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<s>[INST] context: The work of railroad pioneers in America became the basis for a great surge of railroad building halfway though the nineteenth century that linked the nation together as never before. Railroads eventually became the nation's number one transportation system, and remained so until the construction of the interstate highway system halfway through the twentieth century. They were of great importance stimulating economic expansion,but their influence reached beyond the economy and was strong in American society at large.
By 1804, English as American inventors had experimented with steam engines for moving land vehicles. In 1820,John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around in a circular track on his New Jersey estate,which the public saw as amusing toy. And in 1825, after opening a short length of track, the Stockton to Darlington Railroad in England became the first line to carry general traffic. American businesspeople, especially those in the Atlanic coastal region who looked for better communication with the West, quickly became interested in the English experiment. The first company in America to begin actual operations was the Baltimore and Ohio,wich opened a thirteen-mile length of track in 1830. It used a team of horses to pull a trainof passenger carriages and freight wagons along the track. Steam locomotive power didn't come into regular service until two years later.
However, for the first decade or more, there was not yet a true railroad system. Even the longest of the lines was ly short in the 1830's, and most of them served simply to connect water routes to each other, not to link one railroad to another. Even when two lines did connect, the tracks often differed in width, so cars from one line couldn't fit onto tracks of the next line. Schedules were unreliable and wrecks were frequent. Significantly, however, some important developments during the 1830's and 1840's included the introduction of heavier iron rails, more flexible and powerful locomotives, and passenger cars were redesigned to become more stable, comfortable, and larger. By the end of 1830 only 23 miles of track had been laid in the country. But by 1936, more than 1,000 miles of track had been laid in eleven States, and within the decade, almost 3,000 miles had been constructed. By that early age, the United States had already surpassed Great Britain in railroad construction, and particularly from the mid-1860's, the late nineteenth century belonged to the railroads. [/INST] question: The word "stimulating" in line 5 is closest in meaning to | options: A: helping B: changing C: promoting D: influencing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: FTA-ABS test Most sensitive test in Syphilis The non specific tests (VDRL / RPR) test can be easily ruled out:? Their sensitivity is comparable to that of specific tests in primary and secondary syphilis but in latent or late syphilis they have quite low sensitivity. Specific Tests TPI In its time TPI was the most specific test available .for diagnosis of syphilis and was considered "gold standard" in .syphilis serology. However because of its extreme complexity it was available only in. few laboratories. The TP1 test has now been supplanted by other tests such as FTA-ABS and TPHA which are quite as specific and much simpler. FTA-ABS test FTA-ABS test is as specific as the TPI test and is now accepted as the standard reference test. However it can be done only in suitably equipped laboratories, it is not available for routine testing. TPHA test TPHA test is just as specific as FTA-ABS and almost as sensitive except in the primary stage. It is also much simple and more economical. These advantages have made TPHA a standard confirmations test. TPPA test The TPHA test has been replaced by the serodia TP-PA test which is more sensitive for primary syphilis. TPHA is widely available in Europe but not used in U.S.A. From the discussion above, and from the table reproduced from Harrison, it seems, the TPPA is the most sensitive test far syphilis. - Both FTA-ABS and TP-PA are equally sensitive in secondary and latent syphilis. - TP-PA has higher sensitivity in Primary syphilis. - The problem is that enough datas for TP-PA are not available. Test Primary Secondary Latent Teiary * VDRL/RPR 78 (74-87) 100 95(88-100) 71 (37-94) * FTA-ABS 84 (70-100) 100 100 96 * TP-PA 89 100 100 NA Diagnosis of syphilis:- Treponema pallidum cannot be isolated by routine culture methods therefore detection is either by direct visualization of the organisms in material .from the lesion or indirectly by immunological/serological methods. Each stage of the treponematoses requires a paicular testing modality. Absolute diagnosis during the first and second stages can be made by direct examination under dark field microscopy of a specimen from primary chancre, the maculopapular rash, or the condyloma Tatum. Since the direct visualization of spirochetes is effective only during the active stages of primary and secondary syphilis, serologic tests were developed. Serological tests in syphilis are of two types - Non specific treponemal tests - Specific treponemal tests Nonspecific treponemal tests :? Infection with syphilis results in cellular damage and the release into the serum of a number of lipids including cardiolipin and lecithin. The body produces antibodies against these antigens. - Non specific treponemal tests detects the presence of these antibodies to lipoprotein material from damged cells and cardiolipin from treponemes and as a consequence are not specific for Treponema. (Reactivity in these tests indicates host tissue damage). - If the patient has these antibodies it is assumed that he or she has syphilis. These tests are used for screening of syphilis. - If these tests are positive presence of the disease should be confirmed by specific tests. The tests commonly employed are: ? - Veneral disease Research laboratory test (VDRL TEST) - Rapid plasma Regain Test (RPR test) Why are these tests nonspeciic?? - These tests measure antibodies directed against cardiolipin antigen that results ,from interaction of host tissues with treponema pallidum or spirochete itself. (They do not detect the antibodies against Treponena itself). - Cardiolipin is a phospholipid and it is possible that a similar substance present in the treponemal cell or released. from damage host cells damaged by the stimulate antibody production. - Assays for nonspecific antibody, because of their low cost and technical simplicity have routinely been used as screening test .for evidence of syphilis since these tests have relatively low specificity positive results are confinned by detection of specific anti Treponemal antibody. Antibody develops in 70% of patients within 2 weeks of developing chancre and in 100% of patients with secondary syphilis. The impoant point about nonspecific treponemal tests is that they can be used quantitatively: ? - Quantitative result of these tests tends to correlate with disease activity thus they are very helpful .for screening. A four, fold or greater rise in the titre may be seen during the evolution of early syphilis. in secondary syphilis, test results are always positive and often at a high titre. The nonspecific treponemal tests should become nonreactive one year after successful therapy in primary syphilis and 2 years after successful therapy in late syphilis. - There fore these tests can be used to monitor response to treatment. -After successful treatment there would be sustained four fold decrease in antibody titre. - Similarly a four fold increase in titre following therapy suggests reinfection or relapse and necessitates reevaluation. Non specific Treponemal tests for syphilis VDRL Test The VDRL test is a non specific serological test for syphilis. It uses a mixture of cardiolipin, cholesterol and lecithin as antien. With the use of these antigens, IgG or 1gM antibodies present in the serum or C.S.F. (in case of neurosyphilis) are detected. This test can be used quantitatively and increase in VDRL titre with time can be used to confirm a diagnosis of syphilis. R.P.R. It is also a nonspecific test which uses cardiolipin as antigen. Treponemal specific tests While the nonspecific tests look for antilipoidal antibodies the specific treponemal tests look for antibodies against the spirochete itself The tests included in this category are: ? - Indirect immunoflorescence treponemal antibody-absorption test (FTA-ABS) test. -Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) or microhemagglutination test (MHA-TP) - Treponema pallidum immnobilisation test (TPI). - Enzyme immune assay (ELISA). - TPPA test These tests are used to confirm a positive nontreponemal reaginic test. Treponema specific tests are not completely specific for syphilis because false positive reactions can occur with other spirochetal diseases (e.g., Yaws, pinta leptospirosis, rat bite fever, relapsing degfever, lyme disease). An impoant point about these tests is that they do not correlate with disease activity. - These test findings become positive soon after infection and typically remain positive for life despite adequate treatment. [/INST] question: Most sensitive test for Treponema | options: A: VDRL B: RPR C: FIA-ABS D: Kahn | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Management of sarcoidosis Patients who present with acute illness and erythema nodosum should receive NSAIDs and, on occasion, a sho course of glucocoicoids. The majority of patients enjoy spontaneous remission and so, if there is no evidence of organ damage, systemic glucocoicoid therapy can be withheld for 6 months. However, prednisolone (at a staing dose of 20-40 mg/day) should be commenced immediately in the presence of hypercalcaemia, pulmonary impairment, renal impairment and uveitis. Topical glucocoicoids may be useful in cases of mild uveitis, and inhaled glucocoicoids have been used to shoen the duration of systemic glucocoicoid use in asymptomatic parenchymal sarcoid. Patients should be warned that strong sunlight may precipitate hypercalcaemia and endanger renal function. Features suggesting a less ourable outlook include age over 40, Afro-Caribbean ethnicity, persistent symptoms for more than 6 months, the involvement of more than three organs, lupus pernio and a stage III/IV chest X-ray. In patients with severe disease, methotrexate (10-20 mg/week), azathioprine (50-150 mg/day) and specific tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) inhibitors have been effective. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and low-dose thalidomide may be useful in cutaneous sarcoid with limited pulmonary involvement. Selected patients may be referred for consideration of single lung transplantation. The overall moality is low (1-5%) and usually reflects cardiac involvement or pulmonary fibrosis. ref - Davidsons 23e p608-610 [/INST] question: Drug of choice in sarcoidosis is | options: A: Cyclophosphamide B: Methotrexate C: Prednisolone D: Cyclosporine | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Recently,a solar powered plane took to the sky for the first time. It had passed an important test on the way to travel around the world.
The plane took off from an airport in Switzerland at 45km an hour. It slowly rose above the fields and into the sky.
"There has never been an airplane of that kind that could fly -- never an airplane so big, so light, using so little energy," said Bertrand Piccard, a leader of the project.
During the 90-minute flight, the plane did several turns. It climbed nearly 1.6km above the countryside.
Engineers plan to test a night flight before July. Then they will use the results of the tests to build a second plane. They plan to travel around the world in that plane in 2012.
The plane flies at 70 km an hour. That is faster than a bike and slower than a car. Piccard and pilot Andre Borschberg will take the plane around the world. The pilots will keep the plane in the air for up to five days at a time.
"We want to fly it day and night with no fuel ," Piccard said [/INST] question: How long did the first flight of the solar powered plane last? | options: A: 45 minutes B: 60 minutes C: 70 minutes D: 90 minutes | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A chocolate printer that allows sweet lovers to create 3D desserts by themselves is to go on sale at a cost of 2,500 pounds.
The machine squirts out chocolate and, via computer instructions, allows the user to build any shape they like out of the food. But makers Choc Edge have missed the Easter rush. Even so, they hope the printer will be snapped up by retailers immediately they come to the market. Britain's biggest chocolatiers Thornton's have already said they are interested. Because of the high cost, however, few individuals are likely to buy one. But the devicecould one day allow people to design their own 3D objects after submitting their designs on a website. Dr Hao, founder of Choc Edge came up with a prototype last year and has only just perfected it so that it can now go on sale. "We've improved and simplified the machine, so now it is really easy to use," he told the BBC. "You just need to melt some chocolate, fill a syringe that is stored in the printer, and get creative printing of your chocolate."
3D printing is a technology where a three dimensional object is created by building up successive layers of material. The technology is already used in industry to produce plastic and metal products, but this is the first time the principles have been applied to chocolate. The research has presented many challenges. Chocolate is not an easy material to work with because it requires accurate heating and cooling cycles. Dr Hao said, "What makes this technology special is that users will be able to design and make their own products. From reproducing the shape of a child's favourite toy to a friend's face, the possibilities are endless. It could be developed to help consumers design many products from different materials, but we've started with chocolate as it is easily available, low cost and harmless." "There is also no wastage as any spoilage can be eaten." Dr Hao added, "Eventually we may see many mass-produced products replaced by unique designs created by the customer."[:]
EPSRC chief executive Professor Dave Delpy said, "This is a good example of how creative research can be applied to create new manufacturing and retail ideas. By combining developments in engineering with the commercial potential of the digital economy,We can see the new market prospect --creating new jobs and, in this case, the chocolate printer is called sweet business opportunities." [/INST] question: Which is the advantage of the chocolate printer? | options: A: It is easilyavailable, low cost and harmless B: It mainly produces children's favourite toys C: The user can build the shape they like via computer instructions D: The designs made by it are the same as many mass-produced products | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Complete anatomical obliteration by proliferation of the intima is thought to take 1-3 months.Patent ductus aeriosus (PDA)Failure of a child's DA to close after bih results in a condition called patent ductus aeriosus and the generation of a left-to-right shunt.If left uncorrected, patency leads to pulmonary hypeension and possibly congestive hea failure and cardiac arrhythmias.Prostaglandins are responsible for maintaining the ductus aeriosus.Closure may be induced with a drug class known as NSAIDs such as indomethacin or ibuprofen because these drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.A patent ductus aeriosus affects around 40% of infants with Down syndrome (DS).Changes in circulation after bihThe ductus aeriosus is occluded, so that all blood from the right ventricle now goes to the lungs, where it is oxygenated.Initial closure of the DA is caused by contraction of the muscle in the vessel wallLater in 1-3 months intima proliferation obliterates the lumenSo looking at the choices, 'D' option seems the best answer [/INST] question: Anatomical obliteration of ductus aeriosus occurs at: | options: A: Bih B: 3-4 day C: 10 day D: 30 day | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I love sleeping. It's something I'm good at. There's nothing better than nodding off on the sofa in front of the TV and when my head hits the pillow at night, I have no problem falling into a deep sleep within minutes. There is one place where I never nap and that's at work--but new research suggests I should!
The idea of you and your colleagues heading off for a lie down in the afternoon may seem strange, but some companies such as Google and Facebook actually encourage it. Because it's thought that a power-nap makes them more refreshed and more focused, and this in turn makes them more productive.
