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# Organizing Institute
## History
The OI has its roots in a failed organizing drive conducted by the AFL--CIO in the early 1980s. In 1979, the AFL--CIO began a large organizing project in the Deep South. The main thrust of this organizing effort came in Houston, Texas. Known as the Houston Organizing Project, the multi-union effort was budgeted at \$1 million a year (nearly \$2.5 million in inflation-adjusted 2007 dollars). But as the recession of the early 1980s took hold and employers vigorously resisted the AFL--CIO\'s efforts, the Houston Organizing Project collapsed.
Partly in response to the collapse of the Houston Organizing Project, in 1983 the AFL--CIO executive council began an extensive strategic planning project. A plan was adopted two years later which, among other things, endorsed higher levels of organizing.
Between 1985 and 1988, the AFL--CIO developed what subsequently became known as \"the organizing model.\" The organizing model was introduced to AFL--CIO member unions in a massive, two-day telephone and video conference call on February 29 to March 1, 1988. An AFL--CIO training manual, *Numbers that Count*, was then published. The manual concluded unions were more effective when they used external, new-member organizing techniques with members who were already organized.
In 1988 and 1989, AFL--CIO secretary-treasurer Thomas R. Donahue initiated discussions which led to the founding of the OI. Donahue, Donahue\'s assistant, a former director of organizing and field services at the AFL--CIO, the leaders of five AFL--CIO unions, and Richard Bensinger (then organizing director with the Service Employees International Union \[SEIU\]) concluded that the primary problem with the Houston Organizing Project was not the coalition nature of the project or the recession but that few unions utilized rigorous organizing methods. Although it is not clear when the decision was made to found the OI, the organization was officially launched in the spring of 1989. The AFL--CIO and five unions---SEIU, UNITE, UFCW, AFSCME and the United Steelworkers---agreed to fund the OI.
The OI was established as an autonomous entity under the supervision of the AFL--CIO Organizing and Field Services Department. Bensinger was named the unit\'s first executive director.
One of the primary goals of the OI in its first years was not only to promote the organizing model but to reinvigorate the labor movement. An essential element in achieving this goal was the recruitment of non-union people into the labor movement. OI staff came to believe that labor organizers were often too old, too discouraged, and too committed to the existing political goals of their unions (which focused on contract servicing rather than organizing) to be effective. Additionally, many of these veteran staff were experienced only in older methods of union organizing, and did not have the skills or inclination to effectively combat new anti-union strategies and tactics utilized by employers. Bensinger and his immediate successors made a significant effort to recruit activists from the environmental, civil rights, and other progressive movements; activists who had experience in militant and disruptive direct action which caught the eye of the press and the public. OI staff believed that these young activists would bring a new level of commitment and energy to the labor movement.
The establishment of the OI angered some AFL--CIO staff, particularly those in the organizing department. They felt that the organization duplicated their efforts. But they also resented the ways in which AFL--CIO elected leaders and appointed staff denigrated their efforts and promoted the leaders and staff in the OI. Many veteran staff members felt that the years which they had spent gaining experience and building skills were being dismissed, while inexperienced OI staff with little or no experience in union organizing union-building were being held up as the salvation of the labor movement.
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# Organizing Institute
## Impact of the OI {#impact_of_the_oi}
Although the \"organizing model\" did not originate from the OI, the method quickly became associated with it. OI staff adopted the organizing model and strongly advocated its use in both internal and external organizing.
The OI helped train and organize some of the most prominent and effective labor actions of the 1990s. In the early 1990s, the OI recruited and trained activists for the highly effective and public Justice for Janitors campaigns in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. OI staff also helped recruit and train staff for UNITE\'s national campaign to organize industrial laundries, and began the first tentative steps toward building a comprehensive campaign strategy for this organizing campaign.
Despite being one of the few concrete outcomes of the AFL--CIO\'s 1983 strategic planning process, the Kirkland administration did not place a major emphasis on the OI. Its budget remained small relative to the organizing department\'s, and it was not promoted in significant ways to AFL--CIO member unions. Nevertheless, AFL--CIO member unions held the OI and its staff in very high regard.
During the contested 1995 election for the presidency of the AFL--CIO, the OI became a political football. SEIU president John Sweeney criticized the Kirkland administration for failing to boost union organizing, and pointed to the small budget and lack of focus on the OI as one example. Sweeney promised to dramatically boost the OI\'s funding and importance. For his part, Lane Kirkland pointed to the establishment of the OI as a major success of his administration. Kirkland later abandoned the race and resigned as president of the federation. His successor and presidential candidate, Thomas Donahue, was able to lay a stronger claim on organizing success because of his role as the primary backer of the OI in 1989. But Donahue\'s claims were rejected by AFL--CIO member unions, and Sweeney won the presidential race.
Once in office, John Sweeney significantly promoted the OI. Sweeney split the organizing and field services function, and created an independent Organizing Department within the AFL--CIO. Bensinger was appointed the new department\'s first director. The OI became part of the new department. Its budget increased sharply, and a separate fund was established to subsidize strategic organizing campaigns.
The OI began to wane in influence in the late 1990s. The OI continued to emphasize the organizing model and promote an activist approach to union organizing. However, many of the labor leaders and staff most prominent in organizing began to de-emphasize the organizing model. SEIU president Andy Stern and others argued that large-scale union organizing depended less on organizing methods and more on wholesale restructuring of the labor movement. Other labor leaders and organizers contended that federal labor law was too weak and ill-enforced to adequately protect workers and organizers under the organizing model and that a new model---the comprehensive campaign---was needed.
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# Organizing Institute
## Criticisms
The OI has been criticized on a number of issues.
Some labor union organizers point out that the organizing model contains a notable flaw. The model has a tendency to promote \"staffing up\"---an organizing approach which relies on hiring and training large numbers of full-time staff organizers and researchers. These staff organizers are often recruited from outside the ranks of the membership. The staff-driven organizing model, critics say, fails to empower workers, contributes to weak elected leadership, does not educate members about the nature and role of unions, fails to prepare members for effective collective bargaining, and leads to worker dependence on regional or national staff.
Another problem of \"staffing up\" is the \"churn \'em and burn \'em\" effect. New Organizers are being recruited into an already crowded marketplace, creating what the AFL--CIO has termed, the \"race to the bottom\" (competition resulting in wage-undercutting). With unions lacking in real political and financial support of organizing programs, there is no demand for the perpetual supply of entry-level staff. Simply put, supply exceeds demand. Permanent job placement and career development are lacking.
Other critics contend the OI training programs do not go far enough in terms of mentoring and real-world skill-building. The OI, these critics claim, often place new organizers in positions with unions not committed to the organizing model. Without full financial, staff and political support, these new organizers often become disillusioned, suffer burnout, and leave the labor movement. Others learn poor organizing habits, and lose their effectiveness.
The OI has also been criticized for meddling in affiliate politics. In the early 1990s, OI leaders began to realize that many AFL--CIO affiliate unions gave only lip-service to aggressive organizing. The OI subsequently developed a program to \"educate\" national, regional and local union leaders about the benefits of the organizing model. The education program, promulgated by Bensinger during his tenure as OI director, became an integral part of the AFL--CIO\'s organizing push after Sweeney named Bensinger director of the AFL--CIO Organizing Department in 1996. But a number of elected union leaders perceived the program as a thinly-veiled attempt to interfere in their internal politics. In August 1998, Bensinger resigned as director of the Organizing Department after only 18 months in the position. The education program continued to create problems over the next five years. Bensinger\'s replacement, Kirk Adams (the AFL--CIO\'s southern regional director and a former organizing director at SEIU) resigned in January 2000 after only 16 months on the job. Adams\' successor, Mark Splain (the federation\'s Western regional director and a former SEIU organizing director in California), was named as Adams\' replacement in May 2000. But Splain resigned in October 2003. Stewart Acuff, deputy director of the organizing department, was named Splain\'s replacement
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# Billy Grimes
William Grimes}} `{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Billy Grimes
| image = BillyGrimes.jpg
| number = 85, 22
| position = [[Halfback (American football)|Halfback]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|7|27|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Countyline, Oklahoma]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|3|26|1927|7|27}}
| death_place = [[Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 1
| weight_lb = 195
| college = [[Oklahoma State Cowboys football|Oklahoma State]]
| draftyear = 1949
| draftround = 2
| draftpick = 20
| pastteams =
* [[Los Angeles Dons]] (1949)
* [[Green Bay Packers]] ({{NFL Year|1950|1952}})
* [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]] (1953)
| highlights =
* 2× [[Pro Bowl]] ([[1951 Pro Bowl|1950]], [[1952 Pro Bowl|1951]])
| statleague = NFL/AAFC
| statlabel1 = Rushing yards
| statvalue1 = 1,091
| statlabel2 = Rushing average
| statvalue2 = 4.8
| statlabel3 = [[Reception (gridiron football)|Reception]]s
| statvalue3 = 45
| statlabel4 = Receiving yards
| statvalue4 = 620
| statlabel5 = Total [[touchdown]]s
| statvalue5 = 16
| pfr = GrimBi00
}}`{=mediawiki}
**William Joseph Grimes** (July 27, 1927 -- March 26, 2005) was an American professional football player who was a running back for three seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oklahoma State Cowboys.
## Career
Grimes played college football at Oklahoma State University. He was selected in the second round of the 1949 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears, but instead played for the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference. The following year he entered the NFL when he was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the 1950 AAFC dispersal draft. Grimes played for the Packers three years and went to the Pro Bowl after the 1950 and 1951 seasons
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# Markus Ketterer
**Markus Jari Ketterer** (born 23 August 1967 in Helsinki, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga and also the Swedish Elitserien as a goaltender. He played for Jokerit, TPS as Färjestads BK, the latter of which won the Swedish national championship during the season of 1996--1997. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005.
## Career
Markus Ketterer started his career as an ice hockey player in his hometown in the youth department of Jokerit Helsinki. From the 1985/86 season, he was a substitute goalkeeper for the professional team of Jokerit in the SM-liiga, but was initially not used. After the team had to accept relegation to the second-class I division, he played regularly in professional ice hockey for the first time in the 1987/88 season. With a catch rate of 90.7 percent, he was able to win in the second division and was committed by the SM-liiga participant to TPS Turku. With this, he won in his first three seasons as the regular goalkeeper in the highest Finnish division, the Finnish championship title. He was able to stage himself, particularly in the 1990/91 season and won the Urpo Ylönen trophy as the league\'s best goalkeeper. At European level, he and his team took second place in 1990 in the European Cup.
For the season 1991/92 Ketterer returned to Jokerit Helsinki, which had meanwhile returned to the SM-liiga. With Jokerit, he became champion straight away, which meant the goalkeeper\'s fourth league title in a row. Subsequently, teams in North America became aware of him during the 1991 Canada Cup when he stopped 42 shots against Team Canada nearly stealing the game. After the summer tournament he was selected in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft in the fifth round as a total of 107 players from the Buffalo Sabres. At first, however, the international remained with Jokerit and in 1993 took third place in the European Cup with his team. He then went to the United States, but from 1993 to 1995 stood exclusively for Buffalo\'s Farm team, the Rochester Americans, in the American Hockey League between the posts, so that he was with Färjestad BK in the Swedish Elitserien. With the FBK he was in the season 1996/97 Swedish champion. In the European Hockey League, however, he and his team were eliminated in the group phase. From 1997 to 1999 the 1992 Olympian played again for his home club Jokerit in the SM-liiga before he ended his career at the age of 31. In 2005 he was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame as a total of 160 players.
### International
For Finland, Ketterer only participated in the Junior World Championship 1987. In this, he led his team to win the gold medal and he was recognized as the best goalkeeper of the tournament. In the senior sector, he was in his country\'s squad at the World Championships 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1996 and at the Olympic Winter Games 1992 in Albertville. At the 1991 World Cup, he was named the best goalkeeper of the tournament, at the World Cup a year later he was runner-up with Finland and he was elected to the World All-Star Team. In addition, he represented the senior team at the 1991 Canada Cup, and 1996 at the World Cup of Hockey, where he remained without a substitute goalkeeper for the latter
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# Erkki Koiso
**Erkki Antero Koiso** (April 13, 1934 in Tampere, Finland -- July 9, 2000) was a professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Ilves. Koiso was a member of the 1960 Finnish Olympic ice hockey team. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985
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# Francisco Salamone
**Francisco Salamone** (June 5, 1897`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}August 8, 1959) was an Argentine architect born in Italy who, between 1936 and 1940, during the Infamous Decade, built more than 60 municipal buildings with elements of Art Deco style in 25 rural communities on the Argentine pampas within the Buenos Aires Province. These buildings were some of the first examples of modern architecture in rural Argentina.
## Life
Salamone\'s was born in the town of Leonforte, Sicily in 1897, son of Salvatore Salamone and Antonia D\'Anna. After leaving the Otto Krause Technical School in Buenos Aires he continued his studies in the National University of Córdoba where he graduated in 1917 with a degree in architecture and civil engineering.
Salamone married Adolfina Croft, the daughter of the Austria-Hungarian Vice-consul in Bahia Blanca, Argentina, with whom he had four children: Ricardo, Roberto, Ana Maria and Stella Maris. During Manuel Fresco\'s term, a conservative politician who was governor of the Province of Buenos Aires during the period 1936-1940, Salamone built more than 70 municipal buildings. His designs were a notable and very personal combination of Art Deco functionalism, Italian Futurism on a vast scale. The use of reinforced concrete made it possible to construct buildings to a height that at that time made them symbols of municipal power and authority.
The rural towns in which Salamone\'s buildings appeared were either frontier towns, built at the end of the nineteenth century on the edge of Indian territory, or were situated at regular intervals along newly built rail links. These towns were named after the colonels and generals who led the Conquest of the Desert and engineers who pioneered the building of the railways in this part of the Province.
In the 1950s, Salamone designed several condominiums in Rationist style. He died on 8 August 1959, relatively forgotten, but leaving behind him a monumental architectural inheritance on the Argentine pampas. He was buried in Recoleta Cemetery and later transferred to Cemetery Jardin de Paz.
## Buildings
Salamone\'s work comprised three types of municipal buildings:
- Town Halls: these are characterised by their massive proportions and high tower, taller than the local church tower, to symbolise the advance of civilisation over the pampas and recalled both the Italian medieval *palazzi comunali* and the designs of Benito Mussolini\'s Italy. These buildings were clearly intended to be the centre of urban life. Examples are to be found in Carlos Pellegrini, Alberti, Carhué, Guamini, Adolfo Alsina, Laprida, Rauch, Balcarce, Tornquist, Puán, Chillar, Saldungaray, Gonzales Chaves and Coronel Pringles.
- Cemetery Portals: these were also characterised by their massive proportions. Examples can be found in Saldungaray, Laprida, Azul, Salliqueló and Balcarce.
- Slaughterhouses: these are functional in design, on the outskirts of towns, and have become obsolete with the introduction of modern butchery techniques and the advent of cold-storage plants. Examples can be found in Tres Lomas, Balcarce, Carhué, Guaminí, Coronel Pringles (whose tower is in the form of the blade of a knife), Azul, Laprida, Vedia, Villa Epecuén, Salliqueló, Chillar and Carlos Pelegrini.
## Works
### City halls {#city_halls}
Municipalidad Gonzalez Chávez.jpg\|Adolfo Gonzales Chaves city hall Palacio Municipal de Carhué.JPG\|Carhué city hall Municipalidad de Pringles (3).JPG\|Coronel Pringles city hall Palacio Municipal Guaminí 1x1.jpg\|Guaminí city hall Municipalidad de Pellegrini.jpg\|Pellegrini city hall Palacio Municipal de Rauch.JPG\|Rauch city hall
### Slaughterhouses
Ex-Matadero Municipal de Azul.JPG\|Azul slaughterhouse Matadero Municipal de Coronel Pringles (2).JPG\|Coronel Pringles slaughterhouse Matadero Guamini 2x3.jpg\|Guaminí slaughterhouse Matadero de Guaminí, interior.jpg\|Guaminí slaughterhouse inside Matadero Municipal de Villa Epecuén 1x1.jpg\|Villa Epecuén slaughterhouse
### Cemetery portals {#cemetery_portals}
AzulCementerio.jpg\|Azul cemetery Portada del cementerio de Azul - Pcia de Buenos Aires.JPG\|Angel in the Azul cemetery Laprida Cemetery Facade 04.JPG\|Laprida cemetery Saldungaray Portal Cementerio
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# Kūsankū
**Kūsankū** (*クーサンクー*) or **Kōshōkun** (*公相君*) was a Chinese martial artist who is said to have visited Okinawa during the Ryukyu Kingdom in the mid-18th century. He performed a martial art called *kumiai-jutsu* (*組合術*) in Ryukyu, which is believed to have contributed to the later development of karate.
According to \"Ōshima Records\" (*大島筆記*, 1762) by Yoshihiro Tobe, on April 26, 1762 (lunar calendar), a ship carrying Ryukyuan envoys set sail for Satsuma (present Kagoshima Prefecture). On the way, however, it was caught in a storm and drifted ashore on Ōshima, a small island in Tosa (present Kochi Prefecture). The crew consisted of 52 people, including Shiohira Pēchin Seisei (*潮平親雲上盛成*).
The book, \"Ōshima Records,\" is a record of interviews conducted by Tōbe Yoshihiro, a Confucian scholar of the Tosa Domain, with the crew members, and contains a detailed description of the domestic situation in Ryukyū in the mid-18th century, including descriptions of Kūsankū and *Kumiai-jutsu* (literally, the art of grappling).
The book describes a recent visit to Ryukyu by a Chinese martial arts master named Kōshōkun, who demonstrated a martial art called kumiai-jutsu. The \"recent\" refers to the year 1756, when the Qing Dynasty\'s envoy visited Ryukyu, and it is commonly believed that Kōshōkun may have been a military officer on this envoy\'s mission. Kūsankū is the Okinawan dialect for Kōshōkun.
There is no mention anywhere of a relationship with karate or his teaching of *kumiai-jutsu* to the people of Ryukyu, but this book has been repeatedly mentioned in connection with karate because it is one of the few references to bare-knuckle martial arts in the Ryukyu Kingdom period.
According to Tobe, \"Kōshōkun\" is a title in praise of the man and not his real name. Hence, the identity of Kōshōkun is unknown, although various guesses have been made to this day.
The karate kata \"Kūsankū\" is said to be a kata taught by Kōshōkun, but there are no primary historical documents to prove this, the only evidence is the name of the kata and oral tradition. This kata was passed down from Kusanku\'s student Tode Sakugawa. Many variations of Kusanku kata exist, however the most unique one is known as \"Tachimura no Kusanku\" in KishimotoDi, this version was passed on by a student of Kanga Sakugawa known as Bushi Tachimura, a contemporary to the more famous Bushi Matsumura. The kata of KishimotoDi remain unaltered by Anko Itosu
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# List of lowest-income places in the United States
`{{US Income}}`{=mediawiki}
This is a **list of lowest-income places in the United States**. According to the United States Census Bureau, the following are the places in the United States with the lowest median household income. Locations with populations from the 2013---2017 American Community Survey are ranked by median household income --- the median household income figures are also from the 2013---2017 American Community Survey. The \"places\" used in this article are what the U.S. Census Bureau defines as \"places\" (such as Census-Designated Places, or CDPs). In the United States (in 2017), the place with the lowest median household income was Little River, California (population 117), while the place with the lowest median household income with a population of more than 1,000 was Comerío Zona Urbana in Comerío, Puerto Rico (population 4,312).`{{contradictory_inline|List of Puerto Rico locations by per capita income}}`{=mediawiki}`{{refn|group=note|These figures are out of all places in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico — other U.S. territories are not included in the [[American Community Survey]].}}`{=mediawiki}
In terms of geographic size, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and the adjacent Rosebud Indian Reservation (Lakota Sioux Reservations, South Dakota) have long been among the lowest income areas in the United States --- Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which is within the Pine Ridge Reservation, had the 7th lowest median household income out of all places in the 50 states/D.C./Puerto Rico (in 2017).
In terms of population size, 3 out of 5 of the largest counties (populations over 1000) are predominantly, or majority white, ranging from 98% to 99% white, while two counties are predominantly black at 60% and 68% black, while the fifth one is 99% Native American.
The U.S. territories have the highest poverty rates in the United States (higher than the poverty rates of the U.S. mainland), and many of the lowest-income places in the United States are found in the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and American Samoa. In 2018, Comerío Municipality, Puerto Rico had a median household income of \$12,812 --- the lowest of any county or county-equivalent in the United States. `{{contradictory_inline|List of Puerto Rico locations by per capita income}}`{=mediawiki}
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# List of lowest-income places in the United States
## Places (2013---2017 American Community Survey) {#places_20132017_american_community_survey}
The data below is for annual median household income in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico --- the data is based on 2013--2017 American Community Survey data from the U.S. Census Bureau; populations are also from the 2013--2017 American Community Survey.`{{refn|group=note|Data for [[American Samoa]] and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] is from 2010. Because they are from 2010, they are not ranked.}}`{=mediawiki} Places with a population of over 1,000 are shown in **bold**.
Most of the lowest-income places with more than 1,000 people are located in Puerto Rico. Places in Puerto Rico such as *zona urbanas* and *comunidads* are Census-Designated Places. Locations in the U.S. territories (other than Puerto Rico) are included, but are not ranked because they have 2010 data. Data is collected annually for the 50 states, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (in American Community Survey estimates), but data is not collected annually in other U.S. territories.
For comparison, in 2017 the median household income of the United States (excluding the U.S. territories) was \$57,652.
### Other places {#other_places}
Other places (in the 50 states) that had a low median household income and a population greater than 1,000 (in 2017):
- **Batesville CDP, Texas - \$13,697 (Population 1,163)**
- **Uniontown, Alabama - \$14,094 (Population 2,234)**
- **Citrus City CDP, Texas - \$14,113 (Population 2,843)**
- **Tchula, Mississippi - \$14,412 (Population 1,845)**
- **Baldwin, Michigan - \$14,464 (Population 1,310)**
- **Franklin, Georgia - \$15,313 (Population 1,050)**
- **Notre Dame CDP, Indiana - \$15,625 (Population 6,720)**
- **Highland Park, Michigan - \$15,699 (Population 10,955)**
- **Warrenton, Georgia - \$15,781 (Population 1,994)**
Other places in the U.S. territories (excluding Puerto Rico) with a low median household income in 2010:
- Failolo, American Samoa - \$13,750 (Population 108)
- Chalan Kanoa III, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,141 (Population 794)
- Chalan Kanoa IV, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,250 (Population 631)
- **Chalan Piao, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,286 (Population 1,282)**
- Chalan Kanoa II, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,293 (Population 921)
- **Afetnas, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,549 (Population 1,486)**
- San Jose (Oleai), Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,783 (Population 954)
- **Garapan, Northern Mariana Islands - \$14,940 (Population 3,983)**
- **Chalan Kanoa I, Northern Mariana Islands - \$15,156 (Population 1,304)**
- Maia, American Samoa - \$15,625 (Population 153)
## Per capita income {#per_capita_income}
American Samoa has the lowest per capita income in the United States. American Samoa\'s Manu\'a District had a per capita income of \$5,441 in 2010, while American Samoa overall had a per capita income of \$6,311 in 2010. Puerto Rico\'s municipalities also have low per capita incomes --- in 2018, Maricao Municipality, Puerto Rico had a per capita income of \$5,974, the lowest of any county or county-equivalent in the American Community Survey. Puerto Rico overall had a per capita income of \$12,451 in 2018.
Among U.S. states, Mississippi had a low per capita income in 2018 (\$23,434).
## Large cities with a high percentage of low income residents {#large_cities_with_a_high_percentage_of_low_income_residents}
For the survey, a large city is defined as a city with a population of 250,000 or more. Percentage of residents living below the U.S. government established poverty income level is listed, based on 2018 US Census estimates.
1. Memphis, Tennessee 42.3%
2. Detroit, Michigan 36.1%
3. Baltimore, Maryland 34.1%
4. Miami, Florida 31.7%
5. Fresno, California 31.5%
6. Buffalo, New York 30.9%
7. Newark, New Jersey 30.4%
8. Toledo, Ohio 30.1%
9. Milwaukee, Wisconsin 29.9%
10. St. Louis, Missouri 29.2%
## Income inequality {#income_inequality}
The U.S. has the highest level of income inequality among its (post-)industrialized peers. When measured for all households, U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers, but is among the highest after taxes and transfers, meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households. In 2016, average market income was \$15,600 for the lowest quintile and \$280,300 for the highest quintile. The degree of inequality accelerated within the top quintile, with the top 1% at \$1.8 million, approximately 30 times the \$59,300 income of the middle quintile.
The economic and political impacts of inequality may include slower GDP growth, reduced income mobility, higher poverty rates, greater usage of household debt leading to increased risk of financial crises, and political polarization. Causes of inequality may include executive compensation increasing relative to the average worker, financialization, greater industry concentration, lower unionization rates, lower effective tax rates on higher incomes, and technology changes that reward higher educational attainment
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# List of Pittsburgh Pirates seasons
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# Pertti Koivulahti
**Pertti Antero Koivulahti** (7 June 1951 -- 11 March 2019) was a professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. Born in Tampere, Finland, he played for Tappara. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992.
He died in Tampere on 11 March 2019
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# Rochy Putiray
**Rochy Melkiano Putiray** (born 26 June 1970) is an Indonesian former footballer who played as a striker for Indonesia national football team. He was likely the most recognizable player on the Indonesia national football team due to his brightly colored and constantly changing hair.
In his career, Putiray has played for Arseto Solo, Dukla Prague, Persija Jakarta, Instant-Dict, Kitchee and South China. He moved to Instant-Dict after being spotted by the Hong Kong club during the Asian Cup Qualifier between Hong Kong and Indonesia. He helped Kitchee beat AC Milan 2--1 by scoring 2 goals during a friendly match in 2004. He graduated from Faculty of Law in Universitas Surakarta (UNSA), a university based in Surakarta, Indonesia. In 2012, he began to coach UNSA sport school, in his native Indonesia.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### International
National team Year Apps Goals
--------------- ------ ------ -------
Indonesia 1990 1 1
1991 5 2
1992 3 0
1993 6 0
1996 2 2
1997 10 3
1999 10 9
2000 5 0
2004 2 0
Total 44 17
: Appearances and goals by national team and year
: *Scores and results list Indonesia\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Putiray goal
| 205 |
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11,071,457 |
# The Early Years (Deep Purple album)
***The Early Years*** is a 2004 compilation album by the English hard rock band Deep Purple. This is a compilation of material released in 1968 and 1969 and includes unreleased mixes and new mixes of tracks from the same period.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"And the Address\" (remix) *(Ritchie Blackmore, Jon Lord)* -- 4:33
2. \"Hush\" (monitor mix) *(Joe South)* -- 4:11
3. \"Mandrake Root\" *(Blackmore, Rod Evans, Lord)* -- 6:09
4. \"I\'m So Glad\" (remix) *(Skip James)* -- 6:19
5. \"Hey Joe\" (remix) *(Billy Roberts)* -- 7:13
6. \"Kentucky Woman\" (alternate take) *(Neil Diamond)* -- 5:30
7. \"Listen, Learn, Read On\" *(Blackmore, Evans, Lord, Ian Paice)* -- 4:01
8. \"Shield\" *(Blackmore, Evans, Lord)* -- 6:03
9. \"Wring That Neck\" (BBC session) *(Blackmore, Lord, Nick Simper, Paice)* -- 4:40
10. \"Anthem\" *(Evans, Lord)* -- 6:28
11. \"The Bird Has Flown\" *(Evans, Blackmore, Lord)* -- 5:32
12. \"Blind\" (remix) *(Lord)* -- 5:28
13. \"Why Didn\'t Rosemary?\" *(Blackmore, Lord, Evans, Simper, Paice)* -- 5:01
14
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# Bridgestone Golf
**Bridgestone Golf, Inc.** is a sports equipment company based in Covington, Georgia, United States. The company is a subsidiary of Bridgestone. It designs and manufactures a full range of golf equipment including balls, clubs, and accessories utilizing both the *Bridgestone* and *Precept* brand names.
## History
Its parent company Bridgestone was founded in 1931 by Shojiro Ishibashi, and first produced golf balls in 1935. It was not until 1972 that the company\'s involvement in golf expanded into the manufacture of clubs.
## Endorsements
When Nike closed its golf division in 2016, Tiger Woods signed a golf ball contract with Bridgestone Golf. Other golfers who are signed to Bridgestone Golf include Fred Couples, Matt Kuchar and Jason Day
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| 0 |
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# Tapio Koskinen
**Tapio Kalervo Koskinen** (born 22 January 1953 in Pori, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Ässät. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
-------------- ----------- ---------------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1968--69 Ässät SM-sarja 9 1
1969--70 Ässät SM-sarja 22 9
1970--71 Ässät SM-sarja 29 11
1971--72 Ässät SM-sarja 32 15
1972--73 Ässät U20 Jr
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Tapio Koskinen
| 0 |
11,071,488 |
# Keijo Kuusela
**Keijo Helmer Kuusela** (6 January 1921 -- 27 April 1984) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga for Hämeenlinnan Tarmo. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985. He also competed in the men\'s field hockey tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Kuusela served as a fighter pilot in World War II, flying Morane-Saulnier 406 fighter. He shot down one Soviet P-39 Airacobra fighter in his last aerial combat before colliding with another and parachuting and becoming prisoner of war 1944
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| 0 |
11,071,497 |
# Tom Bruggere
**Tom Bruggere** (born February 18, 1946, in Berkeley, California) is an American entrepreneur and politician from Oregon. He founded the company Mentor Graphics and has been involved with several other startup companies. He was the Democratic party nominee for the 1996 United States Senate election in Oregon.
