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# Erebus Glacier Tongue
## Effects on the ocean {#effects_on_the_ocean}
The floating glacier has a major effect on the local ocean. Its melting has been thought to create Double diffusive convection effects. A 2010 expedition funded by the Marsden Fund supported deployment of Timothy Haskell\'s sea ice camp right next to the tongue. Observations from the camp showed how the tide flowed beneath and along the tongue and was affected by submarine topography.
## Iceberg calving {#iceberg_calving}
The forces of wave action from McMurdo Sound, tides, and internal stresses exploit the glacier tongue\'s weaknesses. Subsequently, small icebergs and bergy bits typically calf from the Erebus Glacier Tongue but only when the sea ice has broken up. Subsequently, iceberg calving is seasonal and periodic, as open water is needed to release the bergs into Erebus Bay.
Waters at the glacier tongue that receive the icebergs vary in depth from a minimum of 155-475 m. Members of Robert F. Scott\'s Terra Nova Expedition first observed the glacier tongue calving in March 1911 when a 4 km section broke off during a gale. A similar event in March 1990 produced a 100-million ton iceberg, 3.5 km long, from the glacier tongue. In addition, observers note that the glacier tongue experienced a major calving event in the early 1940s. Such calving along the glacier snout naturally leads to shortening, while icebergs released from the glacier tongue sides contribute to the glacier\'s narrowing. The Erebus Glacier Tongue produces flat-topped or tabular icebergs. It calved most recently in 2013, around a decade earlier than expected.
## Gallery
Image:ErebusIceTongue_ASTER_30nov2001.jpg\|Erebus Glacier Tongue false color satellite view Image:Tent island île ross mcmurdo
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# Wilhelm Lützow
**Wilhelm \"Willy\" Lützow** (19 May 1892 -- 31 October 1915) was a German breaststroke swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In the 200 metre breaststroke competition he won the silver medal next to his teammate Walter Bathe. In the 400 metre breaststroke event, he participated in the final but was not able to finish the race. He was killed in action during World War I
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# Roshan Goonetileke
Marshal of the Air Force **W. D. M. J. Roshan Goonetileke**, RWP and bar, VSV, USP is a Sri Lankan senior air force officer. He was a former Governor of the Western Province of Sri Lanka.
Born to Air Chief Marshal Harry Goonatilake, he joined the Sri Lanka Air Force along with his younger brother Shirantha Goonatilake, who was later killed in action in 1995. Goonatilake served as a pilot in both fixed and rotary wing aircraft, flying operational sorties and served as the commanding officer of No. 03 Maritime Squadron and No. 04 Helicopter Wing. His higher commands included Zonal Commander and SLAF Base commander stints, Director Operations, Deputy Chief of Staff Operations and Chief of Staff, before appointment as Commander of the Sri Lankan Air Force in 2006, serving till 2011. He was appointed Chief of the Defence Staff in 2009 in an acting capacity which was confirmed in 2012 and he stepped down in 2013, retiring from the Air Force. He was restored to active service in 2019, when he became the first to be appointed to the rank of **Marshal of the Sri Lanka Air Force**.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born on 28 February 1956, to Harry Goonatilake and Marian Perera, he had a younger brother Shirantha Goonatilake and two sisters. Goonatilake completed his education at St Peter\'s College, Colombo, where he excelled in both studies and sports.
## Air Force career {#air_force_career}
He followed his father by joining the Sri Lanka Air Force as an Officer Cadet in the General Duties Pilot Branch on 13 January 1978. On successful completion of flying training, he was commissioned in the rank of Pilot Officer on 24 August 1979. Having logged many flying hours both in fixed and rotary wing aircraft serving as an operational pilot, he served as the Commanding Officer of No. 03 Maritime Squadron and No. 04 Helicopter Wing. He functioned as the Zonal Commander in both Northern and Eastern Zones, and commanded Air Force Bases Katunayake, Anuradhapura and China Bay. Goonetileke graduated from the Air Command and Staff College, Air University in 1994 and attended National Defence College in Pakistan in 2001. He functioned as Director Operations, Deputy Chief of Staff Operations and Chief of Staff, prior to being appointed the Commander of the Air Force on 12 July 2007. On 18 May 2009, he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal, becoming the first ever serving officer of the Sri Lanka Air Force to be promoted to four star rank.
## Chief of Defence Staff {#chief_of_defence_staff}
He was appointed Acting Chief of Defence Staff on 16 November 2009 and was confirmed as Chief of Defence Staff on 28 February 2011 upon relinquishing Command of the Sri Lanka Air Force. He was appointed Chairman Board of Management of Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka (CAA of SL) with effect from 5 October 2009 until relinquishing duties on 28 December 2011. He was also appointed Chairman of Waters Edge Ltd, a government-owned, multi-facility recreational and hospitality complex.
## Marshal of the Sri Lanka Air Force {#marshal_of_the_sri_lanka_air_force}
Goonetileke was promoted to the honorary rank of Marshal of the Air Force by President Maithripala Sirisena on 19 September 2019 for his service as the Commander of the Air Force during the final stage of the Sri Lankan Civil War. It is the highest rank in the Sri Lanka Air Force. Marshal of the Air Force is ranked immediately above Air Chief Marshal, and has been awarded only once, to Roshan Goonetileke as an honorary rank. It is equivalent to Field Marshal in the Army and Admiral of the Fleet in the Navy. The insignia is four light blue bands (each on a slightly wider black band) over a light blue band on a black broad band.
He is the first and to-date the only person to hold the rank and third person to be appointed to a Five star rank in Sri Lanka. On promotion to the newly created rank, he was a restored to active service. The appointment coincided with the promotion of Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda to the newly created rank of Admiral of the Fleet. Both promotions had been heavily lobbied for following the promotion of the General Sarath Fonseka to the newly created rank of Field Marshal in 2015.
## Governor of the Western Province {#governor_of_the_western_province}
He was appointed Governor of the Western Province by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa on 24 March 2020 succeeding Seetha Arambepola who resigned from the post of Governor to accept a national list appointment.
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# Roshan Goonetileke
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Goonetileke is married to Nelun Therese Moonemalle. They have a son and a daughter, Rehan and Ronali. Rehan, followed the family tradition of joining the Sri Lanka Air Force as a pilot. An avid sportsman, Goonetileke was heavily involved in the development of Sri Lanka Rugby, as the President of the Sri Lanka Rugby Football Union, serving two successful terms from 1 June 2010 to 11 January 2012.
## Honors
Goonetileke had been awarded the Rana Wickrama Padakkama (RWP) two times for gallantry in combat; the service medals the Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya (VSV) and the Uttama Seva Padakkama (USP) for distinguished service, the Sri Lanka Armed Services Long Service Medal with clasp, the Purna Bhumi Padakkama and the North and East Operations Medal with two clasps; the campaign medals the Vadamarachchi Operation Medal, the Riviresa Campaign Services Medal with clasp, the Eastern Humanitarian Operations Medal, the Northern Humanitarian Operations Medal and the commemorative medals the Sri Lanka Air Force 50th Anniversary Medal, the President\'s Inauguration Medal and the 50th Independence Anniversary Commemoration Medal. He has gained the SLAF Pilot Badge and the Staff Qualified Badge.
Goonetileke was admitted to the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Honoris Causa) by the University of Kelaniya on 20 November 2009, in recognition of his professional achievements as the Commander of the Air Force. He is also a Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Management in Sri Lanka
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# Mataragka, Achaea
**Mataragka** (*Ματαράγκα*, also *Mataranga*) is a Greek village and a community in the municipal unit of Larissos, Achaea, Greece. It is located on the western edge of the Movri hills, 4 km south of Riolos, 5 km east of Neapoli and 34 km southwest of Patras. The community includes the village Kefalaiika. Until 1974, Mataragka was part of the Elis Prefecture
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# John Howie (businessman)
**John Howie** (12 March 1833 -- 22 September 1895) was a wealthy Victorian captain of industry and investor, the proprietor of the renowned J & R Howie Hurlford Fireclay Works. He would have been about 350th on a national Rich List of Britain at the time, with a fortune equal to over £200 million today. At his death, he was one of the richest men in Scotland.
## Background and career {#background_and_career}
Born the son of William Howie, and his second cousin Margaret Howie, Howie joined the family firm and quickly established it as one of the foremost fireclay works in Britain (later bought by Armitage Shanks), producing a huge range of items from bricks, sanitary ware such as toilets and baths, drainage materials, feeding dishes and troughs, chimneys and garden ornaments. He also owned several large coal mines and pits. Howie\'s family owned much of the town of Hurlford, including Marchmont Place, Salisbury Place, Collier Row, Office Row, Chapel Cottages, Skerrington Row and Howie\'s Square. They also owned small mining villages including Hemphill and Corsehill. J & R Howie continued to operate under the National Coal Board, and still exists legally as a company today, though it is currently dormant and non-trading.
In spite of his vast wealth, Howie did not live extravagantly, living at the family home of Newhouse in Hurlford, a mansion-house nearby the mine, now an extended 22-bedroomed residential care home. Howie was a Calvinist, his family having been involved in the Covenanting movement.
Howie\'s son, Frederick, bought Templetonburn House, one of Aryshire\'s finest mansions built at a cost of £20,000, before burning down later in the 20th century, and its estate.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Upon his death in 1895, he had amassed a fortune of £50,000, equivalent to over £100 million today (relative GDP). This sum did not include the value of the business itself or the value of property (which would have taken it to well over £100,000), but was made up from investments, domestic and international, that had been made in numerous mining companies and other manufacturing businesses.
## Family
Howie married Mary Paterson and had six children.
- John Howie was the cousin of industrialist Thomas W
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# Frank Brookhouser
**Frank O. Brookhouser** (1912--1975) was an American journalist and writer.
Brookhouser began his career in journalism as an editor (1932--1935) for his hometown paper, the *Ford City News*. He became sports editor (1935--1936) at the *Monongahela Daily Republican* in Monongahela, Pennsylvania, then landed a beat reporting job in Philadelphia in 1936 at the *Philadelphia Evening Bulletin*. *The Philadelphia Inquirer* hired him in 1939, where he became a popular columnist. He moved his column, \"A Man about Town\", back to the *Philadelphia Evening Bulletin* in 1953 for the remainder of his journalism career. In the 1950s he also did weekly television show and a daily evening radio show.
Brookhouser\'s columns were re-edited into his book portrait of Philadelphia, *Our Philadelphia*, the first sentence of which pays tribute to typesetters Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff and Benjamin Franklin as exemplar Philadelphians. While writing \"A Man about Town\", Brookhouser had previously attracted national attention by omitting the letter \"u\" (and being promptly corrected) in reporting Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff\'s 1952 voter registration under the 35-letter surname.
As well as journalism, Brookhouser published hundreds of short stories and one novel.
He was born to Walter L. and Miriam Fischer Brookhouser in Ford City, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Ford City High School and Temple University in Philadelphia where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. In 1939 he married Helen E. Hanway. He served in the U. S. Army for three years during World War II
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# Rick Vasko
**Richard John Vasko** (born January 12, 1957) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings.
## Career
As a youth, Vasko played in the 1970 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Cedar Hill, Toronto.
Vasko was drafted 37th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1977 NHL amateur draft and 53rd overall by the Indianapolis Racers in the 1977 WHA Amateur Draft. He went on to play 31 regular season games for the Red Wings over three seasons
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# Jessica's Crime
**Jessica\'s Crime** is a sporadically active American independent rock band. Founding member and lead vocalist Aaron Bishop has cited the band\'s \"day-jobs in professional academia\" as the primary reason for their occasional, long periods of apparent quiescence. The band formed originally in 1989 as Mistress Christia, morphing into the SpeedKings by the early 1990s, before establishing themselves as Jessica\'s Crime in 1995, following a number of changes in personnel. Originally from Dallas, Texas, the band moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1999. As of the release of their 2006 record *Gone to Texas*, Jessica\'s Crime comprises two members: founder J. Aaron Bishop (guitars, vocals, bass, programming, etc.) and Michael P (guitars, vocals, bass, banjo, programming). Their musical style contains elements of punk rock, post-punk industrial music, dance, and older country music, à la Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell. According to their website, they had not performed live since late 1999, though in the spring of 2010 they began to play the occasional show in the Dallas/Ft. Worth area.
## Early years {#early_years}
The original lineup that would become Jessica\'s Crime coalesced around Aaron Bishop and Boone in 1989, under the moniker Mistress Christia---a name taken from an obscure series of surrealist science fiction novels by British author Michael Moorcock, later abandoned in light of the disquieting consonance with the Night Ranger power ballad \"Sister Christian\".
## Musical style {#musical_style}
The band have described their style as \"Ophidian rock music for the cold-blooded intelligentsia and the chemical elite. Plenty of guitars and thundering, cyclopean drummachines. Pure gonzo hell.\" Critics have drawn comparisons with groups as varied as The Sisters of Mercy, Nick Cave, White Zombie, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Fields of the Nephilim, and even New Order and Johnny Cash. In a 2008 review of Gone to Texas, seminal Death-Rock music critic Mick Mercer picked up on the Sisters and Nephilim undercurrents, describing the record\'s eponymous track as \"Preacher Man waltzing with Vision Thing,\" while the disc\'s third track----the jazz-tinged Gateway Shuffle----was likened, somewhat surprisingly, to Goth-folksters The Dancing Did.
## Cover songs {#cover_songs}
In addition to their original material, Jessica\'s Crime have long been known for their sometimes bizarre choices of cover songs, the arrangements and performances of which often stray far afield from the source material. Notable examples include The Jolly Rogers ode to Blackbeard the pirate, \'The Devil\'s Son\', as well as the Bo Diddley standard, \'Who Do You Love\', both from their 1998 LP, *Psychosemantic*; their second record, 2001\'s \'Scarecrow + Hizbollah\' yielded a techno-metal take on \'Gimme Gimme Gimme (A Man After Midnight)\' by Swedish pop icons ABBA, in addition to a surprisingly emotional rendition of Gary Numan\'s paean to robot-love, \'Are Friends Electric?\'; their most recent offering, 2006\'s epic *Gone to Texas* included a bar-room singalong of traditional folk ballad, \'The House of the Rising Sun\'. They have recently announced that their next project will be an album of cover songs titled *PROJECT : GHOLA.* While that has yet to materialize, a live album recorded during their 2010 Texas performances has been released, titled *ERSATZ.*
## Discography
- 1995 Wintersongs cassette EP
- 1998 Psychosemantic
- 1999 Psychosemantic (sub-figura 1.5)
- 2000 The Mutiny CD EP
- 2000 Don\'t Cry CD single
- 2001 Love is Vengeance CD single
- 2001 Scarecrow + Hizbollah
- 2001 Scarecrow (second jihad)
- 2002 Letters to Suzuka: An Anthology
- 2006 Gone to Texas
- 2009 Weird Tales & Gonzo Sleaze
- 2010 ERSATZ (live 2010)
- 2011 No Love in This World EP
- 2014 Myth That Kills
## Members
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| \(1989\) as Mistress Christia | - Aaron Bishop: vocals, guitars, bass guitar, programming |
| | - Boone: bass guitar |
+================================+=================================================================+
| (1990--92) as SpeedKings | - Aaron Bishop: guitars, programming |
| | - Boone: bass guitar |
| | - Logan/Robert Cross: vocals |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| \(1993\) | - Aaron Bishop: guitars, programming |
| | - Boone: bass guitar |
| | - Logan/Robert Cross: vocals |
| | - David Hellstrom: guitars |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| \(1994\) | - Aaron Bishop: guitars, programming |
| | - David Hellstrom: guitars |
| | - Cliff: bass guitar |
| | - Roger Walker: vocals |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| (1995--96) as Jessica\'s Crime | - Aaron Bishop: guitars, programming |
| | - David Hellstrom: guitars |
| | - Cliff: bass guitar |
| | - Janet Pippin: vocals |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| (1997--98) | - Aaron Bishop: vocals, guitars, programming |
| | - David Hellstrom: guitars |
| | - Cliff: bass guitar |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| (1999--2002) | - Aaron Bishop: vocals, guitars, bass guitar, programming |
| | - David Hellstrom: guitars |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| (2003--present) | - Aaron Bishop: vocals, guitars, bass guitar, programming |
| | - Michael P
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# 1-Naphthaleneacetamide
**1-Naphthaleneacetamide** (**NAAm**) is a synthetic auxin that acts as a rooting hormone.
It can be found in commercial products such as Rootone
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# Paul Malisch
**Paul Kurt Malisch** (June 15, 1881 -- April 9, 1970) was a German breaststroke swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Landsberg an der Warthe. In the 200 metre breaststroke competition, he won the bronze medal next to his teammates Walter Bathe and Wilhelm Lützow. He finished fourth in the 400 metre breaststroke event
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# Anthony W. Knapp
**Anthony William Knapp** (born 2 December 1941, Morristown, New Jersey) is an American mathematician and professor emeritus at the State University of New York, Stony Brook working in representation theory. For much of his career, Knapp was a professor at Cornell University.
## Education
Knapp lived in Baltimore, Maryland, and graduated from the preparatory McDonogh School nearby. He attended Dartmouth College, graduating from there in 1962 and receiving a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship to continue his studies. Knapp received his Ph.D. in 1965 from Princeton University under the supervision of Salomon Bochner.
## Teaching
Knapp began his career as a C. L. E. Moore instructor for two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, before gaining a position as an assistant professor at Cornell University in 1967. He was promoted to associate professor there in 1970 and full professor in 1975. Knapp began spending some of his time at SUNY Stony Brook in 1986 and took a full-time position there in 1990.
## Research
In a series of papers from 1976 to 1984, Knapp and Gregg Zuckerman gave the classification of tempered representations of semisimple Lie groups.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition in 1997. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- ([Book review](https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1106.00001&format=complete)) by [Werner Kleinert (1945--2019)](https://www2.mathematik.hu-berlin.de/research/FB2000/node12.html), Humboldt University of Berlin
- ([Book review](https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1133.00001&format=complete)) by Werner Kleinert
- [*Elliptic curves*.](https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0691085595) -- Princeton, 1992 (Mathematical notes; 40) `{{ISBN|0-691-08559-5}}`{=mediawiki} [Zbl.0804.14013](http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q=an:0804.14013&format=complete)
- *Representation theory of semisimple groups : An overview based on examples*, (Originally publ. 1986) Princeton: University Press, 2001. (Princeton Landmarks in Mathematics) `{{ISBN|0-691-09089-0}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Lie Groups: Beyond an Introduction, (Originally publ. 1996) Second Edition, Progress in Mathematics, Vol. 140, Birkhäuser, Boston, 2002. `{{ISBN|0-8176-4259-5}}`{=mediawiki}.
- (with David A. Vogan) Cohomological Induction and Unitary Representations, Princeton Mathematical Series 45, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1995.
- (with Gregg Zuckerman) [Classification of irreducible tempered representations of semisimple Lie groups](https://www.jstor.org/stable/65732) *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America* **73**, No. 7 (Jul. 1976), pp. 2178--2180
- (with Gregg Zuckerman) [\"Classification of irreducible tempered representations of semisimple groups\"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2007066) *Annals of Mathematics* 116 (1982) 389--501, [correction](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2007089) 119 (1984) 639
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# Allyson Hennessy
**Allyson Hennessy** (4 January 1948 -- 7 May 2011) was a veteran Trinidad and Tobago television news presenter. She was trained in the United Kingdom.
## Media career {#media_career}
Hennessy entered at Trinidad and Tobago Television and hosted the program *Community Dateline* for several years with other presenters including Terrance Greaves, Wendell Constantine, Judy Alcantara, Lisa Wickham (1999--2000) and Judy Chong Dennison until 2005 when the station closed. In 2009 she was received the \"Media Excellence\" award from the Trinidad & Tobago Publishers and Broadcasters Association.
In 2010, she began co-hosting *The Box*, a daily TV talk show on the Gayelle network, with a talk show format styled after the U.S. morning program *The View*. She also had her own television program, *Allyson 10-12*. Hennessy was a familiar face as host of carnival activities and special events.
## Veni Mangé {#veni_mangé}
A Cordon Bleu-trained chef, Hennessy was a co-owner of the Veni Mangé Restaurant.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She was married to Emmett Hennessy, a fellow journalist; they had no children.
## Death
Hennessy fell ill in late April 2011, with an undisclosed illness, and was hospitalised in the intensive care unit at the St. Clair Medical Centre in Port-of-Spain. She never recovered and died at St. Clair Medical on 7 May 2011, aged 63
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# Pul-e Khishti Mosque
**Pul-e Khishti Mosque** (*د خښتي پل جومات*) is the largest mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan. Located in the center of old Kabul, the Pul-e Khishti Mosque can be identified by its large blue dome. The mosque originally was erected in the late 18th century, but was largely rebuilt under Zahir Shah in the late 1960s. It was damaged during fighting in the 1990s, but has been fully restored as of 2019.
Many Kabulis assert that the imam of this mosque for many years in the early part of the 20th century was an Englishman who had converted to Islam, and that the imam returned to England after relinquishing his position at the mosque.
## Incidents
- 1970 Pul-e Khishti Mosque Protest
- On 6th April 2022, there was a grenade attack in the mosque injuring 6 people.
## Gallery
Postcard of Pul-e Khishti, c
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# UK Hand Knitting Association
The **UK Hand Knitting Association** (UKHKA) is a not-for-profit British organisation dedicated to promoting hand knitting in the UK. Through a variety of initiatives and the assistance of a nationwide network of volunteers who pass on their skills, the UKHKA focus on ensuring a vibrant future for all aspects of yarn crafts.
The UK Hand Knitting Association is dedicated to promoting the craft of hand knitting. The Association operates also across the Internet, and distributes information about knitting and crochet basic techniques, books, courses, knitting patterns and more.
At major craft shows and other events volunteers provide one to one tuition to encourage newcomers to learn yarn craft skills.
Information about craft shows and the basic techniques involved in hand knitting and crochet, along with local knitting groups, books, courses, knitting patterns and more, are publicised on the Association\'s website. Financial institutions suggest that retail outlets for knitting paraphernalia should become members of the Association.
The UKHKA Board Members are major distributors of yarn and related products in the UK, while the Associate Members are event organisers and craft magazine publishers.
The UKHKA (formerly The British Hand Knitting Confederation (BHKC)) was formed in 1991 when the Hand Knitting Association (HKA) merged with the British Hand Knitting Association (BHKA).
## Initiatives to raise the profile of hand knitting {#initiatives_to_raise_the_profile_of_hand_knitting}
### Craft Club {#craft_club}
Craft Club, co sponsored by the Crafts Council and the NFWI, was a national campaign to pass on yarn craft skills to newcomers of all ages. Craft Club encouraged the setting up of after-school clubs, youth groups and extended to the wider community in public venues such as museums, art galleries and libraries.
### Knit 1 Hook 1 Pass It On {#knit_1_hook_1_pass_it_on}
Knit 1 Hook 1 Pass It On was a national initiative that encouraged volunteers to pass on their skills. All those who knit and crochet could take part in this campaign to ensure their skills were passed on to future generations. The UKHKA had a Knit 1 Hook 1 Pass It On stand at numerous craft shows across the UK each year. The website has details on these shows. Volunteers have said of the experience: 'It was my pleasure to help out and I will definitely be volunteering again at some point' and 'I really enjoyed my helping role, although I think I learned more than I taught'.
### The Knitted Textile Awards (KTAs) {#the_knitted_textile_awards_ktas}
The KTAs were introduced in 2003, to showcase the talent of students graduating in knitted textiles across the UK. This celebration of knitting highlights the best in design innovation and creativity, and a full line up of each year's finalists can be found on the website. The yearly awards are judged on originality, overall concept and the innovative use of technique, yarns, materials and colour. The diversity of the exhibition dispels preconceptions as the finalists show that the knitted stitch has no limits. The 2011 Finalists commented 'I had a great time and met a lot of interesting like-minded people. It was a huge boost to my confidence' and 'It's been a fantastic opportunity that I\'ve really enjoyed'. All the finalists' work and contact details are fully showcased on the UKHKA website
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# Liam McArthur
**Liam Scott McArthur** (born 8 August 1967) is a Scottish politician serving as Deputy Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament, alongside Annabelle Ewing, since May 2021. A member of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, he has been the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Orkney since 2007.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
McArthur was born on 8 August 1967 in Edinburgh. In 1977, at the age of ten, he moved to Sanday, Orkney with his family.
McArthur attended Sanday Junior High School, then Kirkwall Grammar School, where he boarded at the Papdale Halls of Residence throughout the week. Whilst at Kirkwall, McArthur developed an interest in sport including football, which became a lifelong passion. McArthur went on to represent Orkney in the junior inter country matches against Caithness and Shetland.
McArthur then spent a year in Mexico as an American field service student, before attending the University of Edinburgh to study politics. At university McArthur captained the football first team and represented Scottish Universities in the UK finals.
## Political career {#political_career}
McArthur had previously worked as an aide to Jim Wallace in the House of Commons and as Special Adviser to the Deputy First Minister in 2002. When Wallace stepped down at the 2007 Parliament election, McArthur was chosen to replace him as the Lib Dem candidate and was elected. McArthur was subsequently re-elected in 2011 and again in 2016 with a substantially increased majority.
After being re-elected in the 2021 election, McArthur was elected as one of the two Deputy Presiding Officers of the Scottish Parliament.
### Assisted dying {#assisted_dying}
In 2024 McArthur introduced a bill on assisted dying in the Scottish Parliament, the Assisted Dying for Terminally Ill Adults (Scotland) Bill. He had consulted on this subject in 2021. The first such bill had been attempted in 2010.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
McArthur met his wife Tamsin when working in Brussels. She was working for law firm Clifford Chance.
