winning season.
## Retirement and post-rugby career {#retirement_and_post_rugby_career}
After many months of treatment in 2011, Hynes decided to undergo a radical surgery to guarantee he wouldn\'t experience severe pain or have any limitations in his knee later in life. The innovative surgery involved a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; a high tibia Osteotomy, whereby his leg was broken and re-aligned; and a donor meniscus transfer.
During his rehabilitation, Hynes worked for the Queensland Rugby Commercial Team as a Business Development Executive. Hynes retired from rugby in 2012, and took up a business development career with TechnologyOne, an international corporation based in Brisbane
| 478 |
Peter Hynes (rugby union)
| 1 |
11,068,865 |
# Harry Higgins
**Harry Leslie Higgins** (24 February 1894 -- 19 September 1979) was an English first-class cricketer who played 98 matches in the 1920s. All but one of these were for Worcestershire; the exception was a Gentlemen v Players game in 1922 in which bad weather meant that Higgins (playing for the Gentlemen) did not get to bat. He stood in as Worcestershire captain for one game in 1923, and acted as wicket-keeper for a single match --- in which he scored 99 --- in 1921.
Higgins made his debut for Worcestershire against Somerset at Taunton in June 1920; he made 0 and 33 in a heavy innings defeat. He played a further 10 games for Worcestershire that season, but Higgins\' only half-century during the year was the 64 not out he hit against Sussex at Worcester in July: a game in which only 80 overs were possible. The other nine games in which Higgins played were all lost by one of the weakest of all Worcestershire sides; these defeats included the innings-and-340-run demolition by Warwickshire that `{{As of|2007|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki} remains Worcestershire\'s heaviest first-class defeat.
He was a regular in the county side in 1921 and 1922, and in both years he made over 1,000 first-class runs. In 1921 he hit a career-best 1,182 runs at 28.82, including two centuries. The higher of these, 133 against Essex at Leyton, came in a somewhat unusual match. Essex, batting first, had been dismissed for 90 (Preece taking a career-best 7-35) but had nevertheless run out easy winners thanks to the all-round talents of Johnny Douglas, who made 123\* and took 14 wickets. Higgins made his career best score of 137\* in May 1922 at New Road against Lancashire, but again Worcestershire lost, this time by an innings.
In 1923 and 1924, Higgins appeared in 15 matches each season, but suffered a severe loss of form, scoring only 728 runs in 55 innings, and with just a single fifty each year. After that he never played regularly again, although he turned out on a handful of occasions from 1925 until his final retirement in 1927. His last game was against Warwickshire at Worcester: in a drawn match, Higgins scored 11 in his only innings.
Higgins was born in Bournville (then in Warwickshire, now Birmingham); he died at the age of 85 in Malvern, Worcestershire.
His older brother John played more than 100 times for Worcestershire, and umpired one Test match
| 407 |
Harry Higgins
| 0 |
11,068,871 |
# Cercospora brassicicola
***Cercospora brassicicola*** is a plant pathogen
| 9 |
Cercospora brassicicola
| 0 |
11,068,873 |
# Pseudocercosporella capsellae
***Pseudocercosporella capsellae*** is a plant pathogen infecting crucifers (canola, mustard, rapeseed). *P. capsellae* is the causal pathogen of white leaf spot disease, which is an economically significant disease in global agriculture. *P. capsellae* has a significant effect on crop yields on agricultural products, such as canola seed and rapeseed. Researchers are working hard to find effective methods of controlling this plant pathogen, using cultural control, genetic resistance, and chemical control practices. Due to its rapidly changing genome, *P. capsellae* is a rapidly emerging plant pathogen that is beginning to spread globally and affect farmers around the world.
## Habitat and Geographical Distribution {#habitat_and_geographical_distribution}
### Habitat
*Pseudocercosporella capsellae* is generally found in humid environments. When *P. capsellae* is found in environments with low humidity, the fungus is unable to germinate and cause disease. This pathogen is not a thermophile, explaining how it is found in temperate climates without extreme heat. After introduction into an area, *P. capsellae* is found in most neighboring *Brassicaceae* agricultural fields. In the wild, *P. capsellae* can be observed in prairie environments containing mustard weed.
### Geographical Distribution {#geographical_distribution}
*P. capsellae* has been identified on four of the seven continents of the world: North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Specifically, *P. capsellae* has been found in agricultural fields in China, Japan, Canada, India, Australia, the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Poland, and Scandinavian nations.
## Morphology and Microscopic Features {#morphology_and_microscopic_features}
*P. capsellae* is an ascomycete, meaning it produces ascospores housed in asci as means of sexual reproduction. Sexual structures are found in the sexual stage of this fungus, which has been classified as *Mycosphaerella capsellae*. The ascocarp of *M. capsellae* is a cleistothecium, meaning asci are shielded from the environment prior to ascospore release. As means of asexual reproduction, *P. capsellae* produces chains of septate conidia. Conidia range in size between about 42-71μm in length and about 3μm in width. These chains of conidia are attached to a long conidiophore and stipe, connecting these asexual structures to the sterile hyphal network of the fungal body. In culture, *P. capsellae* appears black and white on potato dextrose agar (PDA). When observed under a microscope, *P. capsellae* appears a reddish-purple color due to the fungus\' production of a purple-pink pigment. *P. capsellae* also is known to produce a mycotoxin, cercosporin, which increases the virulence of the pathogen.
| 397 |
Pseudocercosporella capsellae
| 0 |
11,068,873 |
# Pseudocercosporella capsellae
## Disease Signs/Symptoms, Cycle, and Control {#disease_signssymptoms_cycle_and_control}
### Disease Signs and Symptoms {#disease_signs_and_symptoms}
Infected crucifers display white lesions on leaves when infected by *P. capsellae.* These white lesions oftentimes have nonuniform shapes, and darken as the fungus matures on its host. Lesions on leaves initially can be 1-2mm in diameter, but can grow up to 10mm in diameter as the disease progresses. Leaves can fall off of host plants if infection is severe and widespread throughout a particular host. Gray or tan lesions may also appear on host stems; these lesions oftentimes harbor the sexual stage of *P. capsellae,* where ascospores are developed and released. Conidia can be found on the underside of leaves, oftentimes in locations corresponding to where lesions are present.
### Disease Cycle {#disease_cycle}
Conidia from the asexual structures of *P. capsellae* germinate at optimal temperatures of 20-24**°**C. At these temperate conditions and in ample humidity, conidia can be spread to new host plants via wind, water droplet splash, or by improperly sanitized farm equipment. These conidia penetrate new host leaves or stems and create infection. Crucifers, such as canola or rapeseed, are the primary host for this pathogen. In rare cases, cover crops or neighboring species of weeds can act as secondary hosts for the sexual stage of *P. capsellae*. *P. capsellae* overwinters as thick-walled mycelium on infected detritus in fields, and germinates again to infect new hosts as conditions become more ideal for spread. *P. capsellae* is a hemibiotroph, as indicated by its ability to keep host crucifers alive until host leaves fall off during severe infection.
### Control Strategies {#control_strategies}
Many management strategies have been implemented in attempt to control the spread of *P. capsellae*. One common method of control is the use of fungicides as means of chemical control. The use of fungicides has been discovered to be ineffective at the control of *P. capsellae*, as this pathogen is resistant to most of the common fungicides utilized by farmers.
Cultural control methods are the most common management strategy that farmers use against *P. capsellae*. Methods such as crop rotation, proper sanitation of farm equipment, and planting crucifer crops with more space in between crops are effective methods of managing the spread of *P. capsellae* in fields. Sanitation of farm equipment and crop rotation are methods of reducing initial inoculum of conidia produced by *P. capsellae*.
Breeding genetic resistance towards *P. capsellae* is a promising method for disease management of this pathogen. Researchers across the world have been conducting genetic crosses of *Brassica* crops to find resistance genes that can make crops less susceptible to *P. capsellae* infection. Although this method of control is promising, *P. capsellae* has a genome that is rapidly changing, making it difficult for researchers to identify host resistance genes that remain effective against *P. capsellae* for substantial periods of time
| 474 |
Pseudocercosporella capsellae
| 1 |
11,068,874 |
# Mount Hyōno
is a mountain on the border of Yabu, Hyōgo Prefecture, and Wakasa, Tottori Prefecture, in Japan. It is the highest mountain in Hyōgo Prefecture. This mountain is one of the 200 famous mountains in Japan. Other names of this mountain are **Suga-no-sen**, **Hyō-zan**, **Hyō-no-yama**, **Kōri-no-yama**.
## Outline
Mount Hyōno is estimated as an upheaved submarine volcano which erupted three million years ago with Mount Naki and Torokawa-daira highland. This mountain is the second highest mountain in Chūgoku Mountains, and also the second highest in Honshū west of Osaka Prefecture. This mountain is in the Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park. This mountain is also selected as one of the 100 untrodden areas in Japan.
## Access
- Fukusada Bus Stop of Zentan Bus.
## Gallery
Image:Hyonosen01s1600.jpg\|Mount Hyōno from northeast Image:Hyonosen03.JPG\|Mount Hyōno from north Image:Hyonosen04.JPG\|A religious object in Mount Hyōno Image:Hyonosen01.JPG\|Fudo Waterfall in Mount Hyōno Image:Hyonosen06.JPG\|A rock on the route to the top of Mount Hyōno from northMount Tanigawa from south Image:Hyonosen07.JPG\|The top of Mount Hyōno from north Image:Hyonosen08.JPG\|Southside view from the top of Mount Hyōno Image:Hyonosen10
| 176 |
Mount Hyōno
| 0 |
11,068,885 |
# Coprinopsis psychromorbida
***Coprinopsis psychromorbida*** or **cottony snow mold** is a cause of snow mold. It is a basidiomycete, a psychrophile, and a plant pathogen.
## Physiology
*C. psychromorbida* can thrive at least down to {{ Convert \|-5\|C}}, optimally {{ Convert \|5-10\|C}}, and ceases growth at {{ Convert \|25\|C}}.
## Hosts
Grows as a snow mold in wheat, rye, and other grasses (Poaceae) and can also cause storage rotting in apple and pear
| 73 |
Coprinopsis psychromorbida
| 0 |
11,068,889 |
# Sudi, India
**Sudi**, is a panchayat town in the Gadag District of Karnataka, India. It is about 30 km from Badami, 12 km from Gajendragad and 3 km from Itagi Bhimambika temple. In the past it was an important town of the Kalyani Chalukyas during 1000 AD. It is notable for rare stone carved monuments like *Twin towered temple, Mallikarjuna temple and nagakunda (large well built of stone and carvings)*, and few other structural temples. For long time these structures were abandoned, but recently they caught the eye of the Indian Archaeological Department (ASI - Archaeological Survey of India).
## History
Sudi belongs to the core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern Karnataka (particularly North Karnataka).
*Padevala Taila* (son of **Nagadeva**), continued to serve under *Satyashraya* (succeeded his father Taila in 997 AD) and his mother *Attiyabbe* made a grant in *1005 A.D*. Satyashraya had two daughters. *Vradhamabbarasi* and **Akkadevi** and one son Kundin (*Kundiraja*). **Akkadevi** was a *good administrator* and was governing some division during the time of *Satyashraya* and his successors. Kundiraja was placed in charge of divisions like Banavasi 12,000 and *Santalige* 1,000.
**Akkadevi** and *Kundin*, continued to govern (dating 8_October_1013 AD) some provinces of the Chalukya Empire during the reign of Vikramaditya.
Sudi was the capital of the Kalyani Chalukyas in 1100 AD. Kalyani Chalukyas king\'s daughter Akkadevi ruled the place. There are also historical records indicating that coins were manufactured (mint) in this town during that time.
### Coinage
During Western Chalukyas (973 -- 1189 south), The Alupas, a feudatory, minted coins with the Kannada and Nagari legend Sri *Pandya Dhanamjaya*. Lakkundi and Sudi in Gadag district were the main mints (*Tankhashaley*) . Their heaviest gold coin was *Gadyanaka* (weighed 96 grains), Dramma (weighted 65 grains), Kalanju (48 grains), Kasu (15 grains), Manjadi (2.5 grains), Akkam (1.25 grains) and Pana (9.6 grain).
### Shaivism, Pasupata school {#shaivism_pasupata_school}
Shaivism gained importance and Jainism lost towards the closing years of the Chalukya rule. Shaivism was dominant, and had several sects like Shaiva, Pasupata or Lakula, Kalamukha and Kapaliaka. The Pasupata school was important and had important centers at Balligavi, **Sudi**, Srisailam and other places.
### Inscriptions
The Cholas claim to have captured a large number of Chalukya feudatory princes with their women and sacked and burnt *Mannandippai*. The Chalukya reverses are admitted in a **Sudi inscription**, dated in *1050 A.D.*, of the reign of *Someshvara*. It says that *the 7 ministers granted the*settis renewal*of their corporate constitution (which had partly broken down in the stress of the war with the Cholas)*.
The Chola king was killed at *Koppam*, but the Chalukyas were also pushed back from there by *Rajendra*. Soon after the Chalukyas raided Kanchi, the Chola capital, burnt the city and defeated the Cholas once again. A *Sudi inscription* (Thursday, 20_January_1060 AD), records that king *Trailokyamalla* was halting at his camp *Puli*, a town within *Sindavadi* division after having made a victorious expedition to the southern region and conquered the Chola.
Sudi has several stone temples built by Maha Samanthadhipati Naga Deva in 1100 AD that have caught the attention of the Karnataka State Archeological Department. Quite a few of these structures have been cleaned up. Besides age-old structures there is also a tower (called *Hude* in native language) located in the center of the village. The richness of these temples can be viewed in the images posted here.
## Tourism
### Twin Towered Shiva Temple {#twin_towered_shiva_temple}
Twin Towered, Two Vimana, Jodakalasa Temple
Later Chalukya monument, Before 1059-60, by Nageshwara by General Nagadeva administering Sudi.
### Shri Chidambara Panchangam {#shri_chidambara_panchangam}
Chidambara Panchanga is publishing from Sudi for many years. It was started by Late.Vedabrahma Shri Ramashastri Joshi.