## Early life {#early_life}
Tom Bruggere was born in Berkeley, California. He stated of his early life that he \"grew up with a picture of Jack and Bobby Kennedy over \[his\] bed.\"
He has a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics from the University of California, Santa Barbara, a Masters of Science in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin, and a Masters of Business Administration from Pepperdine University. He served in the Army in the Vietnam War, from 1968 to 1970. Prior to running for office, he served on several government boards, including the Oregon State Board of Higher Education.
Bruggere was an engineer with Burroughs Corporation Medium Systems Plant in Pasadena, California, in the early to mid-1970s, then with Tektronix, Inc. in the late 1970s.
He is Protestant.
## Leadership of Mentor Graphics {#leadership_of_mentor_graphics}
Bruggere founded Mentor Graphics, a Tektronix spinoff, in 1981. A 1991 article in *Oregon Business* magazine stated: \"One of \[Tektronix\'\] main contributions to Oregon has been the many companies that spun off from former employees,\" citing the success of Bruggere and a number of other creative former Tektronix employees with Mentor Graphics as the prime example. He was one of the people credited with founding the Oregon Center for Advanced Technology Education and served as chairman of the center in the early 2000s. Mentor Graphics is credited with having established the industry of electronic design automation. He resigned as president and CEO in October 1993, and was succeeded in both roles by Wally Rhines. Upon leaving Mentor Graphics, he cited a desire \"to do something else, something in public policy.\"
## 1996 U.S. Senate race {#u.s._senate_race}
Bruggere won the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate seat vacated by the retiring Mark Hatfield in 1996. Spending \$800,000 of his own money in the primary race, he was one of 134 candidates for the U.S. Congress to finance their own elections in excess of \$50,000 in that cycle.
Bruggere\'s Republican opponent, Gordon Smith, was also heavily self-financed, having spent \$2.5 million of his own money earlier that same year in an unsuccessful effort to defeat Democrat Ron Wyden in the special election to replace Bob Packwood, who had resigned.
In the general election race, most Oregon daily newspapers endorsed Smith over Bruggere. Bruggere lost a close election to Smith, with neither side claiming victory for several days after the election, when absentee ballots were tallied.
## Further business ventures {#further_business_ventures}
Bruggere was the founding Chairman of Stamps.com and Sensoria. He resigned from the Stamps.com board in October 2000.
He has also served on the boards of Will Vinton Studios, OpenMarket, and Sirigen and on the advisory boards of Mercy Corps and of the Technology Management Program at UCSB.
As of 2011, he was part of the management team of 13therapeutics, a biotech spin-off of the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)
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# Cloverfields
`{{For|the franchise based on the latter film|Cloverfield (franchise)}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Cloverfields
| nrhp_type =
| image = Cloverfields.jpg
| caption =
| location = [[Olympia, Washington]]
| coordinates = {{coord|47|1|14.77|N|122|53|6.47|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Washington
| area =
| built = 1914
| architect = Joseph Wohleb
| architecture = [[Dutch Colonial Revival architecture|Dutch Colonial Revival]]
| added = May 22, 1978
| refnum = 78002779 <ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Cloverfields Dairy Farm** was a model dairy farm located in Olympia, Washington. Built by former Washington state pioneer Hazard Stevens after he returned to Olympia in 1914, today the farmhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
## About
After long careers in politics and the military, Hazard Stevens returned to Olympia from Boston, Massachusetts in 1914, determined to develop a large tract of land his father purchased in the 1850s.
The first commission in Olympia for architect Joseph Wohleb, the Cloverfields farmhouse still stands today at 1100 Carlyon Avenue SE. It was built in the Dutch Colonial Revival Style and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In addition to the house, Cloverfields originally included a large barn and two silos. As the president of the Olympia Light and Power Company, Stevens utilized electricity extensively throughout Cloverfields, particularly in the electrified barn and milking machines. The Holstein cows he used were anomaly in the area, and were complemented by Stevens\' extensive orchard and angora goats.
In 1949, 40 acre of the Cloverfields Dairy Farm in Southeast Olympia was purchased by the Olympia School District. Today it is the location of the current Olympia High School
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# Krymplings
**Krymplings** is a Swedish supergroup punk band which was founded in August 1993. They have released two studio albums.
## History
In 1993, Curt \"Curre\" Sandgren, frontman of the punk band Coca Carola, contacted four other singers and songwriters with the idea of creating a new music group; the members had a meeting at Kafé 44 in Stockholm and the band *Krymplings* was formed. The line-up became Ulke from Dia Psalma and Strebers on guitar, Per Granberg from Charta 77 on guitar and bass, Curre from Coca Carola on guitar, Mongo from Köttgrottorna on bass, and Mart Hällgren from De Lyckliga Kompisarna on drums.
The band\'s name is a play on the name of the band Grymlings, who were a collection of established musicians first put together for a TV recording in Sweden. Krymplings released their first record *Krymplings* (self-titled) in 1994 on Beat Butchers Records.
Upon forming the band, they announced that all members would write songs and sing, but no one would sing their own song. On their first tour, this rule has since also been applied to songs usually associated with the members\' main bands. An example, at a concert in Lund in 1994, Mongo from Köttgrottarn sang Charta 77\'s *Ensam kvar* instead of Granberg. Also Ulke from Dia Psalma sang Coca Carolas *Döda dej* instead of Curre. Symbolically, Mart was also slightly pushed aside when, during the encore, he begins to sing his own song *Egon*.
During September and October 1994, the band did a longer tour, which was named *Dunken tur 1994*. The band has subsequently reunited temporarily several times, including for a gig at Café 44 in 2004, and for the festival Augustibuller in 2004. Ten years later (2014) they released the song *Kom och bli med oss* (English translation: *Come and join us*) ahead of a reunion gig at Beat Butcher\'s 30th anniversary in September 2014.
On 5 May 2017, the group released their second studio album *Första var gratis*, a record they had started to work on in 2003. The Krymplings launched a tour to support the album. When Beat Butchers celebrated 35 years at Kraken in Stockholm on 21 September 2019, Krymplings was the closing act.
## Discography
- *Krymplings* (1994). Tracklists:
Song
------ ---------------------------
1 Drömprinsessorna
2 Masturbation Blues
3 Burkluft
4 Mopeden
5 Herr Chaufför
6 Karlavagnen
7 The Lok of Love
8 Tommy Värsting
9 Jag Vill Ha En Slav
10 Ni Blir Aldrig Av Med Oss
11 Dunken
- *Första Var Gratis* (2017)
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# 81st Mechanized Brigade (Romania)
The **81st Mechanised Brigade** (*Brigada 81 Mecanizată \"General Grigore Bălan\"*) is a mechanised brigade of the Romanian Land Forces, established on 1 March 1995. The unit\'s headquarters are in Bistrița, and it is subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division \"Gemina\", with headquarters in Cluj-Napoca. It is named after Grigore Bălan, a brigadier general in World War II, who was killed in action during the liberation of Transylvania in 1944.
The unit was founded in Dej in September 1968, as a consequence of the decision of the Romanian leadership following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The 81st Mechanized Division became operational in September 1969. Between 1995 and 2000, the headquarters of the 81st Mechanised Brigade were located in Dej, and since December 2000 in Bistrița. The brigade became completely operational in April 2002 and as of 2024 is NATO certified.
## Organization
### Organization in 1989 {#organization_in_1989}
Initially equipped with a limited number of T-34-85 tanks and transport trucks, the division would later receive T-55 tanks and wheeled armoured personnel carriers. In 1989 the unit had the following structure:
- 81st Mechanised Division \"Someș\" -Dej :
- 221st Mech. Rgt. -Bistrita : with T-55/A tanks, TAB-71/71M apc-s, TABC-79 recon vehicles, SU-76 sp guns, ZiS-3 76mm field guns, Md.1982 120mm mortars, ?? TAB-71AR with 82mm mortars, AG-9 rr-s, MR-4 quad 14,5mm aa hmg-s, DAC-443T and −665T trucks, TER-580 evacuation tank, TERA-71L recovery apc-s,
- 223rd Mech. Rgt. -Dej -same
- 227th Mech. Rgt. -Cluj -with TR-85M tanks, MLI-84 ifv-s, TAB-71/-71M apc-s, TABC-79 recon vehicles, SU-76 sp guns, ZiS-3 76mm field guns, Md.1982 120mm mortars, ?? TAB-71AR with 82mm mortars, AG-9 rr-s, MR-4 quad 14,5mm aa hmg-s, DAC-443T and −665T trucks, TER-800 evacuation tank, TERA-71L recovery apc-s,
- 230th Tank Rgt. -Baia Mare : with T-55/A/AM2 tanks, BTR-60PB and PU apc-s, BRDM-2 recon vehicles, MR-4 quad 14,5mm aa hmg-s, SR-114/-132, DAC-443T and −665T trucks, T-55T evacuation tanks, MTP-2/BTR-60 recovery apc-s,
- 315th Artillery Regiment -Șimleu Silvaniei : with M-30 122mm how., Md.1981 152mm how., APR-40 122mm mrls, SR-114 and DAC-444 trucks, TMA-83 arty tractors, TAB-77A-PCOMA command vehicles,
- 422nd Recon Battalion -Satu Mare : with TABC-79 recon vehicles and DAC-444T trucks,
- 424th Communication Battalion -Dej :
- 55th Antiaircraft Battalion -Dej :
### Organization in 2025 {#organization_in_2025}
- **81st Mechanized Brigade \"General Grigore Bălan\"**, in Bistrița (aligned with the German Army\'s Rapid Forces Division)
- Joint Peacekeeping Battalion
- 191st Infantry Battalion \"Colonel Radu Golescu\", in Arad
- 811th Infantry Battalion \"Dej\", in Dej
- 812th Infantry Battalion \"Bistrița\", in Bistrița, with Piranha V wheeled infantry fighting vehicles
- 813th Infantry Battalion \"Maramureș\", in Baia Mare
- 815th Support Battalion, in Bistrița, with PPE PGSR-3i \"Beagle\"
- 817th Artillery Battalion \"Petru Rareș\", in Prundu Bârgăului
- 3rd Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion \"Potaissa\", in Turda, with Flakpanzer Gepard
- 405th Logistic Support Battalion \"Năsăud\", in Bistrița
## International Missions {#international_missions}
- Between 1996 and 1998 the 812th Infantry Battalion participated to peacekeeping missions in Angola;
- The 191st, 811th and 812th Battalions participated since 2001 to peacekeeping missions in the Balkans (Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina);
- Since 2003, the 811th and 812th Battalions participated to the Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF in Afghanistan, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq
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# William D. Cohan
**William David Cohan** (born 1960) is an American business writer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Cohan was born in Worcester, Massachusetts on February 20, 1960. His father was an accountant and his mother worked in administration. Cohan is a graduate of Duke University, Columbia University School of Journalism, and Columbia University Graduate School of Business.
## Career
Cohan was an investigative reporter for the Raleigh Times. He then worked on Wall Street for seventeen years as a mergers and acquisitions banker. He spent six years at Lazard Frères in New York, then Merrill Lynch, and later became a managing director at JP Morgan Chase. He also worked for two years at GE Capital. Since 2013, he has served as a trustee of the National Humanities Center in Research Triangle Park, NC.
He is a distinguished author known for his acclaimed works delving into the intricacies of Wall Street. Among his notable publications are \"Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World,\" \"House of Cards: A Tale of Hubris and Wretched Excess on Wall Street,\" and \"The Last Tycoons: The Secret History of Lazard Frères & Co.,\" which earned him the prestigious 2007 FT/Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award. His exploration of the Duke lacrosse scandal, \"The Price of Silence,\" became a New York Times bestseller upon its release in April 2014. In February 2017, he added \"Why Wall Street Matters\" to his repertoire, published by Random House. His more personal work, \"Four Friends,\" offers insight into the lives of four high school companions and was published by Flatiron Press in July 2019.
His latest endeavour, \"Power Failure: The Rise and Fall of an American Icon,\" released in November 2022, chronicles the remarkable ascent and sudden decline of the General Electric Company, once revered as the world\'s most valuable and esteemed corporation.
Formerly serving as a special correspondent at Vanity Fair, Cohan co-founded Puck, a daily digital news and opinion platform, where his focus remains on Wall Street and broader business matters. His expertise extends to various publications including The New York Times, The Financial Times, and Bloomberg BusinessWeek, among others. Cohan has contributed columns to DealBook at The New York Times and BloombergView. He frequently provides analysis on networks like CNN, CNBC, MSNBC, and BBC-TV, and has made appearances on renowned shows such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Charlie Rose Show, and CBS This Morning. Additionally, he is a sought-after guest on NPR, BBC, and Bloomberg radio programs. Formerly, he served as a contributing editor on Bloomberg TV.
## *Vanity Fair* controversy {#vanity_fair_controversy}
In 2019, Cohan alleged the possibility that US president Donald Trump or someone close to him had used advance knowledge of political developments to profit from insider trading, publicized in two articles for *Vanity Fair* titled \"\'Who Knew Trump Would Offer a Truce With Xi?\': The Mystery of the Wall Street Trump Trades\" and \"\'There Is Definite Hanky-Panky Going On\': The Fantastically Profitable Mystery of the Trump Chaos Trades\". Cohan\'s second article caused congressional representatives Ted Lieu and Kathleen Rice to call for a federal investigation, but several experts interviewed by Bloomberg News questioned the evidence, while Cohan stood by the article but distanced himself from the implied conclusion (\"I don't make any allegations, I don't know what really happened\"). Writing in Slate, Felix Salmon called Cohan\'s articles \"bullshit\", arguing that he had no evidence that the trades in question were unusual, or that they had yielded the alleged profits, or that insider knowledge had been involved at all. Further, Terry Duffy, the CEO of CME Group, the company that operates the exchange where the futures are traded, questioned Cohan\'s understanding of the data: "\[Cohan\] mistakenly summed up all volume for those derivatives during spans of time and implausibly attributed that buying and selling, spread across thousands of transactions, to a single bad actor or group of cheaters.\" Cohan\'s piece, however, is explicit that the trades may have been carried out by many individuals and that \"There is no way \... to know who is making these trades. But regulators know or can find out.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1991 he married editor Deborah Gail Futter in a Jewish ceremony.
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# William D. Cohan
## Books
- *The Last Tycoons: The Secret History of Lazard Frères & Co.* (2007). Winner, Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award.
- *House of Cards: A Tale of Hubris and Wretched Excess on Wall Street* (2009).
The last days of Bear Stearns & Co. In a talk about the book at Cal State Long Beach, Cohan said he felt it was his mission to get a response to questions left unanswered by Wall Street CEOs.
- *Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World* (2011). Examines the historical role and influence of Goldman Sachs.
- *The Price of Silence: The Duke Lacrosse Scandal, the Power of the Elite, and the Corruption of Our Great Universities* (2014)*.* The story of the Duke lacrosse case.
- *Why Wall Street Matters* (2017).
- *Four Friends: Promising Lives Cut Short* (2019). Portraits of Cohan\'s boarding school roommates at Andover: John F. Kennedy, Jr., Jack Berman, Will Daniel, and Harry Bull.
- *Power Failure: The Rise and Fall of an American Icon* (2022). 798 pp. About the General Electric Company
| 188 |
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| 1 |
11,071,563 |
# Köttgrottorna
**Köttgrottorna** is a Swedish band formed in 1983 in the Stockholm suburb of Järfälla by Hans-Peter \"Happy\" Törnblom and Stefan \"Mongo\" Enger, who played together in the Swedish punk band the Incest Brothers, along with guitarist Thomas \"Valen\" Wahlström. Their music can be classified as punk or rock. Köttgrottorna have produced ten studio albums, eight of which were released on the label Beat Butchers; this label is known for releasing albums in the trallpunk genre, including from Asta Kask.
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
1. 1986 -- *Blodsdans*
2. 1987 -- *Halvdöd*
3. 1991 -- *Hungrig* (Beat Butchers)
4. 1993 -- *Sex, politik & fåglar* (Beat Butchers)
5. 1994 -- *Sanningens morgon* (Beat Butchers)
6. 1997 -- *Tinnitus* (Beat Butchers)
7. 1999 -- *Soft Metal* (Beat Butchers)
8. 2013 -- *Totalgalet* (Beat Butchers)
9. 2017 -- *Robin Hood* (Beat Butchers)
10. 2023 -- *XL* (Beat Butchers)
### Live albums {#live_albums}
1. 2003 -- *På Fyrtiofyran*
2. 2009 -- *Live på Torsgatan 1*
### Singles and EPs {#singles_and_eps}
1. 1984 -- *Mus som mus* (EP)
2. 2005 -- *Vi snor om vi vill* (EP)
3. 2006 -- *Drängen* (video)
### Compilations
1. 1993 -- *Köttrea 1983--93*
2
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| 0 |
11,071,609 |
# Essentials of Programming Languages
***Essentials of Programming Languages**\'\' (***EOPL**\'\') is a textbook on programming languages by Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, and Christopher T. Haynes.
EOPL surveys the principles of programming languages from an operational perspective. It starts with an interpreter in Scheme for a simple functional core language similar to the lambda calculus and then systematically adds constructs. For each addition, for example, variable assignment or thread-like control, the book illustrates an increase in expressive power of the programming language and a demand for new constructs for the formulation of a direct interpreter. The book also demonstrates that systematic transformations, say, store-passing style or continuation-passing style, can eliminate certain constructs from the language in which the interpreter is formulated.
The second part of the book is dedicated to a systematic translation of the interpreter(s) into register machines. The transformations show how to eliminate higher-order closures; continuation objects; recursive function calls; and more. At the end, the reader is left with an \"interpreter\" that uses nothing but tail-recursive function calls and assignment statements plus conditionals. It becomes trivial to translate this code into a C program or even an assembly program. As a bonus, the book shows how to pre-compute certain pieces of \"meaning\" and how to generate a representation of these pre-computations. Since this is the essence of compilation, the book also prepares the reader for a course on the principles of compilation and language translation, a related but distinct topic. Apart from the text explaining the key concepts, the book also comprises a series of exercises, enabling the readers to explore alternative designs and other issues.
Like SICP, EOPL represents a significant departure from the prevailing textbook approach in the 1980s. At the time, a book on the principles of programming languages presented four to six (or even more) programming languages and discussed their programming idioms and their implementation at a high level. The most successful books typically covered ALGOL 60 (and the so-called Algol family of programming languages), SNOBOL, Lisp, and Prolog. Even today, a fair number of textbooks on programming languages are just such surveys, though their scope has narrowed.
EOPL was started in 1983, when Indiana was one of the leading departments in programming languages research. Eugene Kohlbecker, one of Friedman\'s PhD students, transcribed and collected his \"311 lectures\". Other faculty members, including Mitch Wand and Christopher Haynes, started contributing and turned \"The Hitchhiker\'s Guide to the Meta-Universe\"---as Kohlbecker had called it---into the systematic, interpreter and transformation-based survey that it is now. Over the 25 years of its existence, the book has become a near-classic; it is now in its third edition, including additional topics such as types and modules. Its first part now incorporates ideas on programming from HtDP, another unconventional textbook, which uses Scheme to teach the principles of program design. The authors, as well as Matthew Flatt, have recently provided DrRacket plug-ins and language levels for teaching with EOPL.
EOPL has spawned at least two other related texts: Queinnec\'s *Lisp in Small Pieces* and Krishnamurthi\'s *Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation*
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| 0 |
11,071,614 |
# You're the Guy I Want to Share My Money With
***You\'re the Guy I Want to Share My Money With*** is a double album released in 1981. The album is a collaboration by Laurie Anderson, John Giorno and William S. Burroughs, recorded during their \"Red Night\" spoken word tour of 1981. Released through Giorno Poetry Systems Institute, the album was funded in part by grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts. Most of Anderson\'s material came from her performance piece, *United States*, and live versions of some tracks, such as \"It Was Up in the Mountains\", would also be included in her later 4-LP release, *United States Live*. This was Anderson\'s first substantial album release (previously she had only contributed a track or two), and she followed this in 1982 with her first full solo album, *Big Science*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
The original 1981 2-LP set:
Side 1:
1. Laurie Anderson - \"Dr. Miller\" (4:22)
2. Laurie Anderson - \"It Was Up in the Mountains\" (2:49)
3. Laurie Anderson - \"Drums\" (0:30)
4. Laurie Anderson - \"Closed Circuits\" (7:26)
5. Laurie Anderson - \"Born, Never Asked\" (4:30)
Side 2:
1. John Giorno - \"I Don\'t Need It, I Don\'t Want It, and You Cheated Me Out of It\" (10:35)
2. John Giorno - \"Completely Attached to Delusion\" (7:52)
Side 3:
1. William S. Burroughs - \"Introducing John Stanley Hart\" (2:19)
2. William S. Burroughs - \"Twilight\'s Last Gleamings\" (2:48)
3. William S. Burroughs - \"My Protagonist Kim Carson\" (4:56)
4. William S. Burroughs - \"The Do Rights\" (3:37)
5. William S. Burroughs - \"Salt Chunk Mary\" (4:14)
6. William S. Burroughs - \"Progressive Education\" (7:10)
7. William S. Burroughs - \"The Wild Fruits\" (2:24)
8. William S. Burroughs - \"The Unworthy Vessel\" (2:45)
Side 4 of this double album is multi-grooved. Depending on where the needle lands on the record, one of the following will play:
1. Laurie Anderson - \"For Electronic Dogs / Structuralist Filmmaking / Drums\" (4:52)
2. William S. Burroughs - \"The Name is Clem Snide / Mr. Hart Couldn\'t Hear the Word Death\" (5:04)
3. John Giorno - excerpt from \"Put Your Ear to Stone & Open Your Heart to the Sky\" (5:03)
*You\'re the Guy I Want to Share My Money With* was also released on cassette and featured the full 18:33 version of \"Put Your Ear to Stone & Open Your Heart to the Sky\" alongside the two additional songs on Side 4 of the vinyl. A CD version was later released through Minneapolis-based label East Side Digital, which acquired the Giorno Poetry Systems catalog in 1993. The CD featured the following track list:
1. Laurie Anderson - \"Born, Never Asked\" (4:31)
2. Laurie Anderson - \"Closed Circuits\" (7:27)
3. Laurie Anderson - \"Dr. Miller\" (4:22)
4. Laurie Anderson - \"It Was Up in the Mountains\" (2:13)
5. Laurie Anderson - \"For Electronic Dogs\" (3:08)
6. Laurie Anderson - \"Structuralist Filmmaking\" (1:10)
7. Laurie Anderson - \"Drums\" (0:34)
8. William S. Burroughs - \"Introducing John Stanley Hart; He Entered the Bar with the Best of Intentions\" (2:23)
9. William S. Burroughs - \"Twilight\'s Last Gleamings\" (2:51)
10. William S. Burroughs - \"My Protagonist Kim Carson\" (4:56)
11. William S. Burroughs - \"Salt Chunk Mary; Like Mr. Hart, Kim Has a Dark Side to His Character\" (4:13)
12. William S. Burroughs - \"Progressive Education\" (7:13)
13. William S. Burroughs - \"The Wild Fruits\" (2:26)
14. William S. Burroughs - \"The Unworthy Vessel\" (2:45)
15. William S. Burroughs - \"The Name is Clem Snide\" (2:03)
16. William S. Burroughs - \"Mr. Hart Couldn\'t Hear the Word Death\" (2:54)
17. John Giorno - \"I Don\'t Need It, I Don\'t Want It, and You Cheated Me Out of It\" (10:40)
18. John Giorno - \"Completely Attached to Delusion\" (7:47)
Two tracks from the original 2-LP set were not included on the CD: William S. Burroughs\' \"The Do Rights\" (later included on Mouth Almighty\'s 1998 compilation box set *The Best of William S. Burroughs from Giorno Poetry Systems*) and John Giorno\'s \"excerpt from Put Your Ear to Stone & Open Your Heart to the Sky,\" which is not included in any later release
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# 23 Till
**23Till** was a Swedish punk rock band consisting of Janne Abrahamsson (vocals, guitar), Micke Pihlblad (bass, vocals) and Pär Andersson (drums). Formed in Norrköping in the middle of Sweden around 1985, they became one of the acts on the Swedish music underground scene in the 90s. Their last record was released 1995, and except a short reunion 1999 and 2000, 23Till is no longer active. The members have continued with other music projects.
23Till came with a wave of Swedish punk-related bands such as Ebba Grön and Dia Psalma, but 23Till was not as openly political as similar bands at the time
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# Radioaktiva räker
**Radioaktiva räker** (*\'\'\'Radioactive shrimps\'\'\'*) was a Swedish trallpunk band, formed in Hofors in 1991. The first line up was Johan Anttila, Daniel Torro, Jonas Lund and Mattias Johansson. In the summer of 1992 they were signed to the record label Beat Butchers. During the 1990s Radiaktive räker was one of the biggest punk bands in Sweden. Daniel Torro was later replaced by Jimmy Petterson. Radioaktiva räker split up 2003 after releasing an album called Finito and playing a summer tour.
The band reunited on September 25, 2009, for an evening with the celebration of the Beat Butchers 25 year anniversary. This occurred on Södra Teatern in Stockholm together with a number of other punk bands that have collaborated with Beat Butchers.
## Members
- Johan Anttila - vocals, guitar
- Jimmy Petersson - guitar, vocals
- Mattias \"Dåglas\" Johansson - bass guitar
- Jonas Lund - drums
### Former members {#former_members}
- Daniel Torro - vocals, guitar
- Jimmy Lindqvist - bass guitar
## Discography
- *Verkligheten* (1993)
- *Bakom spegeln* (1994)
- *Labyrint* (1994)
- *\...
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# Yeshiva Gedolah Zichron Moshe
**Yeshiva Gedolah Zichron Moshe**, also known as **Yeshiva of South Fallsburg**, is a private yeshiva in South Fallsburg, New York. It is considered one of the leading *beit midrash* (undergraduate-level) programs in the United States, maintaining a \"steady\" enrollment of approximately 200 students. As an Orthodox rabbinical college, all students are male.
Known colloquially as \"Fallsburg\", its students come from all over the United States, Europe and Israel. Following a stint in Fallsburg, students usually spend time in Israel, ideally in one of the many Brisker institutions there. Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Soloveitchik, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Brisk in Jerusalem, is known to accept a high percentage of Fallsburg\'s graduates.
The yeshiva is accredited by the Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools, and offers the bachelor\'s degree as well as first professional certification.
## History
The yeshiva was first established as a cheder for elementary-age students in the Bronx in 1944 by Rabbi Yerucham Gorelick. Gorelick had been a faculty member of Yeshiva University for 40 years, and was a former student of the Radin Yeshiva. The cheder was named Yeshiva Zichron Moshe after Moshe Alexander Gross, a U.S. navy recruit who had been killed during the Normandy landings and whose parents, Isaac and Regina Gross, provided funds to memorialize him. By 1958, the cheder enrolled some 300 students. Gorelick also established a girls\' elementary school in the Bronx called Beth Jacob Beth Miriam, which eventually enrolled 550 students.
In 1969, Gorelick decided to open a *yeshiva gedolah* (high school) in South Fallsburg, New York, then a rural hamlet, and purchased the Laurel Park Hotel for this purpose. The yeshiva opened under the name Yeshiva Gedola L\'Mitzuyanim. This name was later changed to Yeshiva Zichron Moshe of South Fallsburg. The high school was led by Gorelick\'s son, Rabbi Tzvi Abba Gorelick. In 1971, Rabbi Tzvi Abba Gorelick brought in Rabbi Elya Ber Wachtfogel, son of Rabbi Nosson Meir Wachtfogel, the previous *mashgiach ruchani* of the Lakewood Yeshiva, to fill the position of *maggid shiur*. Wachtfogel eventually took over as rosh yeshiva, a position he holds to this day.
As of 2020, the yeshiva has been supplemented by a cheder, a mesivta (secondary school), and a kollel. Most of the 100 families who reside in South Fallsburg year-round are affiliated with the kollel or work in the schools or administrative offices there.
## Leadership and staff {#leadership_and_staff}
The rosh yeshiva (dean), Rabbi Elya Ber Wachtfogel, gives the primary shiur. Along with the rosh yeshiva is Rabbi Isser Zalman Gorelick, himself a student of the rosh yeshiva, who gives a small shiur to younger students. The staff is supplemented by Rabbi Meir Kraweic, author of *Meirei Lev*, Rabbi Avrohom Nosson Rosengarten, Rabbi Chaim Gershon Berzansky, Rabbi Reuven Jurakanski, Rabbi Eliyahu Zalman Levovitz and Rabbi Avrohom Miller. Kraweic serves both as a *shoel umeishiv* during second *seder*, and gives a *chabura* once a week during morning *seder*. Rosengarten and Berzansky serve as *shoel umeishiv* for the second seder, and they give *chaburos* once a week to the older and younger students respectively Jurakanski is also a shoel umeishiv for second seder. Miller is *shoel umeishiv* during first *seder*. Levovitz is shoel umeishiv for night seder
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# Monster (band)
**Monster** was a ska-punk band from Sweden that split up in 2000. They released two albums: *Rockers Delight* (1997), *Gone Gone Gone/A Bash Dem* (1999) and some EPs. Their singer Anders Wendin now has a solo project called Moneybrother, other band members are now with The Concretes.