His brother Dugald was left quadriplegic after a rugby accident in 1996
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# Mateo Flecha
**Mateo Flecha** (Catalan: Mateu Fletxa; 1481--1553) was a Catalan composer born in Kingdom of Aragon, in the region of Prades. He is sometimes known as \"El Viejo\" (the elder) to distinguish him from his nephew, Mateo Flecha \"El Joven\" (the younger), also a composer of madrigals. \"El Viejo\" is best known for his ensaladas, published in Prague in 1581 by the same nephew.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Mateo Flecha directed the music at the cathedral of Lleida (September 1523 -- October 1525). From there he moved to Guadalajara, in the service for six years of the Duke, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza. From there he went to Valencia where he assumed direction of the chapel choir of the Duke of Calabria. While thus employed, three of his works were included in songbooks associated with that chapel, including the Cancionero de Uppsala. In 1537 Flecha moved to Sigüenza where he served as maestro di cappella for two years. From 1544 to 1548 he lived in the castle at Arévalo as teacher of the Infantas Maria and Joanna, daughters of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558). Toward the end of his life Mateo Flecha became a monk of the Cistercian Order, living in the Monastery at Poblet, where he died in 1553.
Flecha\'s ensaladas influenced the madrigals of Joan Brudieu.
## Works
Mateo Flecha\'s music was published in part by Fuenllana in his *Orphenica Lira*. The majority of his works can be found in the Cancionero of the Duke of Calabria (Venice, 1556), also known as the "Cancionero de Uppsala." Flecha is best known as composer of the \"ensalada\" (literally \"salad\"), a work for four or five voices written for the diversion of courtiers in the palace. The ensalada frequently mixed languages: Spanish, Catalan, Italian, French, and Latin. In addition to the ensalada, Flecha is known for his villancicos.
In 1581 Flecha\'s ensaladas were published by his nephew, Mateo Flecha \"El Joven\" (the younger), in Prague. Of the eleven ensaladas, complete versions remain of only six, *El jubilate*, *La bomba*, *La negrina*, *La guerra*, *El fuego*, and *La justa*. Four of the others are missing a voice. *El cantate* is lost because Flecha\'s nephew did not publish it, considering it to be too long.
Various Spanish vihuelists, like Enríquez de Valderrábano, Diego Pisador, and Miguel de Fuenllana, adapted Flecha\'s works for the vihuela
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# Otto Fahr
**Otto Fahr** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɔtoː ˈfaːɐ̯}}`{=mediawiki}; August 19, 1892 -- February 28, 1969) was a German backstroke swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Bad Cannstatt. Fahr participated in only one event and won the silver medal in the 100 metre backstroke competition
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# Wren High School
**Wren High School** (**WHS**) is a public high school in Anderson School District One in Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
## Athletics
### State championships {#state_championships}
- Basketball - Girls: 1967
- Basketball - Boys: 2023
- Competitive Cheer: 1998, 2021
- Football: 2019
- Golf - Girls: 2011
- Golf - Boys: 2024
- Softball: 2008
- Track - Boys: 2004, 2021, 2022
- Volleyball: 2022, 2023
- Cross Country- Boys: 2023
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Kelly Bryant (2015), CFL and XFL quarterback
- Shannon Faulkner (1993), first female cadet to enter the Citadel
- Kyle Fisher (2012), MLS professional soccer player
- D.J
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# Paul Kellner
**Paul Kellner** (June 6, 1890 -- April 3, 1972) was a German backstroke swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Spandau and died in West Berlin. Kellner participated in only one event and won the bronze medal in the 100 metre backstroke competition
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# Ruhizzi
**Ruhizzi**, was a city, or city-state located in northern Canaan or southern Amurru territories, in the foothills of Mount Hermon during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence. During the 15-20 year Amarna letters of 1350-1335 BC, Arsawuya was the \'mayor\' of Ruhizzi and corresponded with the Egyptian pharaoh.
According to EA 53, (EA for \'el Amarna\'), a letter concerning a warring Etakkama, Ruhizzi was associated with the problems of Upu in the region to the south at Damascus, (named Dimašqu), and in the region of Amqu, (the Beqaa), in the northwest.
Ruhizzi is located near Kadesh-(*Qidšu*), and east of the Anti-Lebanon
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# Queen Bee (graphic novel)
***Queen Bee*** is a graphic novel aimed at middle-schoolers about cliques and popularity, written by Chynna Clugston. The book was one of the American Library Association\'s book picks for 2006.
## Synopsis
Haley Madison is a young and unpopular teenager that discovers that she has psychokinetic powers which tend to manifest themselves whenever she becomes excited or angry. After discovering that her family will have to move in order for her foster mother to take a new job, Haley decides to reinvent herself at her new school as one of the cool kids.
On her first day in school Haley meets and befriends Trini Turner, but quickly shows more interest in befriending the clique of popular girls in the school, Dominique, Keiko, Steffi and Anjelica, that call themselves the \"Hive\". Haley gains the attention of the Hive once she intervenes with a bully using her powers, but loses her friendship with Trini as a result. Anjelica begins to see Haley as a threat to the group, but cannot seem to win at anything she competes against Haley at. Keiko tells Haley that Trini and Anjelica were once friends until Trini supposedly became clingy and jealous.
Haley\'s popular status is threatened when Alexa Harmon comes to school. Alexa also has psychokinetic powers and recognizes that Haley has them as well. She joins the Hive and quickly begins to usurp Haley\'s popularity. As a result the pair begin to fight one another using their powers, resulting in Haley being accused of cheating on a test and being forced to work on a project with the quietest boy in the class, Jasper Reines. Jasper and Haley initially do not get along, but eventually become friends. Jasper remarks on a locket that Haley wears, to which Haley replies that it was a family heirloom. While talking with Jasper, Haley learns the truth about the Hive. Jasper explains that Trini was not clingy and that her friendship with Anjelica ended because of bullying.
Haley later tries to regain her popularity during a talent contest, which almost backfires due to Alexa\'s constant interference and spying. When Alexa uses his psychokinesis to pretend Haley has thrown a tray at her, the Hive loses their respect for Haley. Jasper helps Haley win the performance, discovering that both Alexa and Haley have powers in the process. Haley wins by one point and thanks Jasper. She shows him the locket, which contains a picture of two infant girls, one of which is Haley and the other she assumes is her sister (who is implied to be Alexa, especially as the stinger at the end indicates Alexa has a similar locket). Haley later manages to restart her friendship with Trini, but is confronted by Alexa who informs them that she has been scouted to be a makeup model. Alexa then tries to flirt with Jasper, to which Haley uses her powers to retaliate.
## Reception
Critical reception for *Queen Bee* has been positive, with The Trades praising the story
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# Jakob Hassler
**Jakob Hassler** (18 December 1569 -- 1 January 1622) was a German Renaissance composer.
## Life
He was born in Nuremberg, Germany, the youngest son of Isaak Hassler, and brother of Hans Leo Hassler and Kasper Hassler. The Hasslers were an important Franco-Flemish musical family in Middle Europe during the late Renaissance. Baptized in Nuremberg, Jakob was initially instructed in music, like his brothers, by his father Isaak.
Hassler is first identified on the rolls of musicians in Augsburg in 1585, and he was ennobled, along with his two brothers, by Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II in 1595. In between, Hassler is believed to have traveled to Italy to study at the behest of the aristocratic Fugger family, possibly with Andrea Gabrieli. Hassler\'s term in the Fugger household was interrupted when he was thrown in jail for impregnating an Augsburg girl named Leonora Ostermair; Hassler was released on bail to marry her on 17 February 1597. In May, Hassler accepted a post in the prestigious court of Count Eitel Friedrich IV of Hohenzollern-Hechingen. In 1600, Hassler published his book of madrigals, which spread his popularity; certain madrigals from this publication appeared in collections printed throughout Europe. Dogged by a second paternity suit in Hechingen that was later dismissed, Hassler attempted to succeed his brother Hans Leo in Augsburg. Luckily, Hassler was offered a post in the Imperial Chapel in Prague instead. In 1604, Rudolf II bestowed the honorific of \"von Roseneckh\" on Hassler, and Hassler\'s descendants, among them author and composer Gerd von Hassler, continue to observe this title.
The years until Rudolf II died in 1612 proved Hassler\'s most prosperous---in 1608 Hassler picked up a second appointment at the monastery of Heiligkreuz in Augsburg. When Hassler\'s second son was born in 1609, Rudolf II was named as his godfather. Both Rudolf II and Hans Leo died in 1612, and by 1616, the Imperial Chapel owed Hassler more than 1,000 *florins* on his salary. In 1618, Emperor Matthias died, and in 1619, not long after the Defenestration of Prague, Bohemia revolted against Matthias\' successor, Ferdinand II, setting in motion the events that ultimately began the Thirty Years\' War. Hassler did not long survive them. He died in Prague, having last picked up his salary payment on 23 April 1621; the next time they were received, on 29 September 1622, the receipt was signed by the composer\'s widow, Leonora Hassler.
Although Hassler\'s vocal works were highly regarded in their day and remain the most extensive part of his overall catalog, they are little studied and *Grove* dubs them \"unremarkable.\" Nevertheless, Hassler\'s seven surviving keyboard works, consisting of three ricercars, a toccata, a fugue, fantasy, and a canzona, are of seminal importance as they seamlessly combine Venetian, German, and Franco-Flemish practices under one roof
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# Luis Cumbers
**Luis Cosme Cumbers** (born 6 September 1988 in Chelmsford) is an English footballer.
## Club career {#club_career}
Cumbers made his professional debut as a substitute in Gillingham\'s 2--0 home defeat against Yeovil Town on 5 May 2007.
In September 2007 he was loaned to Maidstone United and scored the winning goal on his debut in a 2--1 win over Tonbridge Angels. On 21 November he was recalled from Maidstone, where he had scored 11 goals in 13 matches, and immediately loaned out to Grays Athletic, where he scored on his debut away to Aldershot Town.
On 8 January 2008, Cumbers was recalled from Grays to Gillingham, but was loaned to AFC Wimbledon on 8 February 2008 to gain further first team experience.
Cumbers made his debut for AFC Wimbledon on 9 February 2008 in the 2--0 win over Harrow Borough, going on to score four goals in his short time with the Dons, before being called back by Gillingham to cover for injuries to the first team. He was allowed to return to Wimbledon on loan on transfer deadline day and helped them win promotion to the Conference South via the Isthmian League Premier Division play-offs. Cumbers scored in both the play-off semi-final and final.
Cumbers scored his first goal for Gillingham on 15 November 2008, the fourth in a 4--0 victory over Rotherham United.
On 13 March 2009, Cumbers signed for Ebbsfleet United on a month\'s loan. He re-joined the club on loan again the following season on 18 September, and in November 2009 rejoined AFC Wimbledon on a one-month loan. In February 2010, Cumbers went out on another loan deal, this time joining Dover Athletic until the end of the season. Cumbers had previously featured for the Conference South side in a pre-season friendly against Sittingbourne. In the summer of 2010, Cumbers\' contract at Gillingham was not renewed and he signed for Welling United. In 2014, he signed for Tonbridge Angels, before moving to Margate in 2017
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# Brian McGilloway
**Brian McGilloway** (born 1974) is a crime fiction author from Derry, Northern Ireland.
## Biography
**McGilloway** was born in Derry where he attended St Columb\'s College. He then studied English at Queen\'s University Belfast, where he was very active in student theatre, winning a national Irish Student Drama Association award for theatrical lighting design in 1996. He is a former Head of English at St. Columb\'s College in Derry, but now teaches in Holy Cross College in Strabane.
McGilloway lives in Strabane with his wife and their four children.
## Writing
McGilloway\'s debut novel was a crime thriller called *Borderlands*. *Borderlands* was shortlisted for a Crime Writers\' Association Dagger award for a debut novel.
In 2007 McGilloway signed with Pan Macmillan to write three crime thrillers in his Inspector Devlin series. The sequel to *Borderlands*, *Gallows Lane*, was published in April 2008.
His 2020 novel, *The Last Crossing*, was nominated in the 2021 Theakston\'s Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award
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# Hellenic Force in Cyprus
The **Hellenic Force in Cyprus** (*Elliniki Dynami Kyprou*, *Kıbrıs Yunan Alayı*), commonly known in its abbreviated form as **ELDYK** or **EL.DY.K.** (*ΕΛΔΥΚ or ΕΛ.ΔΥ.Κ.*, `{{IPA|el|elðˈik}}`{=mediawiki}, *KYA*, `{{IPA|tr|kejea}}`{=mediawiki}) is the permanent, battalion-sized Greek military force stationed in the Republic of Cyprus. Its role is to help and support the Cypriot National Guard. Soldiers are selected from the ranks of conscripts doing their military service in the Greek army.
## History
ELDYK was formed on November 20, 1959 at Agios Stefanos, Athens, soon after the Zürich and London Agreements established the independence of Cyprus. Per the subsequent Treaty of Guarantee, Greece, along with Turkey and the United Kingdom, would be the new state\'s guarantor powers. To that end, the permanent presence of a small military detachment from both Greece and Turkey was authorized according to the Treaty of Alliance, in addition to the British military presence in the Sovereign Base Areas. It was established as a tripartite headquarters of Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. In this headquarters belonged the Hellenic Force in Cyprus with 950 men and the Turkish Force in Cyprus (*Τουρκική Δύναμη Κύπρου*, abbreviated: *ΤΟΥΡΔΥΚ* or *ΤΟΥΡ.ΔΥ.Κ*, `{{IPA|el|turˈðik}}`{=mediawiki}) with 650 men, as it was agreed in the Zürich and London Agreement.
### ELDYK in Cyprus (until 1963) {#eldyk_in_cyprus_until_1963}
On August 16, 1960, the day that Cyprus became officially independent, ELDYK soldiers and officers disembarked at Famagusta from the Greek Landing Ship Tanks \"LIMNOS\" (*\"ΛΗΜΝΟΣ\"*) and \"ALIAKMON\" (*\"ΑΛΙΑΚΜΩΝ\"*), the total force was 950 men. The first commander of ELDYK was Colonel Dionysios Arbouzis, a distinguished officer who had already led the Greek Expeditionary Force in Korea. Its camp were established west of Nicosia at the Gerolakkos area, next to the camp of the Turkish Force in Cyprus. The camp was destroyed during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus at 1974.
### 1963-1973 and Intercommunal violence (1963-1964) {#and_intercommunal_violence_1963_1964}
In December 1963 serious riots and violence broke out between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, the generalization of the conflict and the involvement of the Hellenic Force of Cyprus and Turkish Force of Cyprus was avoided due to the intervention of the United Kingdom.
In January 1964, the Greek Cabinet rejected Turkey\'s call for an increase in the Greek and Turkish forces in Cyprus, and it decided to take the matter to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
In March 1964, Sergeant First Class Sotirios Karagiannis was murdered during a new round of violence. In May 1964 Major Dimitrios Poulios and Captain Vasileios Kapotas were murdered in the Turkish Cypriot district of Famagusta, while Captain Panagiotis Tarsoulis was injured. Their driver, police officer Konstantinos Pantelidis was murdered too. In the same period, members of ELDYK were involved in violent incidents against the Turkish Armed Forces and militias.
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# Hellenic Force in Cyprus
## History
### Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974) {#turkish_invasion_of_cyprus_1974}
During the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, between 20 July and 16 August 1974, ELDYK fought against the Turkish forces in several battles. The commander of ELDYK, at that time, was Colonel Nikolaos Nikolaidis. Second in command were Lieutenant Colonel Konstantinos Papagiannis, during the first phase of invasion (20--23 July 1974) and until 9 August, and Colonel Panagiotis Stavroulopoulos, from 10 August and during all the second phase of the invasion (14--16 August 1974). Panagiotis Stavroulopoulos was deputy commander of the ELDYK till September of the same year. During the invasion, ELDYK\'s units were dispatches to various places in Cyprus in order to help the Cypriot National Guard. Along with ELDYK, Greece managed to involve an airborne battalion in fighting, raising the total number of Greek troops. The Cypriot National Guard managed to mobilise only a fraction of its 10,000 force, while the total number of the Turkish invading force, was around 40,000.
The classes of ELDYK that fought in 1974 were the 103rd, 105th and 107th.
Class 103 consisted of soldiers who were being discharged and were due to return to Greece on board the Greek Landing Ship Tank (ex-USS LST-389) \"Lesvos\" (*\"Λέσβος\"*). They departed Cyprus on 19 July 1974, after the arrival of their replacement class 107. When the invasion started on the 20th of July 1974, the Hellenic Navy ordered the commander of Lesvos (by then sailing off Rhodes), Lt Cdr Eleftherios Handrinos, to change course and return to Cyprus in order to disembark its troops. That same afternoon, the ship arrived at Paphos and class 103 disembarked. Soldiers from class 103 manned the ship\'s guns and for over two hours shelled the Turkish Cypriot forces in the area. The Turkish Cypriots surrendered to the Cypriot National Guard and their weapons and equipment were captured. Soon after, the men of class 103 moved during the night towards the Nicosia International Airport and in the morning, they arrived at the airport and from there they eventually reached the camp of ELDYK.
Class 107 was composed of new recruits who had come to replace class 103 arriving at Cyprus on the \"Lesvos\" at 19 July 1974, one day before the invasion. UNFICYP monitored the rotation of ELDYK\'s classes and they kept their HQ informed concerning the progress of the operation. After the Lesvos disembarkation, UNFICYP confirmed that she had brought 410 men and 11 vehicles from class 107, and taken out 422 men and 10 vehicles from class 103.
#### Battles
The most notable battles involving ELDYK forces at 1974, were:
- The battle of Paphos (20 July 1974)
- Attacks against the area of Kioneli (20--21 July 1974)
- The battle of the ELDYK camp (22--23 July 1974)
- The Battle of Nicosia Airport (23 July 1974)
- The battle of Lapithos (6 August 1974)
- The battle of Karavas (6 August 1974)
- The battle of Vasilia Passage (7 August 1974)
- The battle of the English College (14 August 1974)
- The second battle of the ELDYK camp (14--16 August 1974)
More than 150 men either died or are missing as a result of the invasion, some of these men are buried in the Tomb of Makedonitissa.
#### Equipment
The equipment of ELDYK\'s men at that time were:
- M1 carbine (Service rifle)
- FN FAL (Soldiers of the class 103 equipped with these weapons)
- Captured G3 rifles from the invading Turkish troops.
- Bayonet
- M1 helmet
## The Tomb of Makedonitissa {#the_tomb_of_makedonitissa}
The Tomb of Makedonitissa (*Τύμβος της Μακεδονίτισσας*), is a military cemetery and war memorial, west of Nicosia, at Engomi in the area of Makedonitissa (35 09 15 N 33 18 29 E). This was the place where one Greek Nord Noratlas was shot down by friendly fire on 22 July 1974, during the **Operation Niki** (*Επιχείρηση \"ΝΙΚΗ\"*). \"Niki\" was a military operation of the Greek Army to send some elements of the Greek special forces by air to help the Cypriot National Guard.
Greek Cypriot officers and soldiers who were killed during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus are buried in this tomb.
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# Hellenic Force in Cyprus
## ELDYK today {#eldyk_today}
ELDYK is still in Cyprus and its headquarters is near Nicosia; its previous camp was destroyed in 1974 and the surrounding area (Gerolakkos or Yerolakkos area) is now under Turkish control. Its role is to support the Cypriot National Guard; for this reason, ELDYK regularly holds joint military exercises in cooperation with the Cypriot National Guard.
### Emblem
The ELDYK emblem shows the silhouettes of Greece and Cyprus crowned with a common laurel wreath. Between the two countries is the emblem of the Greek Army. Under the wreath is written \"ΕΛΔΥΚ 1960\", which is the abbreviation of the force in Greek (\"*ΕΛΔΥΚ*\") and the year it disembarked at Cyprus (\"1960\"). At the top is written the motto of ELDYK: \"*Το όμαιμόν τε και ομόγλωσσον και ομόθρησκον και ομότροπον*\". The two blue tints on the emblem represents the blue of the sky and the blue of the sea, symbolizing the same sea and sky surrounds these two countries.
### Motto
The motto of ELDYK is \"*Το όμαιμόν τε και ομόγλωσσον και ομόθρησκον και ομότροπον*\", which means: \"The same ancestry and common language and common religion and common traditions\".
This is an alteration of the work of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who had written in the eighth book of Histories, entitled Urania, at 144: \"*\...αύτις το ελληνικόν εόν όμαιμόν τε και ομόγλωσσον και θεών ιδρύματα κοινά και θυσίαι ήθεά τε ομότροπα\...*\", which means: \"\...the Greek nation is from the same ancestry and have common language and common sanctuaries and common sacrifices and common traditions\...\". The meaning is that Greeks share the same national identity and consciousness, regardless of borders.
### Personnel
Soldiers and officers of the Hellenic Force in Cyprus (ELDYK) are all Greek citizens. Soldiers are selected among the ranks of conscripts who do their military service. Although some men volunteer for the unit, the core of the force is selected directly by the Greek Army General Staff on the basis of physical ability and skills.
After the completion of their basic training in Greece they are dispatched to Cyprus on planes, separated into two detachments totalling approximately 300 men: one detachment departs from Sparta and the other from the armored training camp of Avlon. Although not as demanding as the training received in units of the Special Forces, the training of ELDYK is considerably harder than the training received by ordinary infantrymen serving in Greece, making it one of the most battle ready units of the Greek Armed Forces. In compensation for serving abroad, the men of ELDYK are salaried and have access to better facilities.
Men who are selected for ELDYK are nicknamed Eldykarioi (*Ελδυκάριοι*), singular: Eldykarios (*Ελδυκάριος*). This nickname stays with them long after they return to Greece. When their service at Cyprus is completed and they are about to return to Greece to continue their service there, the army awards them with special honors for their service at Cyprus.
### Military ranks scale and ranks insignia {#military_ranks_scale_and_ranks_insignia}
ELDYK follows the Greek\'s army ranks scale and insignia (Officers ranks and ranks insignia, Non-commissioned officers and soldiers ranks and ranks insignia), which has the NATO standard ranks scale.
### Uniforms
There are 2 types of military uniforms, one formal for parades, celebrations, and other special occasions (like the Army Service Uniform-ASU), and the everyday combat uniform (like the Army Combat Uniform-ACU). The uniforms are the same as in the Greek army, with the difference of embroidered patches on both shoulders (shoulder sleeve insignia), which have black letters that form the word: \"ΕΛΔΥΚ\" (ΕΛΔΥΚ is the abbreviation of the force in Greek).
The patches are dark green (low visibility patches) in the combat military uniforms, and yellow in the formal uniforms. Unofficially, these patches are called: eldykosima (*ελδυκόσημα*), singular: eldykosimo (*ελδυκόσημο*), which means: \"the badge of ELDYK\". The uniform camouflage pattern is the Greek Lizard.
### Equipment {#equipment_1}
Personnel of ELDYK are using Greek\'s army equipment. The service rifles of ELDYK soldiers are some variants of G3.
### Headquarters camp {#headquarters_camp}
The headquarters camp is near Nicosia. Its name is \"Camp of Major Sotirios Staurianakos\". The camp is named in honor of the Captain Sotirios Staurianakos, who was killed at 16 August 1974 during the last day of the battle of the ELDYK camp. He was posthumously promoted to Major after his death. In the camp, there is a memorial representing a soldier who gestures with his hand towards the area of the previous camp of ELDYK (destroyed during the Turkish invasion at 1974) and has inscribed on a marble slab the names and the ranks of the officers and soldiers of the force who were killed or are missing.
### Museum
The museum of ELDYK is at its headquarters camp. Because the museum is located in a military area under the control of the army, permission from the army must be granted in order to visit.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In Limassol, a road is named \"Machiton ELDYK\" (*Μαχητών ΕΛΔΥΚ*) (34 42 28 N 33 3 16 E), which means \"Fighters of ELDYK\".
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# Hellenic Force in Cyprus
## Monuments and memorials {#monuments_and_memorials}
### Cyprus
Name of the Memorial/ Monument Area Coordinates
-------------------------------- --------- -----------------
ELDYK\'s HQ camp Memorial Nicosia (military area)
The Tomb of Makedonitissa Nicosia
ELDYK Memorial Park Larnaka
### Greece
( \* ) The word \"Cyprus\" is engraved on the tomb in order to honor the men who were killed in Cyprus.
Name of the Memorial/ Monument Area Coordinates
------------------------------------------- --------------------------- -------------
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier \* Syntagma Square in Athens
Memorial for the men who killed at Cyprus Athens
ELDYK Memorial Peristeri
ELDYK Memorial Lamia
ELDYK Memorial Spathari Village
## Gallery
<File:ELDYK> APCs.JPG\|Armored Personnel Carriers (ELBO Leonidas-2) and a Mercedes-Benz G-Class vehicle of the Hellenic Force in Cyprus
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# Fiat CR.1
The **Fiat CR.1** was an Italian biplane fighter aircraft of the 1920s. Of wood-and-fabric construction, it was designed by Celestino Rosatelli, from whom it gained the \'CR\' designation. Its most distinctive feature was that the lower wings were longer than the upper ones.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
Regia Aeronautica requested two prototype aircraft from Fiat in the early 1920s. The results were designated MM.1 and MM.2, identical except for the rudder (one had a rounded, counterbalanced rudder) and engines (they had differing marks of Hispano-Suiza piston engines).
The aircraft was a biplane of conventional layout, with fixed tailskid landing gear and an open cockpit, with the pilot\'s head aligned with the trailing edge of the upper wing. The V8 engine powered a fixed-pitch two-blade wooden propeller. The landing gear had a fixed axle between the wheels. It carried two synchronized 7.7 mm (.303 in) Vickers machine guns firing through the propeller arc.
The two prototypes were evaluated against another biplane fighter, the SIAI S.52, and proved superior in manoeuvrability and top speed. Accordingly, contracts were issued to three Italian companies for three batches of production aircraft, to be designated **CR.1**:
- 109 units to be built by Fiat.
- 40 units to be built by OFM of Napoli.
- 100 units to be built by SIAI.
After two preproduction prototypes were again flight tested, a total of 240 units were placed in Italian military service, beginning in 1925.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The *Regia Aeronautica* ordered 240 CR.1s and began equipping its 1st Fighter Group in 1924. By 1926, 12 Italian fighter squadrons had been allocated the aircraft. In the same year, Fiat introduced an updated all-metal version, the **CR.20**.
Though both Belgium and Poland evaluated and rejected the aircraft, an export order was received from Latvia. Their nine CR.1s, fitted with the 224 kW (300 hp) Hispano-Suiza HS8N8 engine, served in Latvian Naval Aviation until 1936.
