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<s>[INST] context: Anyone who wants to buy a gun in California will have to wait for 2 weeks. Four people waited for 15 days to buy guns. Then they robbed a store and shot 3 people .
Congress is now trying to pass a law that will make everyone wait to buy a gun. Many people do not want this law. Others are glad it might happen. California is one of the longest waiting times for someone to buy a gun. A gun dealer said that this waiting time does not seems to do much good.He has not seen crime go away because of it.
One good thing that has happened with the waiting time to buy a gun is a smaller number of suicide . a lot of suicides are with a gun. In California, there are less suicides by gun than in other places. One reason to make people wait to buy a gun is to make sure the guns are not sold to criminals . Last year, this check stopped 2,400 guns from being sold to criminals. This check does not stop anyone else from buying a gun.
Many criminals buy guns on the street and not in a store... some people think that a law like this will not do any good.But other people think that if only one person is stopped from getting a gun, then this law is worth it. [/INST] question: A long waiting time to buy in California has led to _ . | options: A: a good gun control B: less suicides by gun C: less shop robbery D: a sharp fall of gun sales | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Clean water is not only important for food production, but necessary for our life. However, large numbers of people in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are going without. The World Health Organization reports that almost 4,000 children die each day for dirty water or lack of water.
Agriculture is the primary user of water at 70-85% of fresh water in the world. Industrial uses of water don't often come to mind, but you may be surprised to know that industry uses 59% of the water supply in developed countries.
Home use takes up only 8% in the world. But as cities grow, the local government has to cut down on water use. Many cities are turning to privatization of water as a method of controlling use. The poor are paying as much as a quarter of their monthly income for water in some developing countries.
In 60% of large European cities, groundwater is being used at a faster rate. People are saving water by simply using less and being careful with what they do use. Sometimes it's as simple as not throwing out water that they could use elsewhere.
In Australia overuse of water has always been a problem. The Australian government has encouraged households and industries to collect rainwater and reuse water from showers. Technology is helping householders for shower and bath water for reuse in toilets or gardens.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has made a water saving program designed to encourage families and businesses to examine their water use and save more water. Good water management has been considered by scientists and the UN as the key to solving the water problem. We can all work together to protect our valuable water in our daily life. [/INST] question: In developed countries, most water is used by _ . | options: A: industry B: agriculture C: families D: businesses | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thanksgiving Day is special holiday in the United States and Canada. Families and friends gather to eat and give thanks for their blessing.
Thanksgiving Day is really a harvest festival. This is why it is celebrated in late fall, after the crops are in. But one of the first thanksgivings in America had nothing to do with a good harvest. On December 4, 1619, the Pilgrims from England landed near what is now Charles City, Virginia. They knelt down and thanked God for their safe journey across the Atlantic.
The first New England Thanksgiving did celebrate a rich harvest. The Pilgrims landed at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. They had a difficult time and the first winter was cruel. Many of the Pilgrims died. But the next year, they had a good harvest. So Governor Bradford declared a three-day feast . The Pilgrims invited Indian friends to join them for their special feast. Everyone brought food.
In time, other colonies began to celebrate a day of thanksgiving. But it took years before there was a national Thanksgiving Day. During the Civil War, Sarah Josepha Hale persuaded Abraham Lincoln to do something about it. He proclaimed the last Thursday of November 1863 as a day of thanksgiving. Today, Americans celebrate this happy harvest festival on the fourth Thursday in November. Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving Day in much the same way as their American neighbors. But the Canadian thanks-giving Day falls on the second Monday in October. [/INST] question: Thanksgiving Day is celebrated_. | options: A: in spring B: summer C: in autumn D: in winter | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 6-Day Trek in the Highland National Parks
Destinations: Saigon -- Cat Tien National Park --Buon Ma Thuot --Lak Lake -- YokDon National Park
Estimated trekking time: Average 4-5 hours/day
Summary: This trip is ideal for those who love trekking in natural forests. From the southern part of Vietnam up to the central highlands, you will cross through two national parks. There will be opportunities to see wildlife and challenge yourself physically at a moderate level.
Indulge yourself in the beauty of nature, escape from the hustle and bustle of the city, rediscover yourself in the natural world and refresh both mind and body.
Highlights:
*Private tour
*Walk through the forest to a fascinating and beautiful wetland area. If you are lucky, you may be able to see many different kinds of animals using only binoculars .
*Night time wildlife-spotting excursion
*Elephant riding
Includes:
*Travel insurance
*Private transportation
*English-speaking guide
*Guest house-twin shared room
*Meals as indicated in the itinerary
*Elephants
*Canoe
*Mineral water
*Entrance fees & all permits
Excludes:
*Surcharges for other guides in other languages, festival season and peak season surcharges, which will be advised at time of booking
*Visa
*Gong show(80 USD/show)
*Tips
*Personal expenses [/INST] question: In the forest, tourists will be able to _ . | options: A: have barbeques with natives B: ride elephants C: play with wild animals D: race in canoes | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Birdwatching is becoming more and more popular in many parts of the world.
Birdwatchers enjoy looking for and listening to different kinds of birds.To watch birds, all you need is a pair of binoculars, a field guide and love for birds.
If you are just starting birdwatching, buy one of the cheaper pairs of binoculars.You can choose better ones when your needs and skills grow.A field guide helps you leam about the birds' appearances, calls and habits before birdwatching.
When you are ready, it's best to go to the wild with someone who is more experienced.You can join a birdwatching group to learn about some beginning skills.A local bird club is ideal.
Start birdwatching in the morning, when birds are searching for food.Most of the time, you will hear bird calls from all around you, but will not see any birds easily.Look for movement in trees, and bring your binoculars to your eyes.
The most important work for a birdwatcher is to identify the birds he/she sees.A bird's shape, size, colour and habits can help a birdwatcher identify it.When you identify a bird, don't forget to take notes about it on your notebook.
To find more and different birds, you may wish to plan trips to birds' different living areas: forests, lakes, rivers, wetlands, etc.
When watching the birds, you should always keep in mind: respect wildlife and protect its living areas. [/INST] question: We need _ to watch birds. | options: A: a pair of binoculars B: a field guide C: love for birds D: all the above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Alveoli) (83-M. Kaul histology 3rd) (221- LB.Singh 5th)Respiratory system - Histology* Trachea - lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium* Intrapulmonary Bronchus - lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium* Terminal Bronchiole - lined by simple columnar epithelium* Respiratory Bronchiole - lined by cuboidal epithelium* Atria, alveolar ducts and alveoli - lined with squamous epitheliumALVEOLI - The main support of the alveoli is provided by elastic fibres* Majority of cells lining the alveoli are the squamous cells or type 1 pneumocytes. Few are larger cells or type II pneumocytes. Type II cells secrete the surfactant which lowers surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing* The exchange between the blood in the capillaries and air in the alveoli takes place through(a) Cytoplasm of endothelial cell of a capillary(b) Basement membrane of the capillary(c) Basement membrane of the alveolus(d) Cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the alveolus* In CHF, heart failure cells are present in the sputum. These cells are the alveolar macrophages, containing hemosiderin of the red blood cells from the ruptured capillaries. [/INST] question: Pneumatocytes lines the | options: A: Segmental bronchiole B: Terminal branchioles C: Respiratory bronchioles D: Alveoli | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I'm Sam. My hobby is playing chess --one of the greatest games in the world. My mom taught me how to play when I was 7. She beat me every time for the first year. But then on my eighth birthday, I won for the first time. I nearly always beat her from then on.
It takes about a day to learn the rules . But if you want to be good, you have to practice for years. You don't need much to play chess--just a chess set and someone to play with.
Chess sets can be quite cheap, or very expensive. Some people collect chess sets as a hobby, but some prefer playing.
There is a chess club in our school, and we meet every week to play with each other. I'm the best player in the club, and the captain of the school chess team. This year we won the All English Schools' Championship , and I had to go up on stage in front of the whole school to collect the trophy .
I'm saving up my money to buy a chess computer. It's very expensive, but very good for practice. In that way, I'll always have someone to play with. One day I will be the world chess champion .
,. [/INST] question: Sam's mom _ beats him at chess. | options: A: never B: always C: usually D: sometimes | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you know why people look the way they look? What inside our bodies makes us grow in a certain way? The answer is DNA. It was first discovered by a young Swiss doctor in 1868.
DNA is like a computer program for your body. Almost every cell in your body includes DNA. The way DNA in the cell decides why you are the way you are. For example your friend might have larger ears than you. This is because their DNA is different from yours.
DNA lives in the cell and is ordered in a structure called a "double helix ". In each double helix there are links called as chromosomes . These chromosomes are made from four bases that arrange themselves in millions of different ways. The way these bases choose to line up is what makes the DNA code for that cell.
DNA is also called a "gene ". This is a very interesting thing. Genes are passed down from your parents. That is why you might have the same smile like your dad's or mom's!
In February, scientists found the skeleton of Richard III, King of England from 1483-1485, under a car park in England. It seems unlikely that scientists could identify a 527-year-old skeleton. However, they matched the skeleton's DNA to a sample from one of his direct descendants . How amazing! [/INST] question: _ discovered DNA. | options: A: A Swiss scientist B: A Swiss doctor C: A young student D: A Swiss worker | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The first MP4 player was born years ago. Soon many music fans were wondering how fantastic it is! If you have been into technology enough, perhaps you may have a knowledge of the MP4. If not, you do need to know something before buying one, even if you are familiar with MP3. MP3 is the CD-like disc with greater capacity. How about MP4? This small digital product will really enrich the joy from listening to music. You can even feel the "touch" of music to your soul!
Now, some similar digital products advertised as "MP4 players" are simply MP3 players, which do not play video and MPEG format and also lack other particular functions. These products confuse some buyers, as they may think the "MP4" players simply mean they can do more than MP3.
What is MP4?!
It is a multimedia container. It is not only used to store digital audio and digital video streams, especially those of MPEG, but can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and pictures. As a most modern container format, it allows streaming over the Internet.
With the help of a piece of MP4 video equipment, you can change various programs such as MPEG to MP4, ASX to MP4, AVI to MP4 and so on, which can be done very quickly and easily without any effect on the sound quality. By installing DVD-MP4 software, you can transfer particular music from a DVD to an MP4 video file. It really excites your listening music experience.
Then, there is MP4 advanced and you can set your own collection of all the programs -- TV shows, games, and music. You can even see movies which are still running in cinemas. _ ? [/INST] question: It is suggested here that you should _ before buying an MP4 player | options: A: first be a music fan B: have a knowledge of MP4 C: get familiar with MP3 D: buy a CD-like disc | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: TAS or Transmission Assessment Survey is done for lymphatic Filariasis - caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. The line listing of lymphoedema and hydrocele cases were initiated since 2004 by door-to-door survey in filaria endemic districts. The updated figure till December 2014 reveals about 12 lac cases with clinical manifestation of lymphoedema (8 lacs) and hydrocele (4 lacs). Initiation has also been taken to demonstrate the simple washing of foot to maintain hygiene for prevention of secondary bacterial and fungal infection in chronic lymphoedema cases, so that the patients get relief from frequent acute attacks. Extra edge: - Criteria for Elimination of lymphatic filariasis : Microfilaria carriers being < 1% of population. Children born after initiation of ELF are free from circulating antigenaemia (presence of adult filaria worm in human body). - WHO recommends triple therapy of Ivermectin + Diethylcarbamazine + albendazole to achieve the target, set to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2020. [/INST] question: Transmission assessment survey is for? | options: A: Plasmodium vivax B: Plasmodium falciparum C: Leishmania donovani D: Wuchereria bancrofti | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Boston Opera House
In Person
* The Boston Opera House Box Office is open Monday - Friday from 10 am - pm. We provide a direct and customer-friendly service that allows our customers to choose their seats and purchase their tickets at face value without service charges or delivery fees. The savings and confidence associated with an in-person purchase at our box office can make the trip very worthwhile. While you're in the neighborhood, check out our dining and parking choices when you attend your favorite shows.
* The Boston Ballet Box Office operates year-round at their 19 Clarendon Street headquarters in Boston's South End. Boston Ballet sells tickets at the Boston Opera House box office during Boston Ballet performance weeks.
Online
* Tickets for all Broadway in Boston shows and other concerts and cultural presentations are sold online at www.ticketmaster.com.
* Tickets for all Boston Ballet performances are sold online at www.bostoneballet.org.
By Phone
* Tickets for all Broadway in Boston shows and other concerts and cultural presentations can be purchased by calling Ticketmaster at 1. 800. 982. 2787.
* Tickets for all Boston Ballet performances can be purchased by calling 617. 695. 6955.
Refund Policy
No refunds or exchanges.
The Boston Opera House Policies
* Some shows may not be appropriate for children of all ages. Please enquire at 617. 259. 3400.
* Regardless of age, everyone must have a ticket. No "babies in arms" will be allowed.
* Parents may be asked to remove restless children from the auditorium . The parent and child will be able to wait in a comfortable lounge while the rest of the family enjoys the show. We appreciate your cooperation.
Tips for Theatergoers:
* Leave yourself enough time for traffic.
* Check the date and time of the performance on tickets purchased.
* If you arrive late to your performance you may have to wait to be seated at appropriate breaks in the performance. Please arrive on time, no less than 15 minutes before curtain. [/INST] question: You can buy tickets for performances at the Boston Opera House in all the following ways EXCEPT _ . | options: A: at the box office B: by telephone C: through e-mail D: on the website | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Appendicitis complicates 1/766 bihs and is rare in the third trimester. The rate of negative appendectomy in the pregnant patient appears to be about 25% higher than in nonpregnant patients. This is not, however, a benign procedure as a negative appendectomy is associated with a 4% risk of fetal loss and a 10% risk of early delivery. The American College of Radiology recommends the use of nonionizing radiation techniques as front-line imaging in pregnant women. Serial examinations would be inappropriate as rates of fetal loss are considerably higher in patients with complicated appendicitis and the greatest oppounity to improve fetal outcomes is to improve diagnostic accuracy. Ultrasound Scan, being the easiest imaging option to carry out during pregnancy, is done to confirm that the condition is appendicitis. If results of the Ultrasound Scan are not conclusive, an MRI Scan is carried out. It also carries no risk of radiation, even to pregnant women. Abdominal CT scan carries risk or radiation so MRI is prefered. [/INST] question: A 23-year-old woman who is 28 weeks pregnant presents with right-sided abdominal pain, leukocytosis, and an abdominal ultrasound that does not visualize the appendix. What intervention would you recommend? | options: A: Exploratory laparoscopy B: Abdominal CT scan C: Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan D: Serial clinical observations | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many boys love reading about the legends of old pirates and dreaming of their own wild adventures. But modern pirates are not a thing of the past. Last month Somali pirates did their boldest hijacking to date. They seized the Saudi supertanker Sirius Star carrying crude oil worth about $100 million. They demanded $15 million to free the ship and its crew.
The pirates have kept hitting the headlines this year: 92 attacks have been attempted, with 36 successful hijackings and 268 crew members taken hostage . The Chinese fishing ship Tianyu 8, with 17 Chinese and 8 foreigners on board, has been in their hands since November 14.
Of course piracy is nothing new. Even since there has been water and ships there have been pirates. The earliest documented history of pirates dates back to the 13thcentury in the Mediterranean Sea. Even the famous Roman emperor Julius Caesar was once kidnapped by pirates.
Piracy reached its peak in the mid-1700s. It was during this time in the Caribbean and off the coast of Africa that men like "Blackbeard the Pirate" made this profession attractive. But with the creation of stronger national Navies piracy became less popular around the world.
In the mid-20thcentury, most pirates were petty thieves. They used hooks to sneak on board ships at anchor, and grabbed all that they could find. _
However, nowadays piracy has become a multi-million-dollar business at tracting many in poor countries. Pirates are treated like heroes among local fishermen.
They use satellite phones and Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Once they spot their target, they swarm the ship with fast boats and shoot it by firing AK-47s or even rocket-propelled grenades . Then they hold the ship and its crews for money.
"The world should take forceful actions together to fight piracy," said leaders at the Asian and Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Peru.
"However, putting in anti-piracy army can only be half of the solution. We have to protect the fair chance of Somali fishermen to get a good living and keep them from the lure of easy money," said Peter Lehr, a lecturer in terrorism studies. [/INST] question: When did piracy reach its peak? | options: A: In the 13\nthcentury B: In the mid-1700s C: In the mid-20\nthcentury D: November 14, 2008 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The law has a great many rules, showing when and how far a man is to be punished, or if he should be made to hand over money or property to his neighbors, and so on. These rules are contained in books. A lawyer learns them mainly by reading books.
He begins by doing little else than reading, and after he has prepared himself by three years' study, still, he has to, almost every day, read more about some new questions which he has to answer.
The power to use books, then, is a special skill which a would-be lawyer ought to possess. He ought to have enough flexibility to make it easy for him to collect ideas from printed words. He ought to have some readiness to find what a book contains, and something of an instinct for where to look for what he wants.
