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# Jeff Calhoun (choreographer)
**Jeff Calhoun** (born 1960) is an American director, choreographer, producer and dancer.
## Career
As a student at Richland High School, now Pine-Richland High School (Gibsonia, PA; North of Pittsburgh), Calhoun was interested in both athletics and performance, playing football and studying tap dance. He danced in the ensemble at The Kenley Players in Ohio in the late 1970s where he met Tommy Tune. Tune later hired Calhoun to perform in the First National Tour of *The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas*. Calhoun made his Broadway debut in the stage adaptation of *Seven Brides for Seven Brothers* (1982). He also starred opposite Twiggy in *My One and Only* (1983). Calhoun's collaboration with Tommy Tune resulted in the 1991 Tony Award for Best Choreography for *The Will Rogers Follies*. His Broadway directing debut was *Tommy Tune Tonight!* (1992).
Calhoun began his association with Deaf West Theatre in 2000 when he directed and choreographed a world premiere adaptation of *Oliver!* Calhoun continued his work with Deaf West Theater with *Big River* the following season. *Big River* subsequently played Roundabout Theatre Company's America Airlines Theatre in 2003 on Broadway and garnered the 2004 Tony Award for Excellence in Theater. Calhoun also directed the world premiere of the first original American Sign Language musical, *Sleeping Beauty Wakes*, at the Kirk Douglas Theater in 2007. In 2009, he directed and choreographed the Deaf West Theatre & Center Theater Group production of *Pippin* at the Mark Taper Forum, which included new and revised material from composer Stephen Schwartz.
Calhoun directed both the world premiere and international productions of *Disney's High School Musical: On Stage* and *Disney's High School Musical 2: On Stage*. He also provided choreography for *Xena: Warrior Princess (The Bitter Suite)*, *Downtown*, *Happy Together* and *Weekend Warriors*.
Calhoun\'s additional Broadway credits include the first Broadway revival of *Grease* (1994), *Annie Get Your Gun* (1999), *Bells Are Ringing* (2001), *Brooklyn The Musical* (2004), and *Grey Gardens* (2006). Off-Broadway he appeared in *One More Song/One More Dance* (1983) with Ann Reinking, choreographed *Bouncers* (1987) and *Comic Potential* (2000), and directed *Holy Cross Sucks!* (2005). His regional theater credits include the First National Tour of *Irving Berlin's White Christmas* presented by Theater of the Stars (2008), *Shenandoah* at the Ford's Theater (2006) and *Himself and Nora*, a musical based on James Joyce and Nora Barnacle, which he choreographed and co-directed (with Joseph Hardy) for the Old Globe Theatre in 2005.
Calhoun is an Associate Artist at Ford's Theater, Washington, DC where he directed both the 2008 Presidential Gala presentation of Frank Wildhorn's *The Civil War*, and a new production of that same work as part of the Ford's Theater 2009 reopening season.
In 2011, Calhoun directed and choreographed the Broadway musical *Bonnie & Clyde*, a collaboration with composer Frank Wildhorn, lyricist Don Black and librettist Ivan Menchell. The show opened at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on December 1, 2011, and closed on December 30. *Bonnie & Clyde* had its world premiere at La Jolla Playhouse in 2009 and had another out-of-town tryout at the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida, in 2010. Calhoun also directed and choreographed the national tour of Dolly Parton\'s *9 to 5: The Musical*, which began performances in September 2010 in Nashville, Tennessee.
Calhoun directed the Disney musical *Newsies*. After a run at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey in fall 2011, Disney Theatrical Productions announced that the show would transfer to Broadway for a strictly limited engagement. *Newsies,* which opened at the Nederlander Theatre on March 29, 2012, is now an open-ended run. The musical has had 8 Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical and Best Director of a Musical for Calhoun.
Calhoun worked on the first revival of *Jekyll & Hyde*. The production, starring Constantine Maroulis and Deborah Cox, will play a 25-week national tour before landing on Broadway in Spring 2013.`{{update inline|date=February 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Calhoun also directed the UK tour of *9 to 5* in Fall 2012.
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
- 2012 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical (*Newsies*, nominee)
- 2012 Tony Award for Best Musical (*Newsies*, nominee)
- 2012 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical (*Newsies*, nominee)
- 2012 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical (*Bonnie & Clyde*, nominee)
- 2012 Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical (*Newsies*, nominee)
- 2012 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical (*Newsies*, nominee)
- 2012 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Broadway Musical (*Newsies*, nominee)
- 2012 Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Broadway Musical (*Bonnie & Clyde*, nominee)
- 2011 Craig Noel Award for Outstanding Direction of a Musical (*Emma*, nominee)
- 2011 Craig Noel Award for Outstanding Resident Musical (*Emma*, winner)
- 2009 San Diego Theatre Critics Circle Award for Best Director of a Musical (*Bonnie & Clyde*, winner)
- 2009 San Diego Theatre Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Musical (*Bonnie & Clyde*, winner)
- 2007 Ovation Award for Direction (*Sleeping Beauty Wakes*, nominee)
- 2007 Ovation Award for World Premiere Musical (*Sleeping Beauty Wakes*, winner)
- 2006 Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Director (*Big River*, nominee)
- 2004 Tony Award Tony Honor for Excellence in Theatre (*Big River*, winner)
- 2004 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical (*Big River*, nominee)
- 2003 Ovation & L.A
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# CSI (novels)
The ***CSI* novels** are novels that tie-in with the *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*, *CSI: Miami*, and *CSI: NY* television shows. They have been published from 2001 to 2011.
They are all released by Pocket Books and have been written by a range of notable authors including Max Allan Collins (*CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*), Donn Cortez (*CSI: Miami*), and Stuart M. Kaminsky (*CSI: NY*).
## Stories
### *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* {#csi_crime_scene_investigation}
Title Author Release Date ISBN
---------------------- ------------------- ---------------- ------
*Double Dealer* Max Allan Collins November 2001
*Sin City* Max Allan Collins October 2002
*Cold Burn* Max Allan Collins April 2003
*Body of Evidence* Max Allan Collins November 2003
*Grave Matters* Max Allan Collins October 2004
*Binding Ties* Max Allan Collins April 2005
*Killing Game* Max Allan Collins November 2005
*Snake Eyes* Max Allan Collins September 2006
*In Extremis* Ken Goddard October 2007
*Bad Rap* Max Allan Collins March 2008
*Nevada Rose* Jerome Preisler June 2008
*Headhunter* Greg Cox October 2008
*Brass in Pocket* Jeff Mariotte August 2009
*The Killing Jar* Donn Cortez November 2009
*Blood Quantum* Jeff Mariotte February 2010
*Dark Sundays* Donn Cortez May 2010
*Skin Deep* Jerome Preisler August 2010
*Shock Treatment* Greg Cox November 2010
*The Burning Season* Jeff Mariotte June 2011
In October 2007, Pocket Books released a trade paperback omnibus *Mortal Wounds*, which collected *Double Dealer*, *Sin City*, and *Cold Burn* into a single volume.
### *CSI: Miami* {#csi_miami}
Title Author Release Date ISBN
--------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------- ------
*Florida Getaway* Max Allan Collins August 2003
*Heat Wave* Max Allan Collins July 2004
*Cult Following* Donn Cortez December 2005
*Riptide* Donn Cortez July 2006
*Harm for the Holidays: Misgivings* Donn Cortez November 2006
*Harm for the Holidays: Heart Attack* Donn Cortez January 2007
*Cut and Run* Donn Cortez March 2008
*Right to Die* Jeff Mariotte September 2008
### *CSI: NY* {#csi_ny}
Title Author Release Date ISBN
-------------------- ---------------------- -------------- ------
*Dead of Winter* Stuart M. Kaminsky August 2005
*Blood on the Sun* Stuart M. Kaminsky March 2006
*Deluge* Stuart M. Kaminsky May 2007
*Four Walls* Keith R.A
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# St Joseph's Catholic Academy
**St Joseph\'s Catholic Academy** (formerly St Joseph\'s RC Comprehensive School) is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school with academy status, located in Hebburn, South Tyneside, England.
The school currently caters for students aged 11 to 18 and also a number of vocational courses. It is one of a number of secondary schools in the local authority area that has a sixth form.
The school is on the B1306, near the A185 junction, in the south of Hebburn, one mile north of the terminus of the A194(M). It is on the district boundary with Gateshead. Further down Mill Lane until 1992 was the Monkton Coke Works.
## History
The school opened as St. Joseph\'s Grammar Technical School in 1959, being officially opened on 9 June 1960 by James Cunningham, the Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle. It was a grammar school with a technical focus (similar to a technical school) for catholic children in the north of County Durham, and the County Borough of South Shields. Further grammar technical schools were to be opened in Gateshead, Lanchester, Stockton and Whitley Bay.
St Joseph\'s became a comprehensive in 1974 when it merged with the neighbouring St James\' RC Secondary Modern School, which was on the same site. The school gained specialist Technology College status in 1996.
The school converted to academy status in July 2013 and was renamed St Joseph\'s Catholic Academy. The Bede Block (PE department) of the school was opened by former England footballer Peter Beardsley MBE.
## Academic performance {#academic_performance}
The school performs well above the local authority average and currently holds the best GCSE and AS/A level scores in South Tyneside, with 84% of its students reaching grades A\*-C at GCSE and an average AS/A level point score of 645.9. The academic achievement, vocational and pastoral targets of the school was recognised by the DfES in the award of \"Leading Edge\" status in September 2003. An Ofsted report credited the students for \"exemplary behaviour in lessons and throughout the school\".
At GCSE in 2010, the school came second in the local authority area, above the England average and second to another faith school, Whitburn Church of England Academy in Whitburn.
## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils}
- Josef Craig, Team GB S8 Swimmer, gold medalist in the 400m freestyle S7 at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
- Emma Lewell-Buck, Labour MP since 2013 for South Shields
- Rob Orton, DJ remixer and music producer
- Craig Russell (footballer), Sunderland AFC
### St. Joseph\'s RC Grammar Technical School {#st
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# Tx2-6
**Tx2-6** is a toxin found in the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider, *Phoneutria nigriventer* (Keyserling). It is a peptide of 48 residues, molecular weight 5291.3. This peptide is cleaved from a longer precursor with a signal peptide and a glutamine-rich propeptide. It can cause priapism. Tests on rats indicate that the toxin causes nitric oxide release, and its effect on erection is blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME. However, it fully restored erectile function in rats developing hypertension due to injection of deoxycorticosterone acetate. A study is underway at the Medical College of Georgia looking at possible uses for the chemical in erectile dysfunction medication. Scientists and Gregory Ochs (Dobbs 2) are collaborating on this study
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# Bailey Hardeman
**Bailey Hardeman** (c. 1795--1836) was the first Secretary of the Treasury for the Republic of Texas.
## Family
Bailey was a younger son of Thomas Hardeman and his first wife Mary Perkins. Both families were early settlers in Tidewater Virginia. Thomas Hardeman was a Revolutionary War soldier and served for years as a representative from Davidson County when it was the Territory South of the River Ohio, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Bailey served as a First Lieutenant in the War of 1812.
Hardeman County, Texas, was named for the brothers, Bailey and Thomas Hardeman. Both were part of the first Republic of Texas government. Hardeman County, Tennessee, was named for his brother, Colonel Thomas Jones Hardeman.
## Texas politics {#texas_politics}
Bailey, like several of his brothers and brothers-in-law, had various financial interests included trade into Mexico. The interest in trade with Mexico may have prompted his move to the Tejas area in 1835. Bailey and his small family settled in Matagorda County. It was almost natural for him to fall into a leadership role in the local politics given his experience in Tennessee. On 28 Nov 1835 General Council of the Provisional Government of Texas elected him one of the commissioners to organize the militia for Matagorda Municipality.
Upon his arrival at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 1, 1836, he was appointed to a twenty-one-member committee to draw up a constitution for the Republic of Texas. The resulting Constitution was approved in mid-March. The delegates elected him Secretary of the Treasury.
On 27 Mar 1836 he and Lorenzo de Zavala were appointed commissioners to accompany Santa Anna to Vera Cruz to negotiate a peace treaty.
Bailey Hardeman was one of the committee of five elected to draft a Declaration of Independence from Mexico on 2 May 1836. He was also one of the fifty-nine signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence.
Bailey died of fever at Caney Creek, Matagorda County, Texas on 24 September 24, 1836. His obituary was printed in the *Telegraph and Texas Register* and also the *Nashville Republican*
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# European Humanities University
**European Humanities University** (*translit=Eurapeyski humanitarny universitet* (ЕГУ/EHU), *Europos humanitarinis universitetas* (EHU), *Европейский гуманитарный университет* (ЕГУ/EGU)) is a private, non-profit liberal arts university founded in Minsk, Belarus, in 1992. Following its forced closure by the Belarusian authorities in 2004, EHU relocated to Vilnius (Lithuania) and thus continues its operations as a private university.
EHU offers high-residence and low-residence undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degree programs in the field of humanities and social sciences. The university has been headquartered in Vilnius, Lithuania, since authorities expelled it from Belarus in 2004. The university intends to return to Minsk.
From 1992 to 2004 EHU was a non-state establishment of undergraduate and post-graduate education in Belarus. In 2004, due to government opposition, EHU was forced to terminate its activities in Belarus. However, thanks to political, administrative, and financial support from the European Union, the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Governments of Lithuania, other European countries, and the United States, NGOs and foundations like MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, and others, EHU resumed its operation in Vilnius, Lithuania and opened bachelor\'s and master\'s degree programs for Belarusian students in autumn 2005. In March 2006 the Government of Lithuania granted EHU the official status of a Lithuanian university.
After the mass protests of the Belarusian presidential election of 2010, many EHU students and teachers were imprisoned by the KDB. The university said it would work with students to help them in their education despite the circumstances.
In academic year 2020/21 EHU serves around 680 mostly Belarusian students, offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs and promoting research in the humanities and social sciences. About two-thirds of EHU\'s students attend via online programs and reside in Belarus. About one-third attend courses on campus in Vilnius. Teaching languages -- Belarusian, Russian, some courses are taught in English, German and French. EHU ranks second among private universities in Lithuania.
It is a member of the European Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
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# European Humanities University
## History
### Minsk period (1992--2004) {#minsk_period_19922004}
The university was established in Minsk in 1992. At that time it comprised eight schools and provided education with 13 programs in humanities, foreign and classical languages, and IT. EHU was a basis for the establishment of research centers and institutes in Belarus: the Institute of German Studies, the Center for Economic and Social Research, the center for Gender Studies, the center for Civic Education, the Information and Resource Center on the European Integration and others.
In 2002 it was one of the first universities to join European University Foundation - Campus Europae.
On July 24, 2004, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus revoked university\'s license for the provision of educational services, claiming the campus was unsuitable for classes. The university was forced to terminate its operations. The actions of the authorities provoked a mass protest next day; about two hundred students and faculty defended their right to study and work in EHU.
### Vilnius period (since 2004) {#vilnius_period_since_2004}
In 2005 EHU reestablished its activity in Lithuania with the support of the Government of Lithuania, European Commission, the Nordic Council of Ministers, and support by European countries and international foundations.
On March 10, 2006, EHU was granted the status of a private Lithuanian university. The first EHU undergraduate class in Vilnius completed its studies in 2009.
On June 5, 2012, EHU celebrated its 20th anniversary in Vilnius Town Hall.
On June 14, 2013, EHU was awarded an Atlantic Council Freedom Award for *unwavering commitment to democracy in Belarus by providing Belarusian students with a free and democratic environment to pursue their education*.
In 2014 EHU completed faculty reform, which aimed at providing better working conditions for faculty and to strengthening the overall quality of education and research at the university. In 2015 EHU announced the results of an international rector\'s search, which involved 19 candidates from seven countries. On April 3 Prof. G. David Pollick (US) was appointed as Rector. In the same year university Senate endorsed Magna Charta Universitatum. In summer 2016 Prof. G. David Pollick resigned from the university\'s Rector position following an audit by Deloitte that revealed him to be the beneficiary of a potentially fraudulent reimbursement scheme.
Starting October 3, 2016 Jørgen Jørgensen (Denmark) served as University\'s Acting Rector.
In academic year 2016/17 EHU started implementation of the brand new liberal arts-inspired Core Curriculum, which was designed with an assistance of the Bard College network.
On March 1, 2018, former Minister of Education of Bulgaria Professor Sergei Ignatov was appointed rector.
Starting from May 3, 2018, EHU Campus is located in the former Augustinian monastery of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Vilnius Old Town.
During the AY 2020/21 Opening Ceremony, former president candidate and leader of the Belarusian opposition Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya made a keynote address to EHU students.
On April 3, 2023, Professor Krzysztof Rybinski became Rector of the university.
## Academics
Operating in Lithuania, EHU is involved in the Bologna process and conducts the academic process according to the standards of the European Higher Education Area. Upon successful completion of degree studies at EHU, university graduates are awarded European Union-recognized diplomas.
The university\'s academic year begins on October 1.
Academic departments:
- Department of Humanities and Arts
- Department of Social Sciences
EHU offers following high-residence and low-residence undergraduate programs:
- Visual Design
- European Heritage
- Media and Communication
- World Politics and Economics (joint degree programme with Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania)
- International Law and European Union Law (LL.M\> degree program)
Master\'s programs in blended learning mode:
- Cultural Heritage Development
- Public Policy
- Visual Plastic Art
Since 2011, EHU offers a Doctorate in Philosophy jointly with Vytautas Magnus University and the Lithuanian Culture Research Institute.
EHU offers low residence programs and courses via Moodle. Upon completion of distance courses free listeners are awarded with an ECTS.
High-residence students are also eligible to participate in Erasmus+ and Campus Europae student mobility programs with more than 50 partner universities throughout Europe. EHU provides tuition fee waivers for Belarusian students on the basis of academic merits and thanks to the support of the university donors. Additionally there are stipends available for Belarusian undergraduate high-residence students at the ratio 1 stipend per 10 students.
## Research
EHU conducts research in humanities and social sciences and supports the research activities of its faculty and students by maintaining research centers, laboratories, and institutes:
- Center for Constitutionalism and Human Rights
- Center for Gender Studies
- Center for German Studies
- Laboratory of Critical Urbanism
- Laboratory of Visual and Cultural Studies
EHU research centers conduct research activities, organize scientific conferences, publish scientific journals (Journal of Constitutionalism and Human Rights, Journal of philosophical and cultural studies).
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# European Humanities University
## Leadership
### General Assembly of Part-Owners {#general_assembly_of_part_owners}
The General Assembly of Part-Owners is the highest governing body of the university that brings together organizations that reestablished EHU in Lithuania after its closure in Minsk. These include the Eastern Europe Studies Centre (Lithuania), Open Society Foundations (USA) and Eurasia Foundation (USA).
### Governing Board {#governing_board}
The Governing Board is responsible for the strategic direction, finances, and functioning of the university. Starting January 6, 2020 the new membership of the Governing Board has been appointed for the 3-years term. The composition of the Governing Board:
- Chair Andrius Kubilius (Lithuania), Member of the European Parliament, Former Prime Minister of Lithuania
- Vice-chair Megaklis Petmezas (Greece), Vice Principal for Communication, Marketing and Student Recruitment at the International Faculty, City College, University of Sheffield (Main Campus in Thessaloniki)
- Dr. Jonathan Fanton (USA), President Emeritus of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Mindaugas Kačerauskis (Lithuania), deputy director at the Development Cooperation Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania
- Reinhard Stuth (Germany), former Minister for Culture and Media at Hamburg State Government
- Prof. Krzysztof Rybinski, ex officio (Poland), Rector of the European Humanities University
- Prof. Anatoli Mikhailov, ex officio (Belarus), President of the European Humanities University
### President
Prof. Anatoli Mikhailov is a scholar in the field of German philosophy, who founded EHU in Minsk in 1992 and served as Rector until September 30, 2014. Starting October 2014 Prof. Mikhailov serves as EHU President.
### Rector
On April 3, 2023, the General Assembly of Part-Owners appointed Professor Krzysztof Rybinski to be the Rector of EHU. An accomplished scholar with a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Warsaw, Professor Rybinski is a seasoned academic administrator with more than 20 years of management experience, including three years as Rector of Narxoz University in Almaty, Kazakhstan and five years as Rector of Vistula University in Warsaw, Poland.
### Senate
The Senate is a collegiate academic consulting body, operating on the parity representation basis of the two academic departments of the university. According to the Statutes, the Senate is responsible for assessing the quality of studies, research and art activities. Chair of the Senate is Prof. Aliaksandr Puptsau.
### Students\' Union {#students_union}
Students\' Union is an autonomous student self-government body, operating as a legal entity, which represents EHU students internally and externally, as according to the Law on Higher Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania. EHU Students\' Union is a full member of the Lithuanian National Union of Students.
## People
### Doctor Honoris Causa {#doctor_honoris_causa}
EHU\'s Doctor Honoris Causa degree is conferred upon scholars, statesmen, public, religious, and political figures of the Republic of Belarus and other countries to honor their accomplishments in humanities and social sciences, university education and culture; their contributions to the development of democracy and the realization of the principles of the rule of law; and their contribution to the development of culture and promotion of intercultural dialog.
EHU Honorary Doctors are:
- Aleś Razanaŭ, Belarusian poet and translator.
- Fr. Alexander Nadson (1926--2015), Apostolic Visitor for Belarusian Greek-Catholic faithful abroad and a Belarusian émigré social and religious leader.
- Dr. Jonathan Fanton, President Emeritus of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Dr. Hans Gert Poettering, former President of the European Parliament
- Prof. Andrea Riccardi, an Italian researcher of Church history, professor of Contemporary History, Roma Tre University, Italy.
- Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat, public figure, writer.
- Olga Sedakova, Russian poet, translator and scholar of Christian culture.
- Prof. Alfred Grosser, French educational and cultural figure, head of academic programs.
- Prof. Krzysztof Zanussi, Polish film director and public figure, president of the Federation of European Film Directors.
- Prof. Sergey Averintsev (1927--2004), Russian researcher in culture and classical philology.
- Prof. Algirdas Brazauskas (1932--2010), President (1993--1998) and Prime Minister (2001--2006) of the Republic of Lithuania
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# Rossino Mantovano
**Rossino Mantovano** (*Rossinus Mantuanus* \"Rossino of Mantua\") (fl. 1505--1511) was an Italian singer and composer.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Mantovano is known as a composer of frottole; five of which were published by Ottaviano Petrucci between 1505-1507. These frottole included three barzellete, an oda, and a popular text. He was employed as a male contralto at the Mantua Cathedral in 1509, and after served as the maestro di canto at that cathedral in 1510-1511. There he was responsible for training the boy sopranos. Aside from the Petrucci publications and his record of employment at the Mantua Cathedral, there is no other known information about Mantovano.
Two of Mantovano\'s works have maintained interest among scholars for their connections to Mantuan theatre: *Poi che fai, donna, el gaton* and *Lirum bililirum*. *Poi che fai, donna, el gaton* contains material that imitates the sounds of a cat's yowl. *Lirum bililirum*, Mantovano\'s most well known and most often performed work, uses text written with a Bergamasque dialect and is a parody of a serenade crooned from below a woman's window. This latter work uses bagpipes for its accompaniment rather than the traditional lute for similar works of the era. It was recorded by the King\'s Singers for their 1984 Madrigal History Tour album
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# Ludwig Hussak
**Ludwig \"Luigi\" Hussak** (31 July 1883 -- 5 July 1965) was an Austrian amateur Association football player.
## International career {#international_career}
Hussak was a member of the Austrian Olympic squad at the 1912 Summer Olympics and played two matches in the main tournament as well as two matches in the consolation tournament. He scored one goal against Italy in the semi-final of the consolation tournament.
He made his debut for the senior Austria national team in April 1905 against Hungary. He played 14 games and scored 5 goals
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# Pierre Passereau
**Pierre Passereau** (*fl.* 1509--1547) was a French composer of the Renaissance. Along with Clément Janequin, he was one of the most popular composers of \"Parisian\" chansons in France in the 1530s. His output consisted almost exclusively of chansons; most of them were published by printer Pierre Attaingnant. Most of them were \"rustic\" in character, similar to patter songs, using onomatopoeia, *double entendres*, and frequent obscenity, a common feature of popular music in France and the Low Countries in the 1530s.
## Life
Some details of Passereau\'s life have been compiled by scholars, including pioneering 19th-century musicologist François-Joseph Fétis in his enormous *Biographie universelle des musiciens* (1834). Passereau first appears in the historical record as a tenor singer in the chapel of the Count of Angoulême (who was later to become King Francis I); therefore he was already an adult, and born before about 1495. He had some association with both Bourges Cathedral and Cambrai Cathedral, as he appears in the records of both places, and is documented as being a singer at Cambrai between 1525 and 1530. He may also have been a priest at the church of Saint Jacques-de-la-Boucherie in Paris, although this statement by Fétis has not been independently confirmed.
## Music and influence {#music_and_influence}
Almost everything Passereau wrote, or everything that has survived, are chansons. Since details of his biography are spotty, it is difficult to determine how much lost work there may be. He is known to have written one sacred composition, a motet, *Unde veniet auxilium michi* (the text is from Psalm 120, and used in the Office of the Dead).
Passereau\'s chansons are mostly light-hearted affairs, similar in content to the Italian *frottola,* although no direct influence from the earlier popular Italian form has been reliably demonstrated. He liked to use nonsense syllables, often in imitation of animals, as in *Il est bel et bon*, his most popular piece, which imitates the clucking of chickens. This composition was sung as far away as Venice. While Passereau may have gotten the idea from Janequin, who was writing onomatopoeic chansons as early as 1515 (*Il est bel et bon* was published in 1534), its popularity rivaled that of the music of Janequin, and printer Pierre Attaingnant devoted a book entirely to the music of the two composers (in 1536). It is possible that Francis I, who knew Passereau from his service at the French court, recommended the composer to the printer.
Additional features of Passereau\'s chansons include the use of quick declamation, chordal passages with occasional polyphony, generally syllabic word setting, satirical and ribald subjects, and catchy rhythms.
An additional indication of Passereau\'s popularity is his inclusion by François Rabelais as one of a list of popular musicians in *Gargantua and Pantagruel*
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# Marc Fornell Mestres
**Marc Fornell Mestres** (born 26 January 1982) is a professional tennis player from Spain. He has captured two ATP Challenger Series/Tour titles. Fornell Mestres\'s career-high ATP singles entry ranking is World No. 236, achieved on 19 November 2007.
On 31 December 2018, he was provisionally suspended from tennis for leading a match-fixing group. In 2022, Fornell Mestres was convicted of match fixing and received a 2-year suspended prison sentence and a 450€ fine. He was also fined \$250,000 and banned from professional tennis for 22 years and 6 months by the International Tennis Integrity Agency.
## Career titles {#career_titles}
### Singles (15) {#singles_15}
Legend (singles)
---------------------------------
Grand Slam (0)
ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0)
ATP World Tour 500 (0)
ATP World Tour 250 (0)
ATP Challenger Tour (0)
ITF Futures (15)
No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent in the final Score
------ ------------------ ------------------------ --------- -------------------------- ------------------
1\. 10 June 2001 Agadir Clay Rabie Chaki 6--3, 6--0
2\. 16 June 2002 Canary Islands Clay Marc Marco Ripoll 7--5, 2--6, 6--0
3\. 24 August 2003 Irún Clay Zhu Benqiang 1--6, 6--2, 6--4
4\. 5 September 2004 Oviedo Clay Carlos Cuadrado 7--5, 4--6, 6--4
5\. 7 May 2006 Vic Clay Miguel Ángel López Jaén 6--1, 6--4
6\. 30 July 2006 Dénia Clay Bartolomé Salvá-Vidal 7--5, 3--6, 6--3
7\. 20 August 2006 Irún Clay Horacio Zeballos 7--5, 2--6, 6--3
8\. 26 November 2006 Maspalomas Clay Gero Kretschmer 6--4, 6--3
9\. 28 October 2007 Sant Cugat del Vallès Clay Javier Genaro-Martínez 6--3, 4--6, 7--5
10\. 4 November 2007 Vilafranca del Penedès Clay Adrián Menéndez-Maceiras 6--4, 6--4
11\. 1 November 2009 Sant Cugat del Vallès Clay José Checa Calvo 2--6, 6--4, 6--2
12\. 25 July 2010 Gandia Clay Juan Lizariturry 7--6, 3--6, 6--2
13\. 8 August 2010 Xàtiva Clay Juan Lizariturry 6--3, 6--2
14\. 15 May 2011 Kenitra Clay Tak Khunn Wang 6--4, 7--5
15\. 30 Nov 2014 Kish Clay Toni Androic 6--1, 6--1
### Doubles (42) {#doubles_42}
Legend (singles)
---------------------------------
Grand Slam (0)
ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0)
ATP World Tour 500 (0)
ATP World Tour 250 (0)
ATP Challenger Tour (2)
ITF Futures (40)
No. Date Tournament Surface Partnering Opponents in the final Score
------ -------------- ----------------------------------- --------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
1\. 30 Aug 2000 Vigo Clay Didac Pérez Pedro Pereira & `{{flagicon|POR}}`{=mediawiki} António van Grichen 4--2, 4--1, 4--2
2\. 18 Aug 2002 Vigo Clay Ferran Ventura-Martell Eduardo Nicolás & `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Norikazu Sugiyama 6--4, 6--4
3\. 25 Aug 2002 Irun Clay Ferran Ventura-Martell Alejandro Falla & `{{flagicon|COL}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Salamanca 7--6^(7--3)^, 6--1
4\. 22 Sep 2002 Barcelona Clay Mariano Albert-Ferrando Carlos Berlocq & `{{flagicon|ARG}}`{=mediawiki} Juan Pablo Brzezicki 7--6^(7--5)^, 7--5
5\. 18 Jul 2004 Elche Clay Ivan Esquerdo-Andreu Antonio Baldellou-Esteva & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Germán Puentes 6--2, 6--1
6\. 25 Jul 2004 Gandia Clay Ivan Esquerdo-Andreu Antonio Baldellou-Esteva & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Germán Puentes 6--2, 6--3
7\. 24 Oct 2004 Barcelona Clay Mario Munoz-Bejarano Gorka Fraile & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} David Marrero 6--4, 4--6, 6--4
8\. 20 Feb 2005 Totana Hard Marcel Granollers Filip Urban & `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Marius Zay 6--2, 6--3
9\. 27 Feb 2005 Cartagena, Spain Clay Alberto Soriano-Maldonado Mariano Albert-Ferrando & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Francisco Mendez-Garcia 6--4, 6--3
10\. 10 Apr 2005 Angers Clay Daniel Monedero-Gonzalez Nicolas Renavand & `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Nicolas Tourte 7--6^(9--7)^, 1--6, 6--4
11\. 1 May 2005 Lleida Clay Pablo Andújar Rafael Arévalo & `{{flagicon|TOG}}`{=mediawiki} Komlavi Loglo 6--2, 4--6, 6--3
12\. 29 May 2005 Reus Clay Komlavi Loglo David Marrero & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Pablo Santos 5--7, 7--5, 6--1
13\. 24 Jul 2005 Gandia Clay Jordi Marsé-Vidri David Marrero & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Pablo Santos 4--6, 6--3, 7--6^(7--4)^
14\. 21 Aug 2005 Irun Clay Daniel Monedero-Gonzalez Augustin Gensse & `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Julien Jeanpierre 6--4, 6--4
15\. 7 May 2006 Vic Clay Jordi Marsé-Vidri Antonio Baldellou-Esteva & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Germán Puentes 2--6, 6--3, 7--5
16\. 16 Jul 2006 Elche Clay Miguel Ángel López Jaén Mounir El Aarej & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} David Luque-Velasco 6--3, 6--0
17\. 30 Jul 2006 Dénia Clay Miguel Ángel López Jaén Oriol Hernandez-Pastor & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Javier Ruiz-Gonzalez 7--6^(7--5)^, 6--2
18\. 3 Sep 2006 Oviedo Clay Juan-Miguel Such-Perez Miguel Ángel López Jaén & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} David Marrero 7--6^(7--2)^, 6--4
19\. 25 Nov 2006 Maspalomas Clay Cesar Ferrer-Victoria Sascha Hesse & `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Mark Joachim 6--0, 6--4
20\. 18 Mar 2007 Badalona Clay Jordi Marsé-Vidri Miguel Ángel López Jaén & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Pablo Santos 6--1, 6--2
21\. 25 June 2007 Constanţa Clay Gabriel Trujillo-Soler Gabriel Moraru & `{{flagicon|ROU}}`{=mediawiki} Horia Tecău 6--4, 6--4
22\. 2 July 2007 Montauban Clay Gabriel Trujillo-Soler Adriano Biasella & `{{flagicon|MON}}`{=mediawiki} Jean-René Lisnard 6--3, 7--5
23\. 27 Oct 2007 Sant Cugat del Vallès\|Sant Cugat Clay Jordi Marsé-Vidri Miguel Ángel López Jaén & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} David Marrero 5--7, 6--0, \[10--4\]
24\. 12 Apr 2008 Málaga Clay David Rice Óscar Burrieza & `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Nikolai Nesterov 1--6, 6--2, \[10--7\]
25\. 22 Mar 2009 Castelldefels Clay Gerard Granollers Stefano Ianni & `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Mattia Livraghi 6--4, 3--6, \[10--5\]
26\. 29 May 2009 Telde Clay Gerard Granollers Sergio Gutiérrez Ferrol & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Rafael Mazon-Hernandez 6--3, 6--4
27\. 23 May 2010 Valldoreix Clay David Cañudas-Fernández Gerard Granollers & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Juan Lizariturry 6--3, 7--6^(7--2)^
28\. 18 Jul 2010 Elche Clay Carlos Calderon-Rodriguez Juan Beaus-Barquin & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Juan José Leal-Gómez 6--4, 6--2
29\. 8 Aug 2010 Xàtiva Clay Carlos Calderon-Rodriguez Goncalo Falcao & `{{flagicon|POR}}`{=mediawiki} Martin Trueva 6--1, 6--3
30\. 16 Jan 2011 Majorca Clay Pablo Santos José Checa Calvo & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Carles Poch Gradin 6--1, 6--3
31\. 2 Apr 2011 Reus Clay Mike Vermeer Jan-Lennard Struff & `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Richard Waite 7--6^(7--3)^, 6--7^(1--7)^, \[10--8\]
32\. 14 May 2011 Kenitra Clay Mike Vermeer Abdullah Maqdes & `{{flagicon|EGY}}`{=mediawiki} Sherif Sabry 5--7, 7--5, \[10--3\]
33\. 21 May 2011 Rabat Clay Mike Vermeer Bassam Beidas & `{{flagicon|EGY}}`{=mediawiki} Karim Maamoun 6--1, 6--4
34\. 30 Nov 2014 Kish Clay Marco Neubau Tomislav Jotovski & `{{flagicon|CRO}}`{=mediawiki} Duje Kekez 6--4, 6--4
35\. 7 Dec 2014 Kish Clay Marco Neubau Markus Sedletzky & `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Dominic Weidinger 6--3, 6--1
36\. 14 Mar 2015 Antalya Clay Marco Neubau Rafael Camilo & `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} Eduardo Russi 6--4, 6--2
37\. 12 Mar 2016 Agadir Clay Lamine Ouahab Marcos Giraldi Requena & `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Jacob Kahoun 6--7^(4--7)^, 6--4, \[13--11\]
38\. 19 Mar 2016 Beni Mellal Clay Lamine Ouahab Filippo Leonardi & `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Fabio Mercuri 6--3, 7--5
39\. 30 Jul 2017 Xàtiva Clay Sergio Martos Gornés Eduard Esteve Lobato & `{{flagicon|ESP}}`{=mediawiki} Gerard Granollers 6--3, 6--2
40\. 21 Oct 2017 Pula, Sardinia Clay Fred Gil Filippo Baldi & `{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} Andrea Pellegrino 6--2, 5--7, \[10--5\]
41\. 28 Oct 2017 Pula, Sardinia Clay Fred Gil Raúl Brancaccio & `{{flagicon|SWE}}`{=mediawiki} Dragoș Nicolae Mădăraș 3--6, 6--1, \[10--8\]
42\
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# Aage Haugland
**Aage Haugland** (1 February 1944 -- 23 December 2000) was a Danish operatic bass.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Haugland was born in Copenhagen and made his professional debut in Oslo in 1968. From 1970 to 1973 he was based in Bremen, and appeared at Den Jyske Opera in Aarhus in 1972. In 1973 he became a member of the Royal Danish Opera, where in 1985 he was made a Kammersanger.