This band was formed in Stockholm when Wendin was about 19 years old. The band had horns and organs, and went on tour with other bands such as The Hives
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# Receptor activity-modifying protein
**Receptor activity-modifying proteins** (**RAMPs**) are a class of protein that interact with and modulate the activities of several Class B G protein-coupled receptors including the receptors for secretin, calcitonin (CT), glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). There are three distinct types of RAMPs in mammals (though more in fish), designated RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3, each encoded by a separate gene.
## Function
Currently, the function of RAMPs is divided into classes of activities. When associated with the Calcitonin receptor (CTR) or Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL) (below), RAMPs can change the selectivity of the receptor for a specific hormone. In the cases of the other receptors mentioned, however, there is no evidence that they can do this, but instead function to regulate trafficking of receptors from the ER / golgi to the membrane. These functions appear to be ones where there is redundancy, as neither RAMP1 nor RAMP3 knockout mice (KO) have grossly abnormal phenotypes. The likelihood is that the phenotype of RAMP2 KO mice is more connected with the abolition of most adrenomedullin (AM) signalling than effects on trafficking of other receptors, as those mice are almost identical to AM KO mice and mice lacking the Calcitonin-like receptor which are unable to form either AM1 or AM-2 adrenomedullin receptors (CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 respectively)
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# 15th Mechanized Brigade (Romania)
The **15th Mechanized Brigade** (*Brigada 15 Mecanizată \"Podul Înalt\"*) is a mechanized brigade of the Romanian Land Forces. It was formed in 1 July 1994 from the ex 15th Mechanized Regiment, and named after the \"Battle of Podul Înalt\". The brigade is currently subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division, and its headquarters are located in Iași.
## History
### Origins to World War I {#origins_to_world_war_i}
The 15th Mechanized Brigade is the successor of the 15th Dorobanți Regiment established on 1 January 1877. It was headquartered at Piatra Neamț and had two battalions with four companies each. During the War of Independence, the regiment participated in the battles of Plevna, Rahova, and Siege of Vidin (1878). On 15 July 1891, it received the name \"Războieni\" (after the 15th century Battle of Războieni).
The 15th Războieni Regiment participated in the Second Balkan War, then in World War I. During the war, the regiment acted in the Eastern Carpathians, at Miecurea-Ciuc, Odorhei, Poiana Uzului and in the Wallachian Plain as part of the 7th Infantry Division (Romania). A period of inactivity followed after the Armistice of Focșani, only for the regiment to take an active part in the campaign of 1918 and 1919. For its feats of arms during the campaigns, the battle flag of the 15th Regiment was decorated with the Order of the Star of Romania.
### World War 2 to present {#world_war_2_to_present}
In 1932, the regiment was transferred to the 6th Infantry Division. During the Second World War, the regiment fought on the Eastern Front. It fought in Bessarabia, then at Odessa. In 1942, the 1st Battalion of the regiment fought in the Battle of Stalingrad as part of the \"General Lascăr\" Group. Until 1944, the regiment was located in its garrison, being moved to the fortified line south of Pașcani in March.
After the 1944 Romanian coup d\'état, the 15th Infantry Training Regiment participated in further battles in Transylvania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia until the end of the war. After the war, it was moved to the Bacău Garrison, being also merged with the 16th Dorobanți Regiment. The 15th Regiment was itself disbanded in December 1951, and its soldiers moved to Buzău.
The regiment was reactivated in 1959 in the Iași Garrison, converting to a mechanized regiment in 1961 and received the name \"Războieni\" again in 1969. In 1994, it was transformed into the 15th Mechanized Brigade and renamed to \"Podul Înalt\" in 1996, while the name \"Războieni\" was given to the 151st Infantry Battalion of the brigade. The original barracks of the regiment in Piatra Neamț are currently occupied by the 634th Infantry Battalion.
The 151st and 634th Infantry Battalions were deployed to Afghanistan several times in support of Operation Enduring Freedom starting from 2003. The 151st Battalion also participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2008. Other international deployments were to Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Albania
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# Washington for Jesus
**Washington for Jesus** was a series of heavily-attended rallies held in Washington, D.C. by various representatives of the American Christian church in the United States. The first rally was held in 1980 on 29 and 30 April and centered primarily on promoting a Christian viewpoint in the political arena. Religious leaders present included John Gimenez, Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell, William Bright, and Benson Idahosa.
Although the event was ostensibly non-political, speeches and statements during the 1980 rally outlined many of the early points of the socially conservative agenda of the religious right. It was during this time that many national leaders of the Christian right unified in their political stances against homosexuality, abortion, teenage pregnancy, drug abuse, increasing divorce rates, and the women\'s liberation movement. The event is regarded as a forerunner of the rise of political activism among conservative Christians, and the rallies are believed to have helped mobilize the religious right behind the candidacies of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush.
## Evidence of political motives {#evidence_of_political_motives}
Though billed as an apolitical gathering of Christians in DC, recently surfaced audio of a recruitment meeting led by John Gimenez and National Coordinator Ted Pantaleo points toward political motivations.
On the tape, Gimenez reminds ministers that, \"Next year is a voting year, and we are talking about getting Ronald Reagan, and those candidates who will be running for President.\" Pantaleo instructs recruited ministers that \"our job is to get one million people to Washington in 1980,\" further reiterating that they must \"get as many people in your congressional district to come to Washington.\" Although Pantaleo informs recruits that Washington for Jesus\' official purpose is to conduct \"a once-in-a-lifetime celebration of the Lordship of Jesus Christ,\" he also outlines an organizational structure focused entirely on Congressional districts and informs ministers that, on the day preceding the rally, they will \"meet simultaneously with every congressmen in the United States Congress.\"
Pantaleo also divulges a plan to meet with Congressmen on the day prior to the rally to make political demands. Pantaleo states that \"we have done quite a bit of homework on how to approach the Congressmen,\" and to get what we want we \"gotta go in and play hardball.\" Pantaleo describes 3-5 men teams assigned to each Congressman, those teams having been \'well trained\' on the Congressman\'s voting record. Each team will possess a list of engaged Christian voters within their Congressional district (referred to as a \"prayer list\"), and will explain to the Congressman that each name on the list has spent the last year praying for them. The team will then make their demands known, with the threat that if their demands aren\'t met, \"We\'ll have to vote you out of office.\"
### Further revelations from recruitment tape {#further_revelations_from_recruitment_tape}
The Washington for Jesus recruitment tape contains further political commentary. Ted Pantaleo tells ministers that Washington for Jesus has identified and created a list of \'around sixty-five Born Again Christians in Congress\'. Pantaleo relates California Congressman Dornan\'s concern that the American Society of Witches are listed as official users of military chapels, and that members of Congress are being given free abortion access. Pantaleo describes Chairman of the Oregon Republican Party Walter Huss as a \"very good Christian\" who believes America will be \"physically encircled by our enemies\" within the next five years. In reference to how Congressmen\'s legislative votes are swayed, Pantaleo states that an unnamed Congressman told him the Gay Rights Movement found success in Congress because \"the gays are making so much noise\".
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# Washington for Jesus
## History and rallies {#history_and_rallies}
Washington for Jesus was founded by John Gimenez, the pastor of Rock Church in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Gimenez founded One Nation Under God, Inc. because, he said, he received prophecies that he should go to Washington to influence the future of the United States. Although Gimenez was essentially Charismatic in his beliefs, he was able to appeal to a larger segment of the Christian community with the help of his friend Pat Robertson, who was also based in the Virginia Beach area.Independent estimates of attendance at the 1980 rally range from 125,000 to 200,000, while Robertson said the attendance was closer to 500,000. The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority estimated that 400,000 trips were taken on the day of the event, which was a single day record, and the first time the system topped 400,000. This broke the record set on 2/26/1980. The record would last more than a year and a half until the pro-union Solidarity Day March.
While Bright argued that the participants had \"not come to Washington with a political agenda or to lobby for certain legislation\", speakers at the event were explicitly critical of Supreme Court decisions and warned that the increasing acceptance of abortion and homosexuality would provoke God\'s retaliation in the form of an attack by the Soviet Union. A group of 20 prominent religious organizations, including the National Council of Churches, criticized the Washington for Jesus rally as explicitly political and an effort to \"Christianize the government\".
During the 1988 rally, President Ronald Reagan addressed the crowd via videotape, describing his plan to make the following Thursday a National Day of Prayer. The National Park Service estimated the crowd at 200,000. The 1988 rally also helped set a single day record for Metrorail, with an estimated 565,000 trips on the day of the rally, breaking the record set by the Redskins Super Bowl victory parade two months earlier. The record would last until the Inauguration of George H.W. Bush in 1989.
The 1996 rally, held in pouring rain, drew an estimated 75,000 people, according to the U.S. Park Police.
In 2012, Gimenez\' widow, Anne, spearheaded a two-day rally in Philadelphia called \"America for Jesus
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# Sons and Lovers (film)
***Sons and Lovers*** is a 1960 British period drama film directed by Jack Cardiff and adapted by Gavin Lambert and T. E. B. Clarke from the semi-autobiographical 1913 novel of the same name by D. H. Lawrence. It stars Trevor Howard, Dean Stockwell, Wendy Hiller, Mary Ure, and Heather Sears.
Set and filmed in the East Midlands of England, the film centres on a young man (Stockwell) with artistic talent who lives in a close-knit coal-mining town during the early 20th century, and finds himself inhibited by his emotionally manipulative, domineering mother (Hiller)---a literary, psychological interpretation of the Oedipus story.
Premiering at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival, the film was well-received by critics and a commercial success. At the 33rd Academy Awards, it was nominated for seven Oscars: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (for Howard), Best Supporting Actress (for Ure), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Art Direction -- Black-and-White, and Best Cinematography -- Black-and-White; it won the cinematography award. For his work on the film, Jack Cardiff won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and the National Board of Review Award for Best Director.
## Plot
East Midlands housewife Gertrude Morel is miserable in her marriage to Walter, a coal miner who drinks heavily and sometimes shows his bitterness in violent ways. She has placed her hopes on her son Paul, who has the talent and ambition to become an artist, a dream that is mocked by Walter. Paul finds his desire to escape to a different life sidetracked by his mother\'s possessiveness, as well as by local girl Miriam Leivers, with whom he has an intellectual relationship that he would like to become physical. Miriam, however, is torn between her feelings and the views of her mother, who views sex as sinful and dirty.
Paul\'s brother Arthur dies in a mining accident, and the Morel\'s eldest son, William, returns home for the funeral. As William\'s train back to London is about to depart, he reveals that he is engaged to be married to a pretty woman from an affluent family, a woman who the Morels later learn is the temperamental opposite of Gertrude---light-spirited, and not particularly passionate or intellectual.
When a sketch Paul made of his father is exhibited in Nottingham, he overhears a wealthy art patron criticize the work, but the man later comes to the Morel house to offer to pay for Paul to attend art school in London, as he recognizes Paul\'s potential as an artist. Excited, Paul tells Miriam, but she rejects his physical advances. When Paul gets home, his parents have just had a violent confrontation, and he decides to forego art school, as he cannot bear to leave his mother alone with his father.
Paul takes a job in a local lace factory, where he becomes enchanted with Clara Dawes, a \"liberated\" feminist co-worker who is separated---but not divorced---from her husband, Baxter. Nonetheless, he continues seeing Miriam, and she finally agrees to have sex with him, but he immediately regrets convincing her to do so, as she did not seem to enjoy the experience, and he decides to stop seeing her. He and Clara begin a passionate affair, but he is not able to totally commit himself to her, in large part due to his mother\'s emotional hold on him.
While Paul and Claire are away on a trip to the seaside, Baxter confronts Walter in a pub and tells him to keep Paul away from Claire. Walter blames Gertrude\'s clinginess for preventing Paul from being able to have a normal romantic relationship with a woman his age, but Gertrude says all she ever wanted was for Paul to be happy. Baxter is waiting for Paul when he returns from the trip, and, although Baxter wins the fight, he is injured. Clara, who has noted Paul\'s emotional distance, returns to her husband to nurse him back to health.
Gertrude has not seemed well recently, and, one evening, Paul comes home to discover that she has had a heart attack. She says she no longer wishes to see Walter, as she wants to remember the days when they were in love and not be reminded of all of the negative aspects of their current relationship. She dies early the next morning, and Walter tells Paul to not let her down like he did, encouraging him to go to London and, hopefully, find some happiness.
On a walk in the woods, Paul meets Miriam. She apologizes for his loss, and they learn that they are both going to London---Paul to attend art school, and Miriam to train to be a teacher. She suggests they marry so she can care for him, but Paul rejects her proposal, telling her that, after having belonged to his mother, he wants to stay free so he can learn \"what it means to live.\"
## Cast
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# Sons and Lovers (film)
## Production
### Development
American producer Jerry Wald had purchased the film rights to D. H. Lawrence\'s novel *Sons and Lovers* in the 1950s, intending to produce the film in the United States, with Montgomery Clift as Paul Morel and Marilyn Monroe as one of his girlfriends. When Clift\'s casting fell through, Wald approached James Dean, but Dean\'s death put the project on hold for several years, after which Wald decided it would be better for the film to be produced in the UK.
### Casting
Dean Stockwell, whose performance was the most heavily criticised in reviews of the film, was given the role of Paul at the insistence of producer Wald, who hoped that an American in the cast would increase the film\'s box-office appeal in the United States.
The part of Clara Dawes was offered to Joan Collins, but she turned it down, as her then-fiance Warren Beatty thought the script was \"crap\" and did not want her to do it. The part went finally to Mary Ure, who was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.
### Filming
Location shooting took place near Nottingham in the East Midlands, very close to where Lawrence himself grew up. Interiors were filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire. Freddie Francis said he was hired to lens the film due to the recent success of *Room at the Top* (1959), for which he had served as cinematographer.
## Reception
### Box office {#box_office}
By January 1961, the film had earned \$1,500,000 from box office rentals in the United States and Canada and \$800,000 in the United Kingdom. *Kine Weekly* called it a \"money maker\" at the British box office in 1960.
### Critical reaction {#critical_reaction}
Bosley Crowther of *The New York Times* wrote: \"*Sons and Lovers* is sensitively felt and photographed in Jerry Wald\'s British-made film version of \[Lawrence\'s novel\] \... An excellent cast of British actors (and one American) play it well. And Jack Cardiff, camera man turned director, has filled it with picture poetry.\"
*Variety* described the film as \"a well-made and conscientious adaptation of D. H. Lawrence\'s famed novel, smoothly directed by Jack Cardiff and superbly acted by a notable cast.\" The review particularly singled out Trevor Howard for \"giving a moving and wholly believable study of a man equally capable of tenderness as he is of being tough.\"
*Harrison\'s Reports* wrote: \"Prizeworthy performances are rendered by all, especially Trevor Howard as a humorous, drunken miner; Wendy Hiller as his wife; Dean Stockwell as the sensitive son; Heather Sears and Mary Ure as friends of Stockwell. Direction is outstanding; photography \[is\] fine.\"
### Accolades
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
+============================================+==========================================================+====================================+========+======+
| Academy Awards | Best Motion Picture | Jerry Wald | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Director | Jack Cardiff | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Actor | Trevor Howard | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Supporting Actress | Mary Ure | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Screenplay -- Based on Material from Another Medium | Gavin Lambert and T. E. B. Clarke | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Art Direction -- Black-and-White | Art Direction: Thomas N. Morahan;\ | | |
| | | Set Decoration: Lionel Couch | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Cinematography -- Black-and-White | Freddie Francis | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| British Academy Film Awards | Best British Actress | Wendy Hiller | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| British Society of Cinematographers Awards | Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film | Freddie Francis | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| Cannes Film Festival | Palme d\'Or | Jack Cardiff | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| Directors Guild of America Awards | Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures | | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Motion Picture -- Drama | | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Director -- Motion Picture | Jack Cardiff | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama | Trevor Howard | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | | Dean Stockwell | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture | Mary Ure | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| National Board of Review Awards | Top 10 Films | | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Film | | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Director | Jack Cardiff | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| New York Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Film | | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Director | Jack Cardiff | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Actor | Trevor Howard | | |
+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | Best Screenplay | Gavin Lambert and T. E. B
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# Herbert Hovenkamp
**Herbert Hovenkamp** (born 1948) is an American legal scholar known for his studies of and expertise in United States antitrust law. He serves as James G. Dinan University Professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
## Biography
Hovenkamp graduated from Calvin College in 1969. He then did graduate study at the University of Texas at Austin, receiving an M.A. in American literature in 1971 and a Ph.D. in American civilization in 1976. He also attended the University of Texas School of Law, receiving a Juris Doctor degree in 1978.
Hovenkamp was a law professor at the University of California Hastings College of Law (now University of California College of the Law, San Francisco) from 1980 to 1985 and at the University of Iowa College of Law from 1985 to 2017. Hovenkamp is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
## Antitrust scholarship {#antitrust_scholarship}
Hovenkamp is sometimes cited as \"the most influential antitrust scholar of our generation\" and the *New York Times* reported that many consider him \"the dean of American antitrust law.\" Along with the now-deceased Phillip Areeda, Hovenkamp is one of the two authors of *Antitrust Law*, a widely cited American antitrust law treatise.
In each of the last ten antitrust cases heard by the United States Supreme Court, either the petitioner or the solicitor general pointed to Hovenkamp as supporting the position the justices were being urged to take. Professor Hovenkamp's writings have been cited in 36 Supreme Court decisions and more than 1300 decisions in the lower courts.
Thomas Hungar, deputy solicitor general of the United States from 2003 to 2008, has called Hovenkamp one of the prime shapers of antitrust legal interpretation by U.S. courts.
In 2008, Hovenkamp received the John Sherman Award from the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice. The award is presented approximately once every three years to \"a person or persons for their outstanding achievement in antitrust law, contributing to the protection of American consumers and to the preservation of economic liberty.\"
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Books
-
- 3rd edition (2006); 4th edition (2013); 5th edition (2020)
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# Sons and Lovers (TV serial)
***Sons and Lovers*** is a 1981 BBC television serial based on D. H. Lawrence\'s 1913 book *Sons and Lovers*. It starred Eileen Atkins, Tom Bell, Karl Johnson, Lynn Dearth and Leonie Mellinger. It was adapted by Trevor Griffiths and directed by Stuart Burge, and originally shown as seven episodes. It aired in the US as part of the PBS\'s Masterpiece Theatre program in 1982.
Writer Trevor Griffiths said in 1981, \"I chose to do this work because, under all the incipient mysticism of the perception, under the incipient derogation of women, under the increasingly ugly politics, there is, in this Lawrence, and vibrantly so, a powerful and radical celebration of dignity in resistance within working-class culture in industrial class-societies; as well as a dark, tortured cry against the waste of human resources such societies require as part of their logic. It is no bad thing to be saying when unemployment has reached over three million
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| 0 |
11,071,867 |
# International cricket in 2007–08
The **2007--08 international cricket season** was from September 2007 and April 2008. `{{TOC right|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Season overview {#season_overview}
International tours
-----------------------------------------
Start date
`{{dts|29 September 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|1 October 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|1 October 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|6 November 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|8 November 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|8 November 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|30 November 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|11 December 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|16 December 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|26 December 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|26 December 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|21 January 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|5 February 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|22 February 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|18 March 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|22 March 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|26 March 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
International tournaments
Dates
`{{dts|11 September 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|3 February 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
Minor tours
Start date
`{{dts|18 October 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|25 October 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
Minor tournaments
Dates
`{{dts|1 September 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{dts|24 November 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
## Pre-season rankings {#pre_season_rankings}
ICC Test Championship `{{small|1 August 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
-------------------------------------------------------------
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ICC ODI Championship `{{small|1 August 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
## September
### Kenya Twenty20 Quadrangular {#kenya_twenty20_quadrangular}
No. Date Team 1 Captain Team 2 Captain Venue Result
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------- ------------------- -------- ------------------- ------------------------------- --------------
[Match 1](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/engine/match/306986.html) 1 September Shoaib Malik Joel Olwenyi Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 148 runs
[T20I 17](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/engine/match/306987.html) 1 September Steve Tikolo Mohammad Ashraful Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 5 wickets
[Match 3](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/engine/match/306988.html) 2 September Steve Tikolo Joel Olwenyi Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 2 wickets
[T20I 18](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/engine/match/306989.html) 2 September Mohammad Ashraful Shoaib Malik Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 30 runs
[Match 5](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/engine/match/306990.html) 3 September Mohammad Ashraful Joel Olwenyi Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 21 runs
[T20I 19](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/engine/match/306991.html) 3 September Thomas Odoyo Shoaib Malik Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 8 wickets
### ICC World Twenty20 {#icc_world_twenty20}
#### Group stage {#group_stage}
No. Date Team 1 Captain Team 2 Captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------- ---------------------- -------- -------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
Group stage
[T20I 20](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287853.html) 11 September Graeme Smith Ramnaresh Sarwan New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 8 wickets
[T20I 21](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287854.html) 12 September Steve Tikolo Daniel Vettori Kingsmead, Durban by 9 wickets
[T20I 22](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287855.html) 12 September Shoaib Malik Ryan Watson Kingsmead, Durban by 51 runs
[T20I 23](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287856.html) 12 September Ricky Ponting Prosper Utseya Newlands, Cape Town by 5 wickets
[T20I 24](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/287857.html) 13 September Mohammad Ashraful Ramnaresh Sarwan New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 6 wickets
[T20I 25](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287858.html) 13 September Paul Collingwood Prosper Utseya Newlands, Cape Town by 50 runs
[T20I 26](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287859.html) 13 September Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ryan Watson Kingsmead, Durban Match abandoned
[T20I 27](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287860.html) 14 September Steve Tikolo Mahela Jayawardene New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 172 runs
[T20I 28](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287861.html) 14 September Ricky Ponting Paul Collingwood Newlands, Cape Town by 8 wickets
[T20I 29](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287862.html) 14 September Mahendra Singh Dhoni Shoaib Malik Kingsmead, Durban Match tied (`{{cr|IND}}`{=mediawiki} won the bowl-out)
[T20I 30](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287863.html) 15 September Daniel Vettori Mahela Jayawardene New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 7 wickets
[T20I 31](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287864.html) 15 September Graeme Smith Mohammad Ashraful Newlands, Cape Town by 7 wickets
#### Super Eights {#super_eights}
No. Date Team 1 Captain Team 2 Captain Venue Result
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------- -------- ------------------- -------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------
Super Eights
[T20I 32](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287865.html) 16 September Daniel Vettori Mahendra Singh Dhoni New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 10 runs
[T20I 33](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287866.html) 16 September Ricky Ponting Mohammad Ashraful Newlands, Cape Town by 9 wickets
[T20I 34](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287867.html) 16 September Graeme Smith Paul Collingwood Newlands, Cape Town by 19 runs
[T20I 35](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287868.html) 17 September Shoaib Malik Mahela Jayawardene New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 33 runs
[T20I 36](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287869.html) 18 September Daniel Vettori Paul Collingwood Kingsmead, Durban by 5 runs
[T20I 37](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287870.html) 18 September Ricky Ponting Shoaib Malik New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 6 wickets
[T20I 38](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287871.html) 18 September Mohammad Ashraful Mahela Jayawardene New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 64 runs
[T20I 39](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287872.html) 19 September Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori Kingsmead, Durban by 6 wickets
[T20I 40](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287873.html) 19 September Paul Collingwood Mahendra Singh Dhoni Kingsmead, Durban by 18 runs
[T20I 41](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287874.html) 20 September Ricky Ponting Mahela Jayawardene Newlands, Cape Town by 10 wickets
[T20I 42](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287875.html) 20 September Shoaib Malik Mohammad Ashraful Newlands, Cape Town by 4 wickets
[T20I 43](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287876.html) 20 September Graeme Smith Mahendra Singh Dhoni Kingsmead, Durban by 37 runs
#### Knockout stage {#knockout_stage}
No. Date Team 1 Captain Team 2 Captain Venue Result
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------- -------- ---------------------- -------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------
Semi-finals
[T20I 44](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287877.html) 22 September Daniel Vettori Shoaib Malik Newlands, Cape Town by 6 wickets
[T20I 45](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/current/match/287878.html) 22 September Mahendra Singh Dhoni Adam Gilchrist Kingsmead, Durban by 15 runs
Final
[T20I 46](http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287879.html) 24 September Shoaib Malik Mahendra Singh Dhoni New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 5 runs
### Australia in India {#australia_in_india}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------- -----------------
ODI series
[ODI 2621](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/current/match/297793.html) 29 September Mahendra Singh Dhoni Adam Gilchrist M.Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore Match abandoned
[ODI 2623](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/match/297794.html) 2 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Adam Gilchrist Nehru Stadium, Kochi by 84 runs
[ODI 2625](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/match/297795.html) 5 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ricky Ponting Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad by 47 runs
[ODI 2627](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/match/297796.html) 8 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ricky Ponting Sector 16 Stadium, Chandigarh by 8 runs
[ODI 2629](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/match/297797.html) 11 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ricky Ponting Reliance Stadium, Baroda by 9 wickets
[ODI 2631](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/match/297798.html) 14 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ricky Ponting Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur by 18 runs
[ODI 2632](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/match/297799.html) 17 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ricky Ponting Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai by 2 wickets
T20I
[T20I 47](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvaus/engine/current/match/297800.html) 20 October Mahendra Singh Dhoni Ricky Ponting Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai by 7 wickets
| 873 |
International cricket in 2007–08
| 0 |
11,071,867 |
# International cricket in 2007–08
## October
### South Africa in Pakistan {#south_africa_in_pakistan}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------------------------- --------------
Test series
[Test 1843](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299004.html) 1--5 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith National Stadium, Karachi by 160 runs
[Test 1844](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299005.html) 8--12 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore Match drawn
ODI series
[ODI 2633](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299006.html) 18 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore by 45 runs
[ODI 2635](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299007.html) 20 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore by 20 runs
[ODI 2637](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299008.html) 23 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad by 6 wickets
[ODI 2639](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299009.html) 26 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith Multan Cricket Stadium, Multan by 7 wickets
[ODI 2642](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvrsa/engine/match/299010.html) 29 October Shoaib Malik Graeme Smith Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore by 14 runs
### England in Sri Lanka {#england_in_sri_lanka}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ------------------ -------------------------------------------------- --------------------
ODI series
[ODI 2622](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291217.html) 1 October Mahela Jayawardene Paul Collingwood Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla by 119 runs
[ODI 2624](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291218.html) 4 October Mahela Jayawardene Paul Collingwood Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla by 65 runs
[ODI 2626](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291219.html) 7 October Mahela Jayawardene Paul Collingwood Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, Dambulla by 2 wickets (D/L)
[ODI 2628](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/match/291220.html) 10 October Mahela Jayawardene Paul Collingwood R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo by 5 wickets
[ODI 2630](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291221.html) 13 October Mahela Jayawardene Paul Collingwood R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo by 107 runs
Test series
[Test 1851](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291222.html) 1--5 December Mahela Jayawardene Michael Vaughan Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy by 88 runs
[Test 1853](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291223.html) 9--13 December Mahela Jayawardene Michael Vaughan Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo Match drawn
[Test 1854](http://www.espncricinfo.com/slveng/engine/current/match/291224.html) 18--22 December Mahela Jayawardene Michael Vaughan Galle International Stadium, Galle Match drawn
### Canada in Kenya {#canada_in_kenya}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------- ---------------- ------------------------------- --------------
ODI series
[ODI 2634](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenyavcan/engine/match/296685.html) 18 October Steve Tikolo Sunil Dhaniram Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 4 wickets
[ODI 2636](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenyavcan/engine/match/296687.html) 20 October Steve Tikolo Sunil Dhaniram Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 4 wickets
### Bermuda in Kenya {#bermuda_in_kenya}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------- ---------------- ------------------------------- --------------
ODI series
[ODI 2638](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenyavbmda/engine/match/313992.html) 25 October Steve Tikolo Irving Romaine Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 8 wickets
[ODI 2640](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenyavbmda/engine/match/313993.html) 28 October Steve Tikolo Irving Romaine Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 3 wickets
[ODI 2641](http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenyavbmda/engine/match/313994.html) 29 October Steve Tikolo Irving Romaine Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi by 1 wicket
| 392 |
International cricket in 2007–08
| 1 |
11,071,867 |
# International cricket in 2007–08
## November
### Pakistan in India {#pakistan_in_india}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------- --------------
ODI series
[ODI 2643](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297801.html) 6 November Mahendra Singh Dhoni Shoaib Malik Nehru Stadium, Guwahati by 5 wickets