### Shri Shiva Chidambareshwara temple {#shri_shiva_chidambareshwara_temple}
Adjacent to the Shri Shiva Chidambareshwara temple there is a 29-feet Lord Shiva statue in a standing position which is rare in India & it was inaugurated by Shri Vishwesha Tirtharu, Pejawara Matha, Udupi.
<File:Alankara> chidambara.jpg <File:Chidambara> Alankara.jpg
### Mallikarjuna Temple {#mallikarjuna_temple}
Mallikarjuna temple at Sudi is a later Chalukya (Kalyani Chalukyas) monument, 1054, Founded under princess *Akkadevi* Governor of Sudi
### Naga Kunda (Well) {#naga_kunda_well}
**Nagakunda** literally means King cobra tank at Sudi is a carved (Inner wall) temple tank.
This is totally neglected by the people, ASI and Govt. of Karnataka.`{{original research inline|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} There is need of immediate conservation work to protect this monument.
### Other monuments at Sudi {#other_monuments_at_sudi}
- Large Ganapati Statue
- Ishwara Linga in a stone made shelter
- Large Shiva linga
- Hude (Tower)
Other monuments at Sudi include a large Ganapati Statue and Nandi statue inside mantapa and a large Shiva linga.
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# Sudi, India
## Geography
It has an average elevation of 586 m. It is located adjacent to 2 streams called Hirehalla and Doddahalla and has total area of the town is 5.3 km2.
It is located 120 km from Karnataka, 42 kilometres from Gadag and 450 kilometres from Bangalore, the state capital.
## Climate
The temperature ranges from minimum 23 degrees to 45 degrees during summer and from 15 to 29 degrees in winter. The rainfall of the area is 50 centimeters. Best time to visit is between low humid season from November and March.
## Transport
The nearest airport is Hubli about 100 kilometres away. It is east of Hubli-Sholapur rail route, and the rail station (Mallapur) is 25 kilometres from the town. It is also connected by road to Hubli and Gadag. Sudi is reachable from Bangalore by a 12-hour bus ride, or with a combination of an overnight train journey from Bangalore to Ron followed by a short bus ride from Ron to Sudi.
## Demographics
India census, Sudi had a population of 6,000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sudi has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age
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# Athelia arachnoidea
***Athelia arachnoidea**\'\' is a corticioid fungus in the family Atheliaceae. The species forms thin, white, cobwebby basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and typically occurs saprotrophically on leaf litter and fallen wood. It can, however, also be a facultative parasite of lichens and can additionally be a plant pathogen (typically found in its asexual***Fibularhizoctonia carotae**\'\' state), causing \"crater rot\" of stored carrots
| 62 |
Athelia arachnoidea
| 0 |
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# Scytinostroma galactinum
***Scytinostroma galactinum*** is a fungal plant pathogen infecting apples
| 12 |
Scytinostroma galactinum
| 0 |
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# Boyet Bautista
**Boyet Bautista** is a Filipino professional basketball player for the Armed Forces of the Philippines Cavaliers of the UNTV Cup. Bautista played high school and collegiate basketball for the Knights of the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He had a stint with Toyota Otis-Letran in the Philippine Basketball League, and later with the Purefoods Tender Juicy Giants of the Philippine Basketball Association, before returning to the PBL.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
### Letran Squires {#letran_squires}
Bautista joined the Letran Squires basketball team in 2000, forming a formidable lineup which made them a force to reckon in the NCAA Juniors division. Teaming up with then MVP Ronjay Enrile, Ira Buyco, Billy Ray Anabo, Mark Balneg and Wilbert Soriano the Squires swept the elimination round with a 14-0 record and give them an automatic trip to the Juniors finals with a twice-to-beat advantage. In the finals, they faced the (now inactive) Mapua Red Robins led by Jeff Martin and company. However, their dreams of a perfect season took a turn for the worse, as the Squires were beaten in the finals twice. Four of the team\'s starters, including Bautista, suffered cramps during the crucial stretches of the deciding Game 2.
### Letran Knights {#letran_knights}
When Bautista graduated from high school, he stayed in Letran with the hope of leading the school to a championship in the NCAA Seniors division. He made it to the team in 2002 and, as the team\'s starting point guard, gave Letran two championships in 2003 and 2005.
### Philippine Basketball League {#philippine_basketball_league}
When Toyota-Otis and Letran made a partnership to send the Knights in the PBL, he and superstar teammate Ronjay Enrile became founding stars of the team. In the 2006 PBL Unity Cup, he led Toyota to its first PBL championship appearance thanks to a solid supporting cast including then MVP, Joe Devance. The Knights lost to Harbour Centre Port Masters 3-2 led by very close friend LA Tenorio and Joseph Yeo.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Philippine Basketball Association {#philippine_basketball_association}
During the 2006 PBA Draft, he was drafted 9th overall by Purefoods.
### RP Team {#rp_team}
Boyet Bautista was also included in the National Team that won the Philippines a gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games in Thailand in December 2007.
### UNTV Cup {#untv_cup}
Before he joined the UNTV Cup, Bautista was played in an invitational tourney in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In 2015, Bautista played for the AFP Cavaliers men\'s basketball team in the UNTV Cup Season 4. He was named as part of the Mythical Five selection. Bautista was one of the major contributors of the team where they moved up to the finals of Season 4 and later clinched the championship title beating PNP Responders in the three-game finals series. He was named as the Finals MVP
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# Ceratobasidium ochroleucum
***Ceratobasidium ochroleucum*** is a species of fungus in the family Ceratobasidiaceae. Basidiocarps are effused and web-like and were originally described from Brazil, causing a thread blight of apple and quince trees. The fungus was subsequently reported as a leaf disease on orchard crops in North America, but since descriptions of *Ceratobasidium orchroleucum* vary considerably and no type specimen exists, its identity remains unclear. Roberts (1999) considered it a \"nomen dubium\".
## Taxonomy
The species was originally described from Brazil in 1898 as *Hypochnopsis ochroleuca*. American mycologist E.A. Burt subsequently transferred it to *Corticium*, then used as a catch-all genus for effused corticioid fungi, but the combination in *Corticium* was illegitimate since Elias Magnus Fries had already described a different *Corticium ochroleucum* in 1838. Burt accordingly gave the Brazilian species the new name *Corticium stevensii*. The species was transferred to *Ceratobasidium* in 1973, but the combination was invalid and should have been based on Noack\'s original epithet, a mistake eventually corrected in 1993
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Ceratobasidium ochroleucum
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# Grovesinia pyramidalis
***Grovesinia pyramidalis*** is a plant pathogen
| 9 |
Grovesinia pyramidalis
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# Neofabraea malicorticis
***Neofabraea malicorticis*** is a plant pathogen that causes bull\'s-eye rot on apple and pear
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Neofabraea malicorticis
| 0 |
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# Neofabraea perennans
***Neofabraea perennans*** is a plant pathogen
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Neofabraea perennans
| 0 |
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# Nectria ramulariae
***Nectria ramulariae*** is a plant pathogenic fungus
| 10 |
Nectria ramulariae
| 0 |
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# Cylindrocarpon magnusianum
***Cylindrocarpon magnusianum*** is a fungal plant pathogen that causes root rot in alfalfa and red clover
| 19 |
Cylindrocarpon magnusianum
| 0 |
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# Mycosphaerella pomi
***Mycosphaerella pomi*** is a fungus in the Mycosphaerellaceae family.
It was first described by Giovanni Passerini in 1878 as *Sphaerella pomi*, and transferred to the genus, *Mycosphaerella*, in 1897 by Gustav Lindau. The species epithet, *pomi*, is the genitive of Latin, *pomum* (\"apple\") and refers to the fact that this is a fungus found on apples
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Mycosphaerella pomi
| 0 |
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# Cytospora personata
***Cytospora personata*** is a plant pathogen
| 9 |
Cytospora personata
| 0 |
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# Cytospora sacculus
***Cytospora sacculus*** is a plant pathogen
| 9 |
Cytospora sacculus
| 0 |
11,068,956 |
# Erysiphe pisi
***Erysiphe pisi*** is a plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew on several plant species
| 17 |
Erysiphe pisi
| 0 |
11,068,964 |
# Massachusetts Route 148
**Route 148** is a 19.68 mi south--north state highway in central Massachusetts. The road travels between U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Sturbridge and Route 122 in Oakham. It travels entirely in Worcester County.
## Route description {#route_description}
Route 148 begins at US 20 in Fiskdale, a village in Sturbridge. The highway runs north under Interstate 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike) without an interchange and past the Tantasqua Regional High School before entering Brookfield, where there is a very brief concurrency with Route 9 in the center of the town. Route 148 then enters North Brookfield and becomes concurrent with Route 67 through the center of the town. After the two highways diverge, Route 148 passes through the southeastern corner of New Braintree for less than 1/2 mi and then enters Oakham, where the highway ends at Route 122.
## History
Route 148 was extended after 1986 from the southern intersection with Route 67 in North Brookfield to Route 122 in Oakham; however, signage for the highway north of Route 67 is very spotty
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# Erysiphe cruciferarum
***Erysiphe cruciferarum*** is a plant pathogen of the family Erysiphaceae, which causes the main powdery mildew of crucifers, including on *Brassica* crops, such as cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. *E. cruciferarum* is distributed worldwide, and is of particular concentration in continental Europe and the Indian subcontinent. *E. cruciferarum* is an ascomycete fungus that has both sexual and asexual stages. It is also an obligate parasite that appears to have host specificity; for example, isolates from turnip will not infect Brussels sprout, and vice versa. While being a part of the family Erysiphaceae, it belongs to those members in which the conidia are formed singly and whose haustoria are multilobed.
This species is also being evaluated as a potential biological control for the invasive plant garlic mustard.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
*Erysiphe cruciferarum* exhibits typical powdery mildew characteristics, appearing as small radiating, diffuse colonies of superficial white mycelium on the surface of the leaf; usually both sides of the leaf show white, powdery fungal growth. Additional signs of the pathogen would be that its conidia are singly produced (not in chains) and are ovoid to cylindrical in shape, ranging from 42.5--57 μm × 14.5--20.5 μm in size. Also, *E. cruciferarum* has rather variable appressoria, differing from lobed to simple, and haustoria that are multilobed. Severe, advanced infections produce a dense white powdery covering of leaves, stems, and seed crop pods. On cauliflower and cabbage, heavily diseased plants show chlorosis, early defoliation, and necrosis of the tips of young leaves. Colonies may be gray and restricted in size on resistant cultivars as the host reaction produces black speckling beneath the colony. On Brussels sprout, gray or purple symptoms occur on the stems, while on the sprouts there may be white colonies or fine black speckling in radiating lines.
Disease diagnosis is determined on the basis of anamorph morphology and host.
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
*Erysiphe cruciferarum* is an obligate parasite. They overwinter as resting spores on plant tissues or in the soil. These resting spores are called Chasmothecia. Chasmothecium are signature of all powdery mildews and can be identified by their appendages. When the environment is favorable---60 to---the chasmothecia will release asci which contain ascospores. Ascospores are the sexual spore of the powdery mildew. They are dispersed primarily by wind and germinate on the surface of plant tissue. They infect and feed on the plant via haustoria. Secondary infection is caused by the production and dispersal of conidia (asexual spores). Chasmothecium are then produced on vegetative surface of host in late summer.
## Environment
*Erysiphe cruciferarum* produces well when it is in moderate to high humidity with moderate temperatures. Temperatures between 70 -- with low relative humidity during the day and high relative humidity at night are favorable ranges. This pathogen has a wide host range. It can infect many wild plants along with cash crops. It has the ability to jump from field weeds to cultivated crops within a single season if the conditions are right. It will reduce photosynthesis and affect yields on cultivated crops. With that, this pathogen can be very troublesome in a greenhouse and protected environment, as these spaces provide ideal growing conditions. Protected growing environments tend to have temperatures and humidity within the pathogen\'s desired range to reproduce. Wind and rain can also spread the spores of *E. cruciferarum*. Adding vegetative wind barriers can impede the spores\' travel into the cultivated field and possibly lower the chance of infection. High planting densities will decrease the distance and time needed to travel to a new healthy host. Lowering the planting density or adding space between rows can aid in slowing the spores\' spread.
## Management
Biological:AQ10 is a hyperparasite of powdery mildew. It is a fungus, *Ampelomyces quisqualis*, and should be applied preventatively.\
Cultural:If resistant varieties are available, they should be used. Other \"volunteer\" host plants in the area should be eliminated and infected debris should be cleared whenever possible. Crops should be rotated with non-crucifer crops.\
Chemical:Oils like neem or jojoba can be sprayed on surface of plant to help with mild-moderate mildew infections. Fungicides like azoxystrobin and sulfur can be used to prevent an infection or kill an existing infection.
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# Erysiphe cruciferarum
## Importance
*Erysiphe cruciferarum* is also being studied for its ability to be used as a biological control to curtail garlic mustards whose growth is widely unchecked across the country. *E. cruciferarum* could provide an effective way to control garlic mustard without human intervention. *E. cruciferarum* has the ability to reduce the vitality and vigor of host plants by lowering the efficiency of photosynthesis, which in turn will lower the plant\'s ability to produce seed and survive another generation. This pathogen is somewhat host-specific in that it targets plants in the genus *Brassica*. This pathogen can also infect *Brassica* crops so it must be used with caution or must be engineered to only attack garlic mustard.
## Pathogenesis
*Erysiphe cruciferarum* is a fungal pathogen that belongs to the phylum Ascomycota. The pathogen overwinters in survival structures known as ascospores. The powdery mildew initially appears as white, powdery spots formed on leaf surfaces, shoots, and sometimes flowers or fruits. Over time, the spots spread over a larger area of leaves and stems. Eventually, leaves infected with powdery mildew may turn yellow in color and proceed to die or fall off. In some cases, fungal growth causes leaves to twist or distort in shape. Specifically, powdery mildew functions by decreasing the fruit production of plants. The ascospores survive on leaf material and cause it to fall onto the ground. Certain biological fungicides, such as Serenade or sulfur products, can be used on plants to inhibit powdery mildew infection
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# Samsung SGH-E250
The **Samsung SGH-E250** is a mobile phone that was introduced in October 2006 as an entry-level version of the Samsung D900/D900i (*ULTRA edition 12.9*). The E250 has very similar features to the D900/D900i, but the screen resolution is roughly half of that of the D900 and the camera is only 0.3MP compared to the D900/D900i\'s 3MP camera.