His engagements outside Denmark included roles at La Scala, Milan, The Metropolitan Opera, New York City, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Bayreuth and Salzburg Festivals, the Opéra National de Paris and the Bavarian State Opera in Munich.
In 1989 he was honoured as \"Person of the Year\" by the Danish-American Society of New York.
He died of cancer in Lillerød, Denmark.
## Roles
His operatic roles included Fasolt, Hunding and Hagen in *Der Ring des Nibelungen*, Varlaam, Pimen and Boris in *Boris Godunov*, King Marke in *Tristan und Isolde*, Klingsor in *Parsifal*, Prince Ivan Khovansky in *Khovanshchina* and the Doktor in *Wozzeck*. In 2000, he played the role of the Commander in the première of Poul Ruders\' *The Handmaid\'s Tale*. Baron Ochs in *Der Rosenkavalier* was perhaps his most famous role.
## Non-operatic work {#non_operatic_work}
In 1994 Haugland premièred the role of Atlas in the musical *Atlantis* by Østre Gasværk. He also appeared in two Danish films, *Sirup* and *Flamberede hjerter*.
He also performed and recorded Mussorgsky\'s *Songs and Dances of Death*, and lieder by Ibert, Kilpinen, and other composers.
## Recordings
- Richard Wagner: *The Twilight of the Gods*, conductor Reginald Goodall (Chandos CHAN 3060(5))
- Modest Mussorgsky: *Khovanshchina*, conductor Claudio Abbado (CD: Deutsche Grammophon, Cat:429 758-2)
- Modest Mussorgsky: *Mussorgsky Complete Songs* (CHANDOS DIGITAL, CHAN 9336-8.) Includes the *Songs and Dances of Death*.
- Carl August Nielsen: *Saul og David*, 0p. 25 conductor Neeme Järvi (Chandos CHAN 9811/12), The Danish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, 1990
- Igor Stravinsky: *The Soldier\'s Tale*, conductor Neeme Järvi (Chandos CHAN 9189), Royal Scottish National Orchestra, 1993
- Dmitri Shostakovich: *Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District*, Bastille Orchestra, conductor Myung-Whun Chung, (*Deutsche Grammophon*, `{{ASIN|B000001GI1}}`{=mediawiki})
## Video
Richard Strauss: *Der Rosenkavalier*, conductor Georg Solti, with Kiri te Kanawa and Barbara Bonney.
Alban Berg: *Wozzeck*. Haugland plays the Doktor. Conductor Claudio Abbado, with Franz Grundheber, Hildegard Behrens and Heinz Zednik
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# Personal Computer Games
***Personal Computer Games*** was a multi-format UK computer games magazine of the early/mid-1980s published by VNU.
## History
*Personal Computer Games* was launched in July 1983.
The magazine was part of VNU and had its headquarters in London. The second issue was published on 28 October 1983 with the magazine going monthly from February 1984.
Computer coverage at the time were mainly consisted of the Spectrum, C64 and the BBC Micro, although there were others featured such as Atari 8-bit, Electron, Vic 20 and the newly released Amstrad CPC.
The February 1985 issue was the last of the magazine. Chris Anderson and Bob Wade went on to launch the Commodore 64 magazine *Zzap!64*.
## Screen Test {#screen_test}
One of the sections of the magazine was the \'Screen Test\' pages where the latest games were reviewed. The PCG Panel, who voiced their opinions on the games reviews, consisted of the PCG staff plus several contributions from readers. The review was laid out with an explanation of the gameplay and then three opinions from the reviewers were given in boxouts at the end. PCG Ratings were out of ten, with a score giving to the graphics, sound, originality, lasting interest and the overall score.
## Game of the Month {#game_of_the_month}
The highest accolade awarded by Personal Computer Games was the \"Game of the Month\" (First introduced in issue 3), issue 1 did not have a Game of the Month. Issue 2\'s Game of the month was actually called the \"Screen Star\" award.
- Summer 1983(Issue 1) No Game of the month awarded.
- January 1984(Issue 2): Manic Miner (ZX Spectrum) - \"Screen Star\" award.
- February 1984(Issue 3): Revenge of the Mutant Camels (Commodore 64)
- March 1984(Issue 4): Scuba Dive (ZX Spectrum)
- April 1984 (Issue 5): Forbidden Forest (Commodore 64)
- May 1984(Issue 6): Jet Set Willy (ZX Spectrum)
- June 1984(Issue 7): Fortress (BBC Micro)
- July 1984(Issue 8): Loco (Commodore 64)
- August 1984(Issue 9): The Lords of Midnight (ZX Spectrum)
- September 1984(Issue 10): Quo Vadis (Commodore 64)
- October 1984(Issue 11): Ancipital (Commodore 64)
- November 1984(Issue 12): Pyjamarama (ZX Spectrum)
- December 1984(Issue 13): Boulder Dash (Commodore 64)
- January 1985(Issue 14): Underwurlde and Knight Lore (both ZX Spectrum)
- February 1985(Issue 15): Impossible Mission (Commodore 64)
## Cover mounts {#cover_mounts}
In February 1984 *PCG* gave away a cover-mounted FlexiDisc containing game data that could be transferred to cassette. These included free programs for the Vic 20, Spectrum, BBC and Dragon 32/64 computers
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
`{{History of Alabama}}`{=mediawiki} Mobile was founded as the capital of colonial French Louisiana in 1702 and remained a part of New France for over 60 years. During 1720, when France warred with Spain, Mobile was on the battlefront, so the capital moved west to Biloxi. In 1763, Britain took control of the colony following their victory in the Seven Years\' War. During the American Revolutionary War, the Spanish captured Mobile and retained it by the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Mobile first became a part of the United States in 1813, when it was captured by American forces and added to the Mississippi Territory, then later re-zoned into the Alabama Territory in August 1817. Finally on December 14, 1819, Mobile became part of the new 22nd state, Alabama, one of the earlier states of the U.S. Forty-one years later, Alabama left the Union and joined the Confederate States of America in 1861. It returned in 1865 after the American Civil War. Mobile had spent decades as French, then British, then Spanish, then American, spanning 160 years, up to the Civil War.
## Conquistadors: 1519 to 1559 {#conquistadors_1519_to_1559}
Spanish explorers were sailing into the area of Mobile Bay as early as 1500, with the bay being marked on early Spanish maps as the *Bahía del Espíritu Santo* (Bay of the Holy Spirit). The area was explored in more detail in 1516 by Diego de Miruelo and in 1519 by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda. In 1528, Pánfilo de Narváez traveled through what was likely the Mobile Bay area, encountering Native Americans who fled and burned their towns at the approach of the expedition. This response was a prelude to the journeys of Hernando de Soto, more than eleven years later.
Hernando de Soto explored the area of Mobile Bay and beyond in 1540, finding the area inhabited by a Muscogee Native American people. During this expedition, his forces destroyed the fortified town of *Mauvila*, also spelled *Maubila*, from which the name Mobile was later derived. The battle with Chief Tuscaloosa and his warriors took place somewhere north of the current site of Mobile. The next large expedition was that of Tristán de Luna y Arellano, in his unsuccessful attempt to establish a permanent colony for Spain, nearby at Pensacola in 1559--1561.
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
## Colonial period {#colonial_period}
### French Louisiana: 1702 to 1763 {#french_louisiana_1702_to_1763}
Although Spain\'s presence in the area had been sporadic, the French, under Pierre Le Moyne d\'Iberville from his base at Fort Maurepas, established a settlement on the Mobile River in 1702. The settlement, then known as *Fort Louis de la Louisiane*, was first established at Twenty-seven Mile Bluff as the first capital of the French colony of Louisiana. It was founded under the direction of d\'Iberville by his brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, to establish control over France\'s Louisiana claims with Bienville having been made governor of French Louisiana in 1701. Mobile\'s Roman Catholic parish was established on 20 July 1703, by Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Bishop of Quebec. The parish was the first established on the Gulf Coast of the United States. The year 1704 saw the arrival of 23 women, known to history as \"casquette girls\" to the colony aboard the *Pélican*, along with yellow fever introduced to the ship in Havana. Though most of the \"casquette girls\" recovered, a large number of the existing colonists and the neighboring Native Americans died from the illness. This early period also saw the arrival of the first African slaves aboard a French supply ship from Saint-Domingue. The population of the colony fluctuated over the next few years, growing to 279 persons by 1708 yet descending to 178 persons two years later due to disease.
These additional outbreaks of disease and a series of floods caused Bienville to order the town relocated several miles downriver to its present location at the confluence of the Mobile River and Mobile Bay in 1711. This site had previously been settled five years prior by Charles Rochon, Gilbert Dardenne, Pierre LeBœuf and Claude Parant. A new earth and palisade *Fort Louis* was constructed at the new site during this time. The colony was an economic loss, so in 1712, Antoine Crozat took over administration of the colony by royal charter for 15 years, pledging a share of profits to the King. The colony boasted a population of 400 persons. In 1713 a new governor was appointed by Crozat, Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, founder of Detroit. He did not last long, due to allegations of mismanagement and a lack of growth in the colony, and he was recalled to France in 1716. Bienville again took the helm as governor, serving the office for less than a year until the new governor, Jean-Michel de Lepinay, arrived from France. Lepinay, however, did not last long either, due to Crozat\'s relinquishing control of the colony in 1717 (after just 5 of the 15 years). The administration shifted to John Law and his Company of the Indies. Bienville found himself once again governor of Louisiana. In 1719, France warred with Spain, and Mobile was on the battlefront, so Bienville decided to move the capital to Old Biloxi, further west.
The capital of Louisiana was moved to Biloxi, (now in Mississippi) in 1720, leaving Mobile relegated to the role of military and trading outpost. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor of Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon and prince of Condé. Mobile remained a major trade center with the Native Americans throughout the French period, leading to the almost universal use of Mobilian Jargon as the simplified trade language with the Native Americans from present-day Florida to Texas.
### British West Florida: 1763 to 1780 {#british_west_florida_1763_to_1780}
Mobile became a part of the \"14th British colony\", British West Florida, in 1763, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the French and Indian War.
The treaty ceded the Mobile area to Great Britain, and under British rule the colony flourished as West Florida. The British renamed Fort Condé as Fort Charlotte after the queen consort and re-energized the port. Major exports included timber, naval stores, indigo, hides, rice, pecans, and cattle.
### Spanish West Florida: 1780 to 1812 {#spanish_west_florida_1780_to_1812}
The Spanish captured Mobile during the American Revolutionary War during the Battle of Fort Charlotte in 1780, and retained Mobile by the terms of the war-ending Treaty of Paris in 1783. Mobile was then part of the colonial province *Florida Occidental* for thirty years, controlled from Pensacola until 1813 when it was captured by American forces (during the War of 1812) under James Wilkinson.
### Republic of West Florida {#republic_of_west_florida}
The United States and Spain held long, inconclusive negotiations on the status of West Florida. In the meantime, American settlers, including Loyalists, had established a foothold in the area and resisted Spanish control, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for three months of the Republic of West Florida. On September 23, 1810, after meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge and unfurled the Bonnie Blue Flag. The Republic of West Florida claimed boundaries that included all territory south of the 31st parallel, west of the Perdido River, and east of the Mississippi River, not including any territory that had been part of the Louisiana Purchase.
Spain retained its control of the Mobile District for a few more years, while the United States seized the former Baton Rouge District in December 1810.
## Territorial period {#territorial_period}
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
## Territorial period {#territorial_period}
### Mississippi Territory {#mississippi_territory}
Before the War of 1812, the Spaniards in Mobile allowed British merchants to sell arms and supplies to the Indians defend their lands against encroaching settlers who had begun to build on part of present-day Alabama. During the course of the war, General James Wilkinson took a force of American troops from New Orleans to capture Mobile. The Spanish capitulated in April 1813 and the Stars and Stripes of the United States was raised for the first time over the Mobile area as it was added to the existing Mississippi Territory.
A British attempt commanded by Captain Henry Percy in September 1814 to take Fort Bowyer on Mobile Bay was repulsed by American forces. A subsequent British attack in February 1815 was successful, resulting in the surrender of the fort. The War of 1812 ended before an attack on the settlement of Mobile, across the bay, could be conducted.
### Alabama Territory: 1817 to 1819 {#alabama_territory_1817_to_1819}
Within 4 years, in March 1817, the U.S. state of Mississippi was formed, splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, and leaving Mobile, for the next 2 years, as part of the new Alabama Territory. In 1819, after two years as a territory, the US state of Alabama was formed, converting the Alabama Territory into a full American state.
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
## After statehood {#after_statehood}
### Antebellum: 1820 to 1860 {#antebellum_1820_to_1860}
The cotton boom of the early 19th century brought an explosion of commerce to what had been a sleepy frontier town. For almost the next half century, Mobile enjoyed prosperity as the second largest international seaport on the Gulf Coast, after New Orleans. Progress was based upon cotton, shipped downriver by flatboat or steamboat from plantation slave fields in Mississippi and Alabama. A fire in October 1827 destroyed most of the old city from the Mobile River to Saint Emanuel Street and from Saint Francis to Government Street. The city experienced another fire in 1839 that burned part of city between Conti and Government Street from Royal to Saint Emanuel Street and also both sides of Dauphin to Franklin Street. Despite these setbacks, Mobile was one of the four busiest ports in the US by the 1850s. The wealth created by this trade brought the city to a cultural high point. Mobile became known throughout the country and the world.
In another note of differentiation between the somewhat cosmopolitan port and the hinterlands of predominantly Protestant Alabama, Mobile was declared a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in this same period. What would become known as McGill-Toolen Catholic High School was also established during this time. In 1830, Bishop Michael Portier founded Spring Hill College, one of the oldest Catholic schools in the country. Control of the college was assumed by the Jesuit Order in 1847.
In 1860, *Clotilda*, the last known ship to arrive in the Americas with a cargo of slaves, was abandoned by its captain near Mobile. A number of these slaves later formed their own community on the banks of the Mobile River after the American Civil War, which became known as Africatown. The inhabitants of this community retained their African customs and language well into the 20th century.
### Civil War: 1861 to 1865 {#civil_war_1861_to_1865}
*Main article: Mobile, Alabama in the American Civil War, Alabama in the American Civil War* Mobile grew substantially in the period leading up to the Civil War, when the Confederates heavily fortified it. Union naval forces established a blockade under the command of Admiral David Farragut. The Confederates countered by constructing blockade-runners: fast, shallow-draft, low-slung ships that could either outrun or evade the blockaders, maintaining a trickle of trade in and out of Mobile. Also, the Hunley, the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel in combat, was built and tested in Mobile.
In August 1864 Farragut\'s ships fought their way past Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan guarding the mouth of Mobile Bay and defeated a small force of wooden Confederate gunboats and the ironclad `{{ship|CSS|Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}, in the famous Battle of Mobile Bay. It is here that Farragut is alleged to have uttered his famous \"Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead\" quote after the `{{USS|Tecumseh|1863|6}}`{=mediawiki} hit a Confederate mine and sank. The *Tecumseh* rests in Mobile Bay to this day. The city of Mobile later surrendered to the Union army in order to avoid destruction. Ironically, on May 25, 1865, weeks after Jefferson Davis had dissolved the Confederacy, an ammunition depot explosion, termed the great Mobile magazine explosion, killed some 300 people and destroyed a significant portion of the city.
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
## After statehood {#after_statehood}
### Reconstruction:1865-1877 {#reconstruction1865_1877}
The aftermath of the war left Mobile with a spirit of governmental and economic caution that would limit it for a large part of the next century. General Christopher Columbus Andrews of the United States Army was in charge of Mobile in late 1865 and early 1866, he issued an order that in all courts and judicial proceedings in the District of Mobile that African-Americans should have the same standing as whites. General Pope was put in charge of the area next. General Pope declared all offices in Mobile vacant and filled them with his own appointees, most of whom were African-American. This included appointing large numbers of African-Americans who had served in the United States Army during the war as policemen in Mobile. He declared all offices in Mobile vacant and filled them with his own appointees, most of whom were African-American. This included appointing large numbers of African-Americans who had served in the United States Army during the war as policemen in Mobile. While General Pope was in charge, Pennsylvania congressman William D. Kelley, known as a so-called \"radical Republican\" because he supported equal rights for African-Americans came to Mobile to give a speech. He denounced slavery as \"satanic\" and advocated equal rights for African-Americans, in response a lynch mob formed and a riot ensued. General Pope appointed Gustavus Horton to be the mayor of Mobile during the time until elections could be held. Horton was from Massachusetts and was considered to be a \"radical\" by local whites because he enforced equal rights for Mobile\'s African-American population. Brevet brigadier general Willard Warner was appointed as collector of customs in Mobile, serving in this position from July 1871 until February 1872. Colonel George E. Spencer of New York had been the leader of the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment during the war, this was a regiment of roughly 2,000 white Southern Unionists during the war who fought alongside of General William Tecumseh Sherman during his campaign in Georgia, Spencer represented Alabama in the Senate as a Republican from 1868 until 1879, he made numerous visits to Mobile during this time.
The last quarter of the 19th century in Mobile was a time of turmoil. The government was controlled by Republicans after Reconstruction was instituted by Congress in May 1867. Many of these politicians instituted policies that caused the disenfranchised Democrats to become embittered. In 1874, Democrats around the state used violence and extreme measures to keep African Americans and non-Democratic voters from participating in the November election. Election day in Mobile saw armed gangs roaming the streets and mobs of people surrounding the polling places to scare any non-Democrats away. The decline of the city continued under the Democrats. By 1875 the city was more than \$5 million in debt and could not even pay the interest on the loans. This debt had been accruing since the 1830s. A game of political maneuvering continued to be played between rival factions as the city bordered on bankruptcy. In 1879 the city charter was repealed by the state legislature, abolishing the \"City of Mobile\" and replacing it with three city commissioners appointed by the Alabama governor. The commissioners were charged with governing the new \"Port of Mobile\" and reducing the city\'s debt. The debt problem would not be settled until the last note was paid in 1906.
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
## Modern period {#modern_period}
### Early 20th century: 1900 to 1949 {#early_20th_century_1900_to_1949}
Overall, the early 20th century was a time of significant growth and change for Mobile, Alabama, as the city expanded economically, culturally, and socially. The population grew from about 40,000 in 1900 to over 60,000 by 1920. The city becoming a hub for shipping, manufacturing, and commerce. Key industries included lumber, textiles, shipbuilding and steel. The city received \$3 million in federal grants for harbor improvements, which drastically deepened the shipping channels in the harbor. The construction of new railroads and the expansion of the port allowed for greater connectivity and facilitated the growth of the city\'s economy as a hub for the region. New public schools were built especially to meet the soaring demand for a high school education. High society promoted the new Mobile Symphony Orchestra and the Saenger Theatre.
Racial tensions remained high. In 1902 the city government passed Mobile\'s first segregation ordinance, one that segregated the city streetcars. Mobile\'s African American population responded to this with a two-month boycott which was ultimately unsuccessful. After this, Mobile\'s de facto segregation was increasingly replaced with legislated segregation. John L. LeFlore emerged as a leader of African Americans in the 1920s.`{{page needed|date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The economy flourished in the 1920s, but suffered severely in the Great Depression after 1929. The 1920s and 1930s saw Jazz music achieve wide popularity inside and outside the Black community. Many clubs and venues gave people an opportunity to hear live music. Mardi Gras continued to be an important part of the city\'s culture, with elaborate parades and celebrations. However, the 1920s and 1930s were also a challenging time for Mobile and the rest of the country. The Great Depression hit the city hard, leading to high levels of unemployment and poverty. The city also experienced racial tensions, with segregation and discrimination affecting many aspects of daily life.
#### World War II {#world_war_ii}
Mobile had \$522 million in contracts for World War II combat equipment, but not nearly enough residents to do the work. Workers flocked in from rural areas, especially to the shipyards and to the Brookley Army Air Field. Between 1940 and 1943, over 89,000 people moved into Mobile to work for war effort industries. Mobile was one of eighteen U.S. cities producing Liberty ships at its Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company to support the war effort by producing ships faster than the German U-boats could sink them. Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, a subsidiary of Waterman Steamship Corporation, focused on building freighters, `{{sclass|Fletcher|destroyer|1}}`{=mediawiki}s, and minesweepers. the Gulf Coast Air Depot was responsible for overhauling and repairing military aircraft. It employed over 15,000 workers at its peak. The Air Force bought the municipal airport, Bates Field, and there developed the Brookley Army Air Field, later to become the Brookley Air Force Base. Brookley quickly became the area\'s largest employer. In the mid-1960s the Air Force Base was closed due to a Department of Defense \"base realignment\" and the airport returned to the city. Today, it is an aerospace and industrial site known as the Brookley Aeroplex.
During the war, the phenomenal influx of workers created a huge housing shortage. Citizens rented out extra rooms and also converted porches, garages and even chicken coops into rentals. Several federal housing projects were quickly built to house the new maritime and Air Force workers. Several of these are still to be found, notably the community of Birdville. \"Thomas James Place\" was the proper name for Birdville which was built just outside Brookley Air Force Base to provide relief for the housing shortage. The development consisted of a series of interwoven curving concrete streets named after various birds, hence the nickname Birdville.
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# History of Mobile, Alabama
## Modern period {#modern_period}
### Late 20th century: 1950 to 1999 {#late_20th_century_1950_to_1999}
By 1956, Mobile\'s square mileage had tripled to accommodate growth. The Brookley Air Force Base closure in the mid-1960s sent economic tremors through the area which took many years to absorb. Also in the post-war period, the pulp and paper industry became a major industry in Mobile. Scott Paper Company and International Paper combined to become one of the area\'s largest workforces.
Legal racial segregation was ended by congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Mobile had been more tolerant and racially accommodating than many other Southern cities, with the police force and one local college becoming integrated in the 1950s and the voluntary desegregation of buses and lunchcounters by 1963, but schools and many other institutions had remained segregated. In 1963, three African-American students filed a suit against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to Murphy High School. The federal district court ordered that they be admitted for the 1964 school year, as it had been ten years since the US Supreme Court ruling in *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954) that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. In 1964, the University of South Alabama opened as an integrated college, planned as such from its inception in 1956.
Mobile\'s city government was changed in 1985 from three city commissioners elected at-large to a mayor and city-council form with seven members elected from single-member districts, following a court challenge by African-American residents. In *Bolden v. City of Mobile* the federal district court ruled that the city commission form was discriminatory in intent, with the result of substantially diluting the African-American vote. In the years after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, African Americans had not been able to elect any candidates of their choice to the city commission.
Racial equality and justice continued to be an issue on the individual level in Mobile. In 1981, Michael Donald was abducted and lynched by Ku Klux Klan members on Herndon Avenue. The two perpetrators were both convicted of murder, with one sentenced to life in prison and the other sentenced to death and executed in 1997. A subsequent wrongful death lawsuit was filed by the Southern Poverty Law Center on behalf of Michael Donald\'s mother against the United Klans of America. The seven million dollar decision against the Klans---returned, notably, by an all-white jury---effectively put the Ku Klux Klan out of business in Alabama. A fatal police shooting of an African-American man in 1992 sparked violence and unrest in Mobile, leading to the formation of a Human Relations Commission by the city in 1994.
Hurricane Frederic, which struck the area on September 12, 1979, caused severe damage in Mobile. Many residents were without power, water, telephone and basic necessities for weeks, but only one death was recorded. Relief funding following Frederic provided an economic boom in addition to growth in the 1980s, vastly improving Mobile\'s overall economic picture.
Beginning in the late 1980s, the city council and mayor Mike Dow began an effort termed the \"String of Pearls Initiative\" to make Mobile into a competitive, urban city. Numerous new facilities and projects were built around the city; the government encouraged the restoration of hundreds of historic downtown buildings and homes. Violent crime was reduced by 50%, and the city and county leaders worked to attract new business ventures to the area. The effort continues into the present with new city government leadership.
Shipbuilding began to make a major comeback in Mobile with the founding in 1999 of Austal USA, a joint venture of Australian shipbuilder, Austal, and Bender Shipbuilding.
### 21st century: 2000 to present {#st_century_2000_to_present}
Mobile received moderate damage from Hurricane Ivan on 16 September 2004. Mobile received damage again from Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005. A storm surge of 11.45 ft damaged eastern sections of Mobile and caused extensive flooding downtown. Mobilians elected their first African American mayor, Sam Jones, in September, 2005. Another landmark was added to Mobile\'s skyline in 2007 with the completion of the RSA Battle House Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the state. In January, 2008, the city hired EDSA, an urban design firm, to create a new comprehensive master plan for the downtown area and surrounding neighborhoods. The planning area is bordered on the east by the Mobile River, to the south by Interstate 10 and Duval Street, to the west by Houston Street and to the north by Three Mile Creek and the neighborhoods north of Martin Luther King Avenue
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# Robert Darcy, 3rd Earl of Holderness
**Robert Darcy, 3rd Earl of Holderness**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|PC}}`{=mediawiki} (24 November 1681`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}20 January 1721) was a British politician who served as First Lord of Trade from 1718 to 1719.
## Life
Darcy was the second (but eldest surviving) son of John Darcy, Lord Conyers, (himself the eldest son of Conyers Darcy, 2nd Earl of Holderness), and Bridget, daughter of Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexington. He was styled **Lord Conyers** when his father died in 1688 and later inherited his grandfather\'s earldom in 1692. He also inherited the titles of 10th Baron Darcy de Knayth and 7th Baron Conyers. In 1698 he matriculated fellow-commoner from King\'s College, Cambridge. In 1714, the Earl of Holderness, as he now was, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire, admitted to the Privy Council. In 1718, he was appointed First Lord of Trade. He was also a Lord of the Bedchamber from 1719 to his death.
On 26 May 1715, Holderness married Lady Frederica Schomberg (the eldest surviving daughter of the 3rd Duke of Schomberg) and they had two surviving children: Hon. Robert (1718--1778) and Lady Caroline (d. 1778, married the 4th Marquess of Lothian).
On Lord Holderness\' death in 1721, his title passed to his only surviving son, Robert Darcy, and his wife later married the future 1st Earl FitzWalter
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# Karl Ridderbusch
**Karl Ridderbusch** (29 May 1932 -- 21 June 1997) was a German operatic bass, associated in particular with the music of Wagner. He was recognised as a notable exponent of the role of Hans Sachs.
## Background and early career {#background_and_early_career}
Karl Ridderbusch was born in Recklinghausen, Germany, and was discovered at an amateur music competition by the tenor Rudolf Schock who helped pay for the younger singer\'s training. Ridderbusch had previously planned to work as an engineer for his father. After studying at the conservatoire in Duisburg and the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen, he made his debut at the State Theatre in Münster in 1961. Roles he sang there included the Commendatore and Phillip II. Ridderbusch\'s next post was in Essen where he added major roles by Verdi, Strauss and Wagner to his repertoire. In 1965, he joined the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, where he was based for the rest of his career. Roles there included Phillip II, Henry VIII, Sparafucile, Boris Godunov and Hunding.
## Maturity
Ridderbusch\'s voice ranged over two octaves, allowing him to sing bass-baritone roles, such as Hans Sachs and Don Pizarro, and not just bass parts. Its qualities have been described as \"firm clear sonorous and rich in timbre\" and as \"magnificently resonant \[and\] dark-coloured\". He was known for his ability to maintain beauty of tone even at his loudest. He also had a formidable stage presence.
Ridderbusch appeared at many of the world\'s major opera houses, including La Scala (from 1966), the Metropolitan Opera (1967), the Vienna State Opera (1968), and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (1971). He made his Bayreuth Festival debut in 1967 as Henry the Fowler. Between then and his last appearance there in 1977, Ridderbusch sang the roles of Fasolt, Hunding, and Hagen in the *Ring*, Pogner and Hans Sachs in the *Mastersingers*, Daland in *The Flying Dutchman*, Titurel in *Parsifal* and King Marke in *Tristan und Isolde*. He also sang Hans Sachs at the 1974 and 1975 Salzburg Easter Festivals, and at the Met and at the Chicago Lyric Opera. Gurnemanz was another Wagnerian role which he sang at several houses during the 1980s.
Away from Wagner, other parts he sang included Rocco, the Doctor in *Wozzeck*, Caspar, and Sarastro. Among Ridderbusch\'s comic roles were Baron Ochs, Kecal, and Dr Bartolo. Although he was successful in these, it was the dramatic roles which he excelled. He was honoured as a Kammersänger by the Vienna State Opera in 1978. He also appeared in the concert hall, especially in sacred choral works. Karl Ridderbusch died at his home in Wels, Austria of heart and liver problems. He married twice and had three children.
## Recordings
Several of Karl Ridderbusch\'s studio recordings were in collaboration with Herbert von Karajan. These include the *Ring*, *Mastersingers*, *Tristan*, \"Fidelio\", *Lohengrin* and J. S. Bach\'s Mass in B minor following performances at the Salzburg Easter Festival. Karl Böhm was another frequent studio partner. Their recordings together include Strauss\'s *Capriccio*, Beethoven\'s 9th Symphony and Mozart\'s Requiem. Other studio collaborations include the *Saint Matthew Passion* with Nikolaus Harnoncourt, *Leonore* with Herbert Blomstedt, and Bruckner\'s Mass in D minor with Eugen Jochum. Among all these, his obituarists have selected Ridderbusch\'s portrayal of the goldsmith Veit Pogner, the wealthiest of the Mastersingers, and of the impresario La Roche in *Capriccio* as his most memorable work in the studio.