[ODI 2644](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297802.html) 8 November Mahendra Singh Dhoni Shoaib Malik Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali by 4 wickets
[ODI 2645](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297803.html) 11 November Mahendra Singh Dhoni Shoaib Malik Green Park Stadium, Kanpur by 46 runs
[ODI 2646](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297804.html) 15 November Mahendra Singh Dhoni Shoaib Malik Captain Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior by 6 wickets
[ODI 2647](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297805.html) 18 November Mahendra Singh Dhoni Shoaib Malik Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur by 31 runs
Test series
[Test 1849](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297806.html) 22--26 November Anil Kumble Shoaib Malik Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi by 6 wickets
[Test 1850](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297807.html) 30 November -- 4 December Anil Kumble Younis Khan Eden Gardens, Kolkata Match drawn
[Test 1852](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/engine/current/match/297808.html) 8--12 December Anil Kumble Younis Khan M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore Match drawn
### Sri Lanka in Australia {#sri_lanka_in_australia}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------
Test series
[Test 1845](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvsl/engine/current/match/291338.html) 8--12 November Ricky Ponting Mahela Jayawardene The Gabba, Brisbane by an innings and 40 runs
[Test 1847](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvsl/engine/current/match/291339.html) 16--20 November Ricky Ponting Mahela Jayawardene Bellerive Oval. Hobart by 96 runs
### New Zealand in South Africa {#new_zealand_in_south_africa}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- -------------- ---------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------------
Test series
[Test 1846](http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavnz/engine/current/match/298793.html) 8--12 November Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 358 runs
[Test 1848](http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavnz/engine/current/match/298794.html) 16--20 November Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori SuperSport Park, Centurion by an innings and 59 runs
T20I series
[T20I 48](http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavnz/engine/current/match/298795.html) 23 November Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 3 wickets
ODI series
[ODI 2648](http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavnz/engine/current/match/298796.html) 25 November Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori Kingsmead, Durban by 2 wickets
[ODI 2650](http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavnz/engine/current/match/298797.html) 30 November Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori St George\'s Park, Port Elizabeth by 7 wickets
[ODI 2652](http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavnz/engine/current/match/298798.html) 2 December Graeme Smith Daniel Vettori Newlands, Cape Town by 5 wickets
### West Indies in Zimbabwe {#west_indies_in_zimbabwe}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------------------------ -----------------
ODI series
[ODI 2649](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/current/match/317578.html) 30 November Prosper Utseya Chris Gayle Harare Sports Club, Harare by 30 runs
[ODI 2651](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/317579.html) 2 December Prosper Utseya Chris Gayle Harare Sports Club, Harare by 110 runs
[ODI 2653](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivszimsa/engine/current/match/317580.html) 5 December Prosper Utseya Dwayne Bravo Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo by 6 wickets
[ODI 2654](http://content-eap.cricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/current/match/317581.html) 7 December Prosper Utseya Dwayne Bravo Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo by 5 wickets
[ODI 2654a](http://content-eap.cricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/317582.html) 9 December Prosper Utseya Dwayne Bravo Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo Match abandoned
### World Cricket League Division 2 {#world_cricket_league_division_2}
#### Group stage {#group_stage_1}
No. Date Team 1 Captain Team 2 Captain Venue Result
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------- -------------------- -------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------
Group stage
[Match 1](https://web.archive.org/web/20080318183152/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/arom2411.html) 24 November Esteban MacDermott Hemal Mehta Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 18 runs
[Match 2](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085626/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/nade2411.html) 24 November Bjorn Kotze Frederik Klokker Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 8 wickets
[Match 3](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085350/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/ugua2411.html) 24 November Davis Arinaitwe Saqib Ali United Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 7 wickets
[Match 4](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516084620/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/arna2511.html) 25 November Esteban MacDermott Bjorn Kotze United Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 178 runs
[Match 5](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085548/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/deua2511.html) 25 November Frederik Klokker Saqib Ali Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 4 wickets
[Match 6](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085306/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/omug2511.html) 25 November Hemal Mehta Davis Arinaitwe Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 3 wickets
[Match 7](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085243/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/arua2711.html) 27 November Esteban MacDermott Saqib Ali Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 304 runs
[Match 8](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085218/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/deug2711.html) 27 November Frederik Klokker Davis Arinaitwe United Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 21 runs
[Match 9](https://web.archive.org/web/20080516084849/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/scorecards/naom2711.html) 27 November Bjorn Kotze Ameet Sampat Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 2 wickets
[Match 10](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131286.html) 28 November Esteban MacDermott Davis Arinaitwe Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 9 wickets
[Match 11](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131287.html) 28 November Frederik Klokker Ameet Sampat United Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 6 wickets
[Match 12](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131288.html) 28 November Bjorn Kotze Saqib Ali Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 5 wickets
[Match 13](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131289.html) 30 November Esteban MacDermott Frederik Klokker Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 3 wickets
[Match 14](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131290.html) 30 November Bjorn Kotze Davis Arinaitwe Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 27 runs
[Match 15](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131291.html) 30 November Ameet Sampat Saqib Ali United Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 25 runs
#### Finals and playoffs {#finals_and_playoffs}
No. Date Team 1 Captain Team 2 Captain Venue Result
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------ -------- ----------------- -------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------
[Final](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131292.html) 1 December Ameet Sampat Saqib Ali Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 67 runs
[3rd Place Playoff](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131293.html) 1 December Bjorn Kotze Frederik Klokker United Ground, Windhoek, Windhoek, Namibia by 4 wickets
[5th Place Playoff](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/131/131294.html) 1 December Davis Arinaitwe Esteban MacDermott Centre for Cricket Development Ground, Windhoek, Namibia by 181 runs
| 773 |
International cricket in 2007–08
| 2 |
11,071,867 |
# International cricket in 2007–08
## December
### New Zealand in Australia {#new_zealand_in_australia}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------------------------- -----------------
T20I
[T20I 49](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvnz/engine/match/291343.html) 11 December Michael Clarke Daniel Vettori WACA Ground, Perth by 54 runs
ODI series
[ODI 2655](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvnz/engine/match/291345.html) 14 December Ricky Ponting Daniel Vettori Adelaide Oval, Adelaide by 7 wickets
[ODI 2656](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvnz/engine/match/291346.html) 16 December Ricky Ponting Daniel Vettori Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney Match abandoned
[ODI 2657](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvnz/engine/match/291347.html) 20 December Ricky Ponting Daniel Vettori Bellerive Oval, Hobart by 114 runs
### West Indies in South Africa {#west_indies_in_south_africa}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------- -------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------------
T20I series
[T20I 50](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/319112.html) 16 December Shaun Pollock Dwayne Bravo St George\'s Park, Port Elizabeth by 5 wickets
[T20I 51](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298804.html) 18 January Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 4 wickets
Test series
[Test 1856](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298801.html) 26--30 December Graeme Smith Chris Gayle St George\'s Park, Port Elizabeth by 128 runs
[Test 1858](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298802.html) 2--6 January Graeme Smith Chris Gayle Newlands, Cape Town by 7 wickets
[Test 1860](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298803.html) 10--14 January Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo Kingsmead, Durban by an innings and 100 runs
ODI series
[ODI 2661](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298805.html) 20 January Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo SuperSport Park, Centurion by 6 wickets
[ODI 2664](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298806.html) 25 January Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo Newlands, Cape Town by 86 runs
[ODI 2666](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298807.html) 27 January Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo St George\'s Park, Port Elizabeth by 7 wickets
[ODI 2668](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298808.html) 1 February Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo Kingsmead, Durban by 5 wickets
[ODI 2671](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivzimsa/engine/match/298809.html) 3 February Graeme Smith Dwayne Bravo New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg by 8 wickets
### India in Australia {#india_in_australia}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------- --------------
Test series
[Test 1855](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/match/291351.html) 26--30 December Ricky Ponting Anil Kumble Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne by 337 runs
[Test 1857](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/match/291352.html) 2--6 January Ricky Ponting Anil Kumble Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney by 122 runs
[Test 1862](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/match/291353.html) 16--20 January Ricky Ponting Anil Kumble WACA Ground, Perth by 72 runs
[Test 1863](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ausvind/engine/match/291354.html) 24--28 January Ricky Ponting Anil Kumble Adelaide Oval, Adelaide Match drawn
T20I
[T20I 52](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291356.html) 1 February Michael Clarke Mahendra Singh Dhoni Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne by 9 wickets
### Bangladesh in New Zealand {#bangladesh_in_new_zealand}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------
ODI series
[ODI 2658](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvbdesh/engine/match/300426.html) 26 December Daniel Vettori Mohammad Ashraful Eden Park, Auckland by 6 wickets
[ODI 2659](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvbdesh/engine/match/300427.html) 28 December Daniel Vettori Mohammad Ashraful McLean Park, Napier by 102 runs
[ODI 2660](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvbdesh/engine/current/match/300428.html) 31 December Daniel Vettori Mohammad Ashraful Queenstown Events Centre, Queenstown by 10 wickets
Test series
[Test 1859](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvbdesh/engine/match/300429.html) 4--8 January Daniel Vettori Mohammad Ashraful University Oval, Dunedin by 9 wickets
[Test 1861](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvbdesh/engine/match/300430.html) 12--16 January Daniel Vettori Mohammad Ashraful Basin Reserve, Wellington by an innings and 137 runs
| 455 |
International cricket in 2007–08
| 3 |
11,071,867 |
# International cricket in 2007–08
## January
### Zimbabwe in Pakistan {#zimbabwe_in_pakistan}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------
ODI series
[ODI 2662](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvzim/engine/match/325800.html) 21 January Shoaib Malik Prosper Utseya National Stadium, Karachi by 104 runs
[ODI 2663](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvzim/engine/match/325801.html) 24 January Shoaib Malik Prosper Utseya Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad by 5 wickets
[ODI 2665](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvzim/engine/match/325802.html) 27 January Shoaib Malik Hamilton Masakadza Multan Cricket Stadium, Multan by 37 runs
[ODI 2667](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvzim/engine/match/325803.html) 30 January Shoaib Malik Hamilton Masakadza Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad by 7 wickets
[ODI 2669](http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakvzim/engine/match/325804.html) 2 February Shoaib Malik Hamilton Masakadza Sheikhupura Stadium, Sheikhupura by 7 wickets
## February
### Commonwealth Bank Series {#commonwealth_bank_series}
Group stage
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No.
[ODI 2670](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291359.html)
[ODI 2672](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/291360.html)
[ODI 2673](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/291361.html)
[ODI 2675](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/291362.html)
[ODI 2676](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/291363.html)
[ODI 2679](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291364.html)
[ODI 2680](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291365.html)
[ODI 2681](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/291366.html)
[ODI 2683](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/291367.html)
[ODI 2685](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291368.html)
[ODI 2686](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291369.html)
[ODI 2687](http://www.espncricinfo.com/cbs/engine/current/match/291370.html)
Finals
### England in New Zealand {#england_in_new_zealand}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------ ------------------ ---------------------------- ------------------
T20I series
[T20I 53](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/current/match/300435.html) 5 February Brendon McCullum Paul Collingwood Eden Park, Auckland by 32 runs
[T20I 54](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/current/match/300436.html) 7 February Brendon McCullum Paul Collingwood Jade Stadium, Christchurch by 50 runs
ODI series
[ODI 2674](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/current/match/300437.html) 9 February Daniel Vettori Paul Collingwood Basin Reserve, Wellington by 6 wickets
[ODI 2677](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300438.html) 12 February Daniel Vettori Paul Collingwood Seddon Park, Hamilton by 10 wickets
[ODI 2678](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300439.html) 15 February Daniel Vettori Paul Collingwood Eden Park, Auckland by 6 wickets
[ODI 2682](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300440.html) 20 February Daniel Vettori Paul Collingwood McLean Park, Napier Match tied
[ODI 2684](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/current/match/300441.html) 23 February Daniel Vettori Paul Collingwood AMI Stadium, Christchurch by 34 runs (D/L)
Test series
[Test 1866](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/current/match/300442.html) 5--9 March Daniel Vettori Michael Vaughan Seddon Park, Hamilton by 189 runs
[Test 1867](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/300443.html) 13--17 March Daniel Vettori Michael Vaughan Basin Reserve, Wellington by 126 runs
[Test 1868](http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/current/match/300444.html) 22--26 March Daniel Vettori Michael Vaughan McLean Park, Napier by 121 runs
### South Africa in Bangladesh {#south_africa_in_bangladesh}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
Test series
[Test 1864](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvrsa/engine/match/323947.html) 22--26 February Mohammad Ashraful Graeme Smith Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur by 5 wickets
[Test 1865](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvrsa/engine/current/match/323948.html) 29 February -- 4 March Mohammad Ashraful Graeme Smith Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong by an innings and 205 runs
ODI series
[ODI 2690](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvrsa/engine/current/match/323949.html) 9 March Mohammad Ashraful Graeme Smith Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong by 9 wickets
[ODI 2691](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvrsa/engine/current/match/323950.html) 12 March Mohammad Ashraful Graeme Smith Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur by 7 wickets
[ODI 2692](http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/323951.html) 14 March Mohammad Ashraful Graeme Smith Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur by 7 wickets
| 411 |
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| 4 |
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# International cricket in 2007–08
## March
### Ireland in Bangladesh {#ireland_in_bangladesh}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------- ---------------- --------------------------------------- --------------
ODI series
[ODI 2693](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvireland/engine/match/335633.html) 18 March Mohammad Ashraful Trent Johnston Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur by 8 wickets
[ODI 2694](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvireland/engine/match/335634.html) 20 March Mohammad Ashraful Trent Johnston Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur by 84 runs
[ODI 2695](http://www.espncricinfo.com/bdeshvireland/engine/match/335635.html) 22 March Mohammad Ashraful Trent Johnston Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur by 79 runs
### Sri Lanka in West Indies {#sri_lanka_in_west_indies}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------- --------------------
Test series
[Test 1869](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/engine/match/319132.html) 22--26 March Chris Gayle Mahela Jayawardene Providence Stadium, Georgetown, Guyana by 121 runs
[Test 1872](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/engine/match/319133.html) 3--7 April Chris Gayle Mahela Jayawardene Queen\'s Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad by 6 wickets
ODI series
[ODI 2697](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/engine/current/match/319134.html) 10 April Chris Gayle Mahela Jayawardene Queen\'s Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad by 1 wicket
[ODI 2699](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/engine/current/match/319135.html) 12 April Chris Gayle Mahela Jayawardene Queen\'s Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad by 7 wickets (D/L)
[ODI 2701](http://www.espncricinfo.com/wivsl/engine/current/match/319136.html) 15 April Chris Gayle Mahela Jayawardene Beausejour Stadium, Gros Islet, St Lucia Match abandoned
### South Africa in India {#south_africa_in_india}
No. Date Home captain Away captain Venue Result
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------- -------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------
Test series
[Test 1870](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvrsa/engine/match/332911.html) 26--30 March Anil Kumble Graeme Smith M.A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai Match drawn
[Test 1871](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvrsa/engine/current/match/332912.html) 3--7 April Anil Kumble Graeme Smith Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad by an innings and 90 runs
[Test 1873](http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvrsa/engine/current/match/332913.html) 11--15 April Mahendra Singh Dhoni Graeme Smith Green Park Stadium, Kanpur by 8 wickets
### Australia in Pakistan {#australia_in_pakistan}
The Australia national cricket team was scheduled to tour Pakistan in March and April 2008, to play three Test matches and five One Day Internationals. The tour was cancelled by Australia due to concerns about the security of playing in the country. Following the 2008 general elections in Pakistan, there was continual violence, and some of the Australian players spoke about against travelling to compete in the series
| 330 |
International cricket in 2007–08
| 5 |
11,071,887 |
# Albert Kan-Dapaah
Minister for Defence \| term_start1 = August 2007 \| term_end1 = January 2009 \| president1 = John Kufuor \| predecessor1 = Kwame Addo-Kufuor \| successor1 = Joseph Henry Smith \| order2 = 29th \| office2 = Minister for the Interior (Ghana){{!}}Minister for the Interior \| term_start2 = May 2006 \| term_end2 = August 2007 \| president2 = John Kufuor \| predecessor2 = Papa Owusu-Ankomah \| successor2 = Kwamena Bartels \| order3 = 20th \| office3 = Minister for Communications (Ghana){{!}}Minister for Communications \| term_start3 = 2003 \| term_end3 = 2006 \| president3 = John Kufuor \| predecessor3 = Felix Owusu-Adjapong \| successor3 = Mike Oquaye \| order4 = \| office4 = Minister for Energy \| term_start4 = 2001 \| term_end4 = 2003 \| president4 = John Kufuor \| predecessor4 = John Frank Abu \| successor4 = Paa Kwesi Nduom \| constituency_MP5 = Afigya Sekyere West \| term_start5 = 7 January 1997 \| term_end5 = 6 January 2013 \| predecessor5 = Beatrice Aboagye \| successor5 = *constituency abolished* \| birth_date = `{{Birth date and age|1953|3|14|df=yes}}`{=mediawiki} \| birth_place = \| death_date = \| death_place = \| nationality = `{{flagicon|GHA}}`{=mediawiki} Ghanaian \| spouse = \| party = New Patriotic Party \| relations = \| children = 4 \| residence = \| alma_mater = \| occupation = \| profession = Chartered accountant \| signature = \| website = \| footnotes = }}
**Albert Kan-Dapaah** (born 14 March 1953) is a Ghanaian chartered accountant and politician. He is the current National Security Minister of Ghana since his appointment by President Nana Akufo-Addo in January 2017.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Kan-Dapaah was born on 14 March 1953. He is an Ashanti and hails from Maase-Boaman in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Albert Kan-Dapaah had his secondary education at Acherensua Secondary School from 1964 to 1969. He then studied Accountancy at the Institute of Professional Studies (IPS), Legon. He had further Accountancy courses at the North East London Polytechnic, London and the Emile Woolf College of Accountancy.
## Career
Kan-Dapaah worked with Pannel Kerr Forster, a chartered accounting firm as an Audit Senior. He worked in their offices in Monrovia, Liberia and London, UK between 1978 and 1986. Back in Ghana, he was the head of Audit at the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) from January 1987. In September 1987, he joined the Electricity Corporation of Ghana where he rose from Director of Audit to become Director for Finance, a position he held for six years.
Kan-Dapaah was a partner in Kwesie, Kan-Dapaah and Baah Co., a firm of Chartered Accountants in Accra. He was also managing Consultant of Kan-Dapaah and Associates, a utility consultancy support group. He has also lectured Auditing part-time at the School of Business Administration, University of Ghana and the University of Professional studies.
## Politics
Albert Kan-Dapaah was the Ashanti Regional Representative on the National Council of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) between 1992 and 1996. He was also a member of the Finance and Economic Affairs Committee of the NPP. He won the Afigya-Sekyere seat at the 1996 parliamentary election. He took his seat in January 1997 in opposition and has held his seat in the two subsequent parliamentary elections in 2000 and 2004. He became Minister for Energy in the Kufuor government after the NPP won power in the 2000 elections. During the April 2003 cabinet reshuffle, he became the Minister for Communications and Technology. He became the Minister for Interior during Kufuor\'s second term.
| 582 |
Albert Kan-Dapaah
| 0 |
11,071,887 |
# Albert Kan-Dapaah
## Elections
In the year 2000, Kan-Dapaah won the general elections as the member of parliament for the Afigya Sekyere West constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party. His constituency was a part of the 31 parliamentary seats out of 33 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region. The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 99 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats. He was elected with 10,605 votes out of 14,878 total valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 72.2% of the total valid votes cast. He was elected over Beatrice Aboagye of the National Democratic Congress, S.Osei Yaw of the Convention People\'s Party, Agyem Vincent of the People\'s National Convention and Tawiah Joseph of the New Reformed Party. These won 3,806, 129, 82 and 62 votes out of the total valid votes cast respectively. These were equivalent to 25.9%, 0.9%, 0.6%, and 0.4% respectively of total valid votes cast.
Kan-Dapaah was elected as the member of parliament for the Afigya-Sekyere West constituency of the Ashanti Region of Ghana for the third time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He won on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party. His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region. The New Patriotic Party won a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats. He was elected with 13,936 votes out of 17,863 total valid votes cast equivalent to 78% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Ampofo Stephen of the Peoples' National Convention, Joseph Baah of the National Democratic Congress and A.S. Osei Yaw of the Convention People\'s Party. These obtained 0.8%, 20.1%, and 1% respectively of total valid votes cast.
In 2008, he won the general elections on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party for the same constituency. His constituency was part of the 34 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region. The New Patriotic Party won a minority total of 109 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats. He was elected with 13,824 votes out of 18,747 total valid votes cast equivalent to 73.74% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Joyce Oduro of the Peoples\' National Congress, Joseph Baah of the National Democratic Congress and James Gyimah Dabo of the Convention People\'s Party. These obtained 1.28%, 23.07%, and 1.91% respectively of the total votes cast.
| 435 |
Albert Kan-Dapaah
| 1 |
11,071,887 |
# Albert Kan-Dapaah
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kan-Dapaah is married with four children. He is the uncle of Collins Adomako-Mensah. In 2021, he was installed as Assistant Grand Master of Freemasons in Ghana.
## Controversy
On 15 January 2020, a video of a flirtatious WhatsApp video call between Albert Kan-Dapaah and a young woman popped up on social media leading to several calls for his resignation from the position as National Security Minister
| 73 |
Albert Kan-Dapaah
| 2 |
11,071,892 |
# CAP College Foundation
**CAP College Foundation, Inc.**, formerly named **Correspondence Accreditation Program for College Foundation, Inc.**, is a private, non-sectarian distance learning college in the Philippines.
## History
**CAP College Foundation, Inc.** -- a recognized pioneer in educational innovations in the Philippines -- was established in 1980 as a non-stock, non-sectarian educational foundation. Instituted under Philippine laws, CAP College engages in education, research and related activities utilizing the non-traditional or non-formal as well as formal delivery system of instruction and grants degrees for programs recognized by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).
CAP College is patterned after the \"open university\" concept of education which is already well-established and widely accepted in Europe, North America and the United States, Australia, and Asia. With its non-traditional delivery of instruction, CAP College brings learning alternatives, new hope and opportunities to Filipinos both here and abroad.
In order to make its programs attuned to the times and with the needs of its students, CAP College continues to expand its network and to develop its linkages with other educational institutions and organizations. It has also developed linkages with government and non-government organizations here and abroad. International linkages include the International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE), where CAP College is an institutional member, and the Asian Association of Open Universities (AAOU). Locally, it is affiliated with the Open and Distance Learning Foundation (ODLF) and the Association of Foundations (AF).
In 2007, CAP College embarked on the digitalization of Distance Education. Through `{{URL|www.capcow.com}}`{=mediawiki}, CAP College harnessed the power of the Internet in serving its students worldwide through: on-line registration, downloading of instructional materials, on-line tutorials, individualized folders for students, and link to a career site via `{{URL|www.jobsdb.com}}`{=mediawiki}.
Aside from the regular Distance Education Program, CAP College also operates the CAP College for the Deaf (CAP CFD).
| 302 |
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| 0 |
11,071,892 |
# CAP College Foundation
## Academics
**CHED-RECOGNIZED LADDERIZED PROGRAMS**
In order to provide the students the necessary platforms that will open pathways of opportunities for career and educational progression, the College sought, and was granted by the Commission on Higher Education, recognition of its Ladderized Programs.
Under this program, a Certificate in Associate in Arts shall be awarded to the student after his completion of four (4) terms. Should circumstances prevent him from finishing his bachelor\'s degree, he will not be left empty-handed since he has earned already his Associate certificate -- a tool he can use when seeking better job opportunities.
The Diploma in Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science shall be awarded to him after his completion of all the terms required by the program -- 6 terms for AB Programs or 7 terms for BSBA Programs.
**CHED-TESDA INTERFACE**
In addition to the CHED-recognized Ladderized Programs, CAP College was granted recognition by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) as a pioneering institution in the implementation of the Ladderized Education System under Executive Order No. 358 entitled \"To Institutionalize a Ladderized Interface Between Technical-Vocational Education & Training (TVET) and Higher Education (HE)\". Under this Executive Order, CAP College has been granted recognition to offer AB Information Technology.
With Executive Order No. 358, Higher Education Institutions can now be innovative as they offer programs that answer the needs of the industry. They may now embed Tech-Voc programs in their degree programs and TESDA shall award their students National Certificate (NC) of Skills Competency in addition to the baccalaureate degree that the students will receive after completion of the requirements of the program.
For AB Information Technology, the student qualifies for the following National Certifications:
- NC II in Computer Hardware Servicing after completing 2 terms and 84-Hr. Computer Preventive Maintenance Course; and
- NC IV in Programming after completing 6 terms.
His Certificate in Associate in Arts in Information Technology is awarded to him after completing 4 terms and his Diploma in AB Information Technology is awarded to him after completing the 6th term.
| 347 |
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| 1 |
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# CAP College Foundation
## Instruction
Daily classroom attendance is not required at CAP College. The student learns independently and paces himself to be able to meet the requirements of the course by the end of his academic term. However, the student is expected to complete at least one subject every month.
The student\'s basic texts are printed modules which he shall receive upon enrollment. A subject consists of an average of five modules and each module contains two or more lessons. Also included in the modules are study guides, list of suggested readings, Self-Progress Check Tests and Module Tests. Audio-video CD-ROMs, educational software and the Internet are being made available to supplement the teaching-learning process. One-Week Reviewers and Final Examination Reviewers on selected subjects are being provided also to prepare the student for the tests.
After completing the lessons and Self-Progress Check Tests in each module, the student shall take the self-administered Module Tests and submit these to CAP College for correction and evaluation. The process shall be repeated for the remaining modules. When all the Module Tests of a subject have been submitted, the student may take the Final Examination for that particular subject. However, he may choose to finish all the Module Tests of all subjects before taking the Final Examinations.
Final Examinations are taken in person at CAP College or at its designated Distance Education Learning Centers. All accounts must be paid before the student may be allowed to take these examinations. The student must present his identification card when taking the Final Examinations. Two hours are allotted to complete the Final Examination for each subject.
For students residing or working abroad, arrangements will be made for them to take the examinations at the nearest Philippine Embassy, consulate office, place of worship or at a venue that shall be acceptable to both the College and the student. A proctor shall be assigned to administer the examinations. Proctor\'s fee and mailing expenses shall be charged to the students.
## College for the Deaf {#college_for_the_deaf}
The CAP College for the Deaf (CAP CFD) is the first college for the Deaf in Manila and one of the first post-secondary training programs for the Deaf in the Philippines. CAP CFD opened in 1989, giving hope to deaf high school graduates who are looking forward to college education that will prepare them to become productive members of Philippines society
| 398 |
CAP College Foundation
| 2 |
11,071,909 |
# Revelation Films
**Revelation Films** is a British film and television production and distribution company delivering visual entertainment via cinema, television and digital platforms.
Tony Carne founded Revelation Films in 1992 as a video and television production business following a career at CBS/Fox, HarperCollins and Simitar Entertainment. Initially a production entity, the company earned two BAFTA nominations for the BBC with *Out And About*, a regional magazine series. It also discovered a raw drag comedian called Paul O\'Grady and introduced UK audiences to his alter ego Lily Savage. A national theatre tour followed and the TV show *Paying The Rent* was broadcast by Channel 4 and the Paramount Comedy Channel. Trevor Drane joined Carne in 1996 having previously been at First Independent Films where he collected a lifetime achievement award for Dirty Dancing and the Freddie Award at Hanna Barbera during his time as head of that companies home entertainment output.
## Production
Revelation Films is currently specialising in true crime documentaries.
### Roster includes {#roster_includes}
- ***British Gangsters: Faces Of The Underworld*** -- Based on the book *Faces: A Photographic Journey Through The Underworld* by Bernard O\'Mahoney and Brian Anderson. Ran for two series on Discovery\'s Quest channel.
- ***Essex Boys: The Truth*** -- Documentary feature chronicling the Rettendon murders, the aftermath and the emergence of the new generation of Essex Boys.
- ***The Krays: Kill Order*** -- Documentary feature about the life and crimes of the Kray twins, told by their closest allies and bitter rivals.
- ***Gangster No.1: The Freddie Foreman Story*** -- Documentary feature in which Foreman talks about his life and how he became one of the most feared men in London.
- ***The Feared: Irish Gangsters*** -- Documentary feature about the undercurrent of violent and organised crime across Ireland.
- ***The Real Manhunter*** -- Documentary series (Sky Crime) based on the casebooks of former Metropolitan Police DCI Colin Sutton.
- ***The Real Line Of Duty*** -- Limited documentary series (Amazon Prime Video) telling the true stories that inspired hit drama Line Of Duty.
### Other productions include {#other_productions_include}
- Sir Patrick Moore\'s Journey To The Stars
- Lily Savage Live: Paying The Rent
- I Was There
- Starhunter Transformation
## Distribution
Since 1992, Revelation Films has licensed and distributed television and film on DVD and Blu-ray. It has made distribution deals with the BBC, Channel 4, ITV, CBS Home Entertainment, DHX Media, Discovery Communications, Freemantle Media, Funimation, Kew Media (formerly Content Media), MTV and 20th Century Fox
| 414 |
Revelation Films
| 0 |
11,071,923 |
# Icicle (yacht)
**Icicle** is the name of the largest ice yacht ever built. It was built for John Aspinwall Roosevelt for racing on the Hudson River, New York state in 1869. It was 21 m long and carried 99 m2 of canvas. The yacht is still, over 140 years later, recognized by the *Guinness Book of Records* as a world record.
John A. Roosevelt (Franklin Delano Roosevelt\'s Uncle) was the first Commodore of the Hudson River Ice Yacht Club (1885) at Poughkeepsie, NY. His ice yacht, \"Icicle\", required a railway flat car to transport.
In 1871 \"Icicle\" beat the \"Chicago Express\" train on a run between Poughkeepsie and Ossining. Early ice yacht clubs spent most of their time racing trains
| 121 |
Icicle (yacht)
| 0 |
11,071,932 |
# Szkło kontaktowe
***Szkło kontaktowe*** (English: *Contact Lens*) is a Polish satirist program shown seven times a week, twice a day on TVN 24. *Szkło kontaktowe* launched on 25 January 2005. It is hosted by Grzegorz Miecugow (deceased in August 2017), Tomasz Sianecki, Wojciech Zimiński and Grzegorz Markowski.