In 2008, Samsung Electronics also introduced the SGH-E250i/SGH-E250V, a dual band variant version of the SGH-E250, for GSM 900 and 1800 MHz networks. The Samsung SGH-E250i/E250V, which shares its design of the E250, has an 800 mAh battery instead of E250\'s 750 mAh and features VGA camera, 2.0\" display, Bluetooth, MP3 player, and FM radio with recording. It has some visual improvements in the software along with background music playback and standard MP3 ringtones compared to the SGH-E250.
Samsung E250 was a huge success for the company, becoming Samsung\'s first phone to reach the 20 million sales mark, by February 2008.
## Features
The SGH-E250 is a tri-band phone with many of the basic features of its time. It has a VGA resolution camera, a microSD slot for expanding its 10MB internal memory up to 2GB, Bluetooth 2.0 (with A2DP support), an FM radio, MPEG4 player, an integrated web browser, tools such as a calculator, calendar, alarm clock, timer, stopwatch, world clock, unit converter, and a number of included Java games: Cannonball, Forgotten Warrior, Freekick, Arch Angel, Asphalt2, Minigolf Las Vegas-T&B, and Paris Hilton\'s Diamond Quest.
The volume of the Samsung SGH-E250 can be increased using the code:\*#8999\*8378#. But, in case of the SGH-E250D (black colour) variant that was released later, the code: \*#0206\*8378# is to be used. (This process can be found elsewhere).
## Performance
The E250, with its 10MB internal Flash storage space, are expandable via microSD card. Also, the E250 is made with an ARM9-230 MHz processor, allowing for very fast processing. It cannot perform multitasking, and the media player cannot be minimized. However, the radio can be used whilst performing other tasks. Games and applications must be installed on the phone through the stock web browser by navigating to the respective sites which contains applications for the phone. They cannot be installed by any other method. The phone also does not support Java 3D. But, some variants do support it experimentally by entering the following code: \*#52828378#. Alternatively 3D graphics can be achieved in software thanks to the fast ARM9 processor as it was done on the Tapwave Zodiac.
## Design
The SGH-E250 phone is built as a slide-out phone, where the TALK, END, MENU and directional pad are on the top half. The bottom half, which slides out, holds the number keys. This classic modern phone is available in black, silver, pink, lilac, and crystal
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# Erysiphe betae
***Erysiphe betae*** is a fungal plant pathogen. It is a form of powdery mildew that can affect crops of sugar beet, that could cause up to a 30% yield loss. The fungus occurs worldwide in all regions where sugar beet is grown and it also infects other edible crops, e.g. beetroot.
## Identification
This pathogen is a strict obligated parasite, and therefore can only be identified when *in planta*. Often to properly identify this pathogen, some form of microscopic analysis is needed when it is only found on one type of plant. This can be done through isolation and observation of cleistothecia, which are the product of sexual reproduction.
## Disease symptoms {#disease_symptoms}
- Symptoms appear as dirty white, circular, floury patches on either sides of the leaves.
- Under favourable environmental conditions, entire leaves, stems, floral parts and pods are affected.
- The whole leaf may be covered with powdery mass.
- If persistent, mild chlorosis or necrosis can also occur.
## Survival and spread {#survival_and_spread}
The pathogen survives overwinter through cleistothecia which are present in crop debris in the field and which contain ascospores (sexual spores). Infection occurs when ascospores or conidia (asexual spores) are able to germinate and penetrate the plant\'s leaf. After infection, the pathogen, now growing as hyphae within the leaf, begins producing conidia on short conidiophores. Both ascospores and conidia can be the source of a primary inoculum or \"first infection\". The production of which type of spore is determined by weather conditions and time of year. Conidia can travel long distances through the air.
## Favourable conditions {#favourable_conditions}
Disease development is favored by high temperatures (15-28 °C) coupled with low humidity (\<60% humidity), and low or no rainfall, with wind.
## Description
This fungus, like all powdery mildews, has a white powdery appearance. It appears on leaves in the summer time. Infection normally begins on older leaves, typically close to the junction between the lamina and petiole, and it develops on both ab- and adaxial surfaces.
## Pathogenicity
This pathogen decreases yields in crops by the reduction of light available for photosynthesis in the leaves of plants. It also causes leaf and shoot deformities. This will affect the yield and the quality of seed crops as well as visual appearance and quality of leaf crops. In the case of *Erysiphe betae*, entry into the cell involves both mechanical penetration and enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and the cell wall.
## Plant defenses {#plant_defenses}
The fungus can produce some cell wall degrading enzymes include pectin lyases and polygalacturonases. Plants can contain an array of specialized inhibitors that counteract the effects of these enzymes.
## Methods of control {#methods_of_control}
In the case of control against *Erysiphe betae*, not much is known about how to totally eradicate this disease once it has taken hold of the crop. It must therefore be assumed that the best method of control is prevention. This can be done using fungicides. Some genes have been identified in wild species
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# Gymnosporangium clavipes
***Gymnosporangium clavipes*** is a plant pathogen, a fungus that causes **cedar-quince rust**. Similar to *Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae* and *Gymnosporangium globosum*, the fungus infects a wide range of Rosaceae, such as apple, hawthorn and quince trees, and also requires an evergreen host such as eastern red cedar or a number of other juniper species to complete its life cycle
| 60 |
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# Gymnosporangium globosum
***Gymnosporangium globosum*** is a fungal plant pathogen that causes **cedar-hawthorn rust**.
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
*Gymnosporangium globosum* is a heteroecious rust fungus that requires two hosts to complete its life cycle. Its telial stage occurs on eastern red cedar, Rocky Mountain juniper, southern red cedar, and other common junipers while its aecial stage will be found on apple, crabapple, hawthorne, and occasionally on pear, quince, and serviceberry. The symptoms on the evergreens (telial stage) start with small galls that form on its twigs and small branches. After the galls grow to be 1/8 to in diameter, circular indents (similar to those of a golf ball) will begin to appear on the twig side of the gall. Once spring arrives, a reddish-brown structure will begin to grow out of the indent eventually producing orange, jelly-like telial horns. These telial horns can reach up to 4 in long and can be easily seen. The symptoms of the deciduous trees (aecial stage) begin with yellow spots that progress into orange-red as the season continues. Black dots (spermagonia) will then develop in the center of the lesion. Mature lesions will then produce small tubes (aecia). These lesions can be found on leaves, petioles, twigs, and fruit. The aecia are approximately 1/8 in long.
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
The fungus begins its cycle overwintering in the galls of its telial host. During early spring, the telial horns form on the evergreen host, which produces teliospores that germinate creating a basidium. The basidium then produces basidiospores, which are released via wind and rain to infect its aecial, deciduous host\'s plant tissues (leaves, twigs, fruit, petioles). 80--90 days after the basidiospores germinate, aecia are produced that create aeciospores. The aeciospores are released into the air by the combination of wind and low humidity and infect susceptible evergreen hosts from midsummer into early fall beginning its telial stage. The fungus then survives as hyphae in the evergreen over that winter and begins to produce a gall the following spring. The gall increases in size throughout the summer and fall seasons so it can overwinter the spore bearing structures that will protrude out the following spring thus restarting the cycle. Thus, the entire life cycle of this rust takes 24 months to complete.
## Environment
The cedar-hawthorne rust is common all across the Midwest and Eastern United States. Its overwintering capability allows it to thrive in seasonal climates with harsh winters. The pathogen prefers humid and cloudy conditions for developing growth and the spores depend on rain and wind to be dispersed to its alternate host. Requiring two separate hosts to complete its life cycle is a limiting factor on where it can grow as both hosts must be present within a 1--2 mile radius.
## Management
There are a variety of ways to attempt to prevent this pathogen from spreading. The first being to prune out any infected branches of either host species. The second is to avoid planting two host plants within a two-mile radius of each other. This does not guarantee safety as there have been cases reported of cedar-hawthorne rust spores traveling 15 mi to infect its complementary host. There are also a multitude of different hawthorne varieties that have been bred for resistance, so choosing one of those is wise if a known susceptible evergreen host is growing nearby. Resorting to fungicide application is also an option. It is found to be most effective when applied during the spore producing period of its life cycle. If all else fails, both hosts can live with *G. globosum* without dying for decades as the pathogen is rarely lethal.
## Importance
Many of the susceptible hosts are common ornamental landscaping shrubs and trees which add importance to this pathogen. Although cedar-hawthorne rust typically does not kill either of the host plants, it can cause atypical growth and present unattractive symptoms on the leaves, stems, and fruit of the plants. Apples are not the preferred deciduous host for *Gymnosporangium globosum* but it can decimate apple orchards. A closely related rust, *Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae*, causes cedar-apple rust and is the more common rust that affects apple yields and is a consistent difficulty for apple growers.
<File:Gymnosporangium> globosum 1.jpg\|Telial horns on the juniper host <File:Gymnosporangium> globosum 2.jpg\|A close-up on a telial horn reveals masses of teliospores (tiny orange specks) <File:Two-celled> teliospore of Gymnosporangium globosum.jpg\|Two-celled teliospore of *G
| 730 |
Gymnosporangium globosum
| 0 |
11,068,990 |
# Gymnosporangium libocedri
***Gymnosporangium libocedri***, the **Pacific Coast pear rust**, is a plant pathogen and rust fungus. It produces orange gelatinous growths (telia) on incense cedar in the spring. Its secondary hosts include apple, crabapple, hawthorn, mountain ash, pear, quince, and serviceberry
| 42 |
Gymnosporangium libocedri
| 0 |
11,068,996 |
# Gymnosporangium yamadae
***Gymnosporangium yamadae*** is a plant pathogen that causes **Japanese apple rust**
| 14 |
Gymnosporangium yamadae
| 0 |
11,069,002 |
# Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
***Leptosphaeria coniothyrium*** is a plant pathogen. It can be found around the world.
## Host symptoms and signs {#host_symptoms_and_signs}
All brambles, especially black raspberries, are susceptible to cane blight. The causal agent for Cane Blight is the fungus *Leptosphaeria coniothyrium*.
The infection spreads internally first, therefore outwardly noticeable symptoms typically do not appear quickly. Symptoms could be exposed by peeling back the xylem and looking at the internal plant tissue. Healthy tissue would appear green, whereas diseased tissue develop dark lesions and vascular streaking.
By late summer or fall, well after the initial infection, dark red or purple lesions can appear near wounded sites. Sometimes, large cankers develop causing necrosis and death of the cane in the following year. In the spring buds may fail to break, lateral branches may appear wilted, or canes may die as the fruit begins to ripen. Canes can also break or appear brittle near infection sites.
Signs of cane blight include small black raised specks, which are the sporocarps, or fruiting bodies called pycnidia and/or pseudothecia. In wet conditions, gray spore masses may appear and ooze from cankers on the cane or in dry conditions appear fuzzy and powdery.
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
The disease cycle for cane blight begins when the fungus, *Leptosphaeria coniothyrium*, enters the vascular tissue of the canes through wounds. Wounds are commonly caused by pruning, but insect damage, freeze injury, or other various forms of mechanical injury can also be points of entry.
*L. coniothyrium* has both an asexual and sexual life cycle. The fruiting body, or ascocarp, of the sexual cycle is called a pseudothecia which releases ascospores. The pycnidia is the asexual fruiting body that produces conidia.
*L. coniothyrium* can overwinter on dead tissue of old canes and is a source of inoculum if not properly removed. First year canes are infected by the fungus through wounds. The following spring, pseudothecium and/or pycnidium appear near lesions on the wounded cane. Spring rain causes the ascospores to be ejected from the pseudothecia which become airborne. Additionally, the conidia are released from the pycnidia and are dispersed by rain splashes and wind. The conidia and/or ascospores germinate and infect new wounded canes.
## Management
### Several methods of cultural control can be used to manage cane blight {#several_methods_of_cultural_control_can_be_used_to_manage_cane_blight}
- Only prune if necessary and avoid pruning in wet conditions when possible. Do not prune infected canes during the growing season. Prune during dormant season because spores are not actively being produced.
- Disinfect pruning tools after each cut.
- Remove old or infected canes by burying or destroying with fire because they are a source of inoculum.
- Keep growing environment as dry as possible. Avoid overhead irrigation. Choose a site that is well drained and sunny. Keep rows weeded for good air circulation.
- Maintain optimum soil fertility so that the plant is healthy to fight infection.
### Chemical control {#chemical_control}
- Early spring application of lime sulfur or Copper before the buds are a half inch in length.
- Fungicides can be used after pruning to prevent cane blight. Be sure to properly follow instructions and laws pertaining to fungicide use.
## Importance
Cane blight is a major and widespread disease of brambles, including blackberry and raspberry. Necrotic lesions can cause premature decimation of the cane and blight of fruit bearing spurs. Cane Blight can lead to significant yield and economic losses, especially in wet years.
| 572 |
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
| 0 |
11,069,002 |
# Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
## Environment
Wet humid environments are conducive to sporulation, which allows *L. coniothyrium* to multiply and cane blight to spread
| 23 |
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
| 1 |
11,069,007 |
# Leptosphaeria pratensis
***Leptosphaeria pratensis*** is a plant pathogen. It causes stagonospora root rot
| 14 |
Leptosphaeria pratensis
| 0 |
11,069,011 |
# Nectria cinnabarina
***Nectria cinnabarina***, also known as **coral spot**, is a plant pathogen that causes cankers on broadleaf trees. This disease is polycyclic and infects trees in the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. *N. cinnabarina* is typically saprophytic, but will act as a weak parasite if presented with an opportunity via wounds in the tree or other stressors that weaken the tree\'s defense to the disease. A study published in 2011 showed that this complex consists of at least 4 distinct species. There are only a few ways to manage this disease with techniques such as sanitation and pruning away branches that have the cankers. *N. cinnabarina* is not as significant a problem as other *Nectria* spp., some of which are the most important pathogens to infect hardwood trees.