Recordings from the Bayreuth Festival include *Mastersingers* under both Böhm and Silvio Varviso, *Dutchman* under Böhm, *Lohengrin* under both Rudolf Kempe and Alberto Erede and *Parsifal* under both Pierre Boulez and Jochum. Live recordings also exist of Ridderbusch singing another role with which he is associated - that of Baron Ochs in *Der Rosenkavalier*. Ridderbusch\'s stage presence survives on two commercial videos; as Fafner in Karajan\'s filming of his Salzburg *Rheingold* and as Kecal, the marriage broker, in a German-language version of *The Bartered Bride*.
Solo recordings include *Karl Ridderbusch: a portrait* and an eponymous double album, both listed by German vendors, and a Loewe recital on LP for Deutsche Grammophon, since anthologised as part of a double CD release of the composer
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# Ćukovac
**Ćukovac** (*Ћуковац*) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade\'s municipality of Zemun.
## Location
Ćukovac is one of several small neighborhoods which constitute the downtown of Zemun, former separate city and today\'s borough and municipality of Belgrade. It borders the neighborhoods of Gardoš and Muhar (north), Donji Grad (east and south), Kalvarija (south-west), Sava Kovačević (west) and Gornji Grad (north-west). It is generally bounded by the streets of *Glavna*, *Cara Dušana*, *Bežanijska* and *Ugrinovačka*.
## Characteristics
Ćukovac is located on the hill of the same name, one of three hills where the old core of the town of Zemun developed. The other two hills are Gardoš, extending to the north, and Kalvarija, extending to the south, creating a crescent hilly formation. The entirely residential neighborhood is known for its short and narrow streets. Name of the hill and the neighborhood, *ćukovac*, means the \"owl hill\" (*ćuk*, an owl).
However, Ćukovac, Gardoš and Kalvarija hills are not natural features. Zemun loess plateau is the former southern shelf of the ancient, now dried, Pannonian Sea. Modern area of Zemun\'s Donji Grad was regularly flooded by the Danube and the water would carve canals through the loess. Citizens would then build pathways along those canals and so created the passages, carving the hills out of the plateau. Today it appears that Zemun is built on several hills, with passages between them turned into modern streets, but the hills are actually manmade.
The underground below the hill has been crisscrossed by a network of underground corridors or *lagums*, dating back from the period of Austrian rule in Zemun. They connect Ćukovac, Muhar, Kalvarija and Gradoš. This terrain is one of the most active landslide areas in Belgrade. Being cut into for centuries, the loess in some sections have cliffs vertical up to 90%. In the previous centuries, settlers left many vertical shafts which ventilated the lagums, drying the loess and keeping it compact. After World War II, inhabitants began to settle Ćukovac hill unaware of the lagums, especially the largest one, which covered an area of 450 m2. As there was no sufficient sewage system at that time, they built septic tanks and collected rainwater, but also as the ventilation shafts in time were covered or filled with garbage, it all made the ground wet in the course of several decades. The lagums retained the moist and began to collapse. Eventually, the walls and houses became unstable to the point of breaking façades and walls. In 1988 city authorities finally intervened as the houses began to sink in three streets. Holes were drilled to connect the surface with the largest lagum. Altogether, 22 drillings were made and 779 m3 of concrete were poured into the lagum, filling it until the ground was stabilized, but the lagum was destroyed in the process. Still, the situation is critical after almost every downpour. Though it can be built on loess, in contact with water it turns into the sand which causes all the problems. It has been suggested that a better, natural way of draining the loess is the planting the groves of Atlas cedar. It is also much cheaper than the expensive construction projects as this type of cedar has a deep and very developed roots, which drains all the atmospheric precipitations, leaving the loess dry. Additionally, Atlas cedar grows very fast in Belgrade climate, while the tree itself is an appealing park species.
White Bear Tavern, is a former kafana in the neighborhood. First mentioned in 1658, it is the oldest surviving edifice on the territory of modern Belgrade, not counting the Belgrade Fortress. However, Zemun developed completely independently from Belgrade for centuries and for the most part during the history two towns belonged to two different states. Zemun became part of the same administrative unit as Belgrade on 4 October 1929, lost a separate town status to Belgrade in 1934 and made a continuous built-up area with Belgrade only since the 1950s. Hence, the House at 10 Cara Dušana Street in Belgrade\'s downtown neighborhood of Dorćol is usually named as the oldest house in Belgrade, while the White Bear Tavern is titled as the oldest house in Zemun
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# Yumi Kobayashi
is a female fashion model from Tokyo, Japan. She works for the show-business production *Burning Production, K.K.* (株式会社バーニングプロダクション) and previously worked for *Platica Inc.*
Her show-business name from July 2007 to March 2008 was `{{Nihongo|'''Yumi Uno'''|宇野 優美}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Biography
In 2002, Kobayashi debuted as an exclusive model of *Loveberry*, a fashion magazine for Japanese low-teen girls and published by Tokuma Shoten. She modeled for the magazine until 2005. In the next year, Kobayashi transferred to *Face Network Co., Ltd.* (株式会社フェイスネットワーク) and also debuted as a gravure idol. Then, in 2007, she took part in a model audition for *the Kobe Collection*, or simply, *Kou-Kore*. Kobayashi became a finalist but without any prize. Also in the same year, Kobayashi joined *Miss Magazine* (ミスマガジン) and became a semi-finalist, from which she solely won the *GyaO Prize*. Soon afterwards, on July 31, she renamed her family name from Kobayashi to Uno, which derives from the president and CEO of USEN Corporation, Yasuhide Uno (宇野康秀). On April 1, 2008, *Platica Inc.* was independent from *Face Network Co., Ltd.*, subsequently Kobayashi got to belong to *Platica Inc.* and she renamed her family name again back to Kobayashi. In 2008, Kobayashi participated in a model audition of *the Kobe Collection* and became a finalist again; however, she did not obtain any prize. Also in *Princess PINKY Audition* (プリンセスPINKYオーディション) of a fashion magazine *PINKY*, she became a finalist but received no prize. In late 2008, Kobayashi was elected as *the 23rd Asahi Beer Image Girl*, on which she served until December 2009. Thereafter, on April 1, 2010, Kobayashi transferred to *Burning Production, K.K.*
She has attended *the Tokyo Girls Collection* twice as a model; i.e. *11th Tokyo Girls Collection* of 2010 Autumn/Winter and *13th Tokyo Girls Collection* of 2011 A/W.
## Filmography
### TV drama {#tv_drama}
- *Misaki Number One!!* (美咲ナンバーワン!!), Nippon Television 2011
- *Shima-shima* (シマシマ), TBS 2011
### DVDs
1. *Angel Kiss -- Angel\'s Smile -* (Angel Kiss ～天使の微笑み～), E-net Frontier 2006
2. *Yumi Toiro* (優美十色), GP Museum Soft 2007
3
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# Joe Falcon
**Joseph Falcón** (September 28, 1900 -- November 19, 1965) was an accordion player from southwest Louisiana, best known for producing the first recording of a Cajun song, \"Allons à Lafayette,\" in 1928. He and his wife Cléoma Breaux left for New Orleans to record the first Cajun record and went on to perform across southern Louisiana and Texas.
## Early life {#early_life}
Joe was born in Roberts Cove, Louisiana located nearby Bayou Plaquemine Brule and began playing accordion at the age of seven. He was the fifth child of Pierre Illaire Falcón and Marie Arvilia Boudreaux. His family farmed cotton and sugarcane, and they made syrup. He shares both Cajun and Isleño ancestry as his paternal great-grandparents, José Félix Falcón and María Antonia Damasa Falcón, were descendants of the Canary Islander colonists who settled in Valenzuela along Bayou Lafourche. His ancestors Cristóbal Falcón and Gaspar Falcón were born in Telde, Gran Canaria. His mother Marie was of Acadian descent.
## Music career {#music_career}
His career as a professional musician began some years later at a *fais-do-do* hall called the \"Blue Goose\" (Oneziphore Guidry\'s dance hall) in Rayne, Louisiana when the regular band didn\'t show up and the dance hall owner insisted that Joe take their place.
As a young man, Joe was friends with accordionist Amédée Breaux of the legendary Breaux family and sometimes accompanied him on triangle. Amédée\'s sister, Cléoma, a gifted guitarist and singer, became Joe\'s frequent accompanist and they married not long after the onset of their recording career.
In April 1928, a jeweler from Rayne, Louisiana and native New Orleanian, George Burrow, persuaded Columbia records to record Joe and his wife Cléoma and their friend, Leon Meche, by agreeing to purchase 500 records. However, in the hotel recording studio, Meche backed down; scared he would mess up the recording. Joe stepped up and sang instead. In a 1962 interview with Mike Seeger, Columbia executive, Frank Buckley Walker, recalls recording the duo:
> So I went up to Lafayette for a weekend. I happened to know something of the story of the Cajuns and was astounded at the interest that there was in their little Saturday night dances. A single singer would have a little concertina-type instrument and a one-string fiddle and a triangle, those were the instruments, but they would always have a singer and of course they sang in Cajun. And to me it had a funny sound. So I brought down a little group. I think his name was Joe Falcon. I brought him down to New Orleans, and we recorded just to have something different. We put it on the market, and it had tremendous sales.
Recorded on April 27, 1928, in New Orleans, \"Lafayette\" caused a sensation when it was released by Columbia Records in the summer of 1928. Thousands of copies were sold and Falcón became the first Cajun-recording star, playing to packed dance halls in Louisiana and neighboring Texas. Joe and Cleoma recorded more material at sessions in New York City in August 1928 and Atlanta in April 1929. After a hiatus caused by the onset of the Great Depression, the couple resumed their recording career in 1934, recording again in New York, then at New Orleans in 1936 and San Antonio in 1937. Cléoma died suddenly on April 9, 1941, but Joe continued to perform as leader of Joe Falcon and His Silver Bell String Band, which included his second wife, Theresa Meaux, on drums.
Despite this success, Joe\'s career flagged in the late 1930s with the increasing popularity of fiddle-based country-and-western influenced bands. His music came to be considered old-fashioned and he stopped recording after his last session in 1937. Though Joe continued to play local dances into the 1960s, he declined to make further recordings, maintaining he had been cheated by record companies. His final recording session was a live performance in 1963 at the Triangle Club in Scott, Louisiana; he died two years later in Crowley, Louisiana at the age of 65.
:\* *Allons a Lafayette* [Listen (MP3)](http://npmusic.org/01JosephFalcon_Lafayette.mp3)
:\* *Madame Sosthene* [Listen (MP3)](http://npmusic.org/Joe_Falcon_Madame_Sosthene2.mp3)
:\* *La Valse Crowley* [Listen (MP3)](http://npmusic.org/Joe_Falcon_Cleoma_Breaux_Falcon_La_Valse_de_Crowley.mp3)
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# Joe Falcon
## Discography
- \"Allons à Lafayette\"/\"Waltz That Carried Me To My Grave\" (Columbia 15275-D, Okeh 90018) April 27, 1928 in New Orleans, LA
- \"Fe Fe Poncheaux\" / \"Le Vieux Soulard Et Sa Femme (The Old Drunkard And His Wife)\" (Columbia 15301-D) August 27, 1928 in New York, NY.
- \"A Cowboy Rider\" / \"Marie Buller\" (Columbia 40502-F, Okeh 90002) August 27, 1928 in New York, NY.
- \"Vieux Airs (Old Tunes)\" / \"La Marche De La Noce (Wedding March)\" (Columbia 15325-D) August 27, 1928 in New York, NY.
- \"Prenez Courage (Take Courage)\" / \"Quand Je Suis Partis Pour Le Texas(Columbia 40503-F, Okeh 90003) April 18, 1929 in Atlanta, GA.
- \"C\'Est Si Triste Sans Lui (It Is So Blue Without Him)\" / \"Elle M\'A Oublie (She Has Forgotten Me)\" (Columbia 40508-F, Okeh 90008) April 18, 1929 in Atlanta, GA.
- \"Poche Town\" / \"Ossun\" (Columbia 40506-F, Okeh 90006) April 18, 1929 in Atlanta, GA.
- \"Madame Sosten\" / \"Mes Yeux Bleus\" (Decca Records 17000)
- \"Joseph Falcon: Cajun Music Pioneer\" (Arhoolie ARHO 970459, 1963)
- \"Jai Passe Devant Ta Porte\" / \"Corrina Corrina\" (Crazy Cajun Records 514)
- \"La Jolie Fille N\'en Veut Plus de Moi\" / \"Ne Buvez Plus Jamais\" (Decca Records)
- \"Pas La Belle De Personne Que Moi (Nobody\'s Darling But Mine)\" / \"Jeuste Parcque (Just Because)\" (Decca Records 17015, March 12, 1936)
- \"Je Suis Laissee Seule\" / \"Blues de Leebou\" (Decca Records 17057, December 15, 1937)
### Compilations
- \"Joseph Falcon And His Silver Bell String Band - Louisiana Cajun Music\" (F 5005 Arhoolie, 1968)
- \"Pioneers of Cajun Accordion 1926-1936\" (LPOT128 Old Timey / Arhoolie, 1989)
- \"Cajun Vol
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# The Green Goddess (play)
***The Green Goddess*** was a popular stage play of 1921 by William Archer. In the three years after its publication, the play toured in both America and England. It was included in Burns Mantle\'s *The Best Plays of 1920-1921*.
The 1921 Broadway production four-act melodrama was produced and staged by Winthrop Ames. It ran for 175 performances from January 18, 1921, to June 1921 at the Booth Theatre.
## Broadway cast {#broadway_cast}
- George Arliss as Raja of Rukh
- Ronald Colman as Temple Priest
- Ivan F. Simpson as Watkins
- Cyril Keightley as Dr. Basil Traherne
- David A. Leonard as High Priest
- Helen Nowell as An Ayah
- Herbert Ransome as Lt. Denis Cardew
- Herbert Waring as Major Antony Crespin
- Olive Wyndham as Lucilla
## Adaptations
The play was the basis for both a 1923 silent film and a 1930 talkie. Star George Arliss and Ivan F. Simpson reprised their roles in both films, as the Raja of Rukh and his chief aide, respectively. In 1939, Orson Welles staged a version in New York, which was preceded by a short film prelude -- this was two years before the release of his debut feature film, *Citizen Kane*. The footage is now believed lost. In 1943 a third film adaptation *Adventure in Iraq* was produced, with the setting shifted from India to the Middle East.
## Things named after the play {#things_named_after_the_play}
Green Goddess salad dressing was invented in the 1920s, by the chef at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, to commemorate the actor George Arliss and this play.
In 1925 a railway locomotive was named after it, the locomotive\'s owner having been inspired by the stage play
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# Triarchy of Negroponte
The **Triarchy of Negroponte** was a crusader state established on the island of Euboea (*Negroponte*) after the partition of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Partitioned into three baronies (*terzieri*, \"thirds\") (Chalkis, Karystos and Oreos) run by a few interrelated Lombard families, the island soon fell under the influence of the Republic of Venice. From circa 1390, the island became a regular Venetian colony as the **Realm of Negroponte** (*Reame di Negroponte o Signoria di Negroponte*).
## History
### Establishment
According to the division of Byzantine territory (the *Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae*), Euboea was awarded to Boniface of Montferrat, King of Thessalonica. Boniface in turn ceded the island as a fief to the Flemish noble Jacques II of Avesnes, who fortified the capital Chalkis.
After his death in mid-1205 however, the island was ceded to three Veronese barons: Ravano dalle Carceri, Giberto dalle Carceri and Pecoraro da Mercanuovo. They divided the island into three triarchies (*terzieri*, \"thirds\"): the northern, based at Oreos (*terzero del Rio*), the southern, ruled from Karystos (*terzero di Caristo*) and the central portion, ruled from Chalkis (*terzero della Clissura*). The city of Chalkis or Negroponte (*città de\' Lombardi*, \"city of the Lombards\") however was not under the latter\'s control, but served as overall capital of the island and joint residence of the Lombard rulers and their families. By 1209 however, Ravano had established himself as sole master of Euboea, styling himself as *dominus insulae Nigropontis*.
Having allied himself with an unsuccessful Lombard rebellion against the Latin Emperor, Henry of Flanders, Ravano was eager to find a powerful protector. Thus, in March 1209, he signed an alliance with Venice, which recognized Venetian overlordship and gave the Venetians significant commercial privileges. In May, however, in an act of political balancing, Ravano also acknowledged his vassalage to the Latin Empire.
### Succession disputes {#succession_disputes}
However, already after the death of Ravano in 1216, his heirs disagreed over the succession, allowing the Venetian *bailo* to intervene as a mediator. He partitioned the three baronies in two, creating thus six hexarchies (*sestieri*). The northern triarchy of Oreos was divided between Ravano\'s nephews, Marino I and Rizzardo; the southern triarchy of Karystos was divided between his widow, Isabella, and his daughter, Bertha; and the central triarchy was divided between Giberto\'s heirs, Guglielmo I and Alberto. Provisions were also made that in the case someone among the *sestieri* died, his inheritor would be the other *sestiere* of the respective triarchy, and not his children. In fact, most *sestieri* were succeeded by their brothers, sons or nephews, keeping the baronies within the tight circle of the original Lombard families.
In 1255 however, the death of Carintana dalle Carceri, hexarch of Oreos, led to the so-called \"War of the Euboeote Succession\", which involved the Principality of Achaea and Venice. William II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea and nominal overlord of Negroponte, asserted his authority as overlord, while the Lombard barons were unwilling to concede it. On 14 June 1256, Guglielmo of Verona and Narzotto dalle Carceri, the other two triarchs, repudiated their allegiance to William and pledged themselves to Venice. William responded by capturing Chalkis, which the Venetians retook in early 1258. The war ended in the battle of Karydi in May/June 1258, where William defeated the Duke of Athens, Guy I de la Roche, who had allied himself with the rebellious triarchs. Finally, in 1259, Doge Reniero Zeno negotiated a peace, followed by a treaty in 1262, which recognized William\'s suzerainty over the island.
### Byzantine interlude {#byzantine_interlude}
By that time, however, the Empire of Nicaea had established itself as the foremost power in the area of the former Byzantine Empire, reconquering several territories from the Latins. Its successes culminated in the recapture of Constantinople in 1261 and the reestablishment of the Byzantine Empire, whose energetic ruler, Michael VIII Palaeologus, sought to reconquer the remaining Latin principalities in southern Greece. To this end, he accepted the services of Licario, an Italian renegade, who had his base near Karystos. Under Licario\'s command, Byzantine troops soon conquered most of Euboea, except Chalkis.
After the departure of Licario sometime after 1280 however, with Venetian aid, the island gradually returned to Latin control. By 1296, Boniface of Verona had completely expelled the Byzantines from Euboea.
### Later history {#later_history}
In 1317 however, Karystos fell to the Catalan Company of Don Alfonso Fadrique, royal vicar-general (governor) of the duchy of Athens and illegitimate son of Frederick III of Sicily. In 1319, a peace treaty was signed between Venice and Don Alfonso, whereby he retained Karystos, which the Venetians acquired in 1365.
When the last triarchs, Niccolò III dalle Carceri and Giorgio III Ghisi, died in 1383 and 1390 respectively, they left their territories to Venice, which thus established complete predominance over the island. Nevertheless, the triarchic system was maintained, with Venetian families appointed to the positions of *terzieri*, while the Venetian podestà (magistrate) resided at Chalkis.
Venice\'s rule lasted until 1470, when, during the Ottoman--Venetian War of 1463--1479, Sultan Mehmed II campaigned against Chalkis. With the fall of the city on 12 July, the whole island came under Ottoman control. The city\'s fall is the subject of the Rossini opera Maometto II.
| 868 |
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| 0 |
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# Triarchy of Negroponte
## List of rulers of Negroponte {#list_of_rulers_of_negroponte}
Note: The sequence of rulers during the 13th century, as well as the familial relations between them, are not very clear, as information about Euboea\'s internal history is scarce to non-existent, especially for the period 1216--1255. According to the rules of succession laid down on the island\'s division into thirds and sixths in 1216, on the death of a hexarch, he was succeeded in his domain by his fellow hexarch within their third, and not by the former\'s heirs.
<table>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Barony of Karystos</p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong><em>Karystos</em></strong><br />
<strong>Southern Triarchy</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong><em>Chalkis</em></strong><br />
<strong>Central Triarchy</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong><em>Oreos</em></strong><br />
<strong>Northern Triarchy</strong> |- bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;" data-bgcolor="#cccccc"></td>
<td colspan="6" style="text-align: center;"><p>Jacques d'Avesnes (1204–1205) |- bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><p>Ravano dalle Carceri (1205-1208)</p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Giberto da Verona I<br />
(1205-1208)</p></td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Pecoraro da Mercanuovo (1205-1209) |- bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"><p>Ravano dalle Carceri (1208-1209) |- bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"><p>Ravano dalle Carceri (1209-1216) |- bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;"><p>Felicia dalle Carceri<br />
(1216-1278),<br />
with Othon de Cicon<br />
(1216-1264), <em>(jure uxoris)</em><br />
<br />
or<br />
<br />
Othon de Cicon<br />
(1250-1264)<br />
with his wife Agnese Ghisi<br />
<br />
Guy de Cicon (1264-1278), under his mother's regency, <em>Agnese Ghisi</em> (1266-1269). He was made prisoner in 1278.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"><p><em>Occupation of the Nicaean Empire (1278-1285/96)</em><br />
Vice-governor: <strong>Licario</strong> |-bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Agnès de Cicon (1296-1317),daughter of Guy, with Bonifacio da Verona, <em>(jure uxoris)</em></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Alicia dalle Carceri (1285-1313),<br />
daughter of Narzotto, with<br />
Giorgio Ghisi I (1299-1311, <em>jure uxoris</em>)</p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Beatrice da Verona<br />
(1285-1328),<br />
daughter of Giberto II, with<br />
Jean de Noyers<br />
(1303-1326, <em>jure uxoris</em>)<br />
Vice-triarch: <strong>Maria Navigajoso</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Maria dalle Carceri (da Verona) (1285-1323),<br />
daughter of Gaetano, with:<br />
Alberto Pallavicini (1285-1311, <em>jure uxoris</em>)<br />
Andrea Cornaro (1311-1323, <em>jure uxoris</em> ) |-bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Marulla da Verona<br />
(1317-1326),<br />
daughter of the previous, with Alfonso Fadrique of Sicily<br />
(1317-1338, <em>jure uxoris</em>)</p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Bartolomeo Ghisi II(1313-1341),<br />
son of the previous.</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Pietro dalle Carceri (1285/1323-1340),<br />
son of Grapozzo and Beatrice, recovered in 1323 his father's triarchy<br />
and united it to his mother's after her death in 1328. |-bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Bonifacio Fadrique of Sicily<br />
(1338-1365),<br />
son of the previous. In 1365 he sold the barony to the Republic of Venice.</p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Giorgio Ghisi II (1341-1358)</p></td>
<td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"><p>Giovanni dalle Carceri<br />
(1340-1358),<br />
son of the previous, under regency of his mother, <strong>Balzana Gozzadini</strong>.</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><em>Part of the Republic of Venice</em></p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#fff| Bartolomeo Ghisi III (1358-1384)<br />
Giorgio Ghisi III (1384-1390)</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#fff| Niccolò dalle Carceri<br />
(1358-1383),<br />
son of the previous, under regency of his mother, <strong>Fiorenza Sanudo</strong>.</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="7" style="text-align: center;"><p>Between 1370 and 1380, Venice gained even more influence over the island's government, to the point that, in this period, Venice redistributed the powers on the island, returning to it the original triachy form of government. Venice appointed new families for the Northern and Southern Triachies, where its ruling families had been extinguished, and kept the central triarchy to Maria Sanudo, maternal half-sister of Niccolò dalle Carceri. |-bgcolor="#fff</p></td>
<td colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><p>Michele Giustiniani, Andrea Giustiniani, and Giovanni Giustiniani<br />
(1390-1402)<br />
Antonio Giustiniani (1402-1406)</p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p> Maria Sanudo II (1383-1426), with Gaspare Sommaripa<br />
(1383-1402, <em>jure uxoris</em>)</p></td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p>Januli I d'Aulnay (1385–1394)<br />
Niccolò d'Aulnay (1394-c.1425)<br />
Januli II d'Aulnay (c
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# Al Alam Palace
**Al Alam Palace** (*قصر العلم* `{{transliteration|ar|Qaṣr al-ʿAlam}}`{=mediawiki}, \"Palace of the Flag\") is the ceremonial palace of the Sultan of Oman. It is used for official functions like welcoming foreign dignitaries and heads of state.
## Old Palace {#old_palace}
Sultan Said bin Sultan had a palace, Bayt al-\'Alam, built in the early 1800s on the foundations of the old sea wall between Al-Mirani Fort and Al Jalali Fort built in the 16th century by the Portuguese. The palace was damaged by tribal insurgents in 1895 but Sultan Faisal bin Turki did not have it repaired due to lack of funds. In the 20th century, Sultan Said bin Taimur spent most of his time in Salalah and had the palace locked up. It was demolished in 1971 to make way for the new palace.
## Current Palace {#current_palace}
The current palace, Qaṣr al-ʿAlam, was commissioned by Sultan Qaboos bin Said and erected in the same place between the two forts. The palace was designed by Indian architects, Shapoorji Pallonji, in a very flamboyant style, and was completed in 1972. It has a unique façade of gold and blue columns. The inner grounds of the palace remain off-limits, but members of the public are permitted to stop near the gates and take photographs.
## Surrounding Area {#surrounding_area}
Al Alam Palace is surrounded by the Portuguese-built Mirani and Jalali forts. Government buildings in the vicinity are white, with crenellated rooftops and wooden balconies in the traditional Omani style. The palace can also be viewed by boat from the harbour.
## Gallery
<File:Secretary> Pompeo Meets with Oman\'s Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah (49565464007).jpg\|Main entrance <File:Oman> Mascat Qasr al-ʿAlam Königspalast.jpg\|Courtyard <File:03> Maskat Sultanova palača (12).jpg\|Sideview <File:Al> Alam Palace-02.jpg\|Gate <File:Old> Muscat (3).jpg\|View from the harbor <File:Corridor> at Al Alam Palace 2019
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# Andrew Stewart (bishop of Moray)
**Andrew Stewart** (died 1501) was a 15th-century Scottish prelate and administrator.
## Biography
Born between 1442 and 1444, he was the son of Joan Beaufort (d. 1445), widow of King James I of Scotland and former Queen-consort, and her second husband, James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorne. Being a third son, an ecclesiastical career was a natural course, and as early as 1455 Andrew held the positions of Sub-Dean of the diocese of Glasgow and, briefly, Dean of the diocese of Aberdeen. This was because on 7 May 1455, Pope Calixtus III conferred the deanery of Aberdeen, the Glasgow prebendary of Kirkandris and well as canonry of Lincluden and the vicarage of Kilpatrick, both also in the diocese of Glasgow, after the promotion of Andrew de Durisdeer as Bishop of Glasgow. He was unable to retain the Aberdeen deanery, assumed by Richard Forbes in the following year.
These positions were ideal for funding a university education. Andrew was incorporated at the University of Glasgow in 1456, and he is found as a determinant, i.e. having completed his bachelor\'s degree, at the University of St Andrews in 1462 x 1463. He appears to have entered the University of Paris *ad eundem* in 1465. By 1460, he had become Dean of Moray, while retaining the Glasgow sub-deanery. In 1470, he may have been given the position of Provost of the Collegiate church of Lincluden, a position he certainly did hold in 1477.
Andrew\'s career reached its height when, after the death of Bishop William Tulloch in 1482, he was elected to become the new Bishop of Moray. He received papal provision on 12 August 1482, but was not consecrated until sometime between 22 December 1485 and 24 October 1487. Andrew obtained a papal bull incorporating the provostry of Lincluden into the Moravian episcopal *mensa* for his lifetime, although this was cancelled in 1488. He was the Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, a position he resigned in early 1483.
For a period he had hopes of becoming Archbishop of St Andrews in the place of William Scheves, but this never transpired. In 1482 he and his two brothers promised 6000 ducats of gold to the city of Edinburgh, \"in or the cais of prmocion of the saif reverend fadir \[Andrew\] to the Archbishoprik of Sanctandrois or quhatsomeuer vther benefice, dignitie, or privilegis\". Probably in pursuit of his ambition for St Andrews, he became the most prominent supporter of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was attempting to seize the throne of Scotland in this period; this alliance had ended by 1485, when Albany had been defeated, and then killed in a joust in France.
Despite incurring the enmity of King James III of Scotland and the censure of Pope Sixtus IV, Bishop Andrew survived, and was probably reconciled by 1487 when he received consecration. His episcopate is not particularly well documented, but he presided over a general convocation of the canons of Moray late in the year 1487. Andrew is known to have issued a number of episcopal statutes. Among other activities, he was in receipt of a safe-conduct from the English government in May 1497 and was at the Edinburgh parliament of 23 June 1496. King Henry VII of England requested on 5 July 1497 that Bishop Andrew be sent as an emissary to England concerning Perkin Warbeck.
On 13 August 1501 Pope Alexander VI, at the instance of King Louis XII of France, made a reservation of the bishopric of Moray, showing that the Pope believed the see would soon become vacant, and perhaps indicating that Bishop Andrew had contracted some kind of mortal illness. Bishop Andrew did die, on 29 September 1501. He was buried in Elgin Cathedral
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# Greater Louisville Inc.
**Greater Louisville Inc.** (GLI), previously known as the **Louisville Area Chamber of Commerce**, is an organization that promotes the growth of businesses in Louisville, Kentucky, US, and the surrounding counties.
## History
In 1862, 220 firms paid \$1 each to join the Louisville Board of Trade. Prior to that, there was a Merchants Exchange that met monthly during the 1850s on the southeast corner of Second and Main.
The lineage of Greater Louisville Inc. began in 1943, when Louisville mayor Wilson W. Wyatt formed the Louisville Area Development Association. By 1950, this and other local business groups united and incorporated into the Louisville Chamber of Commerce. It was renamed Louisville Area Chamber of Commerce, and was one of the first such groups accredited by the United States Chamber of Commerce.
Dr. Kenneth Vinsel was named the first Chief Executive Officer of The Chamber. The first issue of *Louisville* magazine was unveiled on March 1, 1950. The offices were located on Fifth Street, between Jefferson and Liberty. In 1951, The Chamber moved to the Courier-Journal and Louisville Times Building at 300 West Liberty. The Chamber also played a key role in attracting General Electric to Louisville.
The Louisville Development Committee was launched in 1971 to promote Louisville nationally, using direct mailings of *Louisville* magazine, published by the Chamber. The chamber also revitalized the Kentucky Derby Festival in the 1970s by providing car pooling and business support services.
In the 1990s, the chamber moved to the Commerce Center at 600 W. Main and sold *Louisville* magazine. In 1997 the Louisville Area Chamber of Commerce merged with the Greater Louisville Economic Development Partnership, which had been founded in 1987, and in January 1998 the board voted to rename the chamber as Greater Louisville Inc. In 1978, Leadership Louisville was launched at The Chamber. This program, designed to broaden the horizons of local leaders, continues to grow and now operates out of separate offices.
In early 1998, GLI became a strategic economic development partner with Metro Louisville Government, leading business attraction and expansion responsibilities for the Louisville area. Also in 1998, GLI launched EnterpriseCorp to assist fast-growth, entrepreneurial companies, and launched a new Workforce initiative to retain and recruit qualified workers for the region.
GLI moved into its current headquarters building at 101 S. Fifth Street, Suite 2300, in Downtown Louisville in 2023. In 2009, GLI launched the Greater Louisville Internationals Professionals (G.L.I.P.) program to attract and retain international talent in our community. The first of its kind in the nation, the program creates networking, professional development, mentoring, and attraction opportunities for international professionals across the region.
In early 2015, Greater Louisville Inc. partnered with surrounding economic development organizations in Kentucky and Southern Indiana to form Advance Greater Louisville, the Regional Economic Development Partnership, which accelerates regional economic growth and raises awareness of the community both nationally and internationally. The Advance Greater Louisville partnership represents all counties in the Louisville metropolitan area.
## President/CEO
- K. P. Vinsel (1950--1966), former University of Louisville professor
- Charles F. Herd (1966--1983), previously headed Knoxville\'s Chamber of Commerce
- James O. Robertson (1983--1991), economic development expert
- Robert H
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| 0 |
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# Lord of the Realm
The **Lord of the Realm** (*En av rikets herrar*, `{{literal translation|one of the lords of the realm}}`{=mediawiki}) was a title of honour introduced by Gustavus III, King of Sweden shortly after his coup and the newly passed constitution. The title was granted by the King and was first received by Frederick William, Prince von Hessenstein on 15 January 1773 by letter. One of the most famous title holders was Hans Axel, Count von Fersen, the supposed lover and confidant of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France.