But although this is the power which he will first feel in need of, it is not the most important. A lawyer does not study law to recite it; he studies it to use it and act upon the rules which he has learned in real life. His business is to try cases in court and to advise people what to do in order to keep out or get out of trouble. [/INST] question: The first thing a law student has to do is to _ . | options: A: read books B: hand over money C: practice law D: answer questions | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We are now able to offer those adults who live, work or study in the Bristol City Council area cycle lessons for free up to 3 hours long.
Beginner? Can't you ride a bike? You're not alone. We can help you get on a bike and go cycling. Beginners are called Level 1.
Need a refresher? If you need a refresher or you haven't been on a bike for a while and want to start cycling or perhaps you're confident on traffic-free routes but you want to start cycling on the road, our instructors can teach you the skills you need to cycle safely and confidently on the road. This is Level 2.
Experienced Cyclist? If you are an experienced cyclist, our professional urban coaches can give you smart tips for negotiating complex junctions more easily and improving your rush-hour strategies. This is Level 3.
What you should bring: You will need a roadworthy bike for your lesson. If you don't own a bike you can hire one for the duration of your lesson but you can only hire one from the instructors at our Bedminster and St George venues. The cost of the bike for hire is PS5. UK law does not require you to wear a helmet, but if you do wear one it should fit correctly.
Costs :
Bristol: Thanks to Bristol City Council, sessions are currently free for Bristol residents over age 16 and you can have up to 3 lessons, depending on your ability. To secure your booking, all we require is a PS5 refundable deposit.
B&NES: Thanks to Bath Cycling Campaign, sessions are currently PS5 for anyone over 12. If you are a B&NES resident, please book using the link on the "Outside Bristol" page.[:Z,xx,k.Com]
Anywhere else: Life Cycle have a presence in Salisbury and Gloucester. For Salisbury residents, please book online and for Goucester residents you can book by emailing us (lifecycleuk. org.uk ). For all areas outside Bristol our charge is PS 30 for a 1-hour session. [/INST] question: You would like to have three lessons as _ . | options: A: a beginner B: an instructor C: a refresher D: a skilled cyclist | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: $2,000/1-bedroom Furnished Apartment with Parking
An employed, non-smoking professional male looks for 1-bedroom well-furnished apartment with parking in the Newport area for one month and possibly longer, starting as soon as possible, but it must be available by January 2nd. No pets, no drugs and no parties. The Internet access should be included. I am willing to pay security deposit.
Reply to: hous-tf7ew-2108157286@ craigslist.org
Room/Apartment Share for Use as Art Studio
I am looking for a space to rent as a painting studio. It can be a stand-alone apartment or a room in a house or an apartment. I do not need to use a kitchen, but need access to the bathroom. Just need lots of light. I am a responsible, neat adult female. The following towns are convenient: Edgewater, Fort Lee, Englewood, West New York, Cliffside Park, Ridgefield, Palisades Park and Fairview.
Reply to: [email protected]
$1,900/3-bedroom Apartment
I have a nice 1,500-square foot apartment for rent. With 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, a big parking area and a nice backyard. It is close to East Orange General Hospital and VA Hospital. Major supermarkets and stores are just a short walk away. Hot water is included! Small dogs and cats are OK.
Please just call Tony at 973-886-9094. Thanks.
$1,200/2-bedroom Lovely Newly-Renovated Apartment
A lovely newly-renovated apartment. Clean and tidy! Living room, dining room, and eat-in kitchen. New appliances: air conditioners and ceiling fans. It is one of Irvington's best neighborhoods, situated near Union, Hillside and Maple-wood border. It is convenient to major highways.
HURRY! Call Louvenia at 908-313-3007 [/INST] question: It can be inferred that the man in Advertisement 1 _ . | options: A: will live in Newport for about one year B: is a pet owner C: has a car D: is looking for a large newly furnished house | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The class teacher thought that hobbies were important for children. So she encouraged all her students to have one, and sometimes she arranged hobby shows for their parents to see as a result.
One morning the teacher told the class to have a holiday and get their hobby things to school before 5 p.m. A hobby show would be held the following afternoon.
So in the afternoon, the students with nothing to show did their lessons at school as usual, while the lucky ones had a holiday to go home for their hobby works.
When the afternoon lessons began, the teacher was surprised to see that Tommy was not there. "I don't believe Tommy has a hobby," she thought. However, at a quarter to five. Tommy arrived with a beautiful collection of butterflies in glass case. The teacher liked the samples very much and put them on a desk in the classroom. But, to her surprise, Tommy picked them up again and began to leave.
"What are you doing, Tommy?" she asked. "Those things must stay here until tomorrow afternoon. That's when the parents are coming to see them. "
"I know that," answered Tommy, "and I will bring them back tomorrow, but my big brother doesn't want them to be out of our house at night. "
"But, aren't the butterflies yours?" asked the teacher.
"No," answered Tommy. "They are my brother's."
"But Tommy, you should show your own hobby here, not somebody else's. "
"I know that," answered Tommy. What surprised her most was the answer. "My hobby is watching my brother collecting butterflies. " [/INST] question: What did the class teacher think of hobbies for children? | options: A: Unwelcome B: Hopeless C: Harmful D: Important | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An evoked potential or evoked response is an electrical potential recorded from the nervous system following stimulus. electromyography (EMG), or other electrophysiological recording methods. This is done under general anaesthesia so evoked potential least affected by anaesthetic agents are paicularly monitored. Auditory evoked potential is least affected by general anaesthesia. Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) can be used to trace the signal generated by a sound through the ascending auditory pathway. The evoked potential is generated in the cochlea, goes through the cochlear nerve, through the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, to the inferior colliculus in the midbrain, on to the medial geniculate body, and finally to the coex. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials are small AEPs that are recorded in response to an auditory stimulus from electrodes placed on the scalp. AEPs serve for assessment of the functioning of the auditory system and neuroplasticity. They can be used to diagnose learning disabilities in children, aiding in the development of tailored educational programs for those with hearing and or cognition problems. [/INST] question: During anaesthesia, which is least affected? | options: A: Visual evoked response B: Brainstem evoked response C: Somatosensory evoked response from median nerve D: Somatosensory evoked response from posterior tibial nerve | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "The world has never been a better place to live in," says science writer Matt Ridley, "and it will keep on getting better." Ridley's critics have accused him of his views on climate change and the free market. Yet Ridley, 54, sticks to his guns. "It is not mad to believe in a happy future for people and the planet," he says. Ridley, who's been a foreign correspondent, a zoologist, an economist, and a financier, brings a broad view to his sunny outlook. "People say I'm crazy to claim the world will go on getting better, yet I can't stop myself," he says. Read on to see how Ridley makes his case.
Compared with 50 years ago, when I was just four years old, the average human now earns nearly three times as much money, eats one third more calories, and can expect to live one third longer. In fact, it's hard to find any region of the world that's worse off now than it was then, even though the global population has more than doubled over that period.
City citizens take up less space, use less energy, and have less impact on natural ecosystems than country livers. The world's cities now contain over half its people, but they occupy less than 3 percent of its land area. Urban growth may worry environmentalists, but living in the country is not the best way to care for the earth. The best thing we can do for the planet is build more skyscrapers.
The rich get richer, but the poor do even better. Between 1980 and 2000, the poor doubled their consumption. Nigerians are twice as rich and live nine more years. The percentage of the world's people living in poverty has dropped by over half. The United Nations estimates that poverty was reduced more in the past 50 years than in the previous 500. [/INST] question: Ridley's attitude toweards the human future is _ . | options: A: worried B: proud C: concerned D: optimistic | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is not unusual for people to speak two or three languages; they're known as bilinguals or trilinguals. Speakers of more than three languages are known as polyglots. And when we refer to people who speak many languages, perhaps a dozen or more, we use the term hyper-polyglot.
The most famous hyper-polyglot was Giuseppe Mezzofanti, a 19thcentury Italian cardinal, who was said to speak 72 languages. This claim sounds absurd. _ But Mezzofanti was tested by critics, and they were all impressed.
Did Mezzofanti have an extraordinary brain? Or are hyper-polyglots just ordinary people with ordinary brains who manage to do something extraordinary through hard work?
U.S. linguist Stephen Drashen believes that outstanding language learners just work harder at it and then they acquire unusually strong language ability. As an example, he mentions a Hungarian woman who worked as an interpreter during the 20thcentury. When she was 86, she could speak 16 languages and was still working on learning new languages. She said she learned them mostly on her own, reading fiction or working through dictionaries or textbooks.
Some researchers argue to the contrary. They believe that there is such a thing as a talent for learning languages. In the 1930s, a German scientist examined parts of the preserved brain of a hyper-polyglot named Emil Krebs, who could speak 60 languages fluently. The scientist found that the area of Krebs's brain called Broca's area, which is associated with language, looked different from the Broca's area in the brains of men who speak only one language. However, we still don't know if Krebs was born with a brain ready to learn dozens of languages or if his brain adapted to the demands he put on it.
Although it is still not clear whether the ability to learn many languages is in born, there's no doubt that just about all of us can acquire skills in a second, third, or even fourth language by putting our mind to it. [/INST] question: The Hungarian woman became a hyper-polyglot mainly because of her _ . | options: A: good memory B: hard work C: unique brain D: learning methods | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 12--year--old CEO of a Web site design company will be one of 300 business and political leaders accompanying Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien on a trade visit to China in March.
Keith Peiris, who founded Cyberteks Design in June 1999 and now has 25 clients in North America ,insisted in an interview that he is "just like any other kid."
He and his father will spend nine days on the Team Canada trip to Beijing ,Shanghai and Hong Kong ,where Chretien aims to showcase the best of Canadian business in the most populous country in the world .
A glance at the complex ,elegant animations on his www.cybertecks.com site shows the extent of Peiris' talent . "He doesn't want to be No.2,"his father Deepal said proudly .
His father ,who is now vice president of operations at Cyberteks ,said , "I am teaching my son what I know .We make decisions together .I haven't done anything my son disagreed with .He makes the final decision ."
The company has seven offices in the United States and five part--time employees who ,like the Peiris family ,work from their London homes .
Keith Peiris admitted some potential clients change their minds when they learn his age ,but the well--informed not--yet--teenager tries to ignore them .
"Suddenly ,I've been called a whiz kid or geek ,which I am not too happy about .A few people have asked if they should call me 'mister', but I stay casual , I am still a kid . [/INST] question: That Keith Peiris insisted that he is "just like any other kid" shows he is_. | options: A: proud B: modest C: honest D: excited | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When Carrie Conley's husband left in the early 1960s, she started raising six children on her own. She took a job at a hospital, delivering meals to patients as what was called "a tray girl".
Jerry Johnson, the youngest child in the family, was 5 years old when his dad left. Speaking with his mother recently, Johnson heard his mother repeat the question she asked at that time. "Lord, what am I going to do with all these kids by myself?" The answers came in the form of lima beans, black-eyed peas and low prices on chicken necks. "Something to boil for every day of the week," Conley said.
"I cannot remember one Christmas that I didn't feel like the luckiest kid in the world," Johnson said, "even though now I realize we had hardly anything in terms of money."
"How did you hold all that together?" he asked his mother.
Conley said she would save up her sick days at work, going in no matter how she felt. Then in December, the company would pay her for the unused sick days. More help came in castoffs , when wealthy families would clean out their toy chests at Christmastime and take a load of toys to the Salvation Army. Conley would pick through them, finding the best ones for her children. The result of those sacrifices led to a big, happy Christmas for Conley and her kids.
"But I never did tell you it was a Santa Claus," Conley said, "I couldn't give any man credit for what I had done."
Johnson thanked his mom for her sacrifices, and for the good example she set for him and his siblings. "I think it's helping us all be better parents," Johnson said.
In 1975, Conley retired from Detroit's Outer Drive Hospital. Jerry was a sophomore in college at that time. He later graduated from Washington University Medical School and received a degree in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics. [/INST] question: How did Johnson feel about Christmas when he was a kid? | options: A: Pleased B: Disappointed C: Awful D: Indifferent | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Of all the inventory control systems ABC and VED matrix is most suitable for medical stores. Hence the coupling of ABC and VED matrix for drug inventory in a hospital.ABC analysis is popularly known as "Always Better Control" is a very useful approach to material management based on Pareto&;s principle of "Vital few and tril many" based on the capital investment of the item. According to Pareto&;s theory O10% items consume about 70 % of the budget (Group A). OThe next 20% consume 20 % of financial resources (Group B) andOremaining 70 % items account for just 10% of the budget (Group C). VED analysis is based on the criticality of an item. O"V" is for vital items without which a hospital cannot function, O"E" for essential items without which an institution can function but may affect the quality of the services andO"D" stands for desirable items, unavailability of which will not interfere with functioning.(Refer: style="font-family:Cambria;font-size:13px;"> and Immunization Handbook for medical officers) [/INST] question: In primary health care, ABC and VED are related to | options: A: National program evaluation at PHC level B: Drug inventory management at PHC C: Staff management at PHC D: Vaccination coverage assessment in PHC area | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This patient has:-
Limitations of adduction in left eye
Abduction (abducting saccade) in right eye
Convergence is preserved
This is seen in internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
During right horizontal (lateral) gaze the central pathway is:-
Left frontal eye field → contralateral (right) PPRF → Right abducens nuclei (causing abduction of right eye) → Right medial longitudinal fasciculus → contralateral oculomoter nerve → medial rectus (adduction of left eye). So, abduction of right eye is accompanied by adduction of left eye for right lateral gaze. In right internuclear ophthalmoplegia there is damage to right medial longitudinal fasciculus. Therefore, signal transmission is normal upto abducens nucleus (abduction of right eye is possible), but it cannot be further transmitted to controlateral 'oculomotor nucleus (adduction of left eye is not possible). Thus, on attempting right lateral gaze, abduction of right eye is possible but adduction of left eye does not occur. There may be saccades in right eye during abduction.
Convergence is maintained in internuclear ophthalmoplagia as the pathway for convergence is different and does not involve medial longitudinal fasciculus. The convergence pathways run directly into the midbrain without involving MLF. [/INST] question: A patient presents with diplopia with limitations of adduction in the left eye and abducting saccade in the right eye. Convergence is preserved. Most likely etiology is- | options: A: Partial 3rd nerve palsy B: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia C: Duane's reactionary syndrome D: Absence of medial rectus muscle | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You're listening to Radio Five. Regular listeners know that every Tuesday I give a list of places in the city that are looking for volunteers.
Tiny Tot Preschool is looking for someone who will sing songs to the children on Thursday mornings. The best person for this job would be someone who can play the piano or the guitar.
Primary School 39 needs volunteers to teach students English after school on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.If you are good at English,this is a great chace.
The Parks Department needs volunteers to help plant many trees before May Day. If you like to work outside and protect the environment, this job is just for you.
Lastly, the Community Center is looking for volunteers to work with old people on weekends. You can help read newspapers to the old people with bad eyesight. The Center also needs a few students to do fix-up work on houses. If you often help your grandfather repair his house, maybe this is the best job for you.
If you are interested in any of the jobs, you can call us at 5478-6638.
That's all for now. People need your help. Volunteer Today. [/INST] question: We can get some information about volunteers on Radio Five _ . | options: A: on Sunday B: on Tuesday C: on Wednesday D: on Thursday | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Branches of ulnar aeryA) In cubital fossa1) Anterior ulnar recurrent :- Anastomoses with inferior ulnar collateral in from of medial epicondyle.2) Posterior ulnar recurrent :- Anastomoses with superior ulnar collateral behind medial cpicondyle.3) Common interosseous :- Divides intoi) Anterior interosseous : It is the deepest aery of front of forearm. It is accompanied by anterior interosseous nerve (a branch of median nerve). It pierces interosseous membrane at upper border of pronator quadratus to enter into extensor (dorsal) compament. Its branches are : (a) muscular branches for deep muscles of front of forearm; (b) nutrient aery to radius and ulna; and (c) median aery.ii) Posterior interosseous : Near its origin, it gives of interosseous recurrent aery which ends by anastomosing with middle collateral aery.B) In forearm1) Palmar carpal branch2) Dorsal carpal branchC) In palm :- These are terminal branches.i) Deep branch :- Completes the deep palmar arch on medial side by joining the terminal pa of radial aery.ii) Superficial branch :- Forms the major pa of superficial palmar arch. [/INST] question: Common interosseous aery is a branch of - | options: A: Brachial aery B: Radial aery C: Ulnar aery D: Profunda branchii aery | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Good ventricular function and low pulmonary vascular resistance are essential requirements for a successful Fontan procedure. The Fontan operation should not be performed when ventricular ejection fraction is less than 30% or ventricular end-diastolic pressure is greater than 15 mm. Hg. Pulmonary vascular resistance in excess of 4 Woods units should also be considered an absolute contraindication for Fontan correction. Age at the time of Fontan procedure does not appear to be a major risk factor, except before age 2 years. Although patients who have survived into the third or fouh decade are likely to have ventricular dysfunction, a Fontan procedure can be performed successfully in these older patients if ventricular function and pulmonary vascular resistance meet the above criteria. In patients with tricuspid atresia a competent mitral valve is impoant for satisfactory cardiac output after the Fontan procedure. The presence of severe mitral insufficiency, however, should not necessarily contraindicate the procedure. In these cases it is recommended that the mitral valve be repaired or replaced in combination with the creation of a bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. A completion Fontan operation is performed later. Distoed or stenosed pulmonary aeries are common sequelae of systemic-to-pulmonary aery shunts and may result in unsatisfactorily high pulmonary vascular resistance. In most cases, these stenoses can be repaired at the time of Fontan correction or with a bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. [/INST] question: Which of the following should contraindicate performance of the Fontan procedure? | options: A: Patient age of 25 years B: Severe mitral insufficiency C: Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 18 mm. Hg D: Right pulmonary aery stenosis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: By Road Around the World
Nickname: Walker
Email: [email protected]
When to travel: May 2011-Aug 2011
Who am I: I am 55. From my childhood, have this dream to go around the world by hitch hiking. However this is now changed and I want to go by road.