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
*Nectria cinnabarina*, also known as coral spot, is a weak pathogen of broadleaf trees. While beech is the main host, the parasite can also affect Sycamore, Horse Chestnut, and Hornbeam. This pathogen usually affects trees that have already been weakened as a result of stressful factors, such as drought or fungal infestation. Physical damage can also make the tree susceptible to the pathogen. The pathogen forms pink fungal blobs (indicative of its sexual stage) on the outside of dead wood which turn a reddish-brown color and become quite hard. The blobs are usually 1 to 4 mm in length. Other symptoms include small twigs and branches dying back and branch necrosis. The bark that is infected becomes weak and tends to snap off in windy weather. The pathogen thrives in dead wood and airborne spores infect living trees and shrubs through wounds. Since it is caused by a weak fungus, isolation of the pathogen from diseased tissue and an analysis for fungal properties, such as induced sporulation or microscopically seeing cross-walls in hyphae, can aid in diagnosis. Furthermore, many fungi studies in media involve the formation of concentric hyphal zonations or rings of sporulation as the colony develops. This zonation is usually attributed to environmental changes. The sporulation rhythm of *N. cinnabarina* is conveyed by concentric rings or spirals and is dependent on temperature.
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
Typically, *N. cinnabarina* grows as a saprophyte on dead wood. If a plant is wounded, the pathogen becomes an opportunistic weak parasite and infects susceptible plants. The complex life cycle of the *N. cinnabarina* would be characterized as polycyclic because it is capable of several infection cycles. During spring or early summer, coral pink or light purplish red spore-producing structures form. These age to tan or brown. This is the sexual stage and is distinguished by the aforementioned pink structures, which are tough perithecia that produce sexual spores. Because *N. cinnabarina* has sporodochial anamorphs, the perithecia form within the sporodochium. In summer and autumn, orange-red fruiting structures are produced; eventually these structures mature to dark red and can survive through the winter. This is the asexual stage and it is characterized by spongy conidia which can be distinguished by the hard, dark red blobs on the bark. Both of these structures release spores that can be dispersed by water and invade susceptible tissue.
## Environment
*Nectria cinnabarina* is common in the cool, temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is widespread throughout the UK and parts of mainland Europe, typically wherever there are hosts for the pathogen. The fungus enters the plant by wounds caused by improper pruning, storm damage, and other types of mechanical damage. Infection typically occurs in these wounds when there is a surplus of water, and the temperature is above freezing. Infection is most common in the spring and fall.
| 609 |
Nectria cinnabarina
| 0 |
11,069,011 |
# Nectria cinnabarina
## Management
There are only a few ways to manage disease caused by *N. cinnabarina*. One way to control the spread of this fungus is pruning branches of trees that have cankers. *N. cinnabarina* is a saprophyte and mainly resides in and on dead tissue, but as the fungus progresses, it invades living tissue and causes further disease. Trimming the areas so that no dead tissue remains is important because this removes the areas where the fungus is spreading from dead tissue to living tissue.
Another important control measure is to make sure all pruning tools are sanitized. This will prevent the spread of the fungus from infected branches to healthy branches. Pruning should be done during dry periods to prevent the possibility of creating a wound in the tree while the fungus is sporulating. *N. cinnabarina* is an opportunistic weak parasite that will mainly affect trees that are stressed. Choosing tree species that grow well in the environmental conditions of the area is a good way to keep them from being stressed.
Drought stress, root pruning, and transplantation of trees are all stressors that may cause susceptibility to infection by this fungus and these processes should generally be avoided if the fungus is suspected to be present. Keeping trees from being stressed is important because the natural defense of trees is to form cankers around infected areas, which contain the fungus and prevent it from spreading. However, stressed trees have a slower canker response, which allows the fungus to proliferate and spread to other areas of the tree and may eventually lead to death of the tree.
## Importance
The pathogen was first described in 1791 when the German mycologist and theologian Heinrich Julius Tode described this fungus under the scientific name, *Sphaeria cinnabarina*. This name was changed when Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries transferred the species to the Nectria genus in 1849. The currently adopted scientific name, *Nectria cinnabarina*, was then born. According to the article "The Range and Importance of Nectaria Canker on hardwoods in the NorthEast" by D.S. Welch, one of the most important pathogens to affect hardwood trees is the Nectria genus, or Nectria canker caused by Nectria spp. The Nectria Canker is a fungal infection of the cortex and cambium that spreads slowly over the years. *N. cinnabarina* is not as significant a problem as other Nectria spp., some of which are the most important to infect hardwoods.
## Pathogenesis
*Nectria cinnabarina* is typically saprophytic but will act as a weak parasite if presented with an opportunity via wounds in the tree or other stressors that weaken the tree\'s defense to the disease. When a tree is stressed it has a slower response to infection by *N. cinnabarina,* which allows the fungus to continue spreading throughout the tree and cause further infection. *N. cinnabarina* typically invades dead tissue first and then spreads to living tissue via hyphae that grow through the xylem. This causes dieback and allows further colonization of the fungus. It is also possible for the spores of the pathogen to infect living tissue through the lenticels, but this typically only occurs in stressed plants
| 526 |
Nectria cinnabarina
| 1 |
11,069,020 |
# 2006–07 Liga I
The **2006--07 Liga I** was the eighty-ninth season of Liga I, the top-level football league of Romania. Season began on 28 July 2006 and ended on 23 May 2007.
## Teams
Eighteen teams played in the 2006--07 season. Four teams were from Moldova, four clubs from Transylvania, one from Dobruja and nine from Wallachia four of them coming from the country\'s capital city Bucharest.
Pandurii Târgu Jiu had been relegated at the end of the previous season but they re-entered Liga I at the expense of Sportul Studenţesc which has been relegated to Liga II due to financial problems. They relegated together with FC Bacău, who finished 16th last season. The other four new teams which gained access to Liga I were Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ and Universitatea Craiova (both winning two of the three series of Liga II), plus Unirea Urziceni (winning the playoff for Liga I) and UTA Arad which bought the place from Liberty Salonta (winner of the third series of Liga II).
### Venues
Politehnica Timișoara Steaua București FC U Craiova Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------
Dan Păltinișanu Steaua Ion Oblemenco Ceahlăul
Capacity: **32,972** Capacity: **28,365** Capacity: **25,252** Capacity: **17,500**
Farul Constanța Jiul Petroșani Dinamo București Argeș Pitești
Farul Jiul Dinamo Nicolae Dobrin
Capacity: **15,520** Capacity: **15,500** Capacity: **15,032** Capacity: **15,000**
Național București Oțelul Galați
Cotroceni Oțelul
Capacity: **14,542** Capacity: **13,500**
Rapid București Politehnica Iași
Giulești-Valentin Stănescu Emil Alexandrescu
Capacity: **11,704** Capacity: **11,390**
CFR Cluj FC Vaslui
CFR Municipal
Capacity: **10,000** Capacity: **9,240**
Pandurii Târgu Jiu Gloria Bistrița UTA Arad Unirea Urziceni
Tudor Vladimirescu Gloria Francisc von Neuman Tineretului
Capacity: **9,200** Capacity: **7,800** Capacity: **7,287** Capacity: **7,000**
### Personnel and kits {#personnel_and_kits}
Team Head coach Captain Kit manufacturer Shirt Sponsor
----------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------ --------------------------
Argeș Pitești `{{sortname|Constantin|Cârstea}}`{=mediawiki} Alin Chița Lotto Pic
Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț `{{sortname|Aurel|Șunda}}`{=mediawiki} Adrian Iencsi Lotto Altex
CFR Cluj `{{sortname|Cristiano|Bergodi}}`{=mediawiki} Vasile Jula Erreà DOMO Group, Polus Center
Dinamo București `{{sortname|Mircea|Rednic}}`{=mediawiki} Claudiu Niculescu Nike Omniasig
Farul Constanța `{{sortname|Marin|Ion}}`{=mediawiki} Mihai Guriță Lotto SNC
FC U Craiova `{{sortname|Florin|Cioroianu}}`{=mediawiki} Dorel Stoica Erreà Golden Brau
Gloria Bistrița `{{sortname|Ioan|Sabău}}`{=mediawiki} Sandu Negrean Nike Darimex, Aldis
Jiul Petroșani `{{sortname|Gheorghe|Poenaru}}`{=mediawiki} Ciprian Dinu Nike Atomis
Național București `{{sortname|Eugen|Nae}}`{=mediawiki} Ovidiu Herea Nike Intercons
Oțelul Galați `{{sortname|Petre|Grigoraș}}`{=mediawiki} Viorel Tănase Nike Mittal Steel
Pandurii Târgu Jiu `{{sortname|Eugen|Neagoe}}`{=mediawiki} Florin Stângă Lotto USMO
Politehnica Iași `{{sortname|Ionuț|Popa}}`{=mediawiki} Bogdan Onuț Umbro Iulius Mall
Politehnica Timișoara `{{sortname|Valentin|Velcea}}`{=mediawiki} Dan Alexa Lotto Balkan Petroleum
Rapid București `{{sortname|Răzvan|Lucescu}}`{=mediawiki} Vasile Maftei Lotto Lukoil
Steaua București `{{sortname|Cosmin|Olăroiu}}`{=mediawiki} Mirel Rădoi Nike RAFO
Unirea Urziceni `{{sortname|Dan|Petrescu}}`{=mediawiki} Bogdan Mara Umbro ---
UTA Arad `{{sortname|Marius|Lăcătuș}}`{=mediawiki} Daniel Tudor Erreà Intesa Sanpaolo
Vaslui `{{sortname|Viorel|Hizo}}`{=mediawiki} Bogdan Buhuș Umbro ---
| 431 |
2006–07 Liga I
| 0 |
11,069,020 |
# 2006–07 Liga I
## League table {#league_table}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|res_col_header=QR \|show_limit=5
\|team1=DIN\|name_DIN=Dinamo București \|team2=STE\|name_STE=Steaua București \|team3=CFR\|name_CFR=CFR Cluj \|team4=RAP\|name_RAP=Rapid București \|team5=OȚE\|name_OȚE=Oțelul Galați \|team6=GLO\|name_GLO=Gloria Bistrița \|team7=PTM\|name_PTM=Politehnica Timișoara \|team8=VAS\|name_VAS=Vaslui \|team9=FCU\|name_FCU=FC U Craiova \|team10=URZ\|name_URZ=Unirea Urziceni \|team11=PAN\|name_PAN=Pandurii Târgu Jiu \|team12=UTA\|name_UTA=UTA Arad \|team13=PIS\|name_PIS=Politehnica Iași \|team14=FAR\|name_FAR=Farul Constanța \|team15=CEA\|name_CEA=Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț \|team16=NAȚ\|name_NAȚ=Național București \|team17=ARG\|name_ARG=Argeș Pitești \|team18=JIU\|name_JIU=Jiul Petroşani \|win_DIN=23\|draw_DIN=8\|loss_DIN=3\|gf_DIN=63\|ga_DIN=24\|status_DIN=C \|win_STE=21\|draw_STE=8\|loss_STE=5\|gf_STE=61\|ga_STE=22 \|win_CFR=21\|draw_CFR=6\|loss_CFR=7\|gf_CFR=59\|ga_CFR=32 \|win_RAP=16\|draw_RAP=11\|loss_RAP=7\|gf_RAP=63\|ga_RAP=39 \|win_OȚE=17\|draw_OȚE=5\|loss_OȚE=12\|gf_OȚE=60\|ga_OȚE=56 \|win_GLO=16\|draw_GLO=6\|loss_GLO=12\|gf_GLO=42\|ga_GLO=35 \|win_PTM=15\|draw_PTM=8\|loss_PTM=11\|gf_PTM=37\|ga_PTM=33 \|win_VAS=13\|draw_VAS=11\|loss_VAS=10\|gf_VAS=41\|ga_VAS=44 \|win_FCU=12\|draw_FCU=12\|loss_FCU=10\|gf_FCU=39\|ga_FCU=43 \|win_URZ=13\|draw_URZ=8\|loss_URZ=13\|gf_URZ=30\|ga_URZ=29 \|win_PAN=13\|draw_PAN=5\|loss_PAN=16\|gf_PAN=26\|ga_PAN=35 \|win_UTA=11\|draw_UTA=8\|loss_UTA=15\|gf_UTA=28\|ga_UTA=39 \|win_PIS=10\|draw_PIS=10\|loss_PIS=14\|gf_PIS=34\|ga_PIS=41 \|win_FAR=8\|draw_FAR=13\|loss_FAR=13\|gf_FAR=31\|ga_FAR=35 \|win_CEA=8\|draw_CEA=7\|loss_CEA=19\|gf_CEA=27\|ga_CEA=53 \|win_NAȚ=6\|draw_NAȚ=6\|loss_NAȚ=22\|gf_NAȚ=27\|ga_NAȚ=52\|status_NAȚ=R \|win_ARG=5\|draw_ARG=9\|loss_ARG=20\|gf_ARG=23\|ga_ARG=47\|status_ARG=R \|win_JIU=5\|draw_JIU=5\|loss_JIU=24\|gf_JIU=15\|ga_JIU=47\|status_JIU=R \|hth_ARG=ARG 0-3 PRO; PRO 0-2 ARG \|hth_NAȚ=ARG \|col_UCL3=green1\|text_UCL3=Qualification to Champions League third qualifying round \|result1=UCL3 \|col_UCL2=green2\|text_UCL2=Qualification to Champions League second qualifying round \|result2=UCL2 \|col_UC2Q=blue2\|text_UC2Q=Qualification to UEFA Cup second qualifying round \|result3=UC2Q \|col_UC1=blue1\|text_UC1=Qualification to UEFA Cup first round \|result4=UC1 \|col_IC2=#ccbbff\|text_IC2=Qualification to Intertoto Cup second round \|result5=IC2 \|col_IC1=#ccccff\|text_IC1=Qualification to Intertoto Cup first round \|result6=IC1 \|col_NR=inherit\|text_NR=Spared from relegation \|note_res_NR=Delta Tulcea, the winner of the Liga II, Seria I, was denied the right to participate in next season of Liga I because it failed to meet the licensing requirements, therefore Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ was spared from relegation. \|result15=NR \|col_R=red1\|text_R=Relegation to Liga II \|result16=R\|result17=R\|result18=R \|update=complete \|source=[LT](http://www.labtof.ro/) `{{in lang|ro}}`{=mediawiki} \|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored. }}
