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# El licenciado Vidriera
\"**El licenciado Vidriera**\" (\"The Lawyer of Glass\" or \"The Glass Graduate\") is a short story written by Miguel de Cervantes and included in his *Novelas ejemplares*, first published in 1613. In the story, a young scholar goes mad, believing himself to be made entirely of glass, and becomes famous for his satirical comments on the society around him. He eventually becomes cured and leaves his scholar\'s life to join the army, dying in battle.
The tale is commonly considered the most difficult story to interpret in its collection. Scholars have variously seen it as a comment on \"scholars\' melancholy\", a collection of aphorisms, a warning on the dangers of social hypocrisies, a case study of strychnine poisoning, or a comment on the futility of satire itself. The term \"*licenciado vidriera*\" has entered the Spanish language as meaning one excessively timid or delicate.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Tomás Rodaja, a young boy, is found by strangers, apparently abandoned. He impresses them with his wit and intelligence enough for them to raise him as a sort of adoptive son. Tomás is sent to school, where he becomes famous for his learning; he grows up, travels all over Europe, and eventually settles in Salamanca, where he completes a degree in law.
In love with Tomás, a young woman procures an intended love potion, with which she laces a quince that Tomás eats. The potion does not work, instead putting Tomás in a grave state for months (the woman flees and is never heard from again).
When he re-emerges from convalescence Tomás is physically restored but delusional -- chiefly, Tomás is convinced that his whole body is composed entirely of glass. His unshakable belief, combined with Tomás\' clever, memorable aphorisms in conversation with everyone he meets, make him famous throughout Spain, where he becomes known as \"*Vidriera*\" -- from the Spanish *vidrio*, which means \"glass\". Eventually, Tomás is invited to court, transported in a carriage packed with hay.
With time, Tomás recovers his sanity, only to discover to his horror throngs of people who never leave him alone, wanting to see the famous \"*Vidriera*\". Repulsed by fame and unable to continue as a lawyer, Tomás joins the army as an infantryman, eventually dying in an obscure battle.
## Composition
Gwynne Edwards notes that the story is traditionally dated to between 1604 and 1606, and that the difficult events of Cervantes\' life at this time have been seen as influencing the story\'s pessimistic tone. However, Edwards himself argues that the story was at minimum revised before its 1613 publication, and its composition date cannot be fixed with certainty.
Scholarly attempts to find a real-life model for the character of Tomás Rodaja have been made, but are generally seen as unconvincing.
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# El licenciado Vidriera
## Interpretation
Many Cervantes scholars have noted that \"El licenciado Vidriera\" is the most difficult story to interpret of the *Novelas ejemplares*. According to Cervantes scholar Daniel Hemple,
> Most modern critics have believed that they held all the pieces to a puzzle, been unsure of how they fitted. A few have despaired; others have claimed to have solved it, and yet others said it was poorly designed in the first place. Each explanation has proved unsatisfactory to other writers, and has given way to yet another.
Gwynne Edwards, writing in 1973, divided the critical views of the story up to that date into three camps: those who attempted (unsuccessfully) to find a real life model for the character of Tomás; those who saw Tomás as a convenient mouthpiece for Cervantes to satirize contemporary Spanish society; and those who read it as a more artistic whole, commenting on satirists as well as delivering satire itself.
One important irony of the story is that while Tomás is terrified of being broken physically and goes to great lengths to protect his body, it is in fact his spirit that is ultimately shattered by the hypocrisies and cruelties of society. Edwards argues that this echoes Cervantes\' own disillusionment upon returning from the physical dangers of war to the dispiriting realities of civilian life. By changing to a military career at the story\'s end, Tomás follows the only path that still allows an honorable life.
In English translator Lesley Lipson\'s reading, Tomás becomes a sort of satirist, but is unable to contribute anything meaningful to society with his satire. Scholar Gill Speak, in contrast, situates the story within the context of other \"Glass Men\" in contemporary European literature, who were in turn a comment on \"scholar\'s melancholy.\" In this reading, Tomás\'s madness is an inevitable outgrowth of his intellectual pursuits, and his cure requires him to again take up the active life of the soldier. Critic Walter Glannon also attributes Tomás\'s madness to his intellectual lifestyle, but sees its source in society\'s lack of acceptance of intellectual pursuits. In this interpretation, Tomas\'s neurotic attachment to intellectual achievement prevents him from experiencing normal social interaction.
Scholar Alan R Messick notes that the story can be read as a well-observed clinical case study, echoing Cervantes\' interest in medical topics and scientific explanations for mental illness. According to Messick, Tomás\'s symptoms and eventual recovery mirror those common in strychnine poisoning, presumably from an ingredient in the supposed love potion he consumes
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# Lariat Loop Scenic and Historic Byway
The **Lariat Loop National Scenic and Historic Byway** is a National Scenic Byway and a Colorado Scenic and Historic Byway located in Jefferson County, Colorado, USA. The byway is a 40 mi loop in the Front Range foothills west of Denver through Golden, Lookout Mountain Park, Genesee Park, Evergreen, Morrison, Red Rocks Park, and Dinosaur Ridge. The Lariat Loop connects to the Mount Blue Sky Scenic Byway at Bergen Park.
## Route
The byway includes portions of State Highway 93 between Golden and Morrison, State Highway 74 from Morrison to Evergreen via Bear Creek Canyon, and the same road north to Interstate 70, which bisects the loop. The Lariat Trail connects Golden with the top of Lookout Mountain and Lookout Mountain Road completes the loop back to Interstate 70. This route formed the foundation for the surrounding 150 sqmi area's designation as a Colorado Heritage Area in 2000; the Byway was so designated by the Colorado Dept. of Transportation and Governor Owens in April 2002. The Lariat Loop connects to the Mount Blue Sky Scenic Byway via Mestaa\'ėhehe Road (formerly Squaw Pass Road).
The Lariat Loop Byway blends natural, cultural, and historic attributes in a route that has been promoted as a tourist destination since 1914 and can be enjoyed in a half-day's drive from Denver. Along the route are dozens of historic sites, scenic parks, and other attractions (see list below), many of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Although the Lariat Loop is not listed, it comprises two registered routes, the Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive and the Lariat Trail Scenic Mountain Drive.
The Lariat Loop encompasses parts of Denver's original "circle drives," within the unique Denver Mountain Parks system designed by F.L. Olmsted, Jr, in 1914. The diverse geography of the foothills setting offers dense forests, mountain vistas, winding roads, rocky outcrops and ridges, and historic "beauty spots." Many of these scenic areas have become county or city parks and are accessible to the public.
All roads along the Lariat Loop Byway are accessible via passenger vehicle, with convenient services, year-round. Open Space and Mountain Parks are protected areas and all wildlife and plants are protected.
## Attractions
- Golden, Colorado
- Windy Saddle Park
- Lookout Mountain Park
- Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave
- Lookout Mountain Preserve and Nature Center
- Genesee, Colorado
- Genesee Park
- Chief Hosa Lodge
- El Rancho, Colorado
- Fillius Park
- Bergen Park, Colorado
- Elk Meadow Park
- Evergreen, Colorado
- Dedisse Park
- Evergreen Lake
- Hiwan Homestead Museum
- Kittredge, Colorado
- O\'Fallon Park
- Corwina Park
- Lair O\'the Bear Park
- Little Park
- Idledale, Colorado
- Morrison, Colorado
- Morrison Historic District
- Morrison Natural History Museum
- Red Rocks Park
- Red Rocks Amphitheatre
- Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp, a National Historic Landmark
- Dinosaur Ridge
- Matthews/Winters Park
- Mount Vernon, Colorado
- Apex Park
- Golden, Colorado
- Astor House Museum
- Clear Creek History Park
- Colorado Railroad Museum
- Colorado School of Mines
- Mines Museum of Earth Science
- Coors Brewery (world\'s largest)
- Foothills Art Center
- Golden Pioneer Museum
- Golden Visitors Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
- Rocky Mountain Quilt Museum
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
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# Lariat Loop Scenic and Historic Byway
## Gallery
<File:Lariat> Loop Scenic and Historic Byway - One Hundred Million Years at Your Fingertips - NARA - 7720009
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# Barry Purves
**Barry J.C. Purves** (born 28 August 1960) is an English animator, director and screenwriter of puppet animation television and cinema. He is also a theatre designer and director, primarily for the Altrincham Garrick Playhouse in Manchester. Purves has made six short films (see filmography below), each of which has been nominated for awards (including Academy Award and British Academy Film Awards nominations). He has also directed and animated for several television programmes and over seventy advertisements, title sequences and animated insert sequences. His film credits include being head animator for Tim Burton\'s *Mars Attacks!* (1996) (before the decision was made to use computer animation in place of stop motion), and serving as previsualisation animation director for Peter Jackson\'s *King Kong* (2005).
Purves\' book *Stop Motion: Passion, Process and Performance* was released through Focal Press in 2007. Around 1996 he made plans to shoot a full-length film of *Noye\'s Fludde*, Benjamin Britten\'s opera version of a mystery play about the Deluge; he was also credited with co-presenting, in Mandarin, the live final of the Chinese talent search show *Super Girl* in 2006.
A selection of his films, and those with animation by Ray Harryhausen, the bolexbrothers, Suzie Templeton and others, were included alongside those of Kihachirō Kawamoto himself in the Watershed Media Centre season *Kawamoto: The Puppet Master* in 2008.
## Filmography
- *Next: The Infinite Variety Show* (1989), a farce inspired by Shakespeare\'s plays in which William Shakespeare himself attempts to impress the twentieth-century theatre director Peter Hall, with music by Stuart Gordon of The Korgis, John Sheaff and Will Gregory of Goldfrapp.
- *Oh, Mr. Toad* (1990), which was co-directed with Jackie Cockle and Chris Taylor.
- *Screen Play* (1992), which recounts the Willow pattern story(relocated to Japan) in the style of East Asian physical theatre such as kabuki and Bunraku, narrated simultaneously in British Sign Language and English.
- *Rigoletto* (1993), which is part of the *Operavox* series of half-hour animated versions of operas commissioned by S4C.
- *Achilles* (1995), which recounts the story of Achilles and Patroclus in a style inspired by the theatre and sculpture of ancient Greece.
- *Gilbert & Sullivan: The Very Models* (1998)
- *Hamilton Mattress* (2001)
- *Rupert Bear, Follow the Magic\...* (2006)
- *Plume* (2011)
- *Tchaikovsky* (2011), an introduction to the composer\'s life and works.
- *Toby\'s Travelling Circus* (2012)
- *No Ordinary Joe* (2021),a hybrid of live-action and stop-motion and a fictionalized account of famous British powerboat racer and lesbian Joe Carstairs
## Availability
*Screen Play* is included on DVD-Video in *British Animation Classics Volume One*, published by the British Animation Awards.
A then-complete collection of Purves\' short films, titled *His Intimate Lives*, is the first release from agnès b. DVD (a collaboration between the eponymous fashion designer and film producer with distributor Potemkine) and was released in France on 17 June 2008. The video presents each film at its intended aspect ratio but that of the widescreen *Achilles*, *Gilbert and Sullivan* and *Hamilton Mattress* is not anamorphic and, being released in 2008, the more recent *Plume* and *Tchaikovsky* are not included
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# Orange-spotted trevally
The **orange-spotted trevally**, *Carangoides bajad* (also known as the **gold-spotted trevally**) is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is fairly common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from Madagascar in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs. The species has characteristic orange-yellow spots on its sides, although counts of fin rays and scutes are needed to distinguish it from related species with similar colouring. Orange-spotted trevallies are powerful predators, taking a variety of small fish, nekton, and crustaceans, and reach sexual maturity around 25 cm long. It is a moderately large fish, reaching a maximum known length of 55 cm. The species is occasionally taken by fishermen throughout its range, and is generally considered to be bycatch. The exception to this is in the southern Persian Gulf, where it makes up a large proportion of the fishery.
## Taxonomy and naming {#taxonomy_and_naming}
The orange-spotted trevally is classified within the genus *Carangoides*, a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. *Carangoides* falls into the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.
The species was first scientifically described by the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål in 1775 based on a specimen taken from the Red Sea which he designated to be the holotype. The specific epithet is an Arabic name of the fish (although it is now usually applied to a catfish, *Bagrus bajad*, which Forsskål also named), with the letter \"j\" transcribing a /j/ sound; Forsskål used this technique to name a number of Red Sea fish species. Forsskål at first gave the new taxon subspecies status as *Scomber ferdau bajad*, relating it to the mackerels, and especially *Scomber ferdau*, which would later also be transferred to *Carangoides*. The taxon was later given a species rank, becoming *Scomber bajad*, then *Caranx bajad*, before being transferred to its current position as *Carangoides bajad*.
The species was also independently renamed three times after Forsskål\'s description, the first coming from Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, who named the species *Caranx immaculatus*, although he did not accurately publish the name, leading Georges Cuvier to rename the fish as *Caranx auroguttatus* in 1833, which was later transferred to *Carangoides*. In 1871, Carl Benjamin Klunzinger once again proposed a new subspecies (or variety) name for the fish, *Caranx fulvoguttatus* var. *flava*. All names except *Carangoides bajad* are considered to be junior synonyms under the ICZN rules, and are rendered invalid and not used.
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# Orange-spotted trevally
## Description
The orange-spotted trevally has the typical body profile of its genus, having a moderately deep, compressed oblong shape, with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile. It is a moderately large fish, with adults typically reaching a size of 45--60 cm. The largest fish recorded was 72 cm, but are most common at sizes below 40 cm. The dorsal profile of the head is quite straight from the snout to the nape, with an eye diameter smaller than the snout length. Both jaws contain narrow bands of villiform teeth, with these bands becoming wider anteriorly. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first containing eight spines and the second of one spine followed by 24 to 26 soft rays. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin, although slightly shorter, and consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 21 to 24 soft rays. Another of the major diagnostic features for the species is the length of the anal fin lobe in comparison to the head length, with *C. bajad* having a head length longer than the anal fin lobe. The lateral line has a slight, broad anterior curve, with this curved section being longer than the posterior straight section. The straight section of the lateral line has 14 to 26 scales followed by 20 to 30 scutes. The chest of the orange-spotted trevally is completely scaled, occasionally having a narrow naked region on the underside near the ventral fins. It has 24 vertebrae and 25 to 43 gill rakers.
The orange-spotted trevally has a silvery grey- to brassy-coloured body, becoming paler to a silvery white ventrally. Many conspicuous orange to yellow spots occur on the sides of the fish, giving the species its name, and make for an easy way to identify the fish in the field. An entirely yellow variant has been reported, although the fish is thought to be able to rapidly change between its normal colour configuration and this colour. The colour of the fins ranges from hyaline to lemon yellow, and no dark opercular spot is present.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The orange-spotted trevally inhabits the tropical to subtropical waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. It is distributed from Madagascar and the Comoros Islands in the west, northwards to the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and the Persian Gulf, and probably east toward India, although few fish have been recorded in this region. It is commonly found from the Gulf of Thailand to Okinawa, Japan in the east, and southward to Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Britain. In 2005, orange-spotted trevally reportedly had been caught in the Mediterranean Sea, indicating they had become Lessepsian migrants, passing through the Suez Canal to extend their range. This claim has been disputed, though, with the source of the report coming under question due to the presence of other species unknown to the Mediterranean shown in the purported photograph.
The orange-spotted trevally is a coastal species, most common in inshore waters over rocky and coral reefs, where it is found both solitary and in schools at depths of 2 to 50 m. They are often observed patrolling the edges of seaward reefs, and have been known to mingle with *Parupeneus cyclostomus*.
## Biology and fisheries {#biology_and_fisheries}
The orange-spotted trevally is a strong-swimming predator that takes a variety of prey, including fish, crustaceans, and nekton. They reach sexual maturity around 1--3 years of age when they are about 15--30 cm in length. The main spawning period in the Persian Gulf is between June and September. Whether further differences in the spawning period occurs throughout its range is currently unknown. This species also exhibits seasonal oscillation in growth rate, which was fastest during November--April and slowest during May--September.
The orange-spotted trevally is occasionally taken throughout its range by hook and line, gill nets, and other artisanal gear, although in most areas it is bycatch and does not form a large part of these fisheries. One fishery is highly dependent on the species in the southern Persian Gulf. There, the orange-spotted trevally is one of the most common fish found just above the sea floor, and is taken by wire traps and sold fresh at local markets. The combined catch of *C. bajad* and *Gnathanodon speciosus* totals around 1100 tonnes per year. The development of the fishing fleet of the United Arab Emirates has caused a number of species to be overexploited, but the orange-spotted trevally is still being taken at sustainable levels
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# Bread Loaf Mountain
**Bread Loaf Mountain** is a mountain located in Addison County, Vermont, in the Breadloaf Wilderness in the Green Mountain National Forest. The mountain is part of the central Green Mountains. Bread Loaf Mountain is flanked to the northeast by Mount Wilson, part of Vermont\'s Presidential Range.
The southeast end of Bread Loaf Mountain drains into the headwaters of the White River, thence into the Connecticut River which drains into Long Island Sound in Connecticut. The east side of Bread Loaf Mountain drains into the headwaters of the New Haven River, thence into Otter Creek, Lake Champlain, Canada\'s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and ultimately into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
The northern part of the west side of Bread Loaf Mountain drains into Blue Bank Brook, thence into the New Haven River. The southern part of the west side of Bread Loaf Mountain drains into Sparks Brook and the Middle Branch of the Middlebury River, thence into the Middlebury River at Ripton and Otter Creek.
The Long Trail, a 272 mi hiking trail running the length of Vermont, crosses the southeastern flank of Bread Loaf Mountain. The actual summit is reached by a spur path from the Long Trail that leads northwest to an outlook. This section of the Long Trail may be accessed in various ways: via the Skyline Pond Trail off USFS 59 (Steam Mill Road), via the Clark Brook Trail off USFS 55, or via the Emily Proctor Trail off USFS 201
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# Respect is Earned (2007)
**Respect is Earned (2007)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by Ring of Honor. It was the promotion\'s first PPV. It took place on May 12, 2007 from the Manhattan Center in New York, New York, and first aired on PPV on July 1.
## Storylines
Role Name
-------------- ---------------
Commentators Dave Prazak
Lenny Leonard
: **Other on-screen personnel**
*Respect is Earned* featured storylines and professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Storylines were produced on ROH\'s weekly television programme Ring of Honor Wrestling
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# London Buses route 343
**London Buses route 343** is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between New Cross Gate and Tower Gateway station, it is operated by London Central, a subsidiary of Go-Ahead London.
## History
When re-tendered, the route passed to Travel London\'s Walworth garage on 21 September 2005 with Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TLs introduced.
Route 343 was included in the May 2009 sale of Travel London to Abellio London. Abellio London successfully tendered to retain the route with a new contract commencing on 5 May 2011.
In June 2010, the route was revealed to be amongst the ten worst performing in London. Two additional morning peak journeys were introduced on 12 June 2010 with the intention of solving the problems; performance improved as a result, although the route continued to receive complaints.
A proposal to increase the frequency of the route was announced by Transport for London in November 2010.
At 08:22 on 17 March 2012, a bus on route 343 caught fire on Pepys Road, New Cross. The fire was put out by 09:20 and there were no injuries.
On 25 June 2019, the route received an extension from City Hall to Aldgate bus station to replace part of the now withdrawn route RV1.
In October 2024, Transport for London launched a consultation proposing to withdraw route 343 between Tower Gateway station and Aldgate bus station. In February 2025, it was confirmed that the changes would proceed and they were implemented on 29 March 2025
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# ROH Respect is Earned
**ROH Respect Is Earned** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Ring of Honor
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# Lex de Haan
**Lex de Haan** (11 August 1954 -- 1 February 2006) was an independent author, lecturer, researcher, and consultant, specializing in relational database technology.
## Biography
Lex was a teacher of Mathematics/Informatics in secondary school level during the years between 1976 and 1985.
Between 1985 and 1989 Lex was employed for one year in the research department of a Dutch independent system vendor - Minihouse/Multihouse - and then moved to the education department, where he developed and delivered courses in the following areas: relational databases and SQL, Oracle system development, and database administration (Oracle versions 4/5/6), Unix for system users and Unix system administration, VAX/VMS for system users and VAX/VMS system administration, and teaching skills workshops. Lex de Haan was also responsible for hiring and mentoring new instructors.
Between 1988 and 1990 Lex developed his own courseware as an independent contractor in \"De Haan Consultancy\", advised organizations about education needs, and delivered classes. Some important customers: the Dutch Ministry of Health and Culture, and the Dutch Government Education Institute (ROI). He also worked on a regular basis with Frans Remmen (a Dutch RDBMS and SQL guru at that time) as a senior consultant, courseware developer, and instructor for PAO courses (a well-known Dutch post-academic education organization).
In 1999 Lex de Haan joined the Dutch national body of the ISO standardization committee for the SQL Language to work on the SQL:1999 and SQL:2003 standards.
In 2002 Lex was involved in The OakTable Network of Oracle experts from the very beginning. See <http://www.oaktable.net>.
In March 2004 Lex was independent again, after 14 years of employment by Oracle. Lex taught seminars and courses as Natural Join B.V. (data server internals, Oracle Database 10g new features, and SQL) in Belgium, France, Denmark, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, Ireland, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain.
Another year with a lot of teaching and traveling, just like 2004. Lex de Haan also delivered some well-received presentations during the Hotsos Symposium in Dallas (Texas) and the UKOUG Conference in Birmingham. Lex de Haan also started writing a new book, together with Toon Koppelaars, with the exciting tentative title \"Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals\" to appear mid-2006. Last, but not least, he started organizing his own seminar events.
In February 2005 Lex de Haan invited Tom Kyte (from the US) to come over to The Netherlands to teach a three-day seminar in Utrecht. This first event became a great success.
In October 2005 he invited Steve Adams (Sydney, Australia) for a second seminar, which again was very successful.
A seminar series was born, and several events with Oracle gurus from all over the world were scheduled for 2006.
## Books
Lex de Haan is the author of the following books:
- *Mastering Oracle SQL and SQL\*Plus*, `{{ISBN|1-59059-448-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Leerboek Oracle SQL*, `{{ISBN|90-395-2286-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals*, `{{ISBN|1-59059-745-1}}`{=mediawiki}
## Articles
OracleEkspert Magazine published an article in April 2004 by Lex de Haan entitled \'Lex in SQL Server land\'.
Oracle Magazine published an article in the July/August 2005 issue by Lex de Haan and Jonathan Gennick entitled \'Nulls: Nothing to worry about\'
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# Central Police Station, Bristol
The **Central Police Station**, also known as the Bridewell is a historic building on Nelson Street, Broadmead, Bristol, England. It was opened in 1828 and finally closed in 2005. It is a grade II listed building.
## History
Prior to the construction of the present building, the Central Police Station had been located in Bridewell Street. In 1880, the watch committee were involved in the setting up of an independent fire brigade and a site was chosen adjacent to the police station. A steam fire engine was purchased and arrangements were made to stable the horses needed to pull the fire engine in the yard of the police station.
The Nelson Street building was built in 1928 by Ivor Jones and Percy Thomas and opened as a police station in November 1930 near the site of a previous station. Neighbouring buildings housed law courts and a fire station. It closed as a working police station in August 2005.
The building has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building. English Heritage describes it as having an \"axial plan with wings at each end. Stripped Neo-Georgian style with Mannerist detail. 2 storeys; 12-window range. A near-symmetrical front has curved ends and short returns, with a fluted frieze and parapet.\"
## Current and future uses {#current_and_future_uses}
In December 2007 a graffiti exhibition was held in the Old Bridewell Police Station building to raise funds for Bristol Children\'s Hospital. 70 artists took part and an artwork was donated by Banksy to the cause.
Currently the building is known as The Island. It became home to Artspace Lifespace by agreement the property developers Urban Splash whilst a new use for the site was found. The current owners of the building are the Creative Youth Network, who also run The Station from the complex
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# American Film Renaissance
**American Film Renaissance** (**AFR**) was a non-profit film institute best known for hosting the United States\' first conservative/libertarian film festival, held annually, primarily in Washington, D.C., until 2008.
## Festival
AFR was founded by husband and wife duo Jim and Ellen Hubbard, both attorneys. The Hubbards organized AFR festival after one evening they went to an arthouse cinema and found themselves choosing between Michael Moore\'s *Bowling for Columbine* and *Frida*, a film about Frida Kahlo. According to Jim Hubbard, neither of these films reflected their worldview, which led them to decide to create their own festival.
The first AFR festival premiered in September 2004 in Dallas, Texas, screening 21 movies to 2,500 viewers. AFR also hosted festivals in Hollywood, California, Traverse City, Michigan and Washington, D.C. At its festivals, AFR screened feature films such as *The World\'s Fastest Indian* starring Anthony Hopkins and David Zucker's *An American Carol*, and documentaries such as *The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania* produced by Patricia Heaton. Films at AFR film festivals were screened at venues such as the Grauman\'s Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles and The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington. Actors who appeared at AFR events included Heaton, Gary Sinise, Robert Davi, and Tony Shalhoub.
In 2007, AFR expanded into documentary film production with their first film *Museum of Government Waste*, though it was never released, and in 2008, into filmmaker training programs
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# Christopher Pickering
**Christopher G. Pickering** (9 November 1842 -- 22 December 1920) was a British businessman and philanthropist. He made his fortune as a merchant and ship owner, particularly in the Kingston upon Hull fish trade. In 1914 he founded a park, almshouses, church and children\'s home in west Hull. The park and almshouses still bear his name.
## Biography
Christopher Pickering was born in 1842, the son of a tailor. In 1861 his occupation was that of a fish curer in Kingston upon Hull, and subsequently he became a fish merchant, and by 1881 a ship owner. He controlled together with a Mr. Haldane Pickering & Haldane\'s Steam Trawling Co. and the fish and ice merchants Pickering, Haldane & Co.
He married Rachael Blakestone, lived in 114 Coltman Street, Hull, from 1874 to 1889, and moved to Hornsea in 1889 when he purchased The Hall.
He founded six almshouses in Hornsea in 1908, and in 1914 he built almshouses, a church, park and children\'s home in the west of Kingston upon Hull.
He was presented with the Freedom of the City of Hull in 1920.
He died in December 1920 aged 78.
## Legacy
Both the Hull Almshouses (Christopher Pickering Lodge is now a grade II listed buildingSee:\
\*
-
-
- ) and the park (Pickering Park, Kingston upon Hull) he built still bear his name, as does a local council ward (Pickering Ward). The restoration of his Coltman Street home was featured in the third season of the BBC television series *Restoration Home
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# Harrington, Cumbria
**Harrington** is a suburban village on the southern outskirts of Workington, in the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England. It was formerly a separate village and parish; it has been administered as part of Workington since 1934, and is now classed as part of the Workington built up area. It lies on the coast and has a small harbour. Harrington railway station is on the Cumbrian Coast Line.