My travel plans: Going throughout the world and study various people, culture, habits.
Who am I looking for: A female companion, and she must have similar interest as me.
Just for fun
Nickname: Stream
Email: [email protected]
When to travel: Jan 2011-Dec 2011
Who am I: Young slim girl, looking to see Asia with anyone who wants to travel.
My travel plans: I most prefer a white man in his late30's to have fun with me as he travels either on business or leisure trips
Whom am I looking for: Someone who is honest, friendly; good sense of humor, adventurous.
22yr old Australian looking for travel companion
Nickname: Angela
Email: alyssia _ [email protected]
When to travel: March 2011
Who am I: a lovely girl, with fun, honest, caring.
My travel plans: I will be traveling to Europe cities, then the world!
Who am I looking for: An extremely fun and entertaining male/female, middle-aged, someone that I can enjoy every travel moment with.
Fun and maybe more
Nickname: Sunnygirl
Email: [email protected]
When to travel: Jun2011-Aug2011
Who am I: Slender African girl in her late 20's. Quite charming, loving, pretty,fun to be with.
My travel plans: Nothing in mind for sure, just looking to come with you.
Whom am I looking for: Looking for a white male between 40-50 years, someone who is full of energy and lively. [/INST] question: What way would Walker like to choose for his travel this time? | options: A: By plane B: By road C: By water D: By hitch hiking | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Habits,whether good or bad,are gradually formed when a person does a certain thing again.He is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly, and then a habit is formed.Once a habit is formed,it is difficult,and sometimes impossible,to get rid of.It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits.Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live older. Persons also form bad habits lasting as long as they live,and sometimes become ruined by them.
There are other habits which,when formed in early life,are of great help.Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life,such as early rising,honesty and so on.
Among the habits which children should not form are laziness,lying,stealing and so on.These habits are all easily formed.Unfortunately older persons often form habits which could have been avoided.
We should keep away from all these bad habits,and try to form such habits as will be good for
ourselves and others. [/INST] question: are formed little by little. | options: A: Good habits B: Bad habits C: Both good habits and bad habits D: Neither good habits nor bad habits | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax. (1) Sporozoites present in the salivary gland of female Anopheles mosquito are injected into skin capillaries when the mosquito bites humans. (2) They enter liver cells to initiate exoerythrocytic schizogony. Some sporozoites become dormant hypnozoites (2a,b) which are reactivated after varying intervals to produce relapses. Most sporozoites complete the pre-erythrocytic schizogony (2c). to form merozoites which infect red blood cells, to initiate the cycle of erythrocytic schizogony (3) which is repeated every 48 hours. Some merozoites initiategametogony, forming male and female gametocytes (4) which are ingested by mosquito in its blood meal. Male gametocyte undergoes exflagellation.(5) one male gamete feilises female gamete to form zygote. It develops into the motile ookinete, which penetrates the stomach wall and becomes the oocyst inside which sporozoites develop. (6) Sporozoites released by rupture of mature oocyst (7) enter the haemocoele (8) and reach the salivary glands of the mosquito [/INST] question: Infectous stage of plasmodium is - | options: A: Trophozoite B: Cryptozoite C: Sporozoite D: Merozoite | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the summer of 1978 an English man named Steven was driving his tractor through a field of wheat when he discovered something strange. Some of his wheat was lying on the ground. The flattened wheat formed a circle about six meters across . Around this circle were four smaller circles of flattened wheat.
Three years later a farmer who lived nearby discovered almost the same circles in one of his fields. These circles were larger--nearly 15 meters across . That same year , another English farmer discovered three circles of flattened wheat on his land--one large circle between two small circles. During the following years, farmers in England found circles in their fields more and more often.
The circles are called "crop circles" because they usually appear in fields of wheat or corn. The wheat in the circles lies on the ground but is never broken; it keeps on growing, and the farmers can later harvest it. Farmers always discover the crop circles in the morning, so the circles probably form at night. They appear only in the months from May to September. What causes the crop circles?
At first, people thought that some kids were making them as a joke, or that farmers were making them to attract tourists.(In fact, in 1991, two men said they made the circles themselves, but many scientists don't believe them.) People tried to copy them: They tried to make circles exactly like the ones the farmers had found. They couldn't do it. They couldn't enter a field of wheat without leaving tracks, and they couldn't flatten the wheat without breaking it.
Several times people reported seeing stranger objects near the fields where crop circles later appeared. Many people believe that these crop circles are the messages sent by living things from outer space or the marks left by their spaceships.
Scientists who have studied the crop circles try to find out what causes them. In the summer of 1990 some scientists spent three weeks in the part of England where many circles have appeared. They had all the latest high-tech equipment . The equipment--worth 1.8 million dollars--got nothing. But one night, as the scientists were watching a field, crop circles formed in the field behind them, which were quite different from the others. The scientists had neither seen nor heard anything.
When Steven discovered the crop circles on his land in 1978, he said, "It was just like something that had landed in the field from the air and gone back up again. I don't know what to make of these things."
Crop circles have appeared in England, Japan, the United States and Russia. Experts from all over the world have studied them, and they say what Steven said: They don't know what to make of these things. [/INST] question: "Flattened wheat" means _ . | options: A: broken wheat B: lying wheat C: harvested wheat D: growing wheat | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I'm trying to be a writer, but I can't even start. What should I do?
Abraham, Nebraska
There are many ways to come up with ideas, one of which is to write down a list of your experiences, as well as things from your imagination. When you want to write, look in the notebook for ideas.
Books for writers often have good suggestions, too. One we like isSpilling Ink: A Yong Writer's Handbook by Anne Mazer and Ellen Potter. Perhaps your library has it.
My classmates keep asking about a new movie I've seen. But I don't want to spoil it for them. What should I do?
Corinne (by e-mail)
You could ask your classmates whether they are sure they want to know and if they insist, go ahead and tell them. You may be able to give them a general idea of the movie without revealing details of the ending.
I'm going to a soccer camp for youth, but I'm not sure if I'm good at soccer or if I'll make friends.
Louise, New Hampshire
Soccer camp is for people who share an interest in the sport. No matter what a person's ability is at the beginning, it's likely that everyone will leave camp with improved skills.
Sharing a common interest may make conversations easier. Smile, be friendly, and have a sense of humor. Before long, you may find that you've made some good friends.
Someone invited me to a birthday party. When I got there, kids were doing stuff I'm not interested in, like watching scary movies. I told them my mom would pick me up, so I just left. Was I rude for doing that?
Sam (by e-mail)
You just did the right thing and that isn't being rude.
We hope you'll talk with your parents about this. They're probably proud of what you did. They may have other suggestions for you, too. Talk about different situations that might come up and what would be the best way to handle them. [/INST] question: Who is interested inSpilling Ink: A Yong Writer's Handbook? | options: A: Corinne B: Louise C: Abraham D: Sam | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Affordable Boutique Hotels in New York City
By STEPHEN HEYMAN June 20, 2010
A new breed of hotels is trying to stand out from the masses with designer details, memorable allowances and prices around $250 a night.
Welcome to Boutique Hotel.
To Get Those Summer Tickets in New York, Strategize
By FELICIA R. LEE May 28, 2010
"The Merchant of Venice" is on show. Tickets can now be requested online, Most New Yorkers know the drill: on the day of the show, line up outside the Theater in Central Park several hours before 1 p.m., when free tickets start being handed out.
Climbing the Walls in Brooklyn
By LOUISE STORY May 28, 2010
Since opening last fall, Brooklyn Boulders, an 18,000-square-foot gym, has become a destination for New York rock climbers of all levels.
Hotel Review: Ace Hotel, New York
By FRED A. BERNSTEIN September 27, 2009
The owners are hoping that guests will enjoy the spacious accommodations, but that depends on whether they find the hotel's oddities off-putting or endearing.
Tent City: A Child's Urban Adventure
By ERIC KONIGSBERG July 24, 2009
One of the better-kept secrets of the city is the series of one-night family campouts that the Parks & Recreation Department has every summer weekend. [/INST] question: If you want to stay in a hotel in New York City for a week and enjoy designer details, memorable allowances, you need to get prepared for at least _ . | options: A: $ 1550 B: $ 1650 C: $ 1750 D: $ 1850 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Beets were a new couple . The things in their rooms, such as the television, the computer, the fridge, furniture and so on, were all left by their parents. They only paid some money for their food and clothes. But they tried their best to save money. If they had something important to tell their friends, they always visited them instead of calling them.
One day, it was a quarter past nine. Mr. Beet didn't come back. His wife was a little worried. The supper was cold and she had waited for two hours. She was sitting by the table in the dark room.
Suddenly the woman heard someone coming upstairs. It was her husband's step. She hurried to open the door. In the dark she could hear his deep breathing . As soon as he sat down, she turned on the light and found he looked very tired.
"Why do you come back so late, dear?" asked the woman. "Haven't you caught a bus?"
"Yes, but I didn't take it." "Why not?"
"I ran after it so that I saved two dollars this evening."
"That's great!" the woman said happily. "Run after a taxi next time and you'll save both more time and money." [/INST] question: The supper was ready at _ . | options: A: 6:15 B: 6:30 C: 6:45 D: 7:15 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dogs are prone to complex emotions such as jealousy and pride, according to scientific research that sheds new light on their relationship with humans.
Dogs do not like seeing their owners offering affection to other creatures, especially other dogs, and react negatively when their owners bring home new partners, the research found.
Psychologists previously believed most animals lack the "sense of self" needed to experience so-called secondary emotions such as jealousy, embarrassment or guilt. These emotions are more complex than feelings associated with instant reaction such as anger, lust or joy.
Dr Friederike Range, of theprefix = st1 /UniversityofVienna's neurobiology department, has shown that dogs feel intensely jealous when they spot that they are unfairly treated compared with other dogs.
The dog study is the latest into several species, including cows, horses, cats and sheep, which have shown that animals are far more self-aware than we thought.
Dr Paul Morris, a psychologist at theUniversityofPortsmouthwho studies animal emotions, told The Sunday Times, "We are learning that dogs, horses, and perhaps many other species are far more emotionally complex than we ever realised. They can suffer simple forms of many emotions we once thought only primates could experience. "
In research among dog owners, Dr Morris found almost all of them reported jealous behaviour by their pets. The dog often tried to keep their owner away from a new lover in the early days of a relationship.
Behavioural experts recommend owners keeping their dogs' routine as much as possible when a new partner or child comes along in order to prevent jealous activities from the dog such as interruptions with barking. [/INST] question: It was thought that in the past most animals _ . | options: A: are self-aware B: are not self-aware C: are intelligent D: are color1-blind | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How did your parents celebrate when you were born? Of course you can't remember, but they can. They have photos or videos from a ceremony of some kind.
In the United States, the proud parents of a new baby often put something on their front door. It's an exciting time for them, and they want to share the good news with their neighbors. For example, they put balloons on their door. Pink balloons mean the baby is a girl. Blue ones are for boys.
People around the world often celebrate a new baby's birth with some kinds of ceremonies, perhaps a religious ceremony. This perhaps takes place when a baby is a few days or weeks old. Take what people do in Mexico as an example, many new parents dress their babies in special clothes take them to church.In some African countries, the family plants a tree near the house. In Korea, there is a traditional ceremony on the baby's 100th day. And it's the same in China. On that day, all family members and friends get together to have a big meal, with all the best wishes that the baby will grow up happily and healthily.
The parents of new babies often receive presents. In the United States, friends send cards, flowers or baby clothes. In China, family members and friends give money or presents.
Presents, celebrations---these are great, but what do most new parents really need? More sleep! [/INST] question: If you see _ balloons on the front door of an American house, a boy is born. | options: A: pink B: green C: blue D: yellow | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some etiquette in modern life
Do you often use a mobile phone? Do you take the subway to school every day? These items make our modern life easier. But do you know how we should behave properly while using them? The following suggestions might be helpful.
For mobile phone users
*Keep your voice down when you make a phone call in public. Shouting on the phone may make others feel uncomfortable. And you'd better not use it during an appointment .
*Stop sending messages or playing games with your mobile phone at a dinner or a party. It's a good time to communicate with your family and friends.
*Don't make or answer a call while driving. It is not only very dangerous for both you and your passengers but also against the law.
For subway passengers
*You are supposed to wait in line while buying tickets and getting on the subway.
*You're not allowed to eat, drink or smoke on the subway train. The smell and noise may trouble others. It's our duty to keep the train clean and tidy. Besides, smoking is bad for health.
*You can't take pets on the train. As we all know, animals may
and get the train dirty. [/INST] question: Which items are proper when using your mobile phone? | options: A: We can send messages or play games at a dinner or a party B: We can't make or answer a call while driving C: We can use it during an appointment D: We can make a phone call loudly in public | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pili (a) or fimbriae are hair like structures that are found on the surface of many bacteria. They are composed of repeated subunits of the pilin protein. They promote bacterial adherence to each other and bacterial adherence to different host tissues. Uropathogenic E. coli colonize the urinary tract and resist the washing action of urine through their pili. The tip of the pilus contains a specific protein that recognizes a receptor on the host cell. The other choices are not involved in E. coli uropathogenesis. Capsules (e) are loose polysaccharide or protein layers that surround the gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria. Capsules are antiphagocytic, protect the bacteria from hydrophobic molecules, and promote adhere of certain bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans to host tissues. Flagella (d), which are anchored on the bacterial surface, are essential for bacterial motility. The heat-labile (c) and heat-stabile toxins are enterotoxins secreted by the enterotoxigenic E. coli. These toxins produce watery diarrhea by stimulating hypersecretion of fluids. LPS (b) composes the outer leaflet of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria and is an endotoxin, which stimulates innate immune responses. [/INST] question: A 24-year-old female presented with pain during urination. Gram stain of the uncentrifuged urine revealed the presence of gram-negative rods. What virulence factor is essential for the survival of these uropathogenic bacteria in the urinary tract? | options: A: Pili B: LPS (endotoxin) C: Heat labile toxin D: Flagella | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hirschsprung's disease is due to defective neural crest cell migration from cecum to rectum resulting in congenital absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the bowel wall Hirschsprung's disease - Hirschsprung disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, is a developmental disorder (neurocristopathy) of the enteric nervous system Pathophysiology - The enteric neuronal plexus develops from neural crest cells that migrate into the bowel wall during embryogenesis. Hirschsprung disease occurs when the normal migration of neural crest cells from cecum to rectum is disrupted. This produces a distal intestinal segment that lacks both the Meissner submucosal plexus and the Auerbach myenteric plexus ("aganglionosis"), and thus fails to develop coordinated peristaltic contractions Clinical features - Delayed passage of Meconium Bilious vomiting Abdominal distension Complications like Intestinal perforation and Rectal bleeding Diagnosis - A) Barium enema - Contracted involved segment become narrow Dilated normal proximal segment B) Intestinal Biopsy - gives definite diagnosis Absence of Ganglion cells Nerve trunk hyperophy Increased Acetylcholinesterase activity in involved segment Rx - Surgery (Surgical resection of involved segment f/b anastomosis of Normal segments) [/INST] question: Which of the following is a cause of Hirschsprung disease in a patient ? | options: A: Failure of migration of neural crest cells B: Excessive peristalsis of the affected pa of the gut C: Failure of involution of vitelline duct D: Obstruction secondary to an infectious agent | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: To get started, sit with your feet up or lie on your side. Count each of your baby'smovements as one kick, and count until you reach 10 kicks or movements. Most of the time it will take less than a half-hour, but it could take as long as two hours. Log your recorded times into a Count the Kicks chart. The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (aka L-S or L/S ratio) is a test of fetal amniotic fluid to assess for fetal lung immaturity. Lungs require surfactant, a soap-like substance, to lower the surface pressure of the alveoli in the lungs. Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placentalhormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. HPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5-7 mg/L. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes. [/INST] question: To diagnosis foetal wellbeing of foetus, most reliable method -(UPSC 97) | options: A: L:S ratio B: HPL levels C: Kick test D: Ultrasound | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A Bite of China Season Two(<< >> ) is coming! The program is shown at 9:00 on CCTV-1 every Friday night from April 18 to June 6, 2014. There are altogether eight episodes , all about history andculture of food, eating and cooking in China. The directors spent one year visiting more than 150 different parts of China. More than 300 types of food are covered in the documentary.