### Positions by round {#positions_by_round}
{{#invoke:sports rbr table\|table\|legendpos=br
\|team1= Argeș Pitești \|pos1= 4/11/14/16/18/17/18/18/18/18/18/18/18/18/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/16/17 \|team2= Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț \|pos2= 5/10/13/15/10/ 9/11/10/10/11/12/11/11/12/14/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15/15 \|team3= CFR Cluj \|pos3= 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 3/ 3/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3 \|team4= Dinamo București \|pos4= 3/ 3/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/ 1 \|team5= Farul Constanța \|pos5= 6/ 6/ 4/ 5/ 7/12/ 9/11/12/ 9/10/12/13/13/11/13/13/14/14/13/12/11/12/12/12/12/14/13/13/14/14/14/14/14 \|team6= FC U Craiova \|pos6=10/14/10/10/12/14/15/15/16/14/14/14/12/10/12/ 8/11/11/11/11/11/10/14/13/14/14/13/12/12/12/11/10/10/ 9 \|team7= Gloria Bistrița \|pos7=15/ 9/11/11/14/11/ 7/ 6/ 8/ 6/ 8/ 8/ 8/ 7/ 6/ 6/ 6/ 5/ 6/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 6/ 6/ 6/ 7/ 6 \|team8= Jiul Petroşani \|pos8=16/15/17/17/13/13/16/16/15/16/17/17/17/17/18/18/18/17/17/17/17/18/18/18/18/18/18/18/18/18/18/17/18/18 \|team9= Național București \|pos9=14/16/12/14/17/18/14/13/14/15/15/15/16/16/17/17/17/18/18/18/18/17/17/17/17/17/17/17/17/17/17/18/17/16 \|team10= Oțelul Galați \|pos10=17/17/18/13/ 9/ 7/ 5/ 4/ 4/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 5/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 8/ 7/ 8/ 8/ 8/ 6/ 8/ 6/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 5/ 5 \|team11= Pandurii Târgu Jiu \|pos11= 7/12/ 9/12/15/15/13/14/13/13/11/10/10/ 8/ 9/ 9/10/10/12/12/10/13/10/11/11/11/10/ 9/ 9/ 9/10/11/12/11 \|team12= Politehnica Iași \|pos12= 2/ 2/ 5/ 4/ 5/ 4/ 6/ 5/ 7/ 7/ 6/ 6/ 7/ 9/10/12/12/13/10/10/13/ 9/ 9/ 9/10/10/11/10/11/10/12/12/13/13 \|team13= Politehnica Timișoara \|pos13=12/ 7/ 6/ 9/ 6/ 8/ 4/ 8/ 6/ 5/ 7/ 7/ 6/ 6/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 6/ 5/ 6/ 6/ 6/ 6/ 8/ 7/ 8/ 6/ 6/ 6/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 6/ 7 \|team14= Rapid București \|pos14= 8/ 8/ 7/ 7/ 8/ 6/ 8/ 7/ 5/ 8/ 5/ 5/ 5/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 2/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 3/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4 \|team15= Steaua București \|pos15=11/ 5/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 2/ 2/ 3/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 4/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 4/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2 \|team16= Unirea Urziceni \|pos16=18/18/15/ 8/11/10/12/ 9/11/12/13/13/14/14/15/14/14/12/13/14/14/14/11/10/ 9/ 9/ 9/ 8/ 8/ 8/ 8/ 9/ 9/10 \|team17= UTA Arad \|pos17= 9/ 4/ 8/ 6/ 4/ 5/10/12/ 9/10/ 9/ 9/ 9/11/ 8/11/ 9/ 9/ 9/ 9/ 9/12/13/14/13/13/12/14/14/13/13/13/11/12 \|team18= Vaslui \|pos18=13/13/16/18/16/16/17/17/17/17/16/16/15/15/13/10/ 8/ 8/ 7/ 8/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 7/ 6/ 7/ 8/11/10/11/ 9/ 8/ 8/ 8 \|color_1=1st\|color_2=2nd\|color_3=3rd\|color_16-18=red1
\|source=[LT](http://www.labtof.ro/) `{{in lang|ro}}`{=mediawiki} \|date=April 2013 }}
| 588 |
2006–07 Liga I
| 1 |
11,069,020 |
# 2006–07 Liga I
## League table {#league_table}
### Results
{{#invoke:Sports results\|main \|matches_style=FBR \|team1=ARG\|team2=CEA\|team3=CFR\|team4=DIN\|team5=FAR \|team6=FCU\|team7=GLO\|team8=JIU\|team9=OȚE\|team10=NAȚ \|team11=PAN\|team12=PIS\|team13=PTM\|team14=RAP\|team15=STE \|team16=URZ\|team17=UTA\|team18=VAS
\|name_ARG=Argeș Pitești \|match_ARG_CEA=1--0 \|match_ARG_CFR=0--0 \|match_ARG_DIN=2--3 \|match_ARG_FAR=0--1 \|match_ARG_FCU=0--0 \|match_ARG_GLO=2--0 \|match_ARG_JIU=0--1 \|match_ARG_OȚE=0--3 \|match_ARG_NAȚ=3--1 \|match_ARG_PAN=0--0 \|match_ARG_PIS=0--2 \|match_ARG_PTM=0--2 \|match_ARG_RAP=1--2 \|match_ARG_STE=0--1 \|match_ARG_URZ=1--1 \|match_ARG_UTA=0--1 \|match_ARG_VAS=1--1
\|name_CEA=Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț \|match_CEA_ARG=1--1 \|match_CEA_CFR=1--3 \|match_CEA_DIN=2--2 \|match_CEA_FAR=0--0 \|match_CEA_FCU=0--2 \|match_CEA_GLO=1--0 \|match_CEA_JIU=1--0 \|match_CEA_OȚE=1--1 \|match_CEA_NAȚ=4--3 \|match_CEA_PAN=1--0 \|match_CEA_PIS=0--4 \|match_CEA_PTM=1--2 \|match_CEA_RAP=0--3 \|match_CEA_STE=0--0 \|match_CEA_URZ=2--1 \|match_CEA_UTA=2--1 \|match_CEA_VAS=3--2
\|name_CFR=CFR Cluj \|match_CFR_ARG=2--0 \|match_CFR_CEA=1--1 \|match_CFR_DIN=2--1 \|match_CFR_FAR=1--0 \|match_CFR_FCU=5--1 \|match_CFR_GLO=2--1 \|match_CFR_JIU=1--1 \|match_CFR_OȚE=1--0 \|match_CFR_NAȚ=2--1 \|match_CFR_PAN=1--0 \|match_CFR_PIS=2--1 \|match_CFR_PTM=2--1 \|match_CFR_RAP=3--2 \|match_CFR_STE=1--2 \|match_CFR_URZ=4--0 \|match_CFR_UTA=5--0 \|match_CFR_VAS=2--2
\|name_DIN=Dinamo București \|match_DIN_ARG=2--1 \|match_DIN_CEA=2--0 \|match_DIN_CFR=1--0 \|match_DIN_FAR=2--1 \|match_DIN_FCU=0--0 \|match_DIN_GLO=2--0 \|match_DIN_JIU=1--0 \|match_DIN_OȚE=1--0 \|match_DIN_NAȚ=3--0 \|match_DIN_PAN=1--0 \|match_DIN_PIS=5--0 \|match_DIN_PTM=3--1 \|match_DIN_RAP=3--1 \|match_DIN_STE=1--0 \|match_DIN_URZ=1--2 \|match_DIN_UTA=2--0 \|match_DIN_VAS=0--0
\|name_FAR=Farul Constanța \|match_FAR_ARG=1--1 \|match_FAR_CEA=0--1 \|match_FAR_CFR=0--2 \|match_FAR_DIN=1--1 \|match_FAR_FCU=0--0 \|match_FAR_GLO=0--0 \|match_FAR_JIU=0--0 \|match_FAR_OȚE=1--1 \|match_FAR_NAȚ=3--1 \|match_FAR_PAN=2--0 \|match_FAR_PIS=3--0 \|match_FAR_PTM=1--3 \|match_FAR_RAP=1--2 \|match_FAR_STE=1--1 \|match_FAR_URZ=0--1 \|match_FAR_UTA=0--0 \|match_FAR_VAS=1--1
\|name_FCU=FC U Craiova \|match_FCU_ARG=3--1 \|match_FCU_CEA=1--0 \|match_FCU_CFR=0--1 \|match_FCU_DIN=0--4 \|match_FCU_FAR=1--0 \|match_FCU_GLO=1--2 \|match_FCU_JIU=2--0 \|match_FCU_OȚE=1--0 \|match_FCU_NAȚ=0--2 \|match_FCU_PAN=2--2 \|match_FCU_PIS=3--3 \|match_FCU_PTM=0--1 \|match_FCU_RAP=0--0 \|match_FCU_STE=0--0 \|match_FCU_URZ=0--0 \|match_FCU_UTA=2--1 \|match_FCU_VAS=0--0
\|name_GLO=Gloria Bistrița \|match_GLO_ARG=3--1 \|match_GLO_CEA=2--1 \|match_GLO_CFR=3--2 \|match_GLO_DIN=0--1 \|match_GLO_FAR=3--2 \|match_GLO_FCU=4--1 \|match_GLO_JIU=0--0 \|match_GLO_OȚE=2--0 \|match_GLO_NAȚ=1--2 \|match_GLO_PAN=2--0 \|match_GLO_PIS=1--0 \|match_GLO_PTM=1--1 \|match_GLO_RAP=3--3 \|match_GLO_STE=2--0 \|match_GLO_URZ=0--0 \|match_GLO_UTA=1--0 \|match_GLO_VAS=3--0
\|name_JIU=Jiul Petroșani \|match_JIU_ARG=0--1 \|match_JIU_CEA=0--0 \|match_JIU_CFR=0--2 \|match_JIU_DIN=0--1 \|match_JIU_FAR=1--2 \|match_JIU_FCU=1--2 \|match_JIU_GLO=0--1 \|match_JIU_OȚE=1--2 \|match_JIU_NAȚ=2--0 \|match_JIU_PAN=0--2 \|match_JIU_PIS=3--1 \|match_JIU_PTM=0--1 \|match_JIU_RAP=1--0 \|match_JIU_STE=0--2 \|match_JIU_URZ=0--1 \|match_JIU_UTA=2--0 \|match_JIU_VAS=1--3
\|name_OȚE=Național București \|match_OȚE_ARG=0--2 \|match_OȚE_CEA=2--0 \|match_OȚE_CFR=0--1 \|match_OȚE_DIN=1--2 \|match_OȚE_FAR=2--0 \|match_OȚE_FCU=1--2 \|match_OȚE_GLO=1--0 \|match_OȚE_JIU=0--0 \|match_OȚE_NAȚ=1--3 \|match_OȚE_PAN=0--1 \|match_OȚE_PIS=2--1 \|match_OȚE_PTM=0--2 \|match_OȚE_RAP=4--0 \|match_OȚE_STE=0--3 \|match_OȚE_URZ=0--2 \|match_OȚE_UTA=1--2 \|match_OȚE_VAS=0--1
\|name_NAȚ=Oțelul Galați \|match_NAȚ_ARG=5--1 \|match_NAȚ_CEA=3--1 \|match_NAȚ_CFR=1--3 \|match_NAȚ_DIN=2--1 \|match_NAȚ_FAR=0--0 \|match_NAȚ_FCU=4--1 \|match_NAȚ_GLO=1--1 \|match_NAȚ_JIU=2--1 \|match_NAȚ_OȚE=5--2 \|match_NAȚ_PAN=2--0 \|match_NAȚ_PIS=3--1 \|match_NAȚ_PTM=1--0 \|match_NAȚ_RAP=0--7 \|match_NAȚ_STE=2--1 \|match_NAȚ_URZ=3--2 \|match_NAȚ_UTA=2--1 \|match_NAȚ_VAS=2--0
\|name_PAN=Pandurii Târgu Jiu \|match_PAN_ARG=2--1 \|match_PAN_CEA=1--0 \|match_PAN_CFR=1--3 \|match_PAN_DIN=0--3 \|match_PAN_FAR=1--0 \|match_PAN_FCU=0--2 \|match_PAN_GLO=2--0 \|match_PAN_JIU=2--0 \|match_PAN_OȚE=2--1 \|match_PAN_NAȚ=2--1 \|match_PAN_PIS=1--0 \|match_PAN_PTM=1--0 \|match_PAN_RAP=1--1 \|match_PAN_STE=0--0 \|match_PAN_URZ=1--0 \|match_PAN_UTA=2--0 \|match_PAN_VAS=1--2
\|name_PIS=Politehnica Iași \|match_PIS_ARG=1--0 \|match_PIS_CEA=1--0 \|match_PIS_CFR=0--1 \|match_PIS_DIN=1--1 \|match_PIS_FAR=0--2 \|match_PIS_FCU=1--1 \|match_PIS_GLO=0--1 \|match_PIS_JIU=4--0 \|match_PIS_OȚE=1--1 \|match_PIS_NAȚ=1--1 \|match_PIS_PAN=2--1 \|match_PIS_PTM=0--0 \|match_PIS_RAP=0--0 \|match_PIS_STE=1--1 \|match_PIS_URZ=1--3 \|match_PIS_UTA=1--0 \|match_PIS_VAS=2--0
\|name_PTM=Politehnica Timișoara \|match_PTM_ARG=3--1 \|match_PTM_CEA=2--0 \|match_PTM_CFR=3--1 \|match_PTM_DIN=1--1 \|match_PTM_FAR=1--1 \|match_PTM_FCU=1--5 \|match_PTM_GLO=1--0 \|match_PTM_JIU=1--0 \|match_PTM_OȚE=1--1 \|match_PTM_NAȚ=1--0 \|match_PTM_PAN=1--0 \|match_PTM_PIS=0--1 \|match_PTM_RAP=0--0 \|match_PTM_STE=0--0 \|match_PTM_URZ=1--0 \|match_PTM_UTA=2--0 \|match_PTM_VAS=2--2
\|name_RAP=Rapid București \|match_RAP_ARG=2--1 \|match_RAP_CEA=4--1 \|match_RAP_CFR=3--1 \|match_RAP_DIN=1--4 \|match_RAP_FAR=3--2 \|match_RAP_FCU=1--1 \|match_RAP_GLO=4--0 \|match_RAP_JIU=1--0 \|match_RAP_OȚE=2--1 \|match_RAP_NAȚ=3--3 \|match_RAP_PAN=1--1 \|match_RAP_PIS=3--0 \|match_RAP_PTM=2--0 \|match_RAP_STE=2--3 \|match_RAP_URZ=1--0 \|match_RAP_UTA=4--0 \|match_RAP_VAS=2--0
\|name_STE=Steaua București \|match_STE_ARG=2--0 \|match_STE_CEA=2--0 \|match_STE_CFR=4--2 \|match_STE_DIN=2--4 \|match_STE_FAR=3--0 \|match_STE_FCU=3--0 \|match_STE_GLO=2--1 \|match_STE_JIU=3--0 \|match_STE_OȚE=6--0 \|match_STE_NAȚ=3--0 \|match_STE_PAN=1--0 \|match_STE_PIS=1--0 \|match_STE_PTM=3--1 \|match_STE_RAP=1--1 \|match_STE_URZ=3--0 \|match_STE_UTA=0--0 \|match_STE_VAS=3--1
\|name_URZ=Unirea Urziceni \|match_URZ_ARG=0--0 \|match_URZ_CEA=2--0 \|match_URZ_CFR=0--0 \|match_URZ_DIN=1--1 \|match_URZ_FAR=0--1 \|match_URZ_FCU=1--2 \|match_URZ_GLO=0--1 \|match_URZ_JIU=3--0 \|match_URZ_OȚE=2--0 \|match_URZ_NAȚ=1--0 \|match_URZ_PAN=1--0 \|match_URZ_PIS=0--2 \|match_URZ_PTM=2--0 \|match_URZ_RAP=1--1 \|match_URZ_STE=1--2 \|match_URZ_UTA=1--0 \|match_URZ_VAS=1--0
\|name_UTA=UTA Arad \|match_UTA_ARG=0--0 \|match_UTA_CEA=1--0 \|match_UTA_CFR=1--0 \|match_UTA_DIN=1--1 \|match_UTA_FAR=1--1 \|match_UTA_FCU=1--0 \|match_UTA_GLO=0--1 \|match_UTA_JIU=3--0 \|match_UTA_OȚE=1--1 \|match_UTA_NAȚ=1--1 \|match_UTA_PAN=3--0 \|match_UTA_PIS=0--0 \|match_UTA_PTM=2--1 \|match_UTA_RAP=1--0 \|match_UTA_STE=0--3 \|match_UTA_URZ=1--0 \|match_UTA_VAS=0--1