Satirists (Artur Andrus, Ilona Łepkowska, Krzysztof Daukszewicz, Tomasz Jachimek, Marek Przybylik, Wojciech Zimiński and Kamil Dąbrowa) along with the host comment on the \"funniest\" news and stories of the day, with focus on the news from domestic politics. Viewers take part in the show by calling, sending text messages or e-mailing and sharing their opinions on-the-air with the host and his guest.
From time to time, special editions, often unscheduled, cover important event. Past special editions are:
- 2005 Polish parliamentary election
- 2005 Polish presidential election
- 2006 FIFA World Cup
- Lupa roku -- a wrap-up of the year 2006
- 500th edition of *Szkło kontaktowe*
*Szkło kontaktowe* has won awards: *Wiktory 2006* (*TV debut of the year*), *Ulubiony program rozrywkowy* (*A favorite show*) on The Good Mood Festival and *Hit roku (Hit of the year)* on Media & Marketing Polska Plebiscite.
*Szkło kontaktowe* organized a *Lustro Szkła Kontaktowego* plebiscite (*Mirror of Szkło kontaktowe*). The winner was Joanna Senyszyn, vice-president of the Democratic Left Alliance.
It is the most popular program broadcast by TVN 24
| 225 |
Szkło kontaktowe
| 0 |
11,071,945 |
# Biridašwa
*Pandoc timed out
| 5 |
Biridašwa
| 0 |
11,071,946 |
# GWR 4900 Class 4965 Rood Ashton Hall
The Great Western Railway steam locomotive no. **4965 *Rood Ashton Hall*** is a 4-6-0 Hall class locomotive. It is preserved at Tyseley Locomotive Works, and is currently awaiting overhaul. The engine last operated in Great Western Railway green livery, and performed regularly on the *Shakespeare Express*, operated by Vintage Trains, between Birmingham and Stratford-upon-Avon, as well as various excursions.
## Allocations
4965 was built in November 1929 and its first shed allocation was Plymouth Laira and after 32 years of service it ended up at Oxford. During this time it was allocated to sheds in Penzance, Tyseley, Severn Tunnel Junction, Cardiff Canton, and ended its days in the London Division of the Western Region of British Railways, based at Southall, Reading, Didcot and finally Oxford in July 1958. It was used for a variety of duties including fast passenger service and freight.
It was withdrawn from service in March 1962 and acquired by Woodham Brothers scrapyard in the same year.
## Preservation
4965 was rescued from Barry Scrapyard in October 1970 becoming the first member of the class to leave the scrapyard and enter preservation, the locomotive left Barry Scrapyard as the 10th departure. Previously identified as 4983 *Albert Hall*, having been rebuilt in 1962 using parts from both original engines *Albert Hall* and *Rood Ashton Hall*. Both locomotives had their numbers stamped onto their respective parts. The purchasing group of enthusiasts thought they were buying 4983 *Albert Hall* but after later restoration discovered some of the parts had been stamped 4965 and some 4983. *Rood Ashton Hall* now has plates and numbers on one side that say 4983 *Albert Hall* for enthusiasts to see once again but still hauls *Rood Ashton Hall*\'s original tender. *Albert Hall*\'s original tender was a large Collett tender, so the only incarnation of 4983 *Albert Hall* and tender is Hornby\'s tri-ang model.
In November 2008, *Rood Ashton Hall* was taken out of service for overhaul after hauling the *Rood Ashton Hall Farewell* train from Solihull to `{{rws|Didcot Parkway}}`{=mediawiki}.
The engine\'s 10-year overhaul took just a few months due to an ongoing programme of maintenance work that had been previously carried out during periods of low main line activity. It returned to the mainline in October 2009 and completed its full ten-year operating certificate before being withdrawn again in September 2019 for a further overhaul, which it awaits.
Right before being withdrawn in 2019, the engine was temporarily renamed Polar Star, and was used to pull the Polar Express Train Ride between Birmingham Moor Street and Tyseley. With the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic and the engine being out of service awaiting overhaul, the 2020 Birmingham ride was canceled.
In January 2024 it was announced that 4965 is to be the next Tyseley resident engine to be sent into the works for an overhaul which is expected to cost £100,000. The overhaul alongside a retube will include modifications to the engines cylinders for gauging reasons and conversion to oil burning using a GWR oil-firing system (eleven Halls between 1946 and 1950 were converted to oil burning becoming 3900\'s). It was confirmed in March 2024 that 4965 would be converted to oil-firing during the engines next overhaul which was scheduled to commence in March 2024, upon returning to traffic it would see primary use on \"Shakespeare Express\" and \"Polar Express\" trains
| 561 |
GWR 4900 Class 4965 Rood Ashton Hall
| 0 |
11,071,948 |
# Quail hunting
**Quail hunting** is a hunting sport. There are 21 subspecies of northern bobwhite, a ground-dwelling bird native to the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Many of the common larger species are hunted as game birds.
## History
The archaeological record from excavations of indigenous peoples\' sites in North America reveal few quail bones, suggesting that those early inhabitants focused on larger game that may have produced greater results for the effort involved. When European settlers arrived,`{{when|date=October 2016}}`{=mediawiki} quail hunting began in earnest.
## Modern developments {#modern_developments}
Quail live throughout the United States. Quail hunting in the 20th century was the most popular game hunting sport. Due to their popularity as game birds and their extensive distribution, quail have been studied throughout the North American continent, particularly in the 20th century. In the twenty years from the late 1960s through the late 1980s, quail populations, as measured by hunting statistics, showed dramatic declines. Causes included disease, habitat reduction, hunting, weather variables and other impacts. These were addressed through formation of organizations such as Quail Unlimited and through side benefits from the 1981 Farm Act, which encouraged farmers to remove highly eroded land from cultivation, thus increasing quail habitat
| 201 |
Quail hunting
| 0 |
11,071,961 |
# List of numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes
The **numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes** account for 650 km of roads in the Canadian province of Ontario. These roads{{#tag:ref\|In Ontario, all roads are legally known as *highways*. However, *road* is the more prevalent term for common use. The Ontario Municipal Act defines a highway as any road, street or bridge that is not a Provincial Highway.\|group=\"note\"\|name=\"highwaynote\"}} include King\'s Highways that are signed and maintained by the province, as well as the county roads under the jurisdiction of the County of Bruce. The third type of existing roadway in the single-tier municipality of Kawartha Lakes is locally maintained roads also called concession roads and sidelines, which are beyond the scope of this article. A fourth category of roads, secondary highways, have not existed within the region since 1998.
The 49 numbered routes provide year-round access to the mostly rural municipality. The longest of these roads is Highway 35, which stretches 88.9 km across the Bruce Peninsula from Hepworth, Ontario to Tobermory. The shortest numbered road is Kawartha Lakes Road 3, Hartley Road, a causeway just less than a kilometre long crossing Mitchell Lake.
Before 1998, several additional King\'s Highways and secondary highways were located in what was then known as Victoria County. These were transferred to the county in 1998. All county roads, including the former provincial highways, were renamed when Victoria County was abolished in 2001 and replaced with the City of Kawartha Lakes.
## Types of roads {#types_of_roads}
### King\'s Highways {#kings_highways}
There are 168.0 km of provincially maintained highways, termed \"provincial highways\" or \"King\'s Highways\" (a term adopted in 1930).
As in the rest of Ontario, the provincially maintained highways in Kawartha Lakes are designated with a shield-shaped sign topped with a crown. The highway number is in the centre, with the word *ONTARIO* below. These signs are known as *shields*, but may be referred to as *reassurance markers*. Highway 7, which is part of the Trans-Canada Highway, is also marked with a green maple leaf shield. Highways 7 and 35 together measure 140.0 km and account for 82.3% of the length of highways. The remaining 30.2 km comprises Highway 115, a controlled-access freeway in the southern corner of the city; Highway 7A, an alternate route to Highway 7 around the Lindsay area; and Highway 7B, a business route through Lindsay.
Provincially maintained highways generally have greater construction standards than municipally or locally maintained roads. Although they are usually one lane in either direction, several short sections with two lanes in one direction as a passing lane exist along the highways. The municipality\'s lone freeway, Highway 115, is two lanes in either direction for its entire length. There are two off ramps with Highway 115 in the region: One with `{{jcon|ot=y|KL|20|Boundary Road}}`{=mediawiki} at the southern boundary with Durham Region; and the other one with `{{jcon|ot=y|KL|32|Porter Road}}`{=mediawiki} at `{{jcon|ot=y|KL|12|Pontypool Road}}`{=mediawiki} at the eastern boundary with Peterborough County.
### City roads {#city_roads}
There are 44 numbered city roads in Kawartha Lakes. Kawartha Lakes city roads are signed with a flowerpot-shaped sign, as are most regional and county roads in Ontario. The road number appears in the centre of the sign, with the word *KAWARTHA* above and the word *LAKES* below. Like King\'s Highways, these signs are known as *shields*. The total length of city roads is 739.3 km.
| 557 |
List of numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes
| 0 |
11,071,961 |
# List of numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes
## History
The City of Kawartha Lakes was formed on January 1, 2001, and was known as Victoria County before that. Alongside this change, all Victoria County Roads received *Kawartha Lakes Road* designations, with unchanged numbers, and many new routes were established.
Prior to 1998, Victoria County contained twelve King\'s Highways. As part of a province-wide transfer of highways to municipal governments, known as *downloading*, seven were given new Victoria County designations following the prior provincial designations. The exceptions are Highway 35A which was renumbered to fill a gap in the route of Victoria County Road 8, and Highway 36B which was given the new designation of Victoria County Road 17.
The downloaded highways comprises Highway 35A, which was designated Victoria County Road 8; Highway 35B, incorporated into Highway 7B and Victoria County Road 15; Highway 36, designated as Victoria County Road 36; Highway 36B, designated as Victoria County Road 17; Highway 46, designated as Victoria County Road 46; Highway 48, designated as Victoria County Road 48; and Highway 121, designated as Victoria County Road 121.
Highway 7B was also shortened by several kilometres, and now only consists of the portion along Kent Street in Lindsay.
### Secondary Highways {#secondary_highways}
Three secondary highways, which existed in Victoria County prior to 1998, were also downloaded from the province to the county, and given new designations in addition to the downloading of King\'s Highways:
- Highway 503, which ran from Kirkfield to Kinmount, was renumbered as an extension of Victoria County Road 6 (Kirkfield to Sebright) and Victoria County Road 45 (Sebright to Kinmount).
- Highway 505, which ran from `{{Jcon|ot=y|Hwy|48}}`{=mediawiki} near Victoria Road to `{{Jcon|ot=y|Hwy|503}}`{=mediawiki} in Uphill, was renumbered as an extension of Victoria County Road 35.
- Highway 649, which ran from Bobcaygeon north to Highway 121, was renumbered as Victoria County Road 49.
| 312 |
List of numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes
| 1 |
11,071,961 |
# List of numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes
## King\'s Highways {#kings_highways_1}
The following is a list of provincially maintained highways in Kawartha Lakes. Communities are ordered by where the route encounters them (either from south to north or from west to east).
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Route | Length | | Western/Southern Terminus | Eastern/Northern Terminus | Communities |
+===============================================================================================================================+========+========================================+===================================+===============================================+====================================================================================================================================================================================+
| km | mi | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | Kawartha Lakes Road 2 | Hayes Line | Manilla, Oakwood, Lindsay, Reaboro, Omemee | Part of the Trans-Canada Highway{{cite web |
| Highway 7 | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Highway 7A | | Kawartha Lakes--Durham Region Boundary | Dranoel Road | Bethany | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Highway 7B | | Highway 7 | Kawartha Lakes Road 15 | Lindsay | Highway 7B and Highway 35B followed the same course, prior to the former being shortened to its current length, and the latter downloaded, in 1998; also known as Kent Street West |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Boundary Road | Laxton--Lutterworth Boundary Road | Lindsay, Cameron, Rosedale, Coboconk, Norland | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Boundary Road | Glamorgan Road | | Only freeway in the region |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Note:** All King\'s Highways, with the exception of 7B, continue in both directions into neighbouring counties and regions. | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## City roads {#city_roads_1}
The following is a list of the numbered city roads maintained by the City of Kawartha Lakes. Communities are ordered by where the route encounters them (either from south to north or from west to east).
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th width="140px"><p>Route</p></th>
<th class="unsortable"><p>Name(s)</p></th>
<th colspan="2"><p>Length{{cite map</p></th>
<th><p>title = Official Ontario road map</p></th>
<th><p>author = Geomatics Office</p></th>
<th><p>publisher = Ministry of Transportation</p></th>
<th><p>year = 2003</p></th>
<th><p>section = O26–P28</p></th>
<th><p>url = <a href="http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/map/images/pdf/southont/sheets/Map5.pdf">http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/map/images/pdf/southont/sheets/Map5.pdf</a></p></th>
<th><p>access-date = April 7, 2010}}</p></th>
<th><p>Western/Southern Terminus</p></th>
<th><p>Eastern/Northern Terminus</p></th>
<th class="unsortable"><p>Communities</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>km</p></td>
<td><p>mi</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Simcoe Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>High Park Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Seagrave, Sonya, Manilla</p></td>
<td><p>Signed and maintained by both the City of Kawartha Lakes{{cite web</p></td>
<td><p>author = Public Works department</p></td>
<td><p>title = Kawartha Lakes Maintenance Priority Classification System, Policy 123-EPW-009</p></td>
<td><p>publisher = City of Kawartha Lakes</p></td>
<td><p>url = <a href="http://www.city.kawarthalakes.on.ca/residents/roads/general-operations/winter-road-maintenance/123-EPW-009-Schedule-A-Roadway-Priority.pdf">http://www.city.kawarthalakes.on.ca/residents/roads/general-operations/winter-road-maintenance/123-EPW-009-Schedule-A-Roadway-Priority.pdf</a></p></td>
<td><p>date = November 29, 2005</p></td>
<td><p>access-date = January 15, 2010</p></td>
<td><p>url-status = dead</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Hartley Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Robinson Avenue</p></td>
<td><p>Victoria Road</p></td>
<td><p>Shortest city road in Kawartha Lakes</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Little Britain Road, Angeline Street, Thunder Bridge Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Little Britain, Lindsay</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Janetville Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Janetville</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Eldon Road, Kirkfield Road,<br />
Sadowa Road, Chisholm Trail, Black River Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Little Britain, Oakwood, Kirkfield, Sebright, Sadowa</p></td>
<td><p>Prior to 1998, a segment was designated as ; concurrent with City Road 9 for 0.5 km</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Sturgeon Road, Thurstonia Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Hazel Street (Sturgeon Lake)</p></td>
<td><p>Omemee, Downeyville, Dunsford</p></td>
<td><p>Ends at Sturgeon Lake, turning west and becoming Hazel Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Glenarm Road, Victoria Road, Helen Street, Colborne Street, North Street, Duke Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Argyle, Glenarm, Fenelon Falls, Bobcaygeon</p></td>
<td><p>Previously numbered as Highway 35A between Highway 35 and former Highway 121, prior to 1998; continues westward as ; concurrent with Highway 35 for 1.9 km</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Woodville Road, King Street, Cambray Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Woodville, Cambray</p></td>
<td><p>Concurrent with City Road 6 for 0.5 km; concurrent with City Road 46 for 0.3 km</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Emily Park Road, Centreline Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Hayes Line</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Emily</p></td>
<td><p>Continues southward as ; concurrent with City Road 17 for 1.1 km</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Pleasant Point Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Sturgeon Lake</p></td>
<td><p>Pleasant Point</p></td>
<td><p>Ends at a dead end at the shores of Sturgeon Lake</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Pontypool Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Glamorgan Road</p></td>
<td><p>Pontypool</p></td>
<td><p>Continues eastward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Peace Road, Yankee Line</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Boundary Road</p></td>
<td><p>Emily</p></td>
<td><p>Continues eastward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Lindsay Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Lindsay</p></td>
<td><p>Lindsay Street is the east–west divider for Lindsay, so many streets (including its terminus) are named differently on either side</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Ogemah Road, Cottage Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Washburn Island Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Colborne Street, William Street, Wellington Street, Lindsay Street, Verulam Street, Pigeon Lake Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Lindsay</p></td>
<td><p>Concurrent with City Road 10 for 1.1 km; formerly Highway 36B within Lindsay</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Elm Tree Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Valentia, Cambray</p></td>
<td><p>Shares its southern/western terminus with the southern/eastern terminus of City Road 28</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Mary Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Lindsay</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Boundary Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Darlington–Manvers Townline Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Follows the southern boundary of Kawartha Lakes; continues westward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Killarney Bay Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Francis Street East</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>River Drive</p></td>
<td><p><br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Fenelon Falls</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Park Street, King Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Dunsford, Bobcaygeon</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Sturgeon Point Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Irene Avenue</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Sturgeon Point</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Frank Hill Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Fowlers Corners</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Ramsey Road, Valentia Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Valentia</p></td>
<td><p>City Road 28 shares its southern/eastern terminus with the southern/western terminus of City Road 18</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Blythe Shore Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Mount Horeb Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Omemee</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Porter Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Manvers</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Centennial Park Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Rohallion</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Long Beach Road, Cameron Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Manor Road (Sturgeon Lake)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Long Beach, Cameron</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Fennel Road, Victoria Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Glenarm, Victoria Road, Uphill</p></td>
<td><p>The northern 19.1 km were designated as , prior to 1997</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Verulam Road, East Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Lindsay, Dunsford, Bobcaygeon</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly , prior to 1997; continues eastward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Bury's Green Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Fell Station, Bury's Green</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly Victoria County Road 36, prior to 1998; renumbered Victoria County Road 37 by 1999</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Ski Hill Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Bethany, Franklin, Omemee</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Bexley–Laxton Township Line</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Corsons, Bexley</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Base Line Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Coboconk, Dongola</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>6th Concession Road, Northline Road, 7th Concession Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Coboconk, Burnt River</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Burnt River Road, Hillside Drive</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Burnt River</p></td>
<td><p>A short bypass of City Road 121 through the village of Burnt River</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Monck&nbsp;Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Bobcaygeon Road</p></td>
<td><p>Sebright, Ragged Rapids, Uphill, Norland, Dongola, Kinmount</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly , prior to 1997; continues westward as , eastward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Agnes Street, King Street, Nappadale Street</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Woodville, Argyle, Bolsover</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly , prior to 1997; concurrent with City Road 9 for 0.3 km</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Mara–Carden Boundary Road, Brechin Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Concession Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Continues westward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Portage Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Eldon–Thorah Townline Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Bolsover, Kirkfield, Victoria Road, Corsons, Coboconk</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly , prior to 1997; continues westward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>East Street North</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Bobcaygeon</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly , prior to 1997</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Golf Course Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Durham–Kawartha Lakes boundary</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Janetville</p></td>
<td><p>Continues westward as </p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td><p>Lindsay Street, Colborne Street, Short Street, Snowdon Road</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Boundary Road</p></td>
<td><p>Fenelon Falls, Burnt River, Kinmount</p></td>
<td><p>Formerly , prior to 1998; continues northward as ; concurrent with City Road 8 for 1
| 1,695 |
List of numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes
| 2 |
11,071,966 |
# The Studio (magazine)
***The Studio: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art*** was an illustrated fine arts and decorative arts magazine published in London from 1893 until 1964. The founder and first editor was Charles Holme. The magazine exerted a major influence on the development of the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements.`{{r|rodel|page=15}}`{=mediawiki} It was absorbed into *Studio International* magazine in 1964.
Holmes\' firm, The Studio, Ltd., grew to be \"Britain\'s largest publisher of magazines and books on art and design in the first half of the 20th century\".
## History
*The Studio* was founded by Charles Holme in 1893.`{{r|ashmore|page=145}}`{=mediawiki} Holme was in the wool and silk trades, had travelled extensively in Europe and had visited Japan and the United States with Lasenby Liberty and his wife Emma.`{{r|ashmore|page=145}}`{=mediawiki} During his travels he had formed:`{{r|holme|p=5|taxi|p2=6}}`{=mediawiki} `{{blockquote|... the idea of an art magazine crystallised around his recurring observation that the chief barrier between countries was language, and his belief that the more the culture of one part of the world could be brought "visually" to the attention of another, the greater the chance of international understanding and peace.}}`{=mediawiki} He retired from trade in order to start *The Studio*.`{{r|ashmore|page=145}}`{=mediawiki}
He had hoped to engage Lewis Hind as the editor of the new venture, but Hind went instead to William Waldorf Astor\'s *Pall Mall Budget*. He suggested Joseph Gleeson White as an alternative.`{{r|beegan}}`{=mediawiki} Gleeson White edited *The Studio* from the first issue in April 1893.`{{r|rossetti}}`{=mediawiki} In 1895 Holme took over as editor himself, although Gleeson White continued to contribute. Holme retired as editor in 1919 for reasons of health, and was succeeded by his son Charles Geoffrey Holme, who was already the editor of special numbers and year-books of the magazine.`{{r|dnb}}`{=mediawiki}
Under the editorial direction of Joseph Gleeson White and later Charles Holme, The Studio maintained a consistent vision that through unity of fine and applied arts. The magazine\'s editorial stance was instrumental in promoting the works of artists such as Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Charles Voysey, whose designs were regularly featured and discussed.
Holme\'s international outlook led to the publication of special editions and yearbooks that extended the magazine\'s influence beyond the United Kingdom. These publications often included comprehensive surveys of decorative arts from various countries, further cementing The Studio\'s role as a leading authority in the field. In 1900, Holme organized special numbers like The Studio: Japanese Art Number, which celebrated non-Western aesthetics and sought to cross cultural boundaries through art publishing.
| 413 |
The Studio (magazine)
| 0 |
11,071,966 |
# The Studio (magazine)
## The magazine {#the_magazine}
The magazine was monthly; 853 issues were published between April 1893 and May 1964.
*The Studio* promoted the work of \"New Art\" artists, designers and architects. It played a major part in introducing the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Charles Voysey to a wide audience, and was especially influential in Europe.`{{r|fiell|page=9}}`{=mediawiki}
In keeping with Holme\'s original concept, the magazine was international in scope. A French edition was published in Paris, differing from the English one only in that the spine and parts of the cover were printed in French, and there was an insert consisting of a French translation of the article text and some French advertisements.
The American edition was titled ***The International Studio***. It had its own editorial staff, and the content was different from that of the English edition, although many articles from that were reprinted. It was published in New York by John Lane & Company from May 1897 until 1921, and by International Studio, Inc., from 1922 until publication ceased in 1931.
In 1894 and then from 1896 on, special numbers of the magazine were also published, normally three times a year. These carried various titles; 117 of them were issued between 1894 and 1940.`{{r|roberts}}`{=mediawiki}
From 1906 onwards *The Studio* published an annual, *The Studio Year-Book of Decorative Art*, which dealt with architecture, interior design and design of furniture, lighting, glassware, textiles, metalwork and ceramics. These annuals promoted Modernism in the 1920s, and later the Good Design movement.`{{r|fiell|page=9}}`{=mediawiki}
The last edition was published in May 1964, after which it was absorbed into *Studio International*.
<File:Cover> of The Studio vol. 53 no. 219, June 1911.jpeg\|Cover of the Paris edition of *The Studio*, volume 53 no. 219, June 1911 <File:Léon> Solon The Studio.jpg\|Poster by Léon-Victor Solon advertising *The Studio* <File:The_Studio_Year-Book_1906.jpg%7CCover> of the first *Year-Book*, 1906
| 307 |
The Studio (magazine)
| 1 |
11,071,966 |
# The Studio (magazine)
## Cover Artists {#cover_artists}
- Aubrey Beardsley and the Inaugural Cover
First volume of The Studio, published in April 1893, featured a cover designed by the then-emerging illustrator Aubrey Beardsley. The cover's design marked Beardsley\'s first significant commission and played a pivotal role in launching his career. Joseph Pennell. "A New Illustrator---Aubrey Beardsley." Studio International. Characterized by its black and white comic-like line work and stylized floral patterns, it represented the Art Nouveau aesthetic that the magazine would often utilize. In April 1893, the inaugural issue of The Studio: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art featured an article titled \"A New Illustrator - Aubrey Beardsley,\" penned by Joseph Pennell. Along with his illustrations, it included his interpretation of Oscar Wilde\'s Salomé, commissioned from publisher John Lane, which was then banned from stage performance in England.
The publication of these works in The Studio brought Beardsley widespread attention and acclaim. Beyond Aubrey Beardsley\'s inaugural cover for The Studio, the magazine became renowned for commissioning artists for its covers, many of whom were at the forefront of the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements:
- Walter Crane
An influential illustrator and designer closely associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement, whose illustrations appeared in early issues. His visual aesthetic set a precedent for integrating decorative elements beyond established floral ones into practical art forms.
- Robert Anning Bell
Contributed both article illustrations and cover art during the 1890s alongside Beardsley, often working in stained glass and book illustration.
- Charles Ricketts
Known for his distinctive black-and-white woodcut style, was a recurring presence in The Studio. He contributed illustrations and was admired for his theatrical and book design work.
The cover artworks of The Studio reflected not only stylistic trends but also acted as an extension of its editorial mission - demonstrating the equal value of decorative and fine arts.
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| 2 |
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# The Studio (magazine)
## Notable Contributors {#notable_contributors}
The magazine served as a platform for numerous artists, designers, and writers who were instrumental in the development of the Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau movements. Among the early contributors were:
- Sir Frederic Leighton, P.R.A.
Featured in the inaugural issue with the article \"Artists as Craftsmen, No. I: Sir Frederic Leighton, Bart., P.R.A., as a Modeller in Clay,\" highlighting his work in sculpture and special forms, emphasizing the unity of fine and applied arts.
- Frank Brangwyn
Contributed \"Letters from Artists to Artists, No. I: Sketching Grounds -- Spain,\" accompanied by his illustrations, offering insights into artistic practices and environments.
- Lasenby Liberty
Authored \"Spitalfields Brocades,\" discussing textile designs and reflecting his involvement with Liberty & Co., a firm known for promoting the Arts and Crafts aesthetic.
- R.A. Bell, Herbert O. Horne, Washington Hogg, and Alan Wright
Collaborated on an article titled \"Designing for Bookplates,\" showcasing the intersection of graphic design and fine art through eight illustrated examples.
- Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon
Ricketts, a book designer and printer, collaborated with Shannon to establish the Vale Press. Both were featured in early issues for their work in private press and illustration, which significantly influenced the British Art Nouveau print scene.
- Lucien Pissarro
A key figure in both French Impressionism and British printing arts, Pissarro\'s wood engravings and decorative illustrations were reproduced in The Studio to introduce modern Continental styles to British audiences.
- William Nicholson and James Pryde (The Beggarstaff Brothers)
Their minimalist poster work was widely admired, and The Studio featured and critiqued their contributions to graphic design in the 1890s.
- Jessie M. King
One of the few female illustrators consistently featured in The Studio, she brought a distinctly ethereal and mythological sensibility to the magazine\'s visual language.
These contributions highlight the interdisciplinary approaches that bridge fine art, design, and craftsmanship featured by the magazine.
| 320 |
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| 3 |
11,071,966 |
# The Studio (magazine)
## Book series {#book_series}
Special numbers of *The Studio* were edited by the Holmes for separate publication as books. In addition the following book series were issued: `{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Currier & Ives Prints
* Famous Sporting Prints<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/2593735 Famous Sporting Prints], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Famous Water-Colour Painters<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Famous+Water-Colour+Painters%22&offset=1 Famous Water-Colour Painters], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* The Gardens of England<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/905689939 The gardens of England...], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Hours of Leisure Series<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/504340346 Hours of Leisure Series...Edited by W.P. Robins], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* How To Do It Series<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/560289384 "How to do it" Series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* How to Draw<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/887774231 How to Draw series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Make It Yourself Series (a.k.a. A Make It Yourself Book series)<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/561495793 "Make it Yourself" Series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Master Draughtsmen<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Master+Draughtsmen%22+%2B+Studio&offset=1 "Master Draughtsmen" + Studio], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Masters of Painting<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/16719150 Masters of painting], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Masters of the Colour Print<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Masters+of+the+Colour+Print%22+%2B+Studio&offset=1 "Masters of the Colour Print" + Studio], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Modern Masters of Etching<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/61626528 Modern masters of etching], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref> (sometimes referred on dustjackets as Masters of Etching)
* Modern Photography
* The New Vision<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=%22The+New+Vision%22+%2B+Studio&offset=1 "The New Vision" + Studio], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref><ref>Marta Sequeira, [https://www.estudoprevio.net/aircraft-de-le-corbusier/?lang=en AIRCRAFT BY LE CORBUSIER], estudoprevio.net. Retrieved 7 February 2025.</ref>
* The Studio Painting Series<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/20927644 The Studio painting series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Treasures of Art<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Treasures+of+Art%22+%2B+Studio&offset=1 "Treasures of Art" + Studio], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* Treasures of Illumination<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=%22Treasures+of+Illumination%22+Studio&offset=1 "Treasures of Illumination" Studio], worldcat.org. Retrieved 10 February 2025.</ref>
* The World's Masters<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/721540132 The World's Masters...A series, each containing 24 photogravure illustrations], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
* The World's Masters: New Series<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/title/1414804590 World's Masters. New Series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref><ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=se%3AThe%20world%27s%20masters%20:%20new%20series se:The world's masters : new series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</ref>
Furthermore, The Studio Year-Books extended this visual-first mission. The 1906 Year-Book was revolutionary for presenting fully illustrated interiors with floor plans and was considered a precursor to modern lifestyle and architecture publications
| 351 |
The Studio (magazine)
| 4 |
11,072,011 |
# Sinclair coefficient
The **Sinclair coefficients** are a method to compare different weight classes in Olympic weightlifting
| 17 |
Sinclair coefficient
| 0 |
11,072,015 |
# Oropa
**Oropa** is a *frazione* of the municipality of Biella, in Piedmont, northern Italy. It is famous for the Black Virgin of Oropa statue, which is located in the Sanctuary of Oropa, the basilica of the Sacro Monte di Oropa, one of the Sacri Monti. It is an important destination for local tourism and pilgrimage.