An Australian health writer called Victoria is a founder of a campaign called Nap Now which is trying to make sleeping at work more acceptable. She calls herself a " _ "! She says: "I think that our culture is a bit crazy not to accept it... It's time to end the common work principle which is all about working longer and harder."
So should we all be taking a sleeping bag and pillow to work with us? A few years ago, research by the East of England Development Agency found 30% of people have their best ideas in bed compared to just 11% who have them at their desk. That suggests people are more creative when they are relaxed--and the agency has called for companies to put beds in the workplace.
A nap in the afternoon is nothing new. In certain hot countries, such as Spain, a short rest or sleep in the afternoon-called a siesta-is perfectly normal. So maybe we should break from the traditional nine-to-five work culture and take up the siesta. The UK's Sleep Council claims the nine-to-five working day does not fit into the natural sleeping pattern of the human race and says that bosses need to introduce a more sleep-friendly working day. [/INST] question: Why are the employees of Google allowed to nap in the workplace? | options: A: They are expected to work better B: They can't focus their attention on the work C: They are running the Nap Now campaign D: They have difficulty in falling sleep at night | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day, a young man visited a small farm in the countryside. As he got closer to the farm, he saw many chickens and an eagle playing together.
He then went up to the farm house and talked to the farmer, "Sir, I was just passing by and I saw that you have many chickens and an eagle." The farmer smiled and said, "That's not an eagle. It's a chicken." The young man kept saying that it was an eagle. He said to the farmer, "Sir, that is an eagle! I can proveit to you." The farmer laughed, "Sure, go ahead."
The young man then pulled that big bird out and climbed a high mountain. He held the bird in his hands and said, "You are an eagle, fly!" But the bird failed. The young man tried the second time. He said to the bird, "I don't care you have been _ as a chicken for those years. But I know what you were created to be. You are an eagle, now fly!" After the young man tried another three times, the bird began to flap its wings. Finally, it flew high and began to fly around the farm.
It is true to us. Some people around us have continued to keep us down by lying to us. Over all of those years, we were told to be a failure, not to be good enough and to accept the "reality". They are wrong. We should try our best to reach our highest potential to prove that we are eagles. [/INST] question: How many times did the young man try before the bird flapped its wings? | options: A: Four B: Five C: Three D: Six | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Amongst the given options Naegleria and Acanthamoeba cause amoebic encephalitis.
“The prognosis of Naegleria encephalitis is uniformly poor, most patients die within a week” -------Harrison “Acanthamoeba encephalitis follows a more indolent course”.
--------Harrison
So, amongst the given options Naegleria causes most fatal amoebic encephalitis.
Naegleria fowleri
It is a free-living amoeba
Exists in three forms - Amoeboid trophozoite, Biagellate trophozoite, Cyst (Never forms in the human body)
Modes of transmission - Human primarily contact the infection by swimming in contaminated water.
The amoeboid trophozoite enters the human body through the nasal mucosa and migrates to the brain along the olfactory nerve and blood vessels.
Some infections result from inhalation of cysts.
Clinical features (primary amoebic meningoencephalitis) Common in young adults and children.
Incubation period →2-15 days (5 days) A headache, high fever, nausea, vomiting, meningismus. Cranial nerve palsies —» 3rd, 4th and 6th. Most patients die within a week (95%).
N. fowleri also causes humidifier fever, a form of allergic alveolitis resulting from inhaling air from air-coolers.
Diagnosis - Detection of motile amoeboid trophozoites in wet mounts of C.S.F.
Treatment - High doses of amphotericin B and rifampicin.
Acanthamoeba - It is a free-living amoeba
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni species is most common,
Exists in two stages - Trophozoite, Cyst
The appellate stage is absent
Modes of transmission - Through contamination of traumatized skin or eye Inhalation. [/INST] question: A patient presents with a headache, high fever and meningismus. Within 3 days he becomes unconscious. Most probable causative agent | options: A: Naegleria fowleri B: Acanthamoeba castellanii C: Entamoeba histolytica D: Trypanosoma cruzi | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ahead of so-called Singles' Day on the 11th of this month,2013, online sales have already begun peaking.
The leading e-business platform, tmall.com, has promoted its fifty-percent-off discount to attract consumers. They are also trying to attract buyers through social media. Vice President of tmall.com Wang Yulei says more than 20 thousand online stores have joined the Double 11 Day sales. But this number has doubled. The final number of how many products going to be on sale has not been known yet. But so far, many more products planned to be put on shelves with discounts.
During last year's Singles' Day, tmall.com, together with taobao.com, reached a record of 19.1 billion yuan in sales, which considered a milestone in the e-business history of China.
Singles' Day was first started by Chinese college students in the 1990s as the opposite of Valentine's Day, a celebration for people without romantic partners. The timing was based on the date: Nov. 11--or double 11--for singles. Single young people would treat each other to dinner or give gifts to show love to someone and end their single status.
But now, the Singles' Day has been promoted as a kind of grand craze just for the shopping season, thanks to thousands of discounted products being promoted online.
Taobao.com was the first big e-retail platform which used the double 11 idea to promote sales. Taobao.com reached one million yuan worth of sales on that day in 2009, when they first promoted the Singles' Day idea. In 2010, the sales increased to 936 million yuan. The figure climbed up to 5.3 billion yuan in 2011, putting huge demand on shipping services. The figure doubled in 2012.
E-commerce is considered to be replacing the traditional retailing industry, but the reality is both sides are learning from each other. [/INST] question: How much is a dress that is usually sold at 250 yuan during Singles' Day at tmall.com? | options: A: 500 B: 125 C: 100 D: 200 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Frogmore House has been a royal place since the 18th century and is today used by the Royal Family for private entertaining. It is especially linked with Queen Charlotte, The wife of George III, and her daughters, whose love of botany and art is reflected throughout the house.
Unfortunately, parts of a visit to Frogmore are unsuitable for wheelchair-users. For information about access, please telephone 020 7766 7324.
_
18, 19, 20 May 10:00 - 17:30 (last admission 16:00)
28, 29, 30 August 10:00 -17:30 (last admission 16:00)
Please telephone 020 7766 7305 for admission prices.
_
3 August - 30 September every Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday, 10:00- 15:00.
Adult: PS 10.50 0ver 60/Student (with valid ID) : PS 8. 80
Child ( under 17) : PS5. 80 Child ( under 5) : Free
Price includes a guided tour of the house.
_
17:30 - 19:00. ~ 25. 00 per person. Price includes a guided tour, a copy of the official guidebook and a glass of champagne.
The maximum group size for all visits is 10 people.
Please note that there is no access for private cars.
To make a group booking, please telephone 020 7766 7315.
For more information including BSL (British Sign Language) interpretation, please telephone 020 7766 7326. [/INST] question: When can you enjoy a visit to Frogmore House and Garden? | options: A: At 9:00 0n 19 May B: At 18:00 0n 20 May C: At 13:00 0n 28 August D: At 17:30 0n 31 August | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Students across the country are finding ways, with the help of devoted teachers, to raise funds for causes near and dear to their hearts. While kids raise funds for bird habitats and heart health, they learn lessons that will help them succeed in school -- and in life.
Feathered Friends
To collect money for an important nature fund and use skills right out of a science textbook, The Branch School of West Houston, Texas, took to the fields and forests to find more than 45 species of birds in their Bird-A-Thon's largest annual fundraising event and the world's biggest bird watching competition. Teams earn pledges for each donation to benefit the 40-year-old Houston Audubon (houstonaudubon.org), a chapter of the National Audubon Society. The 24th Houston Audubon Bird-A-Thon raised over $56,000 to promote the conservation and appreciation of birds and wildlife habitat. Bonus: In identifying specific species, students learn about habitats, ecology, and preservation, all while getting exercise.
Jump Rope for Heart
This program has raised a lot of money for AHA (the American Heart Association). French Road Elementary of Rochester, New York, topped the 2012 list of participating schools in Jump Rope for Heart, a jump-rope-a-thon, with $67,432. A "Wall of Honor" stands at one end of the gym, each paper heart bearing the name of a patient for students to see as they jump in honor of that child. The program, organized by physical education teachers, earned pledges per jump. Bonus: Per jump pledges offer students practice with multiplication and money handling skills, with science and health, too! [/INST] question: What do "Feathered Friends" probably refer to? | options: A: Birds B: New friends C: Students D: Close friends | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many organisms can cause meningitis in the neonate, including E coli, L monocytogenes, H influenzae, Gram-negative rods, group B and D streptococci, and coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Statistically, the most likely cause in this case would be late-onset group B streptococci (GBS) but, in this case this child has Gram-positive rods, an indication of L monocytogenes. Early onset listeriosis usually presents in the first day and always by day 3; fetal distress is common. These children have rashes and hepatosplenomegaly on presentation and a history of maternal fever is common. Late onset listeria typically presents with purulent meningitis. Early onset GBS is seen in the first 7 days of life and is associated with maternal complications such as prolonged rupture and chorioamnionitis; late onset GBS occurs after 7 days of life and is not related to maternal issues but rather environmental exposures. As expected, the incidence of early onset GBS has been steadily dropping with maternal prophylaxis; the incidence of late onset GBS and listeriosis has remained unchanged during the same time period. Clinical manifestations of meningitis in neonates include lethargy, bulging fontanel, seizures, and nuchal rigidity. The diagnosis is made with examination and culture of the CSF. Treatment is begun while awaiting the results of the spinal fluid analysis. Appropriate initial antibiotic coverage must include activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (ampicillin and gentamicin or ampicillin and cefotaxime). [/INST] question: A 16-day-old infant presents with fever, irritability, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanel. Spinal fluid demonstrates Gram-positive rods. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Listeria monocytogenes B: Group A streptococci C: Group B streptococci D: Streptococcus pneumoniae | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most rain forests lie close to the equator ,where the climate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine.The warmth of the land heats the air above,causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain.The rainfall can reach at least 98 inches a year.This wet,warm world with plenty of sunlight is perfect for plants to grow,so the trees grow fast with green leaves all the year round.The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate.They gather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves.The wet air then forms clouds,which hang over the treetops like smoke.These clouds protect the forest from the daytime heat and night-time cold of nearby deserts,keeping temperatures fit for plant growth.
Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remain just as warm,but they have a dry season of three months or more when little rain falls.Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow when the wet season or monsoon begins.Thus these areas are known as the "monsoon forest".
Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains.It is often called the "cloud forest" because clouds often hang over the trees like fog.
The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of many different trees.Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spread their seeds.When the fruits are eaten,the seeds inside them go undamaged through animals' stomachs and are passed out in their droppings.The seeds lying on the forest floor then grow into new trees. [/INST] question: The climate of the rain forests near the equator is _ . | options: A: mild,wet and windy B: hot,rainy and foggy C: hot,wet and cloudy D: warm,wet and sunny | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The United States is a sports-loving nation. Sports in America take various forms: organized competitive struggles, athletic games, hunting and fishing. Most sports are seasonal, so that what is happening in sports depends upon the time of year.
Baseball is the most popular sport in the US. It is played throughout the spring and summer, and professional baseball teams play well into the fall.
Football is the most popular sport in the fall. The game originated as a college sport more than 75 years ago. It's not the same as European football or soccer. In American football there are 11 players as well on each team, and they are dressed in padded uniforms and helmets because the game is rough and injuries are likely to occur. It is still played by almost every college and university in the country.
Basketball is the winner sport in American schools and colleges. Like football, basketball originated in the US, many Americans prefer it to football because it is played indoors throughout the winter and because it is a faster game. And the famous NBA games are considered the best of this game.
Other sports attracting a great many people include wrestling, boxing and horse racing. Although horse-racing fans call themselves sportsmen, the exactness of the term is questionable, as only the jockeys who ride the horses in the races can be considered athletes. The so-called sportsmen are the spectators, who do not come primarily to see the horses race, but to bet upon the outcome of each race. Gambling is the attraction of horse racing. [/INST] question: Baseball is so popular in America that some professional teams play it until _ . | options: A: spring B: summer C: fall D: winter | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport .
He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only _ the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish to their way. [/INST] question: What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney? | options: A: Go shopping B: Find a house C: Join his family D: Take his family | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Mississippi is the major river system in the United States. The Yangtze is China's longest river.
Although a world apart, the two waterways share conservation concerns that provide a cultural bridge between students in the United States and China, as well as from around the world.
The Mississippi flows almost 3,800 kilometers from a small lake in Minnesota, gathering the waters of 250 other rivers and streams before reaching the Gulf of Mexico.
In mid-May, as spring flowers began to open, about 41 students from a dozen colleges, mostly in the Midwest, explored a section of the river in Wisconsin and Iowa, to learn about the environment, and each other.
The students, from the U.S., China and around the world, came to join the River Spirit Exchange program.
The cross-cultural educational experience - set up by the University of Wisconsin, Madison-based Environment and Public Health Network for Chinese Students - focuses on the Mississippi and China's longest river, the Yangtze.
This three day get-together featured story-telling, hiking, camping and canoeing, all part of a larger lesson about conservation projects that can be used on both the Yangtze and Mississippi.
While the students learned about the problems challenging the Mississippi and Yangtze, Jeb Barzen, a wildlife biologist, explained they should also learn about the importance of bridging each other's culture.
The president of the Environment and Public Health Network for Chinese Students, Xiaojun Lu, said the Mississippi and Yangtze Rivers are uniting these students from opposite ends of the earth.