\|name_VAS=Vaslui \|match_VAS_ARG=1--0 \|match_VAS_CEA=3--2 \|match_VAS_CFR=0--0 \|match_VAS_DIN=1--2 \|match_VAS_FAR=1--3 \|match_VAS_FCU=3--3 \|match_VAS_GLO=3--2 \|match_VAS_JIU=2--0 \|match_VAS_OȚE=1--0 \|match_VAS_NAȚ=3--1 \|match_VAS_PAN=1--0 \|match_VAS_PIS=1--1 \|match_VAS_PTM=1--0 \|match_VAS_RAP=1--1 \|match_VAS_STE=1--0 \|match_VAS_URZ=0--0 \|match_VAS_UTA=2--5 \|update=complete \|source=[LT](http://www.labtof.ro/) `{{in lang|ro}}`{=mediawiki} }}
## Top goalscorers {#top_goalscorers}
Rank Player Club Goals
------ ------------------- ------------------------------------ -------
1 Claudiu Niculescu Dinamo București 18
2 Ionel Ganea Rapid București / Dinamo București 16
3 Ionel Dănciulescu Dinamo București 15
4 Emil Jula Oțelul Galați 14
5 Valentin Badea Steaua București 13
6 Ianis Zicu Rapid București 12
6 Daniel Stan Oțelul Galați 11
Cristian Coroian CFR Cluj
Dorel Zaharia Gloria Bistrița
10 Nicolae Dică Steaua București 10
Cyril Théréau
Viorel Frunză CFR Cluj / Vaslui
Romeo Surdu CFR Cluj
| 449 |
2006–07 Liga I
| 2 |
11,069,020 |
# 2006–07 Liga I
## Champion squad {#champion_squad}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Dinamo București |
+============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| **Goalkeepers:** Uladzimir Hayew `{{flagicon|Belarus}}`{=mediawiki} (11 / 0); Bogdan Lobonț (14 / 0); Florin Matache (7 / 0); Glen Moss `{{flagicon|New Zealand}}`{=mediawiki} (1 / 0); Deniss Romanovs `{{flagicon|Latvia}}`{=mediawiki} (1 / 0).\ |
| **Defenders:** George Blay `{{flagicon|Ghana}}`{=mediawiki} (31 / 0); Silviu Bălace (9 / 0); Eugen Crăciun (1 / 0); George Galamaz (1 / 0); Lucian Goian (7 / 0); Sergiu Homei (1 / 0); Dorin Mihuț (5 / 0); Cosmin Moți (29 / 1); Nicolae Mușat (2 / 0); Cosmin Pașcovici (4 / 0); Cristian Pulhac (32 / 0); Ștefan Radu (32 / 1); Adrian Scarlatache (6 / 0); Māris Smirnovs `{{flagicon|Latvia}}`{=mediawiki} (1 / 0).\ |
| **Midfielders:** Adrian Cristea (28 / 3); Fabrice Fernandes `{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} (5 / 0); Leo Lerinc `{{flagicon|Serbia}}`{=mediawiki} (1 / 0); Andrei Mărgăritescu (31 / 1); Cătălin Munteanu (32 / 4); Andrei Nițu (2 / 0); Cornel Predescu (8 / 0); Adrian Ropotan (21 / 0); Sreten Stanić `{{flagicon|Serbia}}`{=mediawiki} (1 / 0); Dennis Șerban (7 / 2); Iulian Tameș (15 / 0); Vojislav Vranjković `{{flagicon|Bosnia}}`{=mediawiki} (9 / 0); Zé Kalanga `{{flagicon|Angola}}`{=mediawiki} (21 / 2).\ |
| **Forwards:** Ionel Dănciulescu (31 / 15); Ionel Ganea (18 / 14); Liviu Ganea (9 / 2); Valentin Lemnaru (1 / 0); Jean-Philippe Mendy `{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} (9 / 0); Claudiu Niculescu (31 / 18).\ |
| *(league appearances and goals listed in brackets)* |
| |
| **Manager:** Mircea Rednic
| 243 |
2006–07 Liga I
| 3 |
11,069,022 |
# Bionectria ochroleuca
***Bionectria ochroleuca*** is a plant pathogen that causes seed rot in oil seed rape
| 17 |
Bionectria ochroleuca
| 0 |
11,069,027 |
# Phoma sclerotioides
***Phoma sclerotioides*** is a plant pathogen and is the culprit for brown root rot disease in, for instance, alfalfa and clover
| 24 |
Phoma sclerotioides
| 0 |
11,069,029 |
# Ascochyta medicaginicola
***Ascochyta medicaginicola*** (syn. *Phoma medicaginis*) is a plant pathogen infecting alfalfa and *Medicago truncatula*. One particular disease is spring black stem
| 24 |
Ascochyta medicaginicola
| 0 |
11,069,040 |
# Phytophthora cactorum
***Phytophthora cactorum*** is a fungal-like plant pathogen belonging to the Oomycota phylum. It is the causal agent of root rot on rhododendron and many other species, as well as leather rot of strawberries.
## Hosts, symptoms, and diagnosis {#hosts_symptoms_and_diagnosis}
*Phytophthora cactorum* has an extremely wide host range, and can infect over 200 species or 160 genera of trees, ornamentals, and fruit crops. In general, *P. cactorum* is capable of infecting both young and old plants, and causes root rots and crown rots of the many genera it infects. Although the symptoms this pathogen produces varies between the types of organisms it infects, in general disease occurs during periods that are both wet and warm. Furthermore, most infections are caused by zoospores entering the plant through wounds.
On older trees, *P. cactorum* causes the formation of sap exuding dark colored cankers on the trunks of trees, as well as leaf size and number reduction, chlorosis, and dieback of branches. The diagnosis of a *P. cactorum* infection of trees, is based on the identification of symptoms, in particular the oozing cankers, and confirmation of symptoms in a diagnosis lab or utilization of a field ELISA detection kit. *P. cactorum* can be a major problem in apple orchards, as it can cause crown, collar, and root rots in apple trees. When infecting apple trees, the organism can attack through wounds either above or below the soil line, impairing phloem and root function, and causing stunting, foliar disorders, and death after several years. Furthermore, because the pathogen causes damage to the phloem of the tree, one diagnostic method is to check for necrotic phloem tissue at the base of the tree which will be orange to red-brown in the early stages and dark brown in the later stages of infection.
A good example of *P. cactorum* causing foliar disease is on ginseng. Foliar disease of ginseng usually occurs during May and early June, causing the leaves to become transparent and papery. Ginseng foliar infection occurs through the rain splash dispersal of spores from the soil onto above ground wounds. Once infected, *P. cactorum* works its way down to the roots, rotting them and killing the plant.
*P. cactorum* is also one of the causal agents of black rot on orchids. When infecting orchids, this organism first produces small black lesions on the pseudobulbs of the orchid, which then enlarge and may engulf the entire pseudobulb, leaf, or move through the rhizomes to other portions of the plant prior to killing it. Diagnosis of orchid black rot by *P. cactorum* is through the identification of lemon-shaped zoosporangia with either a papilla or a short pedicel, the presence of oospores, or molecular identification. Since there are multiple species of *Phytophthora* that are capable of causing disease on orchids, classification only to the genus level is required for proper prescription of disease management techniques.
Crown rot or root rot of strawberries is a common example of diseases of fruit crops caused by *P. cactorum*. On strawberries, *P. cactorum* infects the roots and the base of the plant causing stunting and reduced leaf size, with possible complete plant collapse later in the season. Similarly to apple trees, crown rots of strawberries caused by *P. cactorum* can be partially diagnosed by cutting the crown of the plant and observing brown vascular tissues, and root rots by brown or black stunted roots.
Leather rot of strawberry is an additional disease affecting strawberry plants, with *P. cactorum* being the causal agent. Symptoms of this disease include brown patches or green patches with a brown border in immature fruit, with infected mature fruit displaying a purple to brown color, and becoming hard, leathery, or even mummified. Signs include visible mycelium inside of hollow infected berries, as well as mycelium on the surface of berries. Infected fruit often has an unpleasant taste and odor, which is diagnostic.
| 647 |
Phytophthora cactorum
| 0 |
11,069,040 |
# Phytophthora cactorum
## Life cycle {#life_cycle}
*P. cactorum* is a homothallic (only having one mating type, can mate with itself) oomycete, and displays the right angled mycelial branching with a constriction at the base of the branch, which is highly characteristic of other *Phytophthora* species. Within the hyphae, they have singular diploid nuclei that are regularly spaced. In addition, young hyphae only have cross walls separating reproductive parts; however older hyphae may have cross walls anywhere. Furthermore, although the hyphae are not the main survival unit of *P. cactorum*, as long as they are not completely desiccated, they are capable of surviving until just above freezing temperatures.
*P. cactorum* produces one sexually produced survival spore called an oospore, and one asexually produced survival spore called a chlamydospore. Oospores are double-walled and uninucleate during dormancy, but become multinucleate in preparation for germination. In contrast, the chlamydospores have only one resistant wall and are multinucleate at all stages. Chlamydospores are larger than oospores in size, and are only formed under certain environmental triggers. The trigger for preferential formation of chlamydospores over oospores can be either large temperature or moisture oscillations.
In addition to the chlamydospore, *P. cactorum* also produces another asexual spore called a sporangium. A sporangia is a multinucleate dispersal structure with a thin wall and papilla that is formed on a sporangiophore. Although the size may vary based on the environmental conditions in which they are formed, the width of a sporangia is always more than 2/3 times than its length. Depending on moisture conditions, sporangia can either germinate or release zoospores.
Zoospores are produced in wet conditions by either oospores or sporangia. *Phytophthora cactorum* zoospores, are uninucleate, laterally biflagellate, and pear- or lemon-shaped. After being released, zoospores swim to a nearby wound on a suitable host, germinate, and enter wounds to cause a hyphal infection of the roots or crown vascular system.
In Leather Rot of Strawberry, *P. cactorum* raindrop splash is required to spread the zoospores to the strawberry fruit, unless flood conditions cause the zoospores to be able to swim directly to the fruit.
| 348 |
Phytophthora cactorum
| 1 |
11,069,040 |
# Phytophthora cactorum
## Environment
Because *Phytophthora* is a soilborne pathogen, the ideal condition for *P. cactorum* growth is in saturated soil. *P. cactorum* stays in the soil as dormant resting oospores and chlamydospores, or within infected plant tissue. When conditions are met and the soil is wet enough, sporangia are produced, carrying on the life cycle of the pathogen. The minimum amount of time the plant must be saturated to produce an infection depends on factors such as genetics, physiological processes, and the environment. However, when a plant is allowed to sit in soil that is heavy and soggy for long periods of time, the chance of infection is increased. A plant\'s inability to fight off the pathogen is impeded when saturated soil conditions limit the amount of available oxygen for its roots. In many cases, most host plants are the most susceptible to infection during spring and autumn when the soil is wetter and at a more ideal temperature for zoospore production and activity.
## Importance
*P. cactorum* was first described in 1870 as a cactus pathogen. Since then, it has been found to not only infect cacti, but a wide range of plants worldwide. *P. cactorum* was first reported in the United States in 1858 when infected apple trees were discovered in Michigan. By 1928, it had spread to Canada in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Since then, it has caused around C\$2 million in damage per year.
The importance of this oomycete is its vast host range and the damage it causes to major crops. This pathogen can cause root rot that stunts the host\'s growth and damages vascular tissue, which is especially detrimental to pear and apple orchards. It can also infect strawberry plants and cause crown rot, root rot, and leather rot of the fruit. This pathogen causes millions of dollars in damage, and disease management such as soil fumigation is also expensive.