As an old Chinese saying goes, _ . It plays an important role in our daily life, and the rich food culture is also one of the most important parts of Chinese culture.A Bite of China Season Twowants to show the joys and sadness of ordinary Chinese in changing times through food.
A Bite of China Season Onewas shown on CCTV in 2012. It attracted more than 100 million viewers. It is all about food, while the second season cares more about the relationship between the people and the food. For example, the first episode shows a young man spent four hours climbing a 40-metre-high tree to get something nice for his brother.
The show reminds viewers of their homes and the tastes of childhood. One Weibo user wrote, "A Bite o f China Season Twomakes me have so many words to say. It makes me think of my parents and my grandmother. I haven't been home for a long time, so I have decided to go back in a few days." The show uses food as a window to introduce China to the world. Viewers can see how Chinese people love life by loving food. Anyone who wants to know more about Chinese culture and Chinese society should have a bite of the program. [/INST] question: How many types of food are covered in this program? | options: A: 150 B: More than 150 C: More than 300 D: 300 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The largest animal ever to live on Earth is the blue whale . It weighs about 80 tons-more than 24 big elephants. It is more than 30 metres long. A new baby whale weighs as much as a big elephant. Cats won't die if they fall off very high places because they can turn themselves up the right way so as to keep their bodies safe. One cat fell off 32 floors onto the street, but it was just hurt a little. A bear can run as fast as a horse. A new-born panda is smaller than a mouse and weighs about 100 grams. Elephants are the most careful animals in their love. A male elephant may show his lady love for up to three years until the female elephant takes his love. They often show their love by touching each other's body. Usually, wolves do not hurt people. For years a Canadian newspaper says that they would give anyone a lot of money if he or she could show that a wolf could hurt a person. But nobody could do that. Wolves do not usually go together though they may do this in winter and they only hurt people at an unusual time. [/INST] question: How much does a new-born blue whale weigh? | options: A: About 10 tons B: As much as a baby elephant C: About 80 tons D: About 3 tons | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Each Indian was supposed to keep his birth name until he was old enough to earn one for himself.But his playmates would always give him a name of their own.No matter what his parents called him, his childhood friends would use the name they had chosen.Often it was not pleasing, such as Bow Legs or Bad Boy.But sometimes a name fit so well that the youngster found it difficult to shake it off.If he could not earn a better one from a war later, he could be stuck with a name like Bow Legs for the rest of his life.
The Indian earned his real name when he was old enough for his first fight against the enemy.His life name depended on how he acted during this first battle.When he returned from the war, the whole tribe would gather and observe the ceremony in which he would be given his name by the chief.If he had done well, he would get a good name.Otherwise he might be called Crazy Wolf or Man-Afraid-Of-a-Horse.So an Indian's name told his record or described the kind of man he was.
A man was given many chances to improve his name, however.If in a later battle he was brave in fighting against the enemy, he was given a better name.Some of our great fighters had as many as twelve names--all good and each better than the last.
An Indian's names belonged to him for the rest of his life.No one else could use them.Even he himself could not give them away because names were assigned by the tribe, not the family.So no man could pass on his name unless the chief and the tribe asked him to do so.
Sometimes an Indian would be asked to give his name to a son who had performed a noticeable deed.I know of only three of four times when this happened.It is the rarest honor for a person--the honor of assuming his father's name. [/INST] question: An Indian could be given the second name by _ . | options: A: his father B: the enemy C: the chief of the tribe D: his childhood friends | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 30-mile road that runs through the mountains of Willie Valley makes most drivers' hands sweat. But Andersen, a 46-year-old father of four, wasn't expecting any trouble on the road last New Year's Eve, when he set off for a ski trip to the Bear Mountains with nine-year-old daughter Mia, four-old son Baylor, and nine-year-old neighbor Kenya. Andersen had driven through the Valley hundreds of times over the years.
The weather was fine. But the higher they drove, the more slippery the road became. Rounding a sharp U-turn, Andersen saw a heavy truck off the road and immediately hit his brakes. In a minute, the car was going at 25 miles per hour down the mountain before falling down from a ten-foot dam into the extremely cold Logan River.
The crash had broken a few windows, and within seconds, the car was filled with water. "It was frightening that we were going fast into deep water," remembers Andersen, a soft-spoken manager.
Having lost all sense of direction, Andersen began to search the freezing water for the kids. Mia had been right next to him in the front seat; now, in the blackness, he couldn't find her. "I thought, if I don't get out, maybe none of us are going to get out." Andersen got out of his seat belt, swam through a broken window, and, deeply and quickly, breathed air at the surface. That's when he saw a group of men, about ten in all, appear at the top of the dam. One after another, they rushed down into the water. Helping onto safety all the three children, they began to shout at the father, "Who else is in the car?"
Andersen says respectfully, " _ ." [/INST] question: What might be the main cause of the car accident? | options: A: The bad weather B: The high dam C: The sudden brake D: The heavy truck | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are two mice. They are called Bill and Paul. They are good friends. One mouse lives in the country; the other mouse lives in the city. On a sunny day they meet in the street.
Paul: Hi, Bill! Have a look at my house in the country. I'm sure you can enjoy yourself.
Bill: I'd love to. But I hear that the food is not delicious, and your house is not good. Is it so?
Paul: No, that's not true. Go and see!
Then Bill goes to the countryside with Paul.
Bill: Why do you live in a hole in the field? You should come and live in the city. You would live in a nice house made of stone. You would have better food to eat. You must come and see me at my house in the city.
Paul: Thanks! Maybe you are right. I'll visit your house one day.
_ days later Paul goes to Bill's house in the city. The house is big and beautiful. They are sitting in the sitting-room, having a big dinner comfortably. Suddenly, there a great noise.
Bill: Run! Run! The cat is coming!
Paul: Oh, no! It's terrible! Both the house and the food are nice, but I do not like living in the city. I enjoy living in my hole in the field, for it is nice to be poor but happy than to be rich but afraid. [/INST] question: What the relationship between Bill and Paul? | options: A: They are friends B: They are relatives C: They are brothers D: They are neighbors | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Career success could be predicted as early as kindergarten, according to a 20-year study recently published in the American Journal of Public Health.
Researchers from Pennsylvania State University and Duke University tracked more than 700 children from across the US between kindergarten and age 25 and found a significant correlation between their social skills as kindergartners and their success as adults two decades later.
In 1991, teachers assessed how the kindergartners interacted with each other socially using a range of criteria like whether they cooperate with their peers without prompting , if they're helpful to others, whether they're good at understanding feelings, and if they can solve problems on their own.
Researchers then kept track of whether the students went on to graduate high school on time, get a college degree, and find and keep a full-time job by 25. They also monitored the participants' involvement with crime, drug abuse, public assistance, and mental health issues.
The results showed that socially competent children were far more likely to earn a college degree and have a full-time job by 25 than those with limited social skills. Those with limited social skills also had a higher chance of getting arrested, binge drinking, and applying for public housing.
"This study shows that helping children develop social and emotional skills is one of the most important things we can do to prepare them for a healthy future," said Kristin Schubert, program director at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, which funded the research, in a release.
"From an early age, these skills can determine whether a child goes to college or prison, and whether they end up employed or addicted." The good news, according to Damon Jones, lead author of the study, is that intervention at a young age can help improve social and emotional skills. "This research by itself doesn't prove that higher social competence can lead to better outcomes later on," he said. "But when combined with other research, it is clear that helping children develop these skills increases their chances of success in school, work, and life." [/INST] question: What has the 20-year study found? | options: A: Most kindergartners can solve problems alone B: Helpful children understand other's feeling better C: Outgoing children cooperate with their peers easily D: Social skills play a key role in children's development | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Isolated upper extremity hypeension (200/140 mm Hg), with absent/diminished femoral pulses, is characteristic of coarctation of the aoaSeizures may be due to severe hypeension or due to intracranial haemorrhage(from berry aneurysms which are more common in patients with coarctation)The classic sign of coarctation of the aoa is a disparity in pulsations and blood pressures in arms and legsThe femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses are weak (or absent in about 40% of patients) in contrast to bounding pulses in the arms and carotid vesselsBP in the legs is lower than in the arms and 90% of patients have hypeension in upper extremity greater than the 95th percentile for ageAge (yrs)95th percentile (mm Hg)>1 110/601-5115/756-10125/8511-18140/90Takayasu aooaeritis may also present with severe hypeension and absent femoral pulses due to acquired mid-aoic coarctation (but this is an uncommon presentation)Most commonly affects subclan aery and more commonly presents with claudicationCoarctation TakayasuMore commonMore common in boysUpper extremity hypeensionBounding pulses in arms and diminished or absent pulses in lower limbsHypeension is frequentLess commonMore common in girls (8:1 = f:m)Absent or decreased upper limb pulses and blood pressure difference between left and right arms are characteristicHypeension is frequentSystemic symptoms are more common(ref: Harrison's 18/e p1925) [/INST] question: A 10-year old boy presents to the pediatric emergency unit with seizures. Blood pressure in the upper extremity measured as 200/140 mm Hg. Femoral pulses were not palpable. The most likely diagnosis amongst the following is: | options: A: Takayasu's aooaeritis B: Renal parenchymal disease C: Grand mal seizures D: Coarctation of aoa | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Varicella virus Congenital Varicella syndrome is characteristically associated with limb reduction defects (if infection occurs prior to limb bud formation) and scarring of skin The association of Limb reduction defects with scarring of skin suggests the diagnosis of congenital varicella syndrome. Limb reduction defects (Limb hypoplasia) and congenital varicella. Limb reduction defects are seen if infection occurs prior to or during limb bud formation. The virus has a tendency to select tissues that are in a rapid development stage such as the limb buds Fetus infected at 6-12 weeks of gestation appears to have maximal interruption with limb development. This may result in 1 or more shoened and malformed extremities. The remaining of the torso may be entirely normal in appearance. Scarring of Skin (Cicatrical skin lesions) and Varicella Scarring of skin is a common feature of congenital varicella syndrome. The characteristic cutaneous lesion has been called a 'Cicatrix' 'Cicatrix' represents zigzag scarring in a dermatomal distribution (and is often associated with atrophy of the affected limb) This characteristic cicatrical scaring is believed to represent the cutaneous residua of WV infection of the sensory nerves analogous to herpes zoster. [/INST] question: Hypoplasia of limbs & scarring is caused due to aEUR' | options: A: Varicella B: Herpes simplex C: Rubella D: Toxoplasma | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How much paper do you use every year? Maybe you can't answer this question quickly. In 1900 the world's use of paper was about one kilogram for each person in a year. Now some countries use 50 kilograms of paper for each person in a year. But countries like America, England and Sweden certainly use more paper than other countries.
Paper was first made in China about 2000 years ago. It was made from the hair-like parts of certain plants. Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. In 1500, a German named Schaeffer found out that one could make the best paper from trees. After that the forest countries of Canada, Sweden, America, Finland became the most important ones in paper making.
When we think of paper, we think of newspapers, books and writing paper. But there are many other uses. Only half of the paper is used for books and things like that. Paper is very good for keeping you warm. Houses are often insulated(, ) with paper. You may see some men asleep on a large number of newspapers. They're insulating themselves from the cold. In Finland the temperature is sometimes -40 centigrade (C). The farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer.
Each year more and more things are made of paper. We have had paper cups and plates for a long time. But now we hear that chairs, tables and even beds can be made of paper. With paper boots and shoes, you can wear paper hats, paper dresses and paper raincoats. When you have used them away and buy new ones. People have made paper boats, but they haven't made paper planes or cars. Just wait they perhaps will. [/INST] question: How much paper does each person use in a year in some countries now? | options: A: One kilogram B: Fifteen kilograms C: Fifty kilograms D: Forty kilograms | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Under harsh environmental conditions, certain gram-positive bacteria convert from the vegetative state into a dormant state or spore. The spores, which are dehydrated structures, protect bacterial DNA and other contents from the effect of the intense heat, radiation, and standard disinfectants. If spores present in the food are not killed during preparation, and if the cooked food is left for several hours at room temperature, the spores will germinate allowing vegetative bacteria to produce the enterotoxin. The spore-forming gram-positive bacteria (a), Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus, produce enterotoxins that cause watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps but no fever. While very similar, the vignette suggests C. perfringens as the etiologic agent. Onset is more rapid than with B. cereus diarrheal toxin, and while the types of food overlap, temperature-abused food is frequently associated with C. perfringens. Among the gram-positive cocci (b), Staphylococcus aureus produces enterotoxin, but the onset is more abrupt (1-6 hours) and fever may be present. The gram-negative bacilli (a) must first colonize the intestine and grow, even if an enterotoxin is at the root of the diarrhea. Thus, onset of symptoms occurs from 24 hours to several days after ingestion of the food. Opportunistic fungi (d) are not known to be involved in food poisoning. Enteric viruses (e) such as norovirus and rotavirus require 12 to 48 hours and 1 to 3 days, respectively, for symptoms to appear. They are more commonly associated with foods contaminated by food workers during preparation (salads, sandwiches, and fruit), or food prepared with contaminated water (salads, fruit, and ice). [/INST] question: Guests at a party consumed beef broth that was boiled earlier in the day but left at room temperature for several hours. The individuals presented with symptoms of food poisoning, including watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps, 8 to 10 hours later. The symptoms lasted 24 hours. The agent that caused the symptoms is most likely which of the following? | options: A: Spore-forming gram-positive bacilli B: Gram-positive cocci C: Gram-negative bacilli D: An opportunistic fungus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Targeting teens
Using the Web makes teens a target. Posting too much personal information for those millions of cyber eyes to see can cause some big problems and can even invite a threat to your life.
As Mary learned, not everyone on the Internet is who he or she says they are. Adults will sometimes pose as other teens, posting fake photos and nice messages to gain trust. They use their fake identity to access the personal information of others, such as home address, phone number, or school name.
"That's not the most common scenario ", says David Finkelhor, a sociology professor at the University of New Hampshire. "Only 3 percent of teens aged 10 to 18 who use the Internet report being asked to meet offline. But the danger is real.
Safety measures
Mary's My Space profile is set to "private", which means that only the people she adds under the "friend" category can access her page. She also doesn't have any pictures of herself on her site. The only self-identifying material she has posted is her name, grade, and a list of hobbies.
"People can only add me if they know my last name or my e-mail, "Mary says. " I don't want random people to see my profile. I just go online to talk to my friends."
Stay safe and have fun online
Experts say almost 90 percent of U.S. teens are online. But not everyone knows how to surf the Web in a smart way. With these tips, you can have fun, stay safe, and avoid embarrassment!
Pick a safe password. Make sure your password is something that other people won't be able to guess. Use numbers in between letters. "spar123ky" is better than "sparky 123."
Pick a safe username. Make sure yours doesn't say too much about you, "Happygirl13" is better than "AliceWaters13." Don't include your name, age, or where you are from. Never tell a stranger your name, school, address, age, birthday, phone number, or friends' names. [/INST] question: Who is most likely to be a victim online? | options: A: A liar B: A teenager C: A stranger D: An honest person | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fluorescein angiography is primarily used for retinal vasculature because:-
Fluorescein is readily bound to the albumin in the blood stream. The blood-retinal barrier, by preventing dye leakage in the physiological state facilitates the delineation of retinal vessels of all calibres. In the choroidal circulation, fluorescein passes freely across the endothelium of the capillaries to the extravascular space. Therefore fluorescein angiography is used primarily for retinal vasculature.
On the other hand, indocyanine green angiography is used primarily for choroidal vasculature because:-
Indocyanine green stays within the choroidal circulation and is stimulated by a longer wavelength of light than fluorescein dye. This provides a better resolution of the choroidal vasculature, especially choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM).
Therefore, ICG angiography is used for:-
The identification and delineation of poorly defined or occult choroidal neovasculorization.
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachments. [/INST] question: Indocyanine Green Angiography (ICG Angiography) is most useful in detecting – | options: A: Occult Choroidal Neovascularization (Occult CNV) B: Classic choroidal neovascularization(Calssic CNV) C: Angioid streaks with choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) D: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Smoking bans in public places are linked with falls in childhood asthma attacks and preterm births , according to the biggest analysis of the influence of public smoking bans on child health. The finding should remove fears that such laws could have the opposite effect because they may lead people to smoke more at home.
Several countries, such as Japan and Australia, have tightened laws on smoking in public places over the last few years. Meanwhile, some countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany, still allow smoking in pubs and restaurants. Only about half of US states have comprehensive bans, and there are few restrictions in poorer nations.
Opponents often claim that bans could result in people smoking more at home, which would be worse for their children's health. Asthma is one of the main concerns as second-hand smoke harms children's airways in several ways.