In the late 18th century, the old village of Harrington, which stood a little way inland from the coast, was expanded into a planned town around a new harbour built to serve the local coal mines. Through the 19th century and into the 20th century, industries in Harrington included iron works, shipbuilding and chemical works. The major heavy industries had closed by the mid 20th century. Much of the 18th century planned town was demolished in slum clearance schemes in the 1960s, and the site is now public open space south of the harbour. Harrington today is in two main parts: the main part lies on the inland side of the coastal railway, and High Harrington is further inland to the east.
The old parish of Harrington also included a rural area to the south, which became the separate parish of Lowca in 1934 when the rest of Harrington was absorbed into Workington. Harrington today gives its name to an electoral ward, which covers a different area to the old parish. The ward additionally includes Salterbeck and Winscales, which were historically part of Workington parish.
## Toponymy
The name Harrington is derived from the Old English name *Hæfar*, combined with *ingas* (people) and *ton* (settlement/estate/enclosure). It therefore indicates the settlement of Hæfer\'s people. Other local place names with similar origins include Workington, Distington and Frizington.
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# Harrington, Cumbria
## History
The earliest documentary evidence for Harrington dates from the 12th century. It remained a small village until the 18th century, with the main settlement stretching eastwards from the medieval parish church (which was rebuilt in 1885) up to High Harrington. Although near the sea, Harrington was primarily a farming village rather than a port until the 18th century.
The small River Wyre meets the sea a short distance south of Harrington church. This area was historically known as Harrington Beckfoot. By the mid-18th century, a number of coal mines had been established around Harrington. Henry Curwen of Workington Hall owned the collieries and was also lord of the manor of both Harrington and neighbouring Workington. With some of his collieries being closer to Harrington Beckfoot than the existing port at Workington, Curwen commissioned a new harbour at Harrington, which was built in the late 1750s and early 1760s. A planned town to house workers at the port and in the nearby collieries was subsequently laid out in the late 18th century, primarily on the land south of the harbour. Henry Curwen died in 1778 and his estates were inherited by his daughter Isabella. She married John Christian in 1782 (who also owned other collieries nearby), and he was subsequently responsible for much of the new town\'s development. The new town was initially known as Harrington Harbour or Bella Port (after Isabella), before becoming known simply as Harrington. By the early 19th century, Harrington had grown to be Cumberland\'s fourth largest port.
Harrington railway station opened in 1846 on the Whitehaven Junction Railway, which linked the earlier Maryport and Carlisle Railway with Workington and Whitehaven via Harrington. Other railways followed, which were primarily built to cater for goods traffic associated with the area\'s mines and industry, although did also run passenger services. The Cleator and Workington Junction Railway opened in 1879 with a station at High Harrington, and the Lowca Light Railway opened in 1913, with a number of small halts in the Harrington area.
In the 19th century, there was further development beyond the area of the planned town, extending along Church Road, which linked the planned town back to the older village and parish church and the main road into Workington. The town developed a number of industries, including iron works, shipbuilding, a chemical works and a brewery. From the late 19th century, the town\'s industries went into decline. The harbour silted up and had ceased to operate by the 1930s.
In 1940, during the Second World War, a secret magnesite plant was established by the Ministry of Aircraft Production to extract magnesium from seawater, for use in aircraft components and incendiary bombs. The harbour was sealed off and used as a saltwater reservoir for the plant.
The magnesite plant closed in 1953. With the loss of its heavy industries and harbour, the town had little economic rationale, and the core of the 18th century planned town south of the harbour was demolished in slum clearance schemes in the early 1960s and its site laid out as public open space.
Following the demolition of the 18th century planned town, the main part of Harrington today is centred on the area between Harrington railway station and the parish church of St Mary\'s, with Church Road being the main street. The harbour was subsequently reopened and is now used primarily for smaller leisure boats.
Harrington is now classed as part of the Workington built up area by the Office for National Statistics. High Harrington is classed as a separate built up area, which had an estimated population of 1,567 in 2022.
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# Harrington, Cumbria
## Governance
Harrington forms part of the civil parish of Workington. There are two tiers of local government covering Workington, at parish (town) and unitary authority level: Workington Town Council and Cumberland Council. One of the wards used for elections to Cumberland Council is called Harrington and covers Harrington and High Harrington, as well as Salterbeck and Winscales. For elections to the UK parliament, Harrington forms part of the Whitehaven and Workington constituency.
### Administrative history {#administrative_history}
Harrington was an ancient parish in the historic county of Cumberland. In 1891, the parish was made a local government district, administered by an elected local board. Such districts were converted into urban districts under the Local Government Act 1894.
Harrington Urban District was abolished in 1934. The more built up northern part of the parish, including the settlement itself, was incorporated into the municipal borough of Workington. The more rural southern part was made a separate parish called Lowca, which formed part of the Ennerdale Rural District. A reduced civil parish of Harrington continued to exist after the 1934 reforms, covering the part of the old parish which had been incorporated into the borough of Workington, but as an urban parish it had no separate council. In 1951, the parish had a population of 2,303.
The borough of Workington and its constituent parishes, including Harrington, were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The area became part of the borough of Allerdale in the new county of Cumbria. The area of the pre-1974 borough of Workington was an unparished area from 1974 until 1982, when a new civil parish of Workington matching the whole area of the pre-1974 borough (including Harrington) was created, with its parish council taking the name Workington Town Council. Allerdale was abolished in 2023 when the new Cumberland Council was created, also taking over the functions of the abolished Cumbria County Council in the area.
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# Harrington, Cumbria
## Churches
Harrington had many churches, and four remain as churches today. At St Mary\'s Church there are recent stained-glass windows, which show much of the industrial and maritime heritage of the area. There is also the Roman Catholic St Mary\'s Church that was founded by Benedictine monks, which was built in 1893 by Charles Walker of Newcastle, cost £23,000 and funded by public subscription.
## Cycle network {#cycle_network}
The West Cumbria Cycle Network passes through Harrington on its way from Distington to Workington. It uses the route of the former Cleator and Workington Junction Railway through High Harrington railway station
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# St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (denomination)
**St. Andrew\'s Presbyterian Church** (Iglesia Presbiteriana San Andrés in Spanish) is a Christian church denomination that was founded in 1829 and has its origins in the arrival in Argentina of Scottish colonial settlers early in the 19th century. The first church in Argentina was founded at Monte Grande, Buenos Aires Province. Originally the church had ties to the Presbyterian Church of Scotland but these were later severed.
The church also founded a school for children in 1838 called the St. Andrew\'s Scots School which later also developed the daughter institution the University of San Andres.
In 2019, the church had about one thousand members, fifty-six elders, fourteen ministers and ten congregations. The main office is on the Avenida Belgrano in Buenos Aires, and there are churches and missions located in the City of Buenos Aires, Province of Buenos Aires and Province of Entre Ríos, Argentina.
The theological doctrine is *reformed*, and the form of government is *presbyterian*.
St. Andrew\'s Presbyterian Church had been affiliated to the EPC denomination and discontinued this relationship in 2008. By the time been, it is affiliated with the World Communion of Reformed Churches and is a member of the Argentine Federation of Evangelical Churches (*Federación Argentina de Iglesias Evangélicas*).
## Doctrine
St. Andrew\'s Presbyterian Church believes that the Bible contains the special revelation of God to mankind, and that it is the only rule of faith and conduct for the guidance of its members. The Church reaffirms the freedom of conscience of its members in regards to the personal interpretation of the biblical text.
It also holds that the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647 and its Larger and Shorter Catechisms contain a worthy and precise summary of the system of doctrines taught in Scripture.
## Government
St. Andrew\'s Presbyterian Church follows the model of presbyterian church government of the early church. It is governed by Elders (Presbiteros), meeting in three courts in regular gradation: the Church Session, the Presbytery and the General Assembly.
Elders can be:
- Teaching Elders (or Pastors): elders elected and trained to teach and preach.
- Ruling Elders: elders elected to oversee the spiritual welfare of the church.
The Church Session (Cuerpo de Gobierno) is formed by all Elders elected (or called) by the congregation to carry out the particular functions. Generally it meets monthly.
The Presbytery is formed by all Teaching Elders and a limited number of Ruling Elders commissioned by each Church Session (generally two per church). It meets three times a year.
The upper court, the General Assembly, is formed by all Teaching Elders and a limited number of Ruling Elders commissioned by each Church Session (generally two per church). The church does not currently have a General Assembly.
The Book of Order of the St. Andrew\'s Presbyterian Church is a constitutional church document defines the guidelines for the government, discipline and worship of its members.
## Logo
The logo the Church combines the symbol of the burning bush with the Latin motto, *nec tamen consumebatur*. The burning bush appeared for the first time as a symbol of presbyterianism at the end of the 17th century and has been widely used by the Church of Scotland and many other presbyterian denominations. The motto is taken from the Franciscus Junius-Immanuel Tremellius Latin biblical translation of 1579, appearing in the Old Testament in Exodus 3.2:
: \"and the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned with fire, and the *bush was not consumed*
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# Giancarlo Pajetta
**Giancarlo Pajetta** (24 June 1911 -- 13 September 1990) was an Italian communist politician.
## Biography
Pajetta was born in a working-class district of Turin to Carlo, a bank employee, and Elvira Berrini, an elementary school teacher. He attended Liceo Classico Massimo d\'Azeglio for his high school studies and joined the Communist Party of Italy during this time. In 1927 he was sentenced to two years of imprisonment for subversive propaganda, after having distributed anti-fascist leaflets to the workers at the Saroglia typographical workshops. In 1931, he went into exile in France. While in exile he travelled to Moscow several times as a representative of the Italian Communist Youth Federation to the Communist International. He took up the pseudonym *Nullo*, after 19th century Italian patriot Francesco Nullo.
In 1933, Pajetta returned to Italy in secret, but was arrested and sentenced to 21 years of imprisonment by the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State. He was freed on 23 August 1943, after the fall of Fascism. He subsequently took part in the early phase of the partisan resistance with the Garibaldi Brigades, of which he was *de facto* deputy commander. In February 1944, together with Ferruccio Parri and Alfredo Pizzoni, he was part of the delegation of the National Liberation Committee (CLN) that sought recognition from the Allies as the legitimate government authority in occupied Italy. After this, he remained in the Allied-controlled South.
Pajetta was elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and then was a deputy in the lower house of the Italian Parliament from 1948 until his death. He was also elected to the European Parliament in 1979 and 1984. From 1948 to 1985 he was a member of the National Secretariat of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), at first with responsibility for international relationships. He was briefly director of the party newspaper *L\'Unità*, in 1947 and from 1969 to 1970, and of the Marxist periodical *Rinascita*, from 1964 to 1966.
In 1947, Pajetta took part in the armed occupation of the prefecture of Milan, in protest for the removal of prefect Ettore Troilo. Pajetta was one of the most respected Communist politicians after World War II. Following the death of secretary Enrico Berlinguer in 1984, Pajetta was considered too old to succeed him. He later opposed Achille Occhetto\'s project of transforming the PCI into a social-democratic party. Pajetta died suddenly in Rome in September 1990, before the dissolution of the PCI. His funeral ceremony was attended by 200,000 people
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# Dankwart Rustow
**Dankwart Alexander Rustow** (December 21, 1924 -- August 3, 1996) was a professor of political science and sociology specializing in comparative politics. He is prominent for his research on democratization. In his seminal 1970 article \'Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,\' Rustow broke from the prevailing schools of thought on how countries became democratic. Disagreeing with the heavy focus on necessary social and economic pre-conditions for democracy, he argued that national unity was the necessary precondition for democracy.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Rustow was born in 1924 in Berlin. From 1933 until 1938, he was a student at the Odenwaldschule in Heppenheim, Germany. He then moved to Istanbul/Turkey, where his father Alexander Rüstow had fled in 1933. He graduated from Queens College and received a PhD in political science in 1951 from Yale. He taught for one year at Oglethorpe College outside Atlanta, then at Princeton and Columbia, and finally at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) for 25 years. He retired in June 1995 as distinguished professor of political science and sociology. He was a visiting professor at Harvard and other institutions, a vice president of the Middle East Studies Association of North America and the recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship.
He died in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan in August 1996. The cause was non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma. He was 71 and lived on the Upper West Side. His marriages to Rachel Aubrey Rustow, a daughter of Adolph Lowe, and Tamar Gottlieb Rustow ended in divorce. In addition to his son Timothy of Manhattan, he is survived by his wife of 18 years, Dr. Margrit Wreschner, a psychoanalyst; another son, Stephen of Manhattan; two daughters, Janet of Cambridge, Mass., and Marina of Manhattan; three grandchildren; two sisters, Maria Funk, and Friedburg Lorenz (died in 2007); a half-brother, Helmut -- all of them of Heppenheim, Germany; and his stepmother, Lorena (died in 1999) of Heidelberg, Germany.
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# Dankwart Rustow
## Major contributions {#major_contributions}
Dankwart Rustow argued that the modernizationists, such as Seymour Lipset, asked a functional question: what can enhance or preserve the health of a democracy? Rustow thought the question of transition from authoritarianism was a much more interesting one: how does a democracy come into being in the first place?
Using Turkey and Sweden as his case studies, he sketched a general route through which countries travel during democratization. This had four phases:
- *National unity*: The formation of an uncontested sense of nationhood (among the \"vast majority of citizens\") was a necessary precondition. Before people could decide how to rule, there must be clarity on who \'the people\' are.
- *A prolonged and inconclusive political struggle*: This occurs differently in all countries, but is typically centered around the emerging power of a new social force (i.e. a manufacturing elite). Democracy is eventually born of this conflict. It is thus not a 'rosy love-in,' but can be violent and bloody. This struggle can be so intense as to lead to the dominance of one group and the closing of doors to democratization. When this political struggle reaches stalemate, a window of opportunity opens up for democratization.
- *Decision phase*: When the conflicting parties realise that they are at a point of stalemate in their inconclusive political struggle they decide to compromise and adopt democratic forms of rule. For Rustow, there is always a conscious decision on the part of elites to adopt democratic rules.
- *Habituation phase*: Gradually the rules of democracy become a habit.
His work laid the conceptual foundations for the later work of scholars known as \'transitologists.\' Studying the decline in authoritarianism in Latin America and Southern Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, scholars such as Larry Diamond, Lawrence Whitehead, and Philip Schmitter explained transitions from authoritarianism not in terms of socio-economic or structural changes, but rather in terms of consensus and pacts between elites. The impetus for change comes not from international or socio-economic changes, but from splits within a ruling regime.
Rustow\'s model of democratization was criticized by Adam Przeworski. Michael McFaul argued that post-Cold War Russia supported Rustow\'s argument that national unity was a precondition for successful democratization.
A 1997 special issue of *Comparative Politics* and the 1999 edited collection *Transitions to Democracy* (edited by Lisa Anderson) focused on Rustow\'s work.
## Works
- *Political development: the vanishing dream of stability*. 1962.
- *Military in Middle Eastern Society and politics*. 1963
- (ed. with Robert E. Ward) *Political modernaization in Japan and Turkey*. 1964.
- *World of nations*. 1967.
- *Politics of compromise: a study of parties and cabinet government in Sweden*. 1969.
- *Transitions to democracy: Toward a dynamic model*. 1970.
- (ed.) *Philosophers and Kings: Studies in leadership*. 1970.
- *American foreign policy in international perspective*. 1971.
- (ed. with Ernst-Otto Czempiel) *Euro-American system: economic and political relations between North America and Western Europe*. 1971.
- *Freedom and Domination: A Historical Critique of Civilization*. 1971
- *Middle Eastern political systems*. 1971.
- (with John F. Mugno) *OPEC, success and prospects*. 1977.
- (with Trevor Penrose) *Mediterranean challenge. no.5, Turkey and the Community*. 1981.
- *Oil and turmoil: America faces OPEC and the Middle East*. 1982.
- *Turkey, America\'s forgotten ally*. 1987.
- (ed. with Kenneth Paul Erickson) *Comparative political dynamics: global research perspectives*. 1991
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# Jack Clements
**John J. Clements** (July 24, 1864 -- May 23, 1941) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball for 17 seasons. Despite being left-handed, Clements caught 1,076 games, almost four times as many as any other left-handed player in major league history and was the last left-hander to catch on a regular basis. He is credited with being the first catcher to wear a chest protector.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Baseball career {#baseball_career}
Born in Philadelphia, Clements began his major league career in 1884 in the Union Association. He played as a catcher/outfielder for the Philadelphia Keystones until the team folded in August. Clements then went to the National League, signing with the Philadelphia Quakers to finish the year.
Clements spent the next 13 seasons with the Quakers (who became the Phillies in 1890), and became the team\'s regular catcher in 1888. He also served as a player-manager during part of the 1890 season when manager Harry Wright suffered temporary blindness. During the 1890s, he established himself as one of the National League\'s top hitters, finishing among the top 4 in batting average on 3 occasions. Clements also hit for power, finishing second in the NL with 17 home runs in 1893 and finishing third in the NL with 13 in 1895. Also in 1895, he finished with a .394 batting average, the highest single-season average by a catcher in major league history.
After the 1897 season, Clements was traded to the St. Louis Browns. He played one season for the Browns, during which he became the first player (of either handedness) to catch 1,000 games in his career.
Before the 1899 season, Clements was assigned to the Cleveland Spiders. The move took place after Spiders owners Frank and Stanley Robison purchased the Browns and re-distributed players among the two franchises. Clements appeared in only 4 games for the Spiders before being released.
He played his final Major League season in 1900, playing in 16 games for the Boston Beaneaters.
At the time of his retirement, he held the single-season and career records for home runs by a catcher. Both of his records were broken by Gabby Hartnett in the 1920s; the single-season record fell in 1925, while the career record fell in 1928. Clements is also the only 19th-century baseball player of prominence to retire with more home runs than triples.
In 1160 games over 17 seasons, Clements posted a .287 batting average (1231-for-4295) with 619 runs, 226 doubles, 60 triples, 77 home runs, 687 RBI, 341 bases on balls, .348 on-base percentage and .421 slugging percentage.
He died of an illness in Norristown, Pennsylvania, in 1941, at age 76. He is buried at Arlington Cemetery in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania.
In his *Historical Baseball Abstract*, Bill James ranked Clements as the 58th greatest catcher in baseball history
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# Mooring (oceanography)
A **mooring** in oceanography is a collection of devices connected to a wire and anchored on the sea floor. It is the *Eulerian way* of measuring ocean currents, since a mooring is stationary at a fixed location. In contrast to that, the *Lagrangian way* measures the motion of an oceanographic drifter, the Lagrangian drifter.
## Construction principle {#construction_principle}
The mooring is held up in the water column with various forms of buoyancy such as glass balls and syntactic foam floats. The attached instrumentation is wide-ranging but often includes CTDs (conductivity, temperature depth sensors), current meters (e.g. acoustic Doppler current profilers or deprecated rotor current meters), and biological sensors to measure various parameters. Long-term moorings can be deployed for durations of two years or more, powered with alkaline or lithium battery packs.
## Components
### Top buoy {#top_buoy}
#### Surface buoys {#surface_buoys}
Moorings often include surface buoys that transmit real time data back to shore. The traditional approach is to use the Argos System. Alternatively, one may use the commercial Iridium satellites which allow higher data rates.
#### Submerged buoys {#submerged_buoys}
In deeper waters, areas covered by sea ice, areas within or near shipping lines or areas that are prone to theft or vandalism, moorings are often submerged with no surface markers. Submerged moorings typically use an acoustic release or a Timed Release that connects the mooring to an anchor weight on the sea floor. The weight is released by sending a coded acoustic command signal and stays on the ground. Deep water anchors are typically made from steel and may be as large as 100 kg. A common deep water anchor consists of a stack of 2--4 railroad wheels. In shallow waters anchors may consist of a concrete block or small portable anchor.
The buoyancy of the *floats*, i.e. of the top buoy plus additional packs of glass bulbs of foam, is sufficient to carry the instruments back to the surface. In order to avoid entangled ropes, it has been practical to place additional floats directly above each instrument.
### Instrument housing {#instrument_housing}
#### Prawlers
Prawlers (profiling crawlers) are sensor bodies which climb and descend the cable, to observe multiple depths. The energy to move is \"free,\" harnessed by ratcheting upward via wave energy, then returning downward via gravity.
## Depth correction {#depth_correction}
Similar to a kite in the wind, the mooring line will follow a so-called (half-)catenary. The influence of currents (and wind if the top buoy is above the sea surface) can be modeled and the shape of the mooring line can be determined by software. If the currents are strong (above 0.1 m/s) and the mooring lines are long (more than 1 km), the instrument position may vary up to 50 m
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# Arsenal O.101
The **Arsenal O.101** was a French research aircraft that flew shortly after World War II. It was a low-wing monoplane of conventional configuration with fixed tailwheel undercarriage, but incorporated several novel features for its role as an airborne testbed for evaluating airfoil sections and control surface designs. It was designed to accommodate a pilot and an observer in tandem cockpits. However, since the observer was to be watching the aircraft\'s wings, this cockpit was sunken fully into the fuselage, affording no fore-and-aft view at all. The pilot\'s cockpit was set well back along the fuselage, near the tail.
The O.101 was fitted with extensive instrumentation to measure pressures and loads throughout the aircraft, and was given dimensions such that the entire aircraft could be placed inside the wind tunnel at Chalais-Meudon without any disassembly required
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# The Best of Collin Raye: Direct Hits
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# Natasja
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# Older Parthenon
thumb\|upright=1.5\|The Older Parthenon (in black) was destroyed by the Achaemenids in the Destruction of Athens, and then rebuilt by Pericles (in grey).
The **Older Parthenon** or **Pre‐Parthenon**, as it is frequently referred to, constitutes the first endeavour to build a sanctuary for Athena Parthenos on the site of the present Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. It was begun shortly after the battle of Marathon (c. 490--88 BC) upon a massive limestone foundation that extended and leveled the southern part of the Acropolis summit. This building replaced a hekatompedon (meaning \"hundred‐footer\") and would have stood beside the archaic temple dedicated to Athena Polias.
## History
The Old Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians sacked the city in the Destruction of Athens in 480 BC, and razed the acropolis during the Second Persian invasion of Greece. The existence of the proto‐Parthenon and its destruction was known from Herodotus and the drums of its columns were plainly visible built into the curtain wall north of the Erechtheum. Further material evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of Panagiotis Kavvadias of 1885--1890. The findings of this dig allowed Wilhelm Dörpfeld, then director of the German Archaeological Institute, to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon, called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld, not immediately below the present edifice as had been previously assumed. Dörpfeld's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consist of two steps of *poros* limestone , the same as the foundations, and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon. This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon, indicating that it was built for a wholly different building, now wholly covered over. This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885--90 excavations indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls `{{explain|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki}, and implying a later date for the first temple.
If the original Parthenon was indeed destroyed in 480 BC, it invites the question of why the site was left a ruin for 33 years. One argument involves the oath sworn by the Greek allies before the battle of Plataea in 479 BC declaring that the sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians would not be rebuilt, an oath the Athenians were only absolved from with the Peace of Callias in 450. The mundane fact of the cost of reconstructing Athens after the Persian sack is at least as likely a cause. However the excavations of Bert Hodge Hill led him to propose the existence of a second Parthenon begun in the period of Kimon after 468 BC. Hill claimed that the Karrha limestone step Dörpfeld took to be the highest of Parthenon I was in fact the lowest of the three steps of Parthenon II whose stylobate dimensions Hill calculated to be 23.51x66.888m.
One difficulty in dating the proto‐Parthenon is that at the time of the 1885 excavation the archaeological method of seriation was not fully developed: the careless digging and refilling of the site led to a loss of much valuable information. An attempt to make sense of the potsherds found on the acropolis came with the two-volume study by Graef and Langlotz published 1925--33. This inspired American archaeologist William Bell Dinsmoor to attempt to supply limiting dates for the temple platform and the five walls hidden under the re‐terracing of the acropolis. Dinsmoor concluded that the latest possible date for Parthenon I was no earlier 495 BC, contradicting the early date given by Dörpfeld. Further Dinsmoor denied that there were two proto‐Parthenons, and that the only pre‐Periclean temple was what Dörpfeld referred to as Parthenon II. Dinsmoor and Dörpfeld exchanged views in the *American Journal of Archaeology*in 1935.
## Gallery
<File:Foundation> of the Older Parthenon, below the platform of the newer Parthenon.jpg\|Foundation of the Older Parthenon, below the platform of the newer Parthenon <File:Acropolis> North wall Older Parthenon column drum.jpg\|Older Parthenon column drum in the North wall of the Acropolis. Image:Perserschutt.gif\|Part of the archaeological remains called *Perserschutt*, or \"Persian rubble\": remnants of the destruction of Athens by the armies of Xerxes I. Photographed in 1866, just after excavation. <File:Foundations> of the Earlier and Later Parthenon.jpg\|Extant foundations of the Earlier and Later Parthenon <File:Acropolis> North wall Older Partenon columns.jpg\|Column drums of the destroyed Older Parthenon, reused in building-up the North wall of the Acropolis, by Themistocles
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# Laurent de Palmas
**Laurent de Palmas** (born 29 October 1977) is a French retired footballer who played as either a right or left back
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# Andrea Vicentino
**Andrea Vicentino** (c. 1542 -- 1617) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance or Mannerist period. He was a pupil of the painter Giovanni Battista Maganza. Born in Vicenza, he was also known as *Andrea Michieli* or *Michelli*. He moved to Venice in the mid-1570s and registered in the Fraglia or guild of Venetian painters in 1583. He worked alongside Tintoretto at the Palazzo Ducale in Venice, helping paint *The Arrival of Henry III at Venice* (c. 1593) at the Sala delle Quattro Porte as well as works in the Sala del Senato and the Sala dello Scrutinio. He also painted the altarpiece *Madonna of the Rosary* (c. 1590) for the Treviso Cathedral, *God the Father with Three Theological Virtues* (1598) for the church in Gambara, and *St Charles Borromeo* (c. 1605) for a church in Mestre. Paintings by him exist in a number of galleries including the *Raising of Lazarus* at the National Museum of Fine Arts, Malta
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# Jane Emmet de Glehn
**Jane Erin Emmet de Glehn** (born **Jane Erin Emmet**; 1873 - 20 February 1961) was an American figure and portrait painter.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in New Rochelle, New York, she was the youngest daughter of ten siblings. Her great-great-uncle Robert Emmet was a notable Irish nationalist who was hanged in 1803 for high treason by the British court for his attempt to implement an Irish rebellion. Lydia Field Emmet\'s great-grandfather Thomas Addis Emmet, Robert\'s older brother, emigrated to the United States after Robert\'s execution. Thomas Addis Emmet would later become the New York State Attorney General. His daughter Elizabeth Emmet (b.1794), Jane\'s great-aunt, would study portraiture under the direction of a steamboat designer and portrait artist named Thomas Fulton.