## Disease management and control {#disease_management_and_control}
The best way to manage *P. cactorum* is by implementing an integrated management plan. The combination of soil fumigation and proper cultural controls will be the best option for plant health. Recommended chemical controls products include fosetyl-Al, metalaxyl, and etridiazole. Prevention and sanitation are crucial because this pathogen is usually transmitted through cuts or injuries on the plant. The spores are easily transported through irrigation water and will splash to nearby plants. Elevating your plants above the ground can help to prevent infection. The pathogen thrives in moist soils therefore it is important to avoid very saturated soils as much as possible and one should work to prepare their soil for adequate drainage during the wet periods. Soil drainage and low soil pH may help to reduce the disease. Fertilizer regimen methods have been used to control against *P. cactorum*. These fertilizers include organic materials that release ammonia, nitrous acid, and amendments to reduce the pH to less than 4. The use of raised beds and a carefully managed drip irrigation system will be important cultural practices that can be implemented. There are some form of biological controls that have been found to be somewhat successful with *Enterobacter aerogenes* and *Trichoderma*.
## Pathogenesis
When able to culture the *P. cactorum* on different media, it will produce a maple wilt associated phytotoxin. These phytotoxins cause browning of veins, desiccation of apple leaves, and wilting of tomato cuttings. Studies have shown that this the *P. cactorum* phytotoxin is hydrophilic in nature and will not move to the organic solvents. The chemical properties of this toxin seem to be similar to those of other *Phytopthora* species. Within the plant, the *P. cactorum* phytotoxin is most likely xylem transported through and can accumulate in the space in between leaves where it causes desiccation and withering.
A toxin protein similar to other oomycete elicitins based on apparent molecular weight, isoelectric point, amino acid composition, and host pathology induction activity was isolated from *P. cactorum* culture. The whole genome sequence of a then-new isolate of *P. cactorum* was obtained in 2018, revealing 39 elicitin genes in that isolate. Numerous isolates of *P. cactorum* have been described, however, and the specific toxins affecting specific plants have not been well-studied.
In pathogenicity tests on strawberry plants in a greenhouse, the fruit isolates caused little disease, while strawberry root system isolates were highly aggressive. *P. cactorum* phytotoxin is thought to have a role in disease development and pathogenesis, however further study is required
| 739 |
Phytophthora cactorum
| 2 |
11,069,047 |
# Phytophthora cambivora
***Phytophthora* × *cambivora*** is a plant pathogen that causes **ink disease** in European chestnut trees (*Castanea sativa*). Ink disease, also caused by *Phytophthora cinnamomi*, is thought to have been present in Europe since the 18th century, and causes chestnut trees to wilt and die; major epidemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries. *P. cinnamomi* and *P. × cambivora* are now present throughout Europe since the 1990s. Ink disease has resurged, often causing high mortality of trees, particularly in Portugal, Italy, and France. It has also been isolated from a number of different species since the 1990s, including:
- Golden chinquapin trees, (*Chrysolepis chrysophylla*) in Oregon, United States
- *Rhododendron* and *Pieris* species in North Carolina
- Noble fir trees (*Abies procera*) in Norway
- Beech trees (*Fagus sylvatica*) in Italy and Germany.
Some species of mycorrhiza (including *Amanita muscaria*, *Suillellus luridus*, and *Hebeloma radicosum*) may provide protection from *P. cambivora* in European chestnuts.
*Phytophthora* × *cambivora* appears to be a hybrid, although the parentage is currently unknown
| 171 |
Phytophthora cambivora
| 0 |
11,069,049 |
# Phytophthora citricola
***Phytophthora citricola*** is a plant pathogen. It was first described by Kaneyoshi (Kenkichi) Sawada in 1927 when it was isolated from orange trees in present-day Taiwan. It has since been found causing disease on a wide variety of plants
| 42 |
Phytophthora citricola
| 0 |
11,069,053 |
# Phytophthora citrophthora
***Phytophthora citrophthora***, also known as brown rot of citrus, is a soil borne oomycete that infects several economically important citrus crops. A diagnostic symptom of *P. citrophthora* is gummosis, wherein lesions around the base of the tree exude sap. Other common symptoms include dark longitudinal lesions forming at the soil line, a sour smell, and eventual cracking of the bark. Advanced symptoms include yellowing and necrosis of the tree canopy. Girdling action caused by the pathogen around the trunk can often cause the collapse of the tree. Resistant lemon varieties have been developed and their implementation has been effective at controlling the spread of the disease. Fruits that have been infected with *P. citrophthora* exhibit symptoms of brown rot characterized by a distinct odor. This disease is most active in the moderate temperatures of spring, fall, and winter months, opposite of most other *Phytophthora* species.
## Environment
Environment is very important to oomycete life and reproduction. Once thought to be water molds, it is now known that they are in a distinct group called fungal like protists. Oomycetes have the ability to spread via zoospores whose multiple flagella require moisture in order to move. For infections to reach field scale, wind and rain conditions must provide adequate moisture for the polycyclic life cycle to occur. *Phytophthora citrophthora* is able to survive at lower temperatures with growth occurring at \<5 °C but optimum growth occurring between 24 and 28 °C and no growth present past 35 °C. *Phytophthora citrophthora* is very commonly found in soils of citrus tree fields, which is where they often overwinter as oospores. This disease can also overwinter on decaying fruit and leaf litter left in the field after harvest as oospores.
## Control
Many control methods, including chemical and cultural, exist to combat the effects of infection by *Phytophthora citrophthora*. Cultural control of this disease mostly includes the use of resistant rootstocks and water management practices. Exposing seeds to water above 48.9 °C for 4--10 minutes can effectively kill spores before they can germinate and infect. Keeping grafting lines well above the soil line and adding a copper based fungicide also works to reduce rates of infection. Effective specific chemical controls include foliar applications of Fosetyl-Al and soil applications of metalaxyl
| 378 |
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| 0 |
11,069,054 |
# Dancing in Water
***Dancing in Water**\'\' (`{{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Bal na vodi|Бал на води}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1986 Yugoslavian romantic-drama film directed by Jovan Aćin. In America it frequently shows under the title***Hey Babu Riba**\'\'. The screenplay is by Jovan Aćin, from the memories of Petar Janković, George Zecevic and Mr. Aćin with music by Zoran Simjanović.
## Plot
The death of the one-time coxswain of a Serbian rowing crew precipitates their reunion at her funeral. They called her \'Esther\' in post-war Yugoslavia a generation ago, but they haven\'t seen her since her father forbade contact at that time, shortly after they helped her escape Yugoslavia to re-unite with him. Now that she is gone the way is clear for them to be together again and perhaps to see her child, whom they\'ve never met.
Flashbacks return us to those days where they forged enduring friendships against the backdrop of the struggle between Communist and American ideals in Tito\'s Yugoslavia. The \"four\" are fascinated by American music and styles, while their rival rowing team is led by a competitor for Esther\'s affections, a rising member in the Communist elite who bears tattoos of Stalin and Lenin on his wrists.
Each of the four harbored a secret passion for Esther\'s inspiring beauty. The first modestly allows that he can\'t tell her what he feels. The next tempts her heart with poetry. Glenn then confesses his love in drunken confidence that he shrugs off as a joke. The last swaggers that it\'s obvious they are a couple and the rest will understand eventually. But Esther reminds each of them in turn that the five of them are \"a four.\" Despite the shock when she finds herself with child by an outsider, they spirit her across the water to her father\'s protective embrace. Assuming their complicity in her fall from grace, he peremptorily strikes them from her life.
## Inspirations
Evidently part of the story is based on the life of Radomir Perica, who was jailed for flaunting a Mickey Mouse tattoo during the period of the film. The American title *Hey Babu Riba* has nothing to do with the original title and comes from the brief appearance in the film of a recording of Lionel Hampton\'s \"Hey! Ba-Ba-Re-Bop\".
Esther\'s character is an homage to Esther Williams whose music from *Bathing Beauty* is a main tune in the movie
| 393 |
Dancing in Water
| 0 |
11,069,059 |
# Phytophthora cryptogea
***Phytophthora cryptogea*** is a species of water mould in the family Pythiaceae. It is a plant pathogen that infects several species of cultivated plants, including over 40 species of cultivated flowers. It was first described as the cause of tomato foot rot in tomatoes
## Host Range and Symptoms {#host_range_and_symptoms}
This species is reported to be pathogenic on grandiflora petunia (*Petunia* × *atkinsiana*). It causes root rot, shoot rot and shanking in tulips. It also infects blue daze (*Evolvulus glomeratus*), dusty miller (*Jacobaea maritima*), Barberton daisy (*Gerbera jamesonii*), and garden verbena (*Verbena* × *hybrida*). Like its relative *Phytophtora cambivora*, it can cause ink disease of chestnuts (*Castanea sativa*).
The species is a cause of foot rot in tomatoes, causing discoloration and lesion in the stem. Progression of lesions leads to girdling, root system rot and plant collapse. Foliage will not be affected until plant stem has become girdled.
## Life Cycle {#life_cycle}
P. cryptogea are prolific in wet, waterlogged soil and can persist for long periods of time in soil on organic matter. It reproduces asexually through sporangiophores and accompanying non-papillate sporangia in liquid media as well as by uneven, irregular hyphal growth. It does not produce chlamydospores. Sexual reproduction is heterothallic, typically requiring an opposite mating type but sometimes occurring in aged single cultures. Sexual structures produced are antheridia and oogonia that fill with oospores.
## Species Differentiation {#species_differentiation}
This and *Phytophthora drechsleri* have been considered the same species, but phylogenetic analysis has revealed that they are two distinct species
| 254 |
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| 0 |
11,069,067 |
# Phytophthora medicaginis
***Phytophthora medicaginis*** is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes root rot in alfalfa and chickpea. It is a major disease of these plants and is found wherever they are grown. *P. medicaginis* causes failure of stand establishment because of seedling death. *Phytophthora medicaginis* is part of a species complex with *Phytophthora megasperma*.
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
*P. medicaginis* is a water mould pathogen that causes root rot and damping off of seedlings. *P. medicaginis* is specific to alfalfa and chickpea and can reside in soil or water, but since it is a water mold, it requires free water to infect another plant. This disease is most prevalent in newly seeded fields that experience flooding but can also be found in mature plants.
*`P. medicaginis`*` commonly causes seedling death but if this pathogen is present in mature crops, `*`P. medicaginis`*` causes root rot which limits the plant's ability to acquire nutrients and water.`` This leads to secondary symptoms such as ``chlorosis``, ``wilting``, stunting, root decay, lesions and death. This disease is difficult to identify but reddish-brown or black root lesions will exist and ``oospores``, ``sporangia``, ``zoospores``, ``antheridia``, and ``oogonia`` are spore types that will be visible under a microscope. An ``ELISA`` test can confirm the presence of `*`Phytophthora`*`, but to confirm the species, a ``PCR`` test is effective. Several host factors will affect disease development including damage/stress to the plant and also the degree of resistance of host cultivar.`
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
The disease cycle "starts" in the early spring as the oospores begin to germinate. Oospores are thick walled survival structures that allow the pathogen to survive winter. The oospores are then stimulated to germinate in the presence of free water and root exudates. Germination produces zoospores and sporangia which can then release more zoospores that infect other seeds. This is the asexual part of the cycle. This production of sporangia and zoospores happens until the end of the season when oogonia and antheridia engage in homothallic sexual reproduction to produce oospores once again. Spore types are disseminated via water such as during flooding. A cool environment also favors disease transmission.
## Management
An integrated disease management program incorporating host resistance with disciplined cultural, chemical, and biological methods is the best way to control *P. medicaginis*. The first several weeks are especially critical in the management of *P. medicaginis* as infected seeds die in a short amount of time. Control of alfalfa and chickpea is mostly possible using effective water management, use of resistant cultivars, proper crop rotation, and seed application of fungicides such as metalaxyl. Effective water management is aimed at keeping the plants as dry as possible while still getting them enough water. Several ways to do this include assuring good drainage, avoiding excessive irrigation, and allowing plants to be dried by the wind. Oospores can be spread by way of cultural practices on machinery, boots, and hooves. This spread can be limited by using proper sanitation before moving from an infected field to a disease free field. All of these control methods are aimed at stopping the initial infection of the seed/plant; water management also functions to limit the spread of zoospores because they may be spread by floods. Stopping the initial infection is important because this disease affects plants early on in their development as it quickly causes root rot and damping off. *P. medicaginis* can reside in fields as oospores for up to 3.5 years so the crop rotation must be at least 3 years long
| 586 |
Phytophthora medicaginis
| 0 |
11,069,071 |
# Phytophthora megasperma
***Phytophthora megasperma*** is a species of water mould in the family Peronosporaceae. It is well known as a plant pathogen with many hosts. It often causes a plant disease called root rot.
## Taxonomy
This is a poorly defined species which is generally called a species complex. Its name applies to water moulds of many forms, functions, and host preferences, many of which are actually different species which have not yet been separated and described. Some species previously treated as part of the complex include *Phytophthora rosacearum*, *P. sansomeana*, *P. sojae*, *P. medicaginis*, and *P. trifolii*. A form of *P. megasperma* is suspected to be a separate species when it is recognized to have host specificity, when it is found attacking just one host plant; alfalfa in the case of *P. medicaginis*, for example.
## Host species {#host_species}
Water moulds in the *P. megasperma* complex can be found on a multitude of host plants, including many agricultural crops. It has been noted on soybeans, kiwifruit (*Actinidia chinensis* var. *deliciosa*), horse chestnut (*Aesculus hippocastanum*), hollyhock (*Alcea rosea*), asparagus (*Asparagus officinalis*), *Brassica oleracea*, crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, safflower (*Carthamus tinctorius*), Port Orford cedar (*Chamaecyparis lawsoniana*), chickpea (*Cicer arietinum*), carrot (*Daucus carota*), carnation (*Dianthus caryophyllus*), eucalyptus (*Eucalyptus* spp.), walnut (*Juglans regia*), apple (*Malus domestica*), pines (*Pinus* spp.), stone fruit such as apricot, cherry, plum, and peach, Douglas fir (*Pseudotsuga menziesii*), sugarcane (*Saccharum officinarum*), and potato (*Solanum tuberosum*)
| 238 |
Phytophthora megasperma
| 0 |
11,069,076 |
# Phytophthora nicotianae
***Phytophthora nicotianae*** or **black shank** is an oomycete belonging to the order Peronosporales and family Peronosporaceae.