Researchers led by Jasper Been at Maastricht University Medical Centre reviewed as many as 11 studies that examined how hospital admissions for childhood asthma and preterm births changed after smoking bans came in. The studies involved more than 2.5 million births, and nearly 250,000 hospital admissions for asthma.
The result shows that both asthma admissions and preterm birth rates fell by about 10 percent within a year after smoking restrictions were carried out. The effect on preterm births could also have been caused by pregnant women being more likely to quit or cut down following a public ban, says Been. But Been also says the studies could not completely prove that smoking bans directly caused these changes. However, as a matter of fact, because the analysis included several smoking bans introduced in different countries in different years, and most saw health improvements.
Such findings are useful for countries and states where there is ongoing debate about how strict smoking bans should be, especially as hospital care for premature babies is so expensive. This might be one of the most important things to know in order to strengthen legislation .
Other studies have shown that rates of heart attack and stroke also tend to fall after smoking bans are introduced. [/INST] question: Laws on smoking bans in public places are going stricter in . | options: A: America B: Japan C: Germany D: Netherlands | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other _ in space.
Years ago, they knew many facts about the moon. They knew how big it was and how far away it was from the earth. But they wanted to know more about it .They thought and thought. At last they found the only way to know more was to send men to the moon.
The moon is about three hundred and eighty-four thousand kilometers away from the earth. A plane can not fly to the moon because the air reaches only 240 kilometers. Then there is no air. But something can fly even when there is no air. That is a rocket.
How does a rocket fly? There is gas in the rocket. When the gas is made very hot inside the rocket, it will rush out of the end of the rocket, so it can make the rocket fly up into the sky.
Rockets can fly far out into space. Rockets with men in them have already reached the moon. Some rockets without men in them have flown to other planets much farther away than the moon. One day rockets may be able to go to any place.
,A, B, C, D,. [/INST] question: The moon is about _ kilometers away from the earth. | options: A: 384000 B: 348000 C: 3840 D: 3480 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Solutions: Hallmark feature of malignant transformation Irreversible High degree of pleomorphism (variability) High nucleocytoplasmic ratio Abnormal mitotic figures Metaplasia: Epithelial metaplasia squamous metaplasia in the lungs of smokers Connective tissue metaplasia - myositis ossificans Dysplasia: Mid way b/w anaplasia and metaplasia,early stages reversible, later stages irreversible Anaplasia: Malignant neoplasms that are composed of poorly differentiated cells are said to be anaplastic. Lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is considered a hallmark of malignancy. Lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is often associated with many other morphologic changes. Pleomorphism Abnormal nuclear morphology (N:C ratio that may approach 1 : 1, instead of the normal 1 : 4 or 1 : 6) Mitosis Loss of polarity Growing tumor cells obviously require a blood supply, but often the vascular stroma is insufficient, and as a result in many rapidly growing malignant tumors develop large central areas of ischemic necrosis. [/INST] question: Absence of differentiation is known as:- | options: A: Metaplasia B: Anaplasia C: Dysplasia D: Hyperplasia | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What's On?
_
7.30pm-1.00am Free at the Cyclops Theatre
Do you know who's playing in your area? We're bringing you an evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract ? If so, come early to the talk at 7.30pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. He's going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce you music.
_
8.30pm-10.30pm Comedy at Kaleidoscope
Come and see Gee Whizz perform. He's the funniest stand-up comedian on the comedy scene. This joyful show will please everyone, from the youngest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knows how to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00pm for drinks and snacks .
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5.00pm-7.30pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage
This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy, and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years' experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.
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8.00pm-11.00pm Pizza World
Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best-selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta . Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine. [/INST] question: Who can help you if you want to have your music produced? | options: A: Jules Skye B: Gee Whizz C: Charlotte Stone D: James Pickering | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Refer Robbins 9/e p479 the percentage of each component is variable (Fig. 10-29A). Sheets of small blue cells with few distinctive features characterize the blastemal component. Epithelial differentiation is usually in the form of aboive tubules or glomeruli. Stromal cells are usually fibrocytic or myxoid in nature, although skeletal muscle differentiation is not uncom- mon. Rarely, other heterologous elements are identified, including squamous or mucinous epithelium, smooth muscle, adipose tissue, cailage, and osteoid and neurogenic tissue. Approximately 5% of tumors reveal anaplasia, defined as the presence of cells with large, hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei and abnormal mitoses (Fig. 10-29B). The presence of anaplasia correlates with the presence of TP53 mutations and the emergence of resistance to chemotherapy. Recall that p53 elicits pro-apoptotic signals in response to DNA damage (Chapter 7). The loss of p53 function might explain the relative unresponsiveness of anaplastic cells to cytotoxic [/INST] question: In which of the following conditions Aniridia and help hyperophy6 are most likely present | options: A: Nerublastoma B: Wilms tumor C: Non Hodgkin's lymphoma D: Germ cell tumor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Green" is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment--the water, the land, and the air we breathe. Why green? Plants are green, and without them the earth wouldn't be such a lovely home for us human beings.
Every day, people make choices that affect the amount of trash and pollution that gets produced in our world. What can you do? A whole lot, actually. Here's a four-step guide to being green:
Reduce the amount of stuff you use and throw away.
Reuse stuff when you can.
Recycle cans, bottles, paper, books, and even toys, Sometimes water can be. For instance, some communities take used water - like from the washing machine and shower - and clean it up so it's safe to use for watering the grass and flowers.
Enjoy the Earth - walk in the woods, plant a tree, and eat some of the delicious food it produces.
Here's a list of other stuff you can reduce:
Close the switches when you're not using lights.
Turn off the water when you're brushing your teeth..
When you can, walk or ride your bike instead of driving in the car. You'll use less gas - and get some exercise!
Turn off for your phone and MP3 player when you're not using them.
Put your computer to "sleep" instead of leaving it on with the screensaver running. [/INST] question: We can _ the paper and cans to being green. | options: A: recycle B: reuse C: reduce D: throw away | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Movie World
Movie world is the only movie-related theme park in Australia. With one of the best coast and a good handful of movie-related rides, you'll experience a fun-filled adventure with the glamour of Hollywood. Get "behind the scenes" movie information and stunt shows to keep the whole family entertained for the best part of a day.
Contact Information:
Phone: 07-5573-8485
Address: Pacific Motorway, Oxenford, Queensland 4210
Website: www.movieworld.com.au
Sea World
With an obvious emphasis on things that live in the water, Sea World has a fantastic range offish, sharks, dolphins, seals, polar bears and other assorted animals in the water. Throw in a bunch of great rides, water slides and roller coasters, Sea World emerges as perhaps the best all-round theme park on the Gold Coast.
Contact Information:
Phone: 07-5588-2222
Address: Sea World Drive, Main Beach, Queensland 42
Website: www.seaworld.com.au
Tropical Fruit World
Home of the world's largest variety of tropical fruit, it's free to get in and shop for gourmet varieties of bizarre, and wonderful fruits, or you can pay to check out the plantation safaris , mini train rides, jungle cruises and fruit tasting shows. Admission is about $32 for adults and $15 for kids and free for kids under 5.
Contact Information:
Phone: 02-6677-7222
Address: Duranbah Road, Duranbah, NSW 2487
Website: www.tropicalfruitworld.com.au
Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary
Crocodiles, kangaroos, koalas and almost all of the other famous Australian native animals are living in Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary. You can look at them, feed and pat some of them or just experience the fantastic 27 hectare bush land setting -- an oasis of wildlife amidst the Gold Coast bustle.
Contact Information:
Phone: 07-5534-1266
Address: 28 Tomewin Street Currumbin, Queensland 4223
Website: www.currumbin.sanctuary.org.au [/INST] question: If you want to watch stunt shows, you can go to _ . | options: A: Movie World B: Sea World C: Tropical Fruit World D: Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Causes efflux of drug A major problem in cancer chemotherapy is development of cellular drug resistance. These are of two types:- (i) Primary resistance When there is absence of response to drug on first exposure e.g. Malignant melanoma, Renal cell cancer and brain cancer. The presence of inherent drug resistance is thought to be associated with genomic instability that gave rise io the cancer. (ii) Acquired resistance In these cases the cancers were initially drug sensitive and became drug resistant, later on in the course of therapy. It can be :- Single drug resistance Cancer is resistant to a single drug and is based on change in genetic apparatus of a given tumour cell. Multi drug resistance Resistance develops to a variety of anticancer drugs. It is associated with increased expression of a normal gene --)MDR1 gene. MDRI gene encodes for P-glycoprotein Pcgp). P glycoprotein is a protective mechanism possessed by normal cells. Pgp is an ATP dependent membrane efflux pump. Its function is to expel a variety of foreign molecules including antitumour drugs from the cell. Long lived cells such as the haemopoietic stern cells, cells on excretory surfaces such as biliarr hepatocytes, proximal renal tubules and intestinal cells and the cells of the blood- brain barrier, all have high expression of Pgp. The MDR phenomenon illustrates how tumour cells adapt and enhance normal cell mechanism to deal with the effects of chemotherapy and how repeated cycles of chemotherapy select out a population of cells which have developed adaptive survival mechanism e.g. in myeloma where MDR proteins are rare at diagnosis but common at progression. [/INST] question: MDR gene acts by aEUR' | options: A: Block drug activation B: Block intracellular DNA synthesis C: Cause efflux of drug D: DNA repair inhibition | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. The US is well known for jazz , which has gained world-wide popularity.
In contrast to classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is natural and free-form. It is full of energy, expressing the moods, interests, and feelings of the people. It has a modern sound that makes people very excited. In the 1920s jazz sounded like America. And So it does today.
The origins of this music are as interesting as the music itself. Jazz was produced by American blacks, who were brought to the Southern States as slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long hours in the cotton and tobacco fields. This work was hard and life was short. When a Negro died, his friends and relatives formed a group to carry the body to the cemetery.
A band often went with them. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow and sad music. But on the way home the mood changed. _ Everybody was happy. Death had removed one of their members, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played happy music, which made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.
Music has always been important in their lives. Coming mainly from West Africa, the black men who were brought to America already possessed a rich musical tradition. This music centered on religious ceremonies in which dancing, singing, clapping and stamping to the beat of a drum were important forms of musical expression. As these people settled in to their fields, they made up work songs. Singing made the hard work go faster.
Another musical form that helped to develop jazz was the blues. Blues songs always describe something sad -- an unhappy love affair, a money problem, bad luck. To this day, the expression "feeling blue" means being sad. [/INST] question: Through jazz, people can express _ . | options: A: their moods B: their feelings C: their interests D: all the above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the year 1986 there was a terrible explosion. The explosion was at a nuclear power plant in another country called Ukraine. The radiation caused a lot of damage. It polluted the soil and other things. People lived in the area when the explosion happened. Twenty years later those people are still suffering. Effects from the explosion will go on for a long time.
Over two million people still live in the polluted areas. Only 56 people died from the explosion but many other problems have been caused because of it. Some types of cancer are more than 200 times above world average. Many children have cancer now and birth defects have doubled since the accident.
Some people in the United States are worried about the children living there. One group has been trying to raise money. They are called the Chernobyl Children's Project. They want to bring children from the Ukraine to the U.S. each summer.
A spokesperson for the group says that radiation is the highest in the summertime, so it is a good time to get the children out of the country. They want to help the children get away for a little while. The Project wants them to be safe from radiation.
It costs $1,500 to bring each child to the United States for six weeks. The group raised enough money to bring 28 children to the United States. The children were able to do lots of fun things. They enjoyed clean air, healthy food, and plenty of outdoor fun. One little nine-year-old girl who got to come to the United States said that she likes America.
A spokesperson for the Project said that the children that come to America during the summer miss less school when they return home. [/INST] question: The radiation_. | options: A: caused many deaths B: caused few problems C: was caused by the U.S D: polluted the soil and other things | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The man had Q-fever. This disease is caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii. This organism is extremely stable and can survive in milk and soil for a very long time. Infections in man occur when the organisms become airborne from a contaminated source such as soil or milk from a farm. Man can also become infected by drinking contaminated milk. That is why it is a good idea to drink only pasteurized milk. Most of the people exposed to Coxiella burnetii suffer an asymptomatic infection and most symptoms that people do experience are flu-like. Q-fever can occur a long time after the original exposure to the organism and this occurs primarily in people with congenital heart disease. In this case, SBE is most commonly seen. The two Chlamydophila organisms (psittaci and pneumoniae) are incorrect. The man got his infection working on his cattle ranch. The Chlamydophila are not extremely stable and do not survive in dust. Chlamydia trachomatis is incorrect because this organism is not extremely stable and does not survive in dust. While the viridans streptococci do cause SBE, they did not cause this man's infection because they are sensitive to penicillin and they would have grown out in his blood culture had they been present. [/INST] question: A 50-year-old man presented to his family doctor complaining of flu-like symptoms. The doctor gave him a shot of penicillin and sent him home. The man came back a week later and in fact, felt worse. The man was a rancher and raised a lot of cattle. He told the doctor that he had congenital heart disease and an attack of rheumatic fever when he was young. The man now complained of fever, night sweats, continual coughing, weight loss, and lethargy. The doctor had the man hospitalized because he now suspected subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). A culture of his blood did not show any bacterial growth, but a serum analysis for antibodies against a certain bacterium was positive. As a result of finding antibodies to this organism, treatment with doxycycline was begun and the patient improved and was released from the hospital. What was the name of the organism with which the man was infected? | options: A: Chlamydophila psittaci B: Chlamydophila pneumoniae C: Chlamydia trachomatis D: Coxiella burnetii | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Global Architecture Business Development Director
The person filling this position will develop the company's development plan and supervise the expansion of the business.Candidates should be able to have a background in successful business planning.
JOB DESCRIPTION
Responsible for managing external contracts and relationships with local businesses and the local government offices.Responsible for evaluating the success of projects and services.
QUALIFICATIONS,TRAINING and EXPERIENCE
A degree in business management.Minimum of five years' relevant experience,preferably managing a multi-functional team.Excellent sales, negotiation and interpersonal skills are key requirements of the job.Strong numerical and analytical ability and a solid grasp of computer spreadsheet applications are essential. Personnel management required.Good communication skills are essential,both written and verbal.Must be willing to travel.
Send cover letter and resume to:
Marko Cerise
Human Relations Manager
Global Architecture Associates
Dear Mr. Cerise,
I read your job advertisement in Professional Monthly and believe that I am well suited to fill the position.
For the past 6 years I have been working as the regional promotions manager for a national chain of book stores. In this position,1 was responsible for supervising a team of six promotions and marketing staff.It was my responsibility to plan the sales events and promotional campaigns,and produce evaluation reports on the efficacy of each campaign.The position involved regular visits to each of the nine branches in the area,so I am used to spending a significant part of my working week on the road.
A big part of the job was communicating with both senior management and individual store managers to ensure that new product lines were appropriately supported and within budget targets.I have found working in this position to be very rewarding but 1 feel I am ready for a change and look forward to facing new challenges.
In respect to my current position,1 would be willing to start within one month of receiving a job offer.
For further employment and educational details please see the accompanying resum.
Sincerely,
Jennifer Dankert [/INST] question: What kind of work is advertised? | options: A: Human resources B: Architecture C: Management D: Marketing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Televisions were among the most talked about items at the 2013 International Consumer Electronics Show last week in Las Vegas, Nevada. Some employed the most advanced technology ever.
Some of the TVs used a new technology called Organic Light Emitting Diodes, or OLED. They were thinner, lighter, offered better color1 and were brighter than traditional LEDs. Smart TVs this year were smarter. Many offered technology that let users have a more personalized experience. One such TV from the electronics company TCL uses sensors and voice recognition to determine who is watching. It then offers programming based on the specific user. Another TV from Panasonic offers a similar personalized user experience.
In addition to television technology, size also played a major part in CES 2013. Televisions varied in size from big to bigger, with at least two companies -- Samsung and HiSense -- exhibiting TVs measuring 110 inches.
The yearly Consumer Electronics Show is the biggest technology trade show in North America and one of the biggest in the world.
Gary Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, the group that organizes CES. He gave one of the keynote speeches on opening day.
"Now you know that CES is more than a trade show. It's a gathering of the brightest minds and the top leaders from many industries and those seeking a glimpse into the future."
That glimpse into the future included a look at digital health and fitness devices, which were also big at CES 2013. There were devices that track your activity and others that measure blood pressure, heart rate and weight. There was even a fork that tells you when you are eating too fast.
Cars, smart-phones, tablet computers and PCs also made news. And a 27-inch table computer drew quite a bit of attention.
CEA President Gary Shapiro says there was much to see but not nearly enough time to see it all. "You cannot see the show in the four days that you have. We have over 3200 different industries showing over 20,000 new products. It's ly incredible." [/INST] question: At the 2013 CES, which item drew the most attention? | options: A: Cars B: Smart-phones C: Computers D: Televisions | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Since the first Earth Day started on April 22, 1970, people around the world have been encouraged to protect the environment and natural resources.Gaylord Nelson started this holiday.On the first Earth Day, 20 million people took part in Earth Day events.