Organizers say the success and spirit of this first gathering of students will lead to other trips, including one down the Yangtze. [/INST] question: Where is the source of the Mississippi? | options: A: Minnesota B: the Gulf of Mexico C: Wisconsin D: Iowa | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Recently, Danny Meyer, founder of the Shake Shack chain, announced that his restaurants will do away with tipping. He plans to pay his staff higher wages and pass the cost to customers by raising prices on menus. Is this a good idea?
I'm sure Meyer's latest move will be a winner. The new model could work in Meyer's restaurants because he draws a particular type of customers who are there for a high-end experience. Besides, if the restaurants charge more for meals, they'll pay higher in taxes. As restaurants move to higher wages, the benefit costs will be higher, too.
--Mel Robbins
For a European, eating in an American restaurant is like attending a high school reunion. Tipping turns the whole process into a drawn-out experience where money is at the center stage. There are so many opportunities for embarrassment. So I think Danny Meyer's proposal will change it for the better.
--Andre Spicer
Danny Meyer is doing the right thing by stopping tipping. Eating out costs what it costs and workers are hard-working humans who deserve the stability of a wage. It may take a while to catch on, but we'll get there and it'll become the norm.
--Kat Kinsman
I've found that the practice of tipping has traditionally attracted millions of employees to our industry. The current tipping model still has strong support from diners and they are more than happy to reward good service. But it is vital that restaurants continue to have the freedom to choose what works best for their business and their employees.
--Cicely Simpson [/INST] question: Who considers giving waiters tips as an embarrassment? | options: A: Mel Robbins B: Kat Kinsman C: Andre Spicer D: Cicely Simpson | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Min Sun, with another name of Ziqian, was a famous man in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a student of Confucius. Among all students of Confucius, he was compared with Yan Yuan.
Min Sun's mother died very early, later his father took another wife, who gave birth to two sons. The stepmother _ Min Sun--in winter, while two younger brothers wore warm clothes made of cotton. Min Sun only wore clothes made of reed catkins .
One day, he followed his father to go out. When pulling the chariot , Min Sun felt so cold that he dropped the rope onto the ground. Then his father beat him. Just then, the reed catkins flew out from the broken clothes and his father knew that Min Sun was mistreated, he was very angry.
After the father returned home, he wanted to divorce his wife. Min Sun fell on his knees and begged his father to forgive his stepmother. He said, " if Mother stays at home, only I myself have to stand cold. But if you divorce Mother, all three children have to suffer from cold."
His father was deeply moved and took Min Sun's advice. The stepmother heard of this, felt sorry and knew her mistakes. From then on, she treated Min Sun as her own son. [/INST] question: How many children were there in Min Sun's family? | options: A: One B: Two C: Three D: Four | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every year, thousands of young Europeans set off to explore their continent by train in the summertime. It is a necessary part of growing up and often the first time many Europeans travel without their parents. Now you too can share this adventure.
There are so many places you can not afford to miss while travelling in Europe: the Eiffel Tower of France, windmills of the Netherlands and the Colosseum of Rome. How do young people afford to visit everything they want?
The answer lies with the Eurail Pass. This ticket allows a traveller unlimited journeys by rail in European countries which are members of the scheme. Ambitious Chinese travellers can buy the ticket in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.
The most popular type of Eurail Pass amongst young people, according to Zhao Jiaji, from China Air Service Ltd, is the Eurail Selectpasses. With this you can design your own trip by selecting three, four or five neighbouring countries from a total 18 nations including Liechtenstein, Monaco, Hungary and Romania.
"There is plenty of choice with this pass: in total this range offers over 400 different combinations of countries to choose from!" said Zhao.
The Eurail Selectpass gives 5 to 10 travel days within a 2-month period.
For more flexibility there are the Eurail Passes which allow you to take trains in 17 countries on any day you like. It is valid for a period of either 15 or 21 days, one, two or three months.
If you just want to travel in one or two countries to learn more about the local culture, Eurail Pass also offers two-country passes such as Spain-Portugal, France-Switzerland and Belgium-Luxemburg. And countries like Britain, France and Germany offer a kind of Eurail Pass which allows unlimited train travel in their country.
Before buying the Eurail Pass, you should know some tips to save money. The 2nd class train travel ticket is cheaper than 1st class. And youths under 26 years old or groups of 2 or more people traveling together can enjoy discounts.
For more information, please check out http://www.tt-europe.com. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not an advantage of Eurail Pass? | options: A: Reasonable price B: Various choices C: Wide coverage D: All kinds of discounts | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Aztec population was divided into four main classes.Nobles were the highest and most powerful class.They included the emperor and his extended family, as well as governors in charge of local areas, and members of the government.The nobles owned most of the land.Commoners made up most of the population.They ran small family farms or did ordinary jobs in the towns and cities.Serfs worked on the land owned by the nobles.They were given food and shelter, but weren't paid.Slaves were either prisoners of war or criminals who could be bought and sold.
Many Aztec people lived in rural villages, working the land.However, many more lived in large towns and cities.Tenochtitian, the Aztec capital and home to the emperor, became one of the largest cities in the world.Its construction began in 1325 AD, and it's believed that by 1500 AD more than 200,000 people lived there.
As with all Aztec towns and cities, there was a central area for temples and other special places in Tenochtitian.People could gather there to worship the Aztec gods. [/INST] question: There were _ main classes in the Aztec. | options: A: 2 B: 3 C: 4 D: 5 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Sapporo Snow Festival (Sapporo Yuki-matsuri) is a festival being held every year in Sapporo, Japan for over seven days in February. Presently, Odori Park, Susukino, and Tsudome are the main places of the festival. The 2013 Yuki-matsuri dates are February 5 to 11.
The festival is one of Japan's largest and most typical winter events. In 2007 (58th Festival), about two million people visited Sapporo to see the hundreds of floating statues and ice sculptures at the Odori Park and Susukino sites, in central Sapporo, and at the Satoland site. The festival is thought to be a chance for promoting international relations. International Snow Sculpture Contest has been held at the Odori Park site since 1974, and 14 teams from various areas of the world participated in 2008.
The subject of the statues differs and often shows an event, famous building or person from the previous year. For example, in 2004, there were statues of Hideki Matsui, the famous baseball player who at that time played for the New York Yankees. A number of stages made out of snow are also constructed and some events including musical performances are held. At the Satoland site, visitors can enjoy long snow and ice slides as well as a huge maze made of snow. Visitors can also enjoy a variety of local foods from all over Hokkaido at the Odori Park and Satoland sites, such as fresh seafood, potatoes and corn, and fresh dairy products.
Every year the number of Statues displayed is around 400 in total. In 2007, ther were 307 statues created in the Odori Park site, 32 in the Satoland site and 100 in the Susukino site. The best place to view the creations is from the TV Tower at the Odori Park site. Most of the statues are lighted in the evening. The Sapporo Snow Festival Museum is placed in the Hitsujigaoka observation hill in Toyohira-ku, and displays historical materials and media of the festival. [/INST] question: The Sapporo Snow Festival 2013 will start from _ . | options: A: February 1 B: February 5 C: February 7 D: February 11 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is often said that you cannot "teach an old dog new tricks", but three New Zealand dogs have decided to prove otherwise by learning a skill --- driving a car!
What's even more impressive is that the three who have become skilled in just eight weeks are not special dogs that belong to some rich owners, but abandoned ones at New Zealand's SPCA.
To get their training started, 10-month old Porter, 18-month-old Monty and one-year-old Ginny were selected from a pool of seven potential candidates and moved to Animal Q, a talent agency that teaches animals tricks for movies and television shows.
The driving classes began with teaching the dogs some basic driving techniques like turning the steering wheels and applying the brakes. After that the dogs practiced everything they had learnt behind the wheels of a motorized car. Then finally, it was time for the big test--- driving a real car!
Human cars are not really built for four-legged animals, so the car they drove was adjusted so that the dogs could sit comfortably and easily reach the steering wheel with their paws.
Though they all seemed to do very well, the real test came on Monday night when Monty, the best driver of the three, showed his great driving skill on live television.
Why would the SPCA go through so much trouble to highlight the skills of homeless dogs? The reason is to show that adopting a dog from a shelter does not mean owners are getting a pet that is worse than one purchased from a keeper. The CEO of the SPCA is hoping that this unusual event will be enough to convince the residents of New Zealand to consider them, when searching for a pet.
We surely hope so, meanwhile we are almost certain that these three pioneers have at least landed their names in the Guinness World Records, creating a category that probably does not even exist today! [/INST] question: Who do the three dogs belong to? | options: A: Some rich owners B: Animal Q C: A shelter D: A zoo | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In Britain today, is it possible to tell a person's class just by looking at him? Physical details alone tell us about health, diet and the type of work a person does. A hundred years ago the working class often looked unhealthy, small and they were either too thin or too fat. The upper classes were often tall, sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy. Today living and working conditions have improved, and such descriptions are no longer true. People are taller now than a hundred years ago. Everyone in Britain today is able to have free medicine, a good diet, acceptable working conditions and enough rest and leisure. WWW.K**S*858$$U.COM
The clothes people choose to wear, however, do provide information about their backgrounds. Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer is rich. Clothes can provide other clues as well. The upper classes appear to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colours, made of natural material like wool, leather and cotton. Lower working-class people often choose clothes in bright colours, made of man-made materials. A sociological explanation for this would be that colour and interest are missing from their lives, and therefore any opportunity to produce this is taken.
Clothes are available at a price within most people's reach. New clothes make the wearer feel good and show some degree of wealth to the outside world. Today it is the younger people who spend most money on clothes. Fashion is no longer for the upper classes and the rich. Young people from all social classes spend a lot of money on clothes. Some new fashions are started by working-class people who want to look different and feel important. They want people WWW.K**S*858$$U.COMto look at them. [/INST] question: In the past, a person's appearance could not tell other people about his _ . | options: A: health B: diet C: occupation D: habits | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pulsations of the femoral aery can be felt at the midinguinal point against the head of the femurFemoral aeryIt begins immediately behind the inguinal ligament, midway between the anterior superior spine of the ilium and the symphysis pubis, and passes down the front and medial side of the thigh (hence palpated in this region).It ends at the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thigh, where it passes through an opening in the Adductor magnus to become the popliteal aery.The vessel, at the upper pa of the thigh, lies in front of the hip-joint; in the lower pa of its course it lies to the medial side of the body of the femur, and between these two pas, where it crosses the angle between the head and body, the vessel is some distance from the bone.The first 4 cm. of the vessel is enclosed, together with the femoral vein, in a fibrous sheath--the femoral sheath.In the upper third of the thigh the femoral aery is contained in the femoral triangle (Scarpa's triangle), and in the middle third of the thigh, in the adductor canal (Hunter's canal). [/INST] question: Femoral pulsation can be best felt at: | options: A: Below and medial to pubic tubercle B: Near Anterior superior Iliac Spine C: Mid point of inguinal ligament D: Mid-inguinal point | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Xeroderma pigmentosum Genomic instability - enabler of malignancy The maintenance of integrity of information in D.N.A. molecule is of utmost impoance. Cells have developed elaborate mechanisms to monitor the integrity of the genetic material. A number of complex multisubunit enzyme systems are involved in repair of damaged DNA or to prevent any error during DNA synthesis. Despite the elaborate proofreading system employed during DNA synthesis, errors including base pairing or inseion of one to a few extra nucleotides can occur. In addition, DNA is constantly being subjected to environmental insults that cause the alteration or removal of nucleotide bases. - Base are also altered or lost spontaneously from mammalian DNA at a rate many thousands per cell per day. - If the damage is not repaired a permanent mutation (genomic instability) may be introduced that can result in any of a number of deleterious effects including loss of control over the proliferation of a mutated cell leading to cancer. Luckily cells are remarkably efficient at repairing damage done to their DNA. When there is a defect in DNA the cell cycle stops for a while, allowing the damaged DNA time for repair. If the DNA cannot be repaired it undergoes apoptosis. Most of the repair systems involve :? - Recognition of the damage on the DNA - Removal or excision of the damage - Replacement or, filling the gap left by excision using sister strand as template for DNA synthesis - Typically genomic instability occurs when both copies of the DNA repair gene are lost, however recent work has suggested that even a subset of these genes may promote cancer in haploinsufficient manner. Persons with defect in DNA repair continue to replicate damaged DNA rather than stopping to allow repair or undergoing apoptosis. -There are several inherited disorders in which genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair are defective. - Individuals born with such inherited defects in DNA repair proteins are at a greatly increased risk of developing cancer. - The defect in DNA repair protein leads to genomic instability which enables malignancy. - DNA repairing genes themselves are not oncogenic but their abnormalities allow mutations in other genes during the process of normal cell division. Three types of DNA repair defects contributes to different types of cancers Mismatch repair Nucleotide excision repairQ Recombination repair [/INST] question: DNA repairs defect associated with aEUR' | options: A: Xeroderma pigmentosum B: Icthyosis C: Mosaicism D: ?? | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pathergy phenomenon is defined as a state of altered tissue reactivity that occurs in response to minor trauma Although the exact mechanisms underlying pathergy phenomenon are unknown, skin injury caused by needle prick apparently triggers a cutaneous inflammatory response . Types of pathergy tests: Oral pathergy test Site: lower lip. Skin pathergy test Site: A hairless area on the flexor aspect of the forearm sterile needle (20 gauge) prick or an intradermal injection of normal saline, monosodium urate (MSU) crystals or streptococcal antigens to perform the test. The procedure is performed on a hairless pa of the volar forearm. Generally, the needle is inseed veically or diagonally at an angle of 45deg to a depth of 3-5 mm. The needle should reach the dermis for a proper response. Clinical evaluation: Readings are taken after 48 hrs of the needle prick. A 1-2mm papule that is usually felt by palpation and which is surrounded by an erythematous halo is formed on the skin. The papule may remain as a papule or transform into a 1-5mm pustule. The pustule becomes prominent in 24 h, becomes maximum in size in 48 h, and disappears in 45 days. Erythema without induration is interpreted as a negative result. Conditions with positive pathergy phenomenon: Behcet's disease Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG): The pathergy test positivity at a rate of 25% has been repoed in the literature in PG patients. Aggressive surgical debridement or skin grafting is discouraged in these patients because of the risk of a pathergic response. Interferon alpha-treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients Sweets syndrome Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis Inflammatory bowel disease Healthy individuals Rarely in spondyloahropathies Ijdvl Sequeira FF, Daryani D. The oral and skin pathergy test. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011 ;77:526-30. Available from: <a style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: ;" href=" [/INST] question: Pathergy test is used for | options: A: Reither's syndrome , B: Behchet's syndrome C: Lichen planus D: Atopic dermatitis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific. It is one of the smallest countries in the world. But for those who are interested in adventure and sport, there is a lot to do. Vanuatu's islands offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world: volcano surfing and land diving.