The title was not hereditary nor assigned with any function or appointment at the Royal Court or in public life. It was simply meant as a great honour bestowed upon deserving individuals after years of accomplished service to the King and Country. The title holder was styled \"Excellency\" and ranked equal to Privy Councillors. They also had the right to wear the Privy Councillor\'s robes. On 10 January 1868, the title was officially defunct
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# Picacho, California
**Picacho** (Spanish for \"Big Peak\") is an unincorporated community in Imperial County, California. It is located on the Colorado River 29 mi south-southeast of Palo Verde, at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m).
Picacho, now a ghost town, was an early mining town on the Colorado River. It was named *Picacho*, Spanish for \"big peak\", after a nearby mountain of the same name.
The original townsite itself is beneath Imperial Reservoir, but remains of some of the ore mills are above the lake level. The area is within Picacho State Recreation Area. The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark #193.
## History
Spaniards probably mined placer gold in the area as early as 1780. The area became very active when prospector Jose Maria Mendivil discovered gold veins in the nearby hills in the early 1860s. Prospectors originally used the dry placering method because the scarcity of water did not permit regular gold panning methods. Dry placering consisted of shoveling sand and gravel onto a blanket and shaking the blanket until only the heavier gold particles remain. A \"blanketful\" of gold could yield over \$20 in gold at 1860s prices.
Mendivil laid out the townsite of **Rio**, which was soon renamed Picacho. During Picacho\'s heyday Mendivil sold his claims and homesteaded a section of land along the river bank where he laid out the town, naming the streets after his daughters. The town had a population of 2,500, three stores, three elementary schools, numerous saloons, and was served by steamboats of the Colorado River that connected the mining towns along the Colorado River. Besides mining, men were employed on the stages, as ranchers and cowboys on neighboring homesteads, and many men labored as woodcutters in the desert washes to fuel the boilers of the paddlewheel steamboats that called at the town landing 48 miles up river from Arizona City.
The Neahr Stamp Mill ruin remains clearly visible on the shore. The huge building was constructed in 1877-8 of hand cut native rhyolite stone. David Neahr, a Yuma Businessman, enlarged an earlier mill to ten stamps, successfully crushing ore from Medivil\'s Apache Claim. Neahr expanded the operation and bought up additional claims but was forced into bankruptcy when his manager embezzled \$7,000. the Neahr mill had subsequent owners but none of the operations there were overly successful or productive.
Stephen A. Dorsey greatly exaggerated Picacho\'s productiveness. He formed the California King Gold Mines Co. with speculator\'s money and built a 450 ST stamp mill. A narrow gauge railroad was constructed to haul ore from the mines at the peak to the mill on the river. The best years of production were 1904-1906 after which Dorsey left with his profits. The mine payroll peaked at 700 men. Declining ore quality and mill accidents ended most of the organized mining efforts by around 1910, and the filling of the lake behind Imperial Dam flooded what was left of the original townsite in 1938.
A post office operated at Picacho from 1894 to 1926, moving in 1926.
## Geography
The townsite is at 33 01 23 N 114 36 40 W type:city, at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m) above sea level.
## Picacho in fiction {#picacho_in_fiction}
Picacho was the setting of Zane Grey's 1923 novel *Wanderer of the Wasteland*, later made into a silent film.
| 558 |
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| 0 |
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# Picacho, California
## California Historical Landmark {#california_historical_landmark}
California Historical Landmark number 193 reads:
: *NO. 193 PICACHO MINES - Opened by placer miners after 1852, the gold mines expanded into hard rock quarrying by 1872. Picacho employed 700 miners at its peak from 1895 to 1900. Mill accidents, low ore quality, and the loss of cheap river transport with the building of Laguna Dam led to numerous periods of inactivity. With ores far from worked out, the Picacho Mines, using modern techniques, again resumed operations in 1984
| 88 |
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| 1 |
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# John Mackenzie Bacon
Reverend **John Mackenzie Bacon**, FRAS (19 June 1846 -- 26 December 1904) was an English astronomer, aeronaut, and lecturer.
## Background
John was the son of John Bacon, the Vicar of Woodlands St Mary in Berkshire, and grandson of John Bacon, the sculptor.
## Studies
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1888. Bacon and John Nevil Maskelyne filed a patent for inflating balloons. He died in Cold Ash in Berkshire.
## Eclipses
Both John and his daughter Gertrude were members of the British Astronomical Association. The BAA organised expeditions to observe total solar eclipses, which John and Gertrude went on. The first was to Vadsø in Finnmark, Norway (eclipse date 9 August 1896), which was unsuccessful due to cloudy weather. The second was to Buxar in India (eclipse date 22 January 1898). Here they succeeded in filming the eclipse, but unfortunately the film has been lost. The Bacons also went on a ballon flight in November 1899 piloted by Stanley Spencer to observe the Leonid meteors. The flight took off from Newbury at 4:00am on Thursday 16 November and drifted westward with the flight ending near Neath. Very few meteors were observed however. A third eclipse expedition was to Wadesborough, North Carolina (eclipse date 28 May 1900) and was also successful
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| 0 |
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# Pat O'Connor (director)
**Patrick O\'Connor** (born 3 October 1943 in Ardmore, County Waterford, Ireland) is a BAFTA-winning Irish film director.
## Career
In 1982, O\'Connor won a Jacob\'s Award for his direction of the RTÉ TV adaptation of William Trevor\'s short story *Ballroom of Romance*, starring Cyril Cusack and Brenda Fricker. It was shot near the village of Ballycroy, County Mayo. He subsequently won the BAFTA award for Best Television Single Drama, 1983 for the same work. He also directed Trevor\'s *One of Ourselves* for BBC TV, again starring Cyril Cusack, and filmed in Cappoquin and Lismore, County Waterford.
O\'Connor has been married since 1990 to Oscar-nominated actress Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, with whom he has two sons. He directed Mastrantonio in *Fools of Fortune*, another William Trevor film adaptation, and *The January Man
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# List of British records in athletics
**British records in athletics** are the best performances in athletics events by athletes representing the United Kingdom which are ratified by UK Athletics (UKA).
## History
The idea of a \"British Record\" was instituted by the AAA in 1887 for performance made in the United Kingdom, by athletes from anywhere in the world. This type of record was superseded in 1948 by the British (All-Comers\') Record, and then by the United Kingdom (All-Comers\') Record in 1960.
A \"British (National) Record\" was instituted by the British Amateur Athletic Board (BAAB) in 1948 for performances made in the United Kingdom, by athletes born in the British Commonwealth. This record type was discontinued in 1960 when the BAAB instituted \"United Kingdom (National) Records\" which defined performances made anywhere in the world by athletes eligible to represent the United Kingdom in international competition.
Alongside this, the AAA defined \"English Native Records\" in 1928 as performances made in England or Wales by athletes born in England or Wales. This was superseded in 1960 by \"AAA National Records\" -- performances made in England or Wales by athletes born in England or Wales, or by bona fide members of clubs under the jurisdiction of the AAA whose fathers were born in England or Wales.
## Key to tables {#key_to_tables}
Performances marked with an asterisk (\*) maybe a) not ratifiable or b) currently under further review\
! = timing by photo-electric cell\
\# = not recognised by federation\
est = estimate
## Outdoor
### Men
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | |
+==========================+==============================================================================+==============================+===================+===========================================+==================================+===============================+
| 100 y | 9.30 `{{wind|+1.6}}`{=mediawiki} | Linford Christie | 8 July 1994 | | Edinburgh, Great Britain | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 100 m | 9.83 `{{wind|+1.3}}`{=mediawiki} | Zharnel Hughes | 24 June 2023 | USATF New York Grand Prix | New York City, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 150 m (straight) | 14.66 `{{wind|+0.3}}`{=mediawiki} | Zharnel Hughes | 18 May 2024 | Atlanta City Games | Atlanta, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 150 m (bend) | 14.93`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{wind|+0.3}}`{=mediawiki} | John Regis | 20 August 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 200 m | 19.73 `{{wind|+1.6}}`{=mediawiki} | Zharnel Hughes | 23 July 2023 | Anniversary Games | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 200 m (straight) | 19.93 `{{wind|-0.3}}`{=mediawiki} | Zharnel Hughes | 23 May 2021 | Adidas Boost Boston Games | Boston, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 300 m | 31.56 | Douglas Walker | 19 July 1998 | | Gateshead, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 400 m | 44.26 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | 22 August 2023 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 44.07 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | 30 May 2024 | Bislett Games | Oslo, Norway | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 43.74 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | 20 July 2024 | London Athletics Meet | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 43.44 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | 7 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 500 m | 59.02 | Martyn Rooney | 10 September 2016 | Great North CityGames | Newcastle, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 600 m | 1:14.95 | Steve Heard | 14 July 1991 | | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 800 m | 1:41.73 | Sebastian Coe | 10 June 1981 | | Florence, Italy | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1000 m | 2:12.18 | Sebastian Coe | 11 July 1981 | Bislett Games | Oslo, Norway | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1500 m | 3:28.81 | Mo Farah | 19 July 2013 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 3:27.79 | Josh Kerr | 6 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Mile | 3:46.32 | Steve Cram | 27 July 1985 | Bislett Games | Oslo, Norway | \|-style=\"background:#CEF6F5 |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 2000 m | 4:51.39 | Steve Cram | 4 August 1985 | | Budapest, Hungary |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 3000 m | 7:32.62 | Mo Farah | 5 June 2016 | British Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Two miles | 8:07.85 | Mo Farah | 24 August 2014 | British Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 5000 m | 12:53.11 | Mo Farah | 22 July 2011 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 12:46.59 | George Mills | 12 June 2025 | Bislett Games | Oslo, Norway | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 10,000 m | 26:46.57 | Mo Farah | 3 June 2011 | Prefontaine Classic | Eugene, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 20,000 m | 56:20.30`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 4 September 2020 | Memorial van Damme | Brussels, Belgium | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| One hour | 21,330 m | Mo Farah | 4 September 2020 | Memorial van Damme | Brussels, Belgium | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 25,000 m | 1:15:22.60 | Ron Hill | 21 July 1965 | | Bolton, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 30,000 m | 1:31:30.40 | Jim Alder | 5 September 1970 | | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Two hours | 37,994 m | Jim Alder | 17 August 1964 | | Walton-on-Thames, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 50,000 m | 2:48:06 | Jeff Norman | 7 June 1980 | | Timperley, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 100 km | 6:10:20 | Don Ritchie | 28 August 1976 | | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 100 miles | 11:30:51`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Don Ritchie | 15 August 1977 | | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 24 hours | 281.303 km | Matt Field | 25 August 2024 | Gloucester 24hr Track | Gloucester, England | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 48 hours | 401.208 km | Richard Brown | 9 May 1991 | | Surgères, France | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 110 m hurdles | 12.91 `{{wind|+0.5}}`{=mediawiki} | Colin Jackson | 20 August 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 200 m hurdles | 22.63 `{{wind|-0.3}}`{=mediawiki} | Colin Jackson | 1 June 1991 | | Cardiff, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 200 m hurdles (straight) | 22.10 `{{wind|+2.0}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ref label|World Best|WB|}}`{=mediawiki} | Andy Turner | 15 May 2011 | Great CityGames Manchester | Manchester, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 300 m hurdles | 34.48 | Chris Rawlinson | 30 June 2002 | | Sheffield, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 400 m hurdles | 47.82 | Kriss Akabusi | 6 August 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2000 m steeplechase | 5:19.86 | Mark Rowland | 28 August 1988 | | London, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 3000 m steeplechase | 8:07.96 | Mark Rowland | 30 September 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| High jump | 2.37 m | Steve Smith | 20 September 1992 | | Seoul, South Korea | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | | | 22 August 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | | Robbie Grabarz | 23 August 2012 | Athletissima | Lausanne, Switzerland | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Pole vault | 5.85 m | Harry Coppell | 4 September 2020 | British Championships | Manchester, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Long jump | 8.51 m `{{wind|+1.7}}`{=mediawiki} | Greg Rutherford | 24 April 2014 | | Chula Vista, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Triple jump | 18.29 m `{{wind|+1.3}}`{=mediawiki} | Jonathan Edwards | 7 August 1995 | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Shot put | 21.68 m | Geoff Capes | 18 May 1980 | | Cwmbran, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 21.92 m | Carl Myerscough | 13 June 2003 | | Sacramento, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Discus throw | 68.24 m | Lawrence Okoye | 19 May 2012 | Hallesche Werfertage | Halle, Germany | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 70.76 m | Lawrence Okoye | 13 April 2025 | Oklahoma Throws Series World Invitational | Ramona, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Hammer throw | 80.26 m | Nick Miller | 8 April 2018 | Commonwealth Games | Gold Coast, Australia | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Javelin throw | 91.46 m | Steve Backley | 25 January 1992 | | Auckland, New Zealand | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Weight throw | 23.08 m | Matt Mileham | 16 February 1985 | | Fresno, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Pentathlon | 3841 pts | Barry King | 20 May 1970 | | Santa Barbara, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Decathlon | 8847 pts | Daley Thompson | 8--9 August 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | | | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Double Decathlon | 12043 pts | John Heanley | 24 September 2000 | | Hexham, United Kingdom | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 × 100 m relay | 37.36 | Adam Gemili\ | 5 October 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | |
| | | Zharnel Hughes\ | | | | |
| | | Richard Kilty\ | | | | |
| | | Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 × 200 m relay | 1:21.29 | Marcus Adam\ | 23 June 1989 | | Birmingham, United Kingdom | |
| | | Ade Mafe\ | | | | |
| | | Linford Christie\ | | | | |
| | | John Regis | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 × 400 m relay | 2:56.60 | Iwan Thomas\ | 3 August 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | |
| | | Jamie Baulch\ | | | | |
| | | Mark Richardson\ | | | | |
| | | Roger Black | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | 2:55.83 | \ | 10 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Paris, France | |
| | | Alex Haydock-Wilson\ | | | | |
| | | Matthew Hudson-Smith\ | | | | |
| | | Lewis Davey\ | | | | |
| | | Charlie Dobson | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 × 800 m relay | 7:03.89 | Peter Elliott\ | 30 August 1982 | | London, United Kingdom | |
| | | Garry Cook\ | | | | |
| | | Steve Cram\ | | | | |
| | | Sebastian Coe | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 × 1500 m relay | 14:54.57 | Andrew Baddeley\ | 4 September 2009 | Memorial Van Damme | Brussels, Belgium | |
| | | Ricky Stevenson\ | | | | |
| | | Nick McCormick\ | | | | |
| | | Mark Draper | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 × mile relay | 16:17.4 | Western Kentucky University\ | 25 April 1975 | Drake Relays | Des Moines, United States | |
| | | Erwin Hartel\ | | | | |
| | | Chris Ridler\ | | | | |
| | | Tony Staynings\ | | | | |
| | | Nick Rose | | | | |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
#### Walking
| 1,899 |
List of British records in athletics
| 0 |
11,070,660 |
# List of British records in athletics
## Outdoor
### Men
#### Walking
Event Data Athlete Date Meet Place
--------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------- --
1500 m 5:46.24 Roger Mills 29 August 1975 London, United Kingdom
Mile walk 5:31.08 `{{ref label|World Best|WB|}}`{=mediawiki} Tom Bosworth 9 July 2017 London Grand Prix London, United Kingdom
3000 m 10:43.84 Tom Bosworth 21 July 2018 Diamond League London, United Kingdom
5000 m 18:41.23 Callum Wilkinson 24 August 2019 British Championships Birmingham, United Kingdom
10,000 m 38:43.91 Callum Wilkinson 30 June 2024 British Championships Manchester, United Kingdom
15,000 m 1:02:40.0`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Ian McCombie 15 May 1992 Fana, Norway
20,000 m 1:23:26.5 Ian McCombie 26 May 1990 Fana, Norway
25,000 m 1:55:00.8`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Ron Wallwork 31 July 1971 Blackburn, United Kingdom
30,000 m 2:11:54 Chris Maddocks 31 December 1989 Plymouth, United Kingdom
35,000 m 2:43:12`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Chris Maddocks 22 September 1984 Birmingham, United Kingdom
40,000 m 3:10:48`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Chris Maddocks 22 September 1984 Birmingham, United Kingdom
50,000 m 4:05:44.6 Paul Blagg 26 May 1990 Fana, Norway
100,000 m 9:41:54`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Ed Shillabeer 15 September 1985 Colchester, United Kingdom
Hour walk 14324 m`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Ian McCombie 7 July 1985 London, United Kingdom
2 hours walk 27262 m`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Chris Maddocks 31 December 1989 Plymouth, United Kingdom
24 hours walk 214.061 km Hew Neilson 15 October 1960 Walton-on-Thames, United Kingdom
| 216 |
List of British records in athletics
| 1 |
11,070,660 |
# List of British records in athletics
## Outdoor
### Women
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | | Video |
+==========================+=========================================================================================================================+===========================+=======================+========================================+====================================+===+==================================================+
| 100 y | 10.73 `{{wind|+0.3}}`{=mediawiki} | Heather Young | 20 July 1958 | | Cardiff, Great Britain | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100 m | 10.83 `{{wind|+0.1}}`{=mediawiki} | Dina Asher-Smith | 29 September 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 10.83 `{{wind|+0.8}}`{=mediawiki} | Dina Asher-Smith | 17 July 2022 | World Championships | Eugene, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 150 m (bend) | 17.15 `{{wind|+2.0}}`{=mediawiki} | Margaret Adeoye | 31 August 2013 | Amsterdam Open & Flame Games | Amsterdam, Netherlands | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 150 m (straight) | 16.44 `{{wind|0.0}}`{=mediawiki} | Daryll Neita | 18 May 2024 | Atlanta City Games | Atlanta, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 200 m | 21.88 `{{wind|+0.9}}`{=mediawiki} | Dina Asher-Smith | 2 October 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 200 m (straight) | 23.29 `{{wind|+0.2}}`{=mediawiki} | Emily Freeman | 16 May 2010 | Great CityGames Manchester | Manchester, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 300 m | 35.46 | Kathy Cook | 18 August 1984 | | London, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 400 m | 49.41 | Christine Ohuruogu | 12 August 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 49.29 | Amber Anning | 9 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 500 m | 1:06.62 | Lynsey Sharp | 10 September 2016 | Great North CityGames | Newcastle, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 600 m | 1:24.36 | Marilyn Okoro | 5 July 2012 | Meeting de la Province de Liège | Liège, Belgium | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 800 m | 1:55.19 | Keely Hodgkinson | 17 September 2023 | Prefontaine Classic | Eugene, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 1:54.61 | Keely Hodgkinson | 20 July 2024 | London Athletics Meet | London, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1000 m | 2:30.82 | Laura Muir | 14 August 2020 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1500 m | 3:54.50 | Laura Muir | 6 August 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:53.79 | Laura Muir | 7 July 2024 | Meeting de Paris | Paris, France | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:52.61 | Georgia Bell | 10 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Mile | 4:15.24 | Laura Muir | 21 July 2023 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 m | 5:26.08 | Melissa Courtney-Bryant | 12 July 2024 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3000 m | 8:22.20 | Paula Radcliffe | 19 July 2002 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Two miles | 9:17.40`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 20 June 2004 | European Cup | Bydgoszcz, Poland | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5000 m | 14:28.55 | Eilish McColgan | 1 July 2021 | Bislett Games | Oslo, Norway | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 10,000 m | 30:00.86 | Eilish McColgan | 4 March 2023 | Sound Running TEN | San Juan Capistrano, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 20,000 m | 1:15:46.00`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Carolyn Hunter-Rowe | 6 March 1994 | | Barry, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 25,000 m | 1:35:15.5`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Carolyn Hunter-Rowe | 6 March 1994 | | Barry, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 30,000 m | 1:55:02.3`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Carolyn Hunter-Rowe | 6 March 1994 | | Barry, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 50,000 m | 3:18:52`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Carolyn Hunter-Rowe | 6 March 1994 | | Barry, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 40 miles | 4:26:43 | Carolyn Hunter-Rowe | 7 March 1993 | | Barry, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 50 miles | 6:12:11`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Hilary Walker | 16 October 1993 | Self-Transcendence 24 Hour Track Race | London, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100 km | 8:01:39 | Hilary Walker | 4 April 1993 | | London, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100 miles | 14:34:03 | Samantha Amend | 24 April 2021 | Centurion Running Track 100 Mile | Ashford, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| One hour | 16495 m `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Michaela McCallum | 2 April 2000 | | Asti, Italy | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 17050 m `{{AthAbbr|Wo}}`{=mediawiki} | Alice Wright | 30 October 2021 | HOKA Northern Arizona Elite | Phoenix, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Two hours | 31200 m | Carolyn Hunter-Rowe | 6 March 1994 | | Barry, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 24 hours | 240.169 km | Eleanor Adams | 20 August 1989 | | Melbourne, Australia | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 48 hours | 366.512 km | Hilary Walker | 7 November 1988 | | Blackpool, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100 m hurdles | 12.50 `{{wind|+0.9}}`{=mediawiki} | Cindy Sember | 24 July 2022 | World Championships | Eugene, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 200 m hurdles (bend) | 26.68 | Sharon Colyear | 16 July 1971 | | London, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 200 m hurdles (straight) | 25.05 `{{wind|+1.0}}`{=mediawiki} | Meghan Beesley | 17 May 2014 | Manchester City Games | Manchester, United Kingdom | | [1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OJEy5ioL9k) |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 300 m hurdles | 38.84 | Jessie Knight | 31 May 2022 | Golden Spike Ostrava | Ostrava, Czech Republic | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 400 m hurdles | 52.74 | Sally Gunnell | 19 August 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 m steeplechase | 6:27.33 | Lennie Waite | 20 May 2010 | Rice University All Comers Meeting | Houston, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3000 m steeplechase | 9:07.87 | Elizabeth Bird | 10 August 2022 | Herculis | Fontvieille, Monaco | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 9:04.35 | Elizabeth Bird | 6 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| High jump | 1.98 m | Katarina Johnson-Thompson | 12 August 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Pole vault | 4.90 m | Holly Bradshaw | 26 June 2021 | British Championships | Manchester, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 4.92 m | Molly Caudery | 22 June 2024 | Toulouse Capitole Perche | Toulouse, France | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Long jump | 7.07 m `{{wind|+0.4}}`{=mediawiki} | Shara Proctor | 28 August 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Triple jump | 15.15 m `{{wind|+1.7}}`{=mediawiki} | Ashia Hansen | 13 September 1997 | Grand Prix Final | Fukuoka, Japan | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Shot put | 19.36 m | Judy Oakes | 14 August 1988 | British Grand Prix | Gateshead, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Weight throw | 20.63 m | Shirley Webb | 2 August 2005 | | Eton, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Discus throw | 67.48 m | Meg Ritchie | 26 April 1981 | Mt. SAC Relays | Walnut, United States | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Hammer throw | 74.54 m | Sophie Hitchon | 15 August 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Javelin throw | 66.17 m | Goldie Sayers | 14 July 2012 | London Grand Prix | London, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | The specification for the women\'s javelin changed in 1999. With the old model, Fatima Whitbread threw 77.44 m in 1986. | | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Pentathlon | 4402 pts | Sue Longden | 24 May 1980 | | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Heptathlon | 6981 pts | Katarina Johnson-Thompson | 2--4 October 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Decathlon | 6878 pts | Jessica Taylor | 12--13 September 2015 | Kent County Multi-Events Championships | Erith, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Double Heptathlon | 9152 pts | Charmaine Johnson | 23 September 1990 | | Espoo, Finland | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5000 m walk | 21:30.75 | Johanna Jackson | 13 July 2008 | | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 10,000 m walk | 45:09.57 | Lisa Kehler | 13 August 2000 | | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 20 km walk (road) | 1:30:41 | Johanna Jackson | 19 June 2010 | Gran Premio Cantones de Marcha | A Coruña, Spain | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 35 km walk (road) | 2:58:48 | Bethan Davies | 23 April 2022 | Dudinská Päťdesiatka | Dudince, Slovakia | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 100 m relay | 41.55 | \ | 5 August 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | | |
| | | Asha Philip\ | | | | | |
| | | Imani Lansiquot\ | | | | | |
| | | Dina Asher-Smith\ | | | | | |
| | | Daryll Neita | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 41.55 | \ | 20 July 2024 | London Athletics Meet | London, United Kingdom | | |
| | | Dina Asher-Smith\ | | | | | |
| | | Imani Lansiquot\ | | | | | |
| | | Amy Hunt\ | | | | | |
| | | Daryll Neita | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 200 m relay | 1:29.61 | \ | 25 May 2014 | IAAF World Relays | Nassau, Bahamas | | |
| | | Desiree Henry\ | | | | | |
| | | Anyika Onuora\ | | | | | |
| | | Bianca Williams\ | | | | | |
| | | Asha Philip | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 400 m relay | 3:20.04 | \ | 2 September 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | | |
| | | Christine Ohuruogu\ | | | | | |
| | | Marilyn Okoro\ | | | | | |
| | | Lee McConnell\ | | | | | |
| | | Nicola Sanders | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:19.72 | \ | 10 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | | |
| | | Victoria Ohuruogu\ | | | | | |
| | | Laviai Nielsen\ | | | | | |
| | | Nicole Yeargin\ | | | | | |
| | | Amber Anning | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 800 m relay | 8:13.46 | Marilyn Okoro\ | 27 April 2013 | Penn Relays | Philadelphia, United States | | |
| | | Lynsey Sharp\ | | | | | |
| | | Jemma Simpson\ | | | | | |
| | | Tara Bird | | | | | |
+--------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1,934 |
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| 2 |
11,070,660 |
# List of British records in athletics
## Outdoor
### Mixed
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | |
+=================+=========+==========================+================+=====================+=====================+===+
| 4 × 100 m relay | 41.05 | \ | 10 May 2025 | World Relays | Guangzhou, China | |
| | | Nia Wedderburn-Goodison\ | | | | |
| | | Kissiwaa Mensah\ | | | | |
| | | Jeriel Quainoo\ | | | | |
| | | Joe Ferguson | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| | 40.88 | \ | 11 May 2025 | World Relays | Guangzhou, China | |
| | | Asha Philip\ | | | | |
| | | Kissiwaa Mensah\ | | | | |
| | | Jeriel Quainoo\ | | | | |
| | | Joe Ferguson | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| 4 × 400 m relay | 3:11.95 | \ | 30 July 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | |
| | | Cameron Chalmers\ | | | | |
| | | Zoey Clark\ | | | | |
| | | Emily Diamond\ | | | | |
| | | Lee Thompson | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| | 3:11.19 | \ | 19 August 2023 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary | |
| | | Joseph Brier\ | | | | |
| | | Laviai Nielsen\ | | | | |
| | | Rio Mitcham\ | | | | |
| | | Yemi Mary John | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| | 3:11.06 | \ | 19 August 2023 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary | |
| | | Lewis Davey\ | | | | |
| | | Laviai Nielsen\ | | | | |
| | | Rio Mitcham\ | | | | |
| | | Yemi Mary John | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| | 3:08.01 | \ | 3 August 2024 | Olympic Games | Saint-Denis, France | |
| | | Samuel Reardon\ | | | | |
| | | Laviai Nielsen\ | | | | |
| | | Alex Haydock-Wilson\ | | | | |
| | | Amber Anning | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---+
| 387 |
List of British records in athletics
| 3 |
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# List of British records in athletics
## Road
### Men {#men_1}
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | |
+================+================================================================+=================+===================+========================================+===================================================+===+
| Mile (road) | 3:51.3 `{{AthAbbr|h}}`{=mediawiki} | Elliot Giles | 1 September 2024 | New Balance Kö Meile | Düsseldorf, Germany | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 5 km | 13:16 | Sam Atkin | 19 March 2023 | | Lille, France | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 8 km | 21:45`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 22 March 2015 | Lisbon Half Marathon | Lisbon, Portugal | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 5 miles | 22:17`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Steve Jones | 24 April 1984 | | Birmingham, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 10 km | 27:20 `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|#}}`{=mediawiki} | Jon Brown | 24 September 1995 | | Pittsburgh, United States | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| | 27:34 `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Nick Rose | 1 April 1984 | Crescent City Classic | New Orleans, United States | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| | 27:38 | Rory Leonard | 12 January 2025 | 10K Valencia Ibercaja | Valencia, Spain | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 12 km | 34:01 | Peter Whitehead | 26 December 1994 | | Cali, Colombia | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 14 km | 39:25`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 22 March 2015 | Lisbon Half Marathon | Lisbon, Portugal | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 15 km | 42:03`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 26 March 2016 | World Half Marathon Championships | Cardiff, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 10 miles | 45:14 | Charles Hicks | 6 April 2025 | USA 10 Mile Road Running Championships | Washington, United States | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| | 45:13 `{{AthAbbr|#}}`{=mediawiki} | Ian Stewart | 8 May 1977 | | Stoke, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 18 km | 47:50`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 22 March 2015 | Lisbon Half Marathon | Lisbon, Portugal | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 20 km | 56:27`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 22 March 2015 | Lisbon Half Marathon | Lisbon, Portugal | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| Half marathon | 59:32 | Mo Farah | 22 March 2015 | Lisbon Half Marathon | Lisbon, Portugal | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| | 59:07 `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 8 September 2019 | Great North Run | Newcastle upon Tyne-South Shields, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 25 km | 1:12:36`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 22 April 2018 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 30 km | 1:27:31`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 22 April 2018 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 20 miles | 1:35:22`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Steve Jones | 20 August 1985 | Chicago Marathon | Chicago, United States | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| Marathon | 2:05:11 | Mo Farah | 7 October 2018 | Chicago Marathon | Chicago, United States | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 50 km | 2:49:01 | Dan Nash | 1 September 2019 | 50 km World Championships | Brasov, Romania | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 100 km | 6:19:20 | Steve Way | 3 May 2014 | | Gravesend, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 100 miles | 11:51:12 | Don Ritchie | 15 June 1979 | | New York City, United States | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 24 hours | 254.823 km | Paul Bream | 31 May 1987 | | Bray, Ireland | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| 48 hours | 401.548 km | Richard Brown | May 1991 | | Surgères, France | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
| Marathon relay | 1:59:14 | Carl Thackery\ | 30 November 1996 | | Hiroshima, Japan | |
| | | Jon Solly\ | | | | |
| | | Mark Scrutton\ | | | | |
| | | Dave Clarke\ | | | | |
| | | Karl Harrison | | | | |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+---+
#### Walking {#walking_1}
Event Data Athlete Date Meet Place
------------ ------------------------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ---------------------- --------------------------- --
5 km 19:29 Andi Drake 27 May 1990 Søfteland, Norway
5 miles 32:38`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Ian McCombie 23 March 1985 York, United Kingdom
10 km 39:36 Tom Bosworth 1 March 2015 Coventry, United Kingdom
15 km walk 1:00:22`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Tom Bosworth 19 March 2016 Dudinska Patdesiatka Dudince, Slovakia
10 miles 1:06:15`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Steve Barry 26 February 1983 Douglas, United Kingdom
20 km 1:19:38 Tom Bosworth 8 April 2018 Commonwealth Games Gold Coast, Australia
25 km 1:46:16`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Ian McCombie 27 April 1986 Edinburgh, United Kingdom