Earth Day activities can include learning something about technology like cars that are more environmentally friendly and special houses that save energy and water.An organization called the Earth Day Network encourages people to use clean energy which doesn't pollute the environment.Most of our energy comes from fossil fuels that are found underground. Coal, oil and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.Fossil fuels come from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Burning fossil fuels to create energy pollutes the air and water. Many scientists think that burning fossil fuels also increases the temperature of the earth. To reduce the use of fossil fuels. scientists are experimenting with hydrogen-powered cars. These cars don't pollute the air like gas-powered cars.
Some scientists guess that by 2025, fossil fuels will run out.When people can no longer use gasoline, they may use fuel cells instead. Fuel cells use hydrogen to create energy. People do not need to worry about hydrogen running out, because it is renewable and replaceable.
In Washington, D.C., a few people drive cars that run on fuel cells. When these cars need more energy, drivers can go to a hydrogen pump.The first hydrogen pump for the public opened in November 2004, marking an important step toward a cleaner environment. [/INST] question: How long may people still be able to use fossil fuels? | options: A: Twenty years B: Over thirty-eight years C: More than ten years D: About seventeen years | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Meconium Peritonitis
Meconium is a sterile mixture of epithelial cells, mucin, salts, fats and bile and is formed when the fetus commences to swallow amniotic fluid.
Meconium peritonitis is due to intestinal perforation mostly the result of some form of neonatal intestinal obstruction (eg. meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis patients).
When meconium enters the peritoneal cavity, an exudate is secreted that organizes rapidly, matting of intestinal loops occur, and in many cases in a matter of weeks, the extruded becomes calcified.
Meconium remains sterile until about 3 hrs after birth; thereafter, unless the perforation has become sealed, sterile meconium peritonitis gives place to acute bacterial peritonitis which unless treated promptly is rapidly fatal.
The clinical picture may be that of peritonitis and/or intestinal obstruction.
Meconium peritonitis should always be suspected when a baby is born with a tense abdomen, who is vomiting and in whom there is a failure to discharge meconium.
Treatment
Prognosis is poor but recovery may follow prompt operation.
Treatment consists of elimination of intestinal obstruction, closure of perforation and drainage of the peritoneal cavity. [/INST] question: Meconium peritonitis occurs - | options: A: Just before birth B: Just after birth C: Before and after birth D: Due to birth trauma | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: R ifampin (Rifampicin, R) It is a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin B obtained from Streptomyces mediterranei. Rifampin is bactericidal to M. tu berculosis and many other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria like Staph. aureus, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, E . coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Legionella. Against TB bacilli, it is as efficacious as INH and better than all other drugs. The bactericidal action covers all subpopulations of TB bacilli, but acts best on slowly or intermittently (spuers) dividing ones, as well as on many atypical mycobacteri a . Both extra- and intracellular organisms are affected. It has good sterilizing and resistance preventing actions. Rifampin inhibits DNA dependent RNA synthesis. Probably, the basis of selective toxicity is that mammalian RNA polymerase does not avidly bind rifampin. Mycobacteria and other organisms develop resistance to rifampin rather rapidly. Rifampin resistance is nearly always due to mutation in the repoB gene (for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase- the target of rifampin action) reducing its affinity for the drug. No cross resistance with any other antitubercular drug has been noted. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:741 [/INST] question: Mechanism of action of rifampicin is? | options: A: Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis B: DNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibition C: Protein synthesis inhibition D: Inhibits synthesis of arabinogalactone | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A story happened when the telegraph was the fastest method of long-distance communication. One day, a young man went to an interview for a job as a Morse code operator .
Answering the ad in the newspaper, he went to the office address. When he arrived, he walked into a large, busy office filled with noise, including the sound of the telegraph. An office worker asked him to wait until he was called to go into the inner office. Seven other people were already in the waiting area for the interview. The young man sat down and waited with them. After a few minutes, the young man stood up, crossed the room to the door of the inner office, and walked right in. Naturally the other people wondered what was going on. They were sure that the young man made a mistake and would be refused.
A few minutes later, however, the boss came out of the inner office with the young man and said to the other people,"Gentlemen,thank you very much for coming, but the young man has got the job."
The other people were surprised, and one of them said, "Wait a minute. I don't understand. He was the last to come in, and we never even got a chance to be interviewed. Yet he got the job. That's not fair!"
The boss said, "I'm sorry, but all the time you've been sitting here, the telegraph has been sending out the following message in Mores code: 'If you understand this message, then come right in. The job is yours.' None of you heard it or understood it. This young man did. The job is this." [/INST] question: The young man got the information about the job from _ . | options: A: the telegraph B: the newspaper C: an office worker D: a friend | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr. and Mrs. Wu were fed up with their neighbor. He was always borrowing things from them.
"It's not right." Mr. Wu said to his wife one evening. "At some time or another that man has borrowed nearly everything we have. Almost every day he comes over to borrow something."
"You are quite right," his wife replied, "and most of the things he's never returned."
"What I want to know," her husband said, "is why he can't buy the things he needs like everyone else."
"Because people like us are foolish enough to lend him what he needs." she replied. "As long as we are willing to lend, he'll keep on borrowing."
"Then we'll never lend him anything again." Mr. Wu said. "The next time he asks to borrow something, I'll say no."
"We must have a good reason for saying no," his wire said, "and we must always try to be polite to him. We don't want to make an enemy of the man."
It was not long before their decision not to lend their neighbor anything ever again was put to the test.
The next morning there was a knock on the door.
Mr. Wu went to answer it.
Their neighbor was standing there. Mr. Wu knew he was going to ask to borrow something, and was ready to refuse him politely.
"Good morning," their neighbor said, "I'm sorry to trouble you, but I wonder if I could borrow your garden scissors."
"I'm sorry," Mr. Wu said, "but I'm afraid my wife and I will be using them today. We'll be spending all day working in the garden."
"Oh, ! see." the neighbor said, "In that case, may I borrow your golf clubs? You won't be needing them if you are working in the garden all day, will you?" [/INST] question: What did the neighbor do with most of the things he had borrowed? | options: A: He hid them B: He never returned them C: He lent them to others D: He broke them | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Superantigens
Certain species of infectious microorganisms produce powerful,
immunostimulatory and disease-causing toxins called superantigen, so called because of their ability' to a polyclonally active large fraction ( up to 20% ) of T cell population.
Superangens are potent acvators of T-lymphocytes.
Superangens smulate very large numbers of T cells, without relaon to their epitope specificity'.
This leads to an excessive and dysregulated immune response with release of cytokines IL - 1, IL - 2, TNF - α and IF - γ.
Conventional antigens bind to MHC class I or II molecules in the groove
of the β dimer (T cell receptor). In contrast, superantigen bind directly to the lateral portion of TCR β chain and MHC class II β chain, and stimulate T cells solely on γ β gene segment utilized
independent of the D, J and γ aα - sequences present → γ β restricted T cell mitogens.
Superantigens are capable of giving up to 20% of the peripheral T-cell pool,
whereas conventional antigens activate < 1 in 10, 000.
Examples of superantigen Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin □ Certain nonhuman retroviral proteins,
Staphylococcal enterotoxins □ Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Staphylococcal exfoliative (erythrogenic) toxin □ Mycoplasma arthritis. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin □ Mouse mammary tumor virus. [/INST] question: Which of the following is a superantigen | options: A: Cholera toxin B: Diphtheria toxin C: TSST D: Vero-cytoxin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Azithromycin This new azalide congener of erythromycin has an expanded spectrum, improved pharmacokinetics, better tolerability and drug interaction profiles. It is more active than other macrolides against H. influenzae, but less active against gram-positive cocci. High activity is exeed on respiratory pathogens-Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella, Moraxella and on others like Campylobacter, Ch. trachomatis,H. ducreyi, Calymm, granulomatis, N. gonorrhoea However, it is not active against erythromycin.resistant bacteria. Penicillinase producing Staph aureus are inhibited but not MRSA. Good activity is noted against MAC. Because of higher efficacy, better gastric tolerance and convenient once a day dosing azithromycin is now preferred over erythromycin as first choice drug for infections such as: (a) Legionnaires&; pneumonia: 500 mg OD oral/ i.v. for 2 weeks. Erythromycin or a FQ are the alternatives. (b) Chlamydia trachomatis: nonspecific urethritis and genital infections in both men and women- 1 g single dose is curative, while 3 weekly doses are required for lymphogranuloma venereum. It is also the drug of choice for chlamydia! pneumonia and is being preferred over tetracycline for trachoma in the eye. (c). Donovanosis caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis: 500 mg OD for 7 days or 1.0 g weekly for 4 weeks is as effective as doxycycline. (d) Chancroid and PPNG urethritis: single 1 .0 g dose is highly curative. The other indications of azithromycin are pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonias, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, streptococcal and some staphylococcal skin and soft tissue infections. In combination with at least one other drug it is effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of MAC in AIDS patients. Other potential uses are in typhoid, toxoplasmosis and malaria. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:730,731 [/INST] question: Drugs that can be used for out patient treatment of community acquired pneumonia are: | options: A: Ceftriaxone B: Cefazolin C: Imipenem D: Azithromycin | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mature dendritic cell fig . Dendritic cells and dendrite cells derived cytokines are the most potent stimulator for proliferation of Naive T Naive T cells are newly produced T cells. Mature B and T cells before antigenic exposure are called naive B and cells. T cells respectively. These cells respond to the newly encountered pathogen, containing antigens, which the immune system has not processed before. The naive T cell activation and proliferation create an acquired immunity to the newly encountered pathogen. Sequence of events in activation of naive B cells and T cells respectively Immature dendritic cells in the epidermis are called langerhan cells. These immature dendritic cells capture the antigen in the epidermis. After capturing the antigen these cells secrete cytokines. These cytokines cause loss of adhesiveness of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells separate from each other and migrate into lymphatic vessels. In lymphatic vessels maturation of dendritic cells take place. These mature dendritic cells reach naive T cells in the lymph nodes and present antigen to these cells and activate them. [/INST] question: Most potent stimulator of naive cell is? | options: A: Mature dendritic cell B: Follicular dendritic cell C: Macrophages D: B cell | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Myocarditis, aortitis, and pericarditis all have been described in association with Reiter syndrome; the original description included conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthralgias. Although its cause is unknown, Reiter syndrome is associated with HLA-B27 antigen, as are aortic regurgitation, pericarditis, and ankylosing spondylitis.Short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and epicanthal folds are the classic features of patients who have Turner syndrome. Persons affected by the syndrome, which is commonly linked with aortic coarctation, are genotypically XO. However, females and males have been described with normal sex chromosome constitutions (XX, XY) but with the phenotypic abnormalities of Turner syndrome. Additional cardiac lesions associated with Turner syndrome include septal defects, valvular stenosis, and anomalies of the great vessels.The Argyll Robertson pupil, a pupil that constricts with accommodation but not in response to light, is characteristic of central nervous system syphilis and is associated with vascular system manifestations of this disease. Treponema pallidum invades the vasa vasorum and causes an obliterative endarteritis and necrosis. The resulting aortitis gradually weakens the aortic wall and predisposes it to aneurysm formation. Once an aneurysm has formed, the prognosis is grave.Massive isolated tricuspid regurgitation produces a markedly elevated venous pressure, usually manifested by a severely engorged (often pulsating) liver. If the venous pressure is sufficiently elevated, exophthalmos may result. Tricuspid regurgitation of rheumatic origin is almost never an isolated lesion, and the major symptoms of patients who have rheumatic heart disease are usually attributable to concurrent left heart lesions. Bacterial endocarditis from intravenous drug abuse is becoming an increasingly important cause of isolated tricuspid regurgitation.A Quincke pulse, which consists of alternate flushing and paling of the skin or nail beds, is associated with aortic regurgitation. Other characteristic features of the peripheral pulse in aortic regurgitation include the water- hammer pulse (Corrigan pulse, caused by a rapid systolic upstroke) and pulsus bisferiens, which describes a double systolic hump in the pulse contour. The finding of a wide pulse pressure provides an additional diagnostic clue to aortic regurgitation. [/INST] question: For the physical finding "Short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and epicanthal folds" select the cardiovascular disorder with which it is most likely to be associated. (SELECT 1 DISORDER) | options: A: Massive tricuspid regurgitation B: Aortic regurgitation C: Coarctation of the aorta D: Thoracic aortic aneurysm | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A community garden is a shared garden. A group of people get together and share a piece of land for their garden. This could be an empty place, or simply one at a neighbor's house.
Community gardens are not limited to urban locations. Many rural communities share garden space as well . Some communities will divide their garden into individual plots and others will work on the entire garden together. You may find some community gardens on rooftops. This provides a platform for city citizen, where they can communicate with nature even when there no yard space.
community garden can be used to grow flowers and other plants as well as produce. Some community gardeners choose to sell their homegrown goods. Others choose to use it themselves and some do a combination of both . Some community gardeners donate part of their produce to local food banks . Besides, homegrown produce is also much fresher and tastier.
When you belong to a community garden it also gives you a chance to socialize with your neighbor. You'll develop a better sense of involvement and belonging. You'll be communicating with people of similar interests, as well as people with different ideas .Community gardening often leads to setting up other community projects.
It brings a sense of achievement to know that you've taken apiece of waste land and turned it into something beautiful .The entire neighborhood will enjoy the benefits of your bard work.
A community garden is an opportunity for education as well .You may learn from your fellow gardeners .You can also ask local children to join you .This gives them a way to show their creativity and keep them busy, and points them in the right direction. [/INST] question: People can find a community garden _ | options: A: near the river B: only in rural areas C: only in urban locations D: both in rural and urban communities | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An oral drug, named ERDRP-0519, was invented. It is specifically designed to protect people who got infected measles from spreading the virus to others. Like the flu, measles spreads through the air by breathing, coughing or sneezing. There is typically a time, about two weeks, between becoming infected with the virus and the beginning of symptoms like skin rash , runny nose, heavy cough and high fever.
"This therapy application determines the desired characteristics of the drug, which are orally available, cost-effective manufacture and high stability," Richard Klemperer, professor of Georgia State University, told reporters last Wednesday.
"With these criteria in mind, we have developed a small drug that blocks the measles virus over the past years, which is essential for copy of the virus."
The researchers tested the drug in rats infected with canine distemper virus , which is a close relative of measles virus. They found that all of the infected rats treated with the drug survived the deadly infection, showed no clinical signs of disease and developed a strong protective immune response.
The drug could be used to treat friends, family and other social contacts of a person infected with measles virus, which have not developed symptoms yet but are at risk of having caught the disease, Klemperer said truthfully.
"The emergence of strong antiviral immunity in treated animals is particularly encouraging, since it suggests that the drug may not only save an infected individual from disease but contribute to closing measles immunity gaps in a population," Klemperer said.
The researchers emphasized the drug is not intended as a substitute for vaccination, but as an additional weapon to get rid of the measles. They planned to test the drug's safety in larger animals, before moving into clinical trials in humans.
"If our next series of studies confirms that the human situation mirrors what we have seen in rats, then this drug may make a major contribution to getting rid of measles by preventing local outbreaks" Klemperer said.
Despite the existence of an effective vaccine, annual measles deaths worldwide have remained constant at around 150,000 since 2007. The reasons for this are the highly infectious nature of the virus, in the developing world largely due to issues of resources, and in many developed countries in particular in the European region due to parental concerns regarding vaccination safety. [/INST] question: If a boy got infected by measles virus, he might NOT show the symptom like _ . | options: A: runny nose B: bad cough C: high fever D: sick stomach | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Poor weather. Technical difficulties. These are some of the typical causes of cancelled trains and planes. But sometimes, the excuse can be a lot more _ .
Just recently, passengers waiting for a train to Peterborough heard the following announcement, "For reasons beyond our control, we regret to inform passengers that the 13:46 Train to Peterborough has been cancelled. The next train will be arriving on Platform in approximately 36 minutes."
Oh, well, another delayed train, thought most passengers. But a couple of them decided to enquire further. Incredibly, they were informed that the real reason for the non-arrival of the train was that the driver refused to do his job because his seat was wet.
"A wet seat? That's got to be a joke," said one passenger angrily. "I wouldn't normally complain if the train is just a bit delayed, but this was unbelievable, " he added. "What really made me angry is that this driver refused to get in the train," said another passenger. "He probably went off for a cup of tea after that!" she added.
A spokesperson for the rail company apologized for the incident, but said the driver couldn't sit on the damp seat, and wouldn't be able to drive the train standing up. The spokesperson went on to explain that the seat had become wet after water entered through an open window when the train was being cleaned in a "train wash"
In another transport-related incident, a flight from Chicago to Frankfurt made an emergency landing in Canada after the pilot spilled his coffee. Apparently, the spilt liquid caused the plane's radio to send out "transponder code 7500", which is used to inform ground control that there's been a hi-jacking . After landing in Toronto, the 255 passengers crew members were put up in a hotel for the night, then flown on to Frankfurt the following afternoon. "What a disgusting trip!" said one tired passenger after the painful experience had ended.