Volcano Surfing
On Tanna Island, Mount Yasur rises 300 meters into the sky. Yasur is an active volcano, and it erupts almost every day, sometimes several times a day. For centuries, people have climbed this mountain to visit the top. Recently, people have also started climbing Yasur to surf the volcano. In some ways, volcano surfing is like surfing in the sea, but in other ways it's very different. Volcano surfers try to escape the erupting volcano--without getting hit by flying rocks! It's fast, fun and dangerous--the perfect extreme sport .
Land Diving
Most people are familiar with bungee jumping, but do you know bungee jumping started on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu and is almost fifteen centuries old? The activity, first called land diving, is part of a religious ceremony . A man ties tree vines to his legs. He then jumps head-first from a high tower to touch the earth with the top of his head--without breaking the vine. Every spring, island natives (men only) still take part in this amazing activity. [/INST] question: In Line 2, what does the word "those" mean? | options: A: People B: Animals C: Activities D: Islands | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "A wide-mouthed, thin walled unattached diverticulum in an adult patient can probably quite safely be left alone." - Maingot's
Treatment
Any symptomatic Meckel's diverticula is resected (Diverticulectomy)
There are two techniques for excision of the diverticulum
simple excision
resection with the segment of ileum containing the diverticulum and then reanastomosis.
Resection of ileum with reanastomosis is reserved for
patients with peptic ulceration in the ileal mucosa
a gangrenous diverticulitis affecting the base of the diverticulum
if the base of the diverticulum is inflamed or perforated
in rare cases of malignant disease situated in Meckel's diverticulum.
Management of asymptomatic Meckel's diverticula found incidentally on laprotomy
Management is controversial and different books write differently.
According to Maingot's
a wide-mouthed, thin walled Meckel's diverticulum without any attached band can be left. prophylactic diverticulectomy is done
if the diverticula has a narrow base
if there is any palpable thickening or adhesions suggestive of ectopic tissue.
if there is any attachment either by bands to the umbilicus or by a mesodiverticular vascular strand. [/INST] question: A wide mouth meckels diverticulum is found. accidently on laparotomy. what will be t/t of choice- | options: A: Resection of diverticulum B: Leave as such C: Ligate at base D: Resection withpart of ileum | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the future, when robots can be used both in homes and in other areas, they could improve the living standards of people. Many people burn their energy on their day-to-day tasks like cooking, cleaning after work, etc. When robots can complete such jobs, people can spend more time with their family and friends. Experts say that many major problems in the modern world are caused by miscommunication. When people have more time, they can talk freely to solve such issues and eventually create a happy society.
Robots can be used on certain jobs to avoid accidents caused by careless behavior of some people. When robots are used on such work, it does not risk any human life due to accidents at the workplace. Human resources can be efficiently used by performing tasks which demand human skills like critical thinking and problem solving. Robots can be used on low-end jobs like moving heavy things and heavy weight lifting.
While some people talk about how robots can be useful to humans, others voice their concerns about reduction in human value and the creation of a lazy society due to heavy dependency on robots. When robots become cheaper to produce, employers may prefer to use more robots than humans. As the technology constantly improves the abilities of robots, it could weaken the value of humans. Many people may rely on robots heavily. Some may even develop the habit of using robots on tasks that they can easily do. This could create a lazy society.
As an aging society, Japan sees it a must to build robots that take care of elderly people at their home, because without them, the nation's health care system can't cope. There will simply be too many elderly people to care for as the nation faces a decreasing birth rate, an aging population, and the loosening of family ties. However, many of Japan's elderly people would prefer human helpers rather than robots. Above all, Japan wants, if not "needs", its immigration policy is anti-immigration.
In conclusion, robots can be used on anything that can eventually improve humans' living standards but we can't depend on them too much. Robots can be used to help humans live in harmony and form a happy society. [/INST] question: Compared with humans, robots are better at _ | options: A: problem solving B: communicating with others C: working safely D: critical thinking | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Diseases that are due to defects in a single gene are designated as autosomal or X-linked, depending on whether the affected gene is located on an autosome or an X chromosome. Genetically determined diseases that are multifactorial in origin (ie, neural tube defects) do not conform to the Mendelian pattern of inheritance but exhibit a variable outcome that reflects the interaction between a particular genotype and an environment. The relatives of persons with diseases of multifactorial origin have an increased risk of having similar abnormalities.The recurrence risk for most single primary defects of multifactorial inheritance (eg, neural tube defects) is increased with each child affected. This increased risk forms the basis for assuming that genetic factors play a role in the occurrence of these abnormalities. Other factors, such as race, sex, and ethnic and racial background, influence the frequency with which an abnormality of multifactorial inheritance occurs in relatives The prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects (anencephaly and meningomyelocele) can be made by the detection of elevated levels of alpha- fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid. To reduce the risk of neural tube defects, it is now recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant take between 400 mcg and 800 mcg of folic acid daily. [/INST] question: A routine prenatal ultrasound reveals a male fetus with meningomyelocele. The 24-year-old primigravid mother is told the infant will require surgery shortly after birth. You counsel her about the etiology of this defect and the risk of further pregnancies being similarly affected, and state which of the following? | options: A: The hereditary pattern for this condition is autosomal recessive B: The prenatal diagnosis can be made by the detection of very low levels of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid C: Subsequent pregnancies are not at increased risk compared to the general population D: Supplementation of maternal diet with folate leads to a decrease in incidence of this condition | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All that hard work, all that hardship, all the time spent underground, it was all for the families. It was all for you. For a car in the driveway, a roof overhead. For a chance to give their kids opportunities that they would never know, and enjoy retirement with their loves and lovers. It was all in the hopes of something better. And so these miners lived - as they died - dreaming of the American Dream.
There, in the mines, for their families, they became a family themselves -- sharing birthdays, relaxing together, watching Mountaineers football or basketball together, spending days off together, hunting or fishing. They may not have always loved what they did, said a sister, but they loved doing it together. They loved doing it as a family. They loved doing it as a community.
That community was showed for all to see in the minutes, and hours, and days after the tragedy. Rescuers, risking their own safety, searching for narrow tunnels filled with methane and carbon monoxide , hoping against hope they might find a survivor. Friends keeping porch lights on in a nightly vigil ; hanging up homemade signs that read, "Pray for our miners, and their families." Neighbors consoling each other, and supporting each other and leaning on one another.
I've seen it, the strength of that community. In the days that followed the disaster, emails and letters poured into the White House. Postmarked from different places across the country, they often began the same way: "I am proud to be from a family of miners." "I am the son of a coal miner." "I am proud to be a coal miner's daughter." (Applause.) They were always proud, and they asked me to keep our miners in my thoughts, in my prayers. Never forget, they say, miners keep America's lights on. (Applause.) And then in these letters, they make a simple plea: Don't let this happen again. (Applause.) Don't let this happen again.
How can we fail them? How can a nation that relies on its miners not do everything in its power to protect them? How can we let anyone in this country put their lives at risk by simply showing up to work; by simply pursuing the American Dream?
We cannot bring back the 29 men we lost. They are with the Lord now. Our task, here on Earth, is to save lives from being lost in another such tragedy; to do what must do, individually and collectively, to assure safe conditions underground -- (applause) -- to treat our miners like they treat each other -- like a family. (Applause.) Because we are all family and we are all Americans. (Applause.) And we have to lean on one another, and look out for one another, and love one another, and pray for one another.
God bless our miners. (Applause.) God bless their families. God bless West Virginia. (Applause.) And God bless the United States of America. (Applause.) [/INST] question: Where did the tragedy probably happen? | options: A: Near the White House B: In West Virginia C: In a community D: We don't know | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The question has been discussed in many ways since the exact choice asked was not recalled properly: In the aforementioned format, The most frequent cause of obstetrical hemorrhage is failure of the uterus to contract sufficiently after delivery and to arrest bleeding from vessels at the placental implantation site Data from Al-Zirqi, 2008; Berg, 2010; Chichakli, 1999; Zwa, 2008 If the question was 'sudden un explained death', then an amniotic fluid embolism can be the answer The true incidence of AFE is unknown, but has been repoed to range from 1:8 000 to 1:80 000 pregnancies. Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) it as a syndrome of sudden peripaum shock. This is a catastrophic obstetric emergency that can present as sudden, profound, and unexpected maternal collapse associated with hypotension, hypoxaemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It occurs when amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enter the maternal circulation. Risk Factors: Advanced maternal age; multiparity; meconium stained liquor; intrauterine fetal death; polyhydramnios; strong frequent or tetanic uterine contractions; maternal history of allergy or atopy; chorioamnionitis; AFE is caused by fetal antigens in the amniotic fluid stimulating a cascade of endogenous immune mediators, producing a reaction similar to anaphylaxis [/INST] question: Which of the following is the most likely cause of a woman presenting with shock in immediate post paum period | options: A: PPH B: Post paum eclampsia C: Uterine inversion D: Amniotic fluid embolus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tens of thousands of smartphone applications are running ads from the overwhelming advertising networks that change smartphone settings and copy people's contact information without permission.
Aggressive ad networks can disguise ads as text message notifications , and sometimes change browser settings and bookmarks. Often, the ads will upload your contacts list to the ad network's servers--- information that the ad network can then sell to marketers.
Sounds scary? It's not a giant problem yet, but it's a growing one. As many as 5% of free mobile apps use an "aggressive" ad network to make money, according to Lookout, a San Francisco-based mobile security company. PhoneLiving was one of the most popular app developers to use these kinds of ad networks; their dozens of talking animal apps have been downloaded several million times. Later, PhoneLiving says it has mended its ways. The company admittedusing _ techniques to make money from its apps, but said it dropped those methods at the start of July because of bad reviews and declining downloads.
The most popular type of apps that use aggressive ad networks are "Personalisation" apps, which include wallpapers. Comic and entertainment apps are also among the most likely to have rogue ad networks running behind the scenes. Like aggressive pop-ups on PCs, the bad software isn't easy to get rid of. Though the damage can typically be removed by deleting the app, it can be hard to tell which app is causing the problems.
When developers create free mobile apps, they usually make money through ads displayed within the app. App makers don't usually tell people which ad network they are using, which makes it hard to avoid the known offenders. The best defense is to read reviews and avoid downloading apps that have attracted many complaints. [/INST] question: What is an example of bad behavior by the annoying mobile ads? | options: A: They change browser settings and bookmarks B: They change people's calendar settings C: They send scam text messages occasionally D: They download free versions of games | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Climbers at the top of Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, will now be able to make video calls and surf the Internet on their mobile phones, a Nepalese telecom group claims.
Ncell, a branch company of Swedish phone giant TeliaSonera, said on Thursday it had set up a high-speed third-generation (3G) phone base station at an altitude of 5,200 metres in the Everest region.
"Today we made the world's highest video call from Mount Everest base camp successfully. The coverage of the network will reach up to the peak of Mount Everest," Ncell Nepal chief Pasi Koistinen told reporters in Kathmandu.
The installation will also help tens of thousands of tourists and hikers who visit the world's highest mountain every year.
Climbers who reached its 8,848-metre peak previously depended on expensive satellite phones and a voice-only network set up by China Mobile in 2007 on the Chinese side of the mountain.
"This is a great milestone for mobile communications as the 3G high speed Internet will bring faster, more affordable telecommunication services from the world's tallest mountain," said Lars Nyberg, chief executive of TeliaSonera, which owns 80 percent of Ncell.
The 3G services will be fast enough to make video calls and use the Internet, said the company, which also claimed the world's lowest 3G base at 1,400 metres below sea level in a mine in Europe.
Despite the installation in Mount Everest, telecom services cover less than one-third of the 28 million people of Nepal, one of the poorest countries in the world.
TeliaSonera said it planned to invest $ 100 million in the next year to ensure that mobile coverage increases to more than 90 per cent of the Himalayan nation's population.