Both her older sisters Rosina Emmet Sherwood and Lydia Field Emmet would also become successful artists, as well as their first cousin Ellen Emmet \"Bay\" Rand. Emmet de Glehn\'s brother, William Le Roy Emmet, was an accomplished engineer employed by General Electric; a graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, he was a pioneer in the areas of current electricity and power generation, best known for his work with steam turbines, mercury vapor, and electric ship propulsion. Her brother Robert Temple Emmet was a West Point graduate, and Medal of Honor recipient. Her brother Devereux Emmet was a pioneering American golf course architect who, according to one source, designed more than 150 courses worldwide. Her brother Christopher Temple Emmet was a noted attorney and sportsman. She is the aunt of the prominent American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood.
## Early career {#early_career}
Jane Emmet\'s career began while studying at the New York\'s Art Students League and she later studied under Frederick William MacMonnies in Paris. She then travelled in Europe to view the work of the Grand Masters and continue her studies.
## Wilfrid de Glehn and John Singer Sargent {#wilfrid_de_glehn_and_john_singer_sargent}
After returning to America, she met and married the notable British impressionist painter Wilfrid de Glehn in 1904 in New Rochelle, New York. Following their marriage, the couple honeymooned in Cornwall, England, vacationed in Paris and Venice, and made a permanent home in Chelsea, London.
In England, Jane continued to draw and paint, exhibiting her work at the New English Art Club, the Royal Academy and the Royal Hibernian Academy. She worked in the mediums of chalk and charcoal as well as oil on board and canvas. The young couple became frequent travelling companions of the American painter John Singer Sargent, whom Jane Emmet de Glehn had met at performance of the dancer Carmencita in 1890, and between 1905 and 1914 the trio often depicted each other in their works whilst travelling throughout Europe.
When World War 1 broke out, both Jane and Wilfrid joined the staff of a British hospital for French soldiers, Hôpital Temporaire d\'Arc-en-Barrois, Haute-Marne, France in January 1915. On their return to England the following year, Wifrid was commissioned and seconded to the Front in Italy in 1917. After the war they returned to England, and Wilfrid held a solo exhibition at the Leicester Galleries and another solo show in New York in 1920. For the next decade, the two would spend summers in Cornwall and winters in France.
## Later life {#later_life}
Unlike her sisters, or her cousin Ellen Emmet Rand, or her husband, Jane Emmet de Glehn was not a prolific artist; after 1913, she generally exhibited her work alongside of that of her husband. During the 1930s and 1940s, Jane had a studio in New York. In 1940, she shared an exhibition with her sister Lydia Field Emmet, and like her sisters and cousin, preferred to mostly work in portraiture. After her husband\'s death in 1951, Jane Emmet de Glehn spent much of her time casually sketching her extended family and members of her social circle. She and Wilfrid had no children and she died in 1961.
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# Jane Emmet de Glehn
## Legacy
In late April 2007, Arden Galleries in Manhattan held a family exhibit of five generations of the Emmet women\'s paintings. The 130 exhibits by 14 artists began with nine portraits by Jane Emmet de Glehn\'s great-aunt Elizabeth Emmet (a.k.a. Elizabeth Emmet LeRoy) and ended with nine sculptures by great-great-grandniece Julia Townsend, aged 22, and with two by Beulah Emmet, aged 18.
Sargent - Jane in Venedig.jpg\|Jane Erin Emmet de Glehn en 1904 à Venise, John Singer Sargent Sargent - The Fountain, Villa Torlonia, Frascati, Italy, 1907, 1914.57.jpg\|*La Fontaine, Villa Torlonia (Frascati)*, 1907, John Singer Sargent Sargent - In a Garden Corfu
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# Niinimaa
**Niinimaa** is a small village in the municipality of Alavus, Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland
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# Triptych, May–June 1973
***Triptych, May--June 1973*** is a triptych completed in 1973 by the Irish-born artist Francis Bacon (1909--1992). The oil-on-canvas was painted in memory of Bacon\'s lover George Dyer, who committed suicide on the eve of the artist\'s retrospective at Paris\'s Grand Palais on 24 October 1971. The triptych is a portrait of the moments before Dyer\'s death from an overdose of pills in their hotel room. Bacon was haunted and preoccupied by Dyer\'s loss for the remaining years of his life and painted many works based on both the actual suicide and the events of its aftermath. He admitted to friends that he never fully recovered, describing the 1973 triptych as an exorcism of his feelings of loss and guilt.
The work is stylistically more static and monumental than Bacon\'s earlier triptychs of Greek figures and friends\' heads. It has been described as one of his \"supreme achievements\" and is generally viewed as his most intense and tragic canvas. Of the three *Black Triptychs* Bacon painted when confronting Dyer\'s death, *Triptych, May--June 1973* is generally regarded as the most accomplished. In 2006, *The Daily Telegraph*\'s art critic Sarah Crompton wrote that \"emotion seeps into each panel of this giant canvas \... the sheer power and control of Bacon\'s brushwork take the breath away\". *Triptych, May--June 1973* was purchased at auction in 1989 by Esther Grether for \$6.3 million, then a record for a Bacon painting.
## Biographical context {#biographical_context}
Francis Bacon met George Dyer in a Soho pub. According to Bacon \"George was down the far end of the bar and he came over and said \'You all seem to be having a good time, can I buy you a drink?\'\" (Francis Bacon quoted in: Michael Peppiat, Francis Bacon: Anatomy of an Enigma, London 2008, p. 259). From that point on, Dyer became devoted to Bacon. He admired his intellect and power and was in awe of his self-confidence. He felt as if he had found a purpose, as the prominent artist\'s companion. Dyer was then about thirty years old and had grown up in the East End of London in a family steeped in crime. He had spent his life drifting between theft, juvenile detention center and jail. Typical of Bacon\'s taste in men, Dyer was fit, masculine, and not an intellectual.
Bacon\'s relationships prior to Dyer had all been with older men who were as tumultuous in temperament as the artist himself, but each had been the dominating presence. Peter Lacy, his first lover, would often tear up the young artist\'s paintings, beat him up in drunken rages, and leave him on the street half-conscious. Bacon was attracted to Dyer\'s vulnerability and trusting nature. Dyer was impressed by Bacon\'s self-confidence and his artistic success, and Bacon acted as a protector and father figure to the insecure younger man. Dyer was, like Bacon, a borderline alcoholic and similarly took obsessive care with his appearance. Pale-faced and a chain-smoker, Dyer typically confronted his daily hangovers by drinking again. His compact and athletic build belied a docile and inwardly tortured personality; the art critic Michael Peppiatt described him as having the air of a man who could \"land a decisive punch\". Their behaviours eventually overwhelmed their affair, and by 1970, Bacon was merely providing Dyer with enough money to stay more or less permanently drunk.
As Bacon\'s work moved from the extreme subject matter of his early paintings to portraits of friends in the mid-1960s, Dyer became a dominating presence in the artist\'s work. Bacon\'s treatment of his lover in these canvasses emphasises his subject\'s physicality while remaining uncharacteristically tender. More than any other of the artist\'s close friends portrayed during this period, Dyer came to feel inseparable from his effigies. The paintings gave him stature, a *raison d\'être*, and offered meaning to what Bacon described as Dyer\'s \"brief interlude between life and death\". Many critics have cited Dyer\'s portraits as favourites, including Michel Leiris and Lawrence Gowling. Yet as Dyer\'s novelty diminished within Bacon\'s circle of sophisticated intellectuals, the younger man became increasingly bitter and ill at ease. Although Dyer welcomed the attention the paintings brought him, he did not pretend to understand or even like them. \"All that money an\' I fink they\'re reely \'orrible\", he observed with choked pride. He abandoned crime but soon descended into alcoholism. Bacon\'s money allowed Dyer to attract hangers-on who would accompany him on massive benders around London\'s Soho. Withdrawn and reserved when sober, Dyer was insuppressible when drunk, and would often attempt to \"pull a Bacon\" by buying large rounds and paying for expensive dinners for his wide circle. Dyer\'s erratic behaviour inevitably wore thin---with his cronies, with Bacon, and with Bacon\'s friends. Most of Bacon\'s art world associates regarded Dyer as a nuisance---an intrusion into the world of high culture to which *their* Bacon belonged. Dyer reacted by becoming increasingly needy and dependent. By 1971, he was drinking alone and was only in occasional contact with his former lover.
In October 1971, Dyer accompanied Bacon to Paris for the opening of the artist\'s retrospective at the *Grand Palais*. The show was the high point of Bacon\'s career to date, and he was now being described as Britain\'s \"greatest living painter\". Dyer was now a desperate man, and although he was \"allowed\" to attend, he was well aware that he was \"slipping\", in every sense, out of the picture. To draw Bacon\'s attention he earlier planted cannabis in Bacon\'s flat, then phoned the police, and he had attempted suicide on a number of occasions. Dyer committed suicide, via an overdose of barbiturates, on the eve of the Paris exhibition in their shared hotel room. Bacon spent the following day surrounded by people eager to meet him. In mid-evening he was informed that Dyer had taken an overdose of barbiturates and was dead. Though devastated, Bacon continued with the retrospective and displayed powers of self-control \"to which few of us could aspire\", according to Russell. Bacon was deeply affected by the loss of Dyer, and he had recently lost four other friends and his nanny . From this point on, death haunted his life and work. Though he gave a stoic appearance at the time, he was inwardly broken. He did not express his feelings to critics, but later admitted to friends that \"daemons, disaster and loss\" now stalked him as if his own version of the Eumenides. Bacon spent the remainder of his stay in Paris attending to promotional activities and funeral arrangements. He returned to London later that week to comfort Dyer\'s family. The funeral proved to be an emotional affair for all, and many of Dyer\'s friends, including hardened East-End criminals, broke down in tears. As the coffin was lowered into the grave one attendant screamed \"you bloody fool!\". Although Bacon remained stoic throughout, in the following months Dyer preoccupied his imagination as never before. To confront his loss, he painted a number of tributes on small canvasses and his three \"Black Triptych\" masterpieces.
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# Triptych, May–June 1973
## Description
In each panel, Dyer is framed by a doorway, and set against a flat, anonymous foreground coloured with black and brown hues. In the left frame, he is seated on a toilet with his head crouched between his knees as if in pain. Although his arched back, thighs and legs are according to the Irish critic Colm Tóibín, \"lovingly painted\", Dyer is by now clearly a broken man. The central panel shows Dyer sitting on the toilet bowl in a more contemplative pose, his head and upper body writhing beneath a hanging lightbulb which throws a large bat-like shadow formed in the shape of a demon or Eumenide. The art critic Sally Yard has noted that in the portrayal of Dyer\'s flesh, \"life seems to visibly drain \... into the substantial character of the shadow beneath him\". Dyer\'s posture suggests he is seated on a lavatory bowl, though the object is not described. Schmied has proposed that in this frame the blackness of the background has enveloped the subject, and it \"seems to be advancing forward over the threshold, threatening the viewer like a flood or a giant bat with flapping wings and extended claws.\"
In the right panel, Dyer is shown with his eyes shut, vomiting into a hand basin. In the two outer frames his figure is shadowed by arrows, pictorial devices that Bacon often used to place a sense of energy into his paintings. In this work, the arrows point to a man about to die, and according to Tóibín they scream \"Here!\", \"Him!\". The arrow of the right panel, according to Tóibín, points to a \"dead figure on the lavatory bowl, as though telling the Furies where to find him\". The triptych is centralised by the lightbulb, and by the fact that Dyer faces inwards in the two outer canvasses. The triptych\'s composition and setting are poised to suggest instability, and the doors in each side panel are splayed outwards as if to look into the darkness of the foreground.
*Triptych, May--June 1973* has been said to achieve its tension by locating voluptuously described figures in an austere, cage-like space. The foreground of each panel is bounded by a wall, which runs parallel to a framing door. Each door admits a stark black into its frame, while the walls establish a link between each of the three Black Triptychs. In 1975, the curator Hugh M. Davis noted that while Bacon\'s earlier triptychs had been set in public spaces \"open to all kinds of visitor\", the Black Triptychs are set in a \"deeply private realm, to which only the individual---accompanied, perhaps, by one or two of his closest friends---has access\". In 1999, Yard wrote that the sense of foreboding and ill-omen conjured by the Eumenides of Bacon\'s *Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion* (1944) reappears in the triptych as a \"batlike void that snared the figure of George Dyer as he subsides into the supple curves of death\". John Russell observed that the painting\'s background describes an area which is half studio, half condemned cell. A reviewer of the 1975 Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition found a resemblance between the concept of the central panel and Albrecht Dürer\'s engraving *Melencolia I* (1514)---in the figure\'s pose, the bat form, and the panel\'s radiance---suggesting that Bacon\'s late triptychs evoke \"memorable figural formulations\" of classic Western culture.
Bacon later stated that \"painting has nothing to do with colouring surfaces\", and in general he was not preoccupied with detailing his backgrounds: \"When I feel that I have to some extent formed the image, I put the background in to see how it\'s going to work and then I go with the image itself.\" He told David Sylvester that he intended his \"hard, flat, bright ground\" to juxtapose with the complexity of the central images, and noted that \"for this work, it can work more starkly if the background is very united and clear. I think that probably is why I have used a very clear background against which the image can articulate itself\". Bacon usually applied paint to the background quickly, and with \"great energy\"; however, he thought of it as a secondary element. He used its colour to establish tone, but in his mind the real work began when he came to paint the figures.
Critics have argued whether the triptych should be read sequentially from left to right. Davies believes the work is a narrative, panoramic view of Dyer\'s suicide, and that the triptych\'s format implies a temporal continuity between each frame. Ernst van Alphen has argued that, notwithstanding spatial inconsistencies---the light bulb featured in the central panel is missing from the two outer canvasses, while the doorway view is reversed in the center panel---the triptych is a \"plain representation of a story\".
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# Triptych, May–June 1973
## *The Black Triptychs* {#the_black_triptychs}
Bacon\'s work from the 1970s has been described by the art critic Hugh Davies as the \"frenzied momentum of a struggle against death\". Bacon admitted during a 1974 interview that he thought the most difficult aspect of aging was \"losing your friends\". This was a bleak period in his life, and though he was to live for another seventeen years, he felt that his life was almost over, \"and all the people I\'ve loved are dead\". His concern is reflected in the darkened flesh and background tones of his paintings from this period. His acute sense of mortality and awareness of the fragility of life were heightened by Dyer\'s death in Paris. In the next three years he painted many images of his former lover, including the series of three \"Black Triptychs\" which have come to be seen as among his best work. A number of characteristics bind the triptychs together: the form of a monochromatically rendered doorway features centrally in all, and each is framed by flat and shallow walls. In each three Dyer is stalked by a broad shadow; which takes the form of pools of blood or flesh in the outer panels and the wings of the angel of death in the left hand and central images. In its display caption for *Triptych--August 1972* the Tate gallery wrote, \"What death has not already consumed seeps incontinently out of the figures as their shadows.\"
thumb\|right\|upright=3\|*Triptych--August 1972* (1972). Tate, London Each of the three *Black Triptychs* displays sequential views of a single figure, and each seems to be intended to be viewed as if stills from a film. The figures rendered are not drawn from any of Bacon\'s usual intellectual sources; they do not depict Golgotha, Handes, or Leopold Bloom. In these pictures Bacon strips Dyer from the context of both Dyer\'s own life and the artist\'s life, and presents him as a nameless, slumped, gathering of flesh, awaiting the onset of death. Describing the Black Triptychs in 1993, the art critic Juan Vicente Aliaga wrote that \"the horror, the abjection that oozed from the crucifixes has been transformed in his last paintings into quiet solitude. The masculine bodies entwined in a carnal embrace have given way to the solitary figure leaning over the washbasin, standing firm on the smooth ground, neutral, bald-headed, his convex back deformed, his testicles contracted in a fold.\"
When asked by the broadcaster Melvyn Bragg in 1984 if the portraits painted in the wake of Dyer\'s death were depictions of his emotional reaction to the event, Bacon replied that he did not consider himself to be an \"expressionist painter\". He explained that he was \"not trying to express anything, I wasn\'t trying to express the sorrow about somebody committing suicide \... but perhaps it comes through without knowing it\". When Bragg inquired if he often thought about death, the artist replied that he was always aware of it, and that although \"it\'s just around the corner for \[me\], I don\'t think about it, because there\'s nothing to think about. When it comes, it\'s there. You\'ve had it.\" Reflecting on the loss of Dyer, Bacon observed that as part of aging, \"life becomes more of a desert around you\". He told Bragg that he believed in \"nothing. We are born and we die and that\'s it. There is nothing else.\" Bragg asked Bacon what he did about that reality, and after the artist told him he did nothing about it, Bragg pleaded, \"No Francis, you try and paint it.\"
Throughout his career, Bacon consciously and carefully avoided explaining the meaning behind his paintings, and pointedly observed that they were not intended as narratives, nor open to interpretation. When Bragg challenged him with the observation that *Triptych, May--June 1973* was the nearest the artist had come to telling a story, Bacon admitted that \"it is in fact the nearest I\'ve ever done to a story, because you know that is the triptych of how \[Dyer\] was found\". He went on to say that the work reflected not just his reaction to Dyer\'s death, but his general feelings about the fact that his friends were then dying around him \"like flies\". A borderline alcoholic himself, Bacon continued to explain that his dead friends were \"generally heavy drinkers\", and that their deaths led directly to his composition of a series of meditative self-portraits which emphasised his own aging and awareness of the passage of time
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# Parallel litigation
**Parallel litigation** is a scenario in which different courts are hearing the same claim(s). In the United States, parallel litigation (and the \"race to judgement\" that results)is a consequence of its system of \"dual sovereignty, in which both state and federal courts have personal jurisdiction over the parties. A major exception to this rule is that a second parallel In rem proceeding will be enjoined by the first court to obtain jurisdiction, as it has already been drawn into constructive possession of the object of the dispute.
In rare cases the federal courts have announced a policy of not hearing (abstaining from) a case when there is parallel litigation going on in state courts, following the Colorado River abstention doctrine. In that case, the federal government sued for adjudication of certain water rights in Colorado; parties to a state court proceeding joined the U.S. as a defendant, and the Supreme Court said the federal courts should defer to that parallel litigation. This analysis can be conceptualized as a Forum non conveniens analysis in which there is already an alternative forum in play.
The general rule is that \"\[a\]bstention from the exercise of federal jurisdiction is the exception, not the rule.\" Moses H. Cone Mem\'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 14 (1983) (citing Colo. River Water Conserv. Distr. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 813 (1976))
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# List of compositions by Alexander Glazunov
This is a list of compositions by Alexander Glazunov (1865--1936).
## By genre {#by_genre}
### Stage
: Op. 57: *Raymonda*, ballet in three acts (1898)
: Op. 61: *Les Ruses d\'Amour* (The Ruses of Love), also known as *The Trial of Damis* or *Lady Soubrette*, ballet in one act (1900)
: Op. 67: *The Seasons*, ballet in one act (1900)
: Op. 95: Music for the drama *The King of the Jews* after K. K. Romanov (1913)
: Incidental music for Lermontov's play *Masquerade* (1912--13)
### Orchestral
: Symphonies
: Op. 5: Symphony No. 1 in E major \"Slavonian Symphony\" (1881--1884)
: Op. 16: Symphony No. 2 in F`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} minor \"To the Memory of Liszt\" (1886)
: Op. 33: Symphony No. 3 in D major (1890)
: Op. 48: Symphony No. 4 in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1893)
: Op. 55: Symphony No. 5 in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1895)
: Op. 58: Symphony No. 6 in C minor (1896)
: Op. 77: Symphony No. 7 in F major \"Pastorale\" (1902--1903)
: Op. 83: Symphony No. 8 in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1905--1906)
: Symphony No. 9 in D minor (1910), first movement (incomplete; orchestrated by Gavril Yudin)
: Op. 3: Overture No. 1 in G minor for orchestra \"On Greek Themes\" (1882)
: Op. 6: Overture No. 2 in D major for orchestra (1883)
: Op. 7: Serenade No. 1 in A major for orchestra (1882)
: Op. 8: *To the Memory of a Hero*, elegy for orchestra (1885)
: Op. 9: *Suite Charactéristique* in D major for orchestra (1884--1887)
: Op. 11: Serenade No. 2 in F major for small orchestra (1884)
: Op. 12: *Poème Lyrique* in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for orchestra (1884--1887)
: Op. 13: *Stenka Razin*, symphonic poem in B minor (1885)
: Op. 14: Two Pieces for orchestra (1886--1887)
: Op. 18: Mazurka in G major for orchestra (1888)
: Op. 19: *The Forest*, fantasy in C`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} minor for orchestra (1887)
: Op. 21: *Wedding March* in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for orchestra (1889)
: Op. 26A: *Slavonian Feast*, symphonic sketches (1888)
: Op. 28: *The Sea*, fantasy in E major for orchestra (1889)
: Op. 29: *Oriental Rhapsody* in G major for orchestra (1889)
: Op. 30: *The Kremlin*, symphonic picture in three parts (1890)
: Op. 34: *The Spring*, symphonic picture in D major (1891)
: Op. 45: *Carnaval*, overture for large orchestra and organ in F major (1892)
: Op. 46: *Chopiniana*, suite for orchestra after piano pieces by Chopin (1893)
: Op. 47: Concert Waltz No. 1 in D major for orchestra (1893)
: Op. 50: *Cortège Solennel* in D major for orchestra (1894)
: Op. 51: Concert Waltz No. 2 in F major for orchestra (1894)
: Op. 52: *Scènes de Ballet*, suite, not intended as dance piece (1894)
: Op. 53: Fantasy *From Dark into Light* for orchestra (1894)
: Op. 68: \"Pas de Caractère\" from *Raymonda* in G major for orchestra (1899)
: Op. 69: *Intermezzo Romantica* in D major for orchestra (1900)
: Op. 73: *Solemn Overture* for orchestra (1900)
: Op. 76: *March on a Russian Theme* in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1901)
: Op. 78: Ballade in F major for orchestra (1902)
: Op. 79: *From the Middle Ages*, suite in E major for orchestra (1902)
: Op. 81: Dance-Scene in A major for orchestra (1904)
: Op. 84: *The Song of Destiny*, dramatic overture in D minor for orchestra (1908)
: Op. 85: Two Preludes for orchestra (1908)
: Op. 86: *Russian Fantasy* in A major for balalaika-orchestra (1906)
: Op. 87: *To the Memory of Gogol*, symphonic prologue in C major (1909)
: Op. 88: *Finnish Fantasy* in C major for orchestra (1909)
: Op. 89: *Finnish Sketches* in E major for orchestra (1912)
: Op. 90: *Introduction and Dance of Salomé*, to the drama of Oscar Wilde (1908)
: Op. 91: \"Cortège Solennel\" in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for orchestra (1910)
: Op. 96: Paraphrase on the *Hymn of the Allies* for orchestra (1914--1915)
: Op. 99: *Karelian Legend* in A minor for orchestra (1916)
: Op. 102: *Romance of Nina* from the play \"Masquerada\" (1918)
: *Poème épique* in A minor for orchestra (1933--34)
### Concertante
: Op. 20: Two Pieces for cello and orchestra (1887--1888)
: Op. 32: *Méditation* in D major for violin and orchestra or piano (1891)
: Op. 82: Concerto in A minor for violin and orchestra (1904)
: Op. 92: Concerto No. 1 in F minor for piano and orchestra (1910--1911)
: Op. 100: Concerto No. 2 in B major for piano and orchestra (1917)
: Op. 100A/B: *Mazurka Oberek* for violin and orchestra or piano (1917)
: Op. 108: Concert Ballade in C major for cello and orchestra (1931)
: Op. 109: Concerto for Alto Saxophone and String Orchestra in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1934) (same opus number as Saxophone Quartet, but different work
```{=html}
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```
: In 1896 he arranged Tchaikovsky\'s violin and piano piece *Souvenir d\'un lieu cher* for violin and orchestra.