So, does your job have the potential to cause such disorder? [/INST] question: Why did the driver of the train refused to do his job? | options: A: His seat was damp B: His pay was low C: The weather was terrible D: His coffee was spilled | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you drink water that's been left sitting out overnight or even for another day? Have you noticed it tastes different?
Tap water that has been left to sit out slowly begins to acquire an off taste. Many people think that this is because of microorganisms . But that's not what makes old water taste not fresh. For that we can thank carbon dioxide. After about 12 hours, tap water starts to go flat as carbon dioxide in the air starts to mix with the water in the glass, lowering its pH and giving it an off taste. But it's most likely safe to drink.
However, back to those microorganisms. If you use a dirty glass day after day, there is more of a chance of bacteria making themselves known; a risk that increases if you share the glass with another mouth as well. But assuming you use a fresh glass every few days, you probably won't have a problem unless the glass has been touched by dirty fingers, and especially if those dirty fingers went unwashed after using the bathroom.
As for plastic water bottles that have been left out in the sun or in the car, step away from the bottle, warns Dr. Kellogg Schwab, director of the Johns Hopkins University Water Institute. "A chemical called bisphenol-A, or BPA, along with other things used to make plastic can leach into your water if the bottle heats up or sits in the sun," he explains. BPA, as you probably know, has been linked to everything from heart disease to cancer. Schwab also adds that plastic used for commercial bottled water isn't meant to be washed or refilled, so use only one time and recycle. Or don't buy them at all; use refillable water bottles instead. [/INST] question: Tap water begin to acquire an off taste because of _ . | options: A: BPA B: the glass C: the microorganism D: carbon dioxide | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Director of Overseas Finance
Financial Services
Edinburgh
Permanent
Updated October 30, 2014
Reporting into the Administration and Finance Partner, this is a new role with responsibility for oversight and leadership in international financial matters, overseas tax issues and overseas operational management.
_
*Overseeing development and implementation of overseas tax strategy and managing relationships with relevant authorities and advisors.
*Managing international financial planning, forecasting and reporting requirements.
*Analysis and communication of impacts and responses to tax and other regulatory
documents.
*Establishment and maintenance of appropriate systems, controls and records.
*Managing and leading senior accountants and managers.
_
The successful candidate will be a qualified accountant with a strong academic record and will have:
*Experience of managing the finances of an international commercial organization.
*A track record of delivering improved efficiency and effectiveness in financial operations.
*Experience of leading and developing teams with proven change management experience.
_
Baillie Gifford is one of the UK's leading investment management firms and is a major player in the asset management business. As a market leader they have built their success around the stability of their partnership structure which provides guarantee for customers and motivation for employees. As by 31 December 2013 they managed more than PS72 billion (US 113 billion)in active equity and bond portfolios for customers in the UK and throughout the world.
_
Attractive Salary + Benefits Package [/INST] question: Where is the director of overseas finance supposed to work? | options: A: In France B: In the US C: In London D: In Edinburgh | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Children, especially boys, tend to idealize their fathers when they are young.Every little boy wants to grow up to be just like his father, and every little girl thinks her father is the smartest man on the earth.It's not very easy to be a good father, but it's not that difficult either.Children will truly enjoy spending time with their fathers, not just when they are kids, but even when they are adults.
Not all children communicate well with their fathers.Communication is often left to mothers, while fathers dispense advice as and when necessary.Don't expect all conversations to centre around the dinner table.Go to your children's bedrooms and talk to them about school, their teachers or their friends.Remember that the conversation cannot be one-sided.When your children open up to you, you also need to open up to them.
If your children come home from school feeling upset, go up to them and ask them what is the matter.And if it is something which seems to you to be a silly reason to be upset, don't voice your opinion.It may be silly to you, but to your children it is important enough.So don't wave the topic away by telling them not to bother about such stupid things.Simply discussing their problems with them will help them feel better.
Don't shy away from having discussions about your teenage children's love lives.Generally speaking, your children are definitely not going to discuss _ details with you.Try to let them know that you are relaxed about topics on love.Tell your children how you met your wife.It is perfectly normal for children to go through feelings for the opposite sex as they grow up, and by keeping the topic closed for discussion, you are only shutting them off from discussing their feelings with you.All they will do is turn to their friends. [/INST] question: To children their fathers are usually very _ . | options: A: kind B: great C: serious D: strong | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Winter begins in the north on December 22nd. People and animals have been doing what they always do to prepare for the colder months. Squirrels , for example, have been busy gathering nuts from trees. Well, scientists have been busy gathering information about what the squirrels do with the food they collect.
They examined differences between red squirrels and gray squirrels in the American state of Indiana. The scientists wanted to know how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut trees. The black walnut is the nut of choice for both kinds of squirrels. The black walnut tree is also a central part of some hardwood forests.
Rob Swihart of Purdue University did the study with Jake Goheen, a former Purdue student now at the University of New Mexico. The two researchers estimate that several times as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels. Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way. Gray squirrels bury nuts one at a time in a number of places. But they seldom remember where they buried every nut. So some nuts remain in the ground. Conditions are right for them to develop and grow the following spring. Red squirrels, however, store large groups of nuts above ground. Professor Swihart calls " _ ".
Gray squirrels are native to Indiana. But Professor Swihart says their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture. Red squirrels began to spread through the state during the past century.
The researchers say red squirrels are native to forests that stay green all year, unlike walnut trees. They say the cleaning of forest land for agriculture has helped red squirrels invade Indiana. Jake Goheen calls them a sign of an environmental problem more than a cause. [/INST] question: The study done by Rob Swihart and Jake Goheen is to _ . | options: A: find out the living conditions for squirrels B: learn squirrels' influence on black walnut trees C: do something to get rid of squirrels D: save the forests in the American state of Indiana | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Like stress, burnout has also become a favourite subject of everyday conversation . Many of us may feel "burn out" at times in our lives. It can be prevented, however, if you take action before you are in danger.
First, you must decide what is really important in your life. Make time for the people and the activities that are the most meaningful to you.
Second, you need to share your stories and feelings with others. Talk about your disappointments , sadness, and painful experiences, as well as your joys and successes. If you do not do this normally, you could " _ ". That will be worse for you. Good, healthy relationships with others will make you stronger and bring a greater balance to your life.
Third, make sure you have time off. Take short breaks as well as long holidays whether you feel you need them or not. Learn how to say "no" so that you can say "yes" to the things that are really important to you. Find activities to cheer you up, such as listening to music, dancing, playing sports, or watching movies. You should also make some time to be alone.
Finally, find a good doctor, like a psychologist, if you need help and all else has failed. There is no shame in this. Don't worry a lot. It may bring your spirit back and make you feel more powerful. [/INST] question: When you feel burnout, you should _ . | options: A: watch movies B: see a doctor C: take some useful actions D: play sports | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The World Health Organization reports a number of people have died of the Ebola virus in central Africa during the last few months. Ebola, also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever or Ebola viral disease, is a rare and deadly illness with high death rates in humans and primates. The natural source of Ebola virus remains unknown, although bats seem to be the most likely source.
The Ebola virus began spreading after victims were discovered in northeastern Gabon. So far, it is the third time Ebola has spread through Gabon since 1994. Health officials believe people moving across the border spread the disease from Gabon to Congo. Ebola is highly infectious and kills up to 80% of its victims. Researchers do not know the method with which the virus first appears in humans, but they believe it is through infected animals. The disease then spreads from person to person through blood and other body liquids.
Ebola victims treated early have the base chance of survival. Signs of Ebola include a high temperature, diarrhea, muscle pains and bleeding inside the body, in severe cases, victims experience chest pains and death. There is no known cure for the disease and no way yet to prevent it.
Scientists at the American National institutes of Health are working to develop a vaccine to prevent Ebola. Doctor Cary Nobel is leading the research effort at N-l-H testing center in the eastern state of Maryland. He says that during the past two years, the vaccine has been tested on small animals and monkeys for safety and effectiveness.
In the most recent study, four monkeys who had been given the vaccine were completely protected from a deadly injection of the Ebola virus. The study was described in November in Nature magazine. Doctor Nobel says the tests appear to have moved scientists one step closer to a vaccine for humans. [/INST] question: Where does the Ebola virus come from? | options: A: Bats B: Monkeys C: Infected humans D: Something unknown | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Imagine looking for your lost dog. You step into a cave . But instead of the dog, you find beautiful cave paintings. You see paintings of horses, deer, and bison that are drawn in black, brown, red and yellow. Your first question would probably be "Who did this?"
This is what happened to four French boys in 1940. They found the Lascaux caves. The paintings the boys discovered in those caves are 17,000 years old. They were drawn by the ancient people called Cro-Magnons.
Cro-Magnons looked much like people of today. They used tools, such as fishing nets. But their art was extremely good. The main cave at Lascaux is called the Great Hall of Bulls, which has a picture of bulls and horses in many colors. The largest animal is 18 feet long. There are smaller animals, such as bison, stags and a bear. There is also a strange spotted two-horned animal.
To the left of the main cave are the most famous paintings that are the drawings of multicolored animals. One painting is called Little Horses. On the ceiling are horses and cows. The most unusual sight may be in the Shaft of the Dead Man where there is a thinoceros , a carefully drawn dead man, a wounded bison and a bird.
Why did Cro-Magnon artists do these beautiful drawings on cave walls? Did the drawings call upon some magical power? Did the Cro-Magnon people hope that the drawings would bring good luck? There is one thing the paintings seem to tell us. The Cro- Magnons were interested in the world. They looked at beauty and they understood it. [/INST] question: Most of the drawings in the caves are about _ . | options: A: boys B: tools C: dead men D: animals | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People with less education suffer fewer stressful days,according to a report in the current issue of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior.
However,the study also found that when lesseducated people did suffer stress it was more severe and had a larger impact on their health.
From this researchers have concluded that the daytoday factors that cause stress are not random .Where you are in society determines the kinds of problems that you have each day,and how well you will deal with them.
The research team interviewed a national sample of 1,031 adults daily for eight days about their stress level and health.People without a high school diploma reported stress on 30 percent of the study days,people with a high school degree reported stress 38 percent of the time,and people with college degrees reported stress 44 percent of the time.
"Less advantaged people are less healthy on a daily basis and are more likely to have downward turns in their health."lead researcher Dr.Joseph Grzywacz,of Wake Forest University Medical Center,said in a prepared statement."The downward turns in heBaptistalth were connected with daily stressors and the effect of daily stressors on their health is much more devastating for the less advantaged."
Grzywacz suggested followup research to determine why lesseducated people report fewer days of stress when it is known that their stress is more acute(severe)and chronic (lasting).
"If something happens every day,maybe it's not seen as a stressor"Grzywacz says."Maybe it is just life." [/INST] question: Stress level is closely related to . | options: A: family size B: social status C: body weight D: work experience | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In seventh grade, Brittany Blythe dreamed of being a cheerleader. Her school's coaches were less than enthusiastic. "They said, 'I don't know how you'll be able to do it,' she recalls. "'You won't be able to do it. '"
But Brittany, now a junior at Strath Haven High School near Philadelphia, persisted . And when the junior team cheerleaders won a tournament last year, she was right there, dancing and cheering with the rest of the team.
Not bad for someone whose legs were cut off below the knee when she was two years old.
Brittany, 18, was born without shinbones --"just blood and muscle tissue", as she puts it. When she tried to walk, her legs twisted.
After the operation, she adapted quickly. "From day one, I basically jumped up and wanted to do everything," she says. Prosthetic legs allowed her to move around upright, but too slowly to keep up with her friends. Brittany's solution: take the legs off and walk on her knees---sometimes she still does when safety and comfort permit.
She's rarely _ . Other children laughed at her through the years, especially in junior high school, but she says the challenge only made her stronger. Now she's trying to convince her coaches to let her remove the prostheses and be a flyer, the cheerleader who's thrown in the air and caught by her teammates.
Brittany doesn't think her problems are more difficult than the next person's. "My disability was the first thing I had to get through, and that's going to prepare me for the future," she says. "It's all just a test: If someone throws you a curve ball , what are you going to do?" [/INST] question: What was the school's coaches' attitude towards Brittany's idea of being a cheerleader? | options: A: Supportive B: Doubtful C: Opposed D: Curious | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The disease is preeclampsia, which may be complicated by a wide variety of serious conditions. Historically, the appearance of convulsions defined the transition from preeclampsia to eclampsia; however the concept of eclampsia is probably flawed because many other serious complications can occur even in the absence of seizures. Statistically, the most common causes of maternal death in preeclampsia are cerebral hemorrhage and pulmonary complications, notably adult respiratory distress syndrome. Cerebral edema and laryngeal edema, hemolysis and hepatic infarction, and hepatic rupture and renal coical necrosis can all be complications of preeclampsia, but are not the most common causes of maternal moality. Convulsions and renal tubular necrosis can be complications of preeclampsia, but convulsions indicate that eclampsia has developed. Other complications of preeclampsia not listed in the answer choices include retinal detachment, coical blindness, pulmonary edema, disseminated intravascular coagulation, low platelet counts, and in the fetus, brain damage and death from asphyxia. [/INST] question: A 25-year-old lady, Neethu, in her 22nd week of pregnancy develops hypeension and mild proteinuria. Due to the baby's gestational age, her obstetrician chooses to carefully monitor the mother for any sign of developing complications rather than to immediately deliver the baby. Which of the following complications account for the most maternal deaths in preeclampsia? | options: A: Cerebral edema and laryngeal edema B: Cerebral hemorrhage and adult respiratory distress syndrome C: Convulsions and renal tubular necrosis D: Hemolysis and hepatic infection | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "My Best Teacher Ever" Contest
Students
Tell us why, in 300 words or less, your teacher (present or past) is the best teacher ever.
Assay Topic
Who was/is your best teacher ever? What makes him or her the best?
Participation
The contest is open to all students enrolled in grades 2 through 12.
Entries
Word limit: 300
Essays will be judged on the following criteria by Readers editorial staff:
*originally, creativity--40 percent
*clarity of presentation-- 40 percent
*grammar, punctuation, spelling --20 percent
All entries should be word-processed, typed, or hand-printed on 8.5-inch by 11-inch paper or submitted as an attached word or text document via email.
Each entry must include the entrant's name, age, complete home mailing address, phone number, school name, and grade, as well as the submitting teacher's name, school name, complete school mailing address and email address.
Contest Deadline
Entries must be postmarked on or before April 26, 2013, or mailed by EST on that date.
Submission
Email your entry with attached essay and entry information (entrant's name, age, complete home mailing address, phone number, school name, and grade, submitting teacher's name, email address, school name, and complete school mailing address) to web-contest @ readers.com or mail your entry with attached entry form to this address:
Readers Publishing My Best Teacher Ever Contest
Attn: Anne Flounders 44 South Broadway, 18
Floor White Plains, NY10601
Prizes
One winner will be chosen in each of two categories: elementary (grades 2-6) and secondary (grades 7-12). Winning students will win a $ 50 gift card and may have their essays published on readers.com. Teachers of winning students will win one free classroom subscription to the Readers magazine of their choice. Winning essays will be posted up on signing of a release by students and their agent or guardian. Winning essays will be announced on May 7, 2013, Teacher Appreciation Day, on readers.com, and winners will be notified directly. [/INST] question: Essays will be judged on the following criteria EXCEPT _ . | options: A: punctuation B: handwriting C: presentation D: creativity | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The website FarmersOnly.com calls itself an online dating and friendship finder. The idea started in the mind of a man, Jerry Miller in Ohio. He wondered how farmers could meet new people who understand the life of a farmer. Jerry Miller is not a farmer but he represents a lot of farmers.
As he tells it, the idea for the site was planted when a farmer told him one day that she was recently divorced and would like to date. _
So, in 2005, Jerry Miller launched his website. "You don't have to be a farmer to be onFarmersOnly.com, but you do have to have the good old-fashioned traditional values of America's Heartland."
You also have to live in the United States or Canada to be a member of the site. Some services are free, but a full membership costs fifty dollars for a year. As of last week the site listed more than 58,000 members. Many of them are farmers in the United States. Others are students or workers involved in some way with agriculture. Jerry Miller tells us about thirty marriages in the last year have resulted from his website.
Some farmers have also found love through a group,Singles in Agriculture, which was formed as a nonprofit organization in 1986. It organizes gatherings that usually end with a dance, but is not a dating service. The purpose is to support educational and social activities that offer people a chance for friendship. Its website,singlesinag.org, says there are more than 1,000 members across the nation and as far away as France. [/INST] question: Jerry Miller startedsinglesinag.orgin order to _ . | options: A: help farmers B: support traditions C: understand farmers D: represent farmers | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along _ . Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However, it wasn't all sweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behavior. They are learning how to talk each other's language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk 'dog', and dogs can learn how to talk 'cat'.
What's interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other's body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other's presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom each other.