30 km 2:07:56 Ian McCombie 27 April 1986 Edinburgh, United Kingdom
20 miles 2:30:35 Paul Nihill 12 June 1971 Sheffield, United Kingdom
35 km 2:36:19 Chris Maddocks 29 June 1991 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
40 km 3:02:55`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} Chris Maddocks 28 October 1990 Burrator, United Kingdom
50 km 3:51:13 Dominic King 20 March 2021 Dudinská Päťdesiatka Dudince, Slovakia
100 km 9:34:25 Tony Geal 2 June 1979 Grand-Quevilly, France
24 hours 219.570 km Derek Harrison 21 May 1978 Rouen, France
| 802 |
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| 4 |
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# List of British records in athletics
## Road
### Women {#women_1}
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | |
+================+====================================================================+========================+===================+====================================+==========================================+===+
| Mile | 4:32.60 `{{AthAbbr|Wo}}`{=mediawiki} | Alexandra Bell | 27 April 2024 | Adizero: Road to Records | Herzogenaurach, Germany | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 5 km | 14:45 `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Eilish McColgan | 24 April 2022 | Meta : Time : Trials | Malaga, Spain | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 14:48 `{{AthAbbr|Wo}}`{=mediawiki} | Eilish McColgan | 12 February 2022 | Super Sports Meydan Run | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 14:41 `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Beth Potter | 3 April 2021 | Podium 5k Sub-15.30 | Barrowford, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 8 km | 24:05`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 23 February 2003 | | San Juan, Puerto Rico | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 24:47 | Paula Radcliffe | 24 April 1999 | | Balmoral, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 10 km | | | | | | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 30:18 `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Eilish McColgan | 2 October 2022 | Great Scottish Run | Glasgow, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 30:19 `{{AthAbbr|Wo}}`{=mediawiki} | Eilish McColgan | 22 May 2022 | Great Manchester Run | Manchester, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 12 km | 39:20 | Liz McColgan | 17 October 1987 | | Irving, United States | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 15 km | 46:40`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Eilish McColgan | 2 April 2023 | Berlin Half Marathon | Berlin, Germany | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 10 miles | 50:01`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 21 September 2003 | | Newcastle--South Shields, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 50:43 | Eilish McColgan | 17 October 2021 | Great South Run | Portsmouth, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 20 km | 1:02:21`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} est | Paula Radcliffe | 21 September 2003 | | Newcastle--South Shields, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| Half marathon | 1:05:43 `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Eilish McColgan | 2 April 2023 | Berlin Half Marathon | Berlin, Germany | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 1:05:39.6 `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 21 September 2003 | | Newcastle--South Shields, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 25 km | 1:20:36`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 13 April 2003 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 1:22:47`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 14 August 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 30 km | 1:36:36`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 13 April 2003 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 1:37:27`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 17 April 2005 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 1:39:22`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 14 August 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 1:43:24 | Mara Yamauchi | 21 February 2010 | Ōme 30 km Road Race | Ōme, Japan | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 1:43:33`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|a}}`{=mediawiki} | Paula Radcliffe | 13 April 2003 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| Marathon | 2:15:25 | Paula Radcliffe | 13 April 2003 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 50 km | 3:07:20 | Alyson Dixon | 1 September 2019 | 50 km World Championships | Brașov, Romania | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 100 km | 7:03:40 | Sarah Webster | 2 April 2023 | Anglo Celtic Plate 100k | Craigavon, Northern Ireland | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 14:46:29`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Liz Hawker | 23 September 2011 | | Llandudno, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| | 14:43:40`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Eleanor Adams-Robinson | 4 February 1990 | | Milton Keynes, United Kingdom | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 24 hours | 247.985 km | Joasia Zakrzewski | 18 September 2022 | IAU 24 Hour European Championships | Verona, Italy | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 48 hours | 411.458 km | Joasia Zakrzewski | 12 February 2023 | Taipei 24-Hour | Taipei, Taiwan | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| Marathon Relay | 2:17:31 | Bev Nicholson\ | 23 February 1992 | | Yokohama, Japan | |
| | | Jill Hunter\ | | | | |
| | | Laura Adam\ | | | | |
| | | Marian Sutton\ | | | | |
| | | Nicky Morris\ | | | | |
| | | Andrea Whitcombe | | | | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+---+
| 736 |
List of British records in athletics
| 5 |
11,070,660 |
# List of British records in athletics
## Indoor
### Men {#men_2}
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | | Video |
+=================+===============================================================+======================+==================+=======================================+================================+===+==================================================+
| 50 m | 5.61`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki}\* | Jason Gardener | 16 February 2000 | | Madrid, Spain | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 5.66 | Jason Gardener | 21 February 1999 | Meeting Pas de Calais | Liévin, France | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 55 m | 6.21 `{{AthAbbr|A}}`{=mediawiki} | John Regis | 30 January 1993 | | Reno, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 60 m | 6.42 | Dwain Chambers | 7 March 2009 | European Championships | Turin, Italy | | [2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxidHmRnUc4) |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 200 m | 20.25 | Linford Christie | 19 February 1995 | Meeting Pas de Calais | Liévin, France | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 300 m | 32.80 | Matthew Hudson-Smith | 14 January 2022 | UAB Blazer Invitational | Birmingham, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 400 m | 45.39 | Jamie Baulch | 9 February 1997 | Aviva Indoor Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 500 m | 1:01.59 | Conrad Williams | 25 February 2014 | Prague Indoor | Prague, Czech Republic | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 600 m | 1:15.31 `{{AthAbbr|A}}`{=mediawiki} | Thomas Staines | 1 February 2019 | New Mexico Collegiate Classic | Albuquerque, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 800 m | 1:43.63 | Elliot Giles | 17 February 2021 | Copernicus Cup | Toruń, Poland | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1000 m | 2:16.74 | Neil Gourley | 15 February 2025 | Keely Klassic | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1500 m | 3:32.86`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Josh Kerr | 27 February 2022 | Boston University Last Chance Meet | Boston, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:32.48 | Neil Gourley | 25 February 2023 | World Indoor Tour Final | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Mile | 3:48.87 | Josh Kerr | 27 February 2022 | Boston University Last Chance Meet | Boston, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3000 m | 7:34.47 | Mo Farah | 21 February 2009 | Aviva Indoor Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 7:33.1`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AthAbbr|h}}`{=mediawiki} | Mo Farah | 21 February 2015 | Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 7:31.97 | Sam Atkin | 27 January 2023 | John Thomas Terrier Classic | Boston, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 7:30.14`{{AthAbbr|+}}`{=mediawiki} | Josh Kerr | 11 February 2024 | Millrose Games | New York City, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Two miles | 8:00.67 | Josh Kerr | 11 February 2024 | Millrose Games | New York City, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5000 m | 13:08.87 | Marc Scott | 28 February 2020 | BU Last Chance Invitational | Boston, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 12:57.08 | Marc Scott | 12 February 2022 | David Hemery Valentine Invitational | Boston, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 50 m hurdles | 6.40 | Colin Jackson | 5 February 1999 | | Budapest, Hungary | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 55 m hurdles | 7.14 `{{AthAbbr|A}}`{=mediawiki} | Anthony Jarrett | 30 January 1993 | | Reno, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 60 m hurdles | 7.30 | Colin Jackson | 6 March 1994 | | Sindelfingen, Germany | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 300 m hurdles | 36.48 `{{AthAbbr|OT}}`{=mediawiki} | Gary Cadogan | 12 February 1996 | | Tampere, Finland | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 400 m hurdles | 50.21 | Richard Yates | 19 February 2011 | Aviva Indoor Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | [3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkypUwdiiTw) |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| High jump | 2.38 m | Steve Smith | 4 February 1994 | annual \"Jump to the Music\" | Wuppertal, Germany | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Pole vault | 5.83 m | Luke Cutts | 25 January 2014 | Perche Elite Tour Meeting | Rouen, France | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Long jump | 8.26 m `{{AthAbbr|A}}`{=mediawiki} | Greg Rutherford | 5 February 2016 | New Mexico Collegiate Classic | Albuquerque, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Triple jump | 17.75 m | Phillips Idowu | 9 March 2008 | World Championships | Valencia, Spain | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Shot put | 21.49 m | Carl Myerscough | 15 March 2003 | NCAA Division I Championships | Fayetteville, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Weight throw | 24.07 m | Joseph Ellis | 11 February 2022 | Windy City Invitational | Chicago, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Discus throw | 60.99 m | Brett Morse | 12 March 2011 | 4th World Indoor Throwing Competition | Växjö, Sweden | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Javelin throw | 76.66 m | Stuart Faben | 3 March 1996 | | Kajaani, Finland | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Heptathlon | 6188 pts | Tim Duckworth | 9--10 March 2018 | NCAA Division I Championships | College Station, United States | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3000 m walk | 10:30.28 | Tom Bosworth | 25 February 2018 | Glasgow Grand Prix | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5000 m walk | 18:20.97 | Tom Bosworth | 23 February 2020 | British Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 200 m relay | 1:22.11 | Linford Christie\ | 3 March 1991 | | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
| | | Darren Braithwaite\ | | | | | |
| | | Ade Mafe\ | | | | | |
| | | John Regis | | | | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 400 m relay | 3:03.20 | Allyn Condon\ | 7 March 1999 | World Championships | Maebashi, Japan | | |
| | | Solomon Wariso\ | | | | | |
| | | Adrian Patrick\ | | | | | |
| | | Jamie Baulch | | | | | |
+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1,039 |
List of British records in athletics
| 6 |
11,070,660 |
# List of British records in athletics
## Indoor
### Women {#women_2}
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | | Video |
+=================+========================================+===========================+==================+========================================+==============================+===+==================================================+
| 50 m | 6.21 | Wendy Hoyte | 22 February 1981 | European Championships | Grenoble, France | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 60 m | 7.06 | Asha Philip | 5 March 2017 | European Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 7.04 | Dina Asher-Smith | 27 January 2023 | Indoor Meeting Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe, Germany | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 7.03 | Dina Asher-Smith | 25 February 2023 | World Indoor Tour Final | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100 y | 10.67 | Heather Hunte | 17 February 1978 | | Senftenberg, East Germany | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100 m | 11.57 | Joice Maduaka | 27 February 2010 | | Florø, Norway | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 200 m | 22.83 | Katharine Merry | 14 February 1999 | British Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 22.60 | Amber Anning | 26 January 2024 | Razorback Invitational | Fayetteville, United States | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 300 m | 36.53 | Lina Nielsen | 15 February 2025 | Keely Klassic | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 400 m | 50.02 | Nicola Sanders | 3 March 2007 | European Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 600 m | 1:23.41 | Keely Hodgkinson | 28 January 2023 | Manchester World Indoor Tour | Manchester, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 800 m | 1:57.20 | Keely Hodgkinson | 19 February 2022 | Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 1:57.18 | Keely Hodgkinson | 25 February 2023 | World Indoor Tour Final | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1000 m | 2:31.93 | Laura Muir | 18 February 2017 | Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1500 m | 3:59.58 | Laura Muir | 9 February 2021 | Meeting Hauts-de-France Pas-de-Calais | Liévin, France | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Mile | 4:17.88 | Jemma Reekie | 8 February 2020 | Millrose Games | New York, United States | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3000 m | 8:26.41 | Laura Muir | 4 February 2017 | Weltklasse in Karlsruhe | Karlsruhe, Germany | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Two miles | 9:04.84 | Laura Muir | 11 February 2024 | Millrose Games | New York City, United States | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5000 m | 14:49.12 | Laura Muir | 4 January 2017 | Glasgow Miler Meet | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 50 m hurdles | 6.83 | Tiffany Porter | 28 January 2012 | US Open | New York City, United States | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 60 m hurdles | 7.80 | Tiffany Porter | 4 March 2011 | European Championships | Paris, France | | [4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWXvofFbQvk) |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| High jump | 1.97 m | Katarina Johnson-Thompson | 14 February 2015 | British Championships | Sheffield, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | Morgan Lake | 26 January 2019 | Miroslava Hubnerova Memorial | Hustopeče, Czech Republic | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 1.99 m | Morgan Lake | 4 February 2023 | Hustopečské skákání | Hustopeče, Czech Republic | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Pole vault | 4.87 m | Holly Bleasdale | 21 January 2012 | | Villeurbanne, France | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Long jump | 6.97 m | Lorraine Ugen | 5 March 2017 | European Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 7.00 m | Jazmin Sawyers | 5 March 2023 | European Championships | Istanbul, Turkey | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Triple jump | 15.16 m | Ashia Hansen | 28 February 1998 | European Championships | Valencia, Spain | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Shot put | 19.06 m | Venissa Head | 7 April 1984 | | St Athan, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Weight throw | 21.46 m | Amy Herrington | 27 February 2021 | Summit League Championships | Brookings, United States | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Discus throw | 58.97 m | Jade Nicholls | 10 March 2012 | World Indoor Throwing | Växjö, Sweden | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| Pentathlon | 5000 pts | Katarina Johnson-Thompson | 6 March 2015 | European Championships | Prague, Czech Republic | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3000 m walk | 12:44.99 | Bethan Davies | 28 February 2016 | | Sheffield, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 12:35.87 `{{AthAbbr|Mx}}`{=mediawiki} | Bethan Davies | 11 December 2016 | Christmas Classic | Cardiff, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 5000 m walk | 21:25.37 | Bethan Davies | 18 February 2018 | British Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 200 m relay | 1:33.96 | Paula Dunn\ | 23 February 1990 | Glasgow Indoor International GBR v GDR | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
| | | Jennifer Stoute\ | | | | | |
| | | Linda Keough\ | | | | | |
| | | Sally Gunnell | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 4 × 400 m relay | 3:27.56 | \ | 3 March 2013 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | | |
| | | Eilidh Doyle\ | | | | | |
| | | Shana Cox\ | | | | | |
| | | Christine Ohuruogu\ | | | | | |
| | | Perri Shakes-Drayton | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:26.40 | \ | 3 March 2024 | World Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
| | | Lina Nielsen\ | | | | | |
| | | Ama Pipi\ | | | | | |
| | | Hannah Kelly\ | | | | | |
| | | Jessie Knight | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:26.36 | \ | 3 March 2024 | World Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | | |
| | | Laviai Nielsen\ | | | | | |
| | | Lina Nielsen\ | | | | | |
| | | Ama Pipi\ | | | | | |
| | | Jessie Knight | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| | 3:24.89 | \ | 9 March 2025 | European Championships | Apeldoorn, Netherlands | | |
| | | Lina Nielsen\ | | | | | |
| | | Hannah Kelly\ | | | | | |
| | | Emily Newnham\ | | | | | |
| | | Amber Anning | | | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+------------------------------+---+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1,175 |
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# List of British records in athletics
## Indoor
### Mixed {#mixed_1}
+-----------------+---------+--------------------+--------------+------------------------+------------------------+---+
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place | |
+=================+=========+====================+==============+========================+========================+===+
| 4 × 400 m relay | 3:16.49 | \ | 6 March 2025 | European Championships | Apeldoorn, Netherlands | |
| | | Alastair Chalmers\ | | | | |
| | | Emily Newnham\ | | | | |
| | | Joshua Faulds\ | | | | |
| | | Lina Nielsen | | | | |
+-----------------+---------+--------------------+--------------+------------------------+------------------------+---+
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| 8 |
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# List of British records in athletics
## U20 (Junior) records {#u20_junior_records}
### Men outdoor {#men_outdoor}
Event Record Athlete Date Meet Place Age
--------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ----- --
100 m 10.05 `{{wind|+0.1}}`{=mediawiki} Adam Gemili 11 July 2012 World U20 Championships Barcelona, Spain
200 m 20.29 Christian Malcolm 16th Commonwealth Games Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
400 m 45.35 Martyn Rooney 18th Commonwealth Games Melbourne, Australia
600 m 1:16.30 Kyle Langford Sainsbury\'s Birmingham Grand Prix Birmingham, United Kingdom
800 m 1:44.14 Max Burgin 60th Zlatá Tretra, Golden Spike Ostrava, Czech Republic
1000 m 2:18.98 David Sharpe Birmingham, United Kingdom
1500 m 3:36.6h Graham Williamson Oslo, Norway
Mile 3:53.15 Graham Williamson Oslo, Norway
2000 m 5:06.56 Jon Richards Oslo, Norway
3000 m 7:48.28 Jon Richards Oslo, Norway
Two miles 8:35.4h Ian Stewart London, United Kingdom
5000 m 13:27.04 Steve Binns London, United Kingdom
10,000 m 29:21.9h Jon Brown Walnut, United States
10 km (road) 29:33 James Knockton Trafford 10K Partington, United Kingdom
Half marathon 1:06:07 Seyfu Jamaal Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
2000 m steeplechase 5:29.61 Colin Reitz 5th European Junior Championships Bydgoszcz, Poland
3000 m steeplechase 8:29.85 Paul Davies-Hale London, United Kingdom
110 m hurdles 13.44 Colin Jackson 1st IAAF World Junior Championships Athens, Greece
400 m hurdles 50.07 Alastair Chalmers Meeting International de Genève, Memorial Georges Caillat Geneva, Switzerland
50.00 Sam Lunt 30 August 2024 World U20 Championships Lima, Peru
High jump 2.37 m Steve Smith 20 September 1992 World Junior Championships Seoul, South Korea
Pole vault 5.60 m Adam Hague 88h Clyde Littlefield Texas Relays, Mike A. Myers Stadium Austin, United States
Long jump 8.14 m Greg Rutherford 18th European Junior Championships Kaunas, Lithuania
Triple jump 16.58 m Tosi Fasinro Espoo, Finland
Shot put 19.46 m Carl Myerscough Blackpool, United Kingdom
Discus throw 60.97 m Emeka Udechuku Bedford, United Kingdom
Hammer throw 73.24 m Jake Norris NCAA DI Outdoor Championships Eugene, United States
Javelin throw 79.50 m Steve Backley Derby, United Kingdom
Decathlon 8082 pts Daley Thompson European Cup Combined Events Semi Final Sittard, Netherlands
20 km walk (road) 1:29:48 Dominic King Dublin, Ireland
4 × 100 m relay 39.05 Great Britain 8th IAAF World Junior Championships Santiago, Chile
4 × 400 m relay 3:03.80 Great Britain 3rd IAAF World Junior Championships Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| 375 |
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# List of British records in athletics
## U20 (Junior) records {#u20_junior_records}
### Women outdoor {#women_outdoor}
Event Record Athlete Date Meet Place Age
--------------------- ------------------------------------ --------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ----- --
100 m 11.14 Dina Asher-Smith 21st Bauhaus Juniorengala, Michael-Hoffmann-Stadion Mannheim, Germany
200 m 22.42 Amy Hunt 26th Bauhaus Juniorengala Mannheim, Germany
400 m 51.16 Linsey MacDonald London, United Kingdom
600 m 1:31.23 Carolyn Plateau Norwich Union IAAF Super Grand Prix, Don Valley Stadium Sheffield, United Kingdom
800 m 1:55.88 Keely Hodgkinson 32nd Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan
1000 m 2:38.58 Jo White London, United Kingdom
1500 m 3:59.96 Zola Pieterse Brussels, Belgium
Mile run 4:17.57 Zola Pieterse Zürich, Switzerland
2000 m 5:48.87 Philippa Mason London, United Kingdom
3000 m 8:28.83 Zola Pieterse 5th Golden Gala, Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy
Two miles 9:29.6 `{{AthAbbr|h}}`{=mediawiki} Zola Pieterse London, United Kingdom
5000 m 14:48.07 Zola Pieterse London, United Kingdom
10,000 m 32:36.75 Charlotte Purdue BMC PB Classic Tipton, United Kingdom
10 km (road) 33:00 Natasha Phillips Babcock Shettleston 10K (Inc Scottish 10K Championships) Glasgow, United Kingdom
Half marathon 1:11:20 Natasha Phillips Antrim Coast Half Marathon Larne, United Kingdom
Marathon 2:42:30 Katelyn Ridgway Virgin Money London Marathon London, United Kingdom
2000 m steeplechase 6:32.45 Louise Webb 5th World Youth Championships Ostrava, Czech Republic
3000 m steeplechase 10:06.12 Emily Pidgeon National Junior Championships Bedford, United Kingdom
100 m hurdles 13.07 Alicia Barrett England Athletics U20 / U23 Championships Bedford, United Kingdom
400 m hurdles 56.16 Shona Richards 15th IAAF World Junior Championships Eugene, United States
High jump 1.94 m Morgan Lake 15th World Junior Championships Eugene, United States
Pole vault 4.53 m Molly Caudery Bauhaus Juniorgala Mannheim, Germany
Long jump 6.90 m Beverly Kinch 1st World Championships Helsinki, Finland
Triple jump 13.75 m Laura Samuel 13th IAAF World Junior Championships Moncton, Canada
Shot put 17.128 m Sophie McKinna Hallesche HALPLUS Werfertage, Sportzentrum Brandberge Halle, Germany
Discus throw 55.99 m Zara Obamakinwa UK Athletics Championships Manchester, United Kingdom
Hammer throw 66.01 m Sophie Hitchon 13th IAAF World Junior Championships Moncton, Canada
Javelin throw 55.40 m Goldie Sayers 16th European Junior Championships Grosseto, Italy
Heptathlon 6267 pts Katarina Johnson-Thompson 30th Olympic Games London, United Kingdom
20 km walk 1:43:26 Emma Achurch Hillingdon, United Kingdom
4 × 100 m relay 43.78 Great Britain World Athletics U20 Championships Cali, Colombia
4 × 400 m relay 3:30.46 Great Britain Kingston, Jamaica
### Men indoor {#men_indoor}
Event Record Athlete Date Meet Place Country Age
-------------- ---------- --------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- --------- ----- --
60 m 6.51 Mark Lewis-Francis 8th IAAF World Indoor Championships Lisbon
200 m 20.78 Tim Benjamin Birmingham
400 m 46.16 Edward Faulds Müller Indoor Grand Prix Birmingham
600 m 1:18.29 Karl Johnson Penn State National Open State College
800 m 1:48.53 David Sharpe Cosford
1000 m 2:20.36 David Sharpe Cosford
1500 m 3:41.44 Thomas Keen Indoor Track & Field Vienna Vienna
Mile run 4:02.34 Robbie Farnham-Rose Southeastern Conference Indoor Championships, Randal Tyson Track Complex Fayetteville
3000 m 7:54.41 Osian Perrin Boxx United Manchester World Indoor Tour Manchester
5000 m 13:57.38 Joseph O\'Brien ACC Indoor Track & Field Championships Louisville
60 m hurdles 7.68 Jon Ridgeon 16th European Athletics Indoor Championships Piraeus
High jump 2.27 Steve Smith Wuppertal
Pole vault 5.55 Adam Hague Indoor Track & Field Vienna, Dusika Stadion Vienna
Long jump 7.66 Dominic Ogbechie Welsh Athletics Indoor International, National Indoor Athletics Centre Cardiff
Triple jump 16.12 Tosin Oke Nogent-sur-Oise
Shot put 18.31 Carl Myerscough Birmingham
Weight throw 21.43 Ruben Banks Embry-Riddle Indoor-Outdoor Challenge Daytona Beach
Heptathlon 5392 David Hall International Indoor Match Combined Events, Spain v France v Great Britain Sheffield
3000 m walk 11:39.75 Cameron Corbishley Cardiff Met GP1: Christmas Classic Cardiff
### Women indoor {#women_indoor}
Event Record Athlete Date Meet Place Age
----------------- ---------- --------------------------- ------ --------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----- --
60 m 7.19 Bev Kinch 14th European Athletics Indoor Championships Budapest, Hungary
200 m 23.15 Dina Asher-Smith England Athletics U15 / U17 / U20 Championships Sheffield, United Kingdom
400 m 53.00 Amber Anning National Indoor Championships, National Indoor Arena Birmingham, United Kingdom
600 m 1:31.66 Hannah Taylor BMC / Glasgow AA Metric Miler Meeting, Scottish 3000m Championships Glasgow, United Kingdom
800 m 1:59.03 Keely Hodgkinson Indoor Track & Field Vienna Vienna, Austria
1000 m 2:49.90 Rebecca Craigie Hokie Invitational, Rector FH Blacksburg, United States
1500 m 4:11.20 Zola Pieterse Cosford, United Kingdom
Mile run 4:40.55 Georgie Peel Razorback Invitational, Randal Tyson Track Complex Fayetteville, United States
3000 m 8:56.13 Zola Pieterse Cosford, United Kingdom
5000 m 17:07.61 Emily Thompson BU David Hemery Valentine Invitational Boston, United States
60 m hurdles 8.19 Alicia Barrett England Athletics U15 / U17 / U20 Indoor Championships Sheffield, United Kingdom
High jump 1.94 m Morgan Lake Sainsbury\'s Indoor British Championships, EIS Sheffield, United Kingdom
Pole vault 4.52 m Katie Byres Finale du Perche Elite Tour Nevers, France
Long jump 6.39 m Katarina Johnson-Thompson McCain City Challenge Sheffield, United Kingdom
Triple jump 12.99 m Naomi Metzger Elán Miting Bratislava, Slovakia
Shot put 16.41 m Divine Oladipo The American Championships Birmingham, United States
Pentathlon 4527 pts Morgan Lake 33rd European Athletics Indoor Championships Prague, Czech Republic
3000 m walk 13:29.19 Emma Achurch Sainsbury\'s Indoor British Championships Sheffield, United Kingdom
4 × 400 m relay 3:44
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# Alexandre Pires
**Alexandre Pires do Nascimento** (born January 8, 1976) is a Brazilian singer-songwriter. Pires was previously the singer of group Só Pra Contrariar which he joined in the late 1980s.
## Career
Pires began his career playing a new and more appellative style of samba that is known as Pagode and more romantic too that used to be known as Samba-canção and now is known as Samba Romântico. After his rhythm and melody started to become a little more romantic. He crossed the vertent known as \"Pagode Romântico\" and then he jumped to Samba-canção his favourite style. The Sambas-canção most famous are \"Depois do Prazer\" and \"Tudo tem A ver\" with a lot of influences of Brazilian Country Music (\"Sertaneja\"). The pagodes that are the most famous are \"Quando é Amor\", \"A barata\" and \"Mineirinho\" produced with the group Só Pra Contrariar. At that time, he received also a lot the influences of Cauby Peixoto, Ângela Maria and Agnaldo Rayol, mainly because his father was one of the best friends of Cauby Peixoto, according to a conversation with Pires at TV also edited at the internet. When he finished his last album with the group he produced also Romantic pop and Latin music.
After several albums in Portuguese, the band released a very successful album in 1999 titled *Juegos de Amor*. The album included the hit song \"Santo Santo\" featuring Gloria Estefan.
In 1998, Pires co-starred in the critically panned film *Cinderela Baiana*, alongside his then-girlfriend, Carla Perez.
On July 3, 2001, Pires released his first solo album to much success. He has continued to release albums both in Portuguese and in Spanish achieving several hits in Latin charts.
In 2007, he released a tribute album to Spanish singer Julio Iglesias. That 2007, he met and had a duet on the song titled \"Junto A Ti\" with Kika Edgar from the telenovela Bajo las Riendas del Amor.
## Non-original music {#non_original_music}
- *Estrela Cadente* (Falling Star) -- Created after A-ha\'s *Hunting High And Low*.
- *Minha Fantasia* (My Fantasy) -- Created after Lenny Kravitz\'s *It Ain\'t Over \'til It\'s Over*.
- *Eva Meu Amor* (Eva My Love) -- Created after Paul Young\'s *Everytime You Go Away*.
- *Um Mundo Ideal* (An Ideal World) -- Created after Brad Kane & Lea Salonga\'s *A Whole New World*.
- *A Musa das Minhas Canções* (The Diva of My Songs) -- Created after Toni Braxton\'s *Spanish Guitar*.
## Discography
Studio albums
- *Alexandre Pires* (2001)
- *Minha Vida, Minha Música* (2002)
- *Estrella Guía* (2003)
- *Alma Brasileira* (2004)
- *Alto-Falante* (2004)
- *Meu Samba* (2005)
- *A Un Idolo* (2007)
- *Mais Além* (2010)
- *Pecado Original* (2015)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *Em Casa -- Ao Vivo* (2008)
- *Mais Além -- Ao Vivo* (2010)
- *Eletrosamba* (2012)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Awards Category Recipient Outcome Ref
| 479 |
Alexandre Pires
| 0 |
11,070,740 |
# Anemone hepatica
***Anemone hepatica*** (syn. *Hepatica nobilis*), the **common hepatica**, **liverwort**, **liverleaf**, **kidneywort**, or **pennywort**, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.
## Description
*Anemone hepatica* grows 5 - high. Leaves and flowers emerge directly from the rhizome, not from a stem above ground.
The leaves have three lobes and are fleshy and hairless, 7 - wide and 5 - long. The upper side is dark green with whitish stripes and the lower side is violet or reddish brown. Leaves emerge during or after flowering and remain green through winter.
The flowers are blue, purple, pink, or white and appear in winter or spring. They have five to ten oval showy sepals and three green bracts.
## Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus *Anemone* and its species is not fully resolved, but phylogenetic studies of many species of *Anemone* and related genera indicate that species of the genus *Hepatica* should be included under *Anemone* because of similarities both in molecular attributes and other shared morphologies. The circumscription of the taxon is also debated, some authors listing the North American var. *acuta* and var. *obtusa*, while other list them as the separate species *A. acutiloba* and *A. americana*, respectively.
### Varieties
Varieties of *Anemone hepatica* that are sometimes recognized include:
- *Anemone hepatica* var. *japonica*, a synonym of *Hepatica nobilis* var. *japonica* `{{small|Nakai}}`{=mediawiki}, is native to the Russian Far East, China, Korea, and Japan`{{r|POWO:77132909-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Anemone hepatica* var. *acuta*, a synonym of *Hepatica acutiloba* `{{small|DC.}}`{=mediawiki}, is native to eastern North America`{{r|POWO:711388-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Anemone hepatica* var. *obtusa*, a synonym of *Hepatica americana* `{{small|(DC.) Ker Gawl.}}`{=mediawiki}, is native to eastern North America`{{r|POWO:711389-1}}`{=mediawiki}
Asian liverleaf.jpg\|*Anemone hepatica* var. *japonica*
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
It is found in woods, thickets and meadows, especially in the mountains of continental Europe, North America and Japan.
## Ecology
Hepatica flowers produce pollen but no nectar. In North America, the flowers first attract *Lasioglossum* sweat bees and small carpenter bees looking in vain for nectar. Then when the stamens begin to release pollen, the bees return to collect and feed on pollen. Mining bees sometimes visit the flowers, but prefer flowers that produce both nectar and pollen.`{{Dubious|Dubious ecological facts|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
## Toxicity
Like other Ranunculaceae, fresh liverwort contains protoanemonin and is therefore slightly toxic. By drying the herb, protoanemonin is dimerized to the non-toxic anemonin.
## Uses
Medieval herbalists believed it could be used to treat liver diseases, and may be used in current folk medicine.
Under the name *Hepatica nobilis*, which is regarded as a synonym, this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society\'s Award of Garden Merit.
## Culture
It is the official flower of the Sweden Democrats political party in Swedish politics.
## Gallery
<File:Ranuncolaceae> - Anemone hepatica-2.JPG <File:Anemone> hepatica in the Horsan nature reserve.jpg <File:Ranuncolaceae> - Anemone hepatica.JPG <File:Sinilill>, makro.jpg <File:Hepatica> nobilis Kelchblätter W.jpg <File:Hepatica> nobilis kz1
| 494 |
Anemone hepatica
| 0 |
11,070,759 |
# Manchal Village
**Manchala** is a village & Mandal in Ranga Reddy district of Telangana state, India. It is located nearly 45km towards South-East from MGBS bust station .it comes under Ibrahimpatnam revenue division.
In the 2011 census, 4,507 people were recorded as living in Manchal, in 1,060 houses. 2,142 of those people were male, and 2,365 female. The literacy rate was 64.24%. A total of 1,101 belonged to Scheduled Castes and 240 to Scheduled Tribes
| 76 |
Manchal Village
| 0 |
11,070,766 |
# Air Force Department Constabulary
The **Air Force Department Constabulary** (formerly the **Air Ministry Constabulary**) was a police force in the United Kingdom, responsible for policing the airfields and aerodromes under the control of the Air Ministry, later the Air Force Department.
Policing at Air Ministry establishments was originally provided by the Metropolitan Police and local county constabularies. For a while, as an economy measure, some establishments were manned by warders who had no police powers but the Home Office forces remained at stores depots, where warders were considered to be inadequate, until about 1925. The passing of the Special Constables Act 1923 enabled these warders to be sworn as special constables under section 3 of the Act, and the regular police were then gradually withdrawn and replaced by warders or, as they were later styled, Air Ministry Constables.
Originally the warders and later constabulary departments were under direct control of the commanding officer of the unit at which they served. In 1942 a superintendent was appointed to RAF Maintenance Command, which was the main user of the constabulary, to advise on police matters. Later in the same year, the superintendent was moved to the Air Ministry and the beginnings were made to centralise control.
During World War II, the constabulary increased to a peak strength of 3,530 men. In 1946, F. J. May OBE was appointed as the first Chief Constable, and Squadron Leader D. F. Grierson MBE was appointed as Deputy Chief Constable.
In 1948, responsibility for civilian airports was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, and a new police force, the Ministry of Civil Aviation Constabulary was formed, leaving the Air Ministry Constabulary with responsibility for military airfields only. Reductions in the RAF, the relinquishing of control over civil airports and the introduction of more economical methods of policing saw the size of the force decrease to some 1155 men.
In 1964 the force was renamed the Air Force Department Constabulary. The Ministry of Defence Police absorbed the AFDC in 1971, along with the Army Department Constabulary and the Admiralty Constabulary
| 345 |
Air Force Department Constabulary
| 0 |
11,070,785 |
# Igor Zugic
**Igor Zugic** (born 23 December 1981) is a Canadian chess player who holds the FIDE title of International Master. He was the 2006 Canadian Champion and is an engineer by profession.