In the 1930s, some CR.1s were fitted with Isotta Fraschini Asso Caccia engines of 328 kW (440 hp), which improved their performance. These units were given to 163 *Squadriglia*, based at Rhodes in the Aegean Sea. Those units were withdrawn from active service in 1937.
## Operators
`{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Regia Aeronautica*
`{{LAT}}`{=mediawiki}
- Latvian Air Force
- Latvian Navy
## Specifications (CR.1) {#specifications_cr
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# For Badgeholders Only
***For Badgeholders Only*** is a bootleg recording of a rock concert by English band Led Zeppelin, performed on June 23, 1977 at the Los Angeles Forum in Los Angeles, California, a show which came towards the end of the band\'s 1977 North American concert tour.
## Overview
When it first appeared, this release was notable not only for the band\'s strong performance and superb sound quality recording, but also for the surprise guest, Keith Moon from The Who. Moon plays throughout the nearly 20 minute drum solo and returns later for the encores.
This concert occurred just two days after the equally famous June 21, 1977 show, with that concert having been immortalised on the bootleg *Listen to This Eddie*. However, whereas the \"Eddie\" bootleg featured a recording made by audience member Mike Millard, the recording that appeared on the original \"For Badgeholders Only\" vinyl bootleg was the work of another audience member named Jon Wizardo, which was not known for many years until the release of the bootleg\'s master tapes in 2023. Millard did make his own recording of the June 23rd concert, but his tape did not appear until years later, when it was released on other bootlegs of the show. As with all bootlegs that have been made of Led Zeppelin concerts, these recordings were done in secret, and were issued illegally on vinyl and CD without the permission of the band.
The original vinyl issue of \"For Badgeholders Only\" was released on two separate double-LP releases, with the songs from the concert featured out-of-sequence, spread out over the two sets. The first release was simply titled \"For Badgeholders Only\", and came packaged in a plastic-wrapped sleeve, with a photocopied insert featuring a live shot of Page and a matrix number of \"LZ 1234\". \"For Badgeholders Only (Part 2)\", featured a picture of Plant and a matrix number of \"LZ 7\", and the remaining songs from the show, save for \"The Song Remains the Same\", which was not featured on either release. The labels on the records themselves all bore the same logo of a picture of a dragonfly on one side, and the words \"Dragonfly Records\" on the other. Later pressings of the album bore alternate labels on the records themselves, such as \"Ruthless Rhymes\", while still using the same covers.
As has since been revealed in recent years, it turns out that there were actually multiple tapers in the audience who were able to record the \"Badgeholders\" show. However, it appears that none of them were able to capture the entire concert without missing sections of music, or entire songs altogether. The release of Jon Wizardo\'s original recording master tapes reveals that he managed to fully tape the entire concert but elected to omit \"The Song Remains The Same\" from the original \"Badgeholders\" vinyl releases presumably due to numerous equipment errors audible on his original master recordings. Because of this, collectors and bootleg labels alike have taken it upon themselves to compile the best parts from the numerous sources, so as to create a seamless listening experience of the complete concert.
Given the potentially limitless possibilities in mixing the multiple sources, as well as the good sound quality that most of them share, this concert has been released on bootleg many times. In most cases, the bootlegs have used the same \"For Badgeholders Only\" name as the title, even though the content on the release may be different from other releases that use the same name. Some bootleg labels have opted to use different names for the show, with one such release having been titled \"Sgt. Page\'s Badgeholders Club Band\", being a play on both the \"For Badgeholders Only\" moniker, as well as the Beatles\' album *Sgt Pepper\'s Lonely Hearts Club Band*. That bootleg release has since been discovered to have been directly copied from an existing fan-made compilation, made years before, entitled \"Zeppelin Digital Volume 3\".
## Album title {#album_title}
The title *For Badgeholders Only* most likely comes from Robert Plant\'s numerous references to \"badgeholders\" (a band/crew slang term for a groupie derived from the special badges reserved for that contingent) throughout the concert. For example, before performing \"Trampled Under Foot\", Plant asks \"Is there anybody on the spotlights who could find us a badgeholder?\"
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# For Badgeholders Only
## Set list of the complete concert {#set_list_of_the_complete_concert}
Some bootlegs state that \"The Rover\" is the second song on the track listing, though the song was only played as a segue between \"The Song Remains the Same\" and \"Sick Again\". Some bootleggers have been known to put the song in the track listing and state \"Whole Lotta Love\" and \"Rock and Roll\" as one song, but this is misleading and only results in an improperly labeled track listing
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# Dave Thompson (Scottish politician)
**David George Thompson** (born 20 September 1949) is a Scottish former politician who was the leader of Action for Independence (AFI) from 2020 to 2021.
A former member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), Thompson was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 2007 to 2016. In the 2007 Scottish Parliament election he became an MSP for the Highlands and Islands region, and then in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election for the Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch constituency.
## Early life {#early_life}
Thompson was born in Lossiemouth, Scotland. Prior to entering politics, he had a long career in local government, ending as Director of Protective Services for the Highland Council.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 2007, Thompson was elected from the regional list as MSP for the Highlands and Islands. Thompson received some media attention in the aftermath of the 2007 election because he pointed out to the returning officer that the number of additional members for each party had been wrongly calculated. The initial calculation would have given Labour four additional seats and the SNP none, which would have resulted in Labour gaining a plurality and winning the election. After Thompson challenged this calculation and the figures were correctly calculated, Labour were allocated three seats and the SNP two. This resulted in the SNP gaining a plurality of one seat and enabled them to form the Scottish Government.
In 2011, Thompson was elected for the Skye, Lochaber and Badenoch constituency.
In February 2014, he was one of seven SNP MSPs that voted against allowing same-sex marriage in Scotland.
In July 2020, Thompson quit the SNP to set up the Alliance for Independence, a new pro-Scottish independence party to contest the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, predicting the party could win up to 24 seats, and arguing that voting SNP with both constituency and list votes would \"achieve nothing.\" He told *The National* he believed the new movement could help create a \"supermajority\" in Holyrood at the expense of the Tories, Labour and the Lib Dems. In October, the party changed its name to Action for Independence (AFI) in February 2021 after the *Alliance for Independence* was originally rejected by the Electoral Commission.
On 26 March 2021, Thompson stated that AFI would be standing down all of their candidates in order to support the Alba Party in the 2021 election.
He later joined the Alba Party
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# High-energy-density matter
**High-energy-density matter** (**HEDM**) is a class of energetic materials, particularly fuel, with a high ratio of potential chemical energy output to density, usually termed \"thrust-to-weight ratio\", hence \"high energy density\". The substances are extremely reactive, therefore potentially dangerous, and some consider them impractical. Researchers are looking into HEDM that can provide much more lift than the current liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen reactions used in today\'s spacecraft
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# Château de Belœil
The **Château de Belœil** (`{{IPA|fr|ʃato də bɛlœj}}`{=mediawiki}) is a château situated in the municipality of Belœil in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. It serves as the main residence of the princes of Ligne. The château lies in the middle of a Baroque garden designed in 1664. The château and gardens can be visited during spring and summer.
The château was one of the filming locations for The Royal Exchange (2017).
## History
Belœil became a possession of the Ligne family in 1394. At the beginning of the 15th century, the local castle was chosen as the principal residence of the family. The old castle was a fortified rectangular building with a moat surrounding it and had four round towers, one at each angle.
This basic structure is still preserved, although the facades and interiors were greatly altered during the following centuries. The fortified castle was adapted into a luxurious country house (château), following the French example. The interiors were appointed with fine furniture and the art collection of the family.
During the New Year\'s celebrations of 1900, disaster struck the château when it burned down completely. Most of the furnishings, including the library of 20,000 rare volumes and the art collection, were saved. The château was rebuilt in the following years by the French architect Ernest Sanson, while the interiors were redecorated using pieces from the Ligne collections.
### Gardens
From 1664 onward, the park was created, with straight alleys, geometrical ponds and imposing perspectives. The typical *bosquets* (garden chambers enclosed by high hedges) were preserved in spite of the changing fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries, when English landscape gardens were preferred. A small landscape garden with a folly was installed in the direct vicinity of the château by Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne.
## Gallery
Image:Beloeil.jpg\|Château de Belœil <File:Beloeil> castel 1 Luc Viatour.jpg\|The rear of the château by night <File:Birdhouse> swan lake.jpg\|A swan in the moat Image:51008_Beloeil_Château_de_Belœil_08.jpg\|Side of the château <File:51008_Beloeil_Château_de_Belœil_01.jpg%7CThe> stone staircase <File:Château> de Beloeil 1106
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# Master of the House
Songs from *Les Misérables* § Master of the House\|the Radclyffe Hall novel\|The Master of the House{{!}}*The Master of the House*}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox film
| native_name = Du skal ære din hustru
| image = Duskalæredinhustru'1925.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]]
| producer =
| writer = Carl Theodor Dreyer (screenplay)<br>[[Svend Rindom]] (play and screenplay)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Johannes Meyer (actor)|Johannes Meyer]]<br>[[Astrid Holm]]
| music = Lars Fjeldmose
| cinematography = [[George Schnéevoigt]]
| editing = Carl Theodor Dreyer
| distributor = [[Palladium Film]]
| released = {{Film date|1925|10|05|df=y}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = Denmark
| language = [[silent film|Silent]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}`{=mediawiki} ***Master of the House**\'\' (*\'\'\'Du skal ære din hustru\'\'\'*, literally***Thou Shalt Honour Thy Wife**\'\') is a 1925 Danish silent drama film directed and written by acclaimed filmmaker Carl Theodor Dreyer. The film marked the debut of Karin Nellemose, and it is regarded by many as a classic of Danish cinema.
## Plot
thumb\|thumbtime=5\|*Master of the House* (1925) Viktor Frandsen, embittered by losing his business, is a tyrant at home, constantly criticizes his patient, hard-working wife Ida and their three children. He does not appreciate the effort it takes to maintain a household. While his wife is resigned and browbeaten, his old nanny, nicknamed Mads by all, openly defends her. When Mrs. Kryger, Ida\'s mother, pays a visit, he is rude to her. Finally, he issues an ultimatum: either Mrs. Kryger and the openly hostile Mads (who regularly helps the family) are gone by the time he returns or the marriage is over.
Mads orchestrates a plan that will force him to rethink his notions of being the head of a household. With the help of Mrs. Kryger, she persuades a reluctant Ida to go away for a while and rest while she sees to Viktor and the children. Then, she institutes a new regime, ordering Viktor to take over many of Ida\'s duties; Viktor obeys, cowed by his memories of the strict discipline she imposed on him when he was a child in her care. Meanwhile, Ida, no longer distracted by her many duties, feels the full misery of her situation and has a breakdown.
As time goes by, Viktor comes to fully appreciate his wife, and as he does love her dearly and longs for her return. When Ida, fully recovered, is allowed to come back, Viktor and the children are ecstatic. Ida\'s mother then shows him a newspaper advertisement offering an optometrist\'s shop for sale and gives him a check to buy it.
## Cast
- Johannes Meyer as Viktor Frandsen
- Astrid Holm as Ida Frandsen
- Karin Nellemose as Karen Frandsen, their oldest child
- Mathilde Nielsen as Mads
- Clara Schønfeld as Alvilda Kryger
- Johannes Nielsen as Doctor
- Petrine Sonne as Laundress
- Aage Hoffman as Dreng, son
- Byril Harvig as Barnet, son
- Viggo Lindstrøm
- Aage Schmidt
- Vilhelm Petersen
## Reception
The film has been evaluated as a \"spare, compassionate, and astute social satire\".
## Home media {#home_media}
*Master of the House* was released to the Criterion Collection on Blu-ray and DVD
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# Street gutter
A **street gutter** is a depression that runs parallel to a road and is designed to collect rainwater that flows along the street diverting it into a storm drain. A gutter alleviates water buildup on a street, allows pedestrians to pass without walking through puddles, and reduces the risk of hydroplaning by road vehicles. When a curbstone is present, a gutter may be formed by the convergence of the road surface and the vertical face of the sidewalk; otherwise, a dedicated gutter surface made of concrete may be present. Depending on local regulations, a gutter usually discharges, as a nonpoint pollution source in a storm drain whose final discharge falls into a detention pond (in order to remove some pollutants by sedimentation) or into a body of water. Street gutters are most often found in areas of a city which have high pedestrian traffic. In rural areas, gutters are seldom used and are frequently replaced by a borrow ditch.
When urban streets do not have sanitary sewers, street gutters are made deep enough to serve that purpose as well; responsibility for operation and maintenance of the dual-purpose street gutter was cooperatively shared between the local government and the inhabitants.
A now obsolete word meaning a street gutter is a kennel
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# Woodkirk Academy
**Woodkirk Academy** (formerly Woodkirk High School) is an academy located in Tingley, West Yorkshire, England. Established in 1948, the school now has over 1,800 pupils on roll, over 300 sixth form students and over 250 members of staff. Following Woodkirk gaining 'Specialist Science Status\', the school was briefly renamed Woodkirk High Specialist Science School from 2003 to 2011.
The current principal is Tim Jones, who replaced Jo Barton in 2021. Prior to Barton, Jonathan White held the position for over 10 years. White succeeded previous headteacher Bill Bailey in 2005.
## History
Woodkirk opened to students as **Woodkirk Secondary School** in September 1948.
It consists of the main hall, administration quarters, a number of small classrooms, gymnasium and the central *Tower Block* which housed the schools main departments: Mathematics, English, Science and Humanities.
By 1972 the school was expanding and saw the addition of the ROSLA Block for the new 5th year students, in line with the raising of school leaving age (the meaning of ROSLA).
In the early 1980s, the school\'s Yellow Block was completed to house the new English and Science departments on the lower two floors. Laboratories were separated to teach biology, chemistry, physics and astronomy. The upper floors house the relocated Maths and newly formed Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) departments.
In early 2003 the school gained \"Specialist Science\" status. Following this, the school was renamed **Woodkirk High Specialist Science School** and the school logo was adapted to include an atom and the Pi (π) symbol.
In September 2011 the school became an academy, joining Leodis Academies Trust and with a name change to Woodkirk Academy.
In the 2010s the new academy saw the replacement of its original tower-chimney. This had long been a landmark for the school but no longer fit with regulations, so was replaced with a more energy and fuel-efficient system.
In the 2010s, part of the former ROSLA block was converted into the Dennis Fisher Sixth Form Centre. The lower floors house the five refurbished design technology classrooms.
In September 2018, Woodkirk celebrated 70 years since its original opening.
## School shows {#school_shows}
Each year since the early 1960s the school has staged a public production. In 1999, following the March production, the cast of *Grease* travelled to the London Palladium to represent the North-East as part of an afternoon performance celebrating the 100th anniversary of N.O.D.A. The cast performed a 10-minute excerpt of *Myth!*, written by a pupil and a school teacher.
Performances have included *The Phantom of the Opera* (2013), *Starlight Express* (2014), *The Addams Family* (2015) and *Ghost* (2016).
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Stevie Ward, professional rugby league player for Leeds Rhinos and founder of *Mantality* magazine
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|The 1901 Milwaukee Brewers of the American League The following is a history of professional baseball in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, including its current team, the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball. `{{TOC limit|3}}`{=mediawiki}
## Overview and legacy {#overview_and_legacy}
Prior to the development of professional baseball, the Cream City Club of Milwaukee---commonly known as the Milwaukee Cream Citys---played in the 1860s and were quite successful. Milwaukee was an early prospect for professional baseball, with several brief experiments at the major league level but mostly in the minor leagues.
The nicknames of these teams were initially assigned by the media rather than the teams themselves. Some were known as the \"Creams\" or \"Cream Citys\" after the distinctive brick which gave Milwaukee its nickname, others were known as the \"Brewers\", in reference to one of the city\'s chief industries.
This list is a brief overview of the various Milwaukee professional baseball clubs:
### Chronology, 1876--1944 {#chronology_18761944}
right\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|The 1889 Milwaukee Brewers (a.k.a Creams) of the Western Association thumb\|upright=1.2\|Borchert Field in 1911
- 1876--1877 Milwaukee West Ends or West End Club independent (1876), League Alliance (1877), home games at West End Grounds on \"Wells Avenue, near the city limits.\" (Benson, p. 231).
- 1878 Milwaukee Grays a.k.a. Brewers of the National League, home games at Eclipse Park a.k.a. Milwaukee Base-Ball Grounds.
- 1879--1883 no team
- 1884--1885 Milwaukee Brewers a.k.a. Cream Citys a.k.a. Grays. Played in the Northwestern League (1884), then joined Union Association as a late-season entry, see 1884 Milwaukee Brewers season; played at Wright Street Grounds. Played in the Western League (1885) until the league disbanded in mid-June.
- 1886--1892 Milwaukee Brewers a.k.a. Cream Citys. Competed in the Northwestern League (1886--1887), played at Wright Street Grounds and, according to some sources, also at Athletic Park in 1887. Western Association (1888--1891). Joined American Association for the end of the 1891 season, replacing the Cincinnati Kelly\'s Killers, see 1891 Milwaukee Brewers season. Back to Western League (1892) which disbanded (later re-formed in 1894). Played at Athletic Park, later named Borchert Field and, according to some sources, also at Wright Street Grounds in 1888.
- 1894--1901 Milwaukee Brewers a.k.a Creams. Members of the Western League (1894--1899), renamed American League 1900, and became a major league in 1901; see 1901 Milwaukee Brewers season. Franchise relocated as the St. Louis Browns in 1902. Played at Athletic Park in 1894, then Lloyd Street Grounds through 1901.
- 1902--1903 Milwaukee Creams of the revived Western League, played at Lloyd Street Grounds.
- 1902--1952 Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association, played at Borchert Field.
- 1913 Milwaukee Creams of the Wisconsin--Illinois League, played at Borchert Field.
- 1923 Milwaukee Bears of the Negro National League, played at Borchert Field.
- 1928--1930 Kosciuszko Reds of the Wisconsin State League, played at Borchert Field.
- 1931--1932, 1936 Milwaukee Red Sox of the Wisconsin-Illinois League and Wisconsin State League, played at Borchert Field.
- 1944 Milwaukee Chicks of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
The nickname \"Brewers\" has been used by Milwaukee baseball teams since at least the 1880s, although none of those clubs ever enjoyed a measure of success or stability. That would change with Milwaukee\'s entry into the American Association, which would last 50 years and provide the city\'s springboard into the major leagues.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## Overview and legacy {#overview_and_legacy}
### Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association (1902--1952) {#milwaukee_brewers_of_the_american_association_19021952}
The American Association Milwaukee Brewers were founded in 1901, after the major-league Brewers of the American League moved to St. Louis and became the St. Louis Browns. The minor-league Brewers did not win their first American Association championship until 1913, then repeated the next year. Over 20 years would pass before they claimed another with a 90--64 club in 1936 as a Detroit affiliate. In 1944, the team won again, placing the team in the top 100. Three years later, the Brewers became a farm team of the Boston Braves. Although this move eventually paved the way for the team\'s demise, in the short run it led directly to Milwaukee\'s final two league championships---one in 1951 when they also won the Junior World Series, followed by an even better team the next year.
#### Bill Veeck and Jolly Cholly {#bill_veeck_and_jolly_cholly}
thumb\|right\|upright=.8\|Bill Veeck in 1944 In 1941, the club was purchased by Bill Veeck (son of former Chicago Cubs president William Veeck Sr.), in a partnership with former Cubs star Charlie Grimm (nicknamed \"Jolly Cholly\"). Under Veeck\'s ownership, the Brewers would become one of the most colorful squads in baseball and Veeck would become one of the game\'s premiere showmen. Constantly creating new promotional gimmicks, Veeck gave away live animals, scheduled morning games for wartime night shift workers, staged weddings at home plate, and even sent Grimm a birthday cake containing a much-needed left-handed pitcher.
When Grimm was hired as the manager of the Cubs, he recommended that Casey Stengel be hired to replace him. Veeck was opposed to the idea -- Stengel had little success in his previous managerial stints with the Dodgers and Braves -- but as Veeck was stationed overseas in the Marine Corps, Grimm won out. The club went on to win the 1944 American Association pennant, and Stengel\'s managerial career was resurrected.
In 1945, after winning three pennants in five years, Veeck sold his interest in the Brewers for a \$275,000 profit.
#### American Association championships {#american_association_championships}
- 1913
- 1914
- 1936
- 1944
- 1951
- 1952
#### Junior World Series appearances {#junior_world_series_appearances}
The Junior World Series was held between the champions of the American Association and the International League.
- 1936 -- defeated Buffalo, 4 games to 1
- 1947 -- defeated Syracuse, 4 games to 3
- 1951 -- defeated Montreal, 4 games to 2
#### Ballpark
During its 51-year tenure in the American Association, Milwaukee played in the same ballpark. Originally constructed in 1888, it was located in the North side of Milwaukee on a rectangular city block with the main entrance on Chambers St. between Eighth and Ninth Streets. It had abnormally short foul lines, 268 ft to left and right. The fences then angled out sharply, making for deep \"power alleys\" and center field was 400 ft from home plate. It was known as Athletic Park until 1928 when it was renamed Borchert Field in honor of Brewers owner Otto Borchert, who had died the previous year. The Polo Grounds had a similar configuration. \'Borchert Orchard\' was also the first Milwaukee home park for the Green Bay Packers, who played the New York Giants on October 1, 1933. The following year, the Packers moved their Milwaukee games to the Wisconsin State Fair Grounds. Interstate 43 now runs through where Borchert Field once stood.
### The coming of the Braves (1953--1965) {#the_coming_of_the_braves_19531965}
Milwaukee had long been coveted by major league teams looking for a new home. Bill Veeck himself tried to relocate the St. Louis Browns back to Milwaukee in the late 1940s, but his move was vetoed by the other American League owners. Eventually, they relocated to Baltimore, where they became the current edition of the Baltimore Orioles.
The city of Milwaukee, hoping both to attract a major league baseball club and also to persuade the National Football League\'s Green Bay Packers to move to Milwaukee full time, constructed Milwaukee County Stadium for the 1953 season. The Brewers were set to move in, until Spring training of 1953, when Lou Perini moved his Boston Braves to Milwaukee. The Brewers moved to Toledo, where they became the next incarnation of the Toledo Mud Hens. The new Mud Hens continued their winning ways, claiming an American Association pennant in their first season in Ohio.
### The return of the Brewers (1970) {#the_return_of_the_brewers_1970}
thumb\|right\|upright=.8\|Bud Selig (right) in 2007 The legacy of the American Association Milwaukee Brewers continues in the major league Milwaukee Brewers, which took its name from the 1902--1952 club.
After the Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966, local automobile dealer and Braves part-owner Bud Selig created a group to lobby for a new major league club in Milwaukee. As a name for his group, he chose \"Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Club, Inc.\", after the American Association club he grew up watching. As a logo, he chose the Beer Barrel Man in navy and red -- traditional Brewers colors.
When Selig bought the one-year-old Seattle Pilots franchise in the spring of 1970, he moved them to Milwaukee and they officially became the \"new\" major-league Milwaukee Brewers. The club continued to use the Beer Barrel Man as the team\'s primary logo until 1978, although due to time constraints, the team continued to use the old Pilots\' colors of blue and gold. Recently, it has seen a resurgence on throwback merchandise, and been featured on several stadium promotions.
The current Brewers have played in the National League since 1998, when the franchise switched over from the American League after 29 years in the \"Junior Circuit\" as both the Pilots and the Brewers.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1966--1969: \"Home of the Braves?\" {#home_of_the_braves}
In an effort to prevent the relocation of the Milwaukee Braves to a larger television market, Braves minority owner Bud Selig, a Milwaukee-area car dealer, formed an organization named **\"Teams Inc.\"** devoted to local control of the club. He successfully prevented the majority owners of the Braves from moving the club in 1964 but was unable to do more than delay the inevitable. The Braves relocated to Atlanta after the 1965 season, and Teams Inc. turned its focus to returning Major League Baseball to Milwaukee.
Selig doggedly pursued this goal, attending owners meetings in the hopes of securing an expansion franchise. Selig changed the name of his group to **\"Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Club Inc.\"**. The \"Brewers\" name, honoring Milwaukee\'s beer-brewing tradition, also was traditional for Milwaukee baseball teams going back into the 19th century. The city had hosted a major league team by that name in 1901, which relocated at the end of that season to become the St. Louis Browns. From 1902 through 1952, a minor league Milwaukee Brewers club in the American Association had been so successful that it lured the Braves from Boston. Selig himself had grown up watching that minor league team at Borchert Field and intended his new franchise to follow in that tradition.
To demonstrate there still was support for big-league ball in Milwaukee, Selig\'s group contracted with Chicago White Sox owner Arthur Allyn Jr. to host nine White Sox home games at Milwaukee County Stadium in 1968. A 1967 exhibition game between the White Sox and Minnesota Twins had attracted more than 51,000 spectators, and Selig was convinced the strong Milwaukee fan base would demonstrate the city would provide a good home for a new club.
The experiment was staggeringly successful -- those nine games drew 264,297 fans. In Chicago that season, the Sox drew 539,478 fans to their remaining 72 home games. In just a handful of games, the Milwaukee crowds accounted for nearly *one-third* of the total attendance at White Sox games. In light of this success, Selig and Allyn agreed County Stadium would host Sox home games again the next season.
In 1969, the Sox schedule in Milwaukee was expanded to include 11 home games (one against every other franchise in the American League at the time). Although those games were attended by slightly fewer fans (198,211 fans, for an average of 18,019) they represented a greater percentage of the total White Sox attendance than the previous year -- over one-third of the fans who went to Sox home games in 1969 did so at County Stadium (in the remaining 59 home dates in Chicago, the Sox drew 391,335 for an average of 6,632 per game). Selig felt this fan support lent legitimacy to his quest for a Milwaukee franchise, and he went into the 1968 owners meetings with high hopes.
Those hopes were dashed when National League franchises were awarded to San Diego (the Padres) and Montreal (the Expos), and American League franchises were awarded to Kansas City (the Royals) and Seattle (the Pilots). That last franchise, however, would figure very prominently in Selig\'s future.