The 3G network on Mount Everest puts TeliaSonera ahead of state-controlled Nepal Telecom, Indian-owned United Telecom and China Mobile.
Around 3,000 people have climbed to the Everest summit since Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to conquer the peak in 1953. [/INST] question: Who are most likely to benefit from the 3G services at Mount Everest? | options: A: The telecom firm B: The local residents C: Travelers to Nepal D: Mount Everest explorers | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My son was a second-grader. He went to school by bus every day. He was the first student on in the morning, as we were farthest from school, and the last student off in the evening. I was a teacher myself and it was a comfort to realize the school staff were all working as hard as I was to provide a safe learning environment.
One day I came home from work and waited for my son to get home for a long time. Then I called the school. "Perhaps he's just a bit late," said the secretary. "I will call the driver to see if those children are home." A few minutes later, I answered the phone to hear that the other students were home. Then I called his friends' parents, to see if perhaps he had gotten off at their stop to play. The answers were all "No."
By that time, it was dark and I was scared. My home was in the mountain areas, and it was said that a wolf had come up somewhere. My husband wasn't at home, so I forced myself to calm down and decided to go out to look for him. I was about to go out when the telephone rang; it was from the driver. "He's okay," I heard. "He was asleep on the seats in the back, under a couple of jackets. Since it's dark, can he spend the night with my family?"
I was relieved and agreed. Since my son had a great adventure, the school started giving a copy of the list to the driver, so he could check off the children's names when they got off the bus. I think highly of the school for taking the cautionary step ahead; it is a sign of their concern for students, parents, and staff. [/INST] question: At first the secretary thought _ . | options: A: the author's son was still at school B: the school bus would arrive in a while C: the author's son was at his friend's home D: there might be something wrong with the school bus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's only 4 hours flying time from Sydney, but a world away. What better place to rest than a country where the only place people hurry is on the football field and things are done in "Fiji time"?
Viti Levu - Great Fiji - is the largest island. Here you'll find the capital Suva and the international airport at Nadi. Vatoa, on the other hand, is a tiny island in the farthest part of Fiji. Then there are 331 other islands, many of them with places to stay.
Whit less than a million people living on islands, you'll never feel crowded. And with a climate that changes only for five degrees between seasons, there's never a bad time to come.
From cities to villages, from mountains to beaches, from water sports to wooden artworks, Fiji can give you more adventures and special experiences than you could find almost anywhere in the world.
Whenever you come, wherever you go, you're sure to see some unforgettable events. From war dances to religious songs. From market days to religious days. It's not just staged for tourists; it's still a part of everyday life in Fiji. And any one of us can enjoy Fiji's spirit by being part of the traditional sharing of yaqona, a drink made from the root of a Fiji plant.
So why not join us for the experience of a life me? [/INST] question: Where is the international airport of Fiji? | options: A: In Suva B: In Sydney C: On the island of Vatoa D: On the island of Viti Levu | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Outlook
Outlook is back with a new series of reports to keep you up to date with all that's new in the world of entertainment. Stories go all the way from the technical to the romantic, from stage to screen. There will be reports of the stars of the moment, the stars of the future and the stars of the past. The director with his new film, the designer with the latest fashion, and the musician with the popular song are part of the new Outlook. The program is introduced by Fran Levine.
9:00 PM
Discovery
When a 10 -year -old boy gets a first class degree in mathematics or an 8-year- old plays chess like a future grand master, they are considered as geniuses. Where does the quality of genius come from? Is it all in the genes or can any child be turned into a genius? And if parents do have a child who might become a genius in the future, what should they do ? In this 30-minute film, Barry Johnson, the professor at School of Medicine, New York University will help you discover the answer.
10:00 PM
Science/Health
Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is "yes", according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. After a study of 800 persons with high blood pressure, they found that after 6 months, those devoted to weight-loss exercise and eating a low-salt, low-fat food lost about 13 pounds and became fitter. Plus, 35% of them dropped into the "normal" category. This week, Dr. Alan Duckworth will tell you how these people reduce their blood pressure to a level similar to what's achieved with Hypertension drugs. [/INST] question: From Outlook, you can get a great deal of information about _ . | options: A: famous stars B: story tellers C: film companies D: music fans | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Apt test Both Apt test and Kleihaur-betke test can be used to detect the presence of fetal blood within a sample. Apt Test -Is used to detect the presence or absence of fetal blood (qualitative) in a vaginal discharge to rule out vasa pre late in pregnancy or to detect the origin of a neonatal bloody, vomiting whether it's a genuine upper GI hemorrhage/hemoptysis or simply a swallowed maternal blood during delivery or from cracked nipple. Kleihauer-Betke Test -The sample is maternal peripheral smear and is used to see how much of fetal blood (quantitative) has been transfused into the maternal serum in order to assess the risk of isoimmunization and then the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Both of them relies on the fact that HbF is resistant to alkali (Apt) and acids (Kleihauer) and so the HbA containing RBCs (maternal) will be hemolyzed but not the fetal RBCs as they contain the HbF. In simple words When fetal blood needs to be differentiated from adult (maternal) blood Apt test is used --> (qualitative estimation). When the amount of fetal bleeding needs to estimated Kleihauer Betke test is used --4 (quantitative estimation). The question has asked about the test used to differentiate between maternal and *fetal blood therefore the answer should he Apt test. Apt test Kleihaur Betke test Source of sample Maternal or neonatal Maternal How it works Adding 1% NaOH destroys adult HbA but not fetal HbF Adding acid destroys adult HbA but not fetal HbF Assessement type Qualitative Quantitative Result Positive means blood is of fetal origin Repoed in estimated 'inr s of fetal blood [/INST] question: Which test differentiate maternal and fetal blood CellaEUR' | options: A: Apt test B: Kleihauer-Betke test C: Bubblin test D: Osmotic fragility test | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The diagnostic approach to ureteric colic has changed due to the introduction of new radiological imaging such as non-contrast CT. The role of intravenous urography, which is regarded as the gold standard for the diagnosis of ureteric colic, is being challenged by CT, which has become the first-line investigation in a number of centres.CT has the following advantages over IVU: it has higher sensitivity and specificity for calculus detection, it does not use intravenous contrast medium, it permits alternative diagnoses, and requires a shoer examination time.CT can visualise all radiopaque stones, as well as radiolucent stones such as uric acid and cystine calculi. An impoant limitation of CT is the fact that it does not permit functional evaluation of the kidneys and it is unable to assess the degree of obstruction. Another disadvantage is higher radiation exposure of the patient compared with KUB or IVU. First line investigation for flank pain:-USG First line investigation for renal stone:-x-RAY KUB. ref :- Bailey and Love 27th ed , chapter 76 , pg no :- 1406 Campbell - Walsh urology 11th ed , chapter 52 , pg no 1202 [/INST] question: Best investigation for ureteric stones is ? | options: A: USG B: CT C: CECT D: IVP | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Which animal has the fastest snapping jaw ? If you're guessing a shark or perhaps a larger animal, you'll have to think smaller. The trapjaw ant, which lives in Central and South America, moves its mouth parts at 35 to 63 meters per second. Another way to think about this is that the ant's jaws close at 125 to 233 kilometers per hour. That's 2, 300 times faster than the blink of an eye.
Scientists were able to measure the amazing jaw speed using highspeed video techniques. Sheila Patek, a biologist, says the key is that the jaws have a springy system, which is critical in getting explosive speeds.
Consider a bow and arrow. If you try to throw an arrow with your arm, it won't go very far. If you use a bow, elastic energy stored in the bow is released almost instantly when you release the arrow with your finger or a latch. The combination of the springy bow and latch mechanism is what makes the arrow zoom through the air.
Maybe even more amazing than how fast these ants grab food or even enemies is how they use this same energy to move. As the ant closes its jaws, it uses them to push off the ground--all faster than the eye can see without slow motion video. A snap of the jaw can send an ant up to 8.3 centimeters into the air. That's like someone who is 1.7 meters jumping 13 meters high! Not only can they quickly escape from enemies, but often a group of ants will start jumping all at once. It would be hard for their enemies to grab just one.
People have suspected the ants used their jaws to jump for over a century, but could only prove it with today's modern video equipment. [/INST] question: The fast speed of the trapjaw ant's jaw lies in _ . | options: A: its light body B: its springy system C: its living environment D: the length of its jaw | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hydrofluoric Acid :- Ingestion of hydrofluoric acid may be associated with significant systemic absorption and manifestations such as hypocalcaemia, acidosis, and shock. Hydroflouric acid burns results in bone destruction, and excruciating pain. HFA rapidly destroys the deep tissues. The mechanisms of toxicity are:1. Liquefactive necrosis.2. Decalcification and destruction of bone.3. Production of insoluble salts--calcium and magnesium fluoride.These effects result in hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia On Dermal exposure: * Severe pain * Hydrofluoric acid readily penetrates the skin and mucous membranes, causing deep tissue destruction On ingestion:Severe, burning pain followed by retching and vomiting. Systemic fluoride toxicity may result in severe hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment: Topical Skin Therapy: Local application of 2.5% calcium gluconate gel is the treatment of choice.Systemic: IV calcium & Magnesium sulfate until the normal levels are reached in blood. [/INST] question: In Hydrofluoric acid poisoning, which electrolyte abnormality is not seen: | options: A: Hypernatremia B: Hypomagnesemia C: Hypocalcemia D: Hyperkalemia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The nephrotic oedema is classically more severe and marked and is present in the subcutaneous tissues as well as in the visceral organs. The affected organ is enlarged and heavy with tense capsule.
Microscopically, the oedema fluid separates the connective tissue fibres of subcutaneous tissues. Depending upon the protein content, the oedema fluid may appear homogenous, pale, eosinophilic or may be deeply eosinophilic and granular.
Oedema in glomerulonephritis. Oedema occurs in conditions with diffuse glomerular disease such as in acute diffuse glomerulonephritis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (nephritic oedema). In contrast to nephrotic oedema, nephritic oedema is not due to hypoproteinaemia but is due to excessive reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. The protein content of oedema fluid in glomerulonephritis is quite low (less than 0.5 g / dl).
The nephritic oedema is usually mild as compared to nephrotic oedema and begins in the loose tissue such as on the face around eyes, ankles and genitalia. Oedema in these conditions is usually not affected by gravity (unlike cardiac oedema). [/INST] question: cause of oedema in Glomenulonephritis is : | options: A: Increased hydrostatic pressure B: Sodium and water retention C: Lymphatic obstruction D: Reduced plasma oncotic pressure | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Zach Linsky, 11, watches TV for 3 and a half hours a day and plays video games every other day. Zach, a sixth grader in Washington, D. C., is an American. But unlike many kids, he doesn't have a TV, VCR, or computer in his bedroom. He only has a boom box .
The survey of 3,155 kids, aged 2 to 18, shows that they spend 5 hours and 29 minutes on average a day using some types of media outside of school, including 2 hours and 46 minutes watching TV, 21 minutes on the computer, 20 minutes playing video games, and 8 minutes on the Internet. The good news: The total includes 44 minutes spent reading.
The survey also shows that those aged 2 to 7 spend 3 hours and 9 minutes watching TV every day and shows that 32 percent in that age group have TV sets in their rooms. Among those aged 8 to 18, 21 percent have computers in their rooms, 65 percent have TV sets, and 61 percent say their parents don't stop them from watching TV. Nearly 1 in 4 say they watch more than 5 hours a day.
"Kids are living much more lonely lives than ever before," says Kay S. Hytnowitz. "They just disappear into their rooms and spend all of their time with these media." [/INST] question: At what age do children in America spend about five and a half hours on the media a day? | options: A: Aged 2 to 7 B: Aged 2 to 18 C: Aged 8 to 18 D: Aged 2 to 11 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This Thursday, across the USA, kids are skipping school and going to work with their parents. They'll be making copies, sending faxes and sweeping floors. This is because April 28 is Take Our Sons and Daughters to Work Day all over the USA. This holiday shows kids what it means to be a grown-up in the working world.
I still remember when this day started, I was very happy. Not only did I have the chance to miss school, but I also got to sit in my dad's taxi all day long and we would go to a restaurant for lunch.
But after only 20 minutes of driving around the city, I was very bored. couldn't read my book in the car as I would get carsick and my dad didn't like to turn on the radio. I got hot and uncomfortable. People wouldn't get into his taxi because they thought he already had a passenger-me, so nothing happened. It seemed years before we went out for lunch. I actually started to miss school.
While the point of the day is to give kids a chance to experience real-life jobs and give them an idea of the possibilities for their futures, I got something completely different from the day. I learned to appreciate school. Where else do you get to play with your friends, do science experiments, read great books and write stories all in one day?
Just as you'll have to learn to love your job later in life, learn to love school now. If you don't already, try spending the day at work with your dad. [/INST] question: When is 'Take Our Sons and Daughters to Work Day' all over the USA? | options: A: On February 28 B: On March 28 C: On April 28 D: On May 28 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Cuban iguana is a species of lizard of the iguana family. It is the largest of the West Indian rock iguanas, one of the most endangered groups of lizards. This species with red eyes and a thick tail is one of the largest lizards in the Caribbean.
The Cuban iguana is mainly _ : 95% of its diet consists of the leaves, flowers and fruits from as many as 30 plant species, including the seaside rock bush and various grasses. However, Cuban iguanas occasionally eat animal matter, and individuals have been watched eating the dead flesh of birds, fish and crabs. The researchers wrote that quite a few people on Isla Magueyes could have caused this incident.