### Choral with orchestra {#choral_with_orchestra}
: Op. 40: *Triumph March* for large orchestra and chorus (1892)
: Op. 56: *Coronation Cantata* for four soloists, chorus and orchestra (1895)
: Op. 65: *Commemorative Cantata for the Centenary of the Birth of Pushkin* for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1899)
: Op. 97: *Song of the Volga-skippers* for chorus and orchestra (1918)
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# List of compositions by Alexander Glazunov
## By genre {#by_genre}
### Chamber
: String Quartets
: Op. 1: String Quartet No. 1 in D major (1881--1882)
: Op. 10: String Quartet No. 2 in F major (1884)
: Op. 26: String Quartet No. 3 in G major \"Quatuor Slave\" (1886--1888)
: Op. 64: String Quartet No. 4 in A minor (1894)
: Op. 70: String Quartet No. 5 in D minor (1898)
: Op. 106: String Quartet No. 6 in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1920--1921)
: Op. 107: String Quartet No. 7 in C major \"Hommage au passé\" (1930)
: Op. 14: *Oriental Reverie* for clarinet and string quartet (original version of 2 Pieces for Orchestra) (1886)
: Op. 15: Five Novelettes for String Quartet (1886)
: Op. 35: Suite in C major for string quartet (1887--1891)
: Op. 38: *In Modo Religioso*, quartet for trumpet, horn and two trombones (1892)
: Op. 39: String Quintet in A major for string quartet and cello (1891--1892)
: Op. 105: Elegy in D minor for string quartet in memory of M. P. Belaieff (1928)
: Op. 109: Saxophone Quartet in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1932)
### Instrumental
: Op. 17: Elegy in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for cello and piano (1888)
: Op. 24: *Rêverie* in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for horn and piano (1890)
: Op. 32A: *Meditation* in D major for violin and piano (1891)
: Op. 44: Elegy in G minor for viola and piano (1893)
: Op. 71: *Chant du Ménestrel* for cello and piano (1900) (a version exists for cello and orchestra)
: Op. 93: Preludium and Fugue No. 1 in D major for organ (1906--1907)
: Op. 98: Preludium and Fugue No. 2 in D minor for organ (1914)
: Op. 110: Fantasy in G minor for organ (1934--1935)
: *Albumblatt* for trumpet and piano (1899)
: 10 Duets for Two Clarinets
### Piano
: Op. 2: Suite on the Theme \"S--A--C--H--A\" for Piano (1883)
: Op. 22: Two Pieces for Piano (1889)
: Op. 23: Waltzes on the name S--A--B--E--L--A for piano (1890)
: Op. 25: Preludium and Two Mazurkas for piano (1888)
: Op. 31: Three Études for piano (1891)
: Op. 36: Small Waltz in D major for piano (1892)
: Op. 37: Nocturne in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for piano (1889)
: Op. 41: Grand Concert Waltz in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for piano (1893)
: Op. 42: Three Miniatures for piano (1893)
: Op. 43: Salon Waltz in C major for piano (1893)
: Op. 49: Three Pieces for piano (1894)
: Op. 54: Two Impromptus for piano (1895)
: Op. 62: Prelude and Fugue in D minor, for piano (1899)
: Op. 72: Theme and Variations in F`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} minor for piano (1900)
: Op. 74: Piano Sonata No. 1 in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} minor (1901)
: Op. 75: Piano Sonata No. 2 in E minor (1901)
: Op. 101: Four Preludes and Fugues for piano (1918--1923)
: Op. 103: *Idylle* in F`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} major for piano (1926)
: Op. 104: Fantasy in F minor for two pianos (1919--1920)
arr. of Liszt Sposalizio, S161/1 for 2 pianos (date?) \[on IMSLP\]
### Vocal/Choral
: Op. 4: Five Romances, songs (1882--1885)
: Op. 27: Two Songs after Pushkin (1887--1890)
: Op. 59: Six Songs for middle voice (1898)
: Op. 60: Six songs (romances to poetry of Alexander Pushkin and Apollon Maykov) for high voice (1897--1898)
: Op. 63: *Festive Cantata* for solo-voices, women\'s chorus and two pianos eight hands (1898)
: Op. 65: *Commemorative Cantata for the Centenary of the Birth of Pushkin* for mezzo-soprano, tenor, mixed choir and piano (1899)
: Op. 80: *Chant Sans Bornes* for soprano and alto with piano accompaniment (1900)
: Op. 94: *Love* after Shukovsky for mixed chorus a cappella (1907)
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# List of compositions by Alexander Glazunov
## By opus number {#by_opus_number}
: Op. 1: String Quartet No. 1 in D major (1881--1882)
: Op. 2: Suite on the Theme \"S--A--C--H--A\" for Piano (1883)
: Op. 3: Overture No. 1 in G minor for orchestra \"On Greek Themes\" (1882)
: Op. 4: Five Romances, songs (1882--1885)
: Op. 5: Symphony No. 1 in E major \"Slavonian Symphony\" (1881--1884)
: Op. 6: Overture No. 2 in D major for orchestra (1883)
: Op. 7: Serenade No. 1 in A major for orchestra (1882)
: Op. 8: *To the Memory of a Hero*, elegy for orchestra (1885)
: Op. 9: *Suite Charactéristique* in D major for orchestra (1884--1887)
: Op. 10: String Quartet No. 2 in F major (1884)
: Op. 11: Serenade No. 2 in F major for small orchestra (1884)
: Op. 12: *Poème Lyrique* in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for orchestra (1884--1887)
: Op. 13: *Stenka Razin*, symphonic poem in B minor (1885)
: Op. 14: Two Pieces for orchestra (1886--1887)
: Op. 15: Five Novelettes for String Quartet (1886)
: Op. 16: Symphony No. 2 in F`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} minor \"To the Memory of Liszt\" (1886)
: Op. 17: Elegy in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for cello and piano (1888)
: Op. 18: Mazurka in G major for orchestra (1888)
: Op. 19: *The Forest*, Fantasy in C`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} minor for orchestra (1887)
: Op. 20: Two Pieces for cello and orchestra (1887--1888)
: Op. 21: *Wedding March* in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for orchestra (1889)
: Op. 22: Two Pieces for Piano (1889)
: Op. 23: Waltzes on the name S--A--B--E--L--A for piano (1890)
: Op. 24: *Rêverie* in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for horn and piano (1890)
: Op. 25: Preludium and Two Mazurkas for piano (1888)
: Op. 26: String Quartet No. 3 in G major \"Quatuor Slave\" (1886--1888)
: Op. 26A: *Slavonian Feast*, symphonic sketches (1888)
: Op. 27: Two Songs after Pushkin (1887--1890)
: Op. 28: *The Sea*, fantasy in E major for orchestra (1889)
: Op. 29: *Oriental Rhapsody* in G major for orchestra (1889)
: Op. 30: *The Kremlin*, symphonic picture in three parts (1890)
: Op. 31: Three Études for piano (1891)
: Op. 32: *Meditation* in D major for violin and orchestra (1891)
: Op. 32A: *Meditation* in D major for violin and piano (1891)
: Op. 33: Symphony No. 3 in D major (1890)
: Op. 34: *The Spring*, symphonic picture in D major (1891)
: Op. 35: Suite in C major for string quartet (1887--1891)
: Op. 36: Small Waltz in D major for piano (1892)
: Op. 37: Nocturne in D`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for piano (1889)
: Op. 38: *In Modo Religioso*, quartet for trumpet, horn and two trombones (1892)
: Op. 39: String Quintet in A major for string quartet and cello (1891--1892)
: Op. 40: *Triumph March* for large orchestra and chorus (1892)
: Op. 41: Large Concert Waltz in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for piano (1893)
: Op. 42: Three Miniatures for piano (1893)
: Op. 43: Salon Waltz in C major for piano (1893)
: Op. 44: Elegy for viola and piano (1893)
: Op. 45: *Carnaval*, overture for large orchestra and organ in F major (1892)
: Op. 46: *Chopiniana*, suite for orchestra after piano pieces by Chopin (1893)
: Op. 47: Concert Waltz No. 1 in D major for orchestra (1893)
: Op. 48: Symphony No. 4 in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1893)
: Op. 49: Three Pieces for piano (1894)
: Op. 50: *Cortège Solennel* in D major for orchestra (1894)
: Op. 51: Concert Waltz No. 2 in F major for orchestra (1894)
: Op. 52: *Scènes de Ballet*, suite, not intended as dance piece (1894)
: Op. 53: Fantasy *From Dark into Light* for orchestra (1894)
: Op. 54: Two Impromptus for piano (1895)
: Op. 55: Symphony No. 5 in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1895)
: Op. 56: *Coronation Cantata* for four soloists, chorus and orchestra (1895)
: Op. 57: *Raymonda*, ballet in three acts (1898)
: Op. 58: Symphony No. 6 in C minor (1896)
: Op. 59: Six Songs for middle voice (1898)
: Op. 60: Six songs (romances to poetry of Alexander Pushkin and Apollon Maykov) for high voice (1897--1898)
: Op. 61: *Les Ruses d\'Amour* (The Ruses of Love), also known as *The Trial of Damis* or *Lady Soubrette*, ballet in one act (1900)
: Op. 62: Prelude and Fugue in D minor, for piano (1899)
: Op. 63: *Festive Cantata* for solo-voices, women\'s chorus and two pianos eight hands (1898)
: Op. 64: String Quartet No. 4 in A minor (1894)
: Op. 65: *Commemorative Cantata for the Centenary of the Birth of Pushkin* for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1899)
: Op. 66: *Hymn after Pushkin* for women\'s chorus and piano (1899)
: Op. 67: *The Seasons*, ballet in one act (1900)
: Op. 68: \"Pas de Caractère\" from *Raymonda* in G major for orchestra (1899)
: Op. 69: *Intermezzo Romantica* in D major for orchestra (1900)
: Op. 70: String Quartet No. 5 in D minor (1898)
: Op. 71: *Chant du Ménestrel* for cello and piano (1900) (a version exists for cello and orchestra)
: Op. 72: Theme and Variations in F`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} minor for piano (1900)
: Op. 73: Solemn Overture for orchestra (1900)
: Op. 74: Piano Sonata No. 1 in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} minor (1901)
: Op. 75: Piano Sonata No. 2 in E minor (1901)
: Op. 76: *March on a Russian Theme* in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1901)
: Op. 77: Symphony No. 7 \"Pastorale\" in F major (1902--1903)
: Op. 78: Ballade in F major for orchestra (1902)
: Op. 79: *From the Middle Ages*, suite in E major for orchestra (1902)
: Op. 80: *Chant Sans Bornes* for soprano and alto with piano accompaniment (1900)
: Op. 81: Dance-Scene in A major for orchestra (1904)
: Op. 82: Concerto in A minor for violin and orchestra (1904)
: Op. 83: Symphony No. 8 in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1905--1906)
: Op. 84: *The Song of Destiny*, dramatic overture in D minor for orchestra (1908)
: Op. 85: Two Preludes for orchestra (1906)
: Op. 86: *Russian Fantasy* in A major for balalaika-orchestra (1906)
: Op. 87: *To the Memory of Gogol*, symphonic prologue in C major (1909)
: Op. 88: *Finnish Fantasy* in C major for orchestra (1909)
: Op. 89: *Finnish Sketches* in E major for orchestra (1912)
: Op. 90: *Introduction and Dance of Salomé*, to the drama of Oscar Wilde (1908)
: Op. 91: *Cortège Solennel* in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major for orchestra (1910)
: Op. 92: Concerto No. 1 in F minor for piano and orchestra (1910--1911)
: Op. 93: Preludium and Fugue No. 1 in D major for organ (1906--1907)
: Op. 94: *Love* after Shukovsky for mixed chorus a cappella (1907)
: Op. 95: Music to the drama *The King of the Jews* after K. K. Romanov (1913)
: Op. 96: Paraphrase on the *Hymn of the Allies* for orchestra (1914--1915)
: Op. 97: *Song of the Volga-skippers* for chorus and orchestra (1918)
: Op. 98: Preludium and Fugue No. 2 in D minor for organ (1914)
: Op. 99: *Karelian Legend* in A minor for orchestra (1916)
: Op. 100: Concerto No. 2 in B major for piano and orchestra (1917)
: Op. 100A/B: *Mazurka Oberek* (1917) for violin and orchestra or piano (1917)
: Op. 101: Four Preludes and Fugues for piano (1918--1923)
: Op. 102: *Romance of Nina* from the play \"Masquerada\" (1918)
: Op. 103: *Idylle* in F`{{music|sharp}}`{=mediawiki} major for piano (1926)
: Op. 104: Fantasy in F minor for two pianos (1919--1920)
: Op. 105: Elegy in D minor for string quartet in memory of M. P. Belyayev (1928)
: Op. 106: String Quartet No. 6 in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1920--1921)
: Op. 107: String Quartet No. 7 in C major \"Hommage au passé\" (1930)
: Op. 108: Concert Ballade in C major for cello and orchestra (1931)
: Op. 109: Saxophone Quartet in B`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1932)
: Op. 109: Concerto for Alto Saxophone and String Orchestra in E`{{music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} major (1934) (same opus number as quartet, but different work)
: Op. 110: Fantasy in G minor for organ (1934--1935)
- Works without opus number:
: *Albumblatt* for trumpet and piano (1899)
: Symphony No
| 1,376 |
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# Jr. Food Stores
**Jr. Food Stores** is a chain of convenience stores operating in south central Kentucky and northern Middle Tennessee, with approximately 41 retail locations. It is owned by Houchens Industries.
The chain is not related to Jr. Food Mart (founded 1960), which is an outgrowth of the now-defunct Jitney Jungle supermarket chain and continues to operate convenience stores in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, or the now-defunct Jr. Food Stores chain based in Panama City, Florida (founded 1961), which had locations in five Gulf Coast states and was sold in 1995.
## History
Jr. Food Stores was founded in 1969 by Lester D. Reeves and the Reeves family of Bowling Green, Kentucky, who operated up to 9 larger supermarkets called Reeves Food Centers in and around their hometown. On June 2, 1984, after 30 years operation, the supermarkets were sold. Six were purchased by Reeves Food Centers, Inc. employees, Steve Riley, who was a vice president with the company, and David Huffman, a supervisor. The other 3 stores, located in Cave City, Greensburg and Munfordville, Kentucky, were sold to out-of-town investors.
The first Jr. Food Store opened in January 1969 in the 1400 block of Adams Street in Bowling Green, KY. Lester Reeves founded the company and eventually 2 of his sons worked directly in the business. The oldest son, Alan Reeves, joined the company in 1973, was appointed to director of marketing in 1976 and was promoted to vice president, director of operations in August 1981. Alan Reeves was appointed to the position of president in July 1988, a position he held until the company was sold. The youngest son of Lester Reeves, Robin Reeves, also joined the company in 1982, and after serving as director of gasoline marketing, was appointed to director of marketing in October 1992, and then vice president of marketing in February 1994.
The chain grew both by opening new stores and through strategic acquisitions of existing stores. In the early 1970s, Jr. Food Stores purchased Witty\'s Super Sak in Edmonton, Kentucky. In April 1982, Jr. Food Stores acquired 3 Tucker\'s Minit Marts located in Bowling Green, KY, bringing the total operations to 39 stores. Six locations were purchased in October 1983 in Radcliff and Elizabethtown, Kentucky from Blue Bird Food Marts. In March 1986, Jr. Food Stores purchased Dixon\'s 21st Street Market, which was owned by Seldon and Ann Dixon, adding to the 45 other stores owned at that time.
In May 1998, the Reeves family sold the convenience stores to their former cross-town competitor Houchens Industries, who operate smaller supermarkets in towns and cities surrounding Bowling Green
| 436 |
Jr. Food Stores
| 0 |
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# DRB Class 50
\| engine total = 9200 mm \| leading = \| drivers = \| coupled = \| trailing = \| tender total = `{{ubl|{{convert|1900|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|{{convert|1900|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} +|<u>{{convert|1900|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} {{=}}`{=mediawiki}\|5700 mm}} \| tendertruck = \| tenderbogie = \| wheelbasewithtender = 18890 mm \| racksystem = \| pivotcentres = \| length = \| over headstocks = 21640 mm \| over buffers = 22940 mm \| width = \| height = 4500 mm \| frametype = \| axleload = 15.3 t \| leadingbogie/pony= \| coupled all = \| coupled 1 = \| coupled 2 = \| coupled 3 = \| coupled 4 = \| coupled 5 = \| trail bogie/pony= \| tenderbogieload = \| tenderaxle = \| weightondrivers = 76.6 t \| emptyweight = 78.6 t \| serviceweight = 88.1 t \| locoweight = \| tenderweight = \| locotenderweight = \| tendertype = 2`{{prime}}`{=mediawiki}2`{{prime}}`{=mediawiki} T 26 \| fueltype = Coal \| fuelcap = 8 t \| watercap = 26 m3 \| tendercap = \| sandcap = \| fireboxtype = \| firearea = 3.9 m2 \| boiler = \| boilertype = \| pitch = 3050 mm \| diameterinside = \| lengthinside = 5200 mm \| smalltubediameter= 54 mm, 113 off \| largetubediameter= 133 mm, 35 off \| boilerpressure = 16 bar \| safetyvalvetype = \| feedwaterheater = \| fireboxarea = 15.9 m2 \| tubearea = 90.4 m2 \| archarea = \| fluearea = 71.3 m2 \| tubesandflues = \| totalsurface = 177.6 m2 \| superheatertype = \| superheaterarea = 64.1 m2 \| cylindercount = Two, outside \| cylindersize = 600 x \| cylinderpressure = \| valvegear = Heusinger (Walschaerts) with lifting links \| valvetype = \| valvetravel = \| valvelap = \| valvelead = \| transmission = \| trainheating = Steam \| locobrakes = \| locobrakeforce = \| trainbrakes = \| safety = \| coupling = \| maxspeed = 80 km/h (both directions) \| indicatedpower = 1625 PS \| poweroutput = \| tractiveeffort = \| factorofadhesion = \| operator = \| operatorclass = \| powerclass = \| numinclass = \| fleetnumbers = 50 001 -- 50 3171 with gaps \| officialname = \| nicknames = \| axleloadclass = \| locale = \| deliverydate = \| firstrundate = \| lastrundate = \| retiredate = 1987 \| withdrawndate = \| preservedunits = \| restoredate = \| scrapdate = \| currentowner = \| disposition = \| notes = }} The **DRB Class 50** is a German class of 2-10-0 locomotive, built from 1939 as a standard locomotive (*Einheitsdampflokomotive*) for hauling goods trains. It had one leading axle and five coupled axles and was one of the most successful designs produced for the Deutsche Reichsbahn.
This class was procured in Germany as part of the Nazi Party\'s preparations for war that led to the Second World War (1939-1945). As late as 1948, 3,164 Class 50 engines were built by many European locomotive factories -- towards the war\'s end as \"provisional war locomotives\" (*Übergangskriegslokomotiven*) and classified as *50 ÜK*.
At the end of the steam locomotive era, they became virtually a universal class of mixed-traffic steam engine that, thanks to their low axle load, could even be employed on branch lines with light track beds. The Deutsche Bundesbahn grouped the locomotives into **Classes 050, 051, 052** and **053** from 1968 so that the numbers were computer-compatible.
Some of the class were used by the Polish State Railways as type **Ty5**.
| 562 |
DRB Class 50
| 0 |
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# DRB Class 50
## General
In spite of wartime losses, a large number of engines still remained in 1945. No fewer than 2,159 working locomotives were taken over by the Deutsche Bundesbahn alone and, for a long time, they formed the backbone of goods traffic operations together with the larger DRG Class 44. They were also used for passenger services.
To protect the engine crew when running in reverse, the front of the tender (a 2\'2\' T 26) was furnished with a protective shield. On many locomotives the *Wagner* smoke deflectors were replaced by the *Witte* model after the war. On 735 of the DB machines the tender was fitted with a conductor\'s cab, which meant that the volume of the coal bunker had to be reduced.
1452 locomotives were included in the new DB classification scheme. That said, 88 of them were already earmarked for withdrawal. Because the class number now had to consist of 3 figures, the designations 051, 052 and 053 had to be introduced in addition to 050.
As a result, the old Class 50 was divided as shown in the table:
**Designation** **Quantity** **Due for Retirement**
----------------- -------------- ------------------------
050 521 36
051 413 22
052 450 23
053 77 7
The last DB locomotives were retired from Duisburg-Wedau in 1977.
Only 350 examples of Class 50 engines remained in with the DR in East Germany after the war. Because only a small number of the numerous Class 44 fleet went to East Germany, the DRB Class 52 was **the** predominant goods train locomotive in many areas there. Of the Class 50s, 208 units were rebuilt into Class 50.35-37 engines. The original locomotives ran mainly in the south. From the middle of the 1970s they were retired in large numbers, so that in the 1980s they were real rarities. Nevertheless, the last ones ended their active duties in 1987 together with the rebuilds (*Rekoloks*).
Some of the original locomotives are preserved, including 50 622 and 50 849. No. 50 622 is stabled in the Nuremberg Transport Museum, where, on the evening of 17 October 2005, it was badly damaged in the great fire at the locomotive shed. The engine should however be able to be repaired with the aid of donations. No. 50 849 belongs to the Glauchau Railway Society (*Eisenbahnverein Glauchau*) and has a Wagner smoke deflector.
After the Second World War many examples of Class 50 engines were left in the other European states and some were used until the end of the steam traction era. For example, they were in service with the PKP (55 redesignated PKP class Ty5), the ČSD (28 redesignated class 555.1), the ÖBB and the DSB.
| 449 |
DRB Class 50
| 1 |
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# DRB Class 50
## DB Class 50.40 {#db_class_50.40}
Because the Deutsche Bundesbahn had sufficient goods train locomotives, they could quickly phase out the DRB Class 52 engines, so that the ageing boilers on the Class 50s could be replaced by those of the Class 52s. Even the trough tender of the *Kriegslokomotiven* was used by the 50s amongst others. In the 1950s, several Class 50 locomotives served as trials engines. Thus 35 machines were given a boiler with mixer preheater and turbo feed pumps. Number 50 1503 was experimentally equipped with a Giesl ejector. In 1959 ten locomotives were given a boiler with smaller grate area in order to try to reduce the consumption of coal.
After experience with Franco-Crosti boilers on Class 52 locomotives (DB Class 42.90), Henschel rebuilt number 50 1412 in 1954 with such a boiler. This included a second preheater boiler underneath the actual locomotive boiler itself. After the smoke gases had flowed through the main boiler, they were turned around and passed through the preheater boiler. They escaped into the atmosphere through a side chimney along with the exhaust steam. The feed water was initially heated in a surface or mixer preheater, then in the preheater boiler before entering the main boiler. In this way the heat energy of the combustion gases could be better utilised and fuel consumption reduced. In 1958, 30 more engines were given Franco-Crosti smoke gas preheaters. These locos were redesignated as 50 4001 to 50 4031. Number 50 4011 was given oil firing. It was deployed in Münsterland and in the Rhineland. The locomotives were retired by 1967.
Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen describes in his book „Anatomie der Dampflokomotive\" that the Sulfuric acid in the smoke condensed in the preheater and attacked the Heat exchanger. The conversion to Diesel and Electric locos led Italy and Germany both to abandon development of the Franco Crosti smoke pre-heater.
No locomotive was preserved.
| 319 |
DRB Class 50
| 2 |
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# DRB Class 50
## DR Class 50.35-37 {#dr_class_50.35_37}
At the end of the 1930s, it was thought that a suitable boiler material had been found, in the form of *St 47 K-Mo* steel, that would allow boiler pressure to be increased to 20 bar without significantly raising the total weight of the boiler. The newly developed steel had a higher strength than the type of steel (*St 34*) used hitherto, but its disadvantage was that it had considerably worse conductivity. In the harsh everyday work of steam locomotives the material became very quickly fatigued, so that boilers made of the new steel had to be replaced after only a few years. The Class 50, too, was given such a boiler to begin with. Even though its condition was less critical than with other classes, it urgently needed replacing by the end of the 1950s. As a result, the DR in East Germany had the *50E* replacement boiler developed on the basis of the new boilers equipping the Class *23.10 / 50.40*, although because the locomotive frames were different it was given a 500 mm longer boiler barrel. This was later used on the rebuilds (the so-called *Rekoloks*), which saw the conversion of Class 23 engines, as well as conversions of the Class 52s into 52.80s and the Class 58s into 58.30s. Between 1958 and 1962, 208 Class 50 locomotives were given such a boiler, along with a mixer preheater, a larger radiative heating area and improved suction draught, which also raised its performance. Many engines were also equipped with Giesl ejectors. These *Reko* locomotives were allocated to sub-class *50.35* and given operating numbers 50 3501 to 50 3708. In their last years of operation these engines often ran with the new 2\'2\' T 28 tenders.
The engines were soon gathered together in the railway divisions of the northwest. After the conversion of engines to oil-fired *Class 50.50*, the remaining coal-fired ones were concentrated in the Magdeburg division. Replacing older locomotives as well as oil-fired ones, they returned to the Dresden and Schwerin divisions again by the end of the 1970s.
The last regular standard gauge steam train was hauled by a Class 50.35 locomotive. This was number 50 3559, which headed an official farewell service on 29 October 1988 on a round trip from Halberstadt to Magdeburg, Thale and back to Halberstadt. No. 50 3559 is used in Liblar as a restaurant.
There are several Class 50.35 locomotives, several of them still working, belonging to Deutsche Bahn AG and the many museum railways and railway museums, such as numbers 50 3501, 50 3539, 50 3564, 50 3576, 50 3616, 50 3648, 50 3654, 50 3695 and 50 3708.
### DR Class 50.50 {#dr_class_50.50}
Between 1966 and 1971, 72 *Class 50.35* locomotives were converted to oil-firing. To distinguish them, they were re-designated as *Class 50.50*. From the introduction of EDP numbers in 1970 they were given operating numbers 50 0001 to 50 0072. They were stationed in the Reichsbahn divisions of Schwerin and Greifswald and used for heavy goods train duties. Their sudden withdrawal in 1981 was a political decision as a result of the cost of crude oil prices in the Eastern Bloc which had suddenly risen sharply. This meant that they could now chemically process *Bunker oil D*; with the result that it was not longer available for locomotive firing.
In the Bavarian Railway Museum (*Bayerischen Eisenbahnmuseum*) in Nördlingen the last representative of this class, number 50 0072, is preserved.
| 582 |
DRB Class 50
| 3 |
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# DRB Class 50
## DR Class 50.40 {#dr_class_50.40}
As well as modern passenger train locomotives, the DR in East Germany needed more goods train locomotives with a 15 t axle load. As a result, a parallel development, like those of the pre-war time, was initiated for a passenger train engine, the DR Class 23.10, and a goods train engine, the **DR Class 50.40**, in order that many of their components could be interchangeable. The running gear conformed broadly to that of the *Einheitslok*, but a plate frame had to be used, because bar frames could no longer be worked. The boiler was a new build to modern construction standards with a combustion chamber and a mixer preheater. In terms of performance it was roughly comparable to the standard boiler, but was somewhat more economic in its fuel consumption. The locomotives were also given new tenders, the 2\'2\' T 28. The 88 engines, which were renumbered from 50 4001 to 50 4088, were delivered between 1956 and 1960. Number 50 4088 was therefore the last standard gauge steam engine to be newly built in Germany. They were permanently stationed on the routes over the plains in the northern railway divisions. Because the plate frame soon proved to be the weakest link (with a high repair bill), the locos were taken out of traction service by 1980, but continued to be used as heating engines.
The Bavarian Railway Museum (*Bayerische Eisenbahnmuseum*) in Nördlingen has acquired the last preserved engine of this type, number 50 4073. It is currently in the Meiningen Steam Locomotive Works at and is awaiting external refurbishment.
| 269 |
DRB Class 50
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# DRB Class 50
## Other railway companies {#other_railway_companies}
After the Second World War several Class 50 locomotives were left in eastern Europe, where some of the railway administrations procured more of them. For example, the Romanian State Railway CFR produced 282 copies of Class 50 locomotives between 1947 and 1959. 40 Romanian 150s were supplied to China in 1958, became class DK5 in 1959 and were numbered 241--280. DK5-250 is preserved at the Shenyang Railway Museum. Some were also supplied to the Korean State Railway in North Korea, where they were numbered in the 150 series.
<File:Romanian> 150 class loco.jpg\|Romanian 150 class loco, DRG 50 class as copied by Resita; near Cluj-Napoca, 1972 <File:DK5-250> (SIK 03-056192)
| 117 |
DRB Class 50
| 5 |
11,075,243 |
# Ganga Talao
**Ganga Talao** (commonly known as **Grand Bassin**) is a crater lake situated in a secluded mountain area in the district of Savanne, deep in the heart of Mauritius. It is about 550 m above sea level. It is considered the most sacred Hindu place in Mauritius. The first group of pilgrims to Ganga Talao were from the village of Triolet and led by Pandit Giri Gossayne from Terre Rouge in 1898.
The Shiv Mandir is located on the bank of the lake and is dedicated to Shiva, one of the principal deities of Hinduism. There are temples dedicated to other gods as well, including Lord Hanuman, Goddess Ganga, and Lord Ganesh along the Grand Bassin. During Shivaratri, around half a million Hindus in Mauritius go on a pilgrimage to the lake, many walking from their homes carrying Kanvars.
## Etymology
Ganga Talao literally means the \"Lake of Ganga\", an allusion to the Grand Bassin\'s symbolic connection with the Indian river Ganga (Ganges).
## Shiva Lingams {#shiva_lingams}
### Mauritiuseswarnath Jyotirlinga {#mauritiuseswarnath_jyotirlinga}
The Mauritiuseswarnath Jyotirlinga is the 13th and the only Jyotirlinga outside India. In 2004, a miraculous manifestation happened at Mauritiuseswarnath Jyotirlinga on Maha Shivratri. It seemed like there was a face of Lord Shiva on it.