Zugic was born in Sarajevo and emigrated to Canada with his family at age 12, settling in Toronto. His first important Canadian chess results came in 1996 when he won both the Canadian Championship for Grade 9 and the Canadian Under 18 Championship. He was of National Master strength by this time, at age 15. He represented Canada at the World Youth Chess Championships, Boys\' Under 18 Group, in both 1996 and 1998.
## International Master {#international_master}
Zugic won the Canadian Grade 12 Championship in 1999 and earned his International Master title in 2000, and made a Grandmaster norm at New York City the same year. He studied computer engineering at the University of Toronto, graduating in 2004, and represented the school in the Pan American Intercollegiate Team Chess Championship.
Zugic tied for third place in the Closed Zonal Canadian Chess Championship at Toronto 2004, with 6.5/9, behind Pascal Charbonneau and Eric Lawson. Zugic won the Guelph International 2005, making his second Grandmaster norm. He represented Canada at the American Continental Chess Championship at Buenos Aires 2005.
## Olympian and Canadian Champion {#olympian_and_canadian_champion}
Zugic was first selected for the Canadian Chess Olympiad team in 2000, and has made the team twice more since. Here are his results playing in this championship:
- 2000: 34th Chess Olympiad Istanbul, board 3, 5/9, +3 =4 -2;
- 2004: 36th Chess Olympiad Calvià, board 4, 4/10, +2 =4 -4;
- 2006: 37th Chess Olympiad Turin, board 3, 5/9, +3 =4 -2;
- 2008: 38th Chess Olympiad Dresden board 3, 7/10, +5=4-1.
- His combined results for Canada are: +13 =16 -9, for 55 per cent.
Zugic won the Closed Zonal Canadian Chess Championship at Toronto 2006 with 7/9, and represented Canada in the 2007 Chess World Cup, losing his first-round match to Michael Adams by 0.5-1.5. His Canadian rating as of May 2007 was 2553, and his International FIDE rating is 2481. The site chessgames.com has 106 of his games, the site chessbase.com has 342 of his games, and the site mychess.com has 320 of his games; many of these games would be duplicated between sites.
## Notable chess games {#notable_chess_games}
- \[<http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1401566>, Georgi Kacheishvili vs Igor Zugic, Istanbul Olympiad 2000, King\'s Indian Attack (A07), 0-1\] Very solid positional performance against a strong Grandmaster.
- \[<http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1201327>, Igor Zugic vs Irina Krush, New York Smartchess.com International 2001, English Opening (A21), 1-0\] Convincing win over one of the world\'s top women players.
- \[<http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1289110>, Igor Zugic vs Ljubomir Ftacnik, Montreal International 2002, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D85), 1-0\] It\'s the youngster against the veteran, and this time the young gun triumphs.
- \[<http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1311966>, Igor Zugic vs Dmitry Tyomkin, Canadian Zonal Championship, Toronto 2004, English Opening (A15), 1-0\] Theory gets left behind early as both sides play to win in this sharp encounter.
- \[<http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1314614>, Hrvoje Stevic vs Igor Zugic, Calvia Olympiad 2004, Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation (B22), 0-1\] Another 2500+ player has to topple his King
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# Maximum entropy spectral estimation
**Maximum entropy spectral estimation** is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function agrees with the known values. This assumption, which corresponds to the concept of maximum entropy as used in both statistical mechanics and information theory, is maximally non-committal with regard to the unknown values of the autocorrelation function of the time series. It is simply the application of maximum entropy modeling to any type of spectrum and is used in all fields where data is presented in spectral form. The usefulness of the technique varies based on the source of the spectral data since it is dependent on the amount of assumed knowledge about the spectrum that can be applied to the model.
In maximum entropy modeling, probability distributions are created on the basis of that which is known, leading to a type of statistical inference about the missing information which is called the maximum entropy estimate. For example, in spectral analysis the expected peak shape is often known, but in a noisy spectrum the center of the peak may not be clear. In such a case, inputting the known information allows the maximum entropy model to derive a better estimate of the center of the peak, thus improving spectral accuracy.
## Method description {#method_description}
In the periodogram approach to calculating the power spectra, the sample autocorrelation function is multiplied by some window function and then Fourier transformed. The window is applied to provide statistical stability as well as to avoid leakage from other parts of the spectrum. However, the window limits the spectral resolution.
The maximum entropy method attempts to improve the spectral resolution by extrapolating the correlation function beyond the maximum lag, in such a way that the entropy of the corresponding probability density function is maximized in each step of the extrapolation.
The maximum entropy rate stochastic process that satisfies the given empirical autocorrelation and variance constraints is an autoregressive model with independent and identically distributed zero-mean Gaussian input.
Therefore, the maximum entropy method is equivalent to least-squares fitting the available time series data to an autoregressive model
$X_t = \sum_{k=1}^M \alpha_k X_{t-k} + \varepsilon_k$
where the $\varepsilon_k$ are independent and identically distributed as $N(0, \sigma^2)$. The unknown coefficients $\alpha_k$ are found using the least-square method. Once the autoregressive coefficients have been determined, the spectrum of the time series data is estimated by evaluating the power spectral density function of the fitted autoregressive model
$\hat{S}(\omega) = \frac{\sigma^2 T_s}{\left| 1 + \sum_{k=1}^M \alpha_k e^{- i k \omega T_s} \right|^2},$
where $T_s$ is the sampling period and $i = \sqrt{-1}$ is the imaginary unit
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# Polygonum aviculare
***Polygonum aviculare*** or **common knotgrass** is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called **prostrate knotweed**, **birdweed**, **pigweed** and **lowgrass**. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October. It is widespread across many countries in temperate regions, apparently native to Eurasia, naturalized in temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere.
## Description
Common knotgrass is an annual, low-prostrate herb with semi-erect, branching stems, which forms patches up to about 2 m across as it matures. It has alternate linear-lanceolate leaves which are longer (7-15 mm) on the main stems than on the branches (3-5 mm). The whole plant is hairless and green, although it may appear mealy due to a powdery mildew, which can give the leaves a whitish appearance. The leaves fall early, especially on the main stem. The leaf stalks (petioles) are up to 5 mm long or sometimes absent. Above each leaf there is an ochrea, which is a translucent papery stipule that surrounds the stem.
The inflorescences occur in the leaf axils and consist of a group of 1-6 flowers, each on a very short (1 mm) stalk (pedicel). The flowers are green with white or pink margins, ranging in size from 2 to 4.5 mm. Each flower has five overlapping perianth segments, fused into a cup for about a third of their length, with 8 stamens and 3 carpels.
The fruit is a dark brown nut 1.5 - 3.5 mm long with 3 concave sides and a dull, leathery sheen. When ripe it is enclosed in the perianth. The seeds need light to germinate which is why this plant appears in disturbed soil in locations where its seeds may have lain dormant for years.
## Taxonomy
The name \"Polygonum\" comes from the Ancient Greek for \"many knees\", in reference to the prominent joints (nodes) along the stem. The specific epithet \"aviculare\" means \"little bird\", possibly because the fruits resemble a bird\'s beak or an egg. Common names include birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass.
*Polygonum aviculare* has a wide distribution as an arable weed and plant of fields, shingle, sand, roadsides, yards and waste places. There is much morphological variation among different populations and several different sub-species are recognized:
- *Polygonum aviculare*subsp*. aviculare* -- very widespread
- *Polygonum aviculare* subsp. *boreale* (Lange) Karlsson -- Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Scandinavia
- *Polygonum aviculare* subsp. *buxiforme* (Small) Costea & Tardif -- North America
- *Polygonum aviculare* subsp. *depressum* (Meisn.) Arcang. -- Europe, North America
- *Polygonum aviculare* var. *fusco-ochreatum* (Kom.) A.J.Li -- northeastern China, Russian Far East
- *Polygonum aviculare* subsp. *neglectum* (Besser) Arcangeli -- Europe, North America
- *Polygonum aviculare*subsp*. rurivagum* (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher -- Europe, North America
## Distribution
Widespread and common in Great Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia.
## Habitat
It is common on roadsides and arable ground in the British Isles.
## Ecology
The ecological requirements of this species are fairly modest. Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 7, F = 5, R = 6, N = 7, and S = 0, which shows that it prefers average light, moisture and fertility, neutral pH and non-saline conditions. However, it can be found on beaches so it must be tolerant of occasional immersion in seawater. Many species of insects feed on knotgrass, including the eponymous Knot Grass moth, *Acronicta rumicis*, whose larvae are phytophagous on the leaves. The UK\'s [Database of Insects and their Food Plants](https://dbif.brc.ac.uk/homepage.aspx) lists 113 species which are known to feed on this plant in Britain, of which 10 are beetles, 2 are flies, 8 are Hemiptera (bugs and aphids), and the remaining 93 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).
## Chemistry
*Polygonum aviculare* contains the flavonols avicularin, myricitrin and juglanin. The flavanoids astragalin and betmidin, and the lignan aviculin have also been found. The diterpene alkaloid panicudine is another known component.
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# Polygonum aviculare
## Fossil record {#fossil_record}
One fossil fruit of *Polygonum aviculare* has been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.
## Cuisine
It formed a traditional ingredient in porridge consumed by Germanic peoples of western Europe, and has been found in numerous autopsies of peat bodies, including the Tollund Man.
In Vietnam, where it is called *rau đắng*, it is widely used to prepare soup and hot pot, particularly in the southern region.
## In culture {#in_culture}
In the Harry Potter novels, knotgrass is an ingredient in the magic potion polyjuice
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# Roberto Tucci
**Roberto Tucci**, SJ (19 April 1921 -- 14 April 2015) was an Italian Catholic theologian, journalist, and Jesuit priest. He played an important role at the Second Vatican Council and organized foreign trips taken by Pope John Paul II. He was made a cardinal in 2001, and continued to prefer being addressed as \"***Padre Tucci***\".
## Biography
Roberto Tucci was born in Naples, Italy, on 19 April 1921 to Mario Tucci, an Italian, and Eugenia Watt Lega, an Englishwoman and an Anglican. He received his baptism in the Anglican Church and, at the age of 13, was baptized conditionally in Catholic Church on 22 March 1934. He entered the Jesuit novitiate at the age of 15, on 1 October 1936. He earned a licentiate in sacred theology from the Pontifical University of Louvain, where the issues that would be the subject of the Second Vatican Council were already being discussed. He earned a doctorate in sacred theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.
He was ordained a priest on 24 August 1950. He taught at the San Luigi Papal Theological Seminary of Southern Italy in Naples for two years. He founded the journal *Digest religioso* (later renamed *Rassegna di Teologia*).
He was a member of the preparatory commission on lay apostolate of the Second Vatican Council. He participated in the Council as a peritus (theological expert) and contributed to the drafting of two of the Council\'s key documents, *Ad gentes* and *Gaudium et spes* (both 1965). Vatican Radio described his work on the final edition of the Council\'s pastoral constitution *Gaudium et spes* as \"invaluable\". During the Council\'s second, third, and fourth sessions, he was one of a trio of Italian clerics who held daily press briefings. At the Council he became friends with Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, the future Pope John Paul II. Following the Council he was active in promoting its documents and was especially devoted to ecumenism, publishing widely reprinted essays. He was the first Catholic priest to be invited to give a talk at the General Assembly of the World Council of Churches, in Uppsala, Sweden, in July 1968.
He was a consultor to the Pontifical Council for Social Communications from 1965 until 1989. There he helped draft *Communio et Progressio* (1971), which outlined the Church\'s relationship with the communications media.
He was vice-president of the Italian Catholic Union of the Press from 1961 to 1982. He served as secretary general of the Italian province of the Jesuits from 1967 to 1969 and as an advisor to the Jesuit superior general, Father Pedro Arrupe from 1970 to 1975.
He joined the staff of the Jesuit periodical *La Civiltà Cattolica* in 1956 and was its editor from 1959 to 1973, where he worked to make the content more varied and international, less polemical and more journalistic. He cultivated young Jesuits who went on to distinguished careers, including Bartolomeo Sorge, Giovanni Caprile, Giovanni Rulli, Giuseppe De Rosa, and Carlo Maria Martini, later cardinal archbishop of Milan. He was the director general of Vatican Radio from 1973 to 1985 and chaired its administrative committee from 1986 to 2001. He was responsible for press relations surrounding the release of the encyclical *Redemptor Hominis* in 1979.
He was a member of the board of directors of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., from 1977 to 1983.
From 1982 to 2001 Tucci was responsible for scheduling and participating in 77 of the 79 trips Pope John Paul II made outside Italy. One study of the Vatican during these years offers this portrait of Tucci: `{{Blockquote|Tucci, a gregarious prelate in charge of organizing these trips, was a favorite of Vatican journalists. A big man with an oversized head, he looked like a country farmer.... No one would have guessed he was a Jesuit. He had a down-to-earth style of talking and a bluntness that had occasionally gotten him in trouble with the Vatican's diplomats. He seemed to lack the discretion that made most Vatican diplomats such bad interviews.}}`{=mediawiki}
He was made cardinal deacon of Sant\'Ignazio di Loyola a Campo Marzio in the consistory of 21 February 2001. The pope granted him a dispensation from the rule that all cardinals be ordained bishops. For two months, until his 80th birthday, he was eligible to participate in a papal conclave though not a bishop.
On 21 February 2011, he opted for the order of cardinal priest, and his diaconal church was elevated to the rank of titular church.
In 2012, his early diaries were published as *Giovanni XXIII e la preparazione del Concilio Vaticano II nei diari ineditii del direttore della «Civiltà cattolica» padre Roberto Tucci* (*John XXIII and the preparation of the Second Vatican Council, the unpublished diaries of the director of \"Civiltà Cattolica\" Father Roberto Tucci*). His account of editorial battles between different generations of Jesuits at his magazine mirrors that of the Council fathers.
Beginning in 2013, Tucci\'s health declined for several years and he died in a Rome clinic on 14 April 2015 at the age of 93. He was entombed in the Jesuit chapel in Rome\'s Campo Verano Cemetery.
The French government awarded him the Légion d\'honneur in 1976 and he was named Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres in 2009. He was awarded an honorary doctor of law degree by the University of Notre Dame in 1966
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# Admiralty Constabulary
The **Admiralty Constabulary** was a police force in the United Kingdom formed under the Special Constables Act 1923. It was formed on 1 October 1949 by merging the Royal Marine Police and the Royal Marine Police Special Reserve (both policing dockyards since 1923) and the Admiralty Civil Police (previously policing naval hospitals). That Admiralty Constabulary was in turn amalgamated with the Army Department Constabulary and the Air Force Department Constabulary in 1971 to form the Ministry of Defence Police.
## Precursors
The constabulary can trace its history back to 1686 when the Royal Navy needed an organisation to prevent dockyard crime. So the Secretary to the Admiralty -- Samuel Pepys, the diarist -- formed a force of \'porters, rounders, warders and watchmen\' to guard the naval yards. Porters identified and escorted visitors, rounders patrolled the yard, warders were responsible for the keys and backed up the porters at the gates, and the part-time watchmen guarded buildings and areas by night.
In 1834 this force became the first dockyard police, with full police powers within the dockyards, and acting as policemen over offences committed by employees and naval personnel within a radius of five miles of the yard. Rewards for obtaining convictions quickly led to corruption, so the force was \'cleaned up\' and then abolished. In 1860 dockyard divisions of the Metropolitan Police took over and senior naval officers became magistrates. From 1923 onwards the Metropolitan Police presence began to be replaced by Royal Marines appointed as special constables under the Special Constables Act 1923. No. 3 (Devonport) Division was the last of these six divisions to be pulled out, leaving in 1934, the year which also saw the formal formation of the Royal Marine Police
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# World Pilot Gig Championships
The **World Pilot Gig Championships** are an annual gig racing event held on the Isles of Scilly, United Kingdom during the May Day bank holiday weekend.
The World Championships were first held in 1990, only attracting a few crews from Cornwall, but over the years the amount of pilot gigs attending has increased with crews coming from all over the South of England, the Netherlands, Ireland, France and beyond.
## Races
There are multiple races that take place over the weekend, of varying distance, all starting on the Friday night. The women\'s and men\'s Veterans (40+) and Super Veterans (50+) races take place on Friday evening, while the four Open races take place on Saturday and Sunday. Traditionally a sailing race is held on the Monday along with an Isles of Scilly vs Mainland rugby union match.
**St Agnes**
The longest race is from the island of St. Agnes down to the finish line just off the quay of St. Mary\'s (approx 1.6 nautical miles). Both Veterans and Super Veterans races follow this course to decide the winner of the trophy for these categories.
On the Saturday the women and men race separately, with a full line up of gigs. In 2019 163 gigs were on the women\'s start line with 160 crews competing in the men\'s race. The finishing positions from the St. Agnes course determine the seedings for the subsequent heats.
**Nut Rock**
Each gig is seeded based on the St. Agnes race and the heats are split into groups of 12 for the race from Nut Rock back to St. Mary\'s (approx 1.1 nautical miles). Two heats are held - one on Saturday and one of Sunday morning - with the top two gigs in each group being promoted and the bottom two relegated.
The finals for both the women and men take place on the Sunday afternoon, again racing the same Nut Rock course. Each group then has a winner and the outcome of group A decides who is the overall champions
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# Tivoli Theatre (Chicago)
The **Tivoli Theatre** was a movie palace at 6323 South Cottage Grove Avenue, at East 63rd Street, in the Woodlawn neighborhood of Chicago\'s South Side. It was the first of the \"big three\" movie palaces built by the Balaban & Katz theatre chain run by brothers A. J. Balaban, Barney Balaban and their partner Sam Katz, who were also owners of the Rivera Theater (North Side) and the Central Park Theater (West Side), that opened on 16 February 1921.
## History
The building itself, a French Baroque styled structure, was designed by architects Cornelius Ward Rapp and George W. Leslie Rapp doing business under the auspices of Rapp and Rapp. The building had an intricate design complete with gold leaf and multicolored marble decor. It was outlined with paintings and ornate sculptures. The theater was two stories high with a painted ceiling in the lobby that was meant to resemble the chapel of the palace at Versailles. The theater held 3,520 patrons around one screen, had air conditioning, and the most up-to-date projection system.
The opening was a gala affair, complete with music from a 55 piece orchestra. The theater cost \$2,000,000 to construct; its lobby was two stories high and was able to hold 3,000 people. About 1924-1925 Milton Charles was the resident organist who recorded for Marsh Laboratories on the Autograph label using the new electric recording system of Orlando R. Marsh with microphones, compared to the more common acoustic method using horns. Charles succeeded Jesse Crawford as a Marsh artist after Crawford went to New York to play at the Paramount Theater and eventually record with Victor Talking Machine Company. The theater, which stood just south of the southeast corner of 63rd Street and Cottage Grove Avenue, closed in 1963 and was demolished shortly thereafter
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# Army Department Constabulary
The **Army Department Constabulary** was a security police force in the United Kingdom formed as a result of the Special Constables Act 1923. Originally, the Army used serving soldiers to guard its establishments and the only call for police was at places like the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. A War Department Constabulary was formed in 1925 to replace the Metropolitan Police at the Arsenal.
It was renamed the Army Department Constabulary in 1964 when the War Office was replaced by the Army Department of the Ministry of Defence. In 1971 the Ministry of Defence Police absorbed the ADC along with the Air Force Department Constabulary and the Admiralty Constabulary
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# Double (singer)
**Double** is the stage name for Japanese R&B singer `{{nihongo|'''Takako Hirasawa'''|平澤貴子|Hirasawa Takako}}`{=mediawiki} (born March 14, 1975). Double used to be the name for the two member R&B group consisting of Takako and her sister Sachiko (1973 - 1999). After the death of Sachiko, Takako started her solo career adopting Double as her stage name. Double has been titled as the \"Queen of R&B\" and is considered to be a pioneer for being the first artist to bring American-style R&B to Japan.
## History
### Early life and musical interest {#early_life_and_musical_interest}
Takako Hirasawa was born in Niigata, Japan. After her older sister Sachiko came back from a trip to America, she introduced Takako to R&B. Inspired by the 1992 video to Real Love, the two sisters decided to enter the music business as R&B artists. The duo began by performing at the US Yokota Air Base in Fussa, Tokyo.
### Music career {#music_career}
On February 4, 1998, Double made their debut as a duo. They released the single, \"For Me\", which debuted on the Oricon chart at #89. They released three more singles, \"Desire\", \"Bed\" (both 1998) and \"Shake\" (1999). \"Shake\" was the duo\'s highest charting single, peaking at #21.
Before the release of their debut album *Crystal*, Sachiko died suddenly from a brain hemorrhage in May 1999. In June, *Crystal* was released and made its debut at #2. One of the first major successes for modern R&B in Japan it is considered a major influence paving the way for later acts such as Crystal Kay, Ai and a re-styled Namie Amuro.
After the death of her sister, Double went on a hiatus and returned to the music industry in June 2000. Retaining the stage name, Double released her first solo single, \"U\", which came in at #29 and had a video produced by Brian Alexander Morgan (Usher, Mariah Carey). She released one more single, \"Angel\", before releasing her eponymous debut solo album, *Double*, which peaked #13. Double later released an English version of the album, *Double (Eng Ver.)*, which debuted at #30.
In 2004 Double completed a personal ambition to record a Jazz album, titled \"Life is Beautiful\" in which she teamed up with leading Japanese producers m-flo.
In 2007 for her album \"Reflex\", Double teamed up with US Hip-Hop trio De La Soul for \"Say I Gotta Believe,\" and with American rapper Ak\'Sent for \"We International.\"
Throughout her career Double has shown a strong sexuality through her image, cover art and videos, something not usually associated with Japanese artists. She has put this down to her influence from Madonna and has stated that she feels natural to present herself as sexy even if music buyers feel shy to pick up her CDs.
Double has also made a point to avoid appearing on TV shows and remain out of the limelight, performing live only sporadically. She has confessed to being nervous about performing live due to being a perfectionist that can\'t undo things on stage, thus preferring the studio.
To commemorate her tenth anniversary, Double released her first greatest hits album, *10 Years Best We R&B*, which debuted at #2. Double also released her first collaboration album, *The Best Collaborations*, which like her previous album debuted at #2, selling 63,413 in its first week. The album featured a new song, \"Black Diamond\", with the \"Queen of Hip-Pop\" Namie Amuro and the two performed the track at the finale of Double\'s 2008 live tour at Tokyo\'s Studio Coast, whilst also appearing together at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards Japan.
In 2024, the track \"Strange Things\" from her 2002 album \"Vision\" has gone viral on social media, gaining attention in western countries like the USA, Canada, and Brazil.
## Trivia
Double originally thought her career would be in the beauty industry as a makeup artist or hairdresser, if she did not pursue a career as a singer
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# Pénjamo
**Pénjamo** (*Penlamu* or **Penxamo** \'place of ahuehuetes or sabinos\'; Cradle of Hidalgo) is the seat of Pénjamo municipality, one of 46 municipalities of Guanajuato, Mexico. It was cofounded in 1549 by Guamares, Purépechas, and Otomis prior to the outbreak of the Chichimeca war.
The city is located to the southwest of the condition, and accounts for a total of 164,261.27 hectares of land that corresponds to 5.20% of the state total. It borders the municipalities of Abasolo, Cuerámaro, and Manuel Doblado de Guanajuato and the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. According to the 2000 Census, the total population of the municipality was 144,426; however, in the last census, conducted in 2010, the total population of the city was near 41,000, the majority of which devotes themselves to the services, trade, tourist services. The motto of the city is \" M. Hidalgo Cradle\", because in 1753, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the Father of the Mexican Motherland, was born in the Hacienda of Corralejo near the city.
Pénjamo was approved by the Congress of Union of the United Mexican States, Pénjamo\'s Metropolitan Zone Pénjamo - La Piedad which there is placed in the conditions Mexican\'s states of Guanajuato and Michoacan. The zone a population registers, according to the 2005 count of the INEGI \[1\] of 229,289 inhabitants. The Urban Delegation Santa Ana Pacueco, belonging to Pénjamo\'s City, is joined to La Piedad, Michoacan and only they are divided by the river Lerma though they are joined by 7 bridges (Hatches, Big River, Quota, Michoacán, Guanajuato, Cabadas and Them Dwell). For which both cities share needs and common problems, and they search of is Metropolitan Zone.
## Geography
Pénjamo\'s city, municipal head-board, is located to the 101° 42 \' 22 \" of length to the west of the Meridian of Greenwich and to the 20° 25 \' 44 \" north latitude. Its elevation in approximately 1,700 meters above sea level, but in some places, like Pénjamo\'s Saw, it reaches an elevation of 2400 meters above sea level.
It comes near to the city for the federal road 90, which he communicates to Irapuato\'s city with the city of Guadalajara, in the condition of Straw hat. It is located to approximately 40 minutes of Irapuato\'s city.
A great part of the city, one agrees on the skirts of Pénjamo\'s Mountains, other one divides between that the zone is center, one finds in a zone wave, whereas other one departs from the city one agrees in hills and few part in flat zone, for what some Pénjamo\'s streets are very high whereas very linear others.
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# Pénjamo
## History
The territory that nowadays occupies the City and Pénjamo Municipality took was first settled by the Guachichil and Purépecha peoples. The most representative sample of these cultures is Plazuelas\'s Archaeological Zone, nowadays the most important of the archaeological zones of the condition.
The city and the municipality were founded on November 12, 1542, by the name of Penxamo\'s San Francisco (in Tarascan the name was Penlamu \" place of sabinos or ahuehuetes \") by virtue of the bond sent by the Spanish king Carlos V, in which she was authorized the captain Diego Tomás de Jesuchihua to realize.
On May 8, 1753, one gives the birth of the Father of the Mother land, Miguel Hidalgo in the ex---hacienda of Corralejo belonging to Pénjamo\'s jurisdiction. Today the ex-estate is known as Corralejo Hidalgo.
The city was the scenario of the War of Independence of Mexico, so much for the Spanish Francisco Javier Mina shot in Pénjamo\'s Saw in this municipality and Albino García who in August 1811 freed a new combat against the realists in Pénjamo, against a division ordered by Pedro Moreno, and formed by San Luis\' dragoons of the Peace and the lancers\' body. In this combat they attacked Pénjamo\'s city it to plunder and to intimidate Jose Maria of the Trinidad Hidaldo y Costilla, brother of the priest Michael Hidalgo, subdelegate of the viceregal government (1759) this personage studied medicine, without finishing the career but he was recovering. He administered the Estate when his father died and was recovering the Headquarters of Weapon in Pénjamo, to the service of the viceregal government and in opposition to the Insurgents.
In 1815 the population is inflamed, remaining completely destroyed. The works of rebuilding begin for the year of 1830. On May 22, 1857, the population acquired the title of villa, and is raised to the category of city in the year of 1906 by decree of the governor Licenciado Joaquín Obregón Gonzalez. Nowadays, the city contains around 40,000 inhabitants.
The most relevant fact that guards the history of this city is Miguel Hidalgo\'s birth, is the Father of the Mexican Mother land, in the year of 1753 in Corralejo\'s Estate. The territory Penjamense was the site of Francisco Xavier Mina\'s battles, during the war of independence. And this insurgent was shot in Pénjamo\'s Saw, in the zone of the Fort of the Remedies.
During the Second World War, in the space in which Mexico enters combat, the lights of the city were going out to avoid bombardments to the same one.
## City seal {#city_seal}
The seal of the city features an Ahuehuete tree, underneath which there is written the year of the city\'s foundation, 1542. Beneath that is a drawing of the Cerro Grande (the Grand Hill), with a blue sky and a gilded, five-pointed star, underneath the year that Miguel Hidalgo was born, 1753. On top the shield is written \'Cradle of Hidalgo, San Francisco de Penxamo,\' and around the shield is the Latin motto, *Nobilis, Fidilis, Fortis* (noble, faithful, strong).
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# Pénjamo
## Change
The municipal, state and federal governments realize the importance of tourism to the city; the historical center of the city has been recreated, promoting the archaeological zone, whilst shops and commercial buildings have improved and urbanized several zones of the city. This way so also, it has been a question of improving the urban aspect, and of the ecological zones. It has been achieved to do to Corralejo\'s ex-estate a tourist point for thousands of travelers who want to know the Nobleman\'s cradle, or simply people who wants to prove his tequilas of international height. If even it is absent much for doing the city has given a great favorable change. The infrastructure of the city in road links has improved notably with the urbanization of avenues, street and boulevards. The current head office of buses gives a better sight to the city and a better appearance to the inhabitants and visitors who manage in the system of foreign trucks. In educational matter the city relies on 2 public universities, that they are the UNIDEG (Interactive University and distantly of Guanajuato Plantel\'s State Pénjamo) and the UPG or UPP (Guanajuato\'s Technical University campus Pénjamo, Pénjamo\'s Technical University), this one finalizes considered the maximum university of the city, and one of the recognized mas of the region. As well as also diverse schools of average top education and bivalent baccalaureates since they are the CECyTEG and CONALEP, nurseries that in case of them the second school possesses the ISO validation, and in the first case the nursery CECyTEG he is considered to be one of the best of the federal entity. Guanajuato\'s University, it has presence in the city, so it counts with preparatory official or School of Average Top Level (ENMS) belonging to the maximum university of the condition, in the above-mentioned facilities the careers are given in common trunk of several careers of engineering of the above-mentioned University. In health the citizenship has access to one of the best hospitals of the region, on having counted the city with the Regional Hospital of the Southwest, like that also as clinic of the ISSSTE, clinic of the IMSS, and a Community Hospital, more a great range of particular high-level Hospitals inside the city. This one in process the creation of a Heliport, and a module of command of Public Security for the region Southwest. In public and commercial spaces the city possesses a range of zones of scattering between squares, gardens, parks or sports units distributed in the city, and in creation more. This way also as an impulse to the trade with the attraction of shops of self-service and stores of clothes and footwear of national prestige of great size in the city, giving this way one more attraction for the visitors of the city and his inhabitants. Nowadays the city relies on two TV Channel, one of own transmission of the city that it transmits 24 hours, and the second one that per beginning transmits only for scanty hours. The city shapes the Metropolitan Zone Pénjamo - La Piedad, which will attract multimillionaire investments to the zone, and that it includes more of 229mil inhabitants.
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# Pénjamo
## Tourist attractions {#tourist_attractions}
- Pénjamo city: Pénjamo is by itself a touristic center. By having commercial stores, restaurants, coffee shops, parks, parish churches, and buildings that could be consider real architecture jewels such as the market-place located in the city\'s downtown, or, Catholic temples such as the Parish of Saint Francis of Assisi (San Francisco de Asis), Parish of Our Lady of Los Remedios, Temple of San Antonio of Padua, Municipal Palace, and House of the Culture. In addition, large green areas can be found in the city\'s environment such as Magellan and Churipitzeo. Also, the city offers to the travelers various lodging options which fit all traveler\'s budgets and preferences. The city is part of the Route 2010 as part of the bicentennial celebration of the Independence War and centennial of the Mexican Revolution. The Route 2010 comprehends the cities that participated in the historical events that took place during the Independence and the Revolution Wars.
- Corralejo: Cradle of Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Father of the Mother land. The former estate and the monuments that exist there today are an excellent to visit and to enjoy the traditional festivities during the first week of May, when the City celebrates Don Miguel Hidalgo\'s birthday.
- Plazuelas: archaeological Zone (the most important of the condition). In the spring entry pre-Hispanic dances and events take place in the esplanade of the pyramids. It possesses also a museum where the pieces found in the place show themselves. Excellent site for a weekend, since near there, there happens a river of blue very clean water - it is necessary to respect the fauna and existing flora and not leave garbage nor provoke fires-. There is road paved almost up to the pyramids and exists parking and guides to make the tour pleasant, as well as the weekends are existed by sale of typical food of the region and the whole week sale of recollections and crafts.
- Pénjamo\'s Mountains: It is a natural area in route to there be declared natural protected zone consisted of impressive canyons, mountains and hills, has been a place of passages of the history of Mexico, in the war of independence there is shot the insurgent Francisco Javier Mina in the zone known as Fort of the Remedies, the entry to the place known as the booth, is the limit of Pénjamo\'s municipality as Cuerámaro\'s municipality, since this saw spreads over several municipalities, but predominantly for Pénjamo. In the site they find ruins of former constructions in the vegetation, a river of crystalline water and impressive rocks. It is an excellent site for the extreme sports and to encamp.
- The Fair of May: Better known as the \"Holidays of May\", the Fair occurs from the last days of April up to the first third of May of every year. Various artists of national and international height are invited of free access to the fair and the majority of the spectacles of the artists who appear. There are commercial and cattle exhibitions, in addition to exhibitions like "jaripeos", "tardeadas", and spectacles in the "place of toros" (bullfighting ring). Parallel feasts exist in the Urban Delegation Santa Ana and in Corralejo\'s Estate, where there principal event of the festivity is located, the commemoration of Don Michael Hidalgo\'s birthday and Rib on May 8, 1753, with presence of municipal, state and federal authorities, in addition to military.