In 1874 was established a meteorogical station by Francesco Denza.
In 1998 was opened the botanical garden.
## Monumental cemetery {#monumental_cemetery}
In the monumental cemetery are buried Riccardo Gualino, Quintino Sella and Vittorio Sella.
## Giro d\'Italia {#giro_ditalia}
Oropa has been the finish line of a stage of the Giro d\'Italia seven times.
Year Stage Date Track km Winner Leader general classification
------ ------- --------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------ ------------------ -------------------------------
1963 11ª 29 May Asti \> Santuario di Oropa 130 Vito Taccone Diego Ronchini
1993 20ª 11 June Torino \> Santuario di Oropa 162 Massimo Ghirotto Miguel Indurain
1999 15ª 30 May Racconigi \> Santuario di Oropa 160 Marco Pantani Marco Pantani
2007 13ª 25 May Biella \> Santuario di Oropa *(cron
| 177 |
Oropa
| 0 |
11,072,024 |
# Garette Ratliff Henson
**Garette Ratliff Henson** (born January 5, 1980) is an American actor, best known for his role as Guy Germaine in *The Mighty Ducks* trilogy.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Henson was born in Burbank, California to a professional photographer mother. He is the younger brother of Elden Henson. Henson also has a younger half-brother, Ellington Ratliff, who is a member of the band R5. Henson attended a private school in Burbank, where he was on the honor roll. He started in show business as a baby model and in 1987 auditioned for and got the role of Cory Charming in *The Charmings* (1987). Henson graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 2002 and an MFA in film from Columbia University in 2015.
## Career
In 1992, 1994, and 1996, he starred in *The Mighty Ducks* trilogy alongside his older brother, Elden, and continued to play hockey in school. In 1995 he played the role of Christina Ricci\'s character\'s school crush Vic DePhillippi in the movie *Casper*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Henson resides in New York with his wife Laurie, whom he married in 2007, and their son, who was born in 2014.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------- ----------------------- -------
1985 *Radioactive Dreams* Phillip (age 4)
1990 *Arachnophobia* Tommy Jennings
1990 *Captain America* Young Tom Kimball
1991 *Return to the Blue Lagoon* Young Richard
1992 *Radio Flyer* Chad
1992 *The Mighty Ducks* Guy Germaine
1993 *The Adventures of Huck Finn* Billy Grangerford
1994 *D2: The Mighty Ducks* Guy Germaine
1995 *Casper* Vic
1995 *Three Wishes* Neighborhood Teenager
1996 *D3: The Mighty Ducks* Guy Germaine
1997 *Nevada* Weston
2007 *The Mannsfield 12* Andrew Perryman
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ --------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------
1986 *Fame* Youngster #1 Episode: \"All I Want for Christmas\"
1986 *Who\'s the Boss?* Golfing Kid Episode: \"Spud Micelli\"
1987 *Outlaws* Little Boy Episode: \"Madrid\"
1987 *Her Secret Life* Scott Television film
1987--1988 *The Charmings* Cory Charming 21 episodes
1987, 1989 *Highway to Heaven* Tommy / Stevie Douglas 2 episodes
1989 *Empty Nest* Demetrie Episode: \"Overdue for a Job\"
1991 *Doogie Howser, M.D.* Will 2 episodes
1993 *For Their Own Good* Younger Jody Television film
1994 *Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All* Ned Smythe Miniseries
1997 *Melrose Place* Teenager at accident Episode: \"The Accidental Doctor\"
2004 *NCIS* Young Cpl
| 390 |
Garette Ratliff Henson
| 0 |
11,072,029 |
# 61st Mountain Troops Brigade (Romania)
The **61st Mountain Troops Brigade \"General Virgil Bădulescu\"** (*Brigada 61 Vânători de Munte*) is a mountain troops brigade of the Romanian Land Forces. It was formed in October 1991. The brigade is currently subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division and its headquarters are located in Miercurea Ciuc
| 53 |
61st Mountain Troops Brigade (Romania)
| 0 |
11,072,059 |
# Expiratory apnea
**Expiratory apnea** is a voluntary condition performed by a patient during a doctor\'s examination of the heart. By breathing out and then holding one\'s breath, it gets easier for the doctor to perform an auscultation of the heart with a stethoscope. Constantly breathing out without breathing in is also considered as expiratory apnea
| 56 |
Expiratory apnea
| 0 |
11,072,060 |
# Foley (surname)
**Foley** is a surname which originated in Ireland, in the southeast Munster region. The name is derived from the original modern Irish *Ó Foghlú* and older Irish *Ó Foghladha*, meaning \"plunderer\". The Lord of the Decies (the Waterford area of Munster) was a title attributed to some early Foleys.
## People
- Adrian Foley, 8th Baron Foley (1923--2012), British composer
- Anthony Foley (1973--2016), Irish rugby player
- Bernard Foley (born 1989), Australian rugby player
- Bill Foley, American photojournalist
- Blaze Foley (1949--1989), American singer
- Brendan Foley (filmmaker), Irish writer, producer and director
- Brendan Foley (rugby union) (born 1950), Irish rugby player
- Brian Foley (disambiguation)
- C. Fritz Foley, American economist
- Caroline Rhys Davids (1857--1942), née Foley, English scholar and translator
- Charles Foley (disambiguation)
- Chris Foley (politician) (born 1956), Australian politician, independent member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
- Chris Foley (musician), American drummer for Boston hardcore bands SSD and DYS
- Christopher Foley (born 1974), also known as Kidd Chris, American radio show host
- Cornelia MacIntyre Foley (1909--2010), American artist
- Curry Foley (1856--1898), Irish baseball player
- Cyril Foley (1868--1936), English cricketer, military officer and archaeologist
- Dave Foley (born 1963), Canadian actor
- David Foley (born 1987), English professional footballer
- David Edward Foley (1930--2018), American Roman Catholic bishop
- Denis Foley (1934--2013), Irish politician
- Dennis Foley, American military fiction writer
- Des Foley (1940--1995), Irish sportsman and politician
- Dominic Foley (born 1976), Irish former professional footballer
- Ellen Foley (born 1951), American singer and actress
- Fiona Foley (born 1964), Australian artist
- Francis B. Foley (1887--1973), American ferrous metallurgist
- Frank Foley (1884--1958), British Secret Intelligence Service officer who helped thousands of Jewish families escape from Germany before the start of World War II
- Frank Foley (politician) (1922--1981), Canadian politician and educator
- Frederick Foley (1891--1966), American physician, designer of the Foley Catheter
- Gaelen Foley (born 1973), American writer
- Gary Foley (born 1950), Australian activist and academic
- Gerry Foley (1932--2021), American-born Canadian ice hockey player
- Glenn Foley (born 1970), American football player
- Henry Foley (disambiguation)
- Jack Foley (basketball) (1939--2020), American basketball player
- Jack Foley (poet) (born 1940), American poet
- Jack Foley (sound effects artist) (1891--1967), American sound effects specialist
- James Foley (disambiguation)
- Jason Foley (born 1995), American baseball player
- Jennifer Crystal Foley (born 1973), American actress
- Jessica Foley (born 1983), Australian basketball player
- Jim Foley (born 1946), Canadian football player
- Joe Foley (born 1955), American women\'s basketball coach
- John Foley (disambiguation)
- Joseph Foley (c. 1821--?), Irish solicitor and nationalist politician
- Joseph P. Foley (1872--1928), Canadian politician
- Kevin Foley (disambiguation)
- Laurence Foley (1942--2002), American diplomat
- Lelia Foley (born 1942), first African-American woman elected mayor in the United States
- Leo Foley (1928--2016), American politician and state senator from Minnesota
- Linda Foley (born 1955), American journalist and labor leader
- Louise Munro Foley (1933--2021), American writer
- Lucy Foley (born 1986), American author
- Luke Foley (born 1970), Australian politician
- Mark Foley (born 1954), US congressman from Florida
- Mark Foley (Cork hurler) (born 1967), Irish former hurler
- Mark Foley (Limerick hurler) (born 1975), Irish former hurler
- Martin Foley (born 1952), Irish criminal
- Margaret Foley (1827--1877), American sculptor
- Margaret Foley (suffragist) (1875--1957), Irish-American labor organizer, suffragist, and social worker
- Maurice Foley (politician) (1925--2002), British politician
- Maurice Foley (sportsman) (1930--2013), Australian cricketer and field hockey player
- Maurice B. Foley (born 1960), Chief Judge of the United States Tax Court
- Michael Foley (disambiguation), multiple people
- Mike Foley (Australian politician) (born 1946), Tasmanian politician
- Mike Foley (Nebraska politician) (born 1954), American politician
- Mick Foley (born 1965), American professional wrestler
- Mick Foley (born 1965), American professional wrestler
- Mick Foley (footballer) (1892--?), Irish footballer
- Mick Foley (public servant) (1923--1975), Australian public servant
- Nathan Foley (footballer) (born 1985), Australian rules footballer
- Nathan Foley (singer) (born 1979), Australian singer/songwriter, member of the children\'s group Hi-5
- Norma Foley (born 1970), Irish politician
- Pat Foley (born 1954), American former sports broadcaster
- Patrick Foley (drummer), drummer for the American-British band As It Is
- Patrick Foley (1858--1926), Roman Catholic professor, priest and Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin
- Paul Foley (disambiguation)
- Peter Foley (snowboarding) (born 1965 or 1966), American former snowboarding coach; suspended for 10 years for sexual misconduct
- Philip Foley (1648--1716), British ironmaster and politician
- Red Foley (1910--1968), American country music singer, musician
- Richard Foley (disambiguation)
- Richie Foley (born 1987), Irish hurler
- Rick Foley (1945--2015), Canadian ice hockey player
- Robert Foley (disambiguation)
- Sylvester R. Foley Jr. (1928--2019), American four-star admiral
- Sallie Foley, American psychotherapist, social worker and social work academic
- Samuel Foley (bishop) (1655--1695), bishop of Down and Connor
- Samuel J. Foley (politician) (1862--1922), New York politician
- Samuel J. Foley (district attorney) (1891--1951), Bronx County district attorney
- Sam Foley (born 1986), Irish-English footballer
- Scott Foley (born 1972), American actor
- Stephan A. Foley, American judge, namesake of Stephan A
| 862 |
Foley (surname)
| 0 |
11,072,116 |
# Greg Hirte
**Greg Hirte** is a professional violinist, actor, and composer based out of Chicago, Illinois.
He performs with a handful of bands, including Mucca Pazza, The Flashbulb, Golden Horse Ranch Band, Gin Palace Jesters, Can Ky Ree, Mojo & The Bayou Gypsies and formerly with Soundframe. His violin performances have also appeared on many albums, most notably The Flashbulb\'s \"Kirlian Selections\", \"Réunion\" and \"Soundtrack To A Vacant Life\".
Hirte is an actor, musician, and composer based in Los Angeles and Chicago. In 2020, he appeared at Lookingglass Theatre in`{{when|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} The Steadfast Tin Soldier. The Steafast Tin Soldier production has been called a \"a triumph in creativity and imagination\". Before that, he performed in Treasure Island.
His recent theater credits include his 19th season with the Goodman Theatre's A Christmas Carol, portraying Leon in Hank Williams: Lost Highway (American Blues Theater), and Luther in Ring of Fire: The Music of Johnny Cash. Additional Chicago credits include performances and musical compositions for the Goodman Theatre, Chicago Shakespeare Theater, Court Theatre, Drury Lane Theatre, Victory Gardens Theater, and Piven Theatre Workshop. For the latter, he earned a Jeff Award nomination for Best Original Score for Sarah Ruhl's Melancholy Play.
Hirte has also performed at various international theater and music festivals and is a member of several local and national bands
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# Television in Iceland
**Television in Iceland** is composed of the public broadcasting service of RÚV, five free-to-view channels and a number of subscription channels provided by private broadcasters. Broadcasts began in 1955 when the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) started an English-language television service broadcasting from Naval Air Station Keflavik, which operated until 2006. The first Icelandic-language television broadcasts started in September 1966 with the launch of RÚV, originally called Sjónvarpið (\"The Television\"). In 1986, the first privately owned TV station, Stöð 2 (\"Channel 2\"), began broadcasts. In recent years, the emergence of foreign internet streaming services, such as Netflix and Disney+, has seen a shift from domestic providers provide similar on demand streaming services such as Síminn Premium and Stöð 2+.
Channels can be received via digital terrestrial DVB-T2, digital satellite DVB-S and through managed IPTV providers such as Síminn and Vodafone. Over-the-top streaming via domestic and foreign providers is also increasingly used.
The digital switchover occurred in 2015 when the last RÚV analog transmitter was shut down.
## History
The first television broadcasts commenced in 1955 by the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) from the Naval Air Station Keflavik. A small transmitter broadcasting at 50W on the VHF band was not intended for the local population, but nevertheless locals began installing antennas and buying US television sets to receive the broadcasts. This created concern among some local politicians and prominent individuals, claiming it would weaken Icelandic language and culture. In 1961, the power was increased to 250W. Opposition to the American broadcasts was countered by 14,000 locals, who had come to enjoy the American programming, who signed a petition demanding it stay on air. Eventually, the AFRTS ceased its terrestrial broadcasts and built a private cable TV network in 1974.
The Icelandic state public broadcaster, RÚV, began transmissions in 1966 using PAL standards over the VHF band. Colour television broadcasts began in 1973. The first satellite ground station, Skyggnir, opened in 1981 which allowed the first international live TV events to be broadcast in 1986.
Stöð 2, the first private subscription TV service, began encrypted broadcasts in 1986 via terrestrial VHF which required the use of a decoder.
Throughout the late 1990s, local cable TV services began operating in some towns such as Keflavik, Hafnafjörður, Hella and Húsavik, offering international channels and programming. Síminn began installing cable TV networks in some areas of Reykjavík from 1997. As of 2021, most cable TV networks in Iceland are defunct and have been replaced by IPTV services.
Digital Island (now Sýn), began over the air digital MMDS broadcasts in built up areas in 1999.
By the early 2000s, fiber and ADSL broadband became widely available, which led to the deployment of managed IPTV systems in 2004 by Síminn followed by Vodafone Iceland. This allowed many new domestic and international channels to become available to households. Iceland leads the world in IPTV subscriptions, with over 65% of households using such services in 2014.
In 2007, RÚV began direct satellite TV broadcasts using the Thor 5 satellite over DVB-S, in order to service fishing fleets around Iceland and remote areas where the terrestrial network does not reach. Telenor runs the service by contract until 2028, this service is encrypted and is available only on request.
Digital terrestrial HDTV broadcasts commenced in 2014 following an agreement signed between public broadcaster RÚV and Vodafone Iceland on 27 March 2013 to install and run two new shared digital multiplexes using DVB-T2 (for HD transmissions) and DVB-T (for SD transmissions) over UHF bands, with 99.9% population coverage.
Analog transmissions ceased in 2015 and MMDS transmissions in 2016. RÚV announced it would cease satellite TV distribution on DVB-S in summer 2024, as fishing fleets turned to IP-based solutions.
Transmissions on the older DVB-T system in standard definition ceased on 3 June 2024, however DVB-T2 broadcasts in HD remain.
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# Television in Iceland
## List of channels {#list_of_channels}
### Free-to-air channels {#free_to_air_channels}
The following channels are freely available on DVB-T2 terrestrial television.
Channel name Owner/parent company
--------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
RÚV HD RÚV
RÚV 2 HD RÚV
Stöð 2 HD`{{ref|reference_name_A|a}}`{=mediawiki} Sýn
Stöð 2 Vísir Sýn
Stöð 2 Sport HD`{{ref|reference_name_B|b}}`{=mediawiki} Sýn
Omega Christian television Omega Kristniboðskirkja
Only free-to-air during 18.30 evening news program and special events.
Only free-to-air during selected special events (usually national sports events)
### Free-to-view channels {#free_to_view_channels}
These channels are free to view via IPTV providers Siminn and Vodafone or through encrypted DVB-T2 broadcasts from Vodafone. Some channels provide OTT internet streaming via connected TV apps or their website.
Channel name Owner/parent company
----------------- -----------------------
K100 Morgunblaðið
Sjónvarp Símans Síminn
Alþingi Government of Iceland
### Subscription channels {#subscription_channels}
Channel name Owner/parent company
------------------------ ----------------------
Síminn Sport Síminn
Síminn Sport 2 Síminn
Síminn Sport 3 Síminn
Síminn Sport 4 Síminn
Stöð 2 Sýn
Stöð 2 Bíó Sýn
Stöð 2 eSport Sýn
Stöð 2 Fjölskylda Sýn
Stöð 2 Besta Deildin Sýn
Stöð 2 Besta Deildin 2 Sýn
Stöð 2 Sport Sýn
Stöð 2 Sport 2 Sýn
Stöð 2 Sport 3 Sýn
Stöð 2 Sport 5 Sýn
Stöð 2 Sport 6 Sýn
### Defunct channels {#defunct_channels}
- Stöð 2 Krakkar
- Stöð 3 - Icelandic general television channel, owned and operated by Sýn.
- ÍNN - Owned and operated by Ingvi Hrafn Jónsson
- iSTV
- NFS, now a news service providing news for visir.is and television channels of 365
- Skjár tveir, was meant to be an ad-free channel paid for by the viewers. It didn\'t go as planned and soon merged with Skjár einn.
- Stöð 1, launched 29 Oct 2010. Entertainment channel, free to air, non-subscription. Reaches 98% of all households in Iceland.
- Stöð þrjú, the old channel was used. But was bought quickly and shut down in the meaning, it was replaced by Stöð 2.
- Skjár sport, showed Premier League matches for the seasons 2005--2006 and 2006--2007.
- Stöð 2 Extra (previously called Sirkus) Entertainment channel previously available as free but is now available only as a complement to Stöð 2 subscription
- Nova TV (previously called Sirkus and before that Popp Tíví), music videos -- free channel
- Fasteignasjónvarpið, a channel that offers real estate
- Mikligarður, opened 15 March 2014 -- closed 1 July 2014. Intended for ages 34+ with an emphasis on females. Programming was all domestic and included paid presentations. Broadcasts was 24/7 and in HD.
- Hringbraut
- N4 (2008--2023) a station which was based in Akureyri with a free-to-view channel.
- Tónlist, a non-stop music channel by Sýn.
### International channels available in Iceland {#international_channels_available_in_iceland}
Additional international channels are available in Iceland through Vodafone Iceland and Síminn:
Channels Owner
------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
NRK1 Norway - NRK
NRK2 Norway - NRK
NRK3 Norway - NRK
SVT1 Sweden - Sveriges Television
SVT2 Sweden - Sveriges Television
DR1 Denmark - DR
DR2 Denmark - DR
KVF Faroe Islands - Kringvarp Føroya
BBC Nordic BBC Worldwide
BBC News BBC Worldwide
Rai 1 Italy -- RAI
Rai 2 Italy -- RAI
Jim Jam Euro AMC Networks International UK
Travel Channel AMC Networks International UK
Food Network AMC Networks International UK
CBS Reality AMC Networks International UK
CNN International Warner Bros. Discovery
Cartoon Network Warner Bros. Discovery
Boomerang Warner Bros. Discovery
E!Entertainment Comcast
CNBC Comcast
National Geographic Channel National Geographic Partners
BabyTV Fox Networks Group
Sky News Sky Group
Animal Planet Discovery Networks Northern Europe
Discovery Science Discovery Networks Northern Europe
History Channel A+E Networks UK
Discovery Channel Discovery Networks Northern Europe
ID (Investigation Discovery) Discovery Networks Northern Europe
TLC Discovery Networks Northern Europe
LFC TV Liverpool F.C.
MUTV Manchester United F.C.
Premier League Channel UK
TVE Internacional Spain -- RTVE
TVP Polonia Poland -- Telewizja Polska
mezzo France - Groupe Canal+
Eurosport Discovery
Eurosport 2 Discovery
Arte ARTE GEIE, ARTE France, ARTE Deutschland TV GmbH
Prosieben Germany -- ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE
SAT1 Germany -- ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE
ZDF Germany -- independent nonprofit institution
ARD Germany
France 2 France - France Télévisions group
France 24 France -- France Médias Monde
M6 France -- Groupe M6
Ginx UK - Ginx TV Limited
MTV 00s ViacomCBS Networks EMEAA
BOX Hits UK - The Box Plus Network
Magic ViacomCBS Networks EMEAA
Disney Channel The Walt Disney Company
Disney Junior The Walt Disney Company
Bloomberg US - Bloomberg L.P.
Fox News US - Fox Corporation
CCTV-4 China - CCTV
CGTN China - CCTV
CGTN Documentary China - CCTV
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# Television in Iceland
## Overview of Icelandic TV {#overview_of_icelandic_tv}
### TV appearances {#tv_appearances}
#### Test card for RÚV {#test_card_for_rúv}
The testcard of RÚV was the PM5544, introduced in the 1970s.
Text has been changed three times, minor change five times, returned two times
- 1970--1994 -- \"RUV -- ISLAND\"
- 1993 -- \"RÚV -- ÍSLAND\"
- 1995 -- Added time and date
- 2000 -- Remove time and date
- Remove \"ÍSLAND\" and replace with the moving bar
- 2002 -- Return the 1995 version
- 2006 -- Return the 2000 version
- 2009 -- Changed to PM5644
RÚV\'s testcard uses test tone but the last 15 minutes before programs start plays classical music.
#### Closing and opening times {#closing_and_opening_times}
RÚV still closes down at night.
##### RÚV
- 1966--2018 opens at 16:30 for weekdays and closes at 00:00.
- 1966--2004 Weekends and holidays open at 9:00, though sometimes with midday break.
- 2004--2018 Weekends and holidays open at 8:00.
- 2018-present Opens at 13:00 for weekdays and closes at 01:00.
- 2018-present Weekends and holidays open from 07:15
- Nightscreen during other times
##### Stöð 2 {#stöð_2}
- 1986--1988 opens at 8:00 and close at 23:00.
- 1988--1995 opens at 6:00 and close at 0:00.
- 1995--present open 24 hours
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# The Ghost of a Thousand
**The Ghost of a Thousand** were an English punk rock band from Brighton.
## Career
The Ghost of a Thousand formed in the Winter of 2004 in Brighton and began touring extensively, playing alongside Blood Red Shoes, Poison the Well, This is Hell, Gallows, Alexisonfire and Cancer Bats among others. In February 2007 the band released their debut album This is Where the Fight Begins on UK label Undergroove Records, and that summer they made their Reading and Leeds Festivals debut on the Lock-Up Stage. In October 2008 bassist Gez Walton left the band, at the time citing musical differences; however, Walton was in fact sacked from the band. The band\'s previous bassist Gaz Spencer returned in his place.
In February 2009, the band announced they had signed with Epitaph Records, becoming the first British act to do so not solely for distribution. In June 2009 their second album *New Hopes, New Demonstrations* was released. The album, recorded in Stockholm with experienced producer Pelle Gunnerfeldt (Refused, The Hives), was described by vocalist Tom Lacey as \"very heavy, heavier than *This Is Where The Fight Begins*, but its whole feel is a lot sadder.\" The band also played 3 songs for the BBC Radio 1 Rockshow at the Maida Vale studios. The band were due to play the Saturday headlining slot on the Red Bull stage at 2009\'s Download Festival, but pulled out due to family reasons. They went on to perform at Reading and Leeds festivals and Hevy Music Festival in 2009. They played the Rock Sound magazine sponsored stage at Guilfest 2009. They continued their extensive touring, culminating with the UK and European Eastpak sponsored Antidote Tour, alongside Alexisonfire, Anti-Flag and Four Year Strong. In March 2010, The Ghost of a Thousand appeared at the Texan music festival South by Southwest and continued their touring schedule with a European tour with Cancer Bats, performing at Groezrock then more recently with The Bronx.
On 31 March 2011, the band announced their break-up. Their then final performance together took place at 2011\'s Hevy Festival, playing alongside bands such as The Dillinger Escape Plan, Ceremony and Funeral for a Friend. On 17 October 2012, they were announced as support for the London dates of the Alexisonfire farewell tour, stating that \"Ladies and Gentleman, we are proud to announce that we will be supporting Alexisonfire at London Brixton Academy Dec 2nd and 3rd. We feel that we owe them a great deal of gratitude and wouldn\'t want to turn them down and give them a proper farewell \[sic\].\"
## Discography
### Albums
Release Date Title Label
------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------------
19 February 2007 *This Is Where the Fight Begins* Undergroove Records
1 June 2009 *New Hopes, New Demonstrations* Epitaph Records
### EPs
Release Date Title Label
--------------- ----------------- -----------------
25 March 2008 *TwoByThree EP* Hideous Records
### Music videos {#music_videos}
- \"Black Art Number One\" -- December 2007
- \"Bright Lights\" -- May 2009
- \"Knees, Toes, Teeth\" -- September 2009
- \"Fed to the Ocean\" -- March 2010
## Awards
- No. 6 Best Album of 2007 Critics Choice, *Kerrang!*
- Top 5 Metal Albums 2007, *Q*
- No. 11 Album of the Year, *Rock Sound* 2007
- Nominated for Best British Newcomer at the 2007 Kerrang! Awards
- Nominated for Best Live Band in *Total Guitar* 2008
- Nominated for Best British Band in *Moher*
- No. 7 Album of the Year, *Rocksound* 2009
- No
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# List of Great Teacher Onizuka chapters
*Great Teacher Onizuka* is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tohru Fujisawa, serialized in Kodansha\'s *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* from January 8, 1997, to February 13, 2002. Its chapters were collected in twenty-five *tankōbon* volumes by Kodansha and released under the \"Shōnen Magazine Comics\" imprint from May 16, 1997, to April 17, 2002. Kodansha republished the series in twelve *bunkoban* volumes from September 12, 2017, to February 14, 2018.
In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Tokyopop in 2001. The twenty five volumes were released from April 23, 2002, to August 9, 2005. Kodansha USA republished the series digitally on February 2, 2022.
\_\_TOC\_\_{{-}}
## Volumes
- **Note:** All chapters are labeled as \"Lessons\"
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# Walter Bathe
**Walter Bathe** (1 December 1892 -- 18 September 1959) was a German breaststroke swimmer. He won gold medals in the 200 m and 400 m breaststroke at the 1912 Summer Olympics, setting Olympic records that lasted until 1924. In 1970 he was inducted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
Bathe took swimming at age 8 to improve poor health and, at 19, won two Olympic medals. He continued swimming until about 1930, winning six national breaststroke championships, 5 Crown Prince Trophies, and 3 River Oder swims (7.5 km). In 1910, he set two world records in the 100 m breaststroke, at 1:18.4 and 1:17.5
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# Listowel mutiny
The **Listowel mutiny** occurred during the Irish War of Independence when Royal Irish Constabulary officers under the command of County Inspector O\'Shea refused to be relocated out of their rural police station in Listowel, County Kerry and moved to other areas.
The uprising started on 17 June 1920, and has been cited as finishing when the local Divisional Police Commissioner for Munster, Lt.-Col. Gerald Bryce Ferguson Smyth was killed by Irish Republican Army volunteers a month later on 17 July. By this time many police officers in the area had moved into service with the IRA or decided not to engage the IRA in combat, for a variety of reasons.`{{fact|date=May 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
On 19 June, Smyth arrived to inform the police of a new policy regarding rules of engagement with the IRA and their supporters. In the course of his address, he mentioned that in pursuit of their duty they would be given the power to shoot IRA suspects on sight. Order No. 5, which was issued on 17 June, stated that the police could shoot if a suspect failed to surrender \'when ordered to do so\'. One of the apparent reasons for the constables\' mutiny was because they were horrified by the thought of killing fellow Irishmen \"on sight\". One of those who refused was Constable Thomas Hughes from Mayo who went on to become a catholic priest and bishop in Nigeria.
Replacements were immediately sent from County Limerick under the command of Head Constable Tobias O\'Sullivan, who was commissioned to take command of the District.
The mutiny was hailed as a success for Irish republicanism. Smyth was later assassinated when six IRA men shot him dead in the smoking room of the Cork and County Club.
Smyth was buried in his native Banbridge, County Down on 21 July 1920. Railway workers outside Ulster had earlier refused to transport his body home and Ulster loyalist \"anger boiled over\", leading to attacks on Catholic homes in Banbridge and nearby Dromore.
On 20 January 1921 Tobias O\'Sullivan was shot to death in the street as he walked with his seven-year-old son
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# PUP Open University System
The **Polytechnic University of the Philippines Open University System** is the nontraditional/distance studies unit of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. It began with the offering of non-degree (technical-vocational) courses in 1970s and was formally established in 1990, making it the first open learning institution in the country. It is one of the only two open learning institutions in the Philippines recognized by the UNESCO Asia Pacific Knowledge Base on Open and Distance Learning.
The PUP Open University was established to provide education opportunities to individuals aspiring for higher education and improved qualifications but were unable to take advantage of traditional modes of education because of personal and professional obligations. It is also known as the \"*Pamantasang Bayan*,\" literally translating as \"Nation\'s University\" in Filipino.
The students under the PUP OU program are not required to physically attend classes in a traditional classroom setting, or set foot on the campus. Instead, they can get the education they want wherever it is most convenient and conducive on their educational activities.