### Kashi Vishwanath SHAKTI PEETH lingam {#kashi_vishwanath_shakti_peeth_lingam}
The Kashi Vishwanath SHAKTI PEETH Lingam is a lingam made out of mercury. It is located in the Kashi Vishwanath SHAKTI PEETH Temple.
## History
In 1866, when Pandit Sanjibonlal came back to Mauritius after his first indentured contract was over, he came as a merchant via Réunion Island and brought with him the souvenir of Grand Bassin and cloth from India to be sold to the resident labourers. With the money gained, he bought the mansion of Mr Langlois at Triolet and materialised his dream of making Grand Bassin a pilgrimage place. The Hindus believe firmly that they should, as often as possible, visit and take a bath in the Ganga to celebrate the main festival of Shiva. Pandit Ji had already won esteem of the French as a landowner, so he easily got permission to begin his project.
During his stay as indentured labourer he had spotted the divine appeal of Grand Basin. He converted the existing building into a temple and after some problems with the law he was allowed to proceed with the changes. Some artisans who were engaged in building Sockalingam Meenatchee Ammen Kovil in Port Louis helped in giving the temple the present shape. He went to India and brought back a huge Shivalingam, along with other deities, and had them consecrated in the sanctorum. It is the only temple in Mauritius where Bhairava (an avatar of Shiva) is consecrated inside a temple along with Shiva and his Family. He was the first to start the pilgrimage towards Grand Bassin following the consecration in 1866. The consecration was a huge festival where he donated land, cart with oxen and huge amount of money to the officiating priests (Chaturvedi) and others from Plaine des Papayes.
Others could not go save his servants because the labourers were not allowed to take leave for religious purposes. Through word of mouth all labourers stated their wish to participate. He used his contacts and requested for permission. A first delegation headed by himself and some other rich retired labourers including Jhummun Gosagne Napal accompanied him in 1895, following the route he had already made in previous years when only his close friends have been there. The first halt was in Port Louis Madras road where he possessed a house. From there the next resting place was Vacoas at Padarath Ojha\'s place and then the procession with jhal and dholak and small kanvars moved to Grand Bassin. This was the nth time that Shivaratri was celebrated at Triolet under the priestship of Pandit Sanjibonlal.
In the meantime, other folk tales were added to that place and it got the name of Paritalao. It was believed that fairies used to come and dance during the night there. So, it is Sanajibonlall also popularly known as Mousse Langlois ke Baba who put dreams of Ganga in the subconscious mind of Jhummun Gossagne and helped to make the festival look as it is celebrated today. Later Prime Minister Ramgoolam brought Ganga water from Gomukh and mixed it with the already pure water of Grand Bassin and renamed it Ganga talao.
In 1897 Shri Jhummon Giri Gosagne Napal, a 'pujari' (priest) - of the Giri suborder of Dasnami Gosain (Goswami) Brahmins, a mainly Shaivite sect - of Triolet together with a \'pujari\' priest from Goodlands Sri Mohanpersad saw in a dream the water of the lake of Grand Bassin springing from the 'Jahnvi', thus forming part of Ganga. The news of the dream spread rapidly and created quite a stir in the Hindu community. The following year, pilgrims trekked to Grand Bassin to collect its water to offer to Lord Shiva on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri. The lake was then known as the 'Pari Talao'. In 1998 it was declared a \"sacred lake\". In 1972, some holy water from the Ganges River was mixed establishing a symbolic link with the sacred Indian River and the lake was renamed Ganga Talao.
## Events
During the Maha Shivaratri most of the devotees leave their homes and start a journey to Grand Bassin on foot. It has been a tradition that volunteer people offer foods and drinks to the pilgrims *(the devotees)*.
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# Ganga Talao
## Mangal Mahadev - Shiva Statue {#mangal_mahadev___shiva_statue}
Mangal Mahadev is a 33 m-tall statue of the Hindu god, Shiva, standing with his trident at the entrance of Ganga Talao. Inaugurated in 2007, it is the tallest statue in Mauritius and a faithful copy of the Shiva statue in Sursagar Lake in Vadodara, Gujarat in India.
## Durga Mata Murti {#durga_mata_murti}
The statue is 33 m tall. Durga Pooja and Navaratri are celebrated very grandly around the island in temples or temporary structures built for the occasion.
## Fauna
### Aquatic Fauna {#aquatic_fauna}
The aquatic species of the lake are eels and fish; the fish include guppies, nile tilapia, koi, wels and walking catfish and the eels are the giant moray eel, commonly known as "anguille lamandia" and the giant mottled eel.
### Animals
Crab-eating macaques, are found on Piton Grand Bassin hill and around the lake.
In the Hindu House Spiritual Park, there is a small cowshed (or gaushala) where cattle are found.
## Flora
Grand Bassin is the only place where you can find the bois dentelle (*Eleaocarpus bojeri*) on Piton Grand Bassin Hill. Other than that, there are lots of other endemic and exotic flora available.
## Gallery
<File:Durga> and Shiva statues at Grand Bassin.jpg\|Statues of Durga and Shiva near the lake. <File:Ganga> Talao Hindu Temple 1.JPG\|Pilgrims <File:Ganga> Talao Hindu Temple 3
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# 1870s in Wales
----------------------------------------
1860s \| 1880s \| Other years in Wales
\| Other events of the decade
----------------------------------------
This article is about the particular significance of the decade **1870--1879** to Wales and its people.
## Incumbents
- Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales -- Clwydfardd (from 1876)
## Events
- 1870
- 1871
- 1872
- 1873
- 1874
- 1875
- 1876
- 1877
- 1878
- 1879
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
### Awards
National Eisteddfod of Wales -- no National Eisteddfod officially took place during this decade. 1872 -- William Thomas (Islwyn) wins a bardic chair at Rhyl. 1874 -- Islwyn wins a bardic chair at Caerphilly. 1877 -- Islwyn wins a bardic chair at Treherbert.
### New books {#new_books}
- R. D. Blackmore -- *The Maid of Sker* (1872)
- Rhoda Broughton -- *Nancy* (1873)
- Richard Davies (Mynyddog)
- *Yr Ail Gynnig* (1870)
- *Y Trydydd Cynnig* (1877)
- Robert Elis (Cynddelw) -- *Manion Hynafiaethol* (1873)
- Beriah Gwynfe Evans -- *Owain Glyndwr* (play) (1879)
- Daniel Silvan Evans -- *Celtic Remains* (1878)
- John Ceiriog Hughes -- *Oriau\'r Haf* (1870)
- William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog)
- *Helyntion Bywyd Hen Deiliwr* (1877)
- *Llythyrau \'Rhen Ffarmwr* (1878)
- Thomas Thomas (minister) -- *Hynodion Hen Bregethwyr Cymru* (1872)
### Music
- 1873
- Henry Brinley Richards -- *Songs of Wales*
## Sport
- 1873 -- Major Walter Wingfield of Nantclwyd Hall patents nets for the game of lawn tennis, which he calls \"sphairistike\".
## Births
- 1870
- 18 August -- William Cope, 1st Baron Cope, politician (died 1946)
- 27 September -- Thomas Jones (T. J.), civil servant (died 1955)
- 20 December -- Sir Sir David Davies, politician (died 1958)
- 1871
- 6 April -- Prince Alexander John of Wales, youngest son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (died 7 April 1871)
- 1872
- 18 May -- Bertrand Russell, philosopher (died 1970)
- 27 August -- Charles Stewart Rolls, aviator (died 1910)
- 8 October -- John Cowper Powys, Anglo-Welsh writer (died 1963)
- 1873
- 23 April -- Sir Robert Thomas, 1st Baronet, politician (died 1951)
- 1874
- 6 February -- David Evans, composer (died 1948)
- 3 October -- James Henry Thomas, politician (died 1949)
- December -- Nantlais Williams, poet and religious leader (died 1959)
- *date unknown* -- Albert Bethel, politician (died 1935)
- 1875
- 10 September -- John Evans, Welsh politician (died 1961)
- 1876
- 22 June -- Gwen John, artist (died 1939)
- 18 September -- Charles Kemeys-Tynte, 8th Baron Wharton (died 1934)
- 1877
- 19 August -- John Evans, supercentenarian (died 1990)
- 26 September -- Edmund Gwenn, actor (died 1959) (long believed to have been born in Wales, but birth certificate proves otherwise)
- 1878
- 4 January -- Augustus John, painter (died 1961)
- 3 March -- Edward Thomas, poet (died 1917)
- 16 April -- Owen Thomas Jones, geologist (died 1967)
- 26 May -- Abel J. Jones, writer (died 1949)
- 28 June -- Evan Roberts preacher (died 1951)
- 31 December -- Caradoc Evans, writer (died 1945)
- 1879
- 4 September -- Eliot Crawshay-Williams, politician and writer (died 1962)
- 2 October -- Idris Bell, papyrologist (died 1967)
## Deaths
- 1872
- 3 August -- William Davies Evans, chess player (born 1790)
- 1874
- 19 April -- Owen Jones, architect (born 1809)
- 1875
- 27 July -- Connop Thirlwall, bishop (born 1797)
- 1876
- 19 July -- George E
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# Marco Sammartino
**Marco Sammartino** was a late 17th-century Italian painter and etcher of the Baroque period. He painted *Baptism of Constantine* and *St. John the Baptist preaching* for the cathedral at Rimini. He also has a painting at Basilica dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo (Venice)
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# Dutch Maiden
The **Dutch Maiden** (Dutch: *Nederlandse Maagd,* Latin: *Belgica* or *Belgia*) is a national personification of the Low Countries and - sometime after the secession of the Southern Netherlands - solely of the Dutch Republic, and its successor state the Netherlands. She is typically depicted wearing a Roman garment and with a lion, the Leo Belgicus, by her side. In addition to the symbol of a national maiden, there were also symbolic provincial maidens and town maidens.
The Dutch Maiden has been used as a national symbol since the 16th century. During the Dutch Revolt, a maiden representing the United Provinces of the Netherlands became a recurrent theme in allegorical cartoons. In early depictions she may be shown in the \"Garden of Holland\", a small garden surrounded by a fence, recalling the medieval hortus conclusus of the Virgin Mary. On 25 May 1694, the States of Holland and West Friesland introduced a uniform coin design for the United Provinces, showing a Dutch Maiden leaning on a bible placed on an altar and holding a lance with the cap of liberty, the Liberty pole.
Initially carrying a martyr\'s palm, by the late 17th century she often carries a cap of liberty on a liberty pole, though the hat is a conventional male style for the period, rather than the Phrygian cap that later images of liberty personified in other countries used. Alongside the type of depiction with a liberty pole, which is usually costumed in more or less modern styles, images in the Baroque classical dress that was more conventional for such personifications are also found.
## 19th-century and later {#th_century_and_later}
During the French Revolutionary occupation, the short-lived Batavian Republic adopted the Dutch Maiden as its main symbol. The symbol was depicted on the upper left corner of the Batavian Navy\'s ensign, with a lion at her feet. In one hand, she holds a shield with the Roman fasces and in the other a lance crowned with the cap of liberty.
The Dutch Maiden continued to be used as a symbol after the foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. She was integrated into a number of 19th century monuments, including:
- the statue in the centre of Plein 1813 in The Hague;
- the statue commemorating the Battle of Heiligerlee, and
- the statue on the Nieuwemarkt in Rotterdam.
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# Dutch Maiden
## Maiden as a provincial or town symbol {#maiden_as_a_provincial_or_town_symbol}
Starting around the time of the Renaissance, it was not uncommon for a Dutch province to be symbolized by the image of a maiden, e.g. \"the Maiden of Holland\".
A \"town maiden\" (*stedenmaagd*) was sometimes used to symbolize a Dutch town, e.g. \"the Maiden of Dordrecht\".
### Maiden of Dordrecht {#maiden_of_dordrecht}
On a relief on the 16th century Groothoofdspoort in Dordrecht, the Maiden of Dordrecht, holding the heraldic shield of Dordrecht, is seated in the symbolical Garden of Holland. She is surrounded by the heraldic shields of 15 cities. The same theme was the subject of a 1596 gift to the St. Janskerk in Gouda by the Dordrecht city council. From 19 to 23 July 1572, Dordrecht had been the scene of the first independent meeting of the provinces rebelling against Spanish rule.
<File:Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas03-mitte.jpg%7CDordrecht> Maiden, 1596, stained glass window designed by Gerrit Gerritsz Cuyp in the Janskerk, Gouda. <File:Dordrecht> Groothoofdspoort detail.jpg\|Maiden of Dordrecht depicted in the Groothoofdspoort in Dordrecht in 1618.
In these symbols of Dordrecht, the heraldic shields are (clockwise from Geertruidenberg, the city shield on the \"gate\" of the garden) for the following towns: Geertruidenberg, Schoonhoven, Hoorn, Weesp, Leerdam, Naarden, Muiden, Medemblik, Grootebroek, Monnickendam, Enkhuizen, Asperen, Heusden, Schiedam and Vlaardingen.
### Gallery
<File:Garden> of Holland.jpg\|Dutch Maiden in the garden of Holland, 1563, by Philips Galle <File:32> afbeeldinge der Graven van HOLLANDT.jpg\|Same theme appearing in 1663, in Adriaen Matham\'s *Counts of Holland* series <File:Marine> Vlaggen van de Bataafse Republiek (Navy Flags of the Batavian Republic) 1796 Hendrik Roosing.jpg\|Flags of the Batavian Republic. <File:1672> Gérard de Lairesse - Allegory of the Freedom of Trade.jpg\|Gérard de Lairesse, *Allegory of the Freedom of Trade* (glorifying the De Graeff family\' as the protector of the Republican state), 1672 <File:Friesland>, zilveren halve driegulden, 1696, Leeuwarden (back).JPG\|Back of 1696 Leeuwarden silver half 3 guilder coin, with the Latin inscription \"HANC TUEMUR, HAC NITIMUR\" (\"We protect her; she supports us\"). <File:Lieuwe-van-Aitzema-Saken-van-staet-en-oorlogh> MG 0394.tif\|Classical and military dress, book frontispiece, c. 1670 <File:Beeld> van de Nederlandse maagd, bovenop monument 1813 - \'s-Gravenhage - 20363409 - RCE.jpg\|Alternative classical style, at the national monument, Plein 1813, The Hague. <File:Rotterdam> standbeeld maagdvanholland.jpg\|Statue in Rotterdam, 1874, hat and costume in styles from the start of the Dutch Revolt. <File:1866spotprentart53.jpg%7CDutch> Maiden in a political cartoon. Per the 1848 Dutch Constitution \"The King is immune, the ministers are responsible\"., <File:Van> der Waay.jpeg\|Dutch Maiden on a design for the Golden Coach, by Nicolaas van der Waay, 1898. <File:1916> Dutch East Indies - Art.jpg\|Dutch Imperial Maiden (1916) with \"The Netherlands\' costliest jewel\", a necklace representing the Dutch East Indies
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# Almondseed and Almondella
**Almondseed and Almondella** is a Greek fairy tale collected by Georgios A. Megas in *Folktales of Greece*.
It is Aarne-Thompson type 1641 Doctor Know-All. Other tales of this type are *Doctor Know-all* and *The Charcoal Burner*.
## Synopsis
A poor man sees a black hen, tied to the weaver\'s, and hears a woman calling for help because her black hen has been stolen. To pretend to learn where it is, he reads a book, and she gives him two piastres. He decides to become a seer. One day, the king\'s servants come, asking whether the queen will have a boy or a girl; the seer reads through his book, muttering \"Boy, girl, boy, girl\...\" until they tire of it and leave. The queen has twins, a boy and a girl, and the servants tell the king. The king, whose coffer has been stolen, sends for the seer to learn about the theft. In a room, he asks for almonds; the first night, he says, \"This is the first\", meaning the first night, but one of three thieves is eavesdropping and thinks it means him. He runs to his confederates. The second one arrives the next night, and when the seer says, \"The second has come\", meaning the night, the thief takes it to mean him. When the third thief hears him the third night, they beg for mercy and show him where they have hid the coffer. The seer presents it to the king. They then walk in the garden, where the king picks an almond from a tree and asks the seer what he has in his hand. The seer\'s name is Almondseed, and his wife is Almondella. He speaks of Almondseed, whom Almondella let fall into the king\'s hand, but the king takes it for the almond and its tree, and gives him gold
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# Ambemohar rice
**Ambemohar** is a fragrant rice variant grown in the foothills of the Western ghats region of the state of Maharashtra in India.
## History and etymology {#history_and_etymology}
The word Ambemohar means mango blossom in the Marathi language, which is spoken in the state of Maharashtra where the cultivar originates. The rice has a strong aroma reminiscent of mango blossoms, and has been cultivated in the region for a long time. A century ago about 54,000 tons of the variety was produced in the Mulshi region of the Pune district.
## Production and cultivation {#production_and_cultivation}
The variety is grown in the foothills of the Western ghats region of the state of Maharashtra in India. It is a low yielding rice (1.9 ton/ha). The grains are short (5.5 mm) and wide (2.2 mm) compared to the well known basmati rice. Both varieties have similar degree of fragrance. The variety is therefore included in the class of Aromatic rice such as Basmati. The short cooked grains have a tendency to break easily and stick together.
## Related varieties {#related_varieties}
Ambemohar is low-yielding compared to other varieties of rice, primarily because it is susceptible to diseases. The hybrid called Indrayani with ambemohar parentage was released in 1987. It was developed by Rice Research Centre near Lonavala. Indrayani has also been modified to form new varieties of rice such as Phule Maval and Phule Samrudhi.
## Uses
Ambemohar rice is used to prepare a thick soup of rice and milk called 'Bhatachi Pej' locally, mainly for children, elderly people and patients. (Rice Kanji). The rice is also used in religious and wedding ceremonies. In Mulshi region of Pune district, it is used for making 'Vapholya' - A traditional food item prepared during Makar Sankranti festival. The rice has been used for making soft Idli and crispy dosa. It is also used for making puffed rice called Kurmure in the Marathi language. The bran from the rice is used for oil extraction or for Mushroom cultivation.
## Geographical indication {#geographical_indication}
Mulshi Taluka sub-division of Pune district in the eastern foothills of the Sahyadri range has been granted the Geographical Indication for Ambemohar.
## Lookalikes
It is now rare to find farmers who grow Ambemohar regularly. Since the production cost is high, the retail cost in turn has to be high. So, retailers in Maharashtra, pass off lookalikes as original Ambemohar to gain higher profit margins. This has further discouraged the production of Ambemohar, since the farmers can earn more profit themselves by growing lookalikes. Jeera Sambhar rice from Andhra Pradesh and Jawaful from Madhya Pradesh are the most popular lookalikes sold by retailers
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# Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics
**Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics** (`{{OldStyleDate|5 February|1887|24 January}}`{=mediawiki}, Durbe -- 22 August 1925, near Tukums) was a Latvian politician and diplomat who served as the first Foreign Minister of Latvia from its independence until 1924 and again from December of the same year until his death. He also served two terms as the Prime Minister of Latvia from June, 1921 to January, 1923 and from June 1923 to January, 1924. He was one of the founders of the Latvian Farmers\' Union, one of Latvia\'s oldest political parties.
## Early life {#early_life}
Meierovics was born into the family of a Jewish doctor and his Latvian wife Anna, who died in childbirth. His father became mentally ill and therefore young Meierovics grew up with his uncle\'s family in Sabile. He studied at the Riga Polytechnicum.
## Career
After 1911 Meierovics belonged to various Latvian organizations, notably the Riga Latvian Society. During World War I he worked in the Latvian Refugee Committee and the organizing committee of the Latvian Riflemen units. After the February Revolution he moved to Riga to work as a professional politician. In September 1917, he attended the Congress of the Peoples of Russia.
On 23 October, and again on 11 November 1918, as the representative of Latvian Provisional National Council, he received written confirmation that the United Kingdom acknowledged the *de facto* statehood of Latvia and National Council as its government. Meierovics became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia on 19 November 1918, a day after the Republic of Latvia was proclaimed. He was a member of the Latvian Peoples Council, the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia and the 1st Saeima.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
On 17 March 1922, Meierovics was awarded the Grand Cross of the Polish Order of Polonia Restituta. On 30 May 1922, he received the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester, 1st Class (Holy See). He was also awarded the Order of the Three Stars, First Class (Latvia), Order of the White Rose (Finland) and Croix de Guerre (France)
Other awards included the Order of Lāčplēsis, 3rd class (Latvia) and the Austro-Hungarian Order of the Red Cross.
## Private life {#private_life}
On 28 September 1910 Meierovics married Anna Fielhold, with whom he had three children, two boys and a girl; Helmuts (1914--1998), Ruta (1916-1999, surname Kose in marriage) and Gunars (1920--2007). On 18 February 1924 they officially divorced, and on 7 June of the same year he married Kristīne Bakmane.
His son Gunars was a candidate for President of Latvia in 1993. It was the first presidential election after the end of the Soviet occupation. The 5th Saeima failed to elect Meierovics, instead choosing Guntis Ulmanis, the great-nephew of Kārlis Ulmanis.
## Death
Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics died in a car accident on 22 August 1925 at the age of 38. The car with the minister, his chauffeur, his ex-wife and his children from the first marriage, departed from Tukums where his first wife\'s mansion was located, heading for the seaside. About 18 km from Tukums the car accidentally drove off the road and overturned. While other passengers suffered only minor bruises, the minister was apparently crushed by the vehicle, resulting in a broken neck and severed spinal cord. The chauffeur had to run about 2 km to the nearest living place, but before the doctor arrived, the minister died on the scene. His widow shot herself on 2 December 1925 and is buried next to him
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# George Harman
**George Richard Uniacke Harman** (6 June 1874 -- 14 December 1975) was an Irish cricketer and rugby union player.
Harman was born in Crosshaven, County Cork, Ireland. A right-handed batsman, he played one first-class match for Dublin University against the MCC in May 1895. He is one of only 22 first-class cricketers to live to the age of 100. He was much more successful as a Rugby Union player, representing Ireland twice in the 1899 Home Nations Championship, playing against England and Wales. His brother William Harman played one first-class match for Ireland in 1907. He died in Cornwall, England, in December 1975, aged 101
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# WPVM-LP
**WPVM-LP** (103.7 FM) is a non-commercial LPFM radio station licensed to Asheville, North Carolina. The station is owned by Friends of WPVM.
## History
WPVM\'s construction permit was issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on December 30, 2002. The station\'s first broadcast was in October 2003 under a Low Power FM Class 1 license for 100 watts effective radiated power (ERP). After years of financial problems, the station became dormant in 2011---2014. MAIN\'s board of directors subsequently voted to divest of WPVM to a newly-formed non-profit, Friends of WPVM, in October 2014. One of MAIN\'s directors attempted to prevent the transfer. There were several other allegations made against several parties during the dispute, one of which resulted in a \$500,000 defamation suit against one board member. Despite the controversy that ensued, the FCC approved the license transfer on May 8, 2015.
After acquiring the license, Friends of WPVM\'s board, began a concerted effort to remedy the station\'s financial problems and replace its outdated equipment. As part of the group\'s improvements, the station moved from an apartment building to new quarters in the Self-Help Building in downtown Asheville
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# Stéphane Pignol
**Stéphane Jean François Pignol** (born 3 January 1977) is a French retired professional footballer who played as a right back.
He appeared in 311 games in Segunda División over 11 seasons, scoring one goal. In La Liga, he represented Compostela, Numancia and Murcia.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Aubagne, Bouches-du-Rhône, Pignol spent his entire professional career in Spain, representing SD Compostela (where he made his La Liga debut, consisting of three games in the 1997--98 season), Pontevedra CF, UD Almería, CD Numancia -- was the Soria club\'s starter throughout the vast majority of the 2004--05 campaign, which again ended in top-flight relegation for the player -- Real Murcia, Real Zaragoza and UD Las Palmas.
Pignol never appeared in less than 25 league matches during his spell in the Canary Islands, spent in Segunda División. At the end of 2012--13, after having helped Las Palmas to the sixth position, the 36-year-old retired from football.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in France, Pignol is of Spanish descent. Pignol\'s older brother, Christophe (born 1969), was also a professional footballer and a defender. During his 14-year career he represented AS Saint-Étienne, FC Istres, FC Nantes, AS Monaco FC and Lille OSC, winning Ligue 1 titles with the third and fourth clubs
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# Hafslundsøy
**Hafslundsøy** is a small island located in the middle of the river Glomma just outside Sarpsborg in Østfold, Norway. It had 2,673 inhabitants in 2016
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# William Harman
**William Crooke Ronayne Harman** (29 May 1869 in County Cork, Ireland -- 4 July 1962 in County Cork) was an Irish cricketer. He played just once for the Ireland cricket team, a first-class match against Yorkshire in May 1907
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# DS-39
**DS-39** (*translit=Degtyaryova Stankovyy obraztsa 1939 goda*) was a Soviet medium machine gun, designed by Vasily Degtyaryov, that was used during the Second World War. The work on the gun\'s design began in 1930, and it was accepted by the Red Army in September, 1939. About 10,000 were made from 1939 to 1941, but the weapon was not successful in service and its production was discontinued after the German invasion began in June, 1941, with factories converted to produce the older, more reliable PM M1910 (a WWI-era Maxim machine gun design) which was in turn replaced by the SG-43 Goryunov medium machine gun in 1943.
About 200 were captured by Finland in 1941 and issued to Finnish troops
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# Creation of the World (Raphael)
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unexpected '-'
|-align="center"
^
``
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# Franz Hermann Troschel
**Franz Hermann Troschel** (10 October 1810 -- 6 November 1882) was a German zoologist born in Spandau.
He studied mathematics and natural history at the University of Berlin, where he was awarded his doctorate in 1834. From 1840 to 1849 he was an assistant to Martin Lichtenstein at the Natural History Museum of Berlin. In 1849 he became a professor of zoology and natural history at the University of Bonn. In 1851 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Troschel is remembered for the identification and classification of species in the fields of malacology, ichthyology and herpetology.
## Taxon named in his honor {#taxon_named_in_his_honor}
A few of the species that contain his name are
- Troschel\'s sea star (*Evasterias troscheliii)*,
- Troschel\'s murex (*Murex troschelii)*, and a
- freshwater snail (*Bithynia troschelii)*.
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- ***Chlorurus troschelii***, commonly known as **Troschel\'s parrotfish**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish from the family Scaridae. It is native to the eastern Indian Ocean, where it lives in coral reefs
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# Chongalicious
**Chongalicious** is a 2007 homemade music video performed by Laura DiLorenzo and Mimi Davila (both born in 1990), who were drama students at Dr. Michael M. Krop High School in Unincorporated north Miami-Dade County. The song is a parody of Fergie\'s 2006 hit song \"Fergalicious\". It focuses on the term \"chonga\", a slang term first coined in Miami-Dade County describing a stereotypical way of dressing and behaving among working class Latin American women in Hialeah, Florida. The video was filmed on a digital photo camera and the music and vocals were later recorded with a simple microphone on a computer.