Having failed to gain a major league franchise for Milwaukee through expansion, Selig turned his efforts to purchasing and relocating an existing club. His search began close to home, with the White Sox themselves. According to Selig, he had a handshake agreement with Allyn to purchase the Pale Hose and move them north. The American League, unwilling to surrender Chicago to the National League, vetoed the sale, and Allyn sold the franchise to his brother John.
Frustrated in these efforts, Selig shifted his focus to another American League team, the expansion Seattle Pilots.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1969--70: Roots in Seattle {#roots_in_seattle}
Seattle initially had a lot going for it when it joined the American League in 1969. Like Milwaukee, Seattle had long been a hotbed for minor league baseball and was home to the Seattle Rainiers, one of the pillars of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). The Cleveland Indians had almost moved to Seattle in the early 1960s. Many of the same things that attracted the Indians made Seattle a plum choice for an expansion team. Seattle was the third-biggest metropolitan area on the West Coast (behind Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area). The addition of a third team on the West Coast also would balance out the addition of Kansas City. Also, there was no real competition from other pro teams. While Seattle had just landed the NBA\'s SuperSonics, the NBA was not in the same class as baseball was in terms of popularity at the time.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
The front man for the franchise was Dewey Soriano, a former Rainiers pitcher and general manager and former president of the PCL. In an ominous sign of things to come, Soriano had to ask William R. Daley, who had owned the Indians at the time they flirted with Seattle, to furnish much of the expansion fee. In return, Daley bought 47 percent of the stock---the largest stake in the club. He became chairman of the board while Soriano served as president.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
However, a couple of factors were beyond the Pilots\' control. They (alongside with the Montreal Expos, San Diego Padres and Kansas City Royals) were originally not set to start play until 1971. But the date was moved up to 1969 under pressure from Sen. Stuart Symington of Missouri. Professional baseball had been played in Kansas City for all but two years in the 20th century until the A\'s left for Oakland after the 1967 season, and the prospect of having Kansas City wait three years for its return was not acceptable to Symington. Also, the Pilots had to pay the PCL US\$1 million (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|1|1967|r=-1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}) to compensate for the loss of one of its most successful franchises. After King County voters approved a bond for a domed stadium (what would become the Kingdome, which opened in 1976) in 1968, the Seattle Pilots were officially born. California Angels executive Marvin Milkes was hired as general manager, and St. Louis Cardinals coach Joe Schultz became manager.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
To the surprise of no one outside Seattle (Schultz and Milkes actually thought they could finish third in the newly formed AL West), the Pilots were terrible. They won their very first game, and then their home opener three days later, but only won five more times in the first month. Despite this, Schultz managed to keep his patchwork team competitive for much of the early part of the season; they were within striking distance of .500 for much of the spring, and were actually six games out of first as late as June 28. However, a July 9--20 ended any realistic hope of contention, and a August 6--20 crumbled them to last place for good. They finished with a record of 64--98, 33 games out of first.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
However, the team\'s poor play was the least of its troubles. The most obvious problem was Sick\'s Stadium. The longtime home of the Rainiers, it had been considered one of the best ballparks in minor league baseball. By the 1960s, however, it was considered far behind the times. While a condition of MLB awarding the Pilots to Seattle was that Sick\'s had to be expanded to 30,000 seats by the start of the 1969 season, only 17,000 seats were ready due to numerous delays. The scoreboard was not ready until the eve of opening day. While it was expanded to 25,000 by June, the added seats had obstructed views. Water pressure was almost nonexistent after the seventh inning, especially with crowds above 10,000. Attendance was so poor (678,000) that the Pilots were almost out of money by the end of the season. The team\'s new stadium was slated to be built at the Seattle Center, but a petition by stadium opponents ground the project to a halt. By the end of the season, it was obvious that the Pilots would not survive long enough to move to their new stadium without new ownership. It was also obvious that the move would have to happen quickly, as Sick\'s Stadium was completely inadequate even for temporary use.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
During the offseason, Soriano crossed paths with Selig. They met in secret for over a month after the end of the season, and during Game 1 of the World Series, Soriano agreed to sell the Pilots to Selig for US\$10 to \$13 million (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|13|1969|r=-1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}), depending on the source.`{{fact|reason=multiple sources implied|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Selig would then move the team to Milwaukee and rename it the Brewers. However, the owners turned it down in the face of pressure from Washington\'s two senators, Warren Magnuson and Henry (Scoop) Jackson, as well as state attorney general Slade Gorton. MLB asked Soriano and Daley to find a local buyer. Local theater chain owner Fred Danz came forward in October 1969 with a \$10 million deal (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|10|1969|r=-1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}), but it fizzled when the Bank of California called in a \$4 million loan (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|4|1969|r=-1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}) it had made to Soriano and Daley for startup costs.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
In January 1970, Westin Hotels owner Eddie Carlson put together a nonprofit group to buy the team. However, the owners rejected the idea almost out of hand, since it would have devalued the other clubs\' worth. A more traditional deal came one vote short of approval.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
After a winter and spring full of court action, the Pilots reported for spring training under new manager Dave Bristol unsure of where they would play. The owners had given tentative approval to the Milwaukee group, but the state of Washington got an injunction on March 17 to stop the deal. Soriano immediately filed for bankruptcy -- a move intended to forestall any post-sale legal action. At the bankruptcy hearing a week later, Milkes testified there was not enough money to pay the coaches, players and office staff. Had Milkes been more than 10 days late in paying the players, they would have all become free agents and left Seattle without a team for the 1970 season. With this in mind, Federal Bankruptcy Referee Sidney C. Volinn declared the Pilots bankrupt on March 31---seven days before Opening Day---clearing the way for them to move to Milwaukee. The team\'s equipment had been sitting in Provo, Utah with the drivers awaiting word on whether to drive toward Seattle or Milwaukee.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Much of the story of the Seattle Pilots\' only year in existence is told in Jim Bouton\'s classic baseball book *Ball Four* (1970).`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
After a lawsuit from the City of Seattle, King County, and the State of Washington was filed against the American League for breach of contract, the Pilots were eventually replaced by another expansion team, the Seattle Mariners, who began play in 1977.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1970--1977: Early years in Milwaukee {#early_years_in_milwaukee}
With final approval to move to Milwaukee coming less than a week before Opening Day, Selig\'s efforts to promote the team were significantly hamstrung. The most visible evidence was in the uniforms. Selig\'s original intention had been to adopt navy and red as the team colors, hearkening back to the minor league club (souvenir buttons sold at White Sox games at County Stadium featured the major league club\'s logo in that color combination). However, due to the late start, the club was forced to make do with the Pilots\' blue and gold palette. That color combination, in various shades, is still used by the club. With no time to order new uniforms, the club had to remove the Pilots logo from team uniforms and replace them with Brewers logos. In fact, the outline of the old Pilots logo could still be seen on the Brewers\' uniforms. The short notice (along with their geographical location) also forced the Brewers to assume the Pilots\' old place in the AL West. While this resulted in natural rivalries with the White Sox and Twins, it also meant the Brewers faced some of the longest road trips in baseball, traveling to the Angels and Athletics for three series each per season.
Under the circumstances, the Brewers\' 1970 season was over before it started, and they finished 65--97. They would not have a winning season until 1978.
Selig brought back former Milwaukee Braves catcher (and fan favorite) Del Crandall in 1972 to manage the club. In 1972, the Brewers were shifted to the AL East when the second edition of the Washington Senators moved to Arlington, Texas and became the Texas Rangers.
It was during this period that Milwaukee County Stadium gained its reputation for fun as well as baseball. Then-team vice president Dick Hackett hired Frank Charles to play the Wurlitzer organ during the games, and Hackett introduced team mascots Bernie and Bonnie Brewer.
On November 2, 1974, the Brewers orchestrated a trade that brought one of the most beloved Braves back to Milwaukee, sending outfielder Dave May and a player to be named later (minor league pitcher Roger Alexander) to Atlanta for Hank Aaron. Although not the player he was in his prime, Aaron brought prestige to the young club, and the opportunity to be a designated hitter allowed Aaron to extend his playing career two more seasons.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1978--1983: The Glory Years of Bambi\'s Bombers and Harvey\'s Wallbangers {#the_glory_years_of_bambis_bombers_and_harveys_wallbangers}
Following the 1977 season, the Brewers made two big hires that turned the previously underachieving Brewers into perennial contenders. Harry Dalton was hired as the club\'s general manager and he, in turn, hired Baltimore Orioles pitching coach George Bamberger as the Brewers\' third manager in their brief history. Bamberger immediately turned the Brewers into pennant contenders in 1978. The team won 93 games, an astonishing 26 game improvement from the previous season. The Brewers finished in third place in the AL East, 6.5 games behind the first place New York Yankees. Dalton built a winning club with a combination of home-grown players like Robin Yount, Paul Molitor, and Gorman Thomas, as well as getting players that were cast-offs from other teams that became major contributors like Cecil Cooper, Ben Oglivie, and Mike Caldwell.
The next season, Milwaukee won 95 games and finished second in the East behind the Baltimore Orioles on the strength of their home run power, led by Oglivie (who led the league in homers in 1980 along with Reggie Jackson), Cooper, and Thomas (who hit a then club-record 45 home runs in 1979, since surpassed by Prince Fielder\'s 50 homers in 2007). Because of the team\'s slugging ability and the nickname of their manager Bamberger, the Brewers were nicknamed \"Bambi\'s Bombers\".
As 1980 began, the Brewers and their fans were optimistic about becoming pennant winners, but the team scuffled during the season, partially due to Bamberger suffering a heart attack and having to be replaced by Buck Rodgers. The Brewers fell back to third place in 1980, largely due to the lack of an effective bullpen. Determined to get a proven relief pitcher, general manager Dalton made a huge offseason trade with the St. Louis Cardinals, sending outfielder Sixto Lezcano and three minor league pitchers to the Cardinals in exchange for Rollie Fingers, Pete Vuckovich, and Ted Simmons, all of whom became key parts of the Brewers future success.
The Brewers won the second half of the 1981 season (divided because of a players\' strike) and played the Yankees in a playoff mini-series they ultimately lost. It was the first playoff appearance for the franchise. Rollie Fingers had one of the greatest seasons for a relief pitcher that season, saving 28 games in the shortened season and sporting an astonishing 1.04 ERA, earning him both the MVP and Cy Young Awards in the American League.
In 1982, the Brewers were considered heavy favorites to win the AL East, but by June, the team had fallen to 23--24 and signs had shown that the players were having problems playing under manager Buck Rodgers. Taking a gamble, the Brewers fired Rodgers and replaced him with hitting coach Harvey Kuenn. The team immediately excelled under Kuenn\'s low-key managerial style and gained a new nickname as Harvey\'s Wallbangers, a play on the drink Harvey Wallbanger and the team\'s manager\'s name. The Brewers went 72--43 under Kuenn for the rest of the season and went wild offensively, clubbing a then club-record 216 home runs during the season. The Brewers alone had three players finish in the top five in the league in home runs with Gorman Thomas, who led the league with 39, Ben Oglivie, who hit 34, and Cecil Cooper, who hit 32. Late in the season, to try to ensure the Brewers\' pennant chase, the team made one last trade on August 30 for Don Sutton. That trade would become even more important on the final game of the regular season between the Brewers and the Baltimore Orioles, with both teams tied for first place in the AL East. Don Sutton started against Jim Palmer and the Brewers won 10--2, thanks to Robin Yount hitting two clutch home runs, clinching the AL East Division. The Brewers finished the season 95--67, the best record in baseball that year.
The Brewers faced the California Angels in the 1982 American League Championship Series and lost the first two games in California, but then rallied to win the next two games back in Milwaukee, setting up the pivotal Game 5, with the winner being the American League Champions. Down 3--2 in the 7th, Cecil Cooper hit a clutch 2-run single to put the Brewers on top and proved to be a game winner. The Brewers became the first team to win the American League Championship Series when down two games to none.
The Brewers then played the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series, which was seen as a match-up of contrasting playing styles, as the Cardinals\' offensive style was speed and defense, whereas the Brewers\' offense was power hitting. Affectionately called \"The Sud-Way series, wordplay for subway series and parodying the two cities as homes of major breweries (Miller Brewing Company in Milwaukee and Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis) the Brew Crew won Game One 10--0, thanks to Paul Molitor\'s World Series record 5 hits and a complete game shutout by Mike Caldwell. The Cardinals won the next two games and seemed to have Game 4 in complete control until the Brewers rallied for six runs in the 7th to win the game 7--5. The Brewers then won Game Five 6--4, giving them a 3--2 series lead, but the Cardinals trounced Don Sutton winning Game 6 13--1, and rallied for three runs late in Game 7 to win the Series, 4 games to 3. Many point to the lack of a bullpen for their downfall, as the Brewers had the lead in five of the seven games. Ace closer Rollie Fingers missed the playoffs due to a torn muscle in his throwing arm that not only kept him out for the entire playoffs but also would have him miss the entire 1983 season.
The Brewers had many individual accomplishments during their two playoff years, as both in 1981 and 1982, Brewer players won both the AL MVP and Cy Young Awards, with Rollie Fingers winning both awards in 1981, and Robin Yount winning the MVP and Pete Vuckovich winning the Cy Young in 1982.
The Brewers were in contention to repeat in 1983, but the team fell on a rough September to finish in 4th place with an 87--75 record, their last winning season until 1987. Part of the reason for the Brewers\' fall in 1983 was the absence of three main parts of their pennant-winning club the year before. Rollie Fingers was lost for the whole season with a torn muscle in his throwing arm, beloved slugger Gorman Thomas struggled badly offensively and was traded to the Cleveland Indians, and their ace, Pete Vuckovich, was revealed to have had a torn rotator cuff that had been plaguing him since 1981 and only pitched in 5 games in 1983. Two milestones were reached by Brewers players in 1983, however, when Don Sutton got his 3,000th career strikeout and Ted Simmons got his 2,000th career hit. Harvey Kuenn resigned as manager after the season.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1984--1993: Rollercoaster, riding the highs and lows {#rollercoaster_riding_the_highs_and_lows}
Following their two playoff years, the club quickly retreated to the bottom of the standings, never finishing higher than fifth (out of seven) in their division from 1984 to 1986. Hope was restored in 1987 when, guided by rookie manager Tom Trebelhorn, the team began the year with a 13-game winning streak. Unfortunately, they followed that hot start with a 12-game skid in May. But \"Team Streak\" eventually posted a strong third-place finish. Highlights of the year included Paul Molitor\'s 39-game hitting streak and what is still the only lone pitcher no-hitter in team history, pitched by Juan Nieves on April 15.
On that day, Nieves became the first (and so far, only) Brewer and first Puerto Rican-born Major Leaguer to pitch a no-hitter, defeating the Baltimore Orioles 7--0 at Memorial Stadium. The final out came on a climactic diving catch in right-center field by Robin Yount of a line drive hit by Eddie Murray. The game also was the first time the Orioles were no-hit at Memorial Stadium. Yount later recalled at a Brewers banquet that he did not have to dive to catch the line drive hit by Murray but figured ending the game with a diving catch would be the icing on the cake for Nieves\' no-hitter. Part of the Brewers\' resurgence came from cultivating a new crop of young stars in their farm system, like pitchers Teddy Higuera and Dan Plesac, and position players B.J. Surhoff, Dale Sveum, and Rob Deer.
In 1988 the team had another strong season, finishing only two games out of first (albeit with a lesser record than the previous year) in a close playoff race with four other clubs. Following this year, the team slipped, posting mediocre records from 1989 through 1991, after which Trebelhorn was fired. In 1992, reminiscent of the resurgence which greeted Trebelhorn\'s arrival in 1987, the Brewers rallied behind the leadership of rookie manager Phil Garner and posted their best record since their World Series year in 1982, finishing the season 92--70 and in second place, four games behind that year\'s eventual World Champion Toronto Blue Jays. As a bit of a shocker for Brewers fans, who were used to the team sporting several power hitters, the Brewers in 1992 instead led the American League with 256 *stolen bases*, while hitting only 82 home runs, with only two players (Greg Vaughn and Paul Molitor) hitting more than 12 for the year. Despite not making the playoffs, the Brewers had some other memorable moments, as Pat Listach hit .290 and stole 54 bases while winning the AL Rookie of the Year award, while Robin Yount got his 3000th career hit. 1992 proved to be the end of an era for the Brewers, as teammates Robin Yount, Paul Molitor, and Jim Gantner, who had been together since 1978, would go their separate ways, as Molitor left the Brewers for the Toronto Blue Jays, Gantner retired, and Yount would only last one more season before retiring in 1993.
The hope of additional pennant races was quickly dashed, as the club plummeted to the bottom of the standings in 1993, finishing an abysmal 26 games out of first. Since 1992, highlights were few and far between as the franchise failed to produce a winning season, having not fielded a competitive team because of a combination of bad management and financial constraints that limit the team relative to the resources available to other, larger-market clubs.
As the 1990s came to a close, the Brewers were on their way to becoming a perennial doormat. A lack of good management and an aging ballpark in old County Stadium, were both becoming stark problems for the Brewers and many fans began to wonder if the Brewers would ever become contenders again.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1994--1998: Taking it National {#taking_it_national}
In 1994, Major League Baseball adopted a new, expanded playoff system. This change would necessitate a restructuring of each league from two divisions into three. The Brewers were transferred from the old AL East division to the newly created AL Central. (Due to the baseball strike, however, the new-look playoffs and World Series did not materialize that year.)
In March 1995, two new franchises---the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays---were awarded by Major League Baseball, to begin play in 1998. It was decided to add one new team to each league. At the time, however, MLB did not want to have an odd number of teams per league because they would either have to give teams many more off-days than in the past, or interleague play would have to be extended year-round, or both (in 2013, however, the realignment of the Houston Astros from the National to the American League gave both an odd number of teams, necessitating year-round interleague play). For MLB officials to continue the existing schedule, where teams play almost every day and where interleague play is limited to a few days per year, both leagues would need to carry an even number of teams. The decision was made to have one existing club switch leagues.
This realignment was widely considered to have great financial benefit to the club moving. However, to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, Commissioner (then club owner) Bud Selig decided another team should have the first chance to switch leagues. The Kansas City Royals of the American League\'s Central Division were asked first, but they decided not to move over to the National League\'s Central Division. The choice then fell to the Brewers, who, on November 6, 1997, elected to move to the National League\'s Central Division. At the same time, the Detroit Tigers agreed to move from the AL East to the AL Central (to replace Milwaukee). The Tampa Bay Devil Rays joined the AL East and the Arizona Diamondbacks joined the NL West. Had the Brewers elected not to move to the National League, the Minnesota Twins would have been offered the opportunity next.
Milwaukee had formerly been a National League town, having been the home of the Braves for 13 seasons (1953--1965) until their relocation to Atlanta. With the Brewers having joined the National League, their pitchers would be forced to bat with the NL not adopting the designated hitter at the time of the move. The Brewers would resume playing with a DH full-time in `{{mlby|2020}}`{=mediawiki} and from `{{mlby|2022}}`{=mediawiki} onward after the NL officially adopted the rule.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 1999--2003: Building Miller Park {#building_miller_park}
As early as 1993, Brewers owner Bud Selig had talked of a new ballpark for the Brewers to replace Milwaukee County Stadium, which had become heavily outdated and antiquated and did not have luxury suites.
By 1996, the club was set to build a new ballpark near the site of County Stadium, which would have a retractable roof to counter the unpredictable Wisconsin weather in the spring and autumn. It also helped to bring more fans and their families from all around Wisconsin to come to games with a practical guarantee of no rain-outs, bring in more potential revenue for the club.
The future American Family Field was opened as \"Miller Park\" in 2001, built to replace Milwaukee County Stadium. The stadium was built with US\$310 million of public funds (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|310|2001|r=-1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}), which drew some controversy at the time. It is the only sporting facility in the United States to have a fan-shaped retractable roof. Miller Park has a seating capacity of 41,900, along with standing room of 43,000, which is 10,000 fewer seats than County Stadium. In 2021, the stadium was renamed to \"American Family Field\".`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
The park was to have opened a year earlier, but an accident during its construction that resulted in the deaths of three workers forced a year\'s delay and incurred US\$50 to \$75 million in damage. On July 14, 1999, the three men lost their lives when the Lampson \"Big Blue\" crane, one of the largest in the world, collapsed while trying to lift a 400 ST right field roof panel. A statue commemorating the men now stands between the home plate entrance to Miller Park and Helfaer Field.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
The Brewers made renovations to Miller Park before the 2006 campaign, adding both LED scoreboards from Daktronics, a company in Brookings, South Dakota, in left field and on the second-tier of the stadium, as well as a picnic area in right field, shortening the distance of the right-field fence. The picnic area was an immediate hit and sold out for the season before the year began.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
The ballpark has featured another fan favorite, The Racing Sausages, in a race of five costumed mascots, held before the bottom of the sixth inning.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
While the Brewers\' new park was a hit, the club itself was not successful playing in it, as the Brewers finished the season even worse than their previous seasons, going 68--94 in their first season at Miller Park. The Brewers finished 2002 even worse, finishing with a dismal 56--106 record, 41 games out of first place, the worst record in franchise history.
In 2003, the Brewers hired Doug Melvin as general manager, who in turn brought in Ned Yost, coach with the Atlanta Braves and a former member of the 1982 American League Champion Brewers, as manager. Though the Brewers only went 68--94 in 2003, the Brewers did raise hopes with a winning record in August during the season.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 2004--present: Attanasio era {#present_attanasio_era}
#### 2004--2006: Building a winner {#building_a_winner}
On January 16, 2004, Selig announced that his ownership group was putting the team up for sale, to the great relief of many fans who were unhappy with the team\'s lackluster performance and poor management by his daughter, Wendy Selig-Prieb, over the previous decade. In September 2004, the Brewers announced they had reached a verbal agreement with Los Angeles investment banker Mark Attanasio to purchase the team for a reported US\$223 million. The sale to Attanasio was completed on January 13, 2005, at Major League Baseball\'s quarterly owners meeting. Other members of Attanasio\'s ownership group include private equity investor John Canning Jr., David Uihlein, Harris Turer and Stephen Marcus, all of whom were involved with the previous ownership group led by Major League Baseball commissioner Bud Selig. Since taking over the franchise, Attanasio has worked hard to build bridges with Milwaukee baseball fans, including giving away every seat to the final home game of 2005 free of charge and bringing back the classic \"ball and glove\" logo of the club\'s glory days on \"Retro Friday\" home games, during which they also wear versions of the team\'s old pinstriped uniforms.
##### 2004
The Brewers caused a stir in the first half of the 2004 season, when the team had a winning record in the first half of the season, even briefly being in 1st place in the NL Central. However, lack of a productive offense doomed the Brewers and the club sunk back to last place, finishing the season 67--94. The Brewers did have some bright moments during the season with pitcher Ben Sheets striking out 18 Atlanta Braves in one game and the Brewers coming back from a 9-run deficit to beat the Cincinnati Reds.
After the 2004 season, with Mark Attanasio now in control of the franchise, the Brewers were finally able to spend some money on free agents. The Brewers first significant free-agent signing in many years was veteran catcher Damian Miller, a Wisconsin native, and to address a need for better run production, the Brewers traded speedy outfielder Scott Podsednik and relief pitcher Luis Vizcaíno to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for slugging outfielder Carlos Lee. The arrival of Lee gave Brewer fans even higher hopes that better seasons were on the way for the Brewers.
##### 2005 {#section_1}
In 2005, under Attanasio\'s ownership, the team finished 81--81 to secure its first non-losing record since 1992. True to form, Carlos Lee provided the Brewers with much needed run support, hitting 32 home runs and driving in 112. Starting pitcher Chris Capuano also had a stellar season, going 18--12 with a 3.99 ERA, the most wins by a Brewer pitcher since Pete Vuckovich won 18 games in 1982.
With a solid base of young talent assembled over the past five years, including Prince Fielder, Rickie Weeks, J. J. Hardy and Corey Hart, the Brewers showed renewed competitiveness. Further encouraging this sentiment, the Brewers had hired former stars Yount (bench coach; resigned in November 2006) and Dale Sveum (third base coach), both very popular players for the Brewers in the \'80s.
##### 2006 {#section_2}
In 2006, the Brewers\' play disappointed fans, players, and management. They began the season 5--1 and had a 14--11 record at the end of April. On Mother\'s Day Bill Hall hit a walk off home run with his mother in the stands, a play that was shown on ESPN throughout the summer. However, soon starters JJ Hardy, Rickie Weeks, and Corey Koskie were lost to injuries, and the Brewers were forced to trade for veteran infielders David Bell and Tony Graffanino. They also suffered setbacks when losing starting pitchers Ben Sheets and Tomo Ohka for a substantial amount of time, forcing Triple A starters Ben Hendrickson, Dana Eveland, Carlos Villanueva, and Zach Jackson into starting roles at different points in the year. Shortly before the All Star break the Brewers climbed to one game above .500, but then lost their next three to the Chicago Cubs and would never return to .500. After the All Star break closer Derrick Turnbow blew four straight save opportunities. This led to the Brewers being far enough down in the standings that management decided to trade free agent-to-be Carlos Lee to the Texas Rangers for closer Francisco Cordero, outfielder Kevin Mench, and two minor league prospects. Cordero replaced Turnbow as the Brewers closer and had immediate success, converting his first 13 save opportunities. On August 24 the Brewers completed a sweep of the Colorado Rockies to climb to less than five games out in both the NL Central Division and NL Wild Card races, but then Milwaukee went on a 10-game losing streak that ended any postseason hope. The Brewers did rebound and play well in September including a four-game sweep of San Francisco, but it was too little too late. The Brewers ended the season with a 75--87 record.