- Cultural Week of the Foundation: Lasting several days, from November 6 to 13, the day of the city\'s founding, November 12, 1542, is commemorated on the Cultural Week of the Foundation. During these days, there are exhibitions of photos of the city, ancient vehicles, theatrical and musical works, the parade of the 12th, exhibitions of pyrotechnic games the same day in the night, spectacles of motocross, artistic international presentations, and Jaripeo, between other present activities in the city.
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# Pénjamo
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla - In 1753 was born in this city, in the Estate of Corralejo Liberating of Mexico, The Father of the Motherland. Son of Ana Maria Gallaga and Cristobal Hidalgo, which contracted nuptials in the Principal Parish of City of Pénjamo, Gto. dedicated to Asis\'s San Francisco. The father of Nobleman fungió as administrator of Corralejo\'s Hacienda, for Gentlemanly what it was not born in a home of low resources. In the year of 1810, it rose up in arms proclaiming the independence and abolishing the slavery, in the so-called Shout of Dolores. The Hidalago\'s independence campaign for the New Spain lasted until 1811, year in the one that was imprisoned and shot in Chihuahua\'s city in the condition of the same name. His head was exhibited for years after his death in Granaditas\'s Public granary, in Guanajuato\'s city, granary that he itself months behind had taken killing the Spanish who were sheltering in the place refusing to deliver the city and Guanajuato\'s intendency, after the Independence was triumphing in 1821, recognizing it Spain across the signature of the last Viceroy Juan O\`Donoju of the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire; The remains of Hidalgo and of other independence heroes who hung of the public granary joined, and in the year of 1910 they moved to the column of the Independence in Mexico City D.f, newly inaugurated by the centenary of the independence for the president at the time Porfirio Días, place that up to nowadays there rest the remains of Hidalgo and other insurgents.
- Joaquín Pardavé - Cinematographic and theatrical director, composer and actor. Born in Pénjamo\'s city in 1900. In spite of taking his professional roots principally in Mexico City, he often liked to give the delight of returning to his natal land, it tries it is the song of world reputation, called Pénjamo, which was composed by the actor for his land. In his honor, a municipal audience, as well as a central avenue and a lounge of a famous tequilera of Pénjamo\'s city, take his name.
- Francisco Javier Mina - In the Fort of the Remedios (part of Pénjamo\'s Mountains) was shot the insurgent \"El Mozo\", during the war of Independence of the United Mexican States.
- Antonio Gómez Rodríguez - Creator of the National Shield, lived in the city and some authors believe that in the same one the shield of the nation was designed.
- Luis Navarro Origel - Was one of the most relevant participants of the social Mexican war known as \"Cristeros\" in the second decade of the 20th century, was born in Pénjamo\'s city and was a municipal president in Pénjamo.
- Ignacio Vázquez Torres - Attorney by profession and politician, was a member of the PRI, and deputy for the same party in several occasions
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# Judy Dunaway
**Judy Dunaway** (born 1964, in Mississippi) is a conceptual sound artist, avant-garde composer, free improvisor and creator of sound installations who is primarily known for her sound works for latex balloons. Since 1990 she has created over thirty works for balloons as sound conduits and has also made this her main instrument for improvisation.
## Background
Judy Dunaway has presented her compositions, improvisations and installations for balloons throughout North America and Europe at many venues including Lincoln Center Out-of-Doors, REDCAT, the SoHo Arts Festival, the Alternative Museum, the Knitting Factory, Performance Space 122, Roulette, Experimental Intermedia, Soundlab, the New Museum of Contemporary Art, the Bang on a Can Festival, the Guelph Jazz Festival, Podewil, Diapason, Galerie Rachel Haferkamp and ZKM. She has performed as a balloon player in compositions by John Zorn and Roscoe Mitchell, and in improvisations and/or collaborations with the FLUX Quartet, performance artist Annie Sprinkle, Fluxus artist Yasunao Tone, video artist Zev Robinson, visual artists Nancy Davidson and Ken Butler, percussionists John Hollenbeck and Matt Moran, the Illuminati big band, DJ Singe (Beth Coleman), and numerous others. Her works for balloons include electronic and multi-media works, sound installations, and works that incorporate more traditional instrumentation such as string quartet, chorus and Japanese koto.
Awards include a recording grant from the Aaron Copland Fund of the American Music Center, a commission from the American Composers Forum\'s Composers Commissioning Fund, an artist/researcher-in-residency at Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, a recording residency at Harvestworks/Studio Pass, and grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, Meet the Composer and the Kalliste Foundation. Ms. Dunaway has published two articles in Musicworks magazine about her work with balloons: A History of the Balloon as a Sound Producer in Experimental Music (Fall 2001), and, Orchestration and Playing Techniques for Balloons as Sound Producers (Spring 2002). Ms. Dunaway\'s scores are published by Material Press (Frankfurt).
Dunaway has a Ph.D. in Music Composition from State University of New York at Stony Brook, where she studied with analog electronic music composer Daria Semegen and multi-media artist Christa Erickson, and a M.A. in Experimental Music from Wesleyan University (Connecticut) where she studied with composer Alvin Lucier. She also holds a B.S. in Music Education from Hunter College (New York City). In academic year 2004-2005 she was full-time Visiting Faculty in Sound at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. She is currently a Visiting Lecturer in the Art History Department at Massachusetts College of Art and Design.
Dunaway has also created other works, often to do with social activism or cultural critique. In late 2006 Dunaway founded \"[S.W.I.R.L.](https://web.archive.org/web/20081230182839/http://www.jeweltone16.org/swirl/)\" a not-for-profit educational website for audio art and activism concerning the rights of sex workers. Other works by Ms. Dunaway include Affirmative Action, a political multi-media piece utilizing sensor-activated projections as visual music, commissioned by percussionist Russell Greenberg; Sensation, a composition for audience presented at the Mixed Messages Festival where it was conducted by Jackie 60 Award-winner Baby Dee; Duo for Radio Stations, simulcast on WFMU (New Jersey) and WKCR (New York); and the score for Diane Torr\'s performance art piece Crossing the River Styx, the \"high decibel music\" that instigated the closing of the Franklin Furnace performance space in 1990.
## Discography
- [Mother of Balloon Music](http://www.innova.mu/albums/judy-dunaway/mother-balloon-music/) (Innova Recordings 2006) - Compositions and improvisations for balloons by Judy Dunaway. Featuring performances by the FLUX Quartet, Ryuko Mizutani, Damian Catera and Judy Dunaway.
- [Shar: Pop Music](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060333/http://www.greenmountainaccess.com/~hobbes/popmusicshar.html) (Outer Realm Records 2001). Avant-noise-rock with balloons (Judy Dunaway), bass (Ilja Komarov) and drums (Trixa Arnold).
- [Judy Dunaway: Balloon Music](http://www.cdemusic.org/) (Composers Recordings, Inc./CRI (now part of New World Records) 1998) - Compositions and improvisations for balloons, including collaborations with Yasunao Tone and Dan Evans Farkas.
- ["The Alt.coffee Tapes"](http://www.tedreichman.com/recording/the-alt-coffee-tapes/) (Katahdin Recordings) - Balloon improvisation with Matt Moran and John Hollenbeck.
- "New York Guitars" compilation (Composers Recordings, Inc./CRI,1995) - "Fifty 210" (for electric guitar and Yamaha Fifty 210 amplifier) - Electric guitar composition.
- John Zorn\'s Cobra: Live at the Knitting Factory (Knitting Factory Works 1994) - Balloon, guitar and vocal improvisations in the context of the John Zorn composition "Cobra."
- "Judy Dunaway and the Evan Gallagher Little Band" (AMF 1993/Lilly Myrtle Music 2002) - Art-rock compositions.
- "Judy Dunaway" (Lost 1991) - Avant-garde folk songs and free-improvisations
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# Operation Battleaxe order of battle
**Operation Battleaxe** (15--17 June 1941) was a British Army offensive during the Second World War to raise the Siege of Tobruk and re-capture eastern Cyrenaica from German and Italian forces. The offensive\'s failure led to the replacement of British General Sir Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief Middle East, by Claude Auchinleck; Wavell took Auchinleck\'s position as Commander-in-Chief, India
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# MT Deerhound
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# Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
***Ophiostoma novo-ulmi*** is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae. It is one of the key causative agents associated with Dutch Elm Disease (DED), along with *Ophiostoma ulmi* and *Ophiostoma himal-ulmi*.
Dutch Elm Disease was first identified in Europe during the early 1900s and by the 1940s the disease had spread throughout Europe and into the United States and Canada. Elm trees (*Ulmus*) were heavily used as a trade commodity in logging practices in the late 1800s-1900s. Historically, these trees have seen widespread use as a building material in products such as wheels, chairs, ships, and coffins. Wood from *Ulmus* trees has been favored for building due to the trees\' ability to withstand prolonged exposure to water without rotting. The adaptability of this tree along with its multitude of applications for building opened up its demand in trading.
It has been determined that *Ophiostoma ulmi* and *Ophiostoma novo-ulmi* have evolved separately from each other in different regions of the world though it has been thought that *novo-ulmi* has obtained genes from *Ophiostoma ulmi* making it a more effective pathogen for Elm trees.
*O. ulmi* caused one of the first pandemics of the species, within Europe and North America, between 1910-1940 and caused 10-40% death of genus *Ulmus*. This pandemic was followed by a second pandemic beginning in the 1940s caused by the *O. novo-ulmi* species. This pathogen proved to be more invasive and aggressive in comparison to other species associated with the disease. The introduction of *O. novo-ulmi* is traced back to the logging trade among regions. Logs infected with the pathogen and traded throughout Europe and intercontinentally leading to the spread of the fungus. *O. novo-ulmi* came in contact with various amounts of highly susceptible host species in Europe, western Asia and North America making it easier to spread Dutch Elm Disease. Bark beetles have become a vector for the fungus to spread among elm tree groves. The bark beetles often carry spores on their bodies. The spores are easily transferred via twig crotches where they obstruct vessels by gums, tyloses, fungal material and foliage wilts, causing the tree to die. These beetles complete an entire life cycle in one elm tree until the tree can no longer support the beetles. Following this young beetles will find healthy trees to inhabit which they infect with spores they carry from the previous elm tree. When the beetles feed on the tree they introduce the fungi to the food and water supply of the tree via the branches connecting to the xylem of the tree, allowing rapid spread throughout the vascular tissue of the tree.
Once the fungus has been introduced to the vascular tissue of the tree it spreads rapidly, causing death as a result of the tree\'s natural immune response. In the xylem vessels the fungus produces yeast-like spores and multicellular filamentous hyphae. This allows for vertical movement in the vessels, then moves laterally to infect neighboring vessels. Logs that contain both the fungi and beetles can transmit the pathogen to native species at much higher rate and cause a greater range for invasion. Furthermore, *O. novo-ulmi* can also spread from infected trees to healthy trees through root grafts. When the roots of adjacent elm trees come into contact with each other underground, the fungus can move from the infected tree to the healthy tree through these root connections. It can also invade an elm tree through wounds on the bark or branches. This can occur naturally through storms, animal activity, or human interventions such as pruning or other tree care practices. The spores of the fungus can enter the tree through these wounds and establish an infection. Once inside the tree, *O. novo-ulmi* grows in the water-conducting vessels of the tree, blocking the flow of water and nutrients, which eventually leads to wilting, yellowing of leaves, and tree death. The fungus also produces toxic compounds that further contribute to the damage to the tree\'s vascular system and overall health.
*O. novo-ulmi* infestation can spread rapidly, causing severe damage and death to susceptible elm trees. Effective management strategies, such as tree removal, pruning, and applications, may be used to control the spread of the disease in affected areas. Early detection and prevention are key in managing Dutch elm disease caused by *O. novo-ulmi
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# Robert Merz
**Robert Merz** (25 November 1887 -- 30 August 1914) was an Austrian amateur football (soccer) player. He died during World War I, aged 26.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Zizkow, Merz began playing youth football with a predecessor to Wiener Sport-Club (Wiener SV). He joined Wiener SV\'s senior side at age 16, before becoming a professional with DFC Prag when he moved back to his hometown in 1907.
## International career {#international_career}
He was a member of the Austrian Olympic squad at the 1912 Summer Olympics and played two matches in the main tournament as well as two matches in the consolation tournament. He scored two goals against Germany in the first round of the main tournament.
For the Austria national football team, he played 13 games and scored 5 goals.
## Military service {#military_service}
Merz was a reserve lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I
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# Stanley Sproston
**Stanley Winfield Sproston** (9 November 1872 -- 16 July 1930) was a West Indian first-class cricketer who toured with the first West Indian touring side to England in 1900 and captained the side for much of the tour in the absence of Aucher Warner.
Born in Wismer, Linden, East Bank, Demerara, British Guiana, Sproston made his debut in important matches for British Guiana against Slade Lucas\'s team in 1894-95. The next season, he made his debut in the Inter-Colonial Tournament for British Guiana scoring 27 and 52 and taking a 4-5 in 4.1 overs against Trinidad. Early in the 1896-97 season he impressed again with 75\* and 32 against Jamaica.
Later in 1896-97, he was selected to play for the combined West Indies team against Priestley\'s side and then played in the three matches for British Guiana against Lord Hawke\'s team scoring a career high 95.
He was described before the 1900 tour as \"Twenty four (sic) years of age. Very good bat, combining sound defence with punishing power; a useful change bowler, and a good field anywhere. Has no superior as a batsman in the West Indies. Learned his cricket in England. Played for Richmond (Surrey), Eastbourne, and Teddington. Played during the 1898 season, scoring 101 runs for Richmond against Upper Tooting, and 110 for Teddington against Hampshire. The average for G.C.C. last season was 45.21\". On the tour he was fifth in the batting averages at 22.22 but bowled just 12 overs. He was \"a little disappointing, and not consistent in his scoring, but when he did get runs he made them brilliantly. His form at Worcester, Southampton and Liverpool was up to a high standard\". He top scored in both innings against Worcester scoring 54 and 46, scored 86 against Hampshire, and 118 against Liverpool and District. He captained the side in the 10 matches when Aucher Warner was absent with malarial fever. He never played again in important matches after the tour.
Sproston died on 16 July 1930, aged 57, in the West Indies. His brother Harvey Sproston also played for British Guiana
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# Lnáře
**Lnáře** (*Schlüsselburg*) is a municipality and village in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
## Administrative division {#administrative_division}
Lnáře consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
- Lnáře (573)
- Zahorčice (80)
## Etymology
The name Lnáře is derived from the Slavonic word *lnář* (meaning person who cultivate, process, or sale flax). The German name is derived from *Schlüssel* (means \"key\") and *Burg* (means \"castle\"). It refers to a key worn in coat of arms of the noble family of Schlüsselberg who probably founded the local aristocratic residence.
## Geography
Lnáře is located about 23 km north of Strakonice and 40 km southeast of Plzeň, in the historical region of Prácheňsko. It lies in the Blatná Uplands. The highest point is the hill Jezbyně at 577 m above sea level.
The built-up area is situated on the shores of three fishponds, connected by the Lomnice River (here also called Smolivecký potok): Veský rybník, Zámecký rybník and Podhájský rybník. The fourth large pond, located in the southern part of the municipal territory, is Nový rybník.
## History
The first written mention of Lnáře is from 1318, when it is written about the then owner of the village Habart of Lnáře. The village of Zahorčice is first mentioned in 1383. In the 14th century, the tradition of pond farming began. Pond farming and forestry became the main source of lordship income for next centuries. The first mention of the stronghold and the pond below it is from 1465.
In 1899, the railway was built. The construction of the I/20 road in 1931 and 1953--1954 through Lnáře further improved the transport accessibility of the municipality.
## Demographics
## Transport
The I/20 road (part of the European route E49) from Plzeň to Písek passes through the municipality.
Lnáře is located on the railway line Blatná--Nepomuk.
## Sights
Lnáře has two castles: the Lnáře Stronghold (also called *Old Stronghold*) and the Lnáře Castle (also called *New Castle*). The Old Stronghold was built before 1318 and rebuilt in the Renaissance style around 1597. After it ceased to satisfy the comforts of a manor\'s residence, the neighbouring castle was built. Today the Old Stronghold houses the tourist infocentre and a gallery.
The Lnáře Castle is a Baroque building, surrounded by a 4 ha large English park. The representative rooms of the castle are richly decorated with wall and ceiling frescoes with scenes from ancient mythology. The Great Hall, which is one of the largest Baroque halls in Central Europe, is used for social events. The castle offers sightseeing tours and also serves as a hotel and restaurant.
Other sights include the monastery of the Discalced Augustinians founded in 1684 by the Church of the Holy Trinity. The church itself was built in 1599 and extended in the early Baroque style in 1666. Since 1965, the building of the monastery is used as a psychiatric hospital.
Other ecclesiastical buildings in Lnáře include the Church of Saint Nicholas with a cemetery, Chapel of Saint Anne, and a chapel in Zahořice
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# Gheorghe Flondor
**Gheorghe Flondor** (**Georg Ritter von Flondor**) (August 31, 1892, Roman -- April 26, 1976, Bucharest) was a Romanian politician who served as Royal Resident (*Rezident Regal*) of Ținutul Suceava from February 7, 1939 to September 23, 1940.
## Political career {#political_career}
Flondor was born in Roman, Neamț County to Tudor Flondor (1862-1908) and his wife, Maria Ciuntu; his uncle was Iancu Flondor. In 1910 he graduated from State High School nr. 3 in Chernivtsi, part of Austria-Hungary at the time. That year he began courses at the University of Vienna\'s Law Faculty, where he studied for three years and took part of his licentiate. He underwent his last year of studies at Charles University in Prague.
After graduating university, he was mobilised into the Austro-Hungarian Army. He took part in battles on the Serbian Front in World War I, where his unit (14th Dragoons Regiment) suffered heavy losses. From 1915 to 1917 he fought on the Russian Front and advanced to the rank of Sub-Lieutenant. For his distinguished merits he was decorated with high military distinctions: \"Silver Medal\" Class I and II with Signum Laudis and \"Cross of Merit\" Class II. In the spring of 1917 he fought on the Romanian Front, where he was wounded, being cared for in the Baden military hospital. Once he recovered, he was sent to the Italian Front and promoted to the rank of Captain. Upon his request, he was relieved of his duties shortly before the end of hostilities, under the pretext of administrative family duties in Rogojești, which had been left to the exclusive handling of his mother.
In 1923, he entered politics, joining the National Liberal Party at the suggestion of Ion Nistor, a bitter political and open personal enemy of Flondor\'s uncle, Iancu. He was elected deputy for Rădăuți in the Parliament of Romania (1927--1935) and then senator for Rădăuți (1935--1937).
In 1927, he married Lucia Stephanovici, later known under the pen name of Lotte Berg as a translator and author of children\'s books. They had a son, Tudorel (1929--1952), a scientist and national chess champion for 1951.
Flondor was also president of the Siret Bank and of the General Trade Union for Animal Export. In the latter capacity, he travelled, with a view toward cracking new markets, to Austria, Germany, Egypt, and Palestine. For two successive terms, he was also president of the Rădăuți Agricultural Chamber and director of the Cernăuți Northern Bank.
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# Gheorghe Flondor
## Royal Resident and prosecution {#royal_resident_and_prosecution}
After his election as a National Renaissance Front counsellor in 1939, that February he was named Royal Resident of Ținutul Suceava, with a residence at Cernăuți. His programme, presented upon his installation, foresaw:
- The raising of living standards for the peasantry, then suffering severe economic times.
- The maintenance of public order, in the context of two growing threats: the Iron Guard, and Bolshevist agitation coming from across the Soviet border.
After the Soviet ultimatum of June 1940, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were incorporated into the USSR. On June 28, 1940, twenty-two years after the Union of Bukovina with Romania championed by Iancu Flondor, another Flondor implemented the act of cession, completing his term in Vatra Dornei. During World War II, Gheorghe Flondor helped save the lives of 12 Jewish families.
After leaving Northern Bukovina, Flondor quit politics entirely and settled in Sibiu, where in 1945 he divorced his wife. Four years after the Romanian People\'s Republic was proclaimed, in 1952, he was arrested, being tried publicly in 1956 and sentenced by the Military Tribunal of Region II to 10 years\' hard imprisonment. According to C. Al. Racovitză and Mihai Pânzaru, the regime went after him because he had been a Royal Resident.
During the trial, twelve Romanian citizens of Jewish origin from Siret went to the State Notary of the former Siret Raion, Suceava Region, and signed a declaration affirming that \"during the racial persecutions, \[Flondor\] had a fair, democratic and well-intentioned attitude toward the Jewish population, helping it at critical moments in relation to the racial persecution against the Jews by the fascist authorities\". However, the tribunal did not take this declaration into account.
Flondor was detained at prisons in Văcărești (1952--1954), Suceava (1954--1956), Oradea (1956), Aiud (1956--1959), Galați, and Botoșani. He was freed in the general amnesty of 1964, already a sick old man. Having been deprived of all his property, he was also forbidden from taking up residence with his last living relatives, in Bucharest. He was assigned a forced residence in Lățești, where he lived in a hut until 1970, when he was allowed to live in Bucharest. He died in that city six years later.
A bust of Flondor, sculpted by Gavril Nichitean, was unveiled in Rădăuți in 2008
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# Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra
***Elisabetta, regina d\'Inghilterra*** (`{{IPA|it|elizaˈbɛtta reˈdʒiːna diŋɡilˈtɛrra}}`{=mediawiki}; ***Elizabeth, Queen of England***) is a *dramma per musica* or opera in two acts by Gioachino Rossini to a libretto by Giovanni Schmidt, from the play *Il paggio di Leicester* (*Leicester\'s Page*) by Carlo Federici, which itself \"was derived from a novel *The Recess* (1785) by Sophia Lee.\"
It was premiered at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples on 4 October 1815 and was the first of nine operas which Rossini wrote for the San Carlo. Altogether, this was one of eighteen operas which he wrote during the time he spent in Naples.
Rossini took melodies from other operas to compose *Elisabetta*, including the overture, first written for *Aureliano in Palmira*, which is more famous as the overture to *The Barber of Seville*. As Holden notes, with the re-uses of earlier music, \"it is as if Rossini wished to present himself to the Neapolitan public by offering a selection of the best music from operas unlikely to have been revived in Naples.\"
Some of *Elisabetta*{{\'}}s music was recycled in later operas and a part of Elisabetta\'s first aria was re-used by Rossini four months later in Rosina\'s aria \"Una voce poco fa\" in the opera *The Barber of Seville*.
## Performance history {#performance_history}
The opera was first given in the UK on 30 April 1818 at the King\'s Theatre in London.
Notable performances include Palermo (1970), Arles (1975), Teatro Regio di Torino, the Teatro San Carlo, Naples (1991), in New York (1998, given by Opera Northwest), at the Teatro Margarita Xirgu, Buenos Aires (2004), and at the Rossini Festival in Pesaro (2004).
## Roles
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 4 October 1815\ |
| | | (Conductor: Nicola Festa) |
+===================================================================================================+============+================================+
| Elisabetta (Elizabeth I of England) | soprano | Isabella Colbran |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| The Earl of Leicester, *Commander of the army* | tenor | Andrea Nozzari |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Matilda, *secretly married to Leicester* | soprano | Girolama Dardanelli |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Enrico, *Matilda\'s brother* | contralto | Maria Manzi |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| The Duke of Norfolk | tenor | Manuel Garcia |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| Guglielmo, *Captain of the Royal Guard* | tenor | Gaetano Chizzola |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
| *Knights, ladies, noble Scotsmen hostages to Elisabetta, official followers of Leicester, pages,\ | | |
| royal guards, soldiers, people (chorus)* | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+--------------------------------+
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# Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra
## Synopsis
: Time: Reign of Elizabeth I
: Place: London
### Act 1 {#act_1}
*Throne Room of Whitehall Palace*,
The Earl of Leicester is celebrating his victory over the Scots. The Duke of Norfolk, who is also present, scowls with jealousy. The Queen enters: (Aria: *Quant\'è grato all\'alma mia*). Leicester is honored, and says he has brought home the sons of nobility as hostages. However, he recognizes his wife, Matilda, and her brother, Enrico, as belonging to that group.
When they are alone, Leicester reproaches his wife (Duet: *Incauta, che festi?*). Because she is the daughter of Mary, Queen of the Scots, she is in danger. Matilda tells Leicester that the Queen loves him as well. She mourns her ill fortune: (Aria: *Sento un\'interna voce*). Leicester decides that, to avoid suspicion, he will speak to neither Matilda nor to her brother, Enrico.
*Royal apartments*
Instead, Leicester tells Norfolk of his secret marriage and Norfolk, in turn, tells the Queen: (Duet: *Perché mai, destin crudele*). She reacts to the news in fury.
The hostages and Leicester are sent for. The Queen offers to make him consort, and, upon his refusal, she accuses him of treason, and has both him and Matilda arrested.
### Act 2 {#act_2}
*Rooms in the Palace*
The Queen states that she has sentenced Matilda to death. She demands that Matilda renounce her marriage to Leicester in return for his, her brother, Enrico\'s, and her own safety. Leicester enters, tears the document up, and is once again arrested along with Matilda. Also, the Queen banishes Norfolk for behaving badly towards Leicester.
*Outside the Tower of London*
People lament Leicester\'s upcoming execution. Norfolk appears. He induces the crowd to try to free Leicester.
*Leicester\'s prison cell*
He laments his fate. Norfolk enters and convinces Leicester that he has begged the Queen to pardon him, instead of having betrayed him. The Queen enters to see Leicester prior to his death. Norfolk has hidden, and Matilda and Enrico are hiding as well. Leicester tells the Queen that Norfolk has accused him. Norfolk emerges with a dagger drawn to stab the Queen, when Matilda emerges and throws herself between them. The Queen condemns Norfolk to death, and, in the aria, *Bell\'alme generose*, pardons Leicester and the Scottish prisoners.
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# Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra
## Recordings
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Year | Cast\ | Conductor,\ | Label |
| | (Elisabetta, Leicester,\ | Opera House and Orchestra | |
| | Matilde,\ | | |
| | Enrico,\ | | |
| | Norfolk) | | |
+======+============================================================================+==================================================================================================+==================================+
| 1971 | Leyla Gencer\ | Gianandrea Gavazzeni,\ | Audio CD: Celestial Audio\ |
| | Umberto Grilli\ | Orchestra and Chorus of Teatro Massimo, Palermo,\ | Cat: CA 235 |
| | Margherita Guglielmi\ | (Recording of a performance in Palermo) | |
| | Giovanna Vighi,\ | | |
| | Pietro Bottazzo | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 1975 | Montserrat Caballé,\ | Gianfranco Masini,\ | Audio CD: Philips\ |
| | José Carreras,\ | Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Symphony Orchestra | Cat: 432 453-2 |
| | Valerie Masterson,\ | | |
| | Rosanne Creffeld,\ | | |
| | Ugo Benelli | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 1985 | Lella Cuberli\ | Gabriele Ferro,\ | DVD: Hardy Classic Video\ |
| | Antonio Savastano,\ | Orchestra and Chorus of Teatro Regio di Torino,\ | Cat: 4007 |
| | Daniela Dessi,\ | (Recording of a performance in Turin) | |
| | Adriana Cicogna,\ | | |
| | Rockwell Blake | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 1999 | Inga Balabanova,\ | Herbert Handt, Stuttgarter Philarmoniker, Tschechischer Kammerchor,\ | Audio CD: Bongiovanni\ |
| | Harald Quadeen,\ | (Recording of a performance at Kursaal Bad Wildbad during the Rossini in Wildbad Festival, July) | Cat: GB 2291/92-2 |
| | Akie Amou,\ | | |
| | Mario Zeffiri,\ | | |
| | Agata Bienkowska | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 2002 | Jennifer Larmore\ | Giuliano Carella,\ | Audio CD: Opera Rara\ |
| | Bruce Ford\ | The Geoffrey Mitchell Choir, London Philharmonic Orchestra | Cat: ORC 22 |
| | Majella Cullagh\ | | |
| | Manuela Custer,\ | | |
| | Antonino Siragusa | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 2024 | Serena Farnocchia Patrick Kabongo Veronica Marini Mara Gaudenzi Mert Süngü | Antonino Fogliani, Kraków Philharmonic Chorus and Orchestra | Audio CD: Naxos Cat: 8
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# Kurdish tanbur
**Kurdish tanbur** (*translit=Tembûr*) or **tanbour** a fretted string instrument, is an initial and main form of the tanbūr instrument family, used by the Kurds. It is highly associated with the Yarsan (Ehli Heq) religion in Kurdish areas and in the Lorestān provinces of Iran. It is one of the few musical instruments used in Ehli Heq rituals, and practitioners venerate the tembûr as a sacred object. Another popular percussion instrument used together with the tembur is the Kurdish daf, but that\'s not sacred in Yarsan spirituality and Jam praying ceremony.
Nowadays tembûr is played all over Iran, but Kurdish tembûr is mainly designed and has been for centuries in the Hawraman region in the provinces of Kermanshah Province, Kurdistan Province and Lorestan. The more traditional and accepted temburs originate from the cities of Kermanshah, Sahneh and Gahvareh. Tembûr is locally called *temûr*, *temûre*, *temyere* or *the temyure* (تَمیُرَه ، تَمیرَه ، تموره, تمور) there. The Kermanshah tembûr should not be confused with saz also called **tembûr** in Kurmancî Kurdish.
The tembûr measures 90 cm in length and 16 cm in width. The resonator is pear-shaped and made of either a single piece or multiple carvels of mulberry wood. The neck is made of walnut wood and has 13 or 14 frets or, arranged in a semi-tempered chromatic scale (one of the only middle eastern musical instruments not microtonal). The tembûr employs three metal strings that the first course is double. The melody is played on the double strings with a unique playing technique of strumming the right hand with each finger separately when motioning the hand upwards from the position beneath the strings.
## Notable players {#notable_players}
- Ostad Elahi
- Ali Akbar Moradi
- Sohrab Pournazeri
- Seyed Khalil Alinezhad
<File:Ghobad> ghobadi45677.jpg\|Musician and luthier Ghobad Ghobadi (تنبورقبادی), a face of Yarsanism plays a tanbur. Ghobadi makes tanburs in the Yarsan tradition. <File:Aliakbar> moradi.JPG\|Ali Akbar Moradi <File:Sohrab> Pournazeri 13970525000063636699828615109521 35059.jpg\|Sohrab Pournazeri <File:سید> خلیل عالی نژاد
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# Jammyland
**Jammyland Records** was an independent record store located in New York City. Founded by Ira Heaps in 1992, the store operated at 60 E 3rd Street in Manhattan. Jammyland specialized in Jamaican music, with a particular focus on reggae, ska, and rocksteady from the 1960s and 1970s. The store also reissued obscure reggae recordings.
In its early years, Jammyland featured a recording studio in the basement, which was used by artists such as Victor Rice, The Slackers and the Dynamos. The space was later occupied by Hospital Productions, a record label specializing in black metal and noise music.
Jammyland closed in 2008, though Heaps continued to sell records from his home.
## Jammyland All-Stars {#jammyland_all_stars}
Visiting Jamaican artists such as Glen Adams, B.B. Seaton, Glen Brown, Sammy Dread, Ranking Joe, Cornell Campbell, Milton Henry and Congo Ashanti Roy of The Congos are sometimes backed by a collective of musicians under the name Jammyland All-Stars. The band includes the store\'s owner, Ira Heaps, on bass guitar
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# Curraghs
**The Curragh** or **Ballaugh Curragh** is a wetland in Ballaugh parish in the north-west of the Isle of Man. The area has a rich and varied biodiversity and is also the location of the Curraghs Wildlife Park, a zoo and nature reserve that incorporates the wetlands.
## History
During the last ice age the area was covered in sheets of ice. When this ice retreated, a depression was left at the bottom of the northern hills and the wetlands were formed in this basin.
Over the years the land has been used to graze animals and grow hay, one of the few exploitable crops suited to the conditions of the wetlands. The Curraghs has also been a valuable resource for humans, as well as providing aesthetic appeal; the area is rich in peat, which was used as a fuel in the island\'s homes. The nearby village of Kirk Michael was a great consumer of the peat in the Curraghs.
It was the exploitation of peat that made the land slightly drier than it is today. When the practice of peat cutting was discontinued, the ditches in the area filled with water and bogs were formed.
In the 1930s, the Manx government intended to make a profit by growing New Zealand flax on the Curraghs. This plan failed, but in the 1950s the government pressed ahead with another plan to drain the Curraghs, so that the area could be extensively farmed. However, with the land 15 m above sea level, it was decided that it was not economically viable to drain the wetlands.
In 1963, much of the area came under the control of the Manx government, and two years later the 26 acre Curraghs Wildlife Park was opened. In 1990, protection of the government-controlled area was transferred to Manx National Heritage; and in 2006 about 477 acres, or 193 hectares, of the Curragh became a designated Ramsar site. This means that the site is a globally important area of wetland habitat.