Radio station Power 96 said that it was one of their most requested songs after being discovered on YouTube. The singers said that they \"didn\'t expect it to be this big.\" DiLorenzo and Davila became overnight celebrities, being profiled in *The Miami Herald* and appearing on local NBC, CBS and Telemundo television programs. They also made a cameo appearance on the video show of Pitbull on Mun2. The Chongalicious Girls served as the 2007 Grand Marshals of the annual King Mango Strut in Coconut Grove.
The Chongalicious Girls\' second video was \"I\'m in Love with a Chonga\", a spoof of T-Pain\'s 2006 song \"I\'m N Luv (Wit A Stripper)\". It was released on YouTube on October 8, 2007. Thanks to the popularity of their first video, they were offered free studio space to shoot the new production. They rewrote the music and lyrics to avoid copyright problems and consulted with a lawyer about earning money from the project
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# Glashedy
**Glashedy Island** (*Glaiséidí*) is an uninhabited island approximately 1 mi off Pollan strand, 2 mi west of Trawbreaga Bay, and about 4 mi south of Malin Head, Donegal, Ireland. Glashedy Island has an area of 22,548 m^2^ which is equivalent to 2.25 hectares (5.57 acres / 5 acres, 2 roods, 11 perches). At its highest point, it is 119 ft high.
The sea around the island is potentially very dangerous for shipping and unsafe for anchorage. Rocks and breakers extend up to 1,000 metres from all sides of the Island. The waters are relatively shallow at between 4 and 5 fathoms. The shoals to the north of the island are particularly treacherous, lying at a depth of just 3 fathoms. Glashedy Sound is the channel between the island and the shore. It is also shallow. The island contains a number of caves. The island principally comprises quartzite.
## Etymology
Its former name until the early 17th century was **Seale Island**. The English translation of the name is the *Island of the Green Cloak* derived from the layer of grass present on the top. The island is sometimes called Glashedy Rock.
## History
There are references to the Island in a number of historical-geographical surveys of Inishowen. It is referred to as Seale Island in the King James Patent Role of 1621. It is called Glasseve in the Civil Survey of 1654.
> *\"Wee have likewise some small inconsiderrable ffishings, vizt one small sallmon ffishing in ye river in ye river of Boncrannogh one seale ffishing in the island of Glasseve one litle sallmon ffishing in the River of Strabregg and a less in Loghfoile all wch.\"*
Crow\'s Maps of Donegal Estates, which was compiled between 1767 and 1770, uses its current name of Glashedy. In Griffiths Valuation (1858) the Island is also called Glashedy, with ownership of the island attributed to John Harvey of Clonmany, Donegal. On Wednesday, 24 November 1841, a schooner called the James Cook was hit by a gale and struck some rocks near Glashedy Island and broke up. The vessel was bound from Sligo to Glasgow with a cargo of oats. The master and nine crew drowned. One man, James Fitzgerald managed to reach the island. The weather was too rough to allow a rescue boat to reach the island. The Coastguard from Rockstown, Urris managed to reach the island after two days when the survivor was rescued in an emaciated and exhausted state. In January 1845, a ship called the Harmony was shipwrecked after she hit the rocks around Glashedy island.
In February 1893, a group of young men took a trip out to the island but became stranded when the weather became stormy. After several hours, they attempted to leave the island, but the boat capsized, forcing them back to the safety of the island. Eventually, experienced boatmen led by Patrick Quigley from the Isle of Doagh managed to reach the island in the evening and rescued the beleaguered day-trippers.
During the 19th and early 20th century, the Island was used as a hide-out for making illegally distilled Poitin. In August 1900, Sergeant Gillespie and Sergeant Quinn of Royal Irish Constabulary and Mr Webber, the Station Master of the Malin head Coastguard mounted an expedition to the Island. They found several hundred gallons of \"wash\" - an intermediate input for Poitin. They also found a large quantity of distilling machinery in a cave which served a still-house. The cave was well stocked with fuel and provisions.
In the 1930s, the fishing grounds around the island were often the subject of poaching from foreign trawlers.
On occasions, the Island has been used to farm sheep. The surrounding waters have been used to fish for seals.
<File:Glashedy> Island - geograph.org.uk - 1333386.jpg\|Various photos of Glashedy Island <File:Carrickabraghy> Castle and Glashedy Island 2014 09 12.jpg\| <File:Road> at Binderg - geograph.org.uk - 1333167.jpg\| <File:Carrickabraghy>, Doagh Island - geograph.org.uk - 1333340.jpg\| <File:Beach> at Carrickabraghy (1) - geograph.org.uk - 1333823.jpg\|
## Culture
The Island is referenced in the short story *Soft Rain* by Trisha McKinney, which was short-listed in the 2013 Bord Gais Energy Irish Book Awards. Glashedy was also the subject of a poem written by Danny O\'Donnell. It is also the subject of a short film by Michael McLaughlin.
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# Glashedy
## Folklore
The island is the subject of a local legend. Between Glashedy Island and Pollen Strand, there is a \"magic island\" that appears once every seven years. If a mortal can throw some clay and hit the island, it will remain permanently above the water, and the mortal will gain possession of the island. However, if the mortal takes their eyes from the island while collecting the clay, the island will disappear again. So far, no one has yet \"claimed\" the island
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# Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
**Operation Samen-ol-A\'emeh** (*عملیات ثامنالائمه* \"Operation Eighth Imam\") was an Iranian offensive and operation in the Iran--Iraq War between 27--29 September 1981 where Iran broke the Iraqi Siege of Abadan. The operation was carried out by the Iranian army joined by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
## Diversionary attack {#diversionary_attack}
On 22 September 1981, Iran began their first successful offensive against Iraq, in order to break the Siege of Abadan. The attack began with a diversionary operation. A combined arms force of 30,000--40,000 troops attacked the Iraqi forces in a wide front around the Karkheh river in Khuzestan province, Iran, aiming for the road towards Basra, Iraq. The Iranians used their regular army supported by Revolutionary Guard infantry, the former using small groups of armored vehicles with full artillery and air support (the Iranians succeeded in establishing air superiority in spite of limited numbers of aircraft and lack of spare parts). The operation convinced Iraq that Basra was under attack, consequently, they did not reinforce their troops surrounding Abadan.
## Main attack {#main_attack}
Two days later, Iran began to carry out their main offensive against Abadan. During the night, the Iranians infiltrated a force of 20,000--30,000 troops across the Bahmanshir River towards the Iraqi forces on the east bank of the Karun River around Abadan. The Iraqis failed to carry out adequate reconnaissance to discover the infiltration. The main attack was preceded by the Iranian air force carrying out airstrikes against the Iraqi troops between the Bahmanshir and the east bank of the Karun. Due to Iranian air superiority, the Iranians drove the counterattacking Iraqi jets away.
On September 26, around midnight, the Iranian surprised the Iraqi army by attacking them from three sides. The Iraqis were pinned down in their strongest positions, while their weakest positions were torn through, resulting in the isolation of many Iraqi forces. Iraq failed to maneuver their forces against the Iranians, and they stood in their static positions. An Iranian armored battalion cut the enemy forces in two, while AH-1J SeaCobra helicopters destroyed numerous Iraqi tanks using TOW missiles. Meanwhile, the siege of Abadan was broken, yet many Iraqi forces remained on the east bank of the Karun River, prevented from retreating after the Iranian air force bombed the bridges across the Karun River.
The next phase of the battle came when the Iranians unleashed their 92nd Armored Division on the north side of the Iraqi positions on September 27. The Iraqi command had been driven into a panic and attempted a tactical withdrawal, which turned into a rout. The Iraqis abandoned their heavy weaponry, and fled across the river on a makeshift pontoon bridge and rafts.
## Aftermath
The victory at Abadan was an important morale booster for Iran, and an important stepping stone for the eventual ejection of the Iraqis out of Iran. As a result of the victorious operation, the critical road of Ahvaz - Abadan road was reopened, allowing logistic support and reinforcement for the troops in Abadan. With a carefully planned operation and well-executed use of their available materials, the Iranians routed a theoretically superior opponent.
After the operation, a large number of tanks and heavy vehicles were left by the Iraqi army.
Saddam Hussein ordered the execution of seven commanders after the operation, including General Juwad Shitnah
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# Antonio Abondio
**Antonio Abondio** (1538--1591) was an Italian sculptor, best known as a medallist and as the pioneer of the coloured wax relief portrait miniature.
Born in Riva del Garda, he was trained by Leone Leoni and worked in Italy between 1552 and 1565. Thereafter he mainly worked for the Habsburgs, with a few works made for French and Polish kings. He moved to Vienna to the court of Emperor Maximilian I and after his death in 1576 to Prague. He travelled to France, Netherlands and Germany. He died at Vienna in 1591.
His son Alessandro followed in his father\'s footsteps, also specializing in mythological and portrait reliefs, and marrying the widow of another court artist, Hans von Aachen.
## Work
Thirteen of Abondio\'s wax portraits survive, usually made on a round black slate base, decorated with tiny pearls and precious stones. He made about sixty portrait medals, with a portrait on the obverse and an allegory on the reverse side, some of them have silver enamelled framing. He also made the dies for the first coinage of Emperor Rudolf II. Initially his style in metal followed that of Leone Leoni, for the facade of whose house in Milan (*Casa degli Omenoni*) he carved eight large atlantes in stone, but later included many other influences
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# Cwmfelin Mynach
**Cwmfelin Mynach** is a village in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It has a population of only 64 residents. *Cwmfelin Mynach* means Valley (*cwm*) of the Monks\' (*Mynach*) Mill (*Felin*). It was founded in the 6th century by the Cistercian monks, or Whitefriars, who had a monastery in nearby Whitland.
The river Gronw which starts at Blaenwaun (one of the highest inhabited villages in the West Wales peninsula) runs through Cwmfelin Mynach. In the medieval period the river was used to drive a corn mill. The river was also used for Baptisms.
## Facilities
The village has no public house or post office. A Welsh-speaking chapel has regular services in the village, Llanwinio community Council have held meetings in the Chapel flat.
Some of the cottages in the village date back to the 19th century. They are built with the same form of slate that is reminiscent of the underlying geology, a blue \'Llandovery slate. The stone for cottage building came from three, now dis-used, quarries in the village.
The village has had underground fibre-optic cables laid. There is no mains gas in the village or sewage treatment; every home uses septic tanks.`{{update after|2018|2}}`{=mediawiki} The water is pumped to the village from the reservoir underneath the Preseli Mountains.
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
Local fauna include red kites, buzzards, tawny owls and sparrowhawks. Wood pigeons, rock doves, herons and jackdaws are common. Grey wagtail can be seen fishing by the river.
The caraway is the county flower of Carmarthenshire and is similar in appearance to the lady\'s smock, or cuckoo flower. The dominant trees are beech and ash, and sycamore and oaks to a lesser degree
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# Strange Cargo (aircraft)
***Strange Cargo*** was the name of a B-29 Superfortress (B-29-36-MO 44-27300, Victor number 73) modified to carry the atomic bomb in World War II.
## Airplane history {#airplane_history}
Assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group, it was one of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 509th, *Strange Cargo* was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Omaha, Nebraska, as a Block 35 aircraft. It was one of 10 modified as a Silverplate and re-designated \"Block 36\". Delivered on April 2, 1945, to the USAAF, it was assigned to Crew A-4 (1st Lt. Joseph E. Westover), aircraft commander) and flown to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah. It left Wendover on June 5, 1945, for North Field, Tinian and arrived June 11.
It was originally assigned the Victor (unit-assigned identification) number 3 but on August 1 was given the large \'A\' tail markings of the 497th Bomb Group as a security measure and had its Victor changed to 73 to avoid misidentification with actual 497th BG aircraft. It was named *Strange Cargo* and its nose art applied after the atomic bomb missions.
While at Tinian, Westover and crew A-4 flew *Strange Cargo* on 11 practice bombing missions and three combat pumpkin bomb missions against Japanese industrial targets at Nagasaki, Tsuruga, and Toyoda. The plane flew one other pumpkin bomb mission to Fukushima under Capt. Frederick C. Bock and crew C-13.
In November 1945 it returned with the 509th to Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. From March to August 1946 it was assigned to the Operation Crossroads task force, then rejoined the 509th BG at Roswell. In June 1949 *Strange Cargo* was transferred to the 97th Bombardment Group at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, then sent to McClellan Air Force Base in August 1949 for modification to WB-29 specifications at the Sacramento Air Materiel Area.
Subsequent assignments as a WB-29 were to:
- 513th Reconnaissance Squadron, Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma (December 1950),
- 374th Reconnaissance Squadron, McClellan AFB, January 1951;
- 57th Strategic weather Squadron at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii (February 1951), with forward deployments to Kwajalein Atoll.
- Warner Robins Air Materiel Area, Robins Air Force Base, Georgia (May 1952),
- 58th Strategic Weather Squadron, Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska (September 1952).
*Strange Cargo* was modified again in August 1954, this time as a TB-29 trainer at Tinker AFB and at the Mobile Air Materiel Area, Nashville, Tennessee. It was then assigned to:
- 5th Tow Target Squadron at Wheelus Air Base, Libya (June 1955),
- 7280th Maintenance Group, Nouasseur Air Base, Morocco (October 1955);
- 3150th Maintenance Group, Nouasseur AB (January 1956); and
- 7235th Support Squadron, Wheelus AB (March 1956).
Its last assignment was to RAF Brize Norton, United Kingdom, where it was scrapped after an unspecified accident in August 1957.
## Other aircraft named *Strange Cargo* {#other_aircraft_named_strange_cargo}
An FB-111A strategic bomber of the USAF, serial 69-6508, carried the name and nose art of *Strange Cargo* on its nosewheel doors during its service with the 509th Bomb Wing at Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire, in the 1970s and 1980s
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# Boar's Head Feast
**The Boar\'s Head Feast** is a festival of the Christmas season.
## Observances
The fest of the Presentation of the Boar\'s Head is observed at:
- Asylum Hill Congregational Church in Hartford, Connecticut
- Bethlehem Lutheran Church in Saginaw, Michigan
- Lutheran Church in St. Charles, Missouri
- Saint Paul United Methodist Church in Louisville, Kentucky
- The First Church of Winsted in Winsted, Connecticut
- Third Presbyterian Church in Rochester, New York
- Trinity Cathedral in Cleveland, Ohio
- St. Peter\'s Lutheran Church in Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania
- First United Methodist Church in Huntsville, Alabama
- Trinity United Methodist Church in Springfield, Massachusetts
- St. John\'s Episcopal Church in Youngstown, Ohio
- Ivy Hall in West Philadelphia, PA. Presented by The Cephalophore Society, a group of Catholic Gentlemen, annually on the feast of St. Thomas Becket
- Plymouth Congregational Church in Fort Wayne, Indiana (since 1975)
- Christ Presbyterian Church in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania
- Hoosac School, Hoosick, New York
- University Christian Church in Fort Worth, Texas
- Christ Church Cathedral, Cincinnati in Cincinnati, OH
- St. Mark\'s in the Valley Episcopal Church in Los Olivos, CA
### Oglethorpe University {#oglethorpe_university}
Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia celebrates the Boar\'s Head Ceremony annually on the first Friday in December. Members of the Omicron Delta Kappa society process with a roasted boar\'s head, followed by a reading of the \"Boar\'s Head\" story, a concert and a Christmas tree lighting. University tradition associates the observance with the arms of the university\'s namesake, James Edward Oglethorpe, depicting three boars\' heads and a fourth as a crest.
### Queens University of Charlotte {#queens_university_of_charlotte}
Through the efforts of Miss Alma Edwards, a greatly beloved Latin professor at Queens University of Charlotte, Queens hosted the first Boar\'s Head dinner in 1932, which has remained an annual event since that time. The annual feast is hosted by the Department of Student Engagement, within the Division of Student Life, and is a tradition in which seniors are asked to play roles within the telling of the boar\'s head story with performances by the Dance Club and Choir. Young Dining Hall is decorated for the feast and meals are served family style. The President of the University, and family, is in attendance yearly and personally invites three to four guest to sit with him/her at the head table. The President, President\'s guest, and seniors within the program, dress in renaissance regalia. Queens presents two boar\'s heads at the feast, carried in by seniors. At the end of the feast, two faculty members, nominated by seniors, conduct the annual Yule Log Ceremony, weaving through the hall as students tap their holly branches on the yule log for good luck for the new year. At the conclusion of the event, students walk to the fire pit where they throw their holly branches into the fire and sing carols. Information of the history of this event may be found within the archives of [Everett Library](http://library.queens.edu/lib/home) on campus.
### University of Rochester {#university_of_rochester}
In 1934, the presidency of Benjamin Rush Rhees was waning and that of Alan Valentine was rising. Valentine, a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, helped to solidify this tradition at Rochester. This American variant honors a professor and a club at the university each year hence. The professor is responsible for the recounting of the tale of the boar, often at the expense of the students enrolled in their classes. The student club honored receives the head of the slain boar, the highest honor for that academic year. The feast has been held in numerous locations on the River Campus and has settled into the newly refurbished Richard Feldman Ballroom
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# Argus As 411
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# Angelino
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# Pine Valley Beijing Open
The **Pine Valley Beijing Open** was a men\'s professional golf tournament, played in 2007 and 2008. It was held at Pine Valley Golf Club in Beijing, China.
Originally an event on the Asian Tour, and co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour in 2008, it became a founding tournament of the OneAsia Tour in 2009. However it was called off just a few weeks before it was due to be held, with organisers officially citing the state of the course and a clash of dates with The Players Championship on the PGA Tour. Some media commentators dismissed these reasons as the tournament had clashed with the Players Championship the previous year, and attributed the cancellation to sponsor discontent with the sanctioning changes
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
The **Duquesne Spy Ring** is the largest espionage case in the United States history that ended in convictions. A total of 33 members of a Nazi German espionage network, headed by Frederick \"Fritz\" Duquesne, were convicted after a lengthy investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Of those indicted, 19 pleaded guilty. The remaining 14 were brought to jury trial in Federal District Court, Brooklyn, New York, on September 3, 1941; all were found guilty on December 13, 1941. On January 2, 1942, the group members were sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison.
The agents who formed the Duquesne Ring were placed in key jobs in the United States to get information that could be used in the event of war and to carry out acts of sabotage: one opened a restaurant and used his position to get information from his customers; another worked on an airline so that he could report Allied ships that were crossing the Atlantic Ocean; others worked as delivery people as a cover for carrying secret messages.
William G. Sebold, who had been blackmailed into becoming a spy for Germany, became a double agent and helped the FBI gather evidence. For nearly two years, the FBI ran a shortwave radio station in New York for the ring. They learned what information Germany was sending its spies in the United States and controlled what was sent to Germany. Sebold\'s success as a counterespionage agent was demonstrated by the successful prosecution of the German agents.
One German spymaster later commented the ring\'s roundup delivered \"the death blow\" to their espionage efforts in the United States. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover called his concerted FBI swoop on Duquesne\'s ring the greatest spy roundup in U.S. history.
The 1945 film *The House on 92nd Street* was a thinly disguised version of the *Duquesne Spy Ring* saga of 1941.
## FBI agents {#fbi_agents}
### William Sebold (double-agent) {#william_sebold_double_agent}
After the Duquesne Spy Ring convictions, Sebold was provided with a new identity and started a chicken farm in California.
Impoverished and delusional, he was committed to Napa State Hospital in 1965. Diagnosed with manic-depression, he died there of a heart attack five years later at 70. His life story as a double agent was first told in the 1943 book *Passport to Treason: The Inside Story of Spies in America* by Alan Hynd.
### James Ellsworth {#james_ellsworth}
Special Agent Jim Ellsworth was assigned as Sebold\'s handler or body man, responsible for shadowing his every move during the 16-month investigation.
### William Gustav Friedemann {#william_gustav_friedemann}
William Gustav Friedemann was a principal witness in the Duquesne case. He began working for the FBI as a fingerprint analyst in 1935 and later became an agent after identifying a crucial fingerprint in a kidnapping case.
After World War II, he was assigned to Puerto Rico, where he pinpointed the group behind the assassination attempt on President Harry Truman. Friedemann died of cancer on August 23, 1989, in Stillwater, Oklahoma.
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
## Convicted members of Duquesne Spy Ring {#convicted_members_of_duquesne_spy_ring}
### Fritz Duquesne {#fritz_duquesne}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Born in Cape Colony, South Africa, on September 21, 1877, and a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1913, Fritz Joubert Duquesne was a captain in the Second Boer War and later a colonel in the *Abwehr*, Germany\'s division of military intelligence.
Duquesne was captured and imprisoned three times by the British, once by the Portuguese, and once by the Americans in 1917, and each time he escaped. In World War I, he was a spy and ring leader for Germany and during this time he sabotaged British merchant ships in South America with concealed bombs and destroyed several. Duquesne was also ordered to assassinate an American, Frederick Russell Burnham, Chief of Scouts for the British Army, but failed to do so. He was known as \"The man who killed Kitchener\" since he claimed to have sabotaged and sunk HMS *Hampshire*, on which Lord Kitchener was en route to Russia in 1916.
In the spring of 1934, Duquesne became an intelligence officer for the Order of 76, an American pro-Nazi organization, and in January 1935 he began working for U.S. government\'s Works Progress Administration. Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, head of the *Abwehr*, knew Duquesne from his work in World War I and he instructed his new chief of operations in the U.S., Col. Nikolaus Ritter, to make contact. Ritter had been friends with Duquesne back in 1931 and the two spies reconnected in New York on December 3, 1937.
On February 8, 1940, Ritter sent Sebold, under the alias of Harry Sawyer, to New York and instructed him to set up a shortwave radio-transmitting station and to contact Duquesne, code-named DUNN.
Once the FBI discovered through Sebold that Duquesne was again in New York operating as a German spy, director J. Edgar Hoover provided a background briefing to President Franklin Roosevelt. FBI agent Raymond Newkirk, using the name Ray McManus, was now assigned to DUNN and he rented a room immediately above Duquesne\'s apartment near Central Park and used a hidden microphone to record Duquesne\'s conversations. But monitoring Duquesne\'s activities proved to be difficult. As Newkirk described it, \"The Duke had been a spy all of his life and automatically used all of the tricks in the book to avoid anyone following him\...He would take a local train, change to an express, change back to a local, go through a revolving door and keep going on right around, take an elevator up a floor, get off, walk back to the ground, and take off in a different entrance of the building.\" Duquesne also informed Sebold that he was certain he was under surveillance, and he even confronted one FBI agent and demanded that he stop tracking him, a story confirmed by agent Newkirk.
In a letter to the Chemical Warfare Service in Washington, D.C., Duquesne requested information on a new gas mask. He identified himself as a \"well-known, responsible and reputable writer and lecturer.\" At the bottom of the letter, he wrote, \"Don\'t be concerned if this information is confidential, because it will be in the hands of a good, patriotic citizen.\" A short time later, the information he requested arrived in the mail and a week later it was being read by intelligence officers in Berlin.
Duquesne was found guilty of espionage and sentenced to 18 years in prison. He received a concurrent two-year sentence and was fined \$2,000 for violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Duquesne served his sentence in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, where he was mistreated and beaten by other inmates. In 1954, he was released due to ill health, having served fourteen years, and died indigent, at City Hospital on Welfare Island (now Roosevelt Island), New York City, on May 24, 1956, at the age of 78.
### Paul Bante {#paul_bante}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Born in Germany, Paul Bante served in the German Army during the First World War. In 1930 he came to the United States, where he was naturalized in 1938. Bante, a former member of the German American Bund, claimed that he was brought into contact with agent Paul Fehse because of his ties to Ignatz Theodor Griebl. Before he fled the United States for Germany, Griebl was accused of belonging to a Nazi spy ring along with Rumrich spy ring. Bante helped Fehse to obtain information about ships leaving for Great Britain loaded with war supplies. As a Gestapo agent, he was supposed to cause discontent amongst trade unionists. Sebold met Bante at the *Little Casino Restaurant*, which was frequently used by the ring\'s members. During one of these meetings, Bante talked about making a bomb detonator, after which he later gave dynamite and detonators to Sebold.
Bante pleaded guilty to violating the Registration Act. He was sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined \$1,000.
### Max Blank {#max_blank}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Blank came to the United States from Germany in 1928. While he never became a U.S. citizen, he\'d been employed at a German library. Blank boasted to agent Sebold that he had been in the espionage business since 1936, but lost interest in recent years since payments from Germany had fallen off.
Blank pleaded guilty to violating the Registration Act. He was sentenced 18 months in prison and fined \$1,000.
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
## Convicted members of Duquesne Spy Ring {#convicted_members_of_duquesne_spy_ring}
### Heinrich Clausing {#heinrich_clausing}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless In September 1934, German-born Heinrich Clausing came to the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen in 1938. Around 1938, Heine was recruited to find American automobile and aviation industry secrets that could be passed to Germany through the Duquesne Spy Ring. Later it was discovered that Heine was also the mysterious \"Heinrich\" who supplied the spy ring with aerial photographs.
After obtaining technical books relating to magnesium and aluminum alloys, Heine sent the materials to Heinrich Eilers. To ensure safe delivery of the books to Germany in case they did not reach Eilers, Heine indicated the return address on the package as the address of Lilly Stein.
Clausing pleaded guilty to espionage and was sentenced to 8 years in prison. He also received a two-year concurrent sentence and was fined \$5,000 for violating of the Registration Act.
### Paul Fehse {#paul_fehse}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless In 1934, Fehse left Germany for the United States, where he was naturalized in 1938. Since emigrating, he\'d been employed as a cook aboard ships sailing from the New York Harbor. Fehse was one of the leading forces in the spy ring. He arranged meetings, directed members' activities, correlated information that had been developed, and arranged for its transmittal to Germany, chiefly through Sebold. Fehse, who was trained for espionage work in Hamburg, claimed he headed the Marine Division of the Nazi espionage system in the United States.
Having become nervous, Fehse made plans to leave the country. He obtained a position on the SS *Siboney*, which was scheduled to sail from Hoboken, New Jersey, for Lisbon, on March 29, 1941. He planned to desert ship in Lisbon and return to Germany. However, before he could leave, Fehse was arrested by the FBI. Upon his arrest, he admitted sending letters to Italy for transmittal to Germany, as well as reporting the movements of British ships. Fehse pleaded guilty to violating the Registration Act and was sentenced to one year and one day in prison. He later pleaded guilty to espionage and was sentenced to 15 years in prison.
### Gustav Wilhelm Kärcher {#gustav_wilhelm_kärcher}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Kärcher emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1923, and was naturalized in 1931. He served in the German Army during World War I, and was a former leader of the German American Bund in New York. During visits to Germany, Kärcher was seen wearing a German Army officer's uniform. At the time of his arrest, he was engaged in designing power plants for a gas and electricity company in New York City. Kärcher was arrested with Paul Scholz, who\'d just given Kärcher a table of call letters and frequencies for transmitting information to Germany by radio.