At the end of the season, Attanasio stated that he and general manager Doug Melvin would have to make some decisions about returning players for the 2007 season. With young players waiting in the minor leagues, during the off-season the key additions were starting pitcher and 2006 NLCS MVP Jeff Suppan, starter Claudio Vargas, reliever Greg Aquino, catcher Johnny Estrada, and returning Brewer Craig Counsell. The Brewers parted ways with 2006 starters Doug Davis and Tomo Ohka, as well as fan favorite Jeff Cirillo, who wanted more playing time with another team.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 2004--present: Attanasio era {#present_attanasio_era}
#### 2007: The return to respectability {#the_return_to_respectability}
Before the 2007 season, the buzz surrounding the Brewers greatly increased. They were dubbed a \"sleeper team\" and \"contenders in the NL\" by numerous sports analysts and magazines. ESPN\'s Peter Gammons and Dan Patrick both picked The Brewers to beat out the defending champion Cardinals and re-vamped Chicago Cubs to win the NL Central. To celebrate the successful 1982 Milwaukee Brewers team, the franchise decided to have the 2007 season be named as the \"25th Anniversary of \'82\", with more fan giveaways than any other Major League Baseball team except the Pittsburgh Pirates, and more discounts and deals than any other time in Brewers\' history.
ESPN.com\'s lead story on August 29 stated: \"\... Then there are the Brewers. The strange, impossible-to-figure-out Brewers. They once had the best record in the majors, were 14 games over .500 twice, and led the division by as many as 8½ games on June 23. Since then, and there\'s no nice way of saying it; they\'ve reeked.\" The Brewers cast this negativity to the side, and rebounded in September. Despite poor performances from the usually steady Chris Capuano and more nagging injuries to Ben Sheets, the Brewers found themselves in a heated pennant race with Chicago\'s North Siders. The team\'s playoff drive took a hit late in the year, however, losing three of four games in a crucial series in Atlanta, dropping the Brewers to a season-high 3.5 games out of first. The Brewers won the first two games of their final homestand of the season to pull within two games of the Cubs, but faced a near impossible task with the club\'s elimination number down to only three and the wild card leading Padres coming to town. The club played well, but the Cubs clinched on the final Friday of the season. On September 29 the Brewers beat Padres 4--3 in extra innings to secure a winning season. The game was tied in the ninth inning by a triple by Tony Gwynn Jr. in a highlight reel play that was repeated often during the 2007 post season. That win, and the win the next day, by the Brewers kept the Padres from advancing to the playoffs. The irony, of course, being that Gwynn\'s father was arguably the most popular Padre of all-time, and Tony Gwynn Jr. would later be traded to the Padres in 2009. Milwaukee finished at a respectable 83--79, only two games behind Chicago, the club\'s best finish since 1992. First baseman Prince Fielder made history in 2007, becoming the first Brewer and the youngest player ever to reach the 50 home run mark in a single season. For his effort, he finished third in the 2007 National League Most Valuable Player voting, garnering 284 total points including 5 first place votes. Fielder was also awarded the Hank Aaron Award for reaching the amazing single year record. Third baseman Ryan Braun was also rewarded for his historic season by being named 2007 NL Rookie of the Year.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 2004--present: Attanasio era {#present_attanasio_era}
#### 2008: The return to the postseason {#the_return_to_the_postseason}
The Brewers came into 2008 with hopes of ending the team\'s 26-year playoff drought, adding several veterans to the team in outfielder Mike Cameron and catcher Jason Kendall, as well as relief pitchers Éric Gagné and Salomón Torres. The Brewers started April on a solid winning note, but suffered two big blows in their pitching rotation when Dave Bush was demoted to AAA Nashville, and Yovani Gallardo suffered a potential season ending knee injury. The team dropped below .500 by the middle of May, capped off by a sweep from the Boston Red Sox.
The Brewers rebounded in June as Salomón Torres took over as closer, becoming a big success, and soon climbed back into contention. As June came to a close, the Brewers made their biggest move for playoff contention as they traded four prospects, most notably Matt LaPorta, to the Cleveland Indians for CC Sabathia. general manager Doug Melvin summed up the trade by saying, \"We are going for it.\" The Brewers came into the All-Star break with a 52--43 record, still third behind the Cubs and Cardinals. Ben Sheets was named starting pitcher for the National League in the All-Star game, and Ryan Braun also started at left field. Corey Hart was named to the team in the Final Vote.
The Brewers came out of the All-Star break with a bang as they won their first seven games back, all of them on the road, sweeping first the Giants and then the Cardinals, taking over first place in the Wild Card standings. The Brewers came into the end of July still in the hunt for the division, but the front running Cubs swept the Brewers in a four-game set at Miller Park. While the Brewers were still holding on to the Wild Card lead, the division was never seriously challenged for the remainder of the year.
The Brewers came off the sweep from the Cubs with an amazing August, winning 20 of 28 games in the month. Sabathia made history by becoming the first pitcher in over 90 years to win his first 9 games after being traded mid-season. With a steady five game lead for the Wild Card, the hope of a playoff spot seemed secured, but the Brewers struggled in September, first getting swept by the New York Mets, and then just over a week later, getting swept in four games by the Philadelphia Phillies, losing their lead in the Wild Card. Feeling a change was needed, the Brewers fired manager Ned Yost with just 12 games left in the season, replacing him with Brewers third base coach Dale Sveum. Sveum named Garth Iorg as his replacement as third base coach, and made Robin Yount the new bench coach, replacing Ted Simmons. With the final 6x games at home, the Brewers were still in the hunt for the Wild Card behind the New York Mets. They first swept the Pittsburgh Pirates, thanks to walk-off home runs by Prince Fielder and Ryan Braun, tying the New York Mets for the Wild Card lead with 3 games to go against the NL Central division champion Chicago Cubs.
The Brewers took the first game thanks to a pinch-hit home run by Rickie Weeks and stellar relief pitching by Seth McClung. The Cubs took the second game, with the Wild Card race still in a dead tie. CC Sabathia was called to pitch his third game in a week, and was stellar, pitching a complete game, while Ryan Braun hit possibly the biggest home run in club history with a 2-run shot in the 8th inning to break a 1--1 tie. The Brewers won 3--1 while the New York Mets lost to the Florida Marlins 4--2, sealing the Brewers the Wild Card spot.
##### 2008 NLDS
The Brewers finished the 2008 season one game ahead of the New York Mets in the wild card race with a final record of 90--72, and faced the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS. This was the first time the Brewers reached the playoffs since 1982.
The Brewers played their first postseason game in 26 years on October 1. Pitcher Yovani Gallardo made his first postseason start and only his second start since coming off the disabled list in late September. The Brewers lost the first game of the NLDS 3--1 on a dominant performance by Phillies pitcher Cole Hamels. Hamels allowed only two hits and struck out nine Brewers batters in eight shutout innings. The Brewers mounted a comeback in the 9th inning as closer Brad Lidge allowed two hits, a walk, and a run to score. However, Brewers right fielder Corey Hart struck out with runners on second and third to end the game.
The Brewers hosted Game 3, which was the first playoff game ever hosted at Miller Park and the first in Milwaukee since Game 5 of the 1982 World Series. The Brewers won, but were eliminated in Game 4, ending the Brewers season while the Phillies went on to win the World Series.
#### 2009: Missing playoffs {#missing_playoffs}
During the off-season, the Brewers lost C.C. Sabathia when he filed for free agency and signed a lucrative deal with the New York Yankees. Despite the loss of a starting pitcher in Sabathia, the Brewers were able to sign all-time save leader Trevor Hoffman. The Brewers were not able to build on their success from the year prior falling below .500 but were witness to Prince Fielder setting the all-time franchise record for RBI.
#### 2010 {#section_3}
The Brewers attempted to shore up their starting pitching with the signing of free agent Doug Davis, but the Brewers still struggled. After just one month, the Brewers released Jeff Suppan, Doug Davis got injured, and Trevor Hoffman struggled to get saves. The only bright spots of the season was the Brewers\' hitting. The Brewers were the only team in baseball to have three players with 100+ RBIs in Ryan Braun, Casey McGehee, and Corey Hart. The Brewers lost 9 games in a row in May and never fully recovered, finishing the season 77--85, which was good for 3rd place in the National League Central division, behind the Cincinnati Reds and the St. Louis Cardinals. The only other bright spots of the season was Trevor Hoffman getting his 600th career save and the emergence of new closer John Axford. After the season, the Brewers chose not to renew the contract of manager Ken Macha. In October, just days after the World Series, the Brewers hired Ron Roenicke, bench coach of the Los Angeles Angels, to be the Brewers\' new manager.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 2004--present: Attanasio era {#present_attanasio_era}
#### 2011 season: NL Central champs {#season_nl_central_champs}
With the trades for Shaun Marcum and Zack Greinke, the Brewers were tabbed by many experts as favorites to not only win the NL Central Division, but also contenders for the National League pennant. The Brewers did suffer some early losses in spring training, as Zack Greinke was lost to a rib injury that would keep him out for a month, and Corey Hart was out for the first half of April with a hamstring injury, which caused the Brewers to make a last-minute trade at the end of spring training for Washington Nationals outfielder Nyjer Morgan.
The Brewers struggled during the first month of the season, losing their first 4 games of the season and fell as far down as to 5th place in the NL Central Division, but the Brewers rebounded starting at the end of May and throughout June and early July. By the All-Star Break, the Brewers were in 2nd place in the division, behind Pittsburgh and St. Louis. To address some needed bullpen depth, the Brewers made a shocking trade just hours after the All-Star Game, trading two Class-A prospects to the New York Mets for ace reliever Francisco Rodriguez, who immediately became the Brewers set-up reliever for closer John Axford.
The Brewers went on a hot winning stretch through the month of August and by the beginning of September were `{{frac|10|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} games ahead of St. Louis for the NL Central lead. Though the Brewers scuffled some in September, the Brewers clinched the division on September 26, beating the Florida Marlins 4--1. The Brewers finished the season with a 96--66 record, the best record in franchise history.
Along with their team accomplishments, the Brewers had many individual achievements from their players. Ryan Braun finished the season with 33 homers and 33 steals while finishing second in the National League in batting average, hitting .332 while Prince Fielder finished second in the league in both home runs and RBIs, hitting 38 home runs while driving in 120.
The Brewers starting pitching was also drastically better than 2010. Each of the Brewers 5 regular starters had 10-plus wins during the regular season. Yovani Gallardo won 17 games, the most by a Brewer since 2005, Zack Greinke won 16 games despite missing one month, both Shawn Marcum and Randy Wolf won 13 games, and number five starter Chris Narveson won 11 games. It was the first time since 1982 that the Brewers had five pitchers with 10 or more wins in a season. The Brewers also used fewer starting pitchers than any team in baseball, using only six starting pitchers, with Marco Estrada filling in for 7 games when Greinke and later Narveson were out with injuries.
#### 2011 Postseason
The Brewers faced the NL West Champion Arizona Diamondbacks in the NLDS and won the first two games at Miller Park, with Yovani Gallardo pitching 8 stellar innings in a 4--1 Game 1 win. The Diamondbacks won games 3 and 4 in Arizona, setting up a deciding Game 5 back in Miller Park. The Brewers had a 2--1 lead going into the 9th inning when closer John Axford blew his first save since April, giving up the lead. The Brewers went on to win the game and the series in the 10th inning on a base hit by Nyjer Morgan driving in Carlos Gomez for the winning run. The Brewers faced their divisional foe and the NL Wild Card winner, the St. Louis Cardinals, who had upset the favored Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS. Many Brewer fans`{{Who|date=June 2012}}`{=mediawiki} welcomed facing the Cardinals with the National League pennant at stake, with the Brewers and Cardinals having a growing rivalry, and also a chance for the Brewers to avenge their 1982 World Series defeat, which was at the hands of the Cardinals. The two teams split the first two games at Miller Park, then the Cardinals took two out of 3 games at Busch Stadium and won Game 6 to win the National League pennant and eventually the World Series against the Texas Rangers. Probably the biggest reason for the Brewers defeat`{{According to whom|date=June 2012}}`{=mediawiki} was the downfall of their starting pitching. In their 11 postseason games, the Brewers starting pitchers only had three quality starts, with Yovani Gallardo accounting for two of them, both of which were in the NLDS. The other quality start was Randy Wolf in Game 4 of the NLCS.
#### 2012 {#section_4}
In the offseason, the Brewers would lose many of their spot players that had helped them during the season, such as Mark Kotsay, Jerry Hairston Jr., and Craig Counsell but their most notable loss was that of Prince Fielder, who would leave the team via free agency after having been a part of the Brewers organization for almost a decade. Fielder would end up signing with the Detroit Tigers. The Brewers would make two significant free agent signings during the off-season, signing shortstop Alex Gonzalez and third baseman Aramis Ramierez to improve the left side of the Brewers infield. The Brewers would also sign Japanese outfielder Norichika Aoki to bring some needed outfield depth.
The biggest news of all during the off-season, though, was the issue of the reigning NL MVP Ryan Braun apparently testing positive for PED\'s and facing a possible 50-game suspension. Braun would appeal the suspension and won on the basis that the test was not processed properly, making him the first player to win an appeal against a suspension regarding illegal substances.
Despite the offseason losses and controversies, the Brewers fans still looked forward to the 2012 season with great optimism, as the Brewers, by the end of February, had sold over 1.5 million tickets, the most before the month of March. However, the Brewers started the season poorly, with a 40--45 record by the All-Star break. Poor bullpen play put the team even further out of contention by the end of July, which caused the Brewers to trade ace pitcher Zack Greinke to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in exchange for top minor league shortstop Jean Segura and two minor league relief pitchers.
Suddenly, in mid-August, the Brewers went on a run to put themselves back in postseason contention. The bullpen started to turn itself around and the team was able to get production from several minor league call-ups, like Mike Fiers, Martin Maldonado, Jeff Bianchi, and Wily Peralta. Combined with stellar hitting of Ryan Braun, Aramis Ramírez, Corey Hart, and Jonathan Lucroy, the Brewers, from August 16 to September 23, won 26 of 35 games. However, the Brewers were eliminated from postseason contention on September 30, a 7--0 loss to the Houston Astros.
The Brewers still finished with a winning record in 2012, going 83--79, finishing in 3rd place in the NL Central behind Cincinnati and St. Louis.
#### 2013 {#section_5}
The Brewers hoped to become contenders again in 2013, and tried to shore up their starting pitching with the signing of free-agent Kyle Lohse, but the Brewers, after starting off well with a 14--11 record in April, fell flat with a 6--22 mark in May, and never regained momentum, finishing the season 74--88.
Further compounding the Brewers\' fall during the season were nagging injuries to Aramis Ramírez, and also Ryan Braun\'s supposed involvement with the Biogenesis scandal, which resulted in Braun being suspended for the final 60 games of the regular season after he admitted to taking PEDs during the 2011 playoffs. Major League Baseball did not force Braun to surrender his 2011 National League MVP award.
On the field, the Brewers did have several individual performances that gave fans some hope for the coming seasons. Shortstop Jean Segura finished second in the National League with 44 stolen bases, and Carlos Gomez had a breakout season, batting .284 with 24 home runs, 40 stolen bases, and became the first Brewer since 1982 to win a Gold Glove award for his defensive play, and catcher Jonathan Lucroy had a stellar offensive season, hitting 18 home runs and driving in 82 RBIs.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 2004--present: Attanasio era {#present_attanasio_era}
#### 2014 {#section_6}
Few experts considered the Brewers as contenders in the NL Central for 2014, even after the Brewers signed another free-agent starting pitcher in Matt Garza; most expected the Brewers to finish no better than 4th in the division. The team also improved their bullpen with resigning Francisco Rodriguez as closer, trading outfielder Nori Aoki to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for a young pitcher in Will Smith, and signing veteran slugging first baseman Mark Reynolds.
The Brewers started the season hot, going 20--7 in April, much to the surprise of many. The Brewers showed much improved starting pitching, with a steady rotation in Yovani Gallardo, Kyle Lohse, Matt Garza, Wily Peralta, and Marco Estrada. In addition, Francisco Rodriguez regained his old form, successfully closing out his first 17 saves of the season, and Will Smith became virtually untouchable, sporting a 0.88 ERA in the first two months of the season.
Though the Brewers showed some struggles in the months of May and July, the team continued to stay on top of the standings as one of the better teams in the National League, helped by an 18--10 record in June. By mid September, however, they had lost their division lead to the St. Louis Cardinals and were trailing behind the Pittsburgh Pirates in the National League Wild Card race.
The Brewers were in first place in the division from April 5 to September 1, but ultimately finished third in the division after a sub-.500 September, barely getting over .500 with an 82--80 record.
A couple of standout performers for the Brewers came from Jonathon Lucroy, who finished with a .301 batting average and led the National League with 53 doubles and set a new Major League record for doubles by a catcher in a season with 48. Second-year pitcher Wily Peralta had a 17--11 record, while Kyle Lohse had a 13--9 record with 2 complete game shutouts.
#### 2015 {#section_7}
The offseason for the Brewers was relatively quiet, with only a couple of trades made where the Brewers parted with two starting pitchers. Marco Estrada was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for first baseman Adam Lind, and Yovani Gallardo, after 8 seasons with the Brewers and becoming the franchise\'s all-time strikeout leader, was traded to the Texas Rangers. During the offseason, Ryan Braun, who had his worst season ever during 2014 (.266 avg., 19 HR, and 81 RBI\'s), had surgery on his right thumb, which had bothered him all during the season and was thought to be the reason behind his dismal numbers. On the field, the Brewers\' season went south almost immediately, going 5--17 in the month of April. On May 4, manager Ron Roenicke was fired and Craig Counsell was named interim manager, staying manager for the Brewers through the rest of the season, as the team finished 68--94.
#### 2016: Rebuilding
The Brewers began a mode of rebuilding the team, with Doug Melvin stepping down as general manager and being replaced with Houston Astros assistant GM, David Stearns. Stearns kept interim manager Craig Counsell, making him the Brewers full-time manager, and traded away over half of the Brewers\' 40-man roster from 2015 before the 2016 season came to a close. The Brewers finished the 2016 season with a 73--89 record, but had a 41--40 record at home, and had two players lead the National League in major offensive categories, with infielder Jonathan Villar leading the NL, and all of Major League Baseball, with 62 stolen bases, and first baseman Chris Carter tied for the NL lead in home runs, with 41. Ryan Braun also had a rebound season, with a .305 batting average, 30 home runs, 91 RBIs, and 16 stolen bases. The Brewers also traded away many franchise stars in exchange for prospects, such as Jonathan Lucroy and Carlos Gomez, and other starters, with the exception of Ryan Braun.
#### 2017 {#section_8}
The Brewers came into 2017 with minimal expectations other than continuing their rebuilding of the team. The team surprised many by finishing the month of April at .500, with encouraging performances from Eric Thames, Chase Anderson, Jesus Aguilar, and Travis Shaw. The Brewers continued to stay around .500 for the next two months, and took advantage of the struggles of the Cubs and Cardinals, and started July with a hot 7--2 start, putting the Brewers at 50--41 for the season, 5.5 games ahead of the Cubs in the NL Central at the All-Star break. The Brewers struggled after the All-Star break, going 3--11 for the rest of July, followed by a 6-game losing streak in the middle of August. The Brewers still stayed in the race for the Wild Card game, but fell short of the postseason and the NL Central Division, with an 86--76 record, which still was a surprise for many in the baseball community.
#### 2018 {#section_9}
With the opportunity to build off their surprising 2017 run, Brewers GM David Stearns worked on stocking up the Brewers roster for 2018, including signing pitchers Jhoulys Chacin and Junior Guerra, and outfielder Lorenzo Cain, who had originally started his MLB career in Milwaukee. The Brewers also traded for another outfielder, Christian Yelich, for four minor leaguers. The Brewers started 2018 well, helped by a stretch in May where they went 19--8 to put themselves on top in the NL Central division, taking advantage, once again, of early struggles for both the Cubs and Cardinals. However, the team struggled again in the middle of the season, going 40--39 through the months of June, July, and August. However, they were still in the playoff hunt, leading in the Wild Card, but were still 5 games behind the division-leading Cubs going into the final month of the season. The Brewers got hot again, going 19--7 in September, including winning 10 of their last 11 games, the last 8 in a row, to catch the Cubs. Christian Yelich led the offense, going on an offensive tear, including hitting clutch home runs in two of the final three games of the season against the Detroit Tigers. The Brewers tied the Cubs for the NL Central lead, resulting in a one-game playoff for the division title. The Brewers won 3--1, clinching their second division title of the decade, and only their 3rd in franchise history, finishing with a 96--67 record, tying the franchise record for wins in a season. The Brewers continued their hot run in the NLDS, against the Colorado Rockies, sweeping them in three games to advance to the NLCS, also achieving at least 12 wins in a row for only the second time in their history. The Brewers faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLCS, but the Brewers were unable to keep their late momentum, as the Dodgers bullpen was able to quiet the Brewers\' bats, winning the National League pennant in seven games.
#### 2019 {#section_10}
Following their amazing 2018 campaign, GM David Stearns worked more on adding more talent to the Brewers roster, including signing free agent catcher Yasmani Grandal and third baseman Mike Moustakas, each on one year contracts. The Brewers headed into the month of September with an overall record of 69--66, being four games behind the Cubs for the second wild card spot and trailing the Cardinals by six and a half games for the division lead. On September 25, the Brewers beat the Cincinnati Reds 9--2 to clinch a postseason spot for the sixth time in franchise history, knocking the Cubs out of playoff contention. It was also the first time the Brewers had made the postseason for a consecutive season since 1982. But in their final three regular season games, they were swept by the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field, which lead to the Brewers finishing 20--7 in September, 89--73 for the regular season, and finishing two games behind the NL Central Champion Cardinals. They ended up taking the second spot in the wild card. Therefore, the Brewers faced the eventual World Series champion Washington Nationals in the NL Wild Card Game in Washington D.C., where they lost 4--3.
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# History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
## The modern Brewers {#the_modern_brewers}
### 2004--present: Attanasio era {#present_attanasio_era}
#### 2020 {#section_11}
After a frustrating end to the season, Brewers lost some key players in the offseason. Free agent Yasmani Grandal signed with the Chicago White Sox, Eric Thames signed with the Washington Nationals, and third baseman Mike Moustakas signed with the Cincinnati Reds. Their biggest move was extending former MVP Christian Yelich to a 9-year \$215 million deal. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 season was shortened to 60 games and did not begin until late July. For the 2020 season, MLB expanded to a 16-game postseason with all teams playing in the first round. Brewers finished the season 29--31 tied with the San Francisco Giants, but the Brewers had a better record against their division opponents which made them eligible for the last spot in the playoffs. In the first round of the playoffs, the Brewers faced the Los Angeles Dodgers, who swept them in two games and went on to win the 2020 World Series.
#### 2021 {#section_12}
With a 4-game postseason losing streak, David Stearns helped out the infield by signing Kolten Wong and Travis Shaw. He tried signing third baseman Justin Turner but he extended with the Dodgers. During the season, Milwaukee Bucks superstar Giannis Antetokounmpo joined the Brewers ownership group.
In 2021, the Brewers earned their fourth consecutive postseason berth, winning the National League Central with a 95--67 record. Pitcher Corbin Burnes set an all-time record by starting the season with 58 strikeouts without issuing a walk. He also led the major leagues in ERA (2.43), strikeouts per nine innings (12.6), home runs per nine innings (0.4), and strikeout-to-walk ratio (6.88). For his amazing season, Burnes won the NL Cy Young Award. Josh Hader was another hardware recipient, becoming the Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award winner in the National League for the third time in four years. For the third straight season, the Brewers were eliminated in the postseason by the eventual World Series champions, as they lost the NLDS to the Atlanta Braves.
#### 2022 {#section_13}
The Brewers\' winning ways continued through the first half of the 2022 season. On July 30, the team had a four-game lead in the National League Central. However, the Brewers then lost 21 of their next 35 games to fall `{{frac|9|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} games behind the St. Louis Cardinals. The Brewers were eliminated on October 3 and missed the postseason for the first time in five years
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# Willard Schmidt
**Willard Raymond Schmidt** (May 29, 1928 -- March 22, 2007) was an American professional baseball player, a pitcher who played in Major League Baseball between 1952 and 1959. Listed at 6 ft, 187 lb, Schmidt batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Hays, Kansas. His four grandparents were Volga Germans.
He reached the majors in 1952 with the St. Louis Cardinals, spending part of six years with them (1952--53, 1955--57) before moving to the Cincinnati Redlegs (1958--59) in the same transaction that brought Curt Flood to St. Louis. His most productive season came in 1957 with the Cardinals, when he set a 10--3 mark and led the National League pitchers with a .769 W-L %. He was inducted into the Kansas Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.
In a seven-season career, Schmidt posted a 31--29 record with 323 strikeouts and a 3.93 ERA in 194 appearances, including 55 starts, 11 complete games, one shutout, two saves, and 586`{{fraction|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched
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# List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons
thumb\|upright=1.4\|right\|American Family Field, home of the Milwaukee Brewers since 2001\|alt=A green baseball field set inside a metal stadium The Milwaukee Brewers Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise of the National League (NL) has played in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, since 1970. The team was established in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots in Seattle, Washington, and they became the Brewers after relocating to Wisconsin in 1970. The franchise played in the American League (AL) until 1998 when it moved to the National League in conjunction with a major league realignment. As of the completion of the 2024 season, the Brewers have played 8,676 regular-season games and compiled a win--loss record of 4,215--4,461 (`{{winpct|4215|4461}}`{=mediawiki}). They have qualified for the postseason 10 times and have a postseason record of `{{winpct|22|32|record=y}}`{=mediawiki}. Combining all 8,730 regular-season and postseason games, the team has an all-time record of 4,237--4,493 (`{{winpct|4237|4493}}`{=mediawiki}).
The franchise posted losing records each of their first nine seasons. Their first winning season occurred in 1978 when they finished at 93--69 (.574). Three years later, the Brewers qualified for their first MLB postseason by winning the second half 1981 AL East Division title in a season which had been shortened by the 1981 Major League Baseball strike. They lost the American League Division Series to the New York Yankees, three games to two. The following year, Milwaukee won the AL East title and then the 1982 American League Championship Series versus the California Angels, three games to two. In that year\'s World Series, the Brewers faced the National League Champion St. Louis Cardinals. The series went to a decisive game seven and resulted in a Brewers World Series loss.
The team soon began a 25-year postseason drought that stood as the third-longest in the expanded-postseason era. Milwaukee returned to the playoffs in 2008 by winning the National League Wild Card. The Brewers lost the National League Division Series (NLDS) to the Philadelphia Phillies, three games to one. They won the 2011 NL Central Division title and defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks, three games to two, in the NLDS. Their postseason run was ended by the St. Louis Cardinals, who won the National League Championship Series (NLCS), four games to two.