The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets -- to people who don't get along, including neighbors, colleagues at work, and even world superpowers. If cats and dogs can learn to get along, surely people have a good chance. [/INST] question: Some cats and dogs may fight when _ . | options: A: they are cold to each other B: they look away from each other C: they misunderstood each other's signals D: they are introduced at an early age | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Martha Kostyra was born in Jersey City ,New Jersey on August3, 1941(she became Martha Stewart when she married Andy Stewart in 1961). Martha's dad was a pharmaceutical salesman and her wife was a housewife and a teacher. Her were fairly strict and required their children to do plenty of housework and help around the house . Martha learned how to cook and sew from her mother .She also learned about gardening by helping her father out in the yard.
When Martha was in high school , she made extra money by babysitting and organizing children' parties . She was a bright student and attended Barnard College in New York city. She helped pay for her schooling through modeling jobs. In 1962, she graduated from Barnard with degrees in History and Architectural History.
Before graduating from college, Martha married Andy Stewart. After college she and Andy traveled and Martha continued to model. Martha had her only child, a daughter named Alexis, in 1965. Two years later, Martha wanted to go to work. She got a job as a stockbroker in New York City and worked for six years.
In 1971,Martha and Andy purchased a farmhouse they called Turkey Hill in Westport, connecticut. After quitting her job, Martha spent her time completely restoring the old farmhouse. She also studied how to cook and became an excellent gourmet chef. One day Martha decided to put her cooking skills to the test by opening up her own catering business. She cooked food and hosted large dinner parties and quickly became a success.
Through her books and television appearances, Martha soon became famous . In the 1990s, she began to expand her business . She started a magazine called Martha Stewart Living, a popular newspaper column, and her own television show. The name Martha Stewart became a brand that was worth millions of dollars . In 1997, she formed a company called Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. She was president and CEO. She took the company public in 1999, selling shares in the company. At one point her estimated wealth was nearly $1 billion. She also had her own band of products at stores like Home Depot, K-Mart, Macy's and Sears. She also worked with home builders to design Martha Stewart inspired homes. [/INST] question: Martha has NOT been a | options: A: baby-sitter B: stockbroker C: caterer D: home builder | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My name is Jim. My story begins when an old sailor came to the inn where I lived with my father. My father was the innkeeper.
"Do many people came here?" the old sailor asked my father.
"No," my father told him. "It is a very quiet place."
"Good," the old sailor said. "Then this is a place for me."
"And what's your name, sir?" my father asked him.
"Just call me 'captain'", the man said.
He put some gold coins on the table. "Tell me when I have spent all these," he said.
Not long after he came to the inn, the captain said to me, "Do you want to earn some money?"
"Yes, please," I answered. I was only a boy at the time and never had any money. "What do you want me to do?"
"Keep watch for a man with one leg." he said, "Tell me as soon as you see him. Do that and I'll give you a coin every week."
At first, the Captain was a very quiet man and did not want to talk to anyone. But there were nights when he drank a lot of _ Then he talked a lot and became very noisy. He told stories about bad men doing bad things, and he sang the same song over and over again at the top of his voice, "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest. Yo-hap-ho! And a bottle of rum."
My father wanted him to leave because some visitors stopped coming to the inn. But, even when the gold was spent, my father didn't dare to tell him to leave.
Then father became ill, and Dr. Livesey came to see him. After giving my father some medicine, the doctor came into the inn. When the doctor waited for a man to bring his horse. The Captain started singing the same song again.
The doctor asked him to be quiet. "There was a sick man here," he said angrily.
The Captain took out his knife and pointed it at the doctor.
"Put that knife down, man," the doctor said. "And if you keep drinking rum, you'll soon be dead."
The Captain was very angry. He began to move toward the doctor.
"Keep away from me. If you do anything bad, you'll be in trouble." said the doctor.
Then the doctor's horse came, and he rode away from the inn. For a few days after this, the Captain was quiet. [/INST] question: The Captain asked Jim _ . | options: A: to give him some money B: to bring him some drinks C: to watch the doctor D: to look for a man with one leg | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Instead of a normal court hearing, the trial on Wednesday appeared more like a prepared drama. Hundreds of reporters waited outside the court, in the hope of learning "shocking" information about the case, which includes well-known military singer Li Shuangjiang's son, who gang-raped a woman with another four men on February.
The case was not a public hearing because it includes teenagers, whose privacy must be protected under law, but many details had been exposed by the lawyers before the trial.
Lawyers of all five suspects and the woman's lawyer made a lot of debate on the Internet before the trial, making the case more confused.
Wu Ming'an, a law professor from the China University of Political Science and Law, said it was a pity to see such a "performance" by the lawyers.
"It can be understood that the two parties freely spoke their opinions, but it's not professional or wise to see lawyers do the same," Wu said. "Instead, the lawyers should guide and persuade their clients to calm down, especially for such a non-public and sensitive case."
China has no clear rule to manage lawyers' behavior before trials, "but it should be general knowledge that the lawyers of the two sides cannot _ too many details, particularly in a case that includes teenagers", Wu added.
Yi Shenghua, a lawyer who has been following the case, said it does more harm than good to both parties for such detailed information to be exposed before the trial.
"It's OK for lawyers to speak, but what is said must be reasonable and legal. Although judgments should not be affected by public opinion, it's hard for them not to be," he said, suggesting judicial authorities should speak out if the case goes wrongly.
Trials must be conducted based on evidence, while lawyers should protect their clients' rights instead of adding fuel to the flames, Yi said.
In my eyes, the most important aspect of the case, lies in how to make lawyers do their work more professionally and reasonably. [/INST] question: Why was the case not a public hearing? | options: A: Because it included the well-known military singer Li Shuangjiang's son B: Because the victim was a woman C: Because teenagers' privacy must be protected under law D: Because many details had already been exposed before the trial | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Zipped into a bag, it looks like a large umbrella. Unfolded, it goes along the street like any other bicycle.
It's the "A-bike", the brainchild of British inventor Sir Clive Sinclair, who made history in the 1970s by developing the world's first pocket calculator. He described his new invention as "the world's smallest, lightest foldable bicycle".
"My original thought was that if you could have a bicycle that was dramatically lighter and more firm than the ones that exist today, it would change the way in which bicycles are used,"said Sinclair.
The mini-bike, showed in Singapore last week and set to go on sale worldwide in 2005 at a price of nearly US$300, is built for riders as heavy as 112 kilograms and is height-adjustable . It takes about 20 seconds to fold or unfold.
Its wheels are a quarter the size of those on a regular bicycle, but Sinclair promises a smooth ride for most cyclists. "You require no extra energy to ride the A-bike and it can go up to 15 miles per hour (24 kilometers per hour)," he said. Constructed mainly of plastic, the 5.5-kilogram bicycle folds into a package of less than 0.03 cubic meters .
Sinclair also invented the first pocket TV in 1984 and the futuristic C5 electric tricycle in 1985. He said he hoped the bicycle would attract common citizens, officials, campers or anyone needing transport for a short trip and he said the next step for the A-bike was to add an electric motor in a few years. [/INST] question: The most important character of this kind of bike is its _ . | options: A: big size B: light weight C: beautiful appearance D: foldable structure | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Events in New Jersey (From April 11th-23rd)
Bloomfield Public Library, 90 Broad Street.(973)566-6200.
"Catch Me if You Can", starring Leonardo DiCaprio.Monday, April 11th
"The Invention of Lying", comedy.Thursday, April 14th, 8 p.m.
"Sideways", starring Paul Giamatti.April 18
"Phone Call From a Stranger", with Bette Davis.April 21
All are Free.
Studio Montclair, 33 Plymouth Street.(973)744-1818.
"Sustainability and the Artistic Vision", group show featuring artists who use sustainable materials.
Through April 23.
Mondays through Saturdays, 9 a.m.to 5 p.m., or by appointment.
The Community Theater, 100 South Street.(973)539-8008.
Russian National Ballet Theatre presents "Chopiniana" and "Romeo and Juliet".
April 15, at 8 p.m.
$27 to $57.
Essex County Environmental Center, 621 Eagle Rock Avenue.(973)228-8776.
"New Jersey Wood-turners", adults learn to create art from pieces of wood found in nature.
April 18 at 7 p.m.
$8; members, free.
Monmouth Museum, 765 Newman Springs Road.(732)747-2266.
"Give Peace a Chance: John Lennon and Yoko Ono's Bed-in for Peace Exhibition", featuring more than 40 large-format images by the photojournalist Gerry Deiter.
Through April 22.
$7; children under 2, free.
Tuesdays through Fridays, 10 a.m.to 4:30 p.m.
William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road.(877)978-3923.
"The African Impact on the American Experience: Between Race and Culture", panel discussion moderated by Prof.Lawrence Mbogoni.
Tuesday, April 12 at 12:30 p.m.
American Labor Museum, 83 Norwood Street.(973)595-7953.
"The Line That Divides: _ Trade Corridor", exhibition of photographs, paintings and video by Pamela Calore.
Through April 23.
Wednesdays through Saturdays, 1 to 4 p.m., or by appointment.
$3 to $5; members and children under 12, free. [/INST] question: Which of the following number can offer you more information if you show interest in John Lennon and his wife? | options: A: (973)595-7953 B: (877)978-3923 C: (732)747-2266 D: (973)566-6200 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Course Details
Crazy Creatures (3--5 year olds)
Class size: 6--10 students
Course summary: "Crazy Creatures" teaches children the English language through songs, arts and craft and games. Every lesson focuses on a famous children's story such as "The Very Hungry Caterpillar". The lesson introduces key vocabulary for the story and the children play games, sing songs, and do arts and craft activities based on the story.
Price: RMB 3,500/week, RMB 6,500/2 weeks, RMB 9,000/3weeks, RMB 11,000/4weeks
Ancient Civilizations (8--12 year olds)
Class size: 6--16 students
Course summary: Children will learn about the culture, food, clothes and entertainment of people who lived in ancient civilizations, from Chinese, Greek, and Mayan / Aztec to Ancient Egypt. At the end of every week children will perform a short play wearing clothes they have made themselves. Throughout the course children will learn songs, read stories and write short stories and poems.
Price: RMB 4,500/week, RMB 8,000/2 weeks, RMB 11,500/3weeks, RMB 14,000/4weeks
Literature Study (12--14 year olds)
Class size: 6--10 students
Course summary: Children will practice the skills required for the GCSE English Literature exam through analyzing a novel. The novel is "Holes" by Louis Sachar, a best-seller across the world. This course will develop children's writing skills and their ability to answer questions.
Price: RMB 4,500/week, RMB 8,000/2 weeks
Dates: June 28--July 2, July 5--July 9, July 12--July 16, July 19--July 23,
July 26--July 30, August 2--August 6
Time: 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, Monday to Friday
Teaching: Classes are taught by experienced native English speaking teachers with a Chinese teaching assistant.
Application Dateline : Friday 18 June 2010
Payment Dateline: Payment to be made to Harrow International School Beijing by first day of the course.
*Snacks and lunch are provided at no cost
*A school nurse will be on site throughout the course.
*Free school bus service available [/INST] question: "Crazy Creatures" aims to improve children's _ . | options: A: singing skills B: social skills C: English skills D: computer skills | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The information provided in the question is too less, but we have to come to a diagnosis based on the provided information. Lets see each option one by one.
Paralytic ileus
multiple air fluid levels are noted, hence ruled out.
Aganglionosis of the colon or Hirshprung's ds.
presents in infancy or childhood hence ruled out
Duodenal obstruction
multiple air-fluid levels are not noted, but the dominant symptom is recurrent, vomiting, which is not mentioned, hence ruled out.
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
it's the most likely diagnosis, as air-fluid levels are not seen in it.
Harrison writes - "The symptom of chronic pseudo-obstruction are chronic or intermittent constipation, crampy abdominal pain, anorexia and bloating. Abdominal x-rays reveal gaseous distention of the large and small bowel and occasionally of the stomach. Air-fluid levels are unusual and should raise the possibility of mechanical obstruction."
Acute pseudoobstruction involves only the colon and presents with features of colonic obstruction (as described before). Air-fluid level is also not a feature of colonic obstruction.
About the fluid levels remember the following points
up to 3 to 5 fluid levels less than 2.5 cm in length may be normal.
multiple air-fluid levels are a feature of mechanical small intestinal obstruction and paralytic liens. They are not seen in colonic obstruction and pseudo-obstruction.
They may be seen in colonic obstruction if the ileocecal valve is incompetent. [/INST] question: A 56-year-old woman has not passed stools for the last 14 days. Xray shows no air fluid levels. Probable diagnosis is - | options: A: Paralytic ileus B: Aganglionosis of the colon C: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction D: Duodenal obstruction | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment due to the progressive degeneration of the rod photoreceptor cells in the retina. This form of retinal dystrophy manifests initial symptoms independent of age; thus, RP diagnosis occurs anywhere from early infancy to late adulthood. Patients in the early stages of RP first notice compromised peripheral and dim light vision due to the decline of the rod photoreceptors. The progressive rod degeneration is later followed by abnormalities in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the deterioration of cone photoreceptor cells. As peripheral vision becomes increasingly compromised, patients experience progressive "tunnel vision" and eventual blindness. Affected individuals may additionally experience defective light-dark adaptations, nyctalopia (night blindness), and the accumulation of bone spicules in the fundusAlthough most genetic diseases are inherited from parents, this is not always the case. When a genetic disease occurs without any family history or genetic defects in the parents, the disease is called a sporadic genetic disease [/INST] question: Most common inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa is? | options: A: Sporadic B: Autosomal dominant C: Autosomal recessive D: X-Iinked | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Started in 1636, Harvard University is the oldest of many colleges and universities in the United States. Yale, Princeton, Columbia and Dartmouth were all started before the American Revolution made the thirteen colonies into states.
In the early years, these schools were much alike. Only young men attended colleges. All the students studied the same subjects, and everyone learned Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Little was known about science then, and one kind of school could teach everything that was known about the world. When the students graduated, most of them became ministers or teachers.
In 1782, Harvard started a medical school for young men who wanted to become doctors. Later, lawyers could receive their training in Harvard's law school. In 1852, Harvard began teaching modern languages, such as French and German, as well as Latin and Greek. Soon it began teaching American history.
As knowledge increased, Harvard and other colleges began to teach many new subjects that interested them.
Special colleges for women were started. New state universities began to teach such subjects as farming, engineering and business. Today, there are many different kinds of colleges and universities. Most of them are divided into smaller schools that deal with special fields of learning. There is so much to learn that one kind of school cannot offer it all. [/INST] question: Yale, Princeton, Columbia and Dartmouth were the names of the _ in America. | options: A: states B: cities C: universities D: colonies | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The symptom and the laboratory examination of the patients almost confirm the diagnosis of temporal arteritis.
This question has been asked too frequently in various PGME examination you are required to be well versed with the differential diagnosis of a headache.
Let's see the diagnostic features of various headaches.
Migraine Age - Females after puberty Sex - Females > male Presentation Lateralised* usually frontotemporal Pain preceded by Aura* Builds up gradually* May lasts for several hours Usually throbbing but may be dull* Onset is after awakening & quietened by Sleep*.
Associated symptoms include Nausea, vomiting, Diarrhoea, photophobia* & Visual disturbance* Paresthesia with tingling and numbness*
Other focal neurological symptoms such as clumsiness & weakness *.
Cluster Headache Men in 20 - 50* Male > F (7 to 8 times)* Lateralised* Periorbital* Pain(periodic attacks 1-2/days)*
Begins without warning. Reach crescendo within 5 min last for 45 minutes * Excruciating deep, explosive but only rarely pulsatile*.
Commonly awakens the patients from sleep*. Associated Symptoms Homolateral lacrimation* Reddening of eye* Nasal stuffiness* Ptosis* Nausea*
Trigeminal Neuralgia > 40 Years Occurs along the distribution of Maxillary nerve* Electric in character* Episodic each episode lasts 2-4 min.
The typical course is relapsing-remitting over several years. Temporal Arteritis Median age 75 yrs* Female (Account for 65% cases)*
Unilateral or Bilateral located temporarily in 50% patients* Usually appear gradually Occasionally it is explosive. Dull and boring in character,
Seldom throbbing. Scalp tenderness* Patients also complains of pain in jaw* Headache is usually worse at night. Associated symptoms Headache,
fever, weight loss Jaw claudication* Polymyalgia Rheumatica* ESR Increase* Anaemia * Blindness d/t ophthalmic artery involvement*.
A tension Headache At all ages Females Bilateral Frontal area * Builds up slowly Fluctuates in severity Persists continuously for many days.
A headache may be episodic or chronic. A tight band like discomfort * Associated symptoms Not prominent Sometimes post neck muscles are tight*
May be associated with anxiety & depression [/INST] question: A 64-year-old lady Kamla complains of severe unilateral headache on the right side and blindness for 2 days. On examination, there is a thick cord-like structure on the lateral side of the head. The ESR is 80 mm/hr. in the first hour. The most likely diagnosis is : | options: A: Temporal arteritis B: Migraine C: Cluster headache D: Sinusitis | answer: A </s> |
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