The Cuban iguana is living throughout the rocky southern coastal areas of mainland Cuba and its surrounding islands with a wild population growing rapidly on Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico. It is also found on the Cayman Islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, where a separate subspecies occurs. Females guard their nest sites and often nest in sites half destroyed by Cuban crocodiles. To avoid the attack from them, the Cuban iguana often makes its home within or near prickly-pear cacti .
In general the species is decreasing, more quickly on the mainland than on the outlying islands. One of the reasons for their decrease is habitat destruction caused by the over consuming of farm animals, housing development, and the building of tourist resorts on the beaches where the animals prefer to build their nests. Although the wild population is decreasing, the numbers of iguanas have been sharply increased as a result of captive-breeding and other protection programs. [/INST] question: How many reasons are mentioned for the habitat destruction? | options: A: Two B: Five C: Four D: Three | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The traditional tent cities at festivals such as prefix = st1 /Glastonburymay never be the same again. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tens made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home.
Major festivals such as Glastonburythrow away some 10,000 abandoned tents at the end of events each year. For his final year project at the University of the West of England, James Dunlop came up with a material that can be recycled. And to cope with the British summer, the cardboard has been made waterproof.
Taking inspiration from a Japanese architect, who has used cardboard to make big buildings including churches, Mr. Dunlop used cardboard material for his tents, which he called Myhabs.
The design won an award at the annual New Designers Exhibition after Mr. Dunlop Graduated from his product design degree and he decided to try to turn it into a business.
To raise money for the idea, he toured the City's private companies which fund new businesses and found a supporter in the finance group Mint. He introduced his idea to four of Mint's directors and won their support. Mint has committed around PS500,000 to MyHab and taken a share of 30 per cent in Mr. Dunlop's business. The first Myhabs should be tested at festivals this summer, before being marketed fully next year.
Mr. Dunlop said that the design, which accommodates two people, could have other uses, such as for disaster relief and housing for the London Olympics.
For music events, the cardboard houses will be ordered online and put up at the sites by the Myhab team before the festival-goers arrive and removed by the company afterwards, They can be Personalized and the company will offer reductions on the expense if people agree to sell exterior advertising space.
The biggest festivals attract tens of thousands of participants, with Glastonburyhaving some 150,000 each year. Altogether there are around 100 annual music festivals where people camp in theUK. The events are becoming increasingly environmentally conscious. [/INST] question: Mr. Dunlop established his business_. | options: A: independently with an interest-free loan from Mint B: with the approval of the City's administration C: in partnership with a finance group D: with the help of a Japanese architect | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A man living absolutely alone in a desert or forest is free from other people; but he is not absolutely free. His freedom is limited in several ways. Firstly, by the things around him, such as wild animals or cliffs too steep to climb. Secondly, by his own needs: he must have sleep, water, food and shelter from extreme heat or cold. Lastly, by his own nature as a man: disease may attack him, and death will certainly come to him sooner or later.
When men live together, on the other hand, protection against wild animals is easier and they can work together to get food and build shelters; but each man has to give up some of his freedom so that he can live happily with the others.
When men become organized into very large groups, and civilization develops, it is possible to get freedom from hunger, thirst, cold, heat and many diseases, so that each person can live a happier life than he could if he were living alone; but such a society can not work successfully unless the freedom of each human being is to some extent limited so that he is kept from hurting others. I am not free to kill others, nor to steal someone else's property, nor to behave in a way that offends against the moral sense of the society in which I live. I have to limit my own freedom myself so that others will not limit it too much: I agree to respect the rights of others, and in return they agree to respect mine.
The advantages of such an agreement are great: one man can become a doctor, knowing that others will grow food, make clothes and build a house for him, in return for the work he does to keep them healthy. If each man had to grow his own food, make his own clothes, build his own house and learn to be his own doctor, he would find it impossible to do any one of these jobs really well. By working together, we make it possible for society to provide us all with food, clothes, shelter and medical care, while leaving each of us with as much freedom as it can. [/INST] question: A man living alone in a desert or forest _ . | options: A: is completely free B: feels rather lonely C: has limited freedom D: enjoys no freedom | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A smart phone is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system, with more advanced computing abilities than a common phone. The first smart phones enabled the users to send and receive emails. Later models added the function of portable media players, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation units to form one multi-use device. Many modern smart phones also include touchscreens and web browsers that display web pages.
A recent report says we spend an average of two hours and 40 minutes each day looking at a smart phone. That doesn't mean making calls, but playing phone games and browsing the Web.
Nowadays we always find people checking emails in a restaurant, taking a picture of the food when it arrives, or checking a message during a conversation instead of traditional communication. It's no secret that our lives are being affected by our smart phones _ .
However, this phenomenon has never been presented so vividly as in the short YouTube film I Forgot My Phone. Despite only being online for a few days, it's already been viewed more than 10.5 million times. Whether it will be screened in the cinema remains to be seen.
Ironically, YouTube's data show that the site gets a billion views per day from mobile devices, so a lot of those people watched it on their phones.
The short film, written by and starring actress Charlene Deguzman, shows groups of people in various social situations, the majority of whom are absorbed in their phones instead of the world around them. To a certain extent, we all do it. [/INST] question: People prefer a smart phone to a common one, because the latter only can help us _ . | options: A: check emails B: send messages C: find the destination D: watch a video | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On a recent Saturday evening at around midnight our home became the victim of an egg bombing.Early next morning I was ready to wash off the mess above our front bedroom windows.As I climbed up,I noticed that the glass in a small window just under the roof line was very badly broken.On a closer check,the crack ran around over half of the outer edge of the window.As the awning protected the window,it was clear to me that the damage had not been caused by the egg bombing.I discovered that the window was very loose.
Just a few meters away,we have a small area for playing basketball and on most days of the week there are up to six young people who play there,including both my sons.My thoughts immediately turned to what could have happened if the broken glass in the window had gone unnoticed for much longer and then suddenly broke.Then my two sons and their friends would be likely to be seriously injured.The pain that could have been caused by the broken glass would never go away.
Frequently in life,the small things that happen to us may cause some form of pain,sadness,discomfort or anger.My personal experience with the egg bombing on that Saturday evening reminded me that in most cases there is always a _ to everything that happens to us and that often it can provide a positive outcome or an even greater benefit,if not now,then at some time in the future.
From now on whenever I see or break an egg,I will think of the egg bombing incident and say a thankyou to those latenight trickers.I will always be reminded of JeanPaul Sartre's words,"What is important is not what happens to us,but how we respond to what happens to us." [/INST] question: The egg bombing on that Saturday evening resulted in _ . | options: A: a broken window B: a dirty awning C: a loose roof D: a mess above windows | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Studying abroad is an amazing experience, especially when you come to Australia as an overseas( ) high school student. You can have a lot of fun here, especially on holidays.
There are many festivals in Australia. The most important one is obviously Christmas. Each year, the summer holidays at every high school last about two months from the beginning of December to February, which covers the Christmas time. Since it is a long holiday, most overseas students love to fly back to their home countries to spend the time with their families and friends, but a few students still stay in Australia during the holiday to get part-time jobs. It is quite easy to find a part-time job at Christmas. Students often take part in another major social activity. They go to the beach to have fun in the sunshine. The summer in Australia is from December to February, so going to the beach in December is very popular among Australians.
Easter in March is another important holiday in the year. It actually combines "Good Friday" and "Easter Monday". Almost every shop closes on Good Friday. And people usually go to see Easter Show.
The Chinese New year is not a public holiday in Australia, so every Chinese student still has to go to school to study and do his or her normal duties. [/INST] question: Summer holidays in Australia often begin in _ . | options: A: July B: September C: December D: February | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Changes in myocardial infarction Time Gross Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Reversible injury 0- 1/2 hr None None Relaxation of myofibril; glycogen loss; mitochondrial swelling Irreversible injury 1/2 - 4 hr None Usually none; variable waviness of fibrous at border Sarcolemmal disruption; mitochondrial amorphous densities 4-12 hr Dark mottling (occasional) Early coagulation necrosis; edema; hemorrhage 12-24 hr Dark mottling Ongoing coagulation necrosis; pyknosis of nuclei; myocyte hypereosinophilia; marginal contraction band necrosis; early neutrophilic infiltrate 1-3 days Mottling with yellow - tan infarct center Coagulation necrosis, with loss of nuclei and striations, brisk interstitial infiltrate of neutrophils 3-7 days Hyperemic border; central yellow - tan softening Beginning disintegration of dead myofibers with dying neutrophils early Phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages at infarct border 7-10 days Maximally yellow - tan and soft, with depressed red- tan margins Well - developed Phagocytosis of dead cells; granulation tissue at margins 10-14 days Red - grey depressed infarct borders Well - established granulation tissue with new blood vessels and collagen deposition 2-8 w Gray - white scar, progressive from border toward core of infarct Increased collagen deposition, with decreased cellularity >2 mo Scarring complete Dense collagenous scar [/INST] question: A myocardial infarct showing early granulation tissue has most likely occurred: | options: A: Less than 1 hour B: Within 24 hours C: Within 1 week D: Within 1 month | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Good morning. I'm Chen Hua. Here's my culture report for today, Monday.
A new film starts tonight at the student cinema at eight o'clock. The film is Pirates of the Carribean.It's a fantastic adventure film. Johnny Depp and Orlando Bloom are the stars. They are both very popular and famous, and they both act well in this film, and make their characters believable.
The story is about an old ship. It sails around the Carribean islands. Depp and Bloom try to find some lost gold. Then they come face to face with some terrible men, and have to fight them. There's lots of action, and the fighting looks really dangerous. They also saves Keira Knightly. She plays Elisabeth, the daughter of a rich man. The scenes with Knightly and Bloom are beautiful and romantic.
The film isn't true to life, but it' s very exciting, and some of it is very funny. It' s an enjoyable film, although in my opinion there's too much fighting. But except for that, it's an excellent film.
You didn't see it when it first came out, I advise you to go and see it now. I' m sure you' 11 enjoy it. It' s showing all week. [/INST] question: Pirates of the Carribean is _ . | options: A: a tragedy B: a comedy C: an action film D: an adventure film | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Plastic is everywhere because plastic is an extremely useful material. It is cheap, strong and lightweight. What's more, it can take on nearly any form or shape, from soft and stretchy to hard and glasslike.
Plastic, however, is far from perfect. It may even be bad for us. Studies now suggest that poisonous chemicals can get out of some types of plastic, get into our bodies, and cause a variety of health problems, including cancer, birth defects and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder .
Two types of chemicals in particular have raised special concern lately. They are called phthalates and Bisphenol-A , BPA for short. Not all plastic products contain them. But the ones that do are surrounded by controversy . That's because experts disagree on how dangerous these chemicals are.
Plastic is a single word, but plastic isn't just one thing. What all plastics share in common are plasticizers -- special chemicals that allow the material to be changed into nearly any shape or texture. Plasticizers are added to plastic during the manufacturing process.
Phthalates and BPA are two types of plasticizers that work in different ways. Phthalates add softness to things like shampoo bottles, raincoats and rubber. They are also used in perfumes and makeup. BPA, on the other hand, gives a hard, clear, almost glasslike feel to products such as infant bottles. BPA also appears in food and soda cans, DVDs and other unexpected places.
How do these chemicals get into us? When plastic is heated in the microwave or dishwasher, chewed on or scratched, the chemicals can seep out of the plastic. Even though we can't see them, we eat them, drink them and breathe them in.
Scientists and parents are especially worried about young children, who tend to chew on everything, including plastic. Dozens of countries, including the European Union, Japan, Canada and Mexico have already banned phthalates from products made for children younger than three. California and Washington have done the same. And a number of other states are considering similar rules. As for BPA, Canada became the first country to ban the chemical from baby bottles. A dozen states are considering it. [/INST] question: Which of the following products contains BPA? | options: A: A soft plastic cup B: A pencil eraser C: A baby milk bottle D: A new perfume | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The panda is one of the animals most in danger. Three are about 1,000 pandas living in nature reserves today. Zoos and research centers look after about 160 pandas. Scientists are studying how they live and more baby pandas are born in the zoos.
Pandas live in the forests and mountains of Southern China. They mainly live on bamboo, and each pandas needs to eat a lot of bamboo every day. The area of bamboo is becoming smaller for many different reasons, so pandas have less and less land to live on. Pandas don't have many babies, and baby panda often dies. The situation is becoming very serious.
Our government is working hard to save pandas. There are more than 30 nature reserves to protect pandas but these are not enough. The government has made a new plan to help pandas. The nature reserves will be bigger and the bamboo will grow better. Then the pandas will have enough food and enough places to live in. Pandas born in the zoos may go back to live in the nature reserves.