In 2018, Milwaukee finished the regular-season tied with the Chicago Cubs for first place in the NL Central. The Brewers defeated the Cubs in a tie-breaker game, 3--1, securing the division title and relegating Chicago to the wild card game. Milwaukee then swept the Colorado Rockies in the best-of-five NLDS, advancing to the NLCS, where they lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers, four games to three. The following year, they secured one of two NL wild card berths but lost the 2019 National League Wild Card Game to the Washington Nationals, 4--3. The Brewers won another wild card spot in the 2020 season, which had been shortened due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They lost the 2020 NL Wild Card Series versus the Los Angeles Dodgers, two games to zero. Milwaukee won the 2021 NL Central Division title but lost the NLDS versus the Atlanta Braves, 3--1. In 2023, the Brewers again won the NL Central Division title, but lost in the NL Wild Card Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks. The 2024 division-champion Brewers were eliminated by the New York Mets, 2--1, in the NL Wild Card Series. The Brewers\' best season record occurred in 2011 when they finished 96--66 (.593). Conversely, their lowest season record was 56--106 (.346) in 2002.
## Table key {#table_key}
**MLB season** Each year is linked to an article about that particular MLB season.
----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Team season** Each year is linked to an article about that particular Brewers season.
**Finish** The team\'s final position in the divisional standings
**GB** Games behind the team that finished in first place in the division that season
**Apps.** Postseason appearances: number of seasons the team qualified for the postseason
World Series champions (1969--present)
\* League champions (1969--present)
\^ Division champions (1969--present)
¤ Wild card berth (1994--present)
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# List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons
## Season-by-season records {#season_by_season_records}
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| MLB\ | Team\ | League | Division | Regular-season | | |
| season | season | | | | | |
+============+========+========+============+================+=======+========+
| Finish | Wins | Losses | Win % | | Wins | Losses |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1969 | AL | West | | 64 | 98 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1970 | AL | West | | 65 | 97 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1971 | AL | West | | 69 | 92 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1972 | AL | East | | 65 | 91 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1973 | AL | East | | 74 | 88 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1974 | AL | East | | 76 | 86 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1975 | AL | East | | 68 | 94 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1976 | AL | East | | 66 | 95 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1977 | AL | East | | 67 | 95 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1978 | AL | East | | 93 | 69 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1979 | AL | East | | 95 | 66 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1980 | AL | East | | 86 | 76 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1981 | AL | East | | 31 | 25 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | | | | \^ | 31 | 22 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1982 | AL \* | East \^ | | 95 | 67 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1983 | AL | East | | 87 | 75 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1984 | AL | East | | 67 | 94 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1985 | AL | East | | 71 | 90 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1986 | AL | East | | 77 | 84 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1987 | AL | East | | 91 | 71 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1988 | AL | East | | 87 | 75 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1989 | AL | East | | 81 | 81 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1990 | AL | East | | 74 | 88 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1991 | AL | East | | 83 | 79 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1992 | AL | East | | 92 | 70 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | | | | | | |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1993 | AL | East | | 69 | 93 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1994 | AL | Central | | 53 | 62 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1995 | AL | Central | | 65 | 79 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1996 | AL | Central | | 80 | 82 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1997 | AL | Central | | 78 | 83 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | | | | | | |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1998 | NL | Central | | 74 | 88 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 1999 | NL | Central | | 74 | 87 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2000 | NL | Central | | 73 | 89 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2001 | NL | Central | | 68 | 94 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2002 | NL | Central | | 56 | 106 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2003 | NL | Central | | 68 | 94 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2004 | NL | Central | | 67 | 94 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2005 | NL | Central | | 81 | 81 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2006 | NL | Central | | 75 | 87 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2007 | NL | Central | | 83 | 79 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2008 | NL | Central | ¤ | 90 | 72 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2009 | NL | Central | | 80 | 82 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2010 | NL | Central | | 77 | 85 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2011 | NL | Central \^ | | 96 | 66 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2012 | NL | Central | | 83 | 79 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2013 | NL | Central | | 74 | 88 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2014 | NL | Central | | 82 | 80 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2015 | NL | Central | | 68 | 94 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2016 | NL | Central | | 73 | 89 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2017 | NL | Central | | 86 | 76 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2018 | NL | Central \^ | | 96 | 67 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2019 | NL | Central | ¤ | 89 | 73 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | | | | | | |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2020 | NL | Central | ¤ | 29 | 31 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2021 | NL | Central \^ | | 95 | 67 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2022 | NL | Central | | 86 | 76 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2023 | NL | Central \^ | | 92 | 70 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| | 2024 | NL | Central \^ | | 93 | 69 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
| **Totals** | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4,215 | 4,461 |
+------------+--------+--------+------------+----------------+-------+--------+
## Postseason records {#postseason_records}
The Brewers have made the postseason ten times in their history, with the first being in 1981 and the most recent being in 2024.
Season Finish Round Opponent Result Wins Losses
------------ --------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------------- -------- ------ --------
AL East Champions (second half) ALDS New York Yankees Lost 2 3
AL Champions ALCS California Angels Won 3 2
World Series St. Louis Cardinals Lost 3 4
NL Wild Card NLDS Philadelphia Phillies Lost 1 3
NL Central Champions NLDS Arizona Diamondbacks Won 3 2
NLCS St. Louis Cardinals Lost 2 4
NL Central Champions NLDS Colorado Rockies Won 3 0
NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers Lost 3 4
NL Wild Card NL Wild Card Game Washington Nationals Lost 0 1
NL Wild Card NL Wild Card Series Los Angeles Dodgers Lost 0 2
NL Central Champions NLDS Atlanta Braves Lost 1 3
NL Central Champions NL Wild Card Series Arizona Diamondbacks Lost 0 2
NL Central Champions NL Wild Card Series New York Mets Lost 1 2
**Totals** --- 3--10 22 32
| 1,075 |
List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons
| 1 |
11,073,038 |
# List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons
## Franchise totals {#franchise_totals}
Decade Regular-season
-------------- ---------------- ------- ------
Wins Losses Win %
1960s 64 98 .395
1970s 738 873 .458
1980s 804 760 .514
1990s 742 811 .478
2000s 741 878 .458
2010s 824 797 .508
2020s 302 244
**All-time** 4,215 4,461
: Franchise totals by decade
League Regular-season
--------------------------------- ---------------- ------- ------
Wins Losses Win %
American League (1969--1997) 2,200 2,367
| 70 |
List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons
| 2 |
11,073,047 |
# Ivan Hrušovský
**Ivan Hrušovský** (23 February 1927 -- 5 October 2001) was a Slovak composer and educator.
Hrušovský was born in Bratislava, Slovakia (Czechoslovakia at the time). There, he studied musicology, philosophy, and aesthetics at Comenius University (1947 -- 1952). He also studied composition at the Bratislava Conservatory (1947 -- 1952) and the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava (1952 -- 1957), at both institutions with Alexander Moyzes.
Hrušovský wrote a broad variety of musical compositions. He also wrote scientific articles about Slovak music and music education
| 88 |
Ivan Hrušovský
| 0 |
11,073,059 |
# USS Concord (PG-3)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 6, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 20 |
USS Concord (PG-3)
| 0 |
11,073,065 |
# Charis (name)
**Charis** (*Χάρις*) is a given name derived from a Greek word meaning \"grace, kindness, and life.\" It is a unisex name, overwhelmingly used for men in Greece and overwhelmingly used for women elsewhere in the world.
In Greek mythology, Charis is one of the Charites (*Χάριτες*) or \"Graces\", goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility.
The Greek and Hebrew biblical term Charis (χάρις) refers to good will, loving-kindness, favour, in particular to God\'s merciful grace. It is used over 140 times in the New Testament and is a central concept in the theology developed by St. Augustine of Hippo.
It is used in the descriptive epithet of many plant genera and species. Including; *Ammocharis* (meaning sand and beauty), *Eleocharis* (meaning marsh and beauty), *Englerocharis*, *Eucharis* (meaning good and beauty), *Hydrocharis* (meaning water and beauty), *Nomocharis*, *Argostemma phyllocharis* (meaning leaf and beauty) and *Pimelea ammocharis*
| 149 |
Charis (name)
| 0 |
11,073,110 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1992
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1992** took place in Bad Goisern, Austria.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Panyutina is the first person not from Austria or Italy to win a World Luge Natural Track Championship event
| 67 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1992
| 0 |
11,073,122 |
# Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)
\"**Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)**\" is a 1985 single by Irish group Clannad. It is the second single from their album *Macalla*.
The song was used as the official *Children in Need* charity single for 1985. The song reached number 80 in the UK Singles Chart.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*7-inch single*
1. Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn) \[radio edit\]
2. Journey\'s End
*12-inch single*
1. Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)
2. Theme from Harry\'s Game
3. Journey\'s End
4
| 90 |
Almost Seems (Too Late to Turn)
| 0 |
11,073,127 |
# The Profits of Religion
***The Profits of Religion: An Essay in Economic Interpretation*** is a nonfiction book, first published in 1917, by the American novelist and muck-raking journalist Upton Sinclair. It is a snapshot of the religious movements in the U.S. before its entry into World War I.
The book is the first of the \"Dead Hand\" series: six books Sinclair wrote on American institutions. The series also includes *The Brass Check* (journalism), *The Goose-step* (higher education), *The Goslings* (elementary and high school education), *Mammonart* (art) and *Money Writes!* (literature). The term \"Dead Hand\" ironically refers to Adam Smith\'s concept that allowing an \"invisible hand\" of individual self-interest to shape economic relations provides the best result for society as a whole.
In this book, Sinclair attacks institutionalized religion as a \"source of income to parasites, and the natural ally of every form of oppression and exploitation.\"
## Overview
Most clergymen are hypocrites, but they are not entirely to blame. Like other men, they are victimized by \"the competitive wage-system, which presents them with the alternative to swindle or to starve.\"
Sinclair savages the Episcopal establishment for transforming the proletarian Jesus into a defender of wealth and privilege, and for a long history of alliance with political power in England and the United States.
Turning to the \"nonconforming\" Protestant sects, adherents of \"The Church of the Merchants\" are focused on achieving prosperity within the existing economic system. So are the devotees of the mostly California-based \'new religions\' or \'cults\', including New Thought.
Sinclair wants to rescue the true message of Jesus, the friend of the poor and brother of all men.
## Divisions of the book {#divisions_of_the_book}
Note: The chapters of Book Six are listed to give a flavor of Sinclair\'s writing style.
- Book One: The Church of the Conquerors (Priesthoods living off the wealth produced by workers)
- Book Two: The Church of Good Society (Protestant Episcopal)
- Book Three: The Church of the Servant Girls (Catholic)
- Book Four: The Church of the Slavers (how institutionalized religion, particularly in Germany, oppresses the people)
- Book Five: The Church of the Merchants (nonconformist Protestant)
- Book Six: The Church of the Quacks
- Tabula Rasa
- The Book of Mormon
- Holy Rolling
- Bible Prophecy
- Koreshanity
- Mazdaznan
- Black magic
- Mental malpractice
- Science and wealth
- New nonsense
- \"Dollars Want Me!\"
- Spiritual financiering
- The Graft of Grace
- Book Seven: The Church of the Social Revolution (based on Jesus the proletarian and brother of all humankind)
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Reviewing several of the Dead Hand series, a contemporary critic wrote, \"These great pamphlets...are storehouses of laborious research. They are indispensable to any student of present American life. I have heard Upton Sinclair charged with reckless, inaccurate and indiscreet use of his material. I am glad to say here that in my own experience I have found him scrupulously anxious, at whatever trouble to himself, to report the exact facts and to weigh carefully his judgments upon them. Why, then, have not these books the authority which they should have?...His explanation is oversimplified; he tends to see his facts in the light of a single motive.\"
In *The Brass Check* (1919), Sinclair wrote, \"*The Profits of Religion* was practically boycotted by the capitalist press of America. Just one newspaper, the *Chicago Daily News*, reviewed it---or rather allowed me space in which to review it myself. Just one religious publication, the *Churchman,* took the trouble to ridicule it at length. Half a dozen others sneered at it in brief paragraphs, and half a dozen newspapers did the same, and that was all the publicity the book got, except in the radical press
| 621 |
The Profits of Religion
| 0 |
11,073,132 |
# Harry Hebner
**Harry Joseph Hebner** (June 15, 1891 -- October 12, 1968) was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1908, 1912 and 1920 Summer Olympics.
Hebner swam for the Illinois Athletic Club under Hall of Fame Coach William Bachrach. Other outstanding swimmers coached by Bachrach included 1924 gold medalist Sybil Bauer, the exceptional Olympian and film star Johnny Weismuller, 1920 Olympic triple gold medalist Norman Ross, 1912 and 1920 Olympic medalist Perry McGillivray, and 1912 and 1920 Olympic participant Mike McDermott.
## Olympics
As part of the American men\'s 4×200-meter relay teams, he won a bronze medal in 1908 and a silver medal in 1912; in 1912 he also took the gold, winning the 100-meter backstroke event. In the 100-meter freestyle, he was eliminated in the semi-finals in 1908, and in the first round in 1912. In 1920 he was a member of the fourth-place American water polo team.
Between 1910 and 1917, Hebner held all world backstroke records and won seven consecutive U.S. National backstroke titles. In total, he won 35 national titles that spanned from the 50 to the 500 yard freestyle, and all of the existing backstroke distances. He was the captain both the Illinois Athletic club in both swimming and water polo. A leader and noted performer in water polo as well, between 1914 and 1924, his IAC Water Polo team won the U.S. Nationals five times.
## Honors
In 1968 he was inducted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame. In 1980, he was inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame.
He died in Michigan City, Indiana on October 12, 1968, and was buried at St. Boniface Catholic Cemetery in Chicago
| 285 |
Harry Hebner
| 0 |
11,073,133 |
# Bartolomé Salvá Vidal
**Bartolomé \"Tomeu\" Salvá Vidal** (born 20 November 1986 in Cala Millor, Mallorca, Balearic Islands) is a Spanish tennis coach and former player.
At the 2007 Torneo Godó, held in Barcelona, Spain, Salvá and Rafael Nadal made it to the final, defeating Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram (both ranked 13) and Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor (both ranked fifth) in straight sets on both occasions. In the last round Alexander Waske and Andrei Pavel defeated them 6--3, 7--6^(1)^.
## ATP Tour finals {#atp_tour_finals}
### Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups) {#doubles_2_2_runner_ups}
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------------------+
| Legend | Titles by surface | Titles by Location |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------- | -------------------- |
| Grand Slam tournaments (0--0) | Hard (0--1) | Outdoors (0--2) |
| Year-end championships (0--0) | Clay (0--1) | Indoors (0--0) |
| ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0--0) | Grass (0--0) | |
| Summer Olympics (0--0) | Carpet (0--0) | |
| ATP World Tour 500 Series (0--1) | | |
| ATP World Tour 250 Series (0--1) | | |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------------------+
+--------+------+--------------------------------+-------------------------+---------------+---------+--------------+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Result | W--L | Date`{{ns}}`{=mediawiki} | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
+========+======+================================+=========================+===============+=========+==============+================================================+============================+
| Loss | 0--1 | `{{dts|Jan 2007}}`{=mediawiki} | Maharashtra Open, India | International | Hard | Rafael Nadal | Xavier Malisse\ | 6--7^(4--7)^, 6--7^(4--7)^ |
| | | | | | | | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} Dick Norman | |
+--------+------+--------------------------------+-------------------------+---------------+---------+--------------+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Loss | 0--2 | `{{dts|Apr 2007}}`{=mediawiki} | Barcelona Open, Spain | Intl
| 249 |
Bartolomé Salvá Vidal
| 0 |
11,073,135 |
# Cumberland Race Track
The **Cumberland Race Track** (1924-1961), also known as the **Fairgo Race Track**, was located just outside the west side of Cumberland, Maryland along McMullen Highway at the location of the present day Allegany County Fairgrounds. The Track facility boasted 300 horse stalls and was the first half-mile track in the state of Maryland for racing horses. The Track was founded in 1924 when the Fairgo company was formed by the stock holders of the Cumberland Fair Associations. The track was well regarded as one of the most beautiful tracks in Maryland and frequency attracted 20,000 to 25,000 spectators during its peak years. The biggest day was Governor\'s Day, when the governor would come in from Annapolis, Maryland to attend the races.
The Cumberland Race track was part of the Maryland horse racing circuit, where horse races took place in order starting with Timonium Racetrack followed by Marlboro Race Track, and then the Cumberland Race Track. In order to transport the horses to the Cumberland Race track 12-16 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cars were used as transport, arriving in Cumberland 14 hours later on Sunday mornings.
Today, the race track is being used for auto racing
| 199 |
Cumberland Race Track
| 0 |
11,073,137 |
# Sacripante
**Sacripante** (also spelled **Sacripant**, **Sacrepant** and **Sacrapant**) is a character in the Italian romantic epics *Orlando innamorato* by Matteo Maria Boiardo and *Orlando furioso* by Ludovico Ariosto. Sacripante is the King of Circassia and one of the leading Saracen knights. He is passionately in love with Angelica and fights to defend her when she is besieged in the fortress of Albracca. His horse Frontino is stolen from underneath him by the cunning thief Brunello. In *Orlando furioso* he offers to become the wandering Angelica\'s protector but she evades him.
Sacripante is also the name of boastful character in Alessandro Tassoni\'s mock-epic poem *La secchia rapita*. Sacrapant is a wizard in George Peele\'s play *The Old Wives\' Tale* (published 1595). Italian *sacripante*, as well as French *sacripant*, came to mean a rogue or a scoundrel. In Proust\'s *In Search of Lost Time*, *Miss Sacripant* is the name of Elstir\'s portrait of an actress disguised as a young man who is really Odette de Crécy
| 165 |
Sacripante
| 0 |
11,073,140 |
# Real to Reel (Tesla album)
***Real to Reel*** is the sixth studio album by hard rock band Tesla. Released on June 5, 2007, it includes covers of classic rock songs from the late 1960s and early 1970s recorded by Tesla in their own style using analog tape and vintage equipment.[1](http://knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=5605) Best Buy included a limited, exclusive Bonus CD with the purchase of \"Real to Reel\". This Bonus CD includes 4 songs, \"War Pigs\" from Reel Two, and unplugged versions of \"Shine Away\", \"Modern Day Cowboy\" and \"Paradise\".[2](http://www.bestbuy.com/site/olspage.jsp?type=category&id=pcmcat121700050010)
Additional 12 tracks recorded during the *Real to Reel* sessions, were released on a second volume, entitled *Real to Reel, Vol. 2*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
\]\] \| writer1 = Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord, Ian Paice \| extra1 = Deep Purple (1972) \| length1 = 4:51 \| title2 = Walk Away \| writer2 = Joe Walsh \| extra2 = James Gang (1971) \| length2 = 4:23 \| title3 = Hand Me Down World \| writer3 = Kurt Winter \| extra3 = The Guess Who (1970) \| length3 = 3:46 \| title4 = Bad Reputation \| writer4 = Phil Lynott, Scott Gorham, Brian Downey \| extra4 = Thin Lizzy (1977) \| length4 = 4:42 \| title5 = Thank You \| writer5 = Jimmy Page, Robert Plant \| extra5 = Led Zeppelin (1969) \| length5 = 4:49 \| title6 = I\'ve Got a Feeling \| writer6 = John Lennon, Paul McCartney \| extra6 = The Beatles (1970) \| length6 = 4:28 \| title7 = Day of the Eagle \| writer7 = Robin Trower \| extra7 = Robin Trower (1974) \| length7 = 5:03 \| title8 = Ball of Confusion \| writer8 = Norman Whitfield, Barrett Strong \| extra8 = The Temptations (1970) \| length8 = 4:27 \| title9 = Rock Bottom \| writer9 = Michael Schenker, Phil Mogg \| extra9 = UFO (1974) \| length9 = 8:47 \| title10 = Stealin{{\'-}} \| writer10 = Ken Hensley \| extra10 = Uriah Heep (1973) \| length10 = 4:05 \| title11 = Bell Bottom Blues \| writer11 = Eric Clapton \| extra11 = Derek and the Dominos (1970) \| length11 = 5:00 \| title12 = Honky Tonk Women \| writer12 = Mick Jagger, Keith Richards \| extra12 = The Rolling Stones (1969) \| length12 = 3:28 \| title13 = Dear Mr. Fantasy \| writer13 = Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood \| extra13 = Traffic (1967) \| length13 = 6:37 }}
### Best Buy Bonus Disc {#best_buy_bonus_disc}
This is a limited-edition CD included with \"Real to Reel\", only sold through Best Buy. It includes a Black Sabbath cover and 3 previously released Tesla songs in unplugged versions
| 444 |
Real to Reel (Tesla album)
| 0 |
11,073,152 |
# Amygdali, Karditsa
**Amygdali** (Greek: Αμυγδαλή meaning almond) is a mountain village located west of Karditsa in the western part of the Karditsa regional unit, Greece. Amygdali is in the municipality of Mouzaki. Its residents are based in agriculture
| 39 |
Amygdali, Karditsa
| 0 |
11,073,165 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1994
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1994** took place in Gsies, Italy. This was the second time the city had hosted the event having done so in 1990
| 37 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1994
| 0 |
11,073,193 |
# Emilio García Gómez
**Emilio García Gómez, 1st Count of Alixares** (4 June 1905 -- 31 May 1995) was a Spanish Arabist, literary historian and critic, whose talent as a poet enriched his many translations from Arabic.
## Life
Emilio García Gómez decided to pursue Arabic as a career after attending Arabic language classes taught by Prof. Miguel Asín Palacios at the Complutense University of Madrid. He had been a student of law. In his Arabic studies he was mentored by the professors Julián Ribera y Tarragó, and by Asín.
Recipient of a scholarship to Cairo he studied there under Prof. Ahmad Zaki Pasha and the Egyptian writer Taha Husayn. His doctoral thesis on the Alexander legend in the Maghrib won the Fastenrath Prize. In 1930 he became Professor of Arabic at the University of Granada, until he returned to Madrid in 1944.
While living in Granada he had become friends with Manuel de Falla the classical music composer and with Federico García Lorca the poet, both *aficionados* of Flamenco. Inspired by the translations of Gómez, García Lorca wrote his *Diván de Tamarit*. Here, the poet was not following in imitation of a traditional Arabic verse but rather paying it contemporary homage, García Gómez favorably observed.
He was again in Egypt during 1947. The following year García Gómez spent in Damascus, Syria, where he was appointed to the Arabic Academy \[Al-Majma\' Al-Ilmi Al-Arabi\], a notable distinction for a westerner. He gave lectures at the University of Cairo in 1951 during celebrations on its silver jubilee.
Later, he served as the Spanish Ambassador to various States in the Middle East, namely, Iraq (Baghdad), Lebanon (Beirut), and Turkey (Ankara), as well as to Afghanistan, during the years 1958 to 1969.
Throughout his career, Emilio García Gómez was widely admired. He would receive several prestigious academic and literary awards. He lived until he reached the age of ninety.
On 7 October 1994 García Gómez was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I and received the hereditary title *conde de los Alixares* (English: Count of Alixares). García Gómez died in 1995, and since he had no successors his title became extinct.
| 360 |
Emilio García Gómez
| 0 |
11,073,193 |
# Emilio García Gómez
## Works
A major focus of his academic work was Arabic poetry, acting as a literary historian and critic as well as translator. As a Spanish Arabist, of course, he interpret Muslim culture generally. A. J. Arberry praised the \"wide scholarship and literary judgement that has characterized Prof. Gómez\'s numerous contributions to Islamic studies.\" In a series of articles published over many years, he developed a theory of the origin and development of the Andaluz Arabic *muwashshahat* genre of popular strophic verse, which is often sung. It is said to be related to the Mozarabic *jarchas* (Arabic kharja) poetic form.
His many translations of Arabic poetry were received with acclaim by the literary public, as well as by many Spanish poets, including Federico García Lorca, and artists, e.g., Manuel de Falla. Particular mention may be made of his translation of Ibn Said al-Maghribi\'s 1243 anthology of poetry, the *Pennants of the Champions*, and of later translation of and commentary on the Andalusian poet and scholar Ibn Hazm (994--1064). García Gómez also published a collection of his literary essays, *Silla del Moro y nuevas escenas andaluzas*, which drew on his experiences while living in Granada during the early thirties.
Assisting two of his mentor professors, García Gómez edited shorter, more popular versions (though still rigorous) of the well-known tomes by Julián Ribera y Tarragó and Miguel Asín Palacios Later, he and Prof. Rafael Lapesa produced several articles on their teacher and elder Miguel Asín Palacios.
After returning from his travels to the Middle East in the late 1940s and early 1950s, he published (under the title *Los Días*) his translation of the Egyptian writer Taha Husayn\'s recent autobiographical work *Al-Ayyam*. In 1955 he translated another modern work of Arabic literature, about an Egyptian rural prosecutor.
Though his main academic work was in Arabic poetry, he also approached the social issues involved in understanding the Islamic presence in medieval Spain. García Gómez collaborated with the French historian Évariste Lévi-Provençal in editing and translating an anonymous chronicle written in medieval Córdoba when under the rule of the Caliph \'Abd al-Rahman III. He also translated into Spanish Lévi-Provençal\'s well known history of Muslim Spain. For the first volume he wrote a prologue commenting on the significance of the Muslim period in Spanish history, where he refers approvingly to the work of Américo Castro.
In his later years García Gómez labored on the various facets of the literary events surrounding the Alhambra, an architectural gem, site of the government offices and the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada, where the Islamic presence lingered the longest.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *Un texto árabe occidental de la leyenda de Alejandro* (Madrid 1929). Fastenrath Award
- *Poemas arábigoandaluces* (Madrid 1930): a translation of Ibn Said\'s 13th century *Pennants of the Champions*. Translated into English by Translated into Arabic by Hussein Mones as *Ash-Shi\'r al-Andalusi* (Cairo 2nd ed. 1956).