## Academics
### Institutes and center {#institutes_and_center}
PUP Open University consists of three units: Institute of Open and Distance Education/Transnational Education, Institute of Non-Traditional Studies Program and ETEEAP, and the Center of Professional and Continuing Studies, under which the Nontraditional Study Program and Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program are under.
#### Institute of Open and Distance Education/Transnational Education {#institute_of_open_and_distance_educationtransnational_education}
Institute of Open and Distance Education / Transnational Education allows students to learn independently with the guidance of a teacher or in an online classroom, students may interact with the teacher and other students while studying.
#### Institute of Non-Traditional Studies and ETEEAP {#institute_of_non_traditional_studies_and_eteeap}
Institute of Non-traditional Studies and ETEEAP gives an opportunity to practitioners and executives to complete their college degrees or graduate programs and earn their diplomas without having to take a leave from the jobs.
#### Institute for Continuing and Professional Development {#institute_for_continuing_and_professional_development}
Institute for Continuing and Professional Development in collaboration with the Professional Regulations Commission, the Commission on Higher Education, and other government agencies provide courses to enhance an individual\'s knowledge and skills through integrated industry-based professional development experiences.
## Learning Centers {#learning_centers}
The PUP OU has 9 Learning Centers in strategic locations in the country. Most of the centers are mostly located in other PUP campuses in the selected regions of the country.
Learning Center Director Campus location
----------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manila Dr. Carmencita L. Castolo Ninoy Aquino Library and Learning Resources Center, PUP Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila
Quezon City Dir. Pascualito B. Gatan PUP Quezon City, Commonwealth, Quezon City
Lopez Dir. Rufo Bueza PUP Lopez, Lopez, Quezon
Maragondon Dir. Denise A. Abril PUP Maragondon, Maragondon, Cavite
Sablayan Dir. Laurence P. Usona PUP Sablayan, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
Sta. Rosa Dir. Charito A. Montemayor PUP Sta. Rosa, New Sta. Rosa Village, Congco Subd., Tagapo, Sta. Rosa, Laguna
Sto. Tomas Dir. Frederick O. Ramos PUP Sto. Tomas, Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Taguig Dir. Sharon Joy F. Pelayo PUP Taguig, Lower Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila
Unisan Dir. Edwin G. Malabuyoc PUP Unisan, Ibabang Ilaya, Unisan, Quezon
In 2007, OU has launched the **Open University Learning Management System (PUPOU-LMS or eMabini)**, where the faculty of the OU can hold classes online to Filipino students in United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Vietnam
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# List of Colby College alumni
This **list of Colby College alumni** includes graduates, non-graduate former students, current students, and honorary degree recipients of Colby College. Colby, which was founded in 1813, has a total of more than 25,000 living alumni.
## Academia
### Educators
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=================+=====================================================================================================+===========+
| | 1840 | President of the University of Rochester from 1853 to 1888 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1845 | President of State Agricultural College (now Michigan State University) from 1862 to 1885 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1864 (transfer) | founder of Storer College and Bluefield State College | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1891 | Professor of Mineralogy and Petrography at Johns Hopkins University | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1883 | President of Hampton University, and teacher | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1884 | Dean of the University of Chicago Divinity School, 1908-1933 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1885 | Semitic Scholar and Professor at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1890 | President of Colby College, 1908-1927 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1891 | President of Colby College, 1929-1942 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1897 | Chair of the Department of English at Rutgers University 1911-1937 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1919 | Head of Biology Department University of Yangon, 1921-1941 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1963 | Author and Professor of Sociology at Virginia Commonwealth University | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1964 | Director of the Center for Professional Development at Santa Clara University | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1966 | Professor of Biology at Thomas College | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1968 | President and Professor of American Religion of Pacific School of Religion, 1996-2010 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1975 | Dean of Yale School of Management, Dean of University of Chicago Booth School of Business 2001-2010 | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1987 | Harvard Professor, pioneering physician in Counter-Terrorism Medicine, White House consultant | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1990 | Professor of English at the University of Hawaii | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1992 | Assistant Professor of English at University of North Carolina at Greensboro | |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
### Research and scholarship {#research_and_scholarship}
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=========+============================================================================================================================================+===========+
| | ex-1860 | Philosopher | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1884 | Scientist, marine biologist | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1906 | Author, congregational minister, and religious science leader | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1914 | Mathematician | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1924 | United States land policy historian and author | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1964 | Presidential scholar and historian; notable works include the Pulitzer Prize-winning *No Ordinary Time* (1995) and *Team of Rivals* (2005) | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1964 | Professor in Art History and Archaeology at the University of Maryland, College Park | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1970 | Maine State Historian | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1977 | Scholar in early Colonial America history and Pulitzer Prize winner | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1986 | Oceanographer | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
## Arts and entertainment {#arts_and_entertainment}
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+================+=========+===========================================================================================+===========+
| | 1946 | Painter | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Loring Buzzell | 1948 | Music publisher and record label executive | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1965 | Musician | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1969 | Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Kathy O\'Dell | 1973 | art historian, theorist, curator, arts advocate, author | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1973 | Country and bluegrass musician | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1976 | Founder of hip-hop record label Tommy Boy Entertainment | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1976 | Composer | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1985 | Cartoonist and creator of the comic strip *Big Nate* | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1991 | Hollywood character actor | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | | | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1994 | Host of *Access Hollywood*, former host of *Let\'s Make a Deal* and *The Billy Bush Show* | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1996 | Monologuist, solo performer and author | |
+----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
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# List of Colby College alumni
## Athletics
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+==================+=========+===========================================================================================================+===========+
| | 1897 | Head football coach at University of Akron, 1910 to 1914 | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1906 | Two-time World Champion Major League Baseball Player; Manager (Philadelphia Phillies and Duke University) | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1935 | Medalist at the 1936 Winter Olympics in hockey | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1958 | Major League Baseball player for the Chicago Cubs | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1966 | Major League Baseball pitcher for the 1970 Boston Red Sox | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1968 | General Manager of the Boston Celtics, 1984-1997 | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1970 | Ethiopian athlete; competed at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1986 | Assistant Coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs, 2011--present | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1981 | Head coach of the Canisius Golden Griffins baseball team, 2005--present | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | Executive Vice President and General Manager, Baltimore Ravens | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | Olympic rower, Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004; World Rowing Championships medalist | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | General Manager of the Boston Red Sox | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1994 | Athletic director for the Villanova University | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1998 | Hockey player for the Brampton Thunder and the United States women\'s national ice hockey team | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-2001 | Olympic medalist on the United States women\'s national ice hockey team, 2002 and 2006 | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Warner Nickerson | 2005 | Alpine skier | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Dan Vassallo | 2007 | Distance runner | |
+------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 291 |
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| 1 |
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# List of Colby College alumni
## Business and finance {#business_and_finance}
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+================+=======+==============================================================================+===========+
| | 1836 | Businessman and philanthropist | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1869 | Lawyer, banker, and newspaper publisher | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1892 | Businessman | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1951 | Owner of Sterilite | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1954 | Owner of Integrated Management Associates | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1956 | former CEO of the VF Corporation | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1970 | President of North Sails, 1992--present | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1973 | Former chief executive officer of Barclays Bank, Plc. | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Edson Mitchell | 1975 | Director, Deutsche Bank | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1979 | President and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1981 | President and chief executive officer of the National Restaurant Association | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1981 | Chief Executive Officer of the Forbes Media | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1991 | Co-founder of The Glover Park Group | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | Founder of Revolution Money | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Mira Murati | 2011 | CTO and former interim CEO of OpenAI | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Alice Mason | | Manhattan real estate broker | |
+----------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
## Literature
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=========+======================================================================================================================================+===========+
| | c.1900 | Historian and author | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1937 | Religious author and ad-man | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1940 | Novelist | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1949 | Author of the series *Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1954 | Author of the Spenser detective novels | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1955 | Humorist | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1957 | Pulitzer Prize-winning author of *The Shipping News* and *Brokeback Mountain* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1968 | Novelist and screenwriter | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1973 | Pulitzer Prize-winning author of *Jackson Pollock: An American Saga* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1970s | Poet and writer | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1977 | novelist, *Anne Frank and Me*; screen/TV writer, *The Young and the Restless* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1977 | Pulitzer Prize and Bancroft Prize-winning author and historian specializing in early American history | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1978 | Author and 2007 Guggenheim Fellow | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1980 | Short story writer | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1983 | Author of *Hungry Ocean* (captain of the Hannah Boden, sister ship to the *Andrea Gail* which went down in *The Perfect Storm* 1991) | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1991 | Author and journalist | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1992 | Novelist, creator of *Gossip Girl* series | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | Novelist, best known for *The Greatest Man in Cedar Hole* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1996 | Bram Stoker Award-winning novelist | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1998 | Writer for Deadspin and *GQ* magazine; author of *The Postmortal* and *Someone Could Get Hurt* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1999 | Novelist and essayist, co-founder of *The Morning News* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 2000 | Science fiction author and co-founder of *Geek\'s Guide to the Galaxy* | |
+-------+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
## Media
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=======+=======================================================================================================================+===========+
| | 1898 | Editor-in-chief of *The Saturday Evening Post* | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1937 | Correspondent for the Associated Press | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1939 | Editorial writer for *The New York Herald Tribune*, 1951 Nieman Fellow | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1969 | 1979 winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1970 | editor and publisher of *The Rothenberg Political Report*, CNN political analyst, and syndicated columnist | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1970 | Investigative journalist and bestselling author | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1971 | 1992 winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1988 | Film actor and director | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1991 | Oscar winner, 2013 Best Documentary Short Subject | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1991 | Political Director of ABC News, former house editor for the *Cook Political Report*, Editor in Chief of *The Hotline* | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | ABC News anchor and reporter | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1994 | TV personality and nephew of President George H. W. Bush | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1995 | Journalist for *Time* magazine | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1995 | Washington DC news reporter | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 2000 | 2012 winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting | |
+-------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 798 |
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| 2 |
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# List of Colby College alumni
## Politics and government {#politics_and_government}
### Members of the United States Congress {#members_of_the_united_states_congress}
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=========+====================================================================================================================================================+===========+
| | ex-1827 | U.S. Representative from Maine 1837--1840 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1830 | U.S. Senator from Missouri 1870--1871 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1831 | U.S. Representative from New York 1849--1853, 1863--1866, 1867--1873 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1831 | U.S. Senator from Maine 1848, Maine Attorney General 1844-1847 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1836 | U.S. Representative from Maine, 1847-1849 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1838 | U.S. Representative from Massachusetts 1867--1875, 1877--1879, Civil War general, 33rd Governor of Massachusetts | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1839 | U.S. Representative from Maine, 1861 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1843 | U.S. Representative from Alabama, 1868-1869 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1849 | U.S. Representative from Minnesota 1871--1883, 1889-1891 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1852 | U.S. Representative from Maine 1883-1897 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1855 | U.S. Representative from Maine 1881--1899, 34th Governor of Maine 1874-1876 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1859 | U.S. Representative from Alabama 1869--1871, United States Ambassador to Japan, 1897 to 1902 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1862 | U.S. Representative from New York 1895--1899, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica 1891-1893 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1880 | U.S. Representative from Maine, 1913 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1883 | U.S. Representative from Maine, 1911-1917 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1898 | U.S. Representative from Maine, 1921-1933 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1902 | U.S. Representative from Massachusetts, 1943-1955 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1928 | U.S. Representative from Maine, 1949-1957 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1929 | U.S. Representative from New Hampshire, 1943-1963 | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1935 | U.S. Senator from Florida (1969--1974) | |
+-------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
### United States Federal and State Court Judges {#united_states_federal_and_state_court_judges}
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=======+==========================================================================================================================+===========+
| | 1863 | Maine Superior Court Judge, 1878-1906 | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1875 | Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, 1917-1925 | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1882 | Mayor of Waterville 1899--1900, Maine Attorney General, 1909--10, Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, 1913-1928 | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1895 | Federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1903 | Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, 1945-1949 | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1968 | Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, 2009--present | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1974 | Circuit Court Judge and member of the Virginia House of Delegates | |
+-------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
### United States Governors {#united_states_governors}
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+=======+=========+=============================================+===========+
| | ex-1829 | 31st Governor of Maine, 1864-1867 | |
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1857 | 46th Governor of New Hampshire 1897-1899 | |
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1853 | Governor of Maine 1881-1883 | |
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1861 | Governor of Maine 1901-1908 | |
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1863 | Governor of Florida 1874-1877 | |
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1965 | Governor of Maine 2019--present | |
+-------+---------+---------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 538 |
List of Colby College alumni
| 3 |
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# List of Colby College alumni
## Politics and government {#politics_and_government}
### Other political and legal figures {#other_political_and_legal_figures}
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Class | Notability | Reference |
+==================+=============+=================================================================================================================================+===========+
| | 1823 | United States Chargé d\'Affaires to Peru 1845-1847 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1826 | Abolitionist | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1828 | Maine State Senator | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1838 | Baptist clergyman and former Chaplain of the Senate | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | c\. 1840-45 | close friend of President Lincoln and an organizer for the 1860 Chicago Republican National Convention | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1846 | 16th Attorney General of Maine, 1860-1863 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1852 | Baptist minister, founder and first president of Ottawa University, mayor of San Francisco, California | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1859 | General in the Union Army | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1861 | Ambassador to Austria 1893-1897 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | ex-1862 | United States Army general awarded Medal of Honor | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1877 | Massachusetts State Senator, 1894 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1884 | Director of the United States Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget), 1922-1929 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1886 | Secretary of State of Maine, 1897 to 1907 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1887 | Military secretary to the Governor of Maine John Fremont Hill, 1901-1904 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1890 | Acting Chief of the Ethnological Survey for the Philippine Islands | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1893 | Director of United States Geological Survey, 1907--1922, first chairman of the Federal Power Commission | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1938 | United States Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), 1965-1968 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1947 | Prohibition Party candidate for United States Vice President | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1964 | United States Ambassador to Bolivia (1988--1991) and United States Ambassador to Indonesia (1999--2001) | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1964 | founder of Peter D. Hart Research Associates, a political polling organization | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1968 | Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama, former Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama, former Chief of Staff to Tom Daschle | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1972 | United States Ambassador to Venezuela 2007-2010 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Arthur L. Bell | 1974 | Maine state representative | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1978 | State Treasurer of Maine 2005-2010 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1979 | Massachusetts House of Representatives | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1980 | Minority Leader of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1991-1995 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1980 | Staff Director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 1989-1999 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1981 | Director of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service 2006 - 2010 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Daniel Shagoury | 1982 | Maine House of Representatives | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1984 | Member of the Maine Senate, 1992-1996 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1985 | Connecticut Senator from the Ninth District | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1986 | Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs and U.S. State Department Spokesman | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1987 | Massachusetts State Representatives, 2003-2013 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1990 | Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives 2009--present | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1993 | Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives 2005--present | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1996 | 2008 Democratic nominee, candidate, United States Senate (Oklahoma) (lost to Senator James Inhofe) | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 2001 | Maine State Representative from District 151, 2010-2012 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | | Maine Legislator, Candidate, Maine Governor, 1978 | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | | Republican US Senator (Missouri) 1870--71, Missouri State Representative | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Elizabeth Hanson | 2002 | CIA Officer killed in the Camp Chapman attack, Afghanistan | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | | U.S. Senator (1861--69), Governor of Maine (1857--1861), Treasury Secretary (1876--77) | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 2005 | Massachusetts State Senator, 2018--Present | |
+------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| | 1878 | U.S
| 681 |
List of Colby College alumni
| 4 |
11,072,261 |
# Impressionist mosaics
Unlike traditional mosaics which rely on differently colored material arranged in arbitrary configurations to make an image, **impressionist mosaics** are created using the natural flaws and marbling in the tiles to create the impression of an image. Depending on the definition, this may be limited to arranging square, homogeneously colored tiles in a grid-like, non-overlapped fashion.
Using stones that are of relatively uniform color and texture (typically pre-cut natural gemstones such as jasper, marble, or amethyst), the resulting mosaics have a uniquely ethereal quality that distinguishes them from traditional processes. Since the technique uses uniformly cut stones, it does not require grouting.
## Process
By Roy Feinson\'s definition, impressionist mosaics are created by taking dozens of measurements of every tile in the artist\'s \"palette\". The measurements are obtained by digitally photographing each tile and separating it into a grid of sixteen equal sections and analyzing each section for color, contrast and marbling. The resultant data are stored in a database and operated on by proprietary software, which recommends placements for all the tiles. Since the tiles are generally square, the software considers all four possible rotations for each tile, which greatly increases the odds that a given tile will find a good \'home\'. Each tile is equivalent to sixteen pixels in the final mosaic since its final location is a function of sixteen sections. While the software is an important component of this process, the artist must still rely on traditional hand-eye techniques to complete the image. Care must be taken to balance the color curves in the target image to that of the component tiles. For example, if the darkest color to be found on any of the component tiles is only a mid-tone gray, then any blacks in the target image\'s must be converted to mid-tone gray. This process would be repeated for the reds, greens, blues, and whites.
## Differences from traditional mosaics {#differences_from_traditional_mosaics}
Traditional mosaics have a history dating back to at least the fourth century BC, and employ a variety of methodologies to create their images. However, traditional mosaics share the common feature of employing small, uniformly colored materials (tesserae) to create a pattern or picture. Because the tiles can be cut into irregular shapes to conform to the base pattern, mosaisists are able to create works of astonishing detail and color.
Alternatively, pixel tile mosaics, such as those found on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, employ standard sized tiles (generally 1 x 1 or 2 by 2 inch) in a variety of colors arranged in a uniform matrix. Each tile is a different color and represents a single \'pixel\' in the final image. The resulting mosaic is typically coarse and of very low resolution.
## History
Pioneering work in this field was conducted in the 1990s by California mosaic artist Roy Feinson, who because of its underlying similarities to 19th century impressionism coined the term Impressionist Mosaics.
In 2006, mosaic artists Nick Berg and Alan Roth made custom mosaics using this technique commercially available in marble and wood. Because of the increased image resolution inherent in the impressionist mosaic process, they coined the terms High Definition Mosaics and Photo-realistic Mosaics
| 532 |
Impressionist mosaics
| 0 |
11,072,278 |
# 69th Mixed Artillery Regiment (Romania)
The **69th Artillery Regiment *Silvania*** (*Regimentul 69 Artilerie*) is an artillery regiment of the Romanian Land Forces formed on 15 August 1953. It is currently subordinated to the 4th Infantry Division and its headquarters are located in Șimleu Silvaniei
| 45 |
69th Mixed Artillery Regiment (Romania)
| 0 |
11,072,288 |
# Unisphere Networks
**Unisphere Networks** (formally **Unisphere Solutions**) was a Westford, Massachusetts-based networking equipment manufacturer and subsidiary of German corporation Siemens AG. Formed in 1998 at a cost of roughly US\$1 billion, Unisphere was later sold to Juniper Networks in May 2002 for between \$585 million and \$740 million, as \$375 million in cash and 36.5 million shares of Juniper stock.
Long known for their expertise in the circuit-switched realm of public-switched telephone networks (or PSTNs), Siemens embarked on a market strategy that held, as a primary goal, entry into the North American packet-switched market arena. Unisphere Solutions (changed to Unisphere Networks in late 2000) was an essential element of this strategy as it leveraged existing technology in, at the time, three critical and growing areas of the Internet: edge-networking/BRAS, voice mediation, and core routing.
Following the acquisition of Redstone Communications, CEO and founder James Dolce, joined the Unisphere management team and for a time reported to then Unisphere CEO Martin C. Clague. Dolce replaced Clague in January 2000 when the former was appointed as Unisphere\'s president and CEO.
## Companies/groups that composed Unisphere {#companiesgroups_that_composed_unisphere}
### Acquisitions
The following acquisitions made up the majority of Unisphere and were distinct BUs within the new company:
- **Redstone Communications** --- Specialized in edge-routing and BRAS technology. Their flagship product, the ERX-series *(later Juniper\'s E-series of routers, now EOL)*, competed against Cisco\'s 10000 and 7500 series routers as well as the Redback\'s SMS platform. The ERX was the main compelling reason why Juniper acquired Unisphere in 2002.
- **Argon Networks** --- Specialized in core-routing technology meant to compete with Cisco\'s GSR and Juniper\'s M and T-series core routers. The Argon product never made it out of R&D and the project was cancelled following the Juniper acquisition.
- **Castle Networks** --- Specialized in voice-mediation. The Castle Networks trunking gateway was widely deployed in internet offload applications as well as an intelligent gateway. Castle was absorbed by Siemens in May 2002.
### Internal Siemens divisions {#internal_siemens_divisions}
Two groups within Siemens Information Communication Networks were added to the above acquisitions to complete Unisphere Networks:
- **Internet Solutions Business Unit** based in Boca Raton, FL, whose softswitch design was based upon Siemens\' Reliable Telco Platform (RTP). This application allowed the softswitch to be installed on a cluster of Sun Solaris-based servers with the goal being to add the resiliency required to achieve carrier-class \"five-9s\" reliability. Despite being fairly successful and deployed by a number of US-based carriers, voice mediation was never Juniper\'s core competency and this technology was sold back to Siemens in June 2002.
- The **Siemens Telecom Innovation Centre** based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada which produced the SDX-3000 service and policy management products. Under Juniper, the SDX-3000 product line was renamed the SRC product line.
## IPO
Despite the tech bubble pop in April 2001, Unisphere did plan to launch their IPO in the 2002 timeframe. However, as management waited for favorable IPO conditions, the above-mentioned purchase by Juniper dashed any IPO plans.
## Legacy
The only products (original or evolved) still in production`{{As of?|date=November 2021}}`{=mediawiki} are Juniper\'s SRC product line (formerly the SDX-3000), Nokia Corporation softswitch application Servers hiQ8000 and hiQ4200 respectively, and Unify\'s OpenScape line (formerly the SRX-3000 and HiPath 8000). Juniper\'s ERX line was available for about 12 years after acquisition until it reached EOL (end-of-life) in 2014 with EOS (end-of-support) scheduled in the 2019 timeframe
| 564 |
Unisphere Networks
| 0 |
11,072,306 |
# Splitting of the Breast
is the sixteenth episode of the Japanese anime television series *Neon Genesis Evangelion*, which was created by Gainax. The episode was written by Hideaki Anno and Hiroshi Yamaguchi, and directed by Kazuya Tsurumaki. The series\' protagonist is Shinji Ikari, a teenage boy whose father Gendo recruits him to the special military organization Nerv to pilot a gigantic, bio-mechanical mecha named Evangelion into combat with beings called Angels. In the episode, Shinji is absorbed into an Angel called Leliel in a space of imaginary numbers called Dirac sea. Shinji has a vision in which he sees another self as a child and discusses his lifestyle.
To write \"Splitting of the Breast\", the staff writers merged the ideas originally planned for a trilogy of episodes with the same theme. The episode contains several references to other Japanese television shows such as *Ultraman* and *Gundam*, and to psychoanalysis. The title refers to Melanie Klein\'s psychological concept of splitting while the episode\'s Japanese title is a reference to Søren Kierkegaard\'s work *The Sickness unto Death*.
\"Splitting of the Breast\" was first broadcast on TV Tokyo on January 17, 1996, and drew a 9.4% share of the national television audience. *Animage* readers voted the episode among the best anime installments of 1996 and Gainax has released merchandise based on it. Critics positively received \"Splitting of the Breast\" for its symbolism, Leliel\'s attack, the animation, and its moments of introspection.
## Plot
Shinji Ikari and Asuka Soryu Langley, two fellow pilots of the Evangelion mecha units, continue their domestic lives at the home of Misato Katsuragi, their superior at the paramilitary agency Nerv. Asuka accuses Shinji of being too self-nihilistic. Meanwhile, Shinji beats Asuka in a test with the Evas and Misato praises him. Leliel, the twelfth in a series of enemies called Angels, appears as a floating sphere in the skies of Tokyo-3 city. Asuka\'s pride is wounded by Shinji\'s achievement and provokes him, Shinji decides to attack the enemy alone but is absorbed with his Evangelion Unit-01 into its shadow.
Ritsuko Akagi, head of Nerv\'s scientific department, determines Leliel exists on a higher dimension of existence, which can only be explained using abstract mathematical concepts. The Angel\'s shadow on the ground is its actual body and the sphere in the sky is its true shadow. Nerv prepares a recovery strategy for Eva-01. Shinji, who is suspended between life and death in a space called the Dirac sea, has a vision in which he argues with a younger version of himself on a train. During a stream of consciousness, he feels the presence of his mother, who died years earlier in a mysterious accident. Before the recovery operation begins, Eva-01 violently emerges under its own power from Leliel, much to the horror of the onlookers. Shinji is recovered alive and physically well in the aftermath but is somewhat unsettled by his experiences.
| 482 |
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| 0 |
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# Splitting of the Breast
## Production
### Genesis and staff {#genesis_and_staff}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|*Neon Genesis Evangelion* director Hideaki Anno
In 1993, Gainax wrote a presentation document for *Neon Genesis Evangelion* entitled `{{nihongo|''New Century Evangelion (tentative name) Proposal''|新世紀エヴァンゲリオン (仮) 企画書|Shinseiki Evangelion (kari) kikakusho|}}`{=mediawiki} containing the initial synopses of the planned episodes. The *Proposal* document was then published in 1994. For the first twelve episodes aired, the company followed the proposal\'s schedule with only a few minor script differences. From the thirteenth episode onward, the production deviated from the writers\' original plan and from the submission document. According to Michael House, translator for Gainax, *Neon Genesis Evangelion*{{\'s}} main director Hideaki Anno initially intended to give the story a happy ending but during production, he realized he had created problematic characters so he changed his plans. According to Hiroki Azuma, a culture critic who interviewed Anno, during the airing of the series, Anno began to criticize obsessive anime fans, known as *otaku*, whom he considered closed-minded and introverted, and changed his original plans by creating a more-dramatic, introspective mid-series story.
In the first draft, the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth episodes of the series would have constituted a trilogy with a common theme. The title `{{nihongo|"The Sickness Unto Death, and"|死に至る病、そして|Shi ni itaru yamai, soshite}}`{=mediawiki} was initially planned for the fourteenth episode, during which, Shinji would have understood desperation and fear. In the following episode, Shinji would decide to pilot Eva-01 again after a recovery. In the sixteenth, initially called `{{nihongo|"In the heart of the enemy"|敵の心の中で|Teki no kokoro no naka de|}}`{=mediawiki}, Shinji would have been absorbed into an enemy, and there would have been a first attempt at communication between humans and Angels. The writers abandoned the original plans and some of the ideas for the trilogy were later transferred and condensed into \"Splitting of the Breast\"; other ideas were transferred into the nineteenth episode \"Introjection\". Hideaki Anno and Hiroshi Yamaguchi wrote the screenplay, while Kazuya Tsurumaki produced the storyboards. Tsurumaki directed the episode and assistant character designer, with Masahiko Ohtsuka and Ken Ando as assistant directors. Shinya Hasegawa worked as chief animator. Production involved studios other than Gainax; these were Cosmos, Tokyo Photo Studio, and FAI International.
| 362 |
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# Splitting of the Breast
## Production
### Development
\"Splitting of the Breast\" represents a turning point in the narrative of *Neon Genesis Evangelion*. According to academic Emily Wati Muir, the series, which initially presented as a children\'s anime, takes a \"pivotal turn\" after this episode, presenting explicit themes like sex and violence. Hiroki Azuma similarly noted the first half of series unfolds like a normal mecha anime in which the characters are positively depicted and the story seems to be moving toward a happy ending. The first part of the episode follows this traditional narrative line but the second half presents an abrupt change of direction. According to academic Christopher Thuony, starting from \"Splitting of the Breast\", the series\' grand narrative structure is destroyed in favor of as proliferation of small, character-based narratives; this process is \"deployed through a liberation of a logic of quotation that gradually undermines the overarching narrative of salvation by producing a multitude of enigmas and an excess of information\".
Director Anno\'s increased interest in psychology influenced the change of direction. During the writing of the fourteenth episode \"Weaving a Story\", Anno decided to include an internal monologue of the character of Rei Ayanami, an introverted Evangelion pilot, for the first time, depicting her as a schizophrenic character but feeling unlike the character he was stuck and could not write the monologue. To help him, a friend of him a magazine-like book on mental illness called `{{nihongo|''Bessatsu Takarajima''|別冊宝島}}`{=mediawiki}, which included a poem written by a mentally ill person. Although he had attended a psychology course at university, Anno never read psychoanalysis books; with *Evangelion*, he tried to talk about himself and find the words to express his emotions; *Bessatsu Takarajima*{{\'s}} book gave him a shock. After reading the book, he shifted the concept of the series toward introspection and trying to understand how the human mind works.
Production of \"Splitting of the Breast\" started before work on the fourteenth episode. The Leliel episode was originally intended to include a simple, traditional battle following the track established by the previous episodes \"Magmadiver\", \"The Day Tokyo-3 Stood Still\" and \"She said, \"Don\'t make others suffer for your personal hatred.\"\". The production staff, however, decided to include an installment with an Angel that is more interested in humans than in their annihilation to avoid revealing the mysteries about the Angels\' true nature. In the initial scenario, Leliel would select Japanese from the verses of some animals and several human languages so it could communicate with Shinji. Tsurumaki forbade the use of human language for the Angel, finding the idea \"too anti-climactic\" and \"pulp fiction\", and devised the final scenario, in which \"Shinji converses with himself\". Tsurumaki also suggested the dialogue between the two Shinji within Leliel\'s shadow, which was inspired by a dream he had.