## Ecosystem
### Fauna
The area is deemed important as it is inhabited by the second-largest roost of hen harriers in Europe; a bird that descends on the area during the winter months. Other birds include peregrine falcons, merlins, robins, willow warblers, song thrushes and dunnocks among others. There is also a subspecies of wren, possibly unique to the island.
The area is also notable for its diversity of butterflies, and the Wildlife Park, whilst home to over 100 animals from around the world (including pelicans, gibbons, otters and penguins), also features a butterfly walk, an opportunity for visitors to see the insects in an environment designed for them. One notable species is the orange tip.
Ballaugh Curraghs has a persistent breeding colony of wild wallabies, said to be the largest in the British Isles, descended from two that escaped from the wildlife park some years ago. They seem to occupy a similar ecological niche to hares.
### Flora
The Curraghs are a tapestry of scrubland, including willow and bog myrtle scrub. Sphagnum moss, a common species, is responsible for the high levels of peat in the area. The peat and wetland topography of the area combine to create a series of bogs. The abundance of peat has had a direct effect on the island\'s human inhabitants over the years, with the peat being used as fuel in people\'s homes.
The Curraghs are also home to six different species of orchid, including the heath spotted orchid.
## Etymology
In Manx Gaelic, a *curragh* originally referred to open wetland or mites habitats, however as the Ballaugh Curragh has dried up and transitioned from open mire into willow carr and scrub habitat, now widely found in the Isle of Man, the meaning of the word curragh has changed accordingly
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# Dan Parrish
**Daniel Parrish** (born July 4, 1983, in Tallahassee, Florida) is a former National Football League offensive lineman. He went to Florida A&M. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent. He later signed with the New York Giants
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# José Aponte de la Torre
**José Ernesto Aponte de la Torre** (December 5, 1941 -- May 5, 2007) was a Puerto Rican politician, and was the mayor of Carolina, Puerto Rico for 22 years.
## Biography
Aponte de la Torre was born and raised in Cayey, Puerto Rico in 1941. He was the son of Ernesto Aponte Mendoza, who had fought at World War II with the 65th Infantry Regiment, and Justina de la Torre. When his father died in the Korean War he and his mother moved to Caguas. It was in Caguas where years later he would meet Carmen Idalia Dalmau Ferrer, who would be his wife later on.
Aponte then moved to Carolina and continued college. He obtained a Bachelor in Education with a concentration in Industrial Arts at the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras and a Master in Administration and Supervision at the University of New York. Aponte became a schoolteacher and directed the Vocational School of Carolina, Carlos F. Daniels, before joining the politics of the island.
He joined the Popular Democratic Party and was elected as the mayor of Carolina in 1984, succeeding Roberto Iglesias Pérez. He made major changes in the city, pulling it off from a deficit and significantly improving the economics. Aponte was also the director of the Mayor\'s Association from 2001 to 2006 when he retired from that charge.
Aponte was married to Daly Dalmau, and had three children, José Carlos, Ernesto, and Javier, and four grandchildren.
On May 5, 2007, Aponte died at the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital del Maestro in Hato Rey at age of 65. He had been fighting respiratory complications since December 2006 and had been in the intensive care unit for over 27 days. Aponte had recently stopped smoking after more than 40 years. He was buried at Cementerio La Resurrección in Carolina, Puerto Rico.
Aponte was succeeded by his older son, José Carlos Aponte Dalmau. This was announced May 10, 2007.
## Legacy
The airport in Ceiba, Puerto Rico is named after him. The State Government Services Building in Carolina was named after former Mayor Jose Aponte de la Torre. The Municipal Service Center in the Isla Verde sector of Carolina was named after José Aponte de la Torre
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# Cancer Minor
**Cancer Minor** (Latin for \"lesser crab\") was a constellation composed from a few stars in Gemini adjacent to Cancer. The constellation was introduced in 1612 (or 1613) by Petrus Plancius.
The 5th-magnitude stars constituting Cancer Minor were HIP 36616, and 68, 74, 81 and 85 Geminorum, forming a faint natural arrow-shaped asterism. It is only found on a few 17th-century Dutch celestial globes and in the atlas of Andreas Cellarius. It was no longer used after the 18th century
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# Lars Jonsson (illustrator)
**Lars Jonsson** (born 1952 in Stockholm) is a Swedish ornithological illustrator living in Hamra in the south part of the Swedish island of Gotland. He was appointed an honorary degree by Uppsala University in 2002
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# Order of the Peacock Angel
**Order of the Peacock Angel** is the name of a Yazidi-influenced secret society described in the 1961 book, *Secret Societies Yesterday and Today* (subsequently reissued as *A History of Secret Societies*). The pseudonymous author, \"Arkon Daraul\", describes encountering members of the organization in the suburbs of London and attending their rituals. Daraul appears to be the only source for the existence of this group.
\"Peacock Angel\" is the customary translation of \"Melek Taus\", the divinity honored by the Yazidi. According to Daraul, the English version of the cult was brought to Britain in 1913 by a Syrian whose name is only known to initiates. Membership grew to encompass \"several hundred members throughout Britain\" as well as three lodges in the United States\".
The group subscribes to a belief in a power governing human affairs, symbolized by a peacock. Recruits are instructed through a series of mental and physical exercises intended to place the experience of emotion under the control of the will. Daraul described a ceremony where robed members engaged in an ecstatic dance in the presence of a large statue of a peacock.
As a sign of identification, \"the right hand is placed, with the fingers spread out (perhaps to represent the tail of the peacock) on the left breast, just above the heart.\" Some members are said to keep live peacocks.
## Fiction
Edward D. Hoch\'s 1965 short novel, *People of the Peacock*, featured an \"Order of the Peacock Angel\" which matches the description given in *Secret Societies Yesterday and Today*:
: *The society had an uncertain origin in the area that is now Syria and Iraq, some hundreds of years ago. It was imported into England by a mysterious Syrian back in 1913, and has enjoyed some success there. \... The rites of the Peacock Angel consist mostly of white-robed worshippers dancing madly before an eight-foot ebony statue of a peacock.*
The novel describes a chapter of the organization in the United States run by a British emigrant.
In Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson\'s 1975 *The Illuminatus! Trilogy*, \"Order of the Peacock Angel\" appears in letterhead as the title of an organization taking part in the Discordian \"Operation Mindfuck\" project outlined in \"Appendix Yod\".
Cooper McLaughlin\'s 1987 short novel, *The Order of the Peacock Angel*, published in *The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction*, claims historical sources for its tale of a 1,000-year-old society that continued into the 1960s. [1](http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/bibliography/fsfstorieswhen198701
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# Yacharam
**Yacharam** is a village and mandal in Ranga Reddy district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Yacharam mandal of Ibrahimpatnam revenue division. The Yacharam Police Station is a part of the law and order of the region.
## Geography
Yacharam is located at 17.0449 N 78.6643 E and at an altitude of 582 m
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# Karnatak Lingayat Education Society
**Karnataka Lingayat Education Society** (**KLE Society**) is headquartered at Belagavi, Karnataka. KLE Society runs over 300 institutions engaged in education, healthcare and research in Karnataka and Maharashtra. The educational institutions have over 1,30,000 students and the number of people employed across all institutions is over 16000.
The healthcare institutions of KLE have a combined capacity of over 4000 beds including 1700 charitable beds that offer services to the needy at subsidized costs. KLE Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre is a super specialty multi organ transplant centre which is renowned for heart, liver and kidney transplants.
## Founders
Founder Life Members- Seven Teachers- \"Saptarishis\"
- S.S. Basavanal (1893 -- 1951)
- B.B. Mamadapur (1887 -- 1976)
- M.R. Sakhare (1892 - 1951)
- H.F. Kattimani (1889 --1964)
- B.S. Hanchinal (1891 -- 1979)
- P.R. Chikodi (1884 -1961)
- V.V. Patil (1888 --1979)
Founder Patrons:
- Rao Bahadur Rudragouda Chanagouda Artal (1851- 1932)
- Rao Bahadur V G Naik-Chachadi (1882-1969)
- Rao Bahadur Vaijappa Anigol (1877- 1946)
## History & Milestones {#history_milestones}
**1916**- Establishment of KLE Society's G.A. High School (Anglo Vernacular), Belagavi in 1916 to facilitate "Empowerment through Education", especially for the farming folk in the region.
**1933 & 1935**- Establishment of KLE Society's Lingaraj College, Belagavi and KLE Raja Lakhamgouda Science Institute at Belagavi to provide opportunities for higher education
**1937**- Commencement of first Marathi Medium School, KLE Annappa Kadadi High School at Solapur, Maharashtra
**1940**- Establishment of KLE Society's S.S.Basavanal Teachers' Training Institute, Belagavi
**1947**- Commencement of KLE B.V. Bhoomraddi College of Engineering & Technology, Hubballi - first college for Technical Education in North Karnataka
**1963**- Establishment of the KLE Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College at Belagavi.
**1968**- Commencement of KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi
**1974**- KLE Society established its first English Medium School at Hubballi
**1974**-KLE Society established Law Colleges at Hubballi and Gadag
**1984**- Establishment of Polytechnic institutions at Hubballi, Chikodi and Haveri
**1985**- KLE Institute of Dental Sciences established at Belagavi.
**1986**- Establishment of 1000 beds hospital at Belagavi
**1987**- Establishment of KLE Institute of Nursing Sciences at Belagavi.
**1991**- Upgradation and establishment of KLE B M Kankanwadi Ayurveda Medical College and Ayurveda Hospital at Shahpur, Belagavi.
**1994**- Establishment of KLE established an Institute of Physiotherapy at Belagavi.
**1996**- Commencement of Colleges of Business Administration; one each at Hubballi and Belagavi.
**1996**- Establishment of its first "Concept Pre-University College" at Bengaluru
**1999**- Established KLE Society's School of Agricultural Training and Research, Mattikopp, Tq. Bailhongal
**1999**- Commencement of the international collaborations of KLE J N Medical College, Belagavi by singing an MOU with University of Illinois, Chicago
**1999**- Establishment of KLE's Bachelor of Computer Applications institutions at Hubballi, Gadag and Belagavi
**2003**- KLE's first Industrial Training Centre (ITC) established at Gokak
**2006**- Establishment of KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research (KAHER), Belagavi, Deemed-to-be-University for Health Sciences and allied disciplines.
**2008**- Commencement of KLE College of Engineering & Technology, Chikodi to take modern day technical education to the rural areas.
**2010**- Commencement of USM -- KLE International Medical School / Programme wherein students from Malaysia obtain their degree in medicine at the KLE campus at Belagavi
**2011**- KLE Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mattikoppa established to take modern day scientific farming practices and inputs to the rural areas to supplement and enhance livelihoods.
**2013**- Establishment of Dr Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre (BSRC) at KAHER, Belagavi
**2015**- KLE B V Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology, Hubballi is elevated to "KLE Technological University, Hubballi
**2016**- Centenary Celebrations of KLE Society graced by the inspirational presence of Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modiji.
**2021**- Commencement of KLE Jagadguru Gangadhar Mahaswamigalu Moorusavirmath Medical College, Hubballi.
## Prominent Alumni {#prominent_alumni}
- Nath Pai - A Great Parliamentarian
- B. Shankaranand - Former Central Minister
- Padma Shri Sudha Murthy - Chairman, Infosys Foundation
- Chandrashekhara Kambar - Jnanpith Award Winner
- Mr. Datar - Legal Luminary
- Dr. Shivanand Patil - Eminent Scientist of International reputation, IOWA University, USA
- Shri Pralhad Joshi, Hon. Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs, Coal and Mines
- Late Shri Ananth Kumar, Former Hon\'ble Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers
- Shri Basavaraj Bommai, Hon. Chief Minister of Karnataka
- Shri Jagadish Shettar - Former Hon'ble Chief Minister of Karnataka
- Shri Muragesh Nirani, Hon. Minister of Large & Medium Scale Industries. Govt. of Karnataka
- Shri Basavaraj Horatti, Chairman, Karnataka Legislative Council
- Mr. Pradeep Vajram - Founder Spike Techn.(Top 10 design centres in Silicon Valley)
- Mr. Umesh Vaidyamath -- Top 50 Asian Entrepreneurs in USA
- Mr
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# El Cuarteto de Nos
**El Cuarteto de Nos** (stylized as **Cuarteto de Nos**) is an Uruguayan rock band formed in 1984 in Montevideo. Over the years, due to its particular sound that mixes elements of hip hop, alternative rock, comedy rock and Latin music, the group has developed an immense amount of popularity and praise in Latin America and Hispanic countries. The band won two Latin Grammy Awards in 2012 for Best Pop/Rock Album and Best Rock Song.
El Cuarteto de Nos has released 16 studio albums since 1984, as well as two compilation albums on numerous record labels, including Ayuí/Tacuabé, Orfeo, Sony BMG, Koala Records, Manzana Verde, Bizarro Records, EMI, and Warner Music. They have experimented with many genres, and are one of the most important and recognized bands from Uruguay and Latin America in general. They\'ve had four lineups with the current one standing since 2024 with the departure of bassist Santiago Tavella.
## History
### Beginnings
During the Uruguayan Dictatorship, the idea for El Cuarteto de Nos was founded by brothers Roberto Musso (vocals and guitars) and Ricardo \"Riki\" Musso (guitars and keyboards) in 1980. They played with the idea of a fictional city called \"Tajo\", writing songs about the characters therein.
Bassist Santiago Tavella was recruited as a long-time friend who, just like them, was an enormous fan of artists like The Beatles, Bob Dylan and Led Zeppelin. Leonardo Baroncini would serve as a guest drummer until Álvaro Pintos joined in 1984. Keyboardist Andres Bedó was also a fifth official member during the first two albums. Together, they played rock covers until they started developing their own material in university.
#### Emergence as El Cuarteto {#emergence_as_el_cuarteto}
El Cuarteto de Nos played their first show in 1984, an instrumental set in the \"El Tinglado\" theater. They also played at the \"La Máscara\", \"El Circular\", \"Teatro de la Alianza Francesa\" theaters while developing their own musical style. Their first release, *Alberto Wolf y el Cuarteto de Nos*, was a split album released later that year in November shared with another Uruguayan artist, Alberto Wolf, who had six of the twelve songs. Álvaro Pintos joined the group as a permanent drummer following its release. They would keep this quartet lineup for 18 years until Riki Musso departed in 2009 due to creative differences.
In 1985, they stepped on a stage, located in a fair from Villa Biarritz, dressed up with aluminum foil on their legs and balloons tied to their heads.
In 1986, they edited their first LP, *Soy una Arveja* (`{{Translation|I am a Pea}}`{=mediawiki}). The following year, band members dressed up as elderly women to promote the song \"*Soy una Vieja*\" (`{{Translation|"I am an Old Lady"}}`{=mediawiki}). *Soy una Arveja* incorporated more electric guitars and surreal lyrics than in their album with Wolf, with many elements of new wave and Avant-garde music. They made references to the fictional city of Tajo and used their characters to apply a comedic or humorous lens on serious topics, such as sex, greed, and death.
In 1988, their second album, *Emilio García* (by then, the fictional manager), was released. Andrés Bedó was no longer listed as a band member after this release.
In 1991, the album *Canciones del Corazón* (`{{Translation|Songs from the Heart}}`{=mediawiki}) was released in cassette, and it was the first moderate commercial success for the band.
In 1994, after four years of working on new songs, they released their album *Otra Navidad en las Trincheras* (`{{Translation|"Another Christmas in the Trenches"}}`{=mediawiki}), which achieved quadruple platinum status almost instantly, making them the first Uruguayan band ever to achieve it. They became well known in Uruguay, no longer an underground cult band. Mocking their success, they called their 1995 album *Barranca abajo* (`{{Translation|"Downhill"}}`{=mediawiki}).
In late 1996, El Cuarteto de Nos released their seventh album *El Tren Bala* (`{{Translation|"The Bullet Train"}}`{=mediawiki}). This album was controversial in Uruguay, since one of its songs, \"*El día que Artigas se emborrachó*\" (`{{Translation|"The Day Artigas Got Drunk"}}`{=mediawiki}), references José Gervasio Artigas, the founding father of Uruguay. Attempts were made to ban the song, delaying the release of the album. Because of the diversity of musical styles presented, the record was well received, and it became a gold record in a week, despite the censorship it received after the controversy.
The popularity of the band started to decline in mid-1997 when they were working on their eighth studio album, *Revista ¡¡Ésta!!* (`{{Translation|"This one!! Magazine"}}`{=mediawiki}), which was released in 1998 to lukewarm sales and reception, which extended to their 2000 decade opener *Cortamambo* (`{{Translation|"Killjoy"}}`{=mediawiki}), an album that gained a cult following over the years despite not being successful upon release. This album also resulted in Riki Musso leaving the group for most of 2001, due to issues he had with the album\'s creative direction. In 2004, the band recorded their best songs from every album to date with a better, more consistent production achieved by Juan Campodónico, a long time fan of the group.
In 2004, they released *El Cuarteto de Nos*, a compilation album of their all-time hits played and recorded again, plus three new songs, called \"*Hay que comer*\" (`{{Translation|"We Have to Eat"}}`{=mediawiki}), \"*No quiero ser normal*\" (`{{Translation|"I Don't Want to Be Normal"}}`{=mediawiki}) and \"Fui yo\" (`{{Translation|"It Was Me"}}`{=mediawiki}), the album was made in a more rocker style and had a coherent production.
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# El Cuarteto de Nos
## History
### 2006-2013: *Raro* Trilogy {#raro_trilogy}
#### A new formula with *Raro* {#a_new_formula_with_raro}
El Cuarteto de Nos released *Raro* (*strange* or *weird* in English) on May 20, 2006, as a departure from their previous work. Song lyrics were extended and sped up through the use of rap, hip-hop, and pop elements. The single \"Yendo a la casa de Damián\" (`{{Translation|"Going to Damian's House"}}`{=mediawiki}) was nominated for a Latin Grammy in 2007 in the \"Best Rock Song\" category. The band promoted their new album at several latin american stages such as Rock al Parque 2007 in Bogotá, Colombia and the Pepsi Music 2008 festival in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
*Raro* was the first of three albums described as the *Raro trilogy* (with the other two being *Bipolar* and *Porfiado*), where the band would experiment with different musical styles, lyrics, and themes. *Raro* and the rest of the trilogy marked a turning point for the band, leading to a surge in popularity in South America. Throughout the trilogy, Tavella would sing the lead vocals on two tracks on each album, serving as a break that juxtaposed Roberto Musso\'s fast and energetic lyrics.
#### Departing of Ricardo Musso and the releasing of *Bipolar* {#departing_of_ricardo_musso_and_the_releasing_of_bipolar}
On May 27, 2009, in the midst of the development of their album *Bipolar*, it was reported that Ricardo Musso had artistic and administrative differences with the course the band had taken. *Majareta Productions*, announced that the band would not split, but would undergo structural change. With the departure of Ricardo Musso, two new musicians had joined the band, replacing Musso\'s guitar, Gustavo Antuña and the keyboardist Santiago Marrero. Finally, after many setbacks, the album was released in September 2009. This album was well received, winning five Graffiti Awards in June 2010.
#### Closure with *Porfiado* {#closure_with_porfiado}
The final entry of the *Raro* trilogy, *Porfiado* (`{{Translation|"Obstinate"}}`{=mediawiki}) was released on April 25, 2012, through Warner Music in South America, Mexico, and Spain. It was the first album the group released as a quintet following Ricardo Musso\'s replacement by Antuña and Marrero. The album was well received, being praised by the Argentine edition of Rolling Stone and Página 12.
*Porfiado* won the band several Latin Grammy Awards in 2012. The album won the \"Best Pop/Rock Album\" category, with \"Cuando sea Grande\" (`{{Translation|"When I Grow Up"}}`{=mediawiki}) winning best rock song.
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# El Cuarteto de Nos
## History
### 2014-Present: Newfound Success {#present_newfound_success}
El Cuarteto de Nos released *Habla tu Espejo* (`{{Translation|"Your Mirror is Talking"}}`{=mediawiki}) in 2014. The album was much more serious and touched on darker themes than their previous work. It was particularly personal for vocalist Roberto Musso, touching on his family history of Alzeheimers, how to quell a child\'s fears, and self-doubt. The album was nominated for two Latin Grammys in 2015.
*Apocalipsis Zombi* (`{{Translation|"Zombie Apocalypse"}}`{=mediawiki}) released in 2017 and dove deeper into the pop-side of Latin rock. Originally a concept album, the songs drew from the common theme of zombies walking among society, or that society as a whole was populated with zombies and attempted to create an energetic and fun tone.
Their final album of the 2010s, *Jueves* (`{{Translation|"Thursday"}}`{=mediawiki}), released in 2019. There were many producers on the album: Juan Campodónico (*Raro* and others), Eduardo Cabra (Calle 13), Héctor Castillo (No Te Va Gustar), and Camilo Lara. Similarly, Musso went about writing the songs as \"independent elements\" rather than as pieces of an album.
Their last record to date, *Lámina Once* (`{{Translation|"Plate Eleven"}}`{=mediawiki}), released in 2022. The album\'s name comes from the Rorschach test, used to describe an individual\'s personality from unclear or ambiguous shapes. The group described the Covid-19 Pandemic as a major inspiration for the album as they felt they were missing an eleventh inkblot plate to make sense of pandemic society, as Rorschach tests only consist of ten plates. At just shy of 33 minutes, it is the shortest album of their discography.
#### Departing of Santiago Tavella {#departing_of_santiago_tavella}
On March 13, 2024, in the midst of their *Lámina Once tour* the band announced that bassist *Santiago Tavella* would no longer be a member of the band due to him focusing on different projects such as his own band Otro Tavella y los Embajadores del Buen Gusto and general tiredness with the constant touring of the band.
## Members
Current members
- Roberto Musso -- guitar and vocals (1984-present)
- Álvaro Pintos -- drums and vocals (1985-present)
- Gustavo Antuña -- guitar (2009-present)
- Santiago Marrero -- keyboards, bass (2009-present)
- Luis Angelero -- bass guitar (2024-present)
Former members
- Ricardo Musso -- guitar and vocals (1984-2009)
- Santiago Tavella -- bass guitar and vocals (1984-2024)
- Andrés Bedo -- keyboards (1984-1988)
- Leonardo Baroncini -- drums (1984)
### Timeline
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:100 top:0 right:20 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1984 till:08/07/2025 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:1 ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1984
Colors =
` id:LVocals value:red legend:Lead_and_backing_vocals`\
` id:BVocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals`\
` id:LGuitar value:teal legend:Lead_guitar`\
` id:RGuitar value:brightgreen legend:Rhythm_guitar`\
` id:Bass value:blue legend:Bass`\
` id:Keyboard value:purple legend:Keyboards`\
` id:Drums value:orange legend:Drums`\
` id:Lines value:black legend:Studio_album`\
` id:bars value:gray(0
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# Maria Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford
**Maria Emilia Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford** (`{{nee|Fagnani}}`{=mediawiki}; 24 August 1771 -- 2 March 1856), nicknamed \"Mie-Mie\", was a British noblewoman of Italian descent.
## Life
### Parentage
Illegitimate daughter of Costanza Brusati, by marriage Marchesa Fagnani, her true paternity remained surrounded in controversy.
During their long trips in northern Europe, Marchese Giacomo II Fagnani and his wife Costanza Brusati met in England Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke, an English aristocrat well known for his amorous intrigues with Italian women. The three began to travel together, and the Earl of Pembroke began a secret affair with the Marchesa Fagnani.
In the winter of 1769 Costanza Brusati (who left her husband) and the Earl of Pembroke arrived in London, where he introduced her to a friend, William Douglas, Earl of March, who was among the best-known *bon vivants* of the reign of King George III and was known as \"Old Q\" because that letter was painted on the door of his carriage. Soon after, the Earl of March and Costanza Brusati also began a love affair.
On 25 August 1771 at the White\'s club of St James\'s, the Earl of March sent a letter to his friend George Selwyn (a prominent politician) that the previous night the Marchesa Fagnani gave birth a daughter named Maria Emilia, and that he, March, was the father. Selwyn took custody of the newborn and brought her up as his own daughter, leading to rumours that he might in fact be the real father.
### Custody
Shortly after August 1771, Costanza Brusati returned with her husband who recognized Maria Emilia (known among the family as \"Mie-Mie\") as *his* own; however, the child remained in England. They later had two children: Federico (born in 1775) and Antonia Barbara Giulia Faustina Angiola Lucia (nicknamed *Antonietta*; born in 1778), later by marriage (*Signora la*) Contessa Arese.
Costanza, to please her parents-in-law Federico II Fagnani and Rosa Clerici, in 1777 asked that the Earl of March intervene to try to return her daughter to Italy. However, he refused to intercede before Selwyn was nevertheless forced to hand over Mie-Mie in Paris so that her mother could bring her back to Milan.
In 1786, after the death of Federico II Fagnani, George Selwyn arrived in Italy to convince Costanza to give him back Mie-Mie. In the end, the Marchesa accepted, and allowed George Selwyn to appoint her daughter as heiress of his estate; in addition, the Earl of March (since 1778 Duke of Queensberry), one of the richest men in Britain, left much of his fortune to Maria Emilia when he died in 1810. Much of the money which thus came into the Hertford family went towards building the famous art collection now known as the Wallace Collection.
### Marriage
On 18 May 1798, Maria Emilia married Francis Seymour-Conway, Earl of Yarmouth, son and heir of the 2nd Marquess of Hertford. They had three children:
- Lady Frances Maria Seymour-Conway (d. 1822).
- Captain Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford (1800--1870).
- Lord Henry Seymour-Conway (1805--1859).
It is said that when King George III was insane, he announced that he was going to take Lady Yarmouth as his mistress.
### Separation from husband and promotion in title {#separation_from_husband_and_promotion_in_title}
Despite her wealth, the Seymour-Conway family never accepted Maria Emilia due to her illegitimate origin, and in the end, this affected her marriage: after the birth of her last child, she moved to Paris, where she remained for the rest of her life. Because she never divorced her husband, when her father-in-law died in 1822 she became the **Marchioness of Hertford**.
## Legacy
The intricate custody battle for Mie-Mie and especially the controversial existence that she lived for many years in London and Paris had considerable echo in the aristocratic and upper-class society of her time. William Makepeace Thackery parodied her husband as the Marquess of Steyne in his masterpiece, *Vanity Fair*
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# Bai Yun
**Bai Yun** (`{{zh|t=白雲|s=白云|l=White Cloud}}`{=mediawiki}; born September 7, 1991) was the first female giant panda who was born at the Wolong Giant Panda Research Center in China. From September 1996 she lived at the San Diego Zoo for more than 20 years, until being returned to China in May 2019. Bai Yun gave birth to her sixth cub in 2012 since arriving at the San Diego Zoo, considered the most surviving pandas born at a breeding facility outside of native China. Bai Yun returned to China with her last-born (Xiao Liwu) as the 23-year conservation loan of the pandas came to an end between China and San Diego Zoo Global.
## History
Bai Yun\'s mother, Dong Dong, was caught in the wild and was at the Panyu Xiangjiang Wild Animal World in Guangzhou at the time of her death in 2011. Bai Yun\'s father, Pan Pan, who also sired Tian Tian, lived in Zunyi.
In the spring of 1999, Bai Yun was artificially inseminated with sperm from Shi Shi, the male panda at the zoo at that time. On August 21, 1999, Bai Yun gave birth to her first cub, Hua Mei, who is also the first giant panda born in the United States to survive to adulthood.
Bai Yun has since given birth to five other cubs, Mei Sheng (2003), Su Lin (2005), Zhen Zhen (2007), Yun Zi (2009), and Xiao Liwu (2012), all via natural mating. Bai Yun and these cubs\' sire, Gao Gao, are considered the most reproductively successful panda parents in captivity. With the birth of Xiao Liwu in 2012, Bai Yun became the second oldest panda on record to give birth. The oldest panda on record to give birth was two days older than Bai Yun at the time of birth of their respective cubs. As of May 2019, Bai Yun is the mother of six, a grandmother of eight, and a great grandmother of two.
After 23 years away from her home country, Bai Yun, and her son, Xiao Liwu were safely returned to China --- specifically, Dujiangyan, the site of the China Giant Panda Conservation Research Center
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# Hannu Kapanen
**Hannu Mauri Antero Kapanen** (born March 13, 1951, in Kontiolahti, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Jokerit and HIFK. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005.
Hannu Kapanen has also had a long and successful career as head coach in SM-liiga.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hannu\'s sons Sami and Kimmo and his brother Jari Kapanen are former professional ice hockey players. His grandsons Kasperi, Oliver and Konsta Kapanen are all professional ice hockey players
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11,071,296 |
# Duarte High School
**Duarte High School** is a public high school located in Duarte, California and is part of Duarte Unified School District. Duarte High School had 764 students enrolled as of 2024. Their mascot is the falcon. It was recognized as a California Distinguished School in 2007 for its high test scores and academic achievement.
Duarte High was recognized in *Newsweek* as one of the top public high schools in the United States. See below for detailed rankings.
## School information {#school_information}
- Duarte School first opened in 1909 in the old schoolhouse that is now The Old Spaghetti Factory. Duarte High School opened in 1958. Prior to that time Duarte high school students attended Monrovia High School. (The Wildcats.)
- Duarte High School is a part of the Montview league. In 2010 Duarte implemented academies, allowing students to take classes that are aimed to focus on their interests. In addition, these academies allow the students to share similar classes with those students in the same academy. The goal of implementing academies is to prepare students for advanced education as well as furthering their knowledge in a desired field.
## Athletics
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Dennis Weathersby, NFL Player
- Nate Jacquet, NFL player
- Daimon Shelton, NFL player
- Carlos Fisher, MLB player
- Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Japanese-American Actor
- Mike Harris, NFL player
- Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor, and television and film director
## *Newsweek* rankings {#newsweek_rankings}
The table below shows the rankings that Duarte High School received since being recognized as *Newsweek*\'s America\'s Top Public Schools in 2006
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# Matti Karumaa
**Matti Antero Karumaa** (25 November 1924 in Hämeenlinna, Finland - 31 May 1993) was a Finnish ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Hämeenlinnan Tarmo between 1942 and 1952. He formed powerful line called \"Ka-Ku-Ti\" with Keijo Kuusela and Esko Tie. Karumaa won two Finnish championships in Tarmo. Internationally he played for the Finnish national team at the 1952 Winter Olympics.
Matti Karumaa\'s older brother Pentti Karumaa, also played ice hockey in Tarmo. He played 68 matches in his career between 1944 and 1954.
Karumaa was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
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# Ossi Kauppi
**Ossi Ensio Kauppi** (19 April 1929 in Tampere, Finland -- 16 April 2000) was a Finnish ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Ilves and Tappara. Internationally he played for the Finnish national team at the 1952 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
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| 0 |
11,071,361 |
# Organizing Institute
The **AFL--CIO Organizing Institute** (best known as \"the Organizing Institute,\" and often as simply \"the OI\") is a unit within the Organizing and Field Services Department of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. Founded in 1989, the OI serves as the primary training body for most organizers in the AFL--CIO and its member unions.
Despite its small budget, size and organizational status, the OI has played a major role in the history of the AFL--CIO. The OI has been described as the \"AFL--CIO\'s most innovative initiative on the external organizing front\".
Since its inception, the OI has trained more than 7,000 union members as \"member-organizers\" and another 3,000 staff organizers (1,000 of whom were new to the labor movement). Nearly a third of its new staff organizers are college-age or college graduates.
## Structure and programs {#structure_and_programs}
The following information on the OI has not been updated with the post 2005 information.
The Organizing Institute was created in the spring of 1989 to promote and foster union organizing. The OI\'s primary program is to train union members and non-members to be labor organizers. The OI currently provides two training programs: A two-day training program for union members who will return to the workplace, and a three-day training program for union members and others who wish to become full-time organizers. Attendees in the two-day program are usually \"sponsored\" by an AFL--CIO union, which pays for their tuition, room and board. Most attendees in the three-day program are not sponsored by an AFL--CIO union. During the training programs, attendees are assessed on their organizing skills and ability to learn by OI staff and other experienced union organizers. Sponsoring unions are encouraged to utilize OI graduates in ongoing internal and external organizing campaigns. Participants not sponsored by a union are given career counseling regarding job prospects and additional training and/or education upon graduation.
Graduates of the three-day training program who receive a high assessment from evaluators are eligible to participate in the OI\'s three-month field training program. Within nine months following graduation from the three-day training program, the graduate will be placed in an actual union organizing campaign. Successful completion of the field training is highly valued by AFL--CIO unions, and placement rates for field-trained organizers tops 90 percent.
The OI also offers two-to-three day training programs tailored to meet the needs of organizers and members involved in an existing organizing campaign.
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