- *Qasidas de Andalucía, puestas en verso castellano* (Madrid 1940).
- *Cinco poetas musulmanes* (Madrid 1945).
- *El collar de la poloma, tratado sobre el amor y los amantes de Ibn Hazm de Cordoba* (Madrid 1952), prologue by José Ortega y Gasset.
- *Poesía arábigoandaluza, breve síntesis histórica* (Madrid 1952).
- *Silla del moro y nuevas escenas andaluzas* (Madrid 1948, reprint Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe, 1954).
- *Las jarchas romances de la serie árabe en su marco* (Madrid 1965).
- *Poemas árabes en los muros y fuentes de la Alhambra* (Madrid 1985).
- *Poesías / Ibn Al-Zaqqāq ; edición y traducción en verso \[del árabe\]* (Madrid 1986).
- **Foco de antigua luz sobre la Alhambra** (Madrid 1988).
Collaborations
- *Una crónica anónima de \'Abd al-Rahman III al-Nasir* (Madrid-Granada 1950), co-authored with Évariste Lévi-Provençal.
- *En el centario del nacimiento de don Miguel Asín* (Madrid: CSIC 1969), with Rafael Lapesa; also in the journal *Al Andalus* (1969)
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# Canceled transitway projects in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
In addition to the proposed transit projects in the Twin Cities region, there have been some transit corridors that are no longer proposed.
## Riverview Corridor {#riverview_corridor}
The Riverview Corridor is an arterial transit corridor from Downtown Saint Paul to the Mall of America via the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport. The most discussed proposal was a Bus Rapid Transit corridor project, running from the Maplewood Mall to the Mall of America, through the Saint Paul Union Depot in Downtown Saint Paul. The route would have used some sections of the Central Corridor and Hiawatha Line and run along the center of West 7th Street. The project was canceled when the Minnesota Legislature took back the majority of unspent allocated funds. Concerns about the project included low ridership predictions and neighborhood opposition to the needed right of way expansion. It would have been possible that this line could have connected both the Blue Line and Green Line, making a transit way triangle. Bus service along the route was later improved, although not to the proposed Bus Rapid Transit project levels.
This corridor, of the canceled projects, had and continues to have the most consideration. The City Council of Saint Paul voted on January 23, 2013 to request the Ramsey County Regional Rail Authority to conduct a new study of this transit corridor.
## Dan Patch Corridor {#dan_patch_corridor}
The Dan Patch Corridor was a future Commuter Rail Line. It was to run from Minneapolis to Northfield along the tracks of the former Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway. It was initially identified as a Tier 1 corridor in the Minnesota Department of Transportation\'s 2000 Commuter Rail System Plan before being given a study ban during the 2002 Minnesota legislative session.
After receiving strong support to restudy this corridor, MnDOT has re-identified the Dan Patch Corridor as a Tier 1 Project for implementation within the next 20 years. Current stances of communities along the corridor; Minneapolis supports the Dan Patch Corridor project; St. Louis Park has an official stance against the Dan Patch Corridor project; Edina supports the Dan Patch Corridor project with a guarantee that the community will have at least one station; Bloomington is neutral towards the project and is willing to work with MnDOT on future passenger rail on the Dan Patch Corridor; Savage supports the Dan Patch Corridor project; Burnsville has no official stance; Lakeville is against any public spending for study and construction of the Dan Patch Corridor and; Northfield supports the Dan Patch Corridor project.
## Cedar/Galaxie Corridor {#cedargalaxie_corridor}
The Cedar/Galaxie Corridor was a proposed light rail extension for the Hiawatha Line between Mall of America and Apple Valley. It was canceled because of high costs. Bus rapid transit was reinstated for the project instead
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# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1996
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1996** took place in Oberperfuss, Austria
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# Bernard de Wolff
**Bernard de Wolff** (1 November 1955 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch painter of contemporary cityscapes, cows, landscapes and nudes. His work is represented in art collections in the Netherlands, France, Germany, Sweden, Italy, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Suriname, the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Russia, Ukraine, Brazil, Israel and China.
## Life
Bernard de Wolff studied Art History at the University of Amsterdam between 1982 and 1988. During his study he in-depth on classical archeology, cultural anthropology, theatrical media, aesthetics and cultural philosophy. He travelled multiple times to West Africa, experiences which contributed to his evolvement as an artist. His first art exhibition was in 1982 at gallery Memphis in The Hague. In 1988 he graduated as an art historian. During the 1980s Bernard de Wolff worked on some video productions, for example for the Allard Piersonmuseum (Amsterdam). His program "De streling" ("The caress") was nominated for the Sony Video Award and "De Olympische Orde" (The Olympic Order") was selected for the NVWFT Mediaprice. He is also responsible for the scenario and the music.
After his graduation Bernard de Wolff further developed himself as a painter. During the 1990s his art exhibitions led him to the United States where he lectured on the art of painting landscapes. Important for his artistic development were his journeys to Suriname and Brazil in the 21st century. Also the city life of Amsterdam and Paris are a ubiquitously important source of inspiration for his work. However, ever since 2015 the Orient became an important source of inspiration. In 2016 Bernard de Wolff traveled, on invitation of the Chinese Academy of Art (division of the Department of the Culture, China) to Wushan China to experience the Chinese landscape for new landscape paintings. The exposition will is due 2017. Nevertheless, in 2015 and 2016 Bernard de Wolff already exposed his art at exhibitions in respectively, Jinan, Shanghai and Beijing.
Currently, Bernard de Wolff lives In Paris, France where he is represented by art galleries among which the prestigious Schwab Beaubourg Gallery.
## Style
The artwork of Bernard de Wolff is characterized by his impressionism, while using expressive techniques. The oil paint is not just a medium to create an impression on the canvas, but as a substance, it is also an essential part of the artwork; the oil paint is present, visible, tangible. De Wolff\'s work is inspired by George Hendrik Breitner, Willem Witsen, Marius Bauer, Eugène Leroy and Karel Appel. Main themes are contemporary cityscape, landscapes, cattle and nudes.
## Art work {#art_work}
Some artworks are:
- Gare Du Nord, Last train.
- Row the Boat.
- Canal.
- La Ville.
- Boulevard.
- XVIeme Arrondissement.
- Wandeling in de Stad (Stroll in the City).
- Bois de Boulogne.
- Are You Looking at Me.
## Awards
- 1980s
- Nomination Sony Video Award for the program "De streling" ("The caress")
- Nomination NVWFT Mediaprice for the documentary "De Olympische Orde" (\"The Olympic Order\")
- 2000s
- Winner Brooklyn Gallery Award (2002)
- Winner Bronze Calla (2002)
- Election top hundred contemporary Dutch artists, kunstweek.nl, position 21 (2008)
## Trivia
In 2005, in celebration of his fiftieth birthday, a book regarding Bernard de Wolff was released in courtesy of Galery Peter Leen
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# Makoto Saitō (designer)
**Makoto Saitō** `{{nihongo||サイトウ マコト||extra= born 21 December 1952}}`{=mediawiki} is a Japanese graphic designer, self-described \"poster designer\", and artist.
Saitō was born in Fukuoka, Japan. He attended Kokura technical high school and started his career after he graduated. His early work as a printmaker was successful, shown internationally, and is part of the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Saitō worked from 1974 to 1980 at Nippon Design Center before starting his own firm, Makoto Saitō Design. During his time at Nippon Design, he focused mainly on commercial work, where he wanted the poster to reach as many people as possible. early work as a printmaker was successful, shown internationally, and is part of the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Saitō worked from 1974 to 1980 at Nippon Design Center before starting his own firm, Makoto Saitō Design. His posters are typified by text-free imagery in dense inks printed on thick, high quality papers. His wide-ranging creative activities explore perpetual theme of "seeing."
That was reflected in an interview with Saitō featured in Spring 2000 issue of *Eye* magazine, where he was quoted thus:
Saitō has been a member of the Alliance Graphique Internationale since 1994
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# Maude Valérie White
**Maude Valérie White** (1855 -- 1937) was a French-born English composer who became one of the most successful songwriters of the Victorian period.
## Early years {#early_years}
Although born near Dieppe in Normandy to upper middle-class parents, White and her family moved to England when she was only one year old. She spent her childhood in Heidelberg, Paris, and England, and played the piano from an early age. At seventeen she had already composed her first song. She studied composition with Oliver May while in London, and counterpoint and harmony with W. S. Rockstro while living in Torquay. In 1876 White went to the Royal Academy of Music after she finally persuaded her reluctant mother to allow her to pursue music as a career. While at the academy she studied composition with George Alexander Macfarren, and set poems written in English, German, and French.
White was the first woman to be awarded the prestigious Mendelssohn Scholarship, which she received in 1879. Her father died while she was a child, but when White\'s mother died in 1881, White was devastated, and went to Chile to be with her sister and to recuperate and recover her health. Upon returning to London in 1882, she thrust herself into a career as a professional musician and composer. She made her way by teaching piano, and by writing songs and playing them at galas and soirées, sometimes presenting recitals with contralto, composer, and festival organizer Mary Augusta Wakefield.
## Composition
In 1883 White went to Vienna for six months to study with Robert Fuchs. He tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade her to extend her composition into more instrumental genres, a task which she never aggressively pursued. As Sophie Fuller notes, White\'s music during this period of her career is characterized \"by careful word setting, expansive melodies, a sense of rhythmic propulsion and an avoidance of clear-cut cadences\". This can be heard in her 1888 setting of Byron\'s \"So we\'ll go no more a-roving\", one of her most enduring songs, which is dedicated to Herbert Beerbohm Tree.
There are some larger scale works, such as the Russian-influenced ballet *The Enchanted Heart* of 1913, the orchestral *Serbian Dances*, performed during World War I by Henry Wood, and an unfinished opera, *Smaranda*. But it was her songs, setting poetry in German, French, Italian, Spanish and Swedish as well as English, that made her reputation as a composer. Her setting of Shelley\'s \"My soul is an enchanted boat,\" published in 1882 has been described as \"one of the best of our language\". Among other successful titles were \"Come to me in my dreams\", \"Ye cupids droop each little head\", \"Until (semper fidelis)\", \"Mary Morison\" and \"My soul is an enchanted boat\".
Later in the 1890s her musical style developed and shifted to incorporate elements of music from her global travels. Increasingly White looked beyond the restrictions of the Victorian ballad, aspiring to the style of German Lieder. Past the turn of the century, her works become more impressionistic, as shown in \"La Flûte Invisible\" (Victor Hugo) and \"Le Foyer\" (Paul Verlaine).
## Later years and legacy {#later_years_and_legacy}
In her last years, White wrote two memoirs, *Friends and Memories*, published 1914, and *My Indian Summer*, published 1932. Her home was at 40 Pelham Court in Chelsea. She continued to organize concerts and perform her compositions but later turned more towards translating books and plays. She died at the age of 82 in 1937. A requiem mass was held for her at the Brompton Oratory and she was interred in the churchyard of St. Edward\'s Roman Catholic Church, Sutton Green, Surrey.
Roger Quilter and Vaughan Williams were both admirers of her songs. Stephen Banfield identifies White as \"one of \[Quilter\'s\] closest stylistic predecessors\", but classifies her as a composer of \"drawing-room songs\". Trevor Hold\'s assessment is that White \"made a modest attempt in her songs to raise the artistic level of the ballad by a more adventurous choice of text and an avoidance of stock musical ideas\".
## Discography
- Two of White\'s best-known songs, \'So we\'ll go no more a-roving\' and \'Absent yet present\', were recorded by the tenor Gervase Cary Elwes before World War I. Elwes and his wife were personal friends of the composer, who used to accompany him in concert: as he sang, \"in her excitement she would begin galloping away towards the climax until sometimes it became quite a question which of them would arrive first\".
- White\'s song \'To Mary\' was recorded at least three times by the tenor Ben Davies, the first in 1903 and last in 1932.
- *Women at an Exposition: Music Composed by Women and Performed at the 1893 World\'s Fair in Chicago*, Koch International Classics, (1993). includes \'The Throstle\' and \'Ici bas\'
- [*In Praise of Woman*, Hyperion CDH55159 (2004)](https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDH55159), includes \'The Throstle\', \'My soul is an enchanted boat\', \'The Devout Lover\', and \'So we\'ll go no more a-roving\', sung by Anthony Rolfe Johnson with Graham Johnson.
- The short piano suite \'From the Ionian Sea\' was recorded by pianist Christopher Howell in 2012 and published as part of a compilation of English piano music inspired by Italy entitled *An Englishman in Italy: British Piano Music inspired by Italy*, *Sheva Collection*, 2012.
- [*Splendid Tears*, EM Records EMRCD087 (2024)](https://musicwebinternational.com/2024/09/splendid-tears-em-records/), includes the \'Four songs from Tennyson's In Memoriam\', sung by Brian Thorsett with Richard Masters.
- *[Isaotta Blanzesman, and other Loves: Romanze, Lieder, Mélodies and Songs](https://davinci-edition.com/product/c01001/)*, Da Vinci Classics C01001 (2024), Elisabetta Paglia, Christopher Howell, includes 22 songs
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# UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights
The **UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights**, created in 1978 as the **UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education** to mark the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, serves to honour the efforts of organizations or individuals that have made an exemplary contribution to the advancement of knowledge on human rights and building a universal culture of human rights. It was renamed on 5 May 2008 under the terms of a memorandum of understanding with Mayor of Bilbao Iñaki Azkuna whereby the municipality of Bilbao agreed to fund the prize for a period of three years.
The prize winner and the other candidates selected for honourable mention are chosen by the UNESCO Director General from a short-list chosen by an international jury composed of six public figures representing the different regions of the world.
Now awarded every second year, the prize is worth US\$25,000 and is accompanied by a trophy created by Japanese artist Toshimi Ishii. Winners are announced on 10 December, United Nations Human Rights Day.
## Past winners {#past_winners}
- **2019:** Romina Knightsdale, Brazil.
- **2018:** Gonzalo Franco, Spain.
- **2012:** Archbishop Desmond Tutu, South Africa.
- **2010:** Asma Jahangir, Pakistan.
: Honourable mentions: Corporación Parque por la Paz Villa Grimaldi, Chile; Fundación Cultura de Paz, Spain; France terre d'asile & Fédération internationale Musique Espérance, France
- **2008:** Stéphane Hessel, France.
: Honourable mention: ATD Fourth World, France.
- **2006:**[1](https://web.archive.org/web/20061221152217/http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D10445%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html) Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
: Honourable mentions: European Master\'s Programme in Human Rights and Democratisation, European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation, Venice, Italy; One World International Human Rights Documentary Film Festival, Czech Republic.
- **2004:**[2](http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=6997&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html) Professor Vitit Muntarbhorn, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; United Nations Special Rapporteur.
: Honourable mentions: Anatoly Azarov, Russian Federation; David Jan McQuoid-Mason, South Africa; Oslo Coalition on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Norway; Peruvian Institute of Education in Human Rights and Peace, Peru.
- **2002:**[3](http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2002/02-92e.shtml) Academia Mexicana de Derechos Humanos, Mexico City, Mexico.
: Honourable mentions: Institut des droits de l\'homme et de promotion de la démocratie (IDH), Benin; İonna Kuçuradi, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Nyameko Barney Pityana, President of South Africa\'s Human Rights Commission.
- **2000:**[4](http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2000/00-136e.shtml) City of Nuremberg, Germany.
: Honourable mentions: Flor Alba Romero, Colombia; Associated Schools Project, Pakistan; Hurights Osaka, Japan.
- **1998:**[5](http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/98-273e.htm) Justice Michael Kirby, High Court, Australia.
: Honourable mentions: Jaime Castillo Velasco, Chile; Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Sweden.
- **1996:**[6](http://www.unesco.org/op/eng/unescopress/97-02e.htm) Former President Jean Bertrand Aristide, Republic of Haiti.
: Honourable mention: Gloria Ramírez, Academia Mexicana de Derechos Humanos, Mexico.
- **1994:** José Zalaquett Daher of Chile, and the Philippine Commission of Human Rights.
- **1992:** Arab Institute of Human Rights, Tunis, Tunisia.
- **1990:** Václav Havel, Czech Republic.
- **1988:** Asamblea Permanente de los Derechos Humanos, Bolivia.
- **1986:** Héctor Fix Zamudio, Mexico.
- **1983:** Felix Ermacora, Austria.
- **1981:** Ali Sadek Abou-Heif, Egypt.
- **1979:** Paul Morren, Belgium.
- **1978:** Mümtaz Soysal, Turkey
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# Keyshawn
**Keyshawn** is a given name
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# Napasorsuaq
The **Napasorsuaq** (*\'\'\'Kirkespiret\'\'\'*) is a 1,590m--high mountain in southern Greenland, in the Kujalleq municipality.
## Geography
The mountain rises in the mountainous peninsula of the mainland which forms the eastern side of the Southern Sermilik fjord. It is the highest peak of a moderately glaciated mountain chain stretching in a SW/NE direction with summits reaching 1,400 m. The *Kirkespirdalen Dal* valley, named after the mountain, stretches westwards onto the Saqqa Fjord.
The Napasorsuaq is a popular mountain among climbers because of its firm granite walls, similar to other peaks in the region such as Ketil and Ulamertorsuaq
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# Aurore and Aimée
***Aurore and Aimée*** is a French literary fairy tale written by Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont. Like her better known tale *Beauty and the Beast*, it is among the first fairy tales deliberately written for children.
It draws on traditional fairy tale motifs from the Aarne--Thompson tale type 480, the kind and the unkind girls; as is common in those tales, the abused daughter finds herself in a new place, where, after a test, a kindly woman rewards her. Folk tales of this type include \"Diamonds and Toads\", \"*Shita-kiri Suzume*\", \"Mother Hulda\", \"The Three Heads of the Well\", \"Father Frost\", \"The Three Little Men in the Wood\", \"The Enchanted Wreath\", \"The Old Witch\" and \"The Two Caskets\". Another literary variant is \"The Three Fairies\".
## Synopsis
A lady had two daughters. Both were beautiful; Aurore, the older, had a good character, but Aimée, the younger, was malevolent. When Aurore was sixteen and Aimée was twelve, the lady began to lose her looks. Not wanting anyone to know that she was old enough to have children of those ages, she moved to another city, sent Aurore to the country, and claimed that Aimée was only ten and that she had been fifteen when she had given birth to her. Fearing that someone would discover the deception, she sent Aurore to another country, but the person she sent with her abandoned Aurore in the forest. Aurore hunted for a way out and finally found a shepherdess\'s cottage. She lamented her fate and blamed God; the shepherdess urged that God permitted misfortune only for the benefit of the unfortunate person, and offered to act the part of her mother. After some discussion of the fashionable but often dull life Aurore had been living, the shepherdess pointed out that age would make it less pleasant, and that she herself could teach Aurore how to live without boredom. Aurore agreed, and the shepherdess set her to a life divided into prayer, work, reading, and walks; Aurore found this life very agreeable because it was not dull.
One day, a prince, Ingénu, went hunting. He was a good prince, though his brother Fourbin, the king, was an evil king. He fell in love with and wooed Aurore, and she, properly, sent him to the shepherdess. He begged her to tell him whether it would make her unhappy if the shepherdess consented; she praised his virtue and said that a daughter can not be unhappy with a virtuous husband. The shepherdess did consent, knowing he would make Aurore a good husband, and he left, to return in three days. In that time, Aurore fell into a thicket while she was gathering the sheep, and her face was dreadfully scratched; she lamented this, the shepherdess reminded her that God doubtlessly meant it for good, and Aurore reflected that if Ingénu no longer wished to marry her because her looks were gone, he would not have made her happy.
Meanwhile, Ingénu told his brother of his bride, and Fourbin, angry that he would marry without his permission, threatened to marry Aurore himself if she were as beautiful as Ingénu claimed. He came with him, and on seeing Aurore\'s marred face, ordered Ingénu to marry her at once and forbade the couple to come to court. Ingénu was still willing to marry her; after Fourbin left, the shepherdess cured Aurore\'s injuries with a special water.
Back at court, Fourbin ordered portraits of beautiful women brought to him. He was enchanted by one of Aurore\'s sister Aimée and married her.
After a year, Aurore had a son, Beaujour. One day, he vanished, and Aurore lamented. The shepherdess reminded her that everything happened to her for her own good. The next day, Fourbin\'s soldiers came; they had been sent to kill the king\'s nephew. Not finding him, they put Ingénu, Aurore, and the shepherdess to sea in a boat. They sailed to a kingdom where the king was at war. Ingénu offered to fight for the king and killed the commander of his enemies, making the army flee. The king, who was childless, adopted Ingénu as his son. Four years later, Fourbin died of grief because of his wife\'s wickedness, and his people drove Aimée away and sent for Ingénu to be king. On the way there, they were shipwrecked; this time, Aurore held that it must have happened for the good, and on the land where they were shipwrecked, she found a woman with her son, Beaujour. The woman explained that she was the wife of a pirate, who had kidnapped the boy, but been shipwrecked. Ships came looking for their bodies, and bore back Ingénu, Aurore, and Beaujour back to their kingdom. Aurore never again complained of any misfortune, knowing misfortunes were often the cause of happiness.
## Translation
The tale was translated as \"Aurora and Amy\" in a 1836 publication
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# USS Redstart
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 4, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
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``
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# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1998
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1998** took place in Rautavaara, Finland. It marked the first time the championships were held outside the traditional locations of Austria, Germany, or Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Reinhard Gruber ended Gerhard Pilz\'s reign of five straight World Championships in men\'s singles natural track luge.
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Panyutina won her third medal of the championships in the 1990s representing her third different country (1990: bronze for the Soviet Union, 1992: gold for the Commonwealth of Independent States)
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# Hourglass (Clannad song)
\"**Hourglass / Theme from Harry\'s Game**\" is a double A-side single by Irish musical group Clannad. It was released in 1989 to promote their best-of *Past Present*. However, \"Hourglass\" does not appear on the *Past Present* album.
This is the band\'s only double A-side single to date and was only available as a single until it was included on the 2-disc 1997 Netherlands compilation \"In a Lifetime: The Ultimate Collection (BMG 74321 488072)\" and then again on the 2020 compilation *In a Lifetime*.
Two promotional videos were produced to accompany the single, one for each of the lead songs, \"Hourglass\" directed by Tim Morris & Pól Brennan, and \"Theme from Harry\'s Game\" by Billy Magra.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
7\" vinyl & cassette
1. \"Hourglass\"
2. \"Theme from Harry\'s Game\"
3\" compact disc
1. \"Theme from Harry\'s Game\"
2. \"Hourglass\"
12\" vinyl
1. \"Hourglass\"
2. \"Theme from Harry\'s Game\"
3. \"World of Difference\"
5\" compact disc
1. \"Hourglass\"
2. \"Theme from Harry\'s Game\"
3. \"World of Difference\"
4
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# Urdu Informatics
**Urdu Informatics** (Urdu: اردو اطلاعیات) relates to the research and contributions in bringing the utilities and usage of Urdu to the modern information and communication technologies in education and business. National Language Authority in Pakistan has been at the forefront in introducing Urdu Informatics as a tool for the standardisation of Urdu language. Major steps in this respect include the development of Urdu keyboard and launching of software to automate translations between Urdu and English languages.
## Institutional support {#institutional_support}
There is a dedicated national Centre of Excellence for Urdu Informatics that operates under the auspices of National Language Authority that has been carrying out research on the standardisation of Urdu alphabets for electronic media.
Other institutional contributions also relate to the use of Urdu for internet applications, input controls, dynamic association of keyboard buttons to Urdu alphabets and use of proper character coding schemes
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# Jim Hume
**Jim Hume** MBA FRSA ARAgS HonAssoc BVA is a former Scottish Liberal Democrat politician. He was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) of the South of Scotland region from May 2007 to March 2016. He is currently Director of Public Affairs & Communications at Change Mental Health and Convenes the National Rural Mental Health Forum.
## Background
Hume was born in Peebles but raised in Selkirkshire. His previous positions include Chairman of \"Environment and Land Use\" for the National Farmers Union of Scotland and President of Lothians and Borders NFU. He was active during the Foot-and-mouth crisis of 2001. Hume was also chair of the Borders Foundation for Rural Sustainability and was on the board of Scottish Enterprise Borders, a member of the Forestry Commission\'s South of Scotland Regional Forum, a Trustee of The Borders Forest Trust and a founding Director of the South of Scotland Loan Fund Scheme.
## Member of the Scottish Parliament {#member_of_the_scottish_parliament}
Hume was elected to the Scottish Parliament to represent the South of Scotland region at the 2007 general election, making him the first Liberal Democrat MSP in the region since the Scottish Parliament was created in 1999. He was also elected councillor of the Galashiels and District region of Scottish Borders Council on the same night. Hume was Scottish Liberal Democrat Spokesman for Housing and Health. He sat on the Scottish Parliament\'s Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment Committee, and was the committee\'s EU Reporter. He was also the Scottish Liberal Democrat Deputy Whip and a member of the European Committee of Regions.
In December 2014, Hume successfully introduced a Member\'s Bill in the Scottish Parliament, the Smoking Prohibition (Children in Motor Vehicles) (Scotland) Bill. It was enacted in January 2016 and protects 60,000 children every week from the dangers of second hand smoke in cars. In the twelve months following his Bill, the number of children being exposed to second-hand smoke halved.
In October 2015, Hume called on Health Secretary Shona Robison to review support provided for gender identity clinics after new figures revealed that the average waiting time for a first appointment at two of Scotland\'s GICs was more than a year.
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# Jim Hume
## Career timeline {#career_timeline}
Edinburgh School of Agriculture, Diploma in Agriculture
- 1997: University of Edinburgh, Masters in Business Administration (MBA)
- 1998 --2007: Farmer, partner, John Hume and Son (farming firm, Sundhope Farm, Yarrow, Selkirk)
- 2004--2006: Director of the National Farmers Union of Scotland (NFUS) President of Lothian & Borders NFUS
- 2000--2006: Trustee Borders Forest Trust (BFT)
- 2000--2001: Trustee Borders Foundation for Rural Sustainability (BFRS)
- 2001--2007: Chairman Borders Foundation for Rural Sustainability
- 2003--2007: Director Scottish Enterprise Borders (SEB)
- 2005--2007: Member of Forestry Commission Scotland\'s South of Scotland Regional Forum.