For a scene depicting a battle against Leliel, the staff designed a gun similar to an Israeli Desert Eagle 50AE for the Eva-01. In the same sequence, the characters speak through holographic screens, a technique that was used in *Gunbuster*, a previous Gainax work. The design of Leliel was inspired by the artistic currents of surrealism and optical art. Japanese architect Yasutaka Yoshimura compared Leliel\'s design with Bridget Riley\'s work *Fragment 5*.
The scene in which Shinji is trapped inside Leliel uses experimental animation techniques. The crew depicted Shinji\'s face distorted with a fisheye effect with a sunset in the background in the scene, a technique that *Newtype* magazine compared to *Ultraman*. *Evangelion Chronicle* magazine similarly compared the sequence of Shinji floating into space seeing his mother to *Mobile Suit Gundam*, in which the protagonist Amuro Ray and Lalah Sune are seen communicating while floating in a sea of stars. The voice of Shinji and the other Shinji, Leliel itself, is expressed through white lines that move on a black background, with only the voice of the voice actress in the background. Anno wanted to create images with just voices with a minimum amount of visual information. According to him, since animation is made of graphic symbols and is a fiction, \"a lie from the beginning\", using rough drawings without using celluloid would have allowed him to destroy the stereotypes of people who think that only traditional celluloid animation can be considered a finished product. Tsurumaki originally took inspiration from a scene at the end of the *Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise* film (1987); he initially wanted to make a scene in which in the midst of a dizzying vortex of images all the people from Shinji\'s past memories spoke, but it was impossible to make it happen and Anno didn\'t like it. Anno, on the other hand, found the idea of using lines brilliant, since \"no one had done something similar before\".
In 2003, Gainax released a new edition of the series named Renewal. For the Renewal, it used a telecine from the original 16mm film for all the episodes, but after the original airing the 16mm negative for "Splitting of the Breast" was lost and Gainax used a lower quality 35mm internegative for the Renewal and all subsequent home video releases.
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# Splitting of the Breast
## Production
### Voice acting and soundtrack {#voice_acting_and_soundtrack}
Miki Nagasawa, Kotono Mitsuishi, Yuko Miyamura, Koichi Nagano, Tetsuya Iwanaga, Takehito Koyasu, Megumi Hayashibara and Fumihiko Tachiki, members of the series\' primary voice staff, voiced several unidentified background characters in \"Splitting of the Breast\". Megumi Ogata, Shinji\'s voice actor, stated she felt pain while recording the episode, saying \"Anno is a sadist\".
Shiro Sagisu composed the original soundtrack for \"Splitting of the Breast\" and the remainder of the series. The musical pieces \"Misato\", \"Angel Attack\", \"Spending time in preparation\", \"Marking Time, Waiting for Death\", \"Borderline Case\", and \"Mother is the First Other\" are used throughout the installment. \"Borderline Case\" and \"Mother is the First Other\" include a Bulgarian-style chorus that was created using a synthesizer. According to the official booklet of the album *Refrain of Evangelion*: \"this song has a sense of uplifting warm feelings that represent a mother and a comfortable existence, but simultaneously it also brings out the realization of the independent entity of self\". The piece \"Marking Time, Waiting for Death\" consists of two halves with different tones; the first has the \"quiet tension\" of a piano and the second has a music-like sound from a fierce battle scene. \"Spending time in preparation\" is an alternative version of the song \"Decisive Battle\", used in previous episodes. \"Decisive Battle\" has been compared with the music from James Bond films, particularly that from \"From Russia with Love\" (1963).
Writer Masaki Miyakawa compared \"Angel Attack\" and \"Decisive Battle\" to the compositions of Japanese special effects *tokusatsu* films, such as Godzilla; \"Angel Attack\" has been compared to the soundtrack of Ryūichi Sakamoto\'s film *The Last Emperor* (1987), and the song `{{nihongo|"''Kyūchi ni tatsu Gandamu''"|窮地に立つガンダム||{{lit|Gundam in trouble}}}}`{=mediawiki} from *Mobile Suit Gundam*. According to Matthew Magnus Lundeen of *Game Rant*, the song \"Angel Attack\", which he likened to the theme of *Jaws* (1975), is based on the compositions of earlier *tokusatsu* series such as *Ultraman* and *Kamen Rider*. The track \"Borderline Case\", which is used in introspective scenes featuring Shinji, has been noted for its metaphysical tone and its ambient minimalist influence. According to the official booklet of *Refrain of Evangelion*, Misato\'s theme has an unusual tune compared to other music in the series; because Sagisu has composed music for the variety show *Waratte iitomo!*, \"this type of music is also his cup of tea\". Academic Heike Hoffer noted music from *Evangelion* reflects the psychology of the series\' characters; according to Hoffer, Misato\'s theme has a \"jazzy, laid-back sound\".
Bart Howard\'s song \"Fly Me to the Moon\" is used as the closing theme of *Splitting of the Breast*. A version of the song named \"Off Vocal TV Size Version\" was used for the original broadcast and was later included in the album *Neon Genesis Evangelion III*. For the 2003 *Renewal* edition of the series, a new version of the song with a three-voice chorus consisting of Rei, Asuka, and Misato was used. The *Renewal* version used for \"Splitting of the Breast\" is an edited version of a track from the limited edition of the album *Neon Genesis Evangelion Addition* that is sung by Miyamura, Megumi Hayashibara, and Mitsuishi, and is included on the album *Refrain of Evangelion*.
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# Splitting of the Breast
## Reception
\"Splitting of the Breast\" was first broadcast on January 17, 1996, and drew a 9.4% audience share on Japanese television. In 1996, it ranked sixteenth among the best anime episodes of the Anime Grand Prix, a large annual poll made by *Animage*. In July 2020, Comic Book Resources reported an 8.8/10 rating for the installment on IMDb, making it third among the highest-rated *Evangelion* episodes. Merchandise based on the episode, including a line of official tee-shirts, has been released.
The episode received a positive reception from anime critics. According to *GameFan* magazine, \"Splitting of the Breast\" is widely considered to be one of the best episodes of the anime. The Anime Café\'s Akio Nagatomi positively received the episode, praising the \"fitting\" symbolism behind Shinji\'s emergence from Leliel, describing Shinji\'s voyage of self-discovery as \"brilliant\" and the symbolic use of the sound of a road passing underneath with obstacles during the scene as \"striking\". Nagatomi also noted Shinji is drawn a little differently toward the end of his mental journey, a detail he described as \"the most deft touch\" of the installment. DVD Talk plauded \"Splitting of the Breast\", the previous and the following installment as \"excellent\" for their \"consistent batch of character drama and lighter moments\". Film School Rejects\' Max Covill praised the violence and \"terrific animation\" presented in the installment, describing it as an \"excellent episode\"; he also praised the image of Yui\'s soul inside Eva-01 for its \"ethereal quality\". SyFy Wire\'s Daniel Dockery described Unit 01\'s exit from Leliel as an \"iconic\" moment. Comic Book Resources\' Akjay Aravind listed Leliel\'s battle among the best *Neon Genesis Evangelion* fights.
Comic Book Resources\' listed Shinji\'s absorption inside Leliel as one of the ten times \"*Neon Genesis Evangelion* was too disturbing for its own good\". Another Comic Book Resources editor, Eduardo Luquin, criticized Shinji\'s initial overconfidence before Leliel\'s battle. Other reviewers were more appreciative. Digitally Obsessed\'s Joel Cunningham called the race to save Shinji \"very interesting\" and said this element of the episode is \"nicely offset with Shinji\'s introspective moments\". Anime News Network\'s Martin Theron praised \"Splitting of the Breast\" and the other episodes of the arc, and actor Spike Spencer\'s \"top-rate work\" as Shinji in the English dub; his colleague James Beckett similarly lauded it, saying: \"I was shown how a series could confront and dismantle its audience\'s expectations in a way that was exhilarating to watch\". Fangoria wrote: \"There\'s something especially horrifying about an Angel that weaponizes quantum physics\". Looper praised Leliel\'s design as one of the \"coolest\" in the series and \"awesome\".
According to Comic Book Resources, the opening official video of the anime series *Chainsaw Man* contains a reference to the scene in which Unit 01 escapes from Leliel
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# Peckoltia
***Peckoltia*** is a genus of small South American armored suckermouth catfishes. Many of these fish are popular aquarium fish.
## Taxonomy
*Peckoltia* is a basal genus within the tribe Ancistrini of the subfamily Hypostominae. This genus is paraphyletic. At this point, many undescribed species remain. Many of the possibly undescribed species have an identification through the L-number system.
*Peckoltia* species can be distinguished from most other in the genera in the tribe Ancistrini by having a lateral ridge on the opercle that usually has no odontodes and the teeth on their upper jaw (dentary) forming an angle under 90 degrees; while some genera also have an angled dentary, *Peckoltia* species lack synapomorphies of these genera. This genus and the closely related *Hemiancistrus* may be synonymous, as neither genus is supported by synapomorphies. Generally, *Peckoltia* are considered to be those that have dorsal saddles and bands in the fins, while *Heminancistrus* have spots and uniform coloration. This genus is also similar to *Hypancistrus* and *Panaque* except for differences in teeth. Teeth on both jaws are the same size as opposed to different sizes, which is different from *Hypancistrus* where the upper jaw teeth are larger. Also, the teeth are villiform (brush-shaped) rather than spoon-shaped, in contrast to the *Panaque*.
The classification of some of the species in this genus has been confused. *P. yaravi* has been moved to *Neblinichthys*. *P. sabaji* was arbitrarily placed in this genus (as opposed to *Hemiancistrus*), but may even represent its own genus; later, it has been placed in *Hemiancistrus* but (Armbruster *et al.* 2015) placed the species in the genus *Peckoltia*. *Peckoltia bachi* is placed in the genus *Peckoltichthys* and *Peckoltia snethlageae* and *Peckoltia feldbergae* are placed in the genus *Ancistomus*.
## Species
There are currently 21 recognized species in this genus:
- *Peckoltia braueri* (C. H. Eigenmann, 1912) (Worm-line peckoltia)
- *Peckoltia brevis* (La Monte, 1935)
- *Peckoltia caenosa* Armbruster, 2008
- *Peckoltia capitulata* Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012
- *Peckoltia cavatica* Armbruster & Werneke, 2005
- *Peckoltia compta* R. R. de Oliveira, Zuanon, Rapp Py-Daniel & M. S. Rocha, 2010
- *Peckoltia ephippiata* Armbruster, Werneke & M. Tan, 2015
- *Peckoltia furcata* (Fowler, 1940)
- *Peckoltia greedoi* Armbruster, Werneke & M. Tan, 2015
- *Peckoltia lineola* Armbruster, 2008
- *Peckoltia lujani* Armbruster, Werneke & M. Tan, 2015
- *Peckoltia multispinis* (Holly, 1929) (Bristle-mouth catfish)
- *Peckoltia oligospila* (Günther, 1864)
- *Peckoltia otali* Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012
- *Peckoltia pankimpuju* (Lujan & Chamon, 2008)
- *Peckoltia relictum* (Lujan, Armbruster & Rengifo, 2011)
- *Peckoltia sabaji* Armbruster, 2003
- *Peckoltia simulata* Fisch-Muller & Covain, 2012
- *Peckoltia vermiculata* (Steindachner, 1908)
- *Peckoltia vittata* (Steindachner, 1881)
- *Peckoltia wernekei* Armbruster & Lujan, 2016
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
*Peckoltia* inhabit freshwater habitats in the Amazon basin, upper Orinoco, upper Essequibo River, and also possibly the Maroni River, as well as coastal drainages north of the Amazon to French Guiana. Three species, *P. braueri*, *P. cavatica* and *P. sabaji* are found in the Guiana Shield.
*Peckoltia* live in shallow, rocky riffles and in quieter water where they hide inside cavities in submerged logs.
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# Peckoltia
## Appearance and anatomy {#appearance_and_anatomy}
*Peckoltia* are members of the family Loricariidae, the armored suckermouth catfishes. As such, they have armor plating on their body instead of scales. Also, they have a suckermouth which they use to cling to rocks in their habitat. They have the characteristic Loricariid omega iris as well. Like many other catfish, *Peckoltia* have strong pectoral and dorsal fin spines that can be locked outwards as a defense.
*Peckoltia* have unmodified teeth and the teeth on their upper jaw form an angle under 90 degrees. Most male *Peckoltia* have hypertrophied odontodes on their body during the breeding season.
The biggest difference between all the *Peckoltia* species is coloration. They usually have a saddle-shaped marking on their back. However, *P. caenosa* are mottled.
Four species, *P. braueri*, *P. caenosa*, *P. cavatica* and *P. vittata*, lack spots on their head while the rest have them. *P. braueri* and P. *cavatica* have orange bands in the dorsal and caudal fins and have the bones and plates of the head and nape outlined in black; in *P. caenosa* and *P. vittata*, there are no orange bands and head plates and bones are not outlined. *P. caenosa* has dark vermiculations on the head and abdomen. *P. vittata* has saddles or blotches on the head and faint dark spots on the abdomen. *P. lineola* and *P. vermiculata* have spots on their head that combine to form vermiculations. In *P. lineola* the spots form vermiculations that are wider than its pupils, while in *P. vermiculata* the spots form vermiculations narrower than its pupils; also, the vermiculations radiate from a central point on the head in *P. vermiculata*, while there is no such pattern in *P. lineola*.
## In the aquarium {#in_the_aquarium}
True *Peckoltia* species are fairly rarely exported for the pet trade; species called *Peckoltia* may actually be *Panaque* or *Hypancistrus* species. *Peckoltia* species are popular aquarium fish as they are small and attractive. They are shy and will spend much of the day hiding.
In 2013, aquarists reported breeding *P. braueri* in captivity for the first time
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# Hemiancistrus
***Hemiancistrus*** is a genus of suckermouth armored catfishes. These species are native to South America. The taxonomy of this genus is complex and unclear, and major work has to be done. Many of these fish are popular aquarium fish.
## Taxonomy
*Hemiancistrus* is a genus within the tribe Ancistrini of the subfamily Hypostominae. This genus has long been used as a \"dump\" for Loricariid species; fish with unclear relationships have been classified as members of this genus. As such, this taxon is not monophyletic. At this point, many undescribed species remain.
This genus and the closely related *Peckoltia* may be synonymous, as neither genus is supported by synapomorphies. *Hemiancistrus* species differ from other members of the *Panaque* clade lacking the synapomorphies of the other genera and having the dentaries meeting at an angle greater than 120°; in *Peckoltia* species, the dentaries meet at less than 90° Generally, *Peckoltia* are considered to be those that have dorsal saddles and bands in the fins, while *Heminancistrus* have spots and uniform coloration.
What species belong to this genus has been unclear. Many newer species have been tentatively assigned to *Hemiancistrus*. Although the recently described *H. micrommatos* and *H. spinosissimus* have been considered synonyms of *H. spilomma* by Armbruster, they have more recently been considered valid. *H. micrommatos*, *H. spinosissimus* and *H. spilomma* are currently placed in the genus *Ancistomus*. *Hemiancistrus medians* is larger than most species that were left in *Hemiancistrus*, has well-developed keels (only present elsewhere in *\'H.\' landoni*), and a different body shape. The remainder of the taxa that do not have established genera that they can be placed in will be recognized as species groups in **Hemiancistrus** in single quotes until they can be examined further.
## Species
There are currently 15 recognized species in this genus:
- *Hemiancistrus cerrado* L. S. de Souza, M. R. S. de Melo, Chamon & Armbruster, 2008
- *Hemiancistrus chlorostictus* A. R. Cardoso & L. R. Malabarba, 1999
- *Hemiancistrus fuliginosus* A. R. Cardoso & L. R. Malabarba, 1999
- *Hemiancistrus furtivus* Provenzano & Barriga, 2017
- *Hemiancistrus guahiborum* Werneke, Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2005
- *Hemiancistrus hammarlundi* Rendahl, 1937
- *Hemiancistrus landoni* C. H. Eigenmann, 1916
- *Hemiancistrus macrops* (Lütken, 1874)
- *Hemiancistrus medians* Kner, 1854
- *Hemiancistrus megacephalus* (Günther, 1868)
- *Hemiancistrus megalopteryx* A. R. Cardoso, 2004
- *Hemiancistrus meizospilos* A. R. Cardoso & J. F. P. da Silva, 2004
- *Hemiancistrus punctulatus* A. R. Cardoso & L. R. Malabarba, 1999
- *Hemiancistrus subviridis* Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan & Armbruster, 2005
- *Hemiancistrus votouro* A. R. Cardoso & J. F. P. da Silva, 2004
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
*Hemiancistrus* species are mainly found in tropical and subtropical South America east of the Andes, but there is also species (*\'H.\' landoni*) in Pacific coast drainages of Colombia and Ecuador. The genus exhibits a large distribution area ranging from the Panama, in Central America, to southern Brazil. Many *Hemiancistrus* originate from the Guyanas, the Negro and Orinoco and the southern Amazonian tributaries. These fish prefer flowing water habitats of medium to large rivers.
## Appearance and anatomy {#appearance_and_anatomy}
*Hemiancistrus* are members of the family Loricariidae, the armored suckermouth catfishes. As such, they have armor plating on their body instead of scales. Also, they have a suckermouth which they use to cling to rocks in their habitat. They have the characteristic Loricariid *omega iris* as well. Like many other catfish, *Hemiancistrus* have strong pectoral and dorsal fin spines that can be locked outwards as a defense.
*Hemiancistrus* species are rather small to medium-sized Loricariid species. The largest species of the genus, *\'H.\' megalopteryx*, reaches about 29 cm. These fish also tend to be spotted or uniform in coloration.
## In the aquarium {#in_the_aquarium}
*Hemiancistrus* species are popular aquarium fish. Many species are relatively small and attractively colored. *\'Hemiancistrus\' subviridis* is one such example, a bright green fish with yellow spots. However, *\'H.\' guahiborum* is only rarely imported; despite being common in its natural habitat, it is less attractive than *\'H.\' subviridis*, which occurs in the same area
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# Frontino, Marche
**Frontino** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region Marche. As of 2001, it had a population of 369 and an area of 10 km2 which amounts to 37 people per square kilometre.
Frontino borders the following municipalities: Carpegna, Piandimeleto, and Pietrarubbia. It is one of I Borghi più belli d\'Italia (\"The most beautiful villages of Italy\")
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# Lac Baker, New Brunswick
**Lac Baker** is a Canadian community in Madawaska County, New Brunswick, formerly an incorporated village but now part of the town of Haut-Madawaska.
It is adjacent to the shore of Lake Baker, which derives its name from that of John Baker, founder of Baker Brook.
## History
On 1 January 2023, Lac Baker amalgamated with the rural community of Haut-Madawaska to form the new town of Haut-Madawaska. The community\'s name remains in official use.
## Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lac Baker had a population of `{{val|685|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{val|336|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} of its `{{val|459|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki} total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:685-690}}`{=mediawiki}\|690\|1}} from its 2016 population of `{{val|690|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 37.24 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|685|37.24|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2021.
**Population trend**
Census Population Change (%)
-------- ---------------- ------------
2016 690 4.0 %
2011 719 2.0 %
2006 705 (Adjusted) 25.2%
2001 226 0.0%
1996 226 1.3%
1991 229 N/A
**Mother tongue (2016)**
Language Population Pct (%)
------------------------- ------------ ---------
French only 630 92.7%
English only 35 5.1%
Both English and French 10 1.5%
Other languages 5 0
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# West Air (China)
**West Airlines Co Ltd**, operating as **West Air**, is a low-cost airline based in New North Zone, Chongqing, China, operating a scheduled passenger network to domestic and international destinations out of its hub, Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport. The company was established in March 2006 by its parent company HNA Aviation, with the launch of scheduled services on 14 July 2010. The airline is one of the four founding members of the U-FLY Alliance.
On 4 February 2016, West Air launched its inaugural international flight between Chongqing and Singapore.
## Destinations
West Air serves 36 destinations, with South Korea and Myanmar the only two markets outside of China.
Country City IATA ICAO Airport Note Refs
----------- --------------- ------ ------ ------------------------------------------- ------ ------
China Aksu AKU ZWAK Aksu Hongqipo Airport
Beijing PEK ZBAA Beijing Capital International Airport
Chongqing CKG ZUCK Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
Dalian DLC ZYTL Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport
Daocheng DCY ZUDC Daocheng Yading Airport
Fuzhou FOC ZSFZ Fuzhou Changle International Airport
Guangzhou CAN ZGGG Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
Guilin KWL ZGKL Guilin Liangjiang International Airport
Guiyang KWE ZUGY Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport
Haikou HAK ZJHK Haikou Meilan International Airport
Hefei HFE ZSOF Hefei Xinqiao International Airport
Hohhot HET ZBHH Hohhot Baita International Airport
Jinan TNA ZSJN Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport
Korla KRL ZWKL Korla Licheng Airport
Kunming KMG ZPPP Kunming Changshui International Airport
Lhasa LXA ZULS Lhasa Gonggar Airport
Nanjing NKG ZSNJ Nanjing Lukou International Airport
Nanning NNG ZGNN Nanning Wuxu International Airport
Qingdao TAO ZSQD Qingdao Liuting International Airport
Rizhao RIZ ZSRZ Rizhao Shanzihe Airport
Sanya SYX ZJSY Sanya Phoenix International Airport
Shanghai PVG ZSPD Shanghai Pudong International Airport
Shigatse RKZ ZURK Shigatse Peace Airport
Tianjin TSN ZBTJ Tianjin Binhai International Airport
Wenshan WNH ZPWS Wenshan Puzhehei Airport
Wenzhou WNZ ZSWZ Wenzhou Yongqiang Airport
Wuhan WUH ZHHH Wuhan Tianhe International Airport
Xiamen XMN ZSAM Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport
Xishuangbanna JHG ZPJH Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport
Zhangjiajie DYG ZGDY Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport
Zhengzhou CGO ZHCC Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport
Zhuhai ZUH ZGSD Zhuhai Jinwan Airport
Japan Osaka KIX RJBB Kansai International Airport
Sapporo CTS RJCC New Chitose Airport
Singapore Singapore SIN WSSS Changi Airport
Thailand Bangkok BKK VTBS Suvarnabhumi Airport
Laos Vientiane VTE VLVT Wattay International Airport
Vietnam Hanoi HAN VVBN Noi Bai International Airport
## Fleet
### Current fleet {#current_fleet}
, the West Air fleet consists of only Airbus A320 family aircraft:
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
----------------- ------------ -------- ------------ --------------------------------------------------------
Airbus A319-100 4 --- 144
Airbus A319neo 1 --- 144
Airbus A320-200 26 --- 186
Airbus A320neo 6 --- 186
Airbus A321-200 4 --- 230 Three former Interjet and one former Avianca aircraft.
Airbus A321neo 4 --- 107
Total 45
: West Air fleet
### Fleet history {#fleet_history}
West Air has previously operated the following aircraft:
- 5 Boeing 737-300
## Loyalty programs {#loyalty_programs}
The Fortune Wings Club is the loyalty program for West Air and its sister airlines, including Capital Airlines, Tianjin Airlines, Grand China Air, Grand China Express, Hainan Airlines, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express and Lucky Air. Membership benefits include air ticket redemption and upgrade; VIP members have additional privileges of dedicated First or Business Class check in counters, lounge access, bonus mileage and extra baggage allowance
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# Erebus Glacier Tongue
thumb\|upright=1.35\|The Erebus Glacier Tongue extends into McMurdo Sound from Ross Island between Cape Royds and McMurdo Station. The **Erebus Glacier Tongue** is a mountain outlet glacier and the seaward extension of Erebus Glacier from Ross Island. It projects 11 km into McMurdo Sound from the Ross Island coastline near Cape Evans, Antarctica. The glacier tongue varies in thickness from 50 m at the snout to 300 m at the point where it is grounded on the shoreline. Explorers from Robert F. Scott\'s Discovery Expedition (1901--1904) named and charted the glacier tongue.
Erebus Glacier Tongue is about 10 m high and is centred upon 77.6 degrees south latitude, 166.75 degrees east longitude. The portion of the glacier tongue extending beyond the shoreline or grounding line floats upon the water.
Ice tongues emerge when a glacier ice stream flows rapidly (relative to surrounding ice) into the sea or a lake, usually in a protected area. For instance, Capes Evans and Royds extending from Ross Island protect the Erebus Glacier Tongue from the open waters of the Ross Sea. Hut Point Peninsula to the south helps deflect icebergs propelled by prevailing southerly winds.
The long, narrow Erebus ice stream drains from the western slope of Mount Erebus, an active volcano rising 3794 m in elevation. The mountain constantly replenishes the glacial ice stream, as annual snow fall exceeds annual snow melt. The Erebus Glacier Tongue is a dynamic structure subject to a host of internal and external stresses which affect its shape, size, and durability.
## Harbors
The frozen sea ice of Erebus Bay surrounding the Erebus Glacier Tongue typically breaks out during the summer. This exposes the glacier tongue to pounding waves from McMurdo Sound.
Moreover, such wave action also impacts the ice caves accessed along the leading edges of the glacier tongue. The ice caves include inter-locked crevasses covered by snow bridges. The ice caves are a popular attraction for residents from nearby the McMurdo Station and Scott Base research stations. Visitors report observing stalactite-like icicles on the cave ceilings, as well as intricate ice crystals. Sunlight filtering through ice into the caves bathes the interiors with diffuse blue light.
Contemporary cave explorers who squeezed through a narrow tunnel several hundred feet long to emerge into a large cavern describe their Erebus Glacier Tongue experience as:
> Sitting quietly we absorb the natural beauty. Suddenly, we hear the low grinding noise of the glacier moving and the three of us instinctively look at the narrow opening. Without saying a word we realize that it wouldn't take much for the entrance to collapse and become sealed and trap us here. One by one we slowly exit. Steve later finds a cave that will safely hold all 10 of us. With childlike enthusiasm we explore the glacial cathedral with walls of deep blue ice. Breaking off pieces of ice, 10 or 20,000 years old, we melt it in our mouths and savour the taste of pure, uncontaminated water.
Scientists funded by a National Science Foundation grant have retrieved rare underwater views of the Erebus Glacier Tongue caves by mounting cameras on Weddell seals. Images revealed rocks and dead fish frozen into the ice. Video also depicted other Weddell seals that appeared to use the underwater caves as hiding places from predators such as the orca (or killer whale) and the leopard seal.
Weddell seals are commonly sighted by visitors to the Erebus Glacier Tongue. Each year 300 to 400 Weddell seal pups are born to a colony of seals that live in adjoining Erebus Bay. The seals have been distinctively marked and re-sighted since 1969. The nearly 40-year study represents one of the longest field investigations of its type, according to a Montana State University report.
Emperor and Adelie penguins are also found in the vicinity of the Erebus Glacier Tongue. Adelie are particularly noted for their rookeries on Erebus Bay\'s rocky north shore at nearby Cape Royds. Penguins, like the Weddell seal, are preyed upon by orcas and leopard seals. The presence of penguins also attracts the predatory skua seabird.
Scarce mention of the glacier tongue\'s surface, which is more than a mile wide, is made in popular literature. A notable exception is in Ernest Shackleton\'s book, *South!* The leader of a December 1916 search party seeking fellow explorers missing in vicinity of the glacier tongue made the following report to Shackleton:
> On January 2 thick weather caused party to lay up. On 3rd, glacier was further examined, and several slopes formed by snow led to top of glacier, but crevasses between slope and the tongue prevented crossing. The party then proceeded round the Tongue to Tent Island, which was also searched, a complete tour of the island being made.
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# Erebus Glacier Tongue
## Dynamics
The dynamics within floating ice streams such as the Erebus Glacier Tongue are complex. For instance, typically ice streams such as the Erebus Glacier Tongue, which ranges from 50 to 300 meters thick, contain smaller streams of ice. Each ice flow produces its own set of stress fields. Thus, throughout the glacier tongue, different flow rates and tensions are present.
Stress and friction increase along the flanks of ice streams such as the Erebus Glacier Tongue. Stress appears as crevasses as the ice flow rate is slowed. Friction created by the Earth\'s topography at the bottom of the glacier also slows the ice stream. However, just the opposite occurs with basal sliding. Such sliding features the glacier jerking forward due to lubrication from bottom melt-water.
Ice streams such as the Erebus Glacier Tongue wax and wane like the moon. Indeed, British researchers in 2006 discovered a correlation between lunar tides (caused by gravitational pull) and variances in flow speed of the Rutland Ice Stream in Antarctica. Previously a team of U.S. NASA, Penn State, and University of Newcastle; Newcastle upon Tyne, England; made similar observations of Whillan\'s Ice Stream in Antarctica.
However, more established research unrelated to lunar forces is available regarding cyclical glacier growth and decay. Such research reveals that glacier growth can produce slow-motion surges in the glacier\'s movement. Such surges may occur over a period of months or years. Then the movement stops. Scientists have measured Erebus Glacier Tongue\'s length as growing about 160 meters yearly.
The Erebus Glacier Tongue flow pushes the glacier into Erebus Bay where it butts against seasonal ice pack. This massive but gradual collision of ice against ice creates pressure ridges in the glacier. Portions of the glacier tongue become unstable, rupture, and calve icebergs. Such instability in part comes from the flexing and tension the ice beam undergoes from being cantilevered over the sea. Moreover, the river of ice carries with it weaknesses introduced by earlier fractures experienced during its journey down the slopes of Mount Erebus.
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