Most people love pandas. The panda is one of the best-known animals in the world. It is the symbol for the World Wide Fund for Nature. The WWF works to protect all animals in danger, so the panda has become the symbol of all animals in danger. There is still a long way to save the panda. Think of other animals in danger. There is still a long way to go to save the panda. Think of other animals in danger such as tigers, whales, turtles and elephants--and we need to save them, too. [/INST] question: There are about _ pandas living in the nature reserves today. | options: A: 30 B: 160 C: 300 D: 1,000 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: * SEQUESTRUM -- is a piece of dead bone , surrounded by infected granulation tissue trying to "eat" the sequestrum away. It appears pale having smooth inner surface and a rough outer. * When SEQUESTRUM IS COMPLETE, it lies in the free cavity and is LESS attacked by granulation tissue and is absorbed more slowly. * Meanwhile , the surrounding living bone attempts to wall off the infection by forming a thick , dense wall , the INVOLUCRUM. * (INVOLUCRUM is the dense sclerotic bone overlying the sequestrum). * An involucrum usually has multiple openings, the cloacae , through which exudate , bone debris , and sequestra find exit and pass through sinus tracts to the surface. * CONSTANT DESTRUCTION of neighboring soft tissue leads to THIN skin which is easily traumatised , skin epithelium grows inwards to line the sinus tract. * In chronic osteomyelitis of long standing , multiple cavities and sequestra exist throughout the bone * The shaft becomes thickened , irregular and deformed. ref : maheswari 9th ed [/INST] question: Chronic osteomyelitis is diagnosed mainly by | options: A: Sequestrum B: Bone fracture C: Deformity D: Brodie's abscess | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: BRITAIN is a popular tourist place. But tours of the country have advantages and disadvantages .
ADVANTAGES
Free museums. No charge for good collections of art works.
Pop music. Britain is the only country to rival(...)the US on this point.
Cabs. London taxi drivers well know where they are going.
Choice of food. Visitors can find food from every corner of the world .
Fashion. Not only do fashion junkies love deeply and respect highly brand names such as Vivienne Westwood, Alexander McQueen; street styles are justly loved, too.
DISADVANTAGES
Poor service. People can dine out on the rudeness they have experienced," says Professor Tony Seaton, of Luton University's International Tourism Research Center.
Poor public transport. Trains and buses are promised to defeat tourists who have the most patience, so the over- crowded London tube is inexplicably popular.
Rain. Still in the number one complaint.
Overpriced hotels. The only European country with a higher rate of tax on hotel rooms is Denmark.
Drinking hours. Alcohol is in short supply after 11 pm even in "24-hour cities". [/INST] question: What do tourists complain most? | options: A: Poor service B: Poor public transport C: Rain D: Overpriced hotels | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: While traveling satisfies different needs of various types of people, most serious adventurers hope to make some connections while they're experiencing another culture. Discovering another way of life is fascinating, and leads to a deeper understanding of one's own culture as well. However, it can be difficult to get to know people and customs if one's trip is spent at a hotel. A better choice for gaining insight into the culture of a country is couchsurfing.
Couchsurfing is free, and guarantees a close encounter of some sort, as it allows you to stay on a local's couch or in a guest room. Travelers can look up couchsurfing opportunities on Couchsurfing.com, where hosts and surfers can connect, create and view profiles, and exchange information. "Meeting their friends, seeing how they function and seeing how people were actually living are so personal. I really like the opportunity to gain a pure knowledge of someone's life," says Meghan Sinnott, who recently couchsurfed in Denmark, Holland, and Sweden.
The formal Couchsurfing Project has been around for a while. It was started in 1999 by Casey Fenton, who was on a cheap trip to Iceland from Boston. Finding himself without a place to stay, he e-mailed more than a thousand students at the University of Iceland and got more than 50 responses offering him a free couch. When he returned to his hometown Boston, he decided to turn the experience into a website-based network, which was created in 2004.
While some travelers might be afraid of the idea of sleeping on a previously unseen couch or getting a cup of coffee with a complete stranger halfway across the country, others jump at the chance to walk into the unknown.
And that tells us exactly what couchsurfing is all about--learning about the world and a stranger at a time. [/INST] question: People choose couchsurfing while traveling mainly to _ . | options: A: see beautiful scenes B: experience different cultures C: save money D: write traveling articles | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The symptomatology is classic for carpal tunnel syndrome, which is a form of neuropathy resulting from anatomic compression of the median nerve. Pain, tingling sensations, and hypoesthesia in the distribution of the median nerve are the cardinal manifestations. These often undergo exacerbations at nighttime. A shock-like pain upon percussion on the volar aspect of the wrist (Tinel sign) is an additional characteristic sign. Carpal tunnel syndrome is most often idiopathic, but may represent a manifestation of underlying disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, acromegaly, and leukemia. Carpal tunnel syndrome may be confused with angina pectoris when located on the left side. However, angina pectoris typically manifests with physical or emotional stress and very rarely results in pain limited to the hand. Dupuytren contracture is a relatively common disorder characterized by fibrous thickening of the palmar fascia. Contracture and nodule formation ensue. This condition is most common in Caucasian men over 50. Fibrositis also known as fibromyalgia, refers to a poorly understood syndrome of widespread musculoskeletal pain associated with tenderness in multiple trigger points. Fatigue, headache, and numbness are also common. Women between 20 and 50 years of age are most commonly affected. Neck, shoulders, low back and hips are usually involved. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy describes a syndrome of pain and swelling of one extremity (most commonly a hand), associated with skin atrophy. It is thought to be secondary to vasomotor instability. Sometimes, it follows injuries to the shoulder (shoulder-hand variant). [/INST] question: A 40-year-old woman presents with complaints of burning and tingling sensations in the left hand for several months. She relates that she has been frequently awakened at night by aching pain in the same hand. Pain is elicited by extreme dorsiflexion of the wrist. Most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Angina pectoris B: Carpal tunnel syndrome C: Dupuytren contracture D: Fibrositis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The holidays are a time to give. These charities---and many more--are looking for volunteers and donations.
World Wildlife Fund
The World Wildlife Fund is helping to protect endangered species through the Symbolic Species Adoption program. Those who "adopt" an animal will receive an adoption certificate and a photo of their species. Anyone can support endangered species year round by buying WWF apparel . worldwildlife. Org/giving
DoSomething. org
This month, Dosomething. org launched their holiday campaign, "Grandparents Gone Wired". The goal of the campaign is to make it easier for senior citizens to keep in touch with their loved ones using the Internet. Teens can volunteer to help seniors in their community. Volunteers are able to win prizes and scholarships. dosomething. org/grandparents
Coins for Change
Disney's Club Penguin, a virtual gaming site for kids, launched its annual Coins for Change campaign this month. From Dec. 15 to Dec. 27, Club Penguin players can donate virtual coins to real-world causes. If players reach the donation goal, Club Penguin will donate $2 million to charity projects. clubpenguin.com.
Toys for Tots
Each year, the U.S. Marine Corps Toys Program collects new, unwrapped toys for the holidays. Communities across the nation host Toys for Tots drives around the holiday season. The toys collected are given as gifts to needy children so they can experience the joy of Christmas. toyfortots.org
American Red Cross
All you need is a pen and a piece of paper. The American Red Cross Holiday Mail Heroes Program is collecting handwritten card to send to members of the U.S. Armed Forces during the holidays. The charity has also set up a Holiday Giving Catalog where you can buy personal gifts, such as babysitting lessons. redcross.org
The Warm Coats & Warm Hearts Drive
The Warm Coats & Warm Hearts Drive is a non-profit organization sponsored by ABC's Good Morning America and Burlington Coat Factory. During the holiday season Burlington stores collect gently worn coats. The donated coats are given to people in need to keep warm during the winter. onewarmcoat.org [/INST] question: David, 8, is fond of playing virtual games. Which charity should he attend? | options: A: Coins for Change B: Toys for Tots C: DoSomething,org D: American Red Cross | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: IMIDAZOLES AND TRIAZOLES: These are presently the most extensively used antifungal drugs. Four irnidazoles are entirely topical, while ketoconazole is used both orally and topically. Two triazoles fluconazole and itraconazole have largely replaced ketoconazole for systemic mycosis because of greater efficacy, longer tlh, fewer side effects and drug interactions. The imidazoles and triazoles have broadspectrum antifungal activity covering dermatophytes, Candida, other fungi involved in deep mycosis (except mucor), Nocardia, some grampositive and anaerobic bacteria, e.g. Staph. aureus, Strep. faecal is, Bac. fragilis and Leishmania. The mechanism of action of irnidazoles and triazoles is the same. They inhibit the fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme &;lanosterol l4--demethylase&; and thus impair ergosterol synthesis leading to a cascade of membrane abnormalities in the fungus. The lower host toxicity of triazoles compared to irnidazoles has correlated with their lower affinity for mammalian CYP450 enzymes and lesser propensity to inhibit mammalian sterol synthesis. However, because they are active against ceain bacteria as well (which do not have ergosterol), other mechanisms of action also appear to be involved. Ketoconazole (KTZ): It is the first orally effective broad-spectrum antifungal drug, useful in both dermatophytosis and deep myc osis. The oral absorption of KTZ is facilitated by gastric acidity because it is more soluble at lower pH. Hepatic metabolism is extensive; metabolites are excreted in urine and faeces. Elimination of KTZ is dose dependent: tlh varies from llh to 6 hours. Penetration in CSF is poor: not effective in fungal men ingitis. However, therapeutic concentrations are attained in the skin and vaginal fluid. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:761,762 [/INST] question: The antimicrobial agent which inhibits the ergosterol biosynthesis is: | options: A: Ketoconazole B: Amphotericin B C: 5-Flucytosine D: Griseofulvin | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The London Marathon celebrates its 32nd birthday. That is 32 years of stresses and anxieties, blisters and painful knees, and tales that are hard to believe. Somehow, I've managed to run four of _ . And I have medals to prove it. It seemed like a good idea at the time.
I watched the first London Marathon on March 29th, 1981. It seemed extraordinary that normal people would want to run 26 miles and 385 yards. And, it must be said that they looked strange and not quite steady at the end of it all. There are, indeed, terrible tales of people losing consciousness when they reach the finishing line. But it drew all my attention. I knew I had to do it.
Three years later I was living in London, not far from Greenwich where the event begins, and it seemed the perfect opportunity to give it a go. I was only a short train ride from the starting line, but more than 26 miles from the finish. "Who cares?" I thought. By the end I did. The moment I crossed that finishing line and had that medal placed around my neck was one of the finest in my life. The sense of achievement was great. Knowing that I'd run a Marathon felt extremely good.
London provides one of the easiest of all the officially approved marathons because most of its course is flat. Yes, there are the cobblestones while running through the Tower of London, and there are the quiet patches where crowds are thin and you are crying out for some encouragement -- those things matter to the "fun" runners like myself, but the serious runners don't think of such things.
Since 1981,almost half a million people have completed the London Marathon, raising more than $ 125 million for charity. For the majority of the runners, this is what it is all about. It is for charity, for fun, for self-development. I have always loved it. It's crazy, and it's one of the greatest things I've ever done. If you want to feel as though you've achieved something, run a marathon. [/INST] question: From what place does the London Marathon start? | options: A: The Big Ben B: Greenwich C: The Tower of London D: Near a train station | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: News Review
APEC Blue People in Beijing got the saying after the APEC meeting in Beijing. It refers to the clear blue sky during the meeting. To get such a blue sky, many factories in Beijing and nearby cities stopped work, and the number of cars on the road was cut.
A Warning Ticket A 24-year-old woman in Nanjing was given a warning ticket for eating food on the subway. Eating is not allowed on Nanjing subway. Up to now, 2,698 people have been punished because of their eating, smoking or selling goods on the subway.
A Teacher-free Exam Recently, students at Ningbo Huamao Foreign Language School in Zhejiang took their mid-term exam -a teacher-free exam. After handing out the exam papers, the teachers left the classroom, leaving the students to take the exam without being watched. They only came back to collect the papers at the end.
A Tomato Fight Do you want a tomato shower? Come to the "tomato fight" in Spain! Once every year, people in the town of Bunol throw tomatoes at each other. Don't worry. It's not a real fight. People do this only for fun. [/INST] question: APEC Blue refers to _ in Beijing during the APEC meeting. | options: A: the factories B: the clear blue sky C: the people D: the cars on the road | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The first Thanksgiving was in 1621. Each year, we celebrate Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November. What do American children think of Thanksgiving? This is what some of them wrote.
Thanksgiving is a holiday to say "Thank you". It means eating turkey and having a special party with your family.
Thanksgiving is giving thanks to people that help you. I think it is a special holiday. You give thanks to your family and your friends.
Annie
Lots of people have done things for me that I like. Lots of people like to make me happy, like my mum.
Many people have done things for me and make sure I am all right. I am pleased that people care about me.
Most people I know give me money or presents at Thanksgiving. Sometimes people take me to visit places or ask me to their houses.
I like to do nice things for other people. Also I hope people help me when I get old.
Jeremy
Once we were at my grandparents' house during Thanksgiving and we went to the store to buy a turkey, but they didn't have any, so we had to buy a live one. When we went out to kill it, it had gone! There was nothing left except feathers . That year we had to eat chicken instead of turkey.
Eleanor
I'm thankful for having a really good mum who looks after me so well and having good teachers and especially Ms. McMillan because she helps to try new things. I love all my family.
I enjoy Thanksgiving because I eat turkey with all my family and I love it.
Ryan [/INST] question: When was the first Thanksgiving? | options: A: In 1621 B: In 2012 C: In 1921 D: In 2011 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Starting in l972,the National Park Service established a policy for forest fires calle Natural Burn.It was acknowledged that some forest fires,such as those caused by lightning were necessary for forests to maintain balanced ecosystems,so the fire should be allowed to burn.However, a big fire in Yellowstone National Park in l988 caused this policy to be abandoned since the fire was initially allowed to burn yet soon out of control.As a result,the fire of l988 destroyed much of Yellowstone,which is America's oldest and most beloved national park.Massive areas of plants were destroyed,and large empty spaces and acres of burned and blackened trees greeted visitors.The rivers and streams were choked with ash,and the ecosystem of the park was changed beyond repair.