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
*Phytophthora nicotianae* has a broad host range comprising 255 genera from 90 families. Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and as well as African violet. Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. In tobacco black shank affects the roots and basal stem area, but all parts of the plant can become infected. Damping off symptoms can be observed in young seedlings. The first above ground symptom that will be observed is the wilting of plants, which leads to stunting. Roots will be blackened and decayed. In final stages of the disease the stem begins to turn black, hence the name black shank. As this happens, tobacco leaves turn brown and become not marketable. Another symptom is disk-like appearance of the pith, although this is not a definitive symptom as it may also be the result of lightning strikes. On onion it causes the disease known as *Phytophthora* neck and bulb rot. Different stages of onion may be affected. Initially, tips of newly infected plants start to yellow and dry followed by softening of the \"neck\" of the plants that eventually fall over. Infected leaves may show grey lesions. Roots may become necrotic in late disease.
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
Black shank is a polycyclic soil borne disease, with the possibility of multiple disease cycles per growing season occurring from May to October. There are important structures this pathogen uses in its disease cycle. Chlamydospores are produced asexually and serve as long lived resting structures, surviving from four to six years. Chlamydospores are the primary survival structure, the primary inoculum, and are usually produced in abundance. These spores germinate in warm and moist soil to produce a germ tube that infects plants or produces a sporangium. Another asexual structure and secondary inoculum, appearing ovoid, pear, or spherical in shape are called sporangium. These spores are produced and can either germinate directly or release motile zoospores within 24 hours of inoculation with the right conditions. Zoospores are kidney shaped with an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior whip like flagellum that helps to navigate toward root tips were infection occurs. Black shank needs water for germination and movement because zoospores swim through soil pores and standing water. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Zoospores move toward nutrient gradients around root tips and host wounds. Once the root surface is contacted, zoospores encyst and a germ tube will emerge penetrating the epidermis. Infection leads to systemic rotting of the root system and wilting and chlorosis in the leaves. Another structure called hyphae is colorless, transparent, and coenocytic, but colonies may yellow with age. Also, there is much morphological variation in colony type with different isolates of *P. nicotianae* and the growth may differ when grown on different media. The hyphae are heterothallic and require two mating types to produce oospores, the sexual survival structure. Many fields only contain one mating type, so the zoospores rarely germinate and rarely cause epidemics.
## Environment
This pathogen thrives in temperatures ranging from 84-90 °F. Disease is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm environment crops. Black shank needs water for germination and movement. Saturated soil optimizes disease spread because water is used for dissemination of motile zoospores and sporangia. Low-lying areas of the soil that remain wet for prolonged periods of time will have more disease. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Soils that are not saturated will lead to little to no disease development, so water management is important. Optimum soil pH for development is between 6 and 7. Levels of calcium and magnesium in the soils can affect disease progress.
| 689 |
Phytophthora nicotianae
| 0 |
11,069,076 |
# Phytophthora nicotianae
## Management
Several kinds of management exist for the prevention and suppression of disease. A cultural method that can be effective in preventing disease is sanitation. Equipment should be cleaned after use in infested fields so the disease does not spread into uninfested fields. To disrupt chlamydospore germination crops should be grown in drained disease free soil. Also, avoid transplanting without thorough knowledge of the transplant. To limit spread of structures limit traffic in infected fields and always clean after exposure. Disease is favored by pH values greater than 6.2, so lowering the pH is an effective method for preventing germination. pH management can be difficult because tobacco cannot survive in very low pH soils. Soil pH 5.5 to 6 allow successful growth of tobacco and control of disease.
The cultural control, crop rotation, is very effective at limiting disease. The longer an infected field is planted in a crop other than the initial infected crop, the lower the population will become. A minimum three-year rotation is recommended. Crop rotation is recommended in combination with resistant varieties as genetic controls. Burley tobacco, burley tobacco hybrids, and dark tobacco are varieties of tobacco that are resistant to black shank. Resistance however is not reliable because a single variety has resistance to only a few races of black shank. Finding new lines of resistance is becoming increasingly important due to new discovered resistant races of the pathogen.
Chemical control is most successful if used with resistant varieties. Metalaxyl or mefenoxam are chemistries used to control *Phytophthora nicotianae*. Ridomil Gold is an example a systemic pesticide with a metalaxyl chemistry. Mefenoxam is twice as active as metalaxyl, but they both have the same mode of action. Successful chemical control is difficult because we are limited to these two chemistries that are basically identical. A study by A. S. Csinos and P. F. Bertrand found out at a rate of 3.36 kg/ha would not inhibit many of the common races used in their study. Overall, from their study they observed that black shank severity was increasing in Georgia due to metalaxyl sensitivity and resistant races of black shank.
## Importance
*Phytophthora nicotianae* has a wide host range, affecting agriculture rich areas all over the world. In the United States this is a major pathogen of ornamentals, tobacco, and tomato. Black shank is one of the most damaging and far reaching diseases of tobacco. In 1896, black shank was first described in Indonesia by Van Breda de Haan. Disease was observed near Georgia in 1915 and reached major tobacco growing areas of Kentucky and North Carolina in the 1930s and 1940s. In North Carolina black shank can be found in every county that grows flue-cured tobacco and currently causes statewide losses of 1 to 2.5 percent per year. This pathogen thrives in warm climates, so it is destructive on crops grown in these areas. During favorable conditions, new generations of spores can be produced every 72 hours, so if this disease is not managed well it can be very destructive. Susceptible cultivars in the right conditions can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected plants do not recover. Less than one propagule per gram of soil can lead to an epidemic.
| 539 |
Phytophthora nicotianae
| 1 |
11,069,076 |
# Phytophthora nicotianae
## Pathogenesis
This pathogen causes secondary cycles of disease by mode of zoospores. Zoospores interact with the host by sensing and moving toward the nutrient gradients near the root tip and wounds of the plant. Without this means of sensing entry points there would be no secondary cycles of disease. Zoospores, chlamydospores, and sporangia produce a germ tube that directly penetrates the epidermis of the plant. Without this penetration device the pathogen would not be able to infect the plant. The pathogen interferes with transport by infecting the roots. Typically hyphae can be seen in the pith and cause blackening and necrosis. Infection can proceed rapidly once the pathogen has made an entrance into the plant. Once established, further reproduction of both chlamydospores and sporangia will occur within host tissues, amplifying the spread of disease within the host plant and spreading out into nearby plants. Upon death of the host, the decomposing infected tissues will release the pathogen back into the soil, in the form of chlamydospores and zoospores. A resting spore, the chlamydospores are capable of surviving in the soil for years, but it has been noted that cold winters cause an inhibitory effect on the survival rate. This results in less black shank infections where tobacco is grown in cooler, more northern climates.
The action of *P. nicotianae* is amplified by the presence of root-knot nematodes, which through their own feeding habits, assist the pathogen in finding an entrance to the host. This pathogen synergy with root-knot nematodes has the ability to overcome much of the resistance of cultivars especially bred for *P. nicotianae* resistance
| 270 |
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| 2 |
11,069,081 |
# Phytophthora syringae
***Phytophthora syringae*** is an oomycete plant pathogen known to infect nursery plants, particularly apple and pear trees. It infects plants through wounded areas and is most pathogenic during cold, wet weather
| 34 |
Phytophthora syringae
| 0 |
11,069,086 |
# Pythium debaryanum
***Pythium debaryanum*** is a species of water mould in the family Pythiaceae. It is known as a plant pathogen on many kinds of wild and cultivated plants, including peanut, beet, eucalyptus, tobacco, and pine trees. The plants develop damping off, a disease state
| 46 |
Pythium debaryanum
| 0 |
11,069,088 |
# Pine Cay
**Pine Cay** is an 800 acre privately owned island occupied by 38 homeowners and a small exclusive resort called Pine Cay in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Pine Cay resort consists of 13 beachfront hotel rooms, a restaurant, clubhouse and bar. There is also a small spa.
Pine Cay was the site of the first tourist development on the Turks and Caicos. It was planned in the 1950s. The old Meridian Club now called Pine Cay was established in the early 1970s.
Pine Cay is less than a mile wide and two miles (3 km) long, though 9 mi of trails thread the island. Island transportation is by electric golf cart and bicycle. The main beach is 2 mi long. There is a paved airstrip that accommodates small private aircraft and helicopters.
Pine Cay is also near Dellis Cay and Fort George\'s Cay
| 146 |
Pine Cay
| 0 |
11,069,089 |
# Pythium irregulare
***Pythium irregulare*** is a soil borne oomycete plant pathogen. Oomycetes, also known as \"water molds\", are fungal-like protists. They are fungal-like because of their similar life cycles, but differ in that the resting stage is diploid, they have coenocytic hyphae, a larger genome, cellulose in their cell walls instead of chitin, and contain zoospores (asexual motile spores) and oospores (sexual resting spores).
## Hosts and symptoms {#hosts_and_symptoms}
*Pythium irregulare* is an oomycete that causes pre- and post-emergence damping off, as well as root rot. Pre-emergence damping off occurs when *P. irregulare* infects seeds before they emerge, causing them to rot and turn brown, thus preventing successful growth. Alternatively, post-emergence damping off occurs when the oomycete infects just after the seed has germinated. This usually causes infection in the roots and stem which appears as water soaking and necrosis. Depending on the severity, plants may collapse or be severely stunted. In plants that are older and more established, *P. irregulare* causes root rot. This will initially cause necrotic lesions, which leads to chlorosis, reduced yield, poor growth, and stunting due to inadequate water and nutrient acquisition by the roots. Additionally, *P. irregulare* is often found coinfecting with other *Pythium* species. All three of these diseases caused by *P. irregulare* can be caused by other pathogens as well, so a disease diagnosis is not necessarily indicative of *P. irregulare*
In order to identify *Pythium irregulare* it is necessary to isolate the organism and observe it microscopically. First, it is important to identify that the microbe is an oomycete by looking for characteristics that are specific to oomycetes, such as coenocytic hyphae, zoospores, and oospores. After that, one can identify the microbe as being in the genus *Pythium* by observing disease symptoms, host range, as well as the presence of a vesicle, where zoospores form, which is attached to the sporangia. In contrast, most other oomycetes do not have a vesicle and the zoospores form in the sporangia. Finally, once the genera has been identified, it is helpful to use a dichotomous key to identify the species. Some of the key identifiers for *P. irregulare* include oogonia with irregular shaped, cylindrical projections, sporangia that occur singly, sporangia that are not filamentous, and oogonia smaller than 30 μm. There are also many genomic tests that can be done to determine species based on specific DNA markers. It is also important to note that many diagnosticians do not identify to the species level because it can be difficult to find all necessary microscopic structures and many management techniques can be applied to all *Pythium* species.
*Pythium irregulare* has a very broad host range, including many agronomically and horticulturally important crops and is found on every continent except for Antarctica. *P. irregulare* infects over 200 species, including cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. It differs from many other *Pythium* species in that it prefers cooler environments. A moist environment is also necessary for disease, which aids motility of spores. It is commonly found in both greenhouses and fields.
## Disease cycle {#disease_cycle}
*Pythium irregulare*, like most oomycetes, has a life cycle with sexual and asexual stages. During the winter, oospores, which are sexual resting spores, survive in the soil. Oospore germination occurs when the oospore senses chemicals released by seeds or roots. Once germinated, oospores can produce either a germ tube, which directly infects the plant, or a sporangium, which releases zoospores that infect the plant. Sporangium that produce zoospores make up the asexual phase of the life cycle. The zoospores can move through soil when water is present, which is why water is important for disease to occur. Once zoospores reach the root or seed, they encyst, germinate, and infect via a germ tube. Once infection has been established, the pathogen grows hyphae both in and outside the plant and releases enzymes to breakdown plant tissue. The breakdown of tissue provides nutrients for the pathogen, also known as necrotrophy. Once the plant dies, more sporangium can form, release zoospores, and repeat the infection cycle. Alternatively, the hyphae within the dead plant material may also continue to grow and develop "male" and "female" haploid mating structures, known as antheridium and oogonium, respectively. The antheridium then transfers its genetic material to the oogonium (fertilization), resulting in the diploid oospore, which overwinters and starts the infection over again in the spring.
| 726 |
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| 0 |
11,069,089 |
# Pythium irregulare
## Management
*Pythium irregulare* requires very specific environmental conditions to produce disease, so control of environment is the first step. Because the zoospores require water to be able to move around, preventing standing water will decrease the chance of disease occurrence. Additionally, excess water can lead to an increase in insects that feed on roots, making it easier for the pathogen to spread, as it can make its way into the plant through wounds. Water levels can be controlled by avoiding planting in areas that have poor drainage and controlling irrigation as to not overwater plants. Because *P. irregulare* has oospores that survive under harsh conditions, sanitation is very important to limit the spread. Contaminated irrigation systems, tools, and seeds can spread the disease, so disinfection with heat or chemicals are necessary to prevent further spread, as well as purchasing certified clean seed. Additionally, in greenhouses scenarios it is important to sanitize soil, work benches, and tools with heat or chemicals as well. It is also important to avoid over-fertilizing plants, as fertilizers can suppress plant defenses and damage roots, making it easier for *P. irregulare* to infect. Finally, if you have had previous problems with *Pythium irregulare*, you can take preventative measures by mixing fungicides into the soil, although this is more easily achieved in a greenhouse scenario. It is important to create a fungicide plan with different rotations of fungicides if you choose to prevent disease this way in order to prevent the pathogen from becoming resistant to the fungicide. Some fungicides used to prevent *P. irregulare* include mefenoxam, fosetyl-Al, and etridiazole. Additionally, certain biological agents such as *Trichoderma harzianum* and *Gliocladium virens* can be used as biological control measures to prevent infection; however, this is also a more plausible control method in a greenhouse, again because it needs to be mixed into the soil. Crop rotation is not necessarily a good option for *P
| 320 |
Pythium irregulare
| 1 |
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