After pleading guilty to violating the Registration Act, Kärcher was sentenced to 22 months in prison and fined \$2,000.
### Herman W. Lang {#herman_w._lang}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Herman W. Lang had participated in the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. He immigrated to the United States in 1927.
Until his arrest, machinist and draftsman Lang had been employed as an assembly inspector by the Carl L. Norden Corp., which manufactured the top secret Norden bombsight. In October 1937 he met Ritter and told him he had overnight access to classified drawings and used it to copy them in his kitchen at home while his family was asleep. He then hid the plans in a wooden casing for an umbrella, and, on January 9, 1938, personally handed the umbrella off to a German steward and secret courier on the ship `{{SS|Reliance}}`{=mediawiki} bound for Bremen. For that he received \$1500. However, he could not copy all the plans, and Ritter had to invite him to Germany in order to complete a model, where he was received by Hermann Göring himself.
The Norden bombsight had been considered a critical wartime instrument by the United States Army Air Forces, and American bombardiers were required to take an oath during their training stating that they would defend its secret with their own life, if needed. The Lotfernrohr 3 and the BZG 2 in 1942 used a similar set of gyroscopes that provided a stabilized platform for the bombardier to sight through, although the more complex interaction between the bombsight and autopilot was not used. Later in the war, Luftwaffe bombers used the Carl Zeiss Lotfernrohr 7, or Lotfe 7, which had an advanced mechanical system similar to the Norden bombsight, but was much simpler to operate and maintain. At one point, Sebold was ordered to contact Lang as it became known that the technology he had stolen from Norden was being used in German bombers. The Nazis offered to spirit him to safety in Germany, but Lang refused to leave his home in Ridgewood, Queens.
Upon conviction, Lang was sentenced to 18 years in prison on espionage charges and a concurrent two-year term under the Registration Act. He was released and deported to Germany in September 1950.
### Evelyn Clayton Lewis {#evelyn_clayton_lewis}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless A native of Arkansas, Evelyn Clayton Lewis had been living with Duquesne in New York City. Lewis had expressed her anti-British and antisemitic feelings during her relationship with Duquesne. She was aware of his espionage activities and condoned them. While she was not active in obtaining information for Germany, she helped Duquesne prepare material for transmittal abroad. After pleading guilty, Lewis was sentenced to serve one year and one day in prison for violating the Registration Act.
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
## Convicted members of Duquesne Spy Ring {#convicted_members_of_duquesne_spy_ring}
### Rene Emanuel Mezenen {#rene_emanuel_mezenen}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Rene Emanuel Mezenen, a Frenchman, claimed U.S. citizenship through the naturalization of his father. Prior to his arrest, he was employed as a steward in the Pan American transatlantic clipper service.
The German Intelligence Service in Lisbon, Portugal, asked Mezenen to act as a courier, transmitting information between the United States and Portugal on his regular commercial aircraft trips. As a steward he was able to deliver documents from New York to Lisbon in 24 hours. He accepted this offer for financial gain. In the course of flights across the Atlantic, Mezenen reported his observance of convoys sailing for England. He also became involved in smuggling platinum from the United States to Portugal. When discussing his courier role with agent Sebold, Mezenen boasted that he hid the spy letters so well that if they were found it would have taken two to three weeks to repair the airplane.
After pleading guilty, Mezenen was sentenced to 8 years in prison for espionage. He received a concurrent two-year sentence for violating the Registration Act.
### Carl Reuper {#carl_reuper}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Having come to the United States from Germany in 1929, Carl Reuper became a citizen in 1936. Prior to his arrest, he served as an inspector for the Westinghouse Electric Company in Newark, New Jersey. Previously, he worked as a mechanic for the Air Associates Company in Bendix, New Jersey.
Reuper obtained photographs for Germany relating to national defense materials and construction, which he obtained from his employment. He arranged radio contact with Germany through the station established by Felix Jahnke. On one occasion, he conferred with Sebold regarding the latter\'s facilities for communicating with German authorities. After being convicted at trial, Reuper was sentenced to 16 years in prison on espionage charges and received a concurrent two-year sentence under the Registration Act.
### Everett Minster Roeder {#everett_minster_roeder}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Born in the Bronx, New York, Everett Minster Roeder was the son of a celebrated piano instructor, Carl Roeder. A child prodigy, when he was 15 years old he enrolled in engineering at Cornell University and there he met the brothers Edward and Elmer Sperry; however he dropped out of school when he was 18 and married his pregnant girlfriend. He was one of the first employees at the Sperry Gyroscope Company where he worked as an engineer and designer of confidential materials for the U.S. Army and Navy. In his job as a gyroscope expert working on U.S. military contracts, Roeder built machines such as tracking devices for long-range guns capable of hitting moving targets 10 mi away, aircraft autopilot and blind-flying systems, ship stabilizers, and anti-aircraft search lights.
Sebold had delivered microphotograph instructions to Roeder, as ordered by German authorities. Roeder and Sebold met in public places and proceeded to spots where they could talk privately. In 1936, Roeder had visited Germany and was requested by German authorities to act as an espionage agent. Primarily due to monetary rewards he would receive, Roeder agreed.
Among the Sperry development secrets Roeder disclosed were the blueprints of the complete radio instrumentation of the new Glenn Martin bomber, classified drawings of range finders, blind-flying instruments, a bank-and-turn indicator, a navigator compass, a wiring diagram of the Lockheed Hudson bomber, and diagrams of the Hudson gun mountings. From Roeder the *Abwehr* also obtained the plans for an advanced automatic pilot device that was later used in Luftwaffe fighters and bombers. At the time of his arrest, Roeder had 16 guns in his Long Island home in New York.
Roeder pleaded guilty to espionage and was sentenced to 16 years in prison. In 1949, Roeder published his book, *Formulas in plane triangles*.
### Paul Alfred W. Scholz {#paul_alfred_w._scholz}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless A German native, Paul Scholz went to the United States in 1926 but never attained citizenship. He had been employed in German book stores in New York City, where he disseminated Nazi propaganda.
Scholz had arranged for Josef Klein to construct the radio set used by Felix Jahnke and Axel Wheeler-Hill. At the time of his arrest, Scholz had just given Gustav Wilhelm Kaercher a list of radio call letters and frequencies. He also encouraged members of this spy ring to secure data for Germany and arranged contacts between various German agents.
After being convicted at trial, Scholz was sentenced to 16 years in prison for espionage and received a concurrent two-year sentence under the Registration Act.
### George Gottlob Schuh {#george_gottlob_schuh}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless George Gottlob Schuh, a native of Germany, went to the United States in 1923. He became a citizen in 1939 and was employed as a carpenter.
As a German agent, he sent information directly to the Gestapo in Hamburg from the United States. Schuh had provided Alfred Brokhoff information that Winston Churchill had arrived in the United States on `{{HMS|King George V|41|6}}`{=mediawiki}. He also furnished information to Germany concerning the movement of ships carrying materials and supplies to Britain.
Having pleaded guilty to violation of the Registration Act, Schuh received a sentence of 18 months in prison and a \$1,000 fine.
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
## Convicted members of Duquesne Spy Ring {#convicted_members_of_duquesne_spy_ring}
### Erwin Wilhelm Siegler {#erwin_wilhelm_siegler}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Erwin Wilhelm Siegler went to the United States from Germany in 1929 and attained citizenship in 1936. He had served as chief butcher on the `{{SS|America|1940}}`{=mediawiki} until it was taken over by the U.S. Navy.
A courier, Siegler brought microphotographic instructions to Sebold from German authorities on one occasion. He also had brought \$2,900 from German contacts abroad to pay Lilly Stein, Duquesne, and Roeder for their services and to buy a bomb sight. He served the espionage group as an organizer and contact man, and he also obtained information about the movement of ships and military defense preparations at the Panama Canal.
After being convicted at trial, Siegler was sentenced to 10 years in prison for espionage and a concurrent two-year term for violating the Registration Act.
### Oscar Richard Stabler {#oscar_richard_stabler}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Born in Germany, Oscar Richard Stabler went to the United States in 1923 and became a citizen in 1933. He had been employed primarily as a barber aboard transoceanic ships. In December 1940, British authorities in Bermuda found a map of Gibraltar in his possession. He was detained for a short period before being released. A close associate of Conradin Otto Dold, Stabler served as a courier, transmitting information between German agents in the United States and contacts abroad.
Stabler was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison for espionage and a concurrent two-year term under the Registration Act.
### Heinrich Stade {#heinrich_stade}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Heinrich Stade went to the United States from Germany in 1922 and became a citizen in 1929. He had been a musician and publicity agent in New York. He told agent Sebold he had been in the Gestapo since 1936 and boasted that he knew everything in the spy business.
Stade had arranged for Paul Bante\'s contact with Sebold and had transmitted data to Germany regarding points of rendezvous for convoys carrying supplies to England.
Stade was arrested while playing in the orchestra at an inn on Long Island, New York. Following a guilty plea to violation of the Registration Act, Stade was fined \$1,000 and received a 15-month prison sentence.
### Lilly Barbara Carola Stein {#lilly_barbara_carola_stein}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Born in Vienna, Stein was a Jewish immigrant who had escaped in 1939 with the help of a U.S. diplomat in Vienna, Vice Consul Ogden Hammond Jr. She later met Hugo Sebold, the espionage instructor who had trained William Sebold (the two men were not related) in Hamburg, Germany. She enrolled in this school and was sent to the United States by way of Sweden in 1939.
In New York, she worked as an artist\'s model and was said to have moved in New York\'s social circles. As a German agent her mission was to find her targets at New York nightclubs, sleep with these men, and attempt to blackmail them or otherwise entice them to give up valuable secrets. One FBI agent described her as a \"good-looking nymphomaniac\". Stein was one of the people to whom Sebold had been instructed to deliver microphotograph instructions upon his arrival in the United States. She frequently met with Sebold to give him information for transmittal to Germany, and her address was used as a return address by other agents in mailing data for Germany.
Stein pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 10 years in prison for espionage and a concurrent two-year term for violating the Registration Act. After her release, she left for France where she found employment at a luxury resort near Strasbourg.
### Franz Joseph Stigler {#franz_joseph_stigler}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless In 1931, Franz Joseph Stigler, left Germany for the United States, where he became a citizen in 1939. He had been employed as a crew member and chief baker aboard U.S. ships until his discharge from the `{{SS|America|1939}}`{=mediawiki} when the U.S. Navy converted that ship into `{{USS|West Point|AP-23|6}}`{=mediawiki}. His constant companion was Erwin Siegler, and they operated as couriers in transmitting information between the United States and German agents aboard. Stigler sought to recruit amateur radio operators in the United States as channels of communication to German radio stations. He had also observed and reported defense preparations in the Panama Canal Zone and had met with other German agents to advise them in their espionage pursuits. In January 1941, Stigler asked agent Sebold to radio Germany that Prime Minister Winston Churchill had arrived secretly in the U.S. on `{{HMS|King George V|41}}`{=mediawiki} with Lord Halifax.
Upon conviction, Stigler was sentenced to serve 16 years in prison on espionage charges with two concurrent years for registration violations.
### Erich Strunck {#erich_strunck}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless A seaman aboard the ships of the United States Lines since his arrival in the United States, Erich Strunck went to the United States from Germany in 1927. He became a naturalized citizen in 1935. As a courier, Strunck carried messages between German agents in the United States and Europe. He requested authority to steal the diplomatic bag of a British officer traveling aboard his ship and to dispose of the officer by pushing him overboard. Sebold convinced him that it would be too risky to do so.
Strunck was convicted and sentenced to serve 10 years in prison on espionage charges. He also was sentenced to serve a two-year concurrent term under the Registration Act.
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
## Convicted members of Duquesne Spy Ring {#convicted_members_of_duquesne_spy_ring}
### Leo Waalen {#leo_waalen}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Leo Waalen was born in Danzig, Germany. He entered the United States by \"jumping ship\" about 1935. He was a painter for a small boat company which was constructing small craft for the U.S. Navy.
Waalen gathered information about ships sailing for England. He also obtained a confidential booklet issued by the FBI which contained precautions to be taken by industrial plants to safeguard national defense materials from sabotage. He secured government contracts listing specifications for materials and equipment, as well as detailed sea charts of the United States Atlantic coastline.
In May 1941, the American cargo vessel `{{SS|Robin Moor}}`{=mediawiki} was carrying nine officers, 29 crewmen, seven or eight passengers, and a commercial cargo from New York to Mozambique via South Africa, without a protective convoy. On 21 May, the ship was stopped by *U-69* in the tropical Atlantic 750 mi west of the British-controlled port of Freetown, Sierra Leone. Although the *Robin Moor* was flying the flag of a neutral country, her mate was told by the U-boat crew that they had decided to \"let us have it\". After a brief period for the ship\'s crew and passengers to board her four lifeboats, the U-boat fired a torpedo and then shelled the vacated ship. Once the ship sank beneath the waves, the submarine\'s crew pulled up to Captain W.E. Myers\' lifeboat, left him with four tins of ersatz bread and two tins of butter, and explained that the ship had been sunk because she was carrying supplies to Germany\'s enemy. In October 1941, federal prosecutors adduced testimony that Waalen, one of the fourteen accused men who had pleaded not guilty to all charges, had submitted the sailing date of the *Robin Moor* for radio transmission to Germany, five days before the ship began her final voyage.
Following his conviction, Waalen was sentenced to 12 years in prison for espionage and a concurrent two-year term for violation of the Registration Act.
### Adolf Henry August Walischewski {#adolf_henry_august_walischewski}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless A German native, Walischewski had been a seaman since maturity. He became a naturalized citizen in 1935. Walischewski became connected with the German espionage system through Paul Fehse. His duties were confined to those of courier, carrying data from agents in the United States to contacts abroad.
Upon conviction, Walischewski received a five-year prison sentence on espionage charges, as well as a two-year concurrent sentence under the Registration Act.
### Else Weustenfeld {#else_weustenfeld}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Else Weustenfeld arrived in the United States from Germany in 1927 and became a citizen 10 years later. From 1935 until her arrest, she was a secretary for a law firm representing the German Consulate in New York City.
Weustenfeld was thoroughly acquainted with the German espionage system and delivered funds to Duquesne which she had received from Lilly Stein, her close friend.
She lived in New York City with Hans W. Ritter, a principal in the German espionage system. His brother, Nickolaus Ritter, was the \"Dr. Renken\" who had enlisted Sebold as a German agent. In 1940, Weustenfeld visited Hans Ritter in Mexico, where he was serving as a paymaster for the German Intelligence Service.
After pleading guilty, Else Weustenfeld was sentenced to five years\' imprisonment on charge of espionage and two concurrent years on a charge of registration violations.
### Axel Wheeler-Hill {#axel_wheeler_hill}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless **Axel Wheeler-Hill** went to the United States in 1923 from his native Latvia. Between 1918 and 1922, he\'d served in the Baltic Freikorps during the Latvian War of Independence. He was naturalized as a citizen in 1929 and was employed as a truck driver.
Wheeler-Hill obtained information for Germany regarding ships sailing to Britain from New York Harbor. With Felix Jahnke, he enlisted the aid of Paul Scholz in building a radio set for sending coded messages to Germany.
Following conviction, Wheeler-Hill was sentenced to serve 15 years in prison for espionage and 2 concurrent years under the Registration Act.
### Bertram Wolfgang Zenzinger {#bertram_wolfgang_zenzinger}
right\|upright=0.4\|frameless Born in Germany, Bertram Wolfgang Zenzinger went to the United States in 1940 as a naturalized citizen of the Union of South Africa. His reported reason for coming to the United States was to study mechanical dentistry in Los Angeles, California.
In July 1940, Zenzinger received a pencil for preparing invisible messages for Germany in the mail from Siegler. He sent several letters to Germany through a mail drop in Sweden, outlining details of national defense materials.
Zenzinger was arrested by FBI agents on April 16, 1941. Pleading guilty, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison for espionage and 18 months in prison for Registration Act.
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# Duquesne Spy Ring
## Liaisons to the Duquesne Spy Ring {#liaisons_to_the_duquesne_spy_ring}
### Takeo Ezima {#takeo_ezima}
Lieutenant Commander **Takeo Ezima** of the Imperial Japanese Navy operated in New York as an engineer inspector using the name: E. Satoz;`{{page needed|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki} code name: KATO.
He arrived on the *Heian Maru* in Seattle in 1938. On October 19, 1940, Sebold received a radio message from Germany that CARR (Abwehr Agent Roeder) was to meet E. Satoz at a Japanese club in New York.
Ezima was filmed by the FBI while meeting with agent Sebold in New York, conclusive evidence of German-Japanese cooperation in espionage, in addition to meeting with Kanegoro Koike, Paymaster Commander of the Japanese Imperial Navy assigned to the Office of the Japanese Naval Inspector in New York. Ezima obtained a number of military materials from Duquesne, including ammunition, a drawing of a hydraulic unit with pressure switch A-5 of the Sperry Gyroscope, and an original drawing from the Lawrence Engineering and Research Corporation of a soundproofing installation, and he agreed to deliver materials to Germany via Japan. The British had made the *Abwehr* courier route from New York through Lisbon, Portugal difficult, so Ezima arranged an alternate route to the west coast with deliveries every two weeks on freighters destined for Japan.
As the FBI arrested Duquesne and his agents in New York in 1941, Ezima escaped to the west coast, boarded the Japanese freighter *Kamakura Maru*, and left for Tokyo. One historian states that Ezima was arrested for espionage in 1942 and sentenced to 15 years; however, U.S. Naval Intelligence documents state that \"at the request \[of\] the State Department, Ezima was not prosecuted.\"
### Nikolaus Adolph Fritz Ritter {#nikolaus_adolph_fritz_ritter}
*Oberstleutnant* (Lieutenant colonel) Nikolaus Ritter led spy rings in the United States, Great Britain, and North Africa from 1936 to 1941. Ritter was born in Germany and had served as an officer in the First World War on the Western Front in France where he was twice wounded. He emigrated to New York in 1924, married an American, and returned to Germany in 1936 to join the *Abwehr* as Chief of Air Intelligence based in Hamburg operating under the code name: DR. RANTZAU.
He first met Fritz Duquesne in 1931, and the two spies reconnected in New York on December 3, 1937. Ritter also met Herman Lang while in New York, and he arranged for Lang to later go to Germany to help the Nazis finish their version of the top secret Norden bombsight. Ritter achieved several major successes with the *Abwehr*, most notably the Norden bombsight, in addition to an advanced aircraft auto-pilot from the Sperry Gyroscope Company, and also intelligence operations in North Africa in support of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. But some of Ritter\'s recruits became double-agents who catastrophically exposed his spy rings.
Ritter recruited William Sebold who later joined the FBI which resulted in the arrest of the 33 *Abwehr* agents of the Duquesne Spy Ring. In Great Britain, he recruited Arthur Owens, code named JOHNNY, who became an agent for MI5 (British Intelligence) operating under the code name SNOW. Owens exposed so many *Abwehr* covert agents operating in Britain that by the end of the war MI5 had enlisted some 120 double agents. Although Ritter was never captured, it was the arrest of the Duquesne Spy Ring that ultimately resulted in Ritter\'s fall from the Abwehr and his reassignment in 1942 to air defenses in Germany for the remainder of the Second World War
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# List of Kyle XY episodes
This is an episode list for the science fiction teen drama television series *Kyle XY*. The series premiered in the United States on June 26, 2006, and ended on March 16, 2009, on ABC Family with 43 episodes produced
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# Cuban National Ballet School
The **Cuban National Ballet School** *(Escuela Nacional Cubana de Ballet)* in Havana, with approximately 3,000 students is the biggest ballet school in the world and the most prestigious ballet school in Cuba. It was directed by Ramona de Sáa until her death on 17 April 2024.
## History
The school dates back to the Ballet School of the Sociedad Pro-Arte Musical de La Habana, founded in 1931, where the prima ballerina assoluta, Alicia Alonso her former husband Fernando Alonso and his brother Alberto received their earliest ballet classes. In 1961, state-sponsored education began with the creation of the Alejo Carpentier Provincial School of Ballet (*Escuela Nacional de Ballet Alejo Carpentier*). The following year, the National School of Ballet was created as part of the National School of Art. The fundamental characteristic of this teaching institution is in its formation, sustained in the methodology of the Cuban school of ballet. Like all the Cuban educational systems, the education of the ballet in the country is free.
### Expansion
The school was able to accommodate 900 students until the president Fidel Castro, who, in a visit to the school, suggested the idea of new studio space. After some proposals, he decided to raise the number of students from 900 to more than 4,000 children and adolescents. Director of the school, Ramona de Sáa recalls: \"quickly we started doing the study: how many students per classroom, how many professors\... and in a few days we were delivering the project to the president for the new social order of the school.\"
In 2002 the expansion allowed the program to begin the work to select 4,050 students out of the 52,000 that were interested. Professionals from the Cuban National Ballet, the Superior Institute of Art and the Elementary School of Ballet divided into 35 teams to select the students that would attend the school.
## Graduates
Many of the school\'s alumni are eminent professionals, recognized in Cuba and internationally. Most of them form part of the Cuban National Ballet, one of the most important companies of the world. Some are given permission to join, or defect to, foreign ballet companies, primarily American
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# Arsenal de l'Aéronautique
***Arsenal de l\'Aéronautique**\'\' (commonly named**Arsenal**) was a national military aircraft manufacturer established by the French Government in 1936 at Villacoublay. In the years before World War II, it developed a range of technically advanced fighter aircraft, but none of these were manufactured in sufficient quantities to be of any use against the German invasion. Following the war, Arsenal was relocated to Châtillon-sous-Bagneux, where it was privatised as**SFECMAS**(***la Société Française d'Etude et de Constructions de Matériel Aéronautiques Spéciaux**\'\') in 1952. In 1955 SFECMAS joined SNCAN to create Nord Aviation.
## Aircraft
Arsenal VG 30:(1938) Single-engine one-seat low-wing monoplane propeller-engine fighter aircraft. One prototype built\
Arsenal VG 31:VG-30 variant powered by Hispano-Suiza engine. One built\
Arsenal VG 32:VG-30 variant powered by Allison engine. One built\
Arsenal VG-33:Production version of VG-32\
Arsenal VG-34:VG-33 variant with newer engine. One built\
Arsenal VG-35:VG-33 variant with newer engine. One built\
Arsenal VG-36:VG-33 variant with newer engine and modified radiator housing. One built\
Arsenal VG-37:Proposed VG-33 variant with longer range. Not built\
Arsenal VG-38:Proposed VG-33 variant with newer engine. Not built\
Arsenal VG-39:VG-36 variant with more streamlined nose and larger engine. One built\
Arsenal VG-40:VG-39 variant with Rolls-Royce engine. Not built\
Arsenal VG-50:VG-39 variant with Allison engine. Not built\
Arsenal VB 10:(1945) Two-engine single-seat propeller fighter aircraft with fore-and-aft engines. Six built\
Arsenal O.101:(1947) Single-engine two-seat low-wing aerodynamic research aircraft. One built\
Arsenal VG 70:(1948) Single-engine one-seat high-wing swept-wing jet experimental aircraft. One built\
Arsenal VG 80:\
Arsenal VG 90:(1949) Single-engine one-seat high-wing swept-wing carrier-based jet fighter. Three built; two completed\
Arsenal-Delanne 10:
## Aero engines {#aero_engines}
### Arsaéro
Arsenal 12H:Postwar French development of the Junkers Jumo 213 V-12 engine.\
Arsenal 12H-Tandem: 2x 12H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers.\
Arsenal 12K:Further development of the 12H.\
Arsenal 24H:A 24-cylinder H-24 engine utilising 12H cylinder blocks, crankshafts and pistons mounted on a new crankcase driving a single propeller.\
Arsenal 24H-Tandem:2x 24H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers.
## Gliders
Arsenal O
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# Rugby union in Andorra
**Rugby union in Andorra** is considered the second most popular sport in Andorra and has increased in popularity rapidly over the last decade and the national team has had a growing success on the international stage.
In 2010, there were 213 registered players, and 2 clubs.
As of August 2015 there are 192 members of which 22 are women and 172 are seniors, whilst there only being one referee and 15 coaches.
## Governing body {#governing_body}
The Andorran Rugby Federation was founded in 1986, and became affiliated to the IRFB (as it was then) in 1991.
## History
Andorran rugby is around sixty years old, having been introduced in the 1960s.
Because it is surrounded by some of the main rugby playing heartlands of France and Spain - Provence, Catalonia (and Roussillon) and the Basque Country - Andorrans have had a long exposure to the sport through the media.
Also, three other factors have come to have an influence in recent years -
1. A large influx of tourists, especially skiers.
2. Andorra\'s status as a tax haven has brought with it many tax exiles from rugby playing countries
3. Andorra\'s small size has meant that young people tend to study outside the country, and become interested in rugby at foreign universities.
Returning students have been a major factor in the growth of Andorran rugby.
One of the most prominent advocates of rugby in Andorra has been the radio personality and teacher, Anick Musolas. Musolas was raised in La Rochelle, in France, and her father was rugby-mad.
Andorra managed to reach the Spanish Cup Final in 1966, but was later kicked out. It now plays in the French fourth division.
Notable Andorra-based players have included the no. 8 Toni Castillo and scrum halves Alonso Ricart and Roger Font, as well as locally based foreign players such as Jimmy Jordan, a Scottish winger from Kilmarnock, and the Argentine fly-half Gustavo Tumosa, who previously played for Rosario.
Andorra\'s traditional rivals are Luxembourg, who have a similar set up. Andorra was to give Luxembourg their first international victory, 10--6.
## Clubs
In 1997, there were only three clubs, one being made up of ski-instructors who were locally based, but who came from all over the world.
The main club in the country is VPC Andorra XV, that currently plays in the lower French leagues
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# Mount Olympus (Euboea)
**Mount Olympus** (*Ólympos*) is a mountain in the east central part of the island of Euboea, Greece. Its maximum elevation is 1,172 m. It is not the highest mountain of Euboea, that is 1,743 m high Dirfi, 16 km to the north. Olympus is 10 km north of Amarynthos, 11 km northeast of Eretria and 24 km east of the city of Chalcis. There are forests on the northern slopes while most of the mountain range is covered with grassland and bushes
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# Guo Wenjing
**Guo Wenjing** (born 1 February 1956, in Chongqing) is a Chinese composer and educator.
Guo Wenjing is a contemporary Chinese composer. Unlike many Chinese composers who have studied and lived in other countries, he has only studied in Beijing. He has lived and worked in his home country for nearly his entire life with the exception of a short period of time living in New York. However, over the years he has had many works commissioned around the world. He and his music have appeared at the Beijing Music Festival, Edinburgh Festival, Hong Kong Arts Festival, Holland Music Festival, New York Lincoln Center Festival, Paris Autumn Festival, Perth International Arts Festival, Almeida Theatre (London), Frankfurt Opera (Germany), Konzerthaus Berlin (Germany), Kennedy Center (Washington), as well as Turin, Warsaw, etc. In addition, he is contracted by CASA RICORDI-BMG and the first composer to be contracted by People\'s Music Publishing House. His music has been given high praise both at home and abroad by *The New York Times*, *Le Monde*, *The Guardian*, *People's Music*, etc.^1^
## Biography
He began attending the Central Conservatory of Music, Beijing in 1978, the year of that institution\'s reopening, and later served as the head of the composition department there; he remains on the faculty.