- February 2007-- 4 May 2007: Director of the National Farmers Union of Scotland (NFUS): Chairman of NFUS Environment & Land Use.
- 2007 -- 2016: Member of the Scottish Parliament for South of Scotland
- 2007--2011: Scottish Liberal Democrat Shadow Minister for the Environment
- 2007--2008: Member of The Scottish Parliament\'s Audit Committee
- 2008--2011: Member of The Scottish Parliament\'s European & External Relations Committee
- 2008--2011: Scottish Liberal Democrat Deputy Spokesperson on Environment, Rural Development and Energy
- 2009 -- March 2011: Head of Scottish Parliamentary Campaigns
- 2011 -- 2012: Scottish Liberal Democrat Spokesperson on Rural Affairs, Environment, Climate Change, Housing and Transport
- 2011 -- 2016:. Member of the Scottish Parliament Rural Affairs, Climate Change & Environment Committee.
- 2011 -- 2016: The Scottish Parliament Rural Affairs, Climate Change & Environment Committee\'s European Reporter.
- 2011 -- 2016: Member of The European Union\'s Committee of Regions
- 2012--2016: Scottish Liberal Democrat Spokesperson on Health and Housing
- 2012--2016: Scottish Liberal Democrat Deputy Whip
- 2016 -- 2018: Trustee of Tweed Forum
- 2016 -- 2018: Board Member of The Broomhouse Centre
- 2016--present: Director of Policy, Public Affairs and Communications, Change Mental Health
- 2017--present: Convener of the National Rural Mental Health Forum www.ruralwellbeing.org
- 2017--present: Non-Executive Director of Scotland\'s Rural College (SRUC) www.sruc.ac
| 317 |
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# Scouting sex abuse cases
**Scouting sex abuse cases** are situations where youth involved in Scouting programs have been sexually abused by someone who is also involved in the Scouting program (an adult Scout leader, or more rarely, a fellow Scout). In some instances, formal charges have been laid, resulting in specific legal cases. `{{TOC right}}`{=mediawiki}
## Scouting sex abuse by country {#scouting_sex_abuse_by_country}
### Australia
In 2014, Darryl Rubiolo, a former Scout Association of Australia leader, area commissioner and member of the New South Wales state branch council was convicted of serial child sex offences against three boys aged 9, 13 and 14, between 1975 and 1987 while he was an official of the Scout Association of Australia. Rubiolo was sentenced to `{{frac|2|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} years in prison with a non-parole period of one year.
In September 2009, a 61-year-old man and former Scout leader in South Australia, was convicted of sexually assaulting an 11-year-old boy. The abuse took place over four years in the 1980s. The man was not named to save his own teenage son from embarrassment.
In 2004, a 48-year-old, former Scout Association of Australia leader in South Australia, Gregory John Kench, was charged with having sex with a 13-year-old boy two times. Kench was sentenced to 10 years in jail. This was his second conviction in five years for sexual abuse against Scouts. The offenses occurred in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
In 2017, Anthony Munro, a former Scout leader, was sentenced to 10 years and nine months\' jail for abusing two boys between 1965 and 1983. Munro sexually assaulted his first victim on three occasions from 1965, including on a trip to Rapid Bay, South Australia. While working as a Scout leader in 1978, Munro he started abusing his second victim, then aged 11. Offences against that victim spanned a period of five years. He was sentenced on several charges, including indecent assault, unlawful sexual intercourse and gross indecency.
Former Scout leader in South Australia, Noel Allen Mortess was jailed in 1998 for `{{frac|4|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} years for the sexual abuse of a teenage boy --- but in 2008 he went to police and admitted to abusing six other boys.
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# Scouting sex abuse cases
## Scouting sex abuse by country {#scouting_sex_abuse_by_country}
### Canada
#### Past issues {#past_issues}
Over the organization\'s history of more than 100 years there have been numerous policies and practices to address child and youth safety.
It was reported in a CBC documentary that Scouts Canada had signed out-of-court confidentiality agreements with more than a dozen child sex-abuse victims. These agreements reportedly forbade the youths from revealing the amounts paid or even the fact that there was a settlement and, in one case, from making any public statement regarding the abuse. CBC researchers found that 24 lawsuits had been filed against Scouts Canada since 1995, all concerning incidents between 1960 and the 1990s, with 13 victims signing confidentiality agreements.
Two months following the documentary, Scouts Canada\'s Chief Commissioner apologized on YouTube to \"all former Scouts who suffered harm at the hands of those who abused the trust and responsibility they had gained as volunteer Leaders in our movement\".
Scouts Canada stated in the video that to their knowledge, they had always reported abuse to police, and had asked independent public accounting firm KPMG to audit 350 of their files to ensure \"complete confidence\". They also stated that they asked Peter Dudding, CEO of the Child Welfare League of Canada, to review their youth protection policies and make recommendations.
Scouts Canada, upon review of the files by KPMG, has stated that it has not always reported to police its leaders who sexually molested children in Scouting. In some cases, abusers had been \"removed discreetly\".
#### Modernized screening {#modernized_screening}
Scouts Canada has modernized its screening practices for adult members. Applicants must complete a Police Record Check with Vulnerable Sector Check. Local volunteers interview applicants and check the multiple references they must provide. In addition, prospective volunteers must complete leadership training, child and youth safety training and accessibility training before they are considered fully active members. Scouts Canada volunteers are prohibited from being with a youth member alone; two fully screened volunteers are required to be present at all times. In the event that volunteers are suspected of misconduct, policy requires that they are immediately suspended and the relevant authorities are notified with all information shared.
Scouts Canada provides with some of its handbooks, and online, a booklet called *How to Protect Your Children from Child Abuse: A Parent\'s Guide*. In addition, it is a badge requirement in the Scout program for parents and youth to review a portion of *How to Protect Your Children from Child Abuse: A Parent\'s Guide*
#### Individual cases {#individual_cases}
Richard Turley is a Canadian who had abused children in California. In 1979, the Boy Scouts of America told Turley to return to Canada, not warning Scouts Canada of Turley\'s criminal behavior. In 1996, Turley was convicted of an assault on four boys, three of whom were Scouts, in Victoria, British Columbia. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. A group committee chair had complained about Turley\'s behaviour and he was told to leave his troop, but he then joined a different troop.
In 1997, John Adams, a former Scouts Canada leader, was sentenced to 16 months in jail for sexually assaulting a young Ottawa, Ontario Scout. The abuse occurred from 1979 to 1985, from the time the youth was 9 to 15 years old, and took place in the offender\'s home and Scouts Canada properties.
In 2001, Brian Durham, a former Kitchener, Ontario Scout leader, pleaded guilty to 27 counts of assault, sexual touching, and counseling to commit sexual acts. Many more charges were dropped in exchange for his guilty plea. The offenses were committed against 20 children from January 1991 to March 2000. Separately, the court was handling six additional charges against Durham based on offenses he committed in 1973 and 1974 when he was a minor. The charges are under the now-defunct Juvenile Delinquents Act.
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# Scouting sex abuse cases
## Scouting sex abuse by country {#scouting_sex_abuse_by_country}
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
A number of cases have taken place in the United Kingdom. Initially a range of internal measures were used to assess applicants, until 2002, when the Criminal Records Bureau was formed following public concern about the safety of children, young people and vulnerable adults. This was replaced by the Disclosure and Barring Service in 2012. Despite these additional safeguards, some individuals have still managed to gain access to young people within the Movement. Some notable cases are listed below.
In 2006, Alan Grant, a 42-year-old man who had held Scouting leadership positions in Scotland for more than 20 years, admitted to abusing two 15-year-old boys in his home in 2006. To entice the boys to visit his home, Grant had set up a "fake camp," complete with fake parent authorization forms, and obtained the parents' permission for the boys to attend. Instead, the boys were taken to his home and given alcohol before the abuse took place. He was sentenced to nine months in jail. In response, the Scottish Scouting Association representative said the organization\'s background checks were as "robust' as they could be."
In 2008, Wilson Reid, a 49-year-old Scout leader in Portadown, Northern Ireland, was arrested and charged with count of rape, three counts of indecent assault against a male child and one count of supplying intoxicating substances to a person under 18. These incidents took place in 1997 and 1998.
A 37-year-old man from Norwich, England who had been a former Scout leader pleaded guilty in 2009 to five charges of having sex with a child. The sexual activity started about 2004, when the child was 13 years old, and continued for three years. The offender, Julien Pike, was sentenced to four years in jail. In reaction to the case, an official of The Scout Association said, \"The association is aware that Julien Pike has pleaded guilty to the charges laid before him. Pike was suspended from any form of contact with the movement as soon as we were aware of the arrest. The Scout Association carries out stringent vetting of all adults who work with young people.\"
In April 2011, David Burland, 53, of the 1st Burnham-on-Sea Scout Group in Somerset, was bailed to appear before Taunton Deane Magistrates\' Court after being charged with 12 indecent assaults, 13 counts of sexual assault, four counts of gross indecency and six of inciting a boy to engage in sexual activity. These charges relate to the alleged abuse of boys under the age of 16. Burland also faces a charge of sexual assault and indecent exposure relating to a girl under 16. Burland had been involved in the Scout movement since the 1990s.
In 2014, the BBC learned that more than 50 people had instructed UK solicitors Bolt Burdon Kemp over historical abuse claims against The Scout Association since the Jimmy Savile scandal emerged. The association and individual Scout leaders have also paid £897,000 in damages, the lawyers for the claimants say. One MP urged an inquiry into failures to pass records of abuse to police. The Scout Association disputed the figures, but said it was \"deeply sorry\" for anyone hurt by abusers\' actions.
### Ireland
In 2003, John O'Leary, a 42-year-old man and former Scout leader was sentenced to three years in prison. The Cork City resident and father of two was charged with having performed oral sex on an 11-year-old Boy Scout more than 20 years earlier at Scout camps. The victim, who was not named, \"said he had gone through hell since he was sexually assaulted, suffering depression and having relationship problems. He said the day in court was a long time coming, and added that because of the abuse, he had been permanently stained for life."
On May 14, 2020, a report was made public which found that both the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI) and the Scout Association of Ireland (SAI), which merged to form Scouting Ireland in 2004, protected at least 275 known or suspected sex predators who served in the two organizations and that the cover-up of the abuse spanned decades. Scouting Ireland backed the findings of the report and issued an apology.
### New Zealand {#new_zealand}
A number of sex abuse cases have occurred in the Scouting movement in New Zealand.
In 1996 Donald John MacFarlane was convicted and fined \$15,000 for indecently assaulting two boys. He was a Scout leader for one of the boys. The abuse happened in Southland between January 1972 and December 1974.
In 1999 David John White, a Scout leader in the Porirua suburb of Whitby, pleaded guilty to eight charges of indecently assaulting Scouts at his home between 1984 and 1998. Two other Scout leaders, Thomas Donahue and Neville Palmer from Whitby, were also prosecuted for indecent assault.
Two Auckland Scout leaders, Andrew John Pybus and Nigel Richard Fenemor, were jailed in 2005 for seven years for sexually assaulting two boys under the age of 16.
### United States {#united_states}
There were 2,000 US cases of abuse within the Boy Scouts of America before 1994, and one abuse incident was as recent as 2006. As a result, the Boy Scouts of America, the largest US youth organization with 4 million members, created a sex abuse education and prevention program in the 1980s called the Youth Protection program to help address the problem
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# Atmospheric infrared sounder
The **atmospheric infrared sounder** (**AIRS**) is one of six instruments flying on board NASA\'s Aqua satellite, launched on May 4, 2002. The instrument is designed to support climate research and improve weather forecasting.
Working in combination with its partner microwave instrument, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A), AIRS observes the global water and energy cycles, climate variation and trends, and the response of the climate system to increased greenhouse gases. AIRS uses infrared technology to create three-dimensional maps of air and surface temperature, water vapor, and cloud properties. AIRS can also measure trace greenhouse gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane.
AIRS and AMSU-A share the Aqua satellite with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Clouds and the Earth\'s Radiant Energy System (CERES), and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E). Aqua is part of NASA\'s \"A-train,\" a series of high-inclination, Sun-synchronous satellites in low Earth orbit designed to make long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and ocean.
AIRS data are free and available to the public through the Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information and Services Center. NASA\'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, manages AIRS for NASA\'s Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C.
## Technology
The term \"sounder\" in AIRS\'s name refers to the fact that the instrument measures temperature and water vapor as a function of height (atmospheric sounding).
AIRS measures the infrared brightness coming up from Earth\'s surface and from the atmosphere. Its scan mirror rotates around an axis along the line of flight and directs infrared energy from the Earth into the instrument. As the spacecraft moves along, this mirror sweeps the ground creating a scan swath that extends roughly 800 kilometers on either side of the ground track. Within the instrument, an advanced, high-resolution spectrometer separates the infrared energy into wavelengths.
Each infrared wavelength is sensitive to temperature and water vapor over a range of heights in the atmosphere, from the surface up into the stratosphere. By having multiple infrared detectors, each sensing a particular wavelength, a temperature profile, or sounding of the atmosphere, can be made. While prior space instruments had only 15 detectors, AIRS has 2378. This greatly improves the accuracy, making it comparable to measurements made by weather balloons.
Thick clouds act like a wall to the infrared energy measured by AIRS. However, microwave instruments on board Aqua can see through the clouds with limited accuracy. Using a special computer algorithm, data from AIRS and the microwave instruments are combined to provide highly accurate measurements in all cloud conditions resulting in a daily global snapshot of the state of the atmosphere.
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# Atmospheric infrared sounder
## AIRS Science and Applications {#airs_science_and_applications}
AIRS and its companion microwave sounder AMSU observe the entire atmospheric column from Earth\'s surface to the top of the atmosphere. The primary data they return is the infrared spectrum in 2378 individual frequencies. The infrared spectrum is rich in information on numerous gases in the atmosphere.
AIRS primary scientific achievement has been to improve weather prediction and provide new information on the water and energy cycle. The instrument also yields information on several important greenhouse gases.
**Weather and climate forecasting**
AIRS data are used by weather forecasting centers around the world. By incorporating AIRS measurements into their models, forecasters have been able to extend reliable mid-range weather forecasts by more than six hours. AIRS data have also improved forecasts of the location and magnitude of predicted storms.
AIRS temperature and water vapor profiles are available in real time to regional weather forecasters, providing twice-daily weather measurements for the entire Pacific Ocean, once in the morning and once in the evening.
AIRS measurements form a \"fingerprint\" of the state of the atmosphere for a given time and place that can be used as a climate data record for future generations. They have become important tools for understanding current climate and increasing the ability to predict the future.
**Atmospheric Composition, Greenhouse Gases, and Air Quality**
AIRS maps the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane globally. Its ability to provide simultaneous observations of the Earth\'s atmospheric temperature, water vapor, ocean surface temperature, and land surface temperature and infrared spectral emissivity, as well as humidity, clouds and the distribution of greenhouse gases, makes AIRS/AMSU a very useful space instrument to observe and study the response of the atmosphere to increased greenhouse gases.
The instrument can detect carbon monoxide emissions from the burning of plant materials and animal waste by humans in rainforests and large cities. It can follow giant plumes of this gas moving across the planet from these large burns, allowing scientists to better monitor pollution transport patterns.
AIRS provides a global daily 3-D view of Earth\'s ozone layer, showing how ozone is transported. The instrument also gives scientists their best view of atmospheric ozone in the Antarctic region during the polar winter.
AIRS is also able to identify concentrations of sulphur dioxide and dust
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# George Schnéevoigt
**George Schnéevoigt** (born **Fritz Ernst Georg Fischer**; 23 December 1893 -- 6 February 1961) was a Danish film director, cinematographer, and actor of the 1910s to early 1940s. Schnéevoigt was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 23 December 1893 to the Finnish-born photographer and actress Siri Schnéevoigt, and Hermann Friedrich Fischer. He was the father of photographer Alf Schnéevoigt.
## Early life {#early_life}
When Schnéevoigt was 14 years old he traveled with his mother to Berlin as a result of his parents divorce, there he took his mothers last name. Already in his school years Schnéevoigt had developed an interest in acting. He trained as a photographer and studied with actress Tilla Durieux and actor Ludvig Hartau.
## Career
Schnéevoigt made his debut as an actor at the age of 19 at the Neues Schauspilhaus in Berlin, where he met his future wife, the painter Tilly von Kaulbach. In 1914 he returned home to Denmark from Berlin with Kaulbach, together they started their own film company Kaulbachs Kunstfilm. On 23 February 1915 Schnéevoigt and Kaulbach married each other in Christania.
Kaulbachs Kunstfilmdid not have much success, and in Schnéevoigt instead ended up with job at Nordisk Film. At Nordisk Film he worked with Carl Theodor Dreyer as a photographer on films like *Blade af Satans Bog* from 1921 and *Du skal ære din hustru* from 1925. Schnéevoigt directed a number of notable films such as *Præsten i Vejlby* (1931), which was the first Danish sound film, *Hotel Paradis* (1931), *Skal vi vædde en million?* (1932), *Odds 777* (1932) and *Nøddebo Præstegård* (1934). Schnéevoigt made his last film *Alle mand på dæk* in 1942 and was then fired from Nordisk Film. For the last 19 years of his life, he was unemployed in film and mostly used his time painting
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# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 2000
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 2000** took place in Olang-Valdaora, Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Men\'s doubles {#mens_doubles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- ------------------------------------- ------
Gold (Armin Mair, David Mair)
Silver (Reinhard Beer, Herbert Kögl)
Bronze (Andrzej Laszczak, Damian Waniczek)
The Polish doubles team of Laszczak and Waniczek are the first non-Austrian or Italian team to medal in this event at the World Championships
| 96 |
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| 0 |
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# Grete Rosenberg
**Margareta \"Grete\" Rosenberg** (October 7, 1896 -- February 5, 1979) was a German freestyle swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. She won a silver medal in the relay together with her teammates Wally Dressel, Louise Otto and Hermine Stindt. She finished fourth in the 100 metre freestyle competition
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# Bhangura Upazila
\|E\|type:adm3rd\|display=inline,title}} \| subdivision_type = Country \| subdivision_name = `{{flag|Bangladesh}}`{=mediawiki} \| subdivision_type1 = Division \| subdivision_type2 = District \| subdivision_type3 = \| subdivision_name1 = Rajshahi \| subdivision_name2 = Pabna \| subdivision_name3 = \| leader_title = \| leader_name = \| leader_title1 = \| leader_name1 = \| area_total_km2 = 138.36 \| area_metro_km2 = \| elevation_m = \| elevation_ft = \| population_total = 136576 \| population_as_of = 2022 \| population_footnotes = \| population_density_km2 = auto \| timezone = BST \| utc_offset = +6 \| postal_code_type = Postal code \| postal_code = 6640 \| footnotes = \| website = `{{URL|bhangura.pabna.gov.bd}}`{=mediawiki} }} **Bhangura** (*Bhāṅguṛā*) or **Bhangoora** is an upazila of Pabna District in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh.
## History
Bhangura thana was established in 1980 and was turned into an upazila in 1981. Once Bhangura upazila was a noted jute growing area. For this reason a jute trading company called Chittagong Jute Company established business house on the bank of the river adjacent to the Baral Bridge. Still there exist a house of the extinct company.
### Liberation War {#liberation_war}
During the Bangladesh Liberation War, several encounters between the Pakistan Army supported by Razakars against the Mukti Bahini were made at Baral Bridge and Dilpashar Bridge. A number of Razakars surrendered. Commander Abdul Hannan and Aslamul Islam led the Mukti Bahini.
**Abu Muhammad Yunus Ali** was elected Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Atgharia-Chatmohor-Faridpur constituency of Pabna district. He was nominated by Awami League in the United Front election in 1954, and became the founder and main leader of the Awami League party politics in that area. He was also a popular language soldier, a close associate of Bangabandhu in the six-point demand movement, and an organizer of the 1971 Liberation War. He was a close friend of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, his only roommate in Baker Hostel in Kolkata, a classmate at Dhaka University and also a trusted political companion.
**Abu Muhammad Yunus Ali** served as an organizer of the liberation war in Shahzadpur, Baghabari, Nagarbari and in the remote areas of Chalanbil of Greater Pabna district in 1971, and was wounded in a battlefield. At one stage, members of Razakar-Al-Badr tortured him in an inhuman manner, and even destroyed his ancestral homestead at Sartutia of Bhangura upazila. In 1972, after the government treatment of his injury under the supervision of Bangabandhu, he gained limited mobility after surgery. On February 14, 2005, the "People's MLA Yunus" breathed his last in his house at Bhangura.
## Geography
Bhangura is located at 24.2250 N 89.4000 E. It has 28,853 households and total area 138.36 km^2^. It is bounded by Tarash upazila on the north, Faridpur (Pabna) upazila on the south, Ullapara upazila on the east, Chatmohar upazila on the west. The upazila is criss-crossed by two rivers named the Baral and the Gumani. The western part of this upazila is relatively higher than the eastern part which comprises a part of the great Chalan Bil. A very large number of small bills are also available in this area. The people here like the simple life.
## Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of Bangladesh, Bhangura Upazila had 28,853 households and a population of 124,433. 29,360 (23.60%) were under 10 years of age. Bhangura had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 43.98%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1010 females per 1000 males. 20,606 (16.56%) lived in urban areas.
At the 2001 Bangladesh census, Bhangura had a population of 99,474 of which 50,486 were male and 48,988 were female. Average density of population was 731 per square kilometre. It had an average literacy rate of 38.3% (7+ years).
**Main Occupations** Agriculture but, agricultural labourer, wage labourer, commerce, service, fishing and others also present.
## Economy
Total cultivable land 10,460 hectares, fallow land 2,786 hectares; single crop 36%, double crop 40% and treble crop 24%. The market value of the land of the first grade is about 7500 Taka per 0.01 hectare.
Main crops are Paddy, jute, wheat, onion, garlic, green chilly, khesari, musur and patal. Main fruits are Banana, mango, jackfruit, black berry, papaya and litchi. Extinct or nearly extinct crops are barley, chhola, kaun, china and bhura.
**Other agriculture activities** dairy 312, poultry 60, fishery 2. Bhangura upazila is notable for its milk and milk products. A number of people are involved in production of milk products that include butter, chern, chhana, sweets, etc. These products as well as raw materials are sent to different parts of Bangladesh. Several milk collection and chilling centres of different companies such as Milk Vita, BRAK, Amomilk, Akiz are actively present in this upazila.
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# Bhangura Upazila
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
A part of Chalan Beel has passed through the northern part of the Upazila. It has a wonderful Upazila Parishad including a well-decorated Dak-Bangla. Three star play ground at Chandipur Bazar, Tween big pond at Chandipur bazar called Boro dighi and Soto dighi, Three-domed mosque at Kazipara (Chandipur), Baral Bridge, Boro Bil, Pathorghata four-storied Jame Mosque, Patul Playground, Patul Excursion Beach Sonali Beach (kalikadah, Boro Bil), Nobi bari (Moydan dighi Noton rasta), Baonjan Dhow (famous for fishing).
## Administration
Bhangura Upazila is divided into Bhangura Municipality and six union parishads: Austa Manisha, Bhangura, Dilpashar, Khanmarich, Parbhanguria and Mondotush union. The union parishads are subdivided into 67 mauzas and 122 villages.
Bhangura Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 37 mahallas.
**Member of the Parliament (MP):** Mokbul Hossain (Pabna-3 constitution)
**Chairman: আতাউর রহমান**
**Vice Chairman:** মোঃ গোলাম হাফিজ
**Woman Vice Chairman:** মোছাঃ আজিদা খাতুন
**Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO):** নাহিদ হাসান খান
**Bhangura Paurashava Mayor:** Md.Golam Hasnain Rasel
## Transport
**Roads** pucca 13 km, semi pucca 4 km and mud road 210 km; waterways 17 nmi; railways 11 km. Bus and train is the most popular means of transport for communication with other parts of the country. There are three railway stations in this upazila: **Baral Bridge**, Bhangura and Sharatnagar of them Baral Bridge is the most prominent one where several intercity trains have stoppage, which are: Silk City, Lalmoni, Dhumketu, Sundarban, Chitra etc. Bus services are: Shahzadpur Travels (Bhangura-Dhaka), Syamoli Paribahan (Bhangura-Chittagong), Uttara Paribahan (Bhangura-Rajshahi), B-Nagar (Bhangura-Bogra) and direct bus services also exist from Bhangura to Pabna, Ishurdi, Kushtia, Baghabari (Sirajgonj) etc. **Traditional transport** Palanquin, dhuli, horse carriage and bullock cart. These means of transport are either extinct or nearly extinct.
## Education
There are two colleges in the upazila: Haji Jamal Uddin Degree College, founded in 1970, and Bhangura Women\'s College (1998). The former is the only honors level one.
According to Banglapedia, Bhangura Union High School, Bhangura Jarina Rahim Girls High School, founded in 1969, and Hasina-Momin Girls\' High School (1972) are notable secondary schools.
The madrasa education system includes two fazil madrasas: Sharatnagar Fazil Madrasa, founded in 1927, and Haji Gayez Uddin Women\'s Fazil Madrasa (1985)
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# Waltraud Dressel
**Wally Dressel** (June 3, 1893 -- June 10, 1940) was a German freestyle swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. She won a silver medal in the relay together with her teammates Grete Rosenberg, Louise Otto and Hermine Stindt. In the 100 metre freestyle competition, she was eliminated in the semi-finals
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11,073,506 |
# The Plasma Shaft
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{{album chart|Australia|6|artist=Red Hot Chili Peppers|album=The Plasma Shaft|access-date=November 28, 2021}}
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``
| 26 |
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| 0 |
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# Louise Otto
**Louise Otto** (August 30, 1896 -- March 9, 1975) was a German freestyle swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. She was born in Hamburg, Germany. She won a silver medal in the relay together with her teammates Grete Rosenberg, Wally Dressel and Hermine Stindt. Additionally, in the Women\'s 100 metre freestyle, she competed and was eliminated in the semi-finals
| 64 |
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| 0 |
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