## Works
He has composed for both Western and Chinese instruments. His works include concertos for erhu and bamboo flute , and an opera based on the life of the Tang dynasty poet Li Bai. He composed the score to several films, including *Blush* (1995), *In the Heat of the Sun* (1994), and Zhang Yimou\'s *Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles* (2005).
Guo\'s music is published by Casa Ricordi. It has been performed by the Nieuw Ensemble, Atlas Ensemble, Cincinnati Percussion Group, Kronos Quartet, Arditti Quartet, Ensemble Modern, Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, Göteborg Symphony Orchestra, China Philharmonic Orchestra, Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra, and Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra.
Guo Wenjing\'s music is filled with the spirit of humanism and has many oriental features.
His chamber opera *Wolf Cub Village* (1994) was created based on Lu Xun's short story \"Diary of a Madman\". This opera's libretto, written in Chinese, exaggerated the features of Mandarin pronunciation. This exaggerated pronunciation expresses the bleak mood and recalcitrant spirit of the opera quite vividly, strongly, and impressively. *Le Monde* compared his "masterpiece of madness" to Berg\'s *Wozzeck* and Shostakovich\'s *The Nose*.^2^
The opera, *Night Banquet*, based on the story written by Zou Jingzhi, a Chinese playwright. The author was inspired by *Night Revels of Han Xizai*, a court figure painting of the Southern Tang dynasty. In the opera, Guo Wenjing has combined features of Italian opera and characteristics of ancient Chinese humanities perfectly. It has been performed in China, Europe, Russia, and the United States.
In the opera, *Feng Yi Ting*, Guo Wenjing added several Chinese traditional instruments and the elements from Peking opera and Sichuan opera into the western orchestra and opera format. *The Charleston Post and Courier* reviewed that "*Feng Yi Ting* plays like a traditional Chinese theater piece. On one level, that is, because on another very interesting level, it offers a deeper, poignant perspective on tradition vs. transition, on cross-pollination of cultures, on the age of globalization itself."^3^ In the article "All the World On a Stage In America" by *The New York Times*, the opera was described as using "both Chinese and Western approaches to timbre, melody and hormone, oscillating between the styles and combining them with dazzling fluidity. ..."^4^
His other opera works, *Poet Li Bai*, *Mu Guiying*, and *Hua Mulan*, also use Mandarin librettos and focus on exploring the possibility and potential of combining Chinese art and Western opera.
Apart from his opera, he has created many fabulous compositions in different genres, such as chamber music and symphony.
His chamber music, *Drama* (1995) for three percussionists was written to sound like a Chinese drama. Although there are three percussionists, it uses only one type of percussion instrument, the Chinese cymbals. The composer innovated many creative articulations for three pairs of Chinese cymbals. Furthermore, he requires performers to speak and sing as well.
*Chou Kong Shan* is Guo Wenjing\'s concerto for Chinese bamboo flute. This work is a large-scale Chinese instrument concerto. It has three movements and requires three kinds of bamboo flutes, one for each movement. Each movement has a distinct personality and uses the distinct timbre of each flute to express its personality. It also plays an important role in promoting the development of the instrument and its performance techniques.
*Shu Dao Nan* (1987) is a symphonic poem by Guo Wenjing inspired by Li Bai\'s poetry. Shu includes the Sichuan province and modern day Chongqing of China, Guo Wenjing\'s hometown. The piece features regional and cultural factors such as Sichuan folk music.
Guo Wenjing has also composed many film scores (examples). Additionally, he is featured in the music composed for the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics
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# Tymfristos
**Tymfristos** (*Τυμφρηστός* `{{IPA|el|timfriˈstos|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a mountain in the eastern part of Evrytania and the western part of Phthiotis, Greece. The mountain is a part of the Pindus mountain range. The elevation of its highest peak, Velouchi (*Βελούχι*), is 2,315 m. The nearest mountains are Kaliakouda and Panaitoliko to the south, Vardousia to the southeast and the Agrafa mountains to the north. It is drained by the river Spercheios to the east and by tributaries of the Acheloos (including Megdovas) to the west. The name Velouchi comes from Velos which means arrow, as Aetolian archers were known for harassing invading pre-Christian Celts and Persians with their famous archery. See The Greek and Macedonian Art of War, by F.E. Adcock, 1962.
Forests dominate the lower areas of the mountain, and the higher elevations are covered with grasslands. The nearest town is Karpenisi, to the southwest. Other villages are Tymfristos and Agios Georgios Tymfristou to the east. The Greek National Road 38 (Agrinio - Karpenisi - Lamia) passes south of the mountain
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# Martin Stoev
**Martin Stoyanov Stoev** (*\'\'\'Мартин Стоянов Стоев\'\'\'*; born 3 December 1971 in Sofia) is a Bulgarian volleyball coach and former player. He currently is head coach of the Romanian team CVM Tomis Constanța.
He played volleyball from 1984 until 2005, with over 200 caps with the Bulgarian national team. He was a 3 time National champion of Bulgaria (twice with the team of Levski Siconco, one with Minior Buhovo).
From 2005 to 2008 he was the head coach of the Bulgaria men\'s national volleyball team, finishing 3 consecutive times in top 5 of the World League
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# 1947–48 in Swedish football
The **1947--48 season in Swedish football**, starting August 1947 and ending July 1948:
## Honours
### Official titles {#official_titles}
Title Team Reason
---------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
Swedish Champions 1947--48 IFK Norrköping Winners of Allsvenskan
Swedish Cup Champions 1947 Malmö FF Winners of Svenska Cupen
### Competitions
Level Competition Team
----------------------- ------------------------------- -----------------
1st level Allsvenskan 1947--48 IFK Norrköping
2nd level Division 2 Nordöstra 1947--48 Örebro SK
Division 2 Sydvästra 1947--48 Landskrona BoIS
Regional Championship Norrländska Mästerskapet 1948 IFK Holmsund
Cup Svenska Cupen 1947 Malmö FF
## Promotions, relegations and qualifications {#promotions_relegations_and_qualifications}
### Promotions
Promoted from Promoted to Team Reason
------------------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------- -------------------
Division 2 Nordöstra 1947--48 Allsvenskan 1948--49 Örebro SK Winners
Division 2 Sydvästra 1947--48 Landskrona BoIS Winners
Division 3 1947--48 Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Sandvikens IF Winners of Norra
Sundbybergs IK Winners of Östra
Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Jonsereds IF Winners of Västra
Råå IF Winners of Södra
### League transfers {#league_transfers}
Transferred from Transferred to Team Reason
------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
Division 2 Nordöstra 1947--48 Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Karlstads BIK Geographical composition
Division 2 Sydvästra 1947--48 Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Åtvidabergs FF Geographical composition
### Relegations
Relegated from Relegated to Team Reason
------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------- -----------
Allsvenskan 1947--48 Division 2 Nordöstra 1948--49 Djurgårdens IF 11th team
Division 2 Sydvästra 1948--49 Halmstads BK 12th team
Division 2 Nordöstra 1947--48 Division 3 1948--49 Västerås IK 9th team
IFK Västerås 10th team
Division 2 Sydvästra 1947--48 Husqvarna IF 9th team
IFK Uddevalla 10th team
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Allsvenskan 1947--48 {#allsvenskan_194748}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- --------------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 IFK Norrköping 22 15 3 4 56 -- 32 +24 33
2 Malmö FF 22 12 5 5 60 -- 33 +27 29
3 AIK 22 12 3 7 51 -- 34 +17 27
4 Helsingborgs IF 22 9 6 7 46 -- 46 0 24
5 IFK Göteborg 22 9 4 9 40 -- 33 +7 22
6 GAIS 22 7 6 9 36 -- 41 -5 20
7 IS Halmia 22 6 7 9 34 -- 41 -7 19
8 Degerfors IF 22 6 7 9 30 -- 39 -9 19
9 Jönköpings Södra IF 22 6 7 9 31 -- 53 -22 19
10 IF Elfsborg 22 7 4 11 40 -- 51 -11 18
11 Djurgårdens IF 22 6 5 11 32 -- 35 -3 17
12 Halmstads BK 22 6 5 11 38 -- 56 -18 17
### Division 2 Nordöstra 1947--48 {#division_2_nordöstra_194748}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Örebro SK 18 12 2 4 44 -- 23 +21 26
2 Karlstads BIK 18 12 1 5 43 -- 22 +21 25
3 Ludvika FfI 18 10 3 5 42 -- 26 +16 23
4 Sandvikens AIK 18 9 4 5 37 -- 31 +6 22
5 Reymersholms IK 18 7 5 6 31 -- 28 +3 19
6 Surahammars IF 18 7 3 8 28 -- 25 +3 17
7 Karlskoga IF 18 7 2 9 30 -- 32 -2 16
8 IK Sleipner 18 7 2 9 30 -- 39 -9 16
9 Västerås IK 18 5 4 9 21 -- 35 -14 14
10 IFK Västerås 18 0 2 16 12 -- 57 -45 2
### Division 2 Sydvästra 1947--48 {#division_2_sydvästra_194748}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Landskrona BoIS 18 12 3 3 49 -- 24 +25 27
2 Örgryte IS 18 11 2 5 51 -- 37 +14 24
3 Tidaholms GIF 18 11 0 7 42 -- 27 +15 22
4 Åtvidabergs FF 18 9 3 6 47 -- 24 +23 21
5 Kalmar FF 18 10 1 7 38 -- 20 +18 21
6 IFK Malmö 18 7 5 6 36 -- 27 +9 19
7 Höganäs BK 18 6 5 7 45 -- 46 -1 17
8 Billingsfors IK 18 5 5 8 27 -- 52 -25 15
9 Husqvarna IF 18 4 5 9 35 -- 49 -14 13
10 IFK Uddevalla 18 0 1 17 16 -- 80 -64 1
### Norrländska Mästerskapet 1948 {#norrländska_mästerskapet_1948}
Final
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# 1947–48 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Svenska Cupen 1947 {#svenska_cupen_1947}
Final
## National team results {#national_team_results}
Sweden: `{{small|[[Torsten Lindberg]] - [[Thure Grahn]], [[Knut Nordahl]] - [[Olle Åhlund]], [[Sven Jacobsson]], [[Rune Emanuelsson]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Nils Liedholm]], [[Rolf Svensson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Torsten Lindberg]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Knut Nordahl]] - [[Kjell Rosén]], [[Bertil Nordahl]], [[Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson|Sune Andersson]] - [[Stig Nyström]], [[Börje Tapper]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Nils Liedholm]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Ove Nilsson]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Erik Nilsson]] - [[Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson|Sune Andersson]], [[Bertil Nordahl]], [[Kjell Rosén]] - [[Lennart Lindskog]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Nils Liedholm]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Torsten Lindberg]] - [[Knut Nordahl]], [[Erik Nilsson]] - [[Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson|Sune Andersson]], [[Bertil Nordahl]], [[Rune Emanuelsson]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Nils Liedholm]], [[Stellan Nilsson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Torsten Lindberg]] - [[Knut Nordahl]], [[Erik Nilsson]] - [[Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson|Sune Andersson]], [[Börje Leander]], [[Kjell Rosén]] - [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Nils Liedholm]], [[Stellan Nilsson]] ( [[Egon Jönsson]]).}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Torsten Lindberg]] - [[Knut Nordahl]], [[Erik Nilsson]] - [[Birger Rosengren]], [[Bertil Nordahl]], [[Sune "Mona-Lisa" Andersson|Sune Andersson]] - [[Kjell Rosén]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Nils Liedholm]].}}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1947–48 in Swedish football
## National team players in season 1947/48 {#national_team_players_in_season_194748}
name pos
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# Craig Curran
**Craig Carl Curran** (born 23 August 1989) is an English former professional footballer. Curran plays as a striker, who can operate in midfield or attack. He began his career with Tranmere Rovers, making his debut in 2007 and going on to play over 100 games for the club before joining Carlisle United in 2010 and then Rochdale two years later. He joined Irish club Limerick in 2013, returning to England the following year to play non-League football with Nuneaton Town. He then moved to Scotland in 2015, spending three years with Ross County followed by shorter spells with Dundee United and Dundee. He joined Welsh side Connah\'s Quay Nomads in 2020 and would win two Cymru Premier titles as well as a Welsh League Cup, before joining Airbus UK Broughton and going on loan to Marine before retiring in 2024 after a brief stint with Vauxhall Motors.
## Career
### Tranmere Rovers {#tranmere_rovers}
Curran was born and raised in Liverpool, England, and was educated at the Liverpool Blue Coat School. He is a product of the Youth system at Tranmere Rovers, signing his first professional contract in April 2006, agreeing a deal until 2007. During the 2006--07 season, he was top scorer for the reserve side.
Initially not considered to be ready for first team football by manager Ronnie Moore, Curran finally made his first appearance for Tranmere on Saturday 13 January 2007, coming on as an 84th-minute substitute in the 3--2 loss to Bristol City. He scored with his first ever senior touch at Prenton Park against Brighton & Hove Albion on Monday 9 April 2007. The goal was also Curran\'s first ever senior goal.
On 5 May 2007, Curran scored three times in the first 36 minutes to record his first hat-trick for the club as Tranmere won 3--1 at home against Brentford. The feat also broke a record set by Tranmere legend Dixie Dean as the youngest ever player to score a hat-trick in a Rovers\' shirt. The record was originally set on 25 October 1924. He finished his first ever season with four goals in four appearances, with only two of them being starts.
Just eight days before the start of the 2007--08 season, Curran signed a contract with Tranmere, keeping him at the club until 2010. Curran then scored two goals in two games against Carlisle United on 8 September 2007 and Luton Town on 14 September 2007. During the early part of the 2007--08 season he was used sparingly by manager Ronnie Moore, being limited to a handful of starts, although he made regular appearances from the bench. On 10 November 2007, he was sent off for the first time in his senior career, during an FA Cup First Round match away at Chesterfield, picking up two bookings after coming on as a late substitute, one for delaying the restart of play (preventing a free kick being taken) and the second for a foul on a Chesterfield player. Curran ended his 2007--08 season, with forty appearances, scoring two times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2008--09 season, Curran stated he would improve his fitness to get first team football, as well as scoring goals. The work soon paid off when Curran scored two goals in his first four league game, against Hartlepool United on 16 August 2008 and Northampton Town on 30 August 2008. However, Curran suffered a groin injury, stomach muscle injury and back strain that kept him out for months. After making his return from injury in a reserve match against Bury on 14 March 2009, Curran made his first team return three days later, coming on as a substitute for Charlie Barnett in the 68th minute, in a 1--0 loss against Cheltenham Town. Having returned to the side Curran was hopeful that he could help the club achieve a play-off place. In the last game of the season, he scored his third goal of the season, in a 1--1 draw against Scunthorpe United, however the result saw the club miss out on the play-offs. Curran ended his 2008--09 season, making sixteen appearances and scoring three times.
The 2009--10 season saw Curran regain his first team place after returning to fitness. He scored his first goal of the season, in the first round of the League Cup, in a 4--0 win over Grimsby Town on 11 August 2009. He then scored two goals in two games, against Huddersfield Town on 1 December 2009 and then four days on 5 December 2009, against Brentford. Two weeks later on 19 December 2009, Curran scored his third goal of the season, in a 2--0 win over Bristol Rovers. Curran then went on a run of fifteen games without scoring which ended when he scored in a 3--1 win over Norwich City on 2 April 2010. Two weeks later on 17 April 2010, Curran scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 3--1 win over Exeter City. During the season Curran made fifty appearances, scoring six times in all competitions.
At the end of the 2009--10 season, Curran was offered a new contract by the club.
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# Craig Curran
## Career
### Carlisle United {#carlisle_united}
Curran signed for Carlisle United upon conclusion of the 2009--10 season on a free transfer, his contract at Tranmere having elapsed and not been renewed. Upon joining the club, Manager Greg Abbott said he believed that Curran could be the signing of the year.
Curran made his Carlisle debut, in the opening game of the season, where he helped the club win a penalty, which Ian Harte successfully converted, in a 2--0 win over Brentford. It took until 11 September 2010, for him to score his first Carlisle goal, in a 1--0 win over Sheffield Wednesday. His second goal then came on 23 October 2010, in a 4--3 loss against Charlton Athletic. Curran scored his first goal of 2011, in a 4--0 win over Bristol Rovers. Between 15 February 2011 and 1 March 2011, Curran scored three goals in five matches against Oldham Athletic, Exeter City and Charlton Athletic Curran scored a brace on 16 April 2011, in a 4--1 win over Colchester United, which earned him the Man of the Match award. He was a regular starter in his first season, and scored eight goals.
However, in the 2011--12 season, Curran found starts, and even substitute appearances, more difficult to come by owing to the arrival of Lee Miller, Paddy Madden and Rory Loy at Brunton Park. Not only that, Curran suffered a knee injury that kept him sidelined until November.
On 22 March 2012, Curran signed for Morecambe on loan until the end of the season. Two days later, he made his Morecambe debut, coming on as a substitute for Lewis Alessandra in the 66th minute, in a 1--0 win over Shrewsbury Town. Curran also featured in a reserve game for Morecambe against a Manchester City side which saw the return of Carlos Tevez. Morecambe lost 6--1 but Curran got on the score sheet for the Shirmps. On his next appearance for the first team he scored a diving header, in a 2--1 win against Oxford United on 31 March 2012.
On 7 May 2012, Carlisle United announced that Curran\'s contract would not be renewed beyond the 2011--12 season.
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# Craig Curran
## Career
### Rochdale
Curran then signed on noncontract terms at Rochdale on 10 August 2012. He made his Rochdale debut, coming on as a substitute for Dele Adebola in the 70th minute, in a 4--2 loss against Torquay United on 25 August 2012. Curran then provided an assist for Jason Kennedy, for the winning goal in a 3--2 win over Accrington Stanley on 6 October 2012.
On 9 November 2012, he joined Conference North side Chester on a one-month loan deal. Curran impressed in his short time at the club which led to his loan being extended for a further month. Curran scored seven goals in 11 league appearances, the most memorable, a 4--1 win against Bishop\'s Stortford where he scored a hat-trick after coming on as a second-half substitute.
At the end of the 2012--13 season, Curran was released by Rochdale.
### Limerick
On 15 February 2013, Curran signed on loan with Limerick in the League of Ireland Premier Division.
Curran made his Limerick debut on 10 March 2013, in a 0--0 draw against Cork City, where he played 90 minutes, playing as a centre-forward. Curran scored his first Limerick goal one week later on 23 March 2013, in a 2--1 loss against Sligo Rovers Two weeks later on 2 April 2013, he scored his second Limerick goal, in a 1--1 draw against Shamrock Rovers. Two months later on 29 June 2013, Curran scored his third goal of the season, in a 3--2 win over Dundalk.
Curran signed for Limerick on a permanent deal until the end of the 2014 season on 1 July. Curran\'s first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 5 July 2013, in a 1--0 win over Bohemians. In the next game against Drogheda United four days later, he scored twice in a 4--4 draw. Curran later scored two goals to take his tally to seven for the season, against Cork City and UCD. In his first season at Limerick Curran made twenty-six appearances and scored seven times.
In his second season at Limerick Curran struggled to score goals in four appearances, due to injuries. After media speculation in Ireland claiming that Curran was leaving the club, it was confirmed the next day that he had left the club.
Following his departure, Curran made a farewell speech, paying tribute to the club and its supporters. During his time at Limerick, Curran was a fans favourite.
### Nuneaton Town {#nuneaton_town}
On 29 August 2014, Curran signed for Nuneaton Town, making his debut in the club\'s 2--1 win against Altrincham at Liberty Way the next day.
Curran scored his first Nuneaton Town goal on 27 September 2014, in a 2--1 win over Dartford. Curran left Nuneaton in November 2014, agreeing a mutual termination of his contract.
### Scottish football {#scottish_football}
#### Ross County {#ross_county}
On 2 January 2015, Curran signed for Scottish Premiership club Ross County on a contract until the end of the 2014--15 season. He scored on his debut to help Ross County to a 1--1 draw away to Dundee on 4 January 2015. On 21 February 2015, Curran scored his second goal for the club, in a 3--1 win over Partick Thistle. He then scored three goals in three games, against Partick Thistle on 7 March 2015, Hamilton Academical on 14 March 2015 and once again seven days later, against Kilmarnock. After helping the club retain their Scottish Premiership status for the next season, on 30 April 2015, Curran signed a new two-year contract, keeping him at Ross County until 2017. He left the club in May 2018 after they were relegated from the Premiership.
#### Dundee United and Dundee {#dundee_united_and_dundee}
Curran signed a three-year contract with Dundee United on 1 June 2018. After a frustrating start to the season, he left United in January 2019, moving across Tannadice Street to join their Dundee derby rivals Dundee. Curran linked up with manager Jim McIntyre, who had previously coached him at Ross County. He would fail to score for the rest of the season as Dundee were relegated to the Scottish Championship. He began the following season with Dundee, and scored his first goal for the club in a 3--0 win over Raith Rovers in the League Cup. On 2 September 2019, Curran left Dundee by mutual consent.
### Welsh Football {#welsh_football}
#### Connah\'s Quay Nomads {#connahs_quay_nomads}
In January 2020 he signed for Connah\'s Quay Nomads. He scored his first goal for the club on 14 February against Caernarfon Town. After a successful 18 months with the club, Curran signed a new deal in June 2022. He left the club at the end of the 2021--22 season.
#### Airbus UK Broughton {#airbus_uk_broughton}
On 19 August 2022, Curran joined Cymru Premier side Airbus UK Broughton. He went on loan to English club Marine in January 2023. Curran retired in March 2023 due to concussion issues, but announced in September that he was once again fit to play.
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# Craig Curran
## Career
### Vauxhall Motors and retirement {#vauxhall_motors_and_retirement}
In October 2023, Curran returned to football from his brief retirement with Northern Premier League Division One West club Vauxhall Motors. Curran scored his first goals for the *Motormen* on 23 December, netting a brace in an away win over Witton Albion. On 10 January 2024, Vauxhall Motors announced that Curran would once again retire from football.
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# Craig Curran
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | |
+=======================+=======================================================================================================+=======================================+======+=======+==============+=======+
| Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Tranmere Rovers | 2006--07 | League One | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2007--08 | League One | 35 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2008--09 | League One | 15 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2009--10 | League One | 43 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | Total | | 97 | 14 | 8 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Carlisle United | 2010--11 | League One | 45 | 8 | 3 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2011--12`{{Soccerbase season|45355|2011|name=Craig Curran|access-date=25 November 2015}}`{=mediawiki} | League One | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | Total | | 57 | 8 | 4 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Morecambe (loan) | 2011--12 | League Two | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Rochdale | 2012--13`{{Soccerbase season|45355|2012|name=Craig Curran|access-date=25 November 2015}}`{=mediawiki} | League Two | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Chester (loan) | 2012--13 | Conference North | 11 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Limerick (loan) | 2013 | League of Ireland\ | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| | | Premier Division | | | | |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Limerick | | League of Ireland\ | 13 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| | | Premier Division | | | | |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2014 | League of Ireland\ | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | | Premier Division | | | | |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | Total | | 30 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Nuneaton Town | 2014--15 | Conference Premier | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Ross County | 2014--15 | Scottish Premiership | 19 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2015--16 | Scottish Premiership | 19 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2016--17 | Scottish Premiership | 34 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2017--18 | Scottish Premiership | 35 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | Total | | 107 | 23 | 1 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Dundee United | 2018--19`{{soccerbase season|45355|2018|access-date=16 June 2019}}`{=mediawiki} | Scottish Championship | 16 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Dundee | 2018--19 | Scottish Premiership | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2019--20 | Scottish Championship | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | Total | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Connah\'s Quay Nomads | 2019--20 | Cymru Premier | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2020--21 | Cymru Premier | 28 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | 2021--22 | Cymru Premier | 21 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| | Total | | 53 | 13 | 3 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Airbus UK Broughton | 2022--23 | Cymru Premier | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Marine (loan) | 2022--23 | NPL Premier Division | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------+-------+--------------+-------+
| Vauxhall Motors | 2023--24 | Northern Premier League Div
| 603 |
Craig Curran
| 4 |
11,075,943 |
# The Light, Leeds
**The Light** is a leisure and retail centre in central Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It occupies the rectangular space between The Headrow on the south, St Anne\'s Street on the north, Cookridge Street on the west, and Albion Street. Two former streets divide it: Upper Fountaine Street (east-west) and Cross Fountaine Street (north-south) now covered with a glass roof. It incorporates two listed buildings Permanent House and the Headrow Buildings.
## Structure
**The Light** opened in 2001 with a retail area of 32,515 m2. In 2002 the £100 million development won two City of Leeds Awards for Architecture and Lighting: the Altered Building Award and The People\'s Award.
The retail and leisure centre was created by building a glass roof over Upper Fountaine Street and Cross Fountaine Street to create an arcade between two listed buildings, Permanent House and the Headrow Buildings. New construction on two levels created a first level promenade with a multi-screen cinema. Above the ground floor shops and restaurants are a nightclub and health club. It was designed by DLG Architects.
Permanent House and the Headrow Buildings are of the same style in Portland stone and brick by Sir Reginald Blomfield and local architect C. W. Atkinson. The Headrow Buildings fronts the Headrow and Permanent House is on the corner with Cookridge Street. The Headrow Buildings have five stepped stages to accommodate the slope of the Headrow and an arch surmounted by Doric columns over Cross Fountaine Street. The height of the cornices was set to match that of Lewis\'s department store building. It had nine shop units and four floors of offices. Permanent House, which houses the Radisson Blu Hotel, was constructed as two linked buildings on Cookridge Street, separated by Upper Fountaine Street which was bridged and the buildings are joined by a carriage arch. The headquarters of the Leeds Permanent Building Society was opened 15 May 1930 on the corner of Cookridge Street and the Headrow. The north part was opened 31 December 1931 as shops and offices. Browns Restaurant occupies the former banking hall.
## Gallery
<File:The> Light, Leeds (27th May 2010).jpg\|Permanent House, corner of Cookridge Street and the Headrow <File:Permanent> House 24 03 2017 2.jpg\|Permanent House, Cookridge Street showing the link and arch <File:Permanent> House Plaque Headrow.jpg\|Blue plaque on Permanent House <File:Leeds> The Light.jpg\|Headrow Buildings entrance to Cross Fountaine Street <File:Browns> Restaurant Leeds 24 June 2018.jpg\|Entrance to Browns and Radisson Blue inside the Light <File:The> Light, Leeds (4th May 2010)
| 414 |
The Light, Leeds
| 0 |
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