In addition,great numbers of animals were killed by the fires that bumed out of control. The fires were driven by high winds,moving as many as ten miles a day.Many small animals died in the flames.The fires' rapid advances gave the wildlife little chance to escape. Even today,few of these small forest animals have returned to live in the park. In the years immediately following the fires,the numbers of visitors declined rapidly.No one was interested in seeing a blackened and treeless park on vacation.Yellowstone had previously been famous for its amazing views and unique geological formations such as the geyser Old Faithful. But now its reputation as America's wonder is damaged permanently. [/INST] question: Natural Burn was adopted because some forest fires were | options: A: hard to put out B: started by lightning C: good for the balance of nature D: approved by National Park Service | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Joe came to New York from the Middle West, dreaming about painting. Delia came to New York from the South, dreaming about music. Joe and Delia met in a studio. Before long they were good friends and got married.
They had only a small flat to live in, but they were happy. They loved each other, and they were both interested in art. Everything was fine until one day they found they had spent all their money.
Delia decided to give music lessons. One afternoon she said to her husband:
"Joe, , I've found a pupil, a general's daughter. She is a sweet girl. I'm to give three lessons a week and get $5 a lesson."
But Joe was not glad.
"But how about me?" he said." Do you think I'm going to watch you work while I play with my art? No, I want to earn some money too."
"Joe, , you are silly," said Delia. "You must keep at your studies. We can live quite happily on $15 a week."
"Well, perhaps I can sell some of my pictures," said Joe.
Every day they parted in the morning and met in the evening. A week passed and Delia brought home fifteen dollars, but she looked a little tired.
"Clementina sometimes gets on my nerves. I'm afraid she doesn't practice enough. But the general is the nicest old man! I wish you could know him, Joe."
And then Joe took eighteen dollars out of his pocket.
"I've sold one of my pictures to a man from Peoria," he said, "and he has ordered another."
"I'm so glad," said Delia. "Thirty-three dollars! We never had so much to spend before. We'll have a good supper tonight."
Next week Joe came home and put another eighteen dollars on the table. In half an hour Delia came, her right hand in a bandage.
"What's the matter with your hand?" said Joe. Delia laughed and said:
"Oh, a funny thing happened! Clemantina gave me a plate of soup and spilled some of it on my hand. She was very sorry for it. And so was the old general. But why are you looking at me like that, Joe?"
"What time this afternoon did you burn your hand, Delia?"
"Five o'clock, I think. The iron-I mean the soup-was ready about five, Why?"
"Delia, come and sit here," said Joe. He drew her to the couch and sat beside her.
"What do you do every day, Delia? Do you really give music lesson? Tell me the truth."
She began to cry.
"I couldn't get any pupils," she said, "So I got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. This afternoon a girl accidentally set down an iron on my hand and I got a bad burn. But tell me, Joe, how did you guess that I wasn't giving music lessons?"
"It's very simple," said Joe. "I knew all about your bandages because I had to send them upstairs to a girl in the laundry who had an accident with a hot iron. You see, I work in the engine-room of the same laundry where you work."
"And your pictures? Did you sell any to that man from Peoria?"
"Well, _
And then they both laughed. [/INST] question: To support the family, Delia worked as_. | options: A: a tutor B: a music teacher C: a laundry assistant D: an artist | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: a-1 Antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is a codominant process. Codominance means that multiple versions of the gene may be active or expressed, and the genetic trait is caused by the effects of both the expressed alleles. The SERPINA1 gene on chromosome 14 codes for A1AT, which is a protein that protects tissues (especially the lungs) from neutrophil elastase. A1AT is synthesized in the liver and secreted into the circulation. Under normal conditions, neutrophils in the lung engulf and destroy particulate matter in the air we breathe. At times, the protease elastase escapes from the neutrophils, and is inactivated by A1AT. In the absence of functional A1AT, the elastase destroys the lung cells, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will occur very early in life. If the patient smokes, the condition is greatly exacerbated. A common mutation in A1AT leads to misfolding and accumulation of the misfolded form of the protein in the liver. The accumulation of this inactive, misfolded protein can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and eventually liver failure. [/INST] question: A 35-year-old nonsmoking male has been diagnosed with emphysema. His father died of emphysema at age 30, but he smoked. His father also had cirrhosis and recurrent pancreatitis but did not drink alcohol. Which one of the following inheritance patterns typifies this disease process? | options: A: Autosomal dominant B: Incomplete dominance C: Codominant D: Autosomal recessive | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Microcytie hypochromic anaemia Tuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder. It is associated with anemia of chronic disease Anemia that is often observed in patients with infectious inflammatory or neoplastic disease that persists for more than 1 or 2 months is called anemia of chronic disease. - The characteristic feature of this group is occurrence of anemia in the presence of ample storage iron. The erythrocytes in anemia of chronic disease are usually normocytic and nonnochronic, however hypochromia and microcytosis may also be observed. The morphological features are determined by the primary disease. - "For instance many patients with cancer have anemia that is typically normocytic and normochromic. In contrast patients with long standing active rheumatoid ahritis or chronic infections such as tuberculosis will have a microc tic hypochromic anemia". The key pathological feature in anemia of chronic disease is failure to mobilize stored irony (ferritin). Ferritin is present in the macrophages of bone marrow and reticuloendothelial system. Under normal circumstances, iron can be mobilized back from the ferritin into the circulation. When developing erythrocytes require iron, the iron stored as ferritin is presented to the plasma from where it is carried to the developing erythrocytes. Why there is failure of iron mobilization in anemia of chronic disease? Anemia of chronic disease occurs in ceain inflammatory conditions or chronic disease. In these conditions macrophages are activated and they release ceain cytokines e.g. IF, IL-1, TNF. These cytokines stimulate synthesis of hepcidin in the liver. Increased hepcidin synthesis inhibits release of iron from the storage pool. Thus in anemia of chronic diseases, the macrophages, despite being rich in stored iron cannot provide iron to developing erythrocyte. The other impoant effect of cytokines released by rnacrophages in chronic inflammatory disorders is inhibition of CFUE (colony forming units erythroid). The inhibition leads to decreased synthesis of erythropoletin which in turn decreases erythropoiesis and produces anemia. The Hematological Parameters in Anemia of Chronic disease Serum iron --> Normal to decreased Serum ferritin --> Normal to increased TIBC --> Decreased % saturation Normal to increase Bone marrow iron stores --> Normal to increase MCV (MCH) --> Decreased [/INST] question: Type of anaemia caused by pulmonary TB | options: A: Iron-deficiency B: Megaloblastic C: Sideroblastic D: Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Spring is coming.People in different countries like different outdoor activities.Leo,a reporter from Learning English in interviewing some students.Here is what they have said.
Mary (13, America)
I want to go out of the city to a beautiful field. It's happy to smell beautiful flowers, touch green grass and take some photos. And I like to have a picnic in the field, It's interesting!
Jim (14, Canada)
The weather turns warmer and they days become longer in spring. It's a good time to go camping. It would be fun to sleep in a tent. I enjoy the comfortable weather too.
Tony (13, England)
In spring, I like going cycling alone. It can not only make me enjoy the beautiful season but also help me became stronger. I can write something about what I see on the way.
Wang Fang (12, China)
I'm good at making all kinds of kites. And in spring. I like flying kites with my family or my friends in the park. One of us holds the kite. and another one catches the line. It's exciting to see the kite flying high in the sky. [/INST] question: Mary maybe lives in the _ . | options: A: town B: city C: field D: country | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Students at a primary school in Fuzhou, Hast China's Fujian Province were required to clean the school toilets to help them develop good habits. But some parents are strongly against the idea. They can't see the advantages of students doing such chores . They think that the school should provide students with a proper education, not the chance to be school cleaners.
In fact, parents, schools and society play an equally important role in developing the character of students. It is good for schools to give students such tasks,because few of the students will do them at home. Their parents want them to do homework only.
In recent years, some parents will _ when students are asked to do some chores in schools. Some complain about the teachers if their kids get hurt in schools; some even challenge the schools' teaching methods and management. As a result, many primary schools, especially those in big cities, do not let students join in outdoor activities during breaks, fearing that they might get hurt. This is bad for the development of students' best qualities.
What the primary school in Fuzhou is doing is worth praising. Doing chores can put a sense of responsibility into students' minds and teach them the spirit of rules as well as teamwork. Also, it can make students' in-school experiences more meaningful. [/INST] question: A primary school in Fuzhou required the students to _ . | options: A: do homework only B: finish homework at school C: clean the playground D: clean the school toilets | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Any postmenopausal woman who has been on unopposed estrogen and who is now experiencing vaginal bleeding is suspect for either endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer. Endometrial hyperplasia is the end result of prolonged estrogenic stimulation of the endometrial mucosa. Morphologic forms of hyperplasia include cystic, adenomatous, and atypical hyperplasia. In cystic hyperplasia (simple hyperplasia), there are large, dilated glands lined by actively mitosing epithelial cells. Adenomatous hyperplasia refers to branching of the glands with papillary infolding or outpouchings (sometimes referred to as complex hyperplasia). Atypical hyperplasia has more glandular crowding and nuclear atypia than the latter condition and has the highest risk for progressing into carcinoma in situ and endometrial carcinoma. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract. As with endometrial hyperplasia, the risk factors for endometrial cancer primarily relate to hyperestrinism and include obesity, nulliparity, diabetes, hypeension, infeility, breast cancer, low fiber/high fat diet, early menarche or late menopause, and tamoxifen. The most common clinical presentation is vaginal bleeding (90%) in a postmenopausal woman. [/INST] question: A 58-year-old postmenopausal woman on estrogen replacement complains of recent onset of spotting. A bimanual pelvic examination is unremarkable. Most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Cervical carcinoma B: Cervical polyp C: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding D: Endometrial hyperplasia | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Olympic Games are seen as the greatest test of an athlete's ability and are supposed to celebrate the spirit of fair play. But in fact, sportsmen have been using drugs to cheat their way to victory since the Games first began.
In the early years, athletes ate mushrooms and plant seeds to improve their performance. Nowadays, this kind of cheating has a name doping .
Just last month, Britain's top sprinter Dwain Chambers and several American athletes tested positive for the drug THG. Until a coach secretly gave a sample of THG to scientists, no one knew how ho test for it.
"We're like cops chasing criminals--athletes are always adapting and looking for areas we haven't investigated," said Jacquew de Ceaurriz, a French anti-doping expert.
Since the first drugs test was carried out at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, many cheats have been caught out. The most famous case in history is that of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson.
He broke the 100 meters world record in winning gold at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. But days later, he tested positive for drug use, lost his gold medal and was banned from the sport. Five years later, he returned to action--only to be found positive again and banned forever.
China has also had problems with drug cheats. At the 1994 Asian Games, 11 Chinese athletes--seven of them swimmers--tested positive for banned drugs. Sports organizations promised that cheating on this scale would not happen again.
Experts are also worried that doping can damage a person's health. It is believed to increase the risk of liver and kidney diseases, and women may experience reproductive problems. As long as they can stay ahead of the scientists, it is unlikely the cheats will stop. But experts say there is a limit to what can be achieved and that athletes will not be able to change their bodies using gene technology.
"For the moment, genetic doping does not exist," said de Ceaurriz. "Even in 10 or 15 years it will not be done easily--the scientific community will not let it happen." [/INST] question: Which of the following is not the way that some athletes cheat to their better sports achievements? | options: A: Eating mushrooms B: Taking drug THG C: Taking genetic doping D: Eating plant seeds | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Artistic Skates
Artistic roller skates are made up of a leather boot, very strong sole plate, and a jump bar that adds extra force. The boot sits a few inches above the ankle, providing more support for the foot.
Jam Skates
Jam skates are the most different roller skates because of their special low-cut design and lack of toe stop. That's right: there is no brake. But the original jam skate design was different, resembling an artistic skate. Jam skating is more about personal expression rather than speed skating. The free-flowing movements of jam skating have been given many names. But regardless of its name, jam skating has always been about expression and passion.
Speed Skates
A speed skate resembles a shoe. The cut of the boot is lower. Speed skates typically offer lightweight plates to reduce exhaustion for skating long distances. Jam skates have preferred speed skates because they offer a similar design and freedom of movement. The most obvious difference is that a speed skate features a toe stop, unlike a jam skate that uses a toe plug.
Rhythm Skates
Rhythm skates are similar to jam skates. The difference between them lies in the boot design. In fact, the boot design looks very similar to an artistic skate, essentially providing you with the ankle support benefits of an artistic skate, but the freedom of movement of a jam skate. If you want a skate that allows you to move to the beat, which added ankle support, the rhythm skate is the ideal choice. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT a feature of jam skates? | options: A: They have no brake B: They lack a toe stop C: They have no toe plug D: They have a unique, low-cut design | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr. Brown was on his way home from the railway station. It was very late, and he was alone on the dark road. Suddenly he heard someone behind him. He began to walk faster. The man behind him walked faster, too. He walked more slowly, and the man moved more slowly, too. He began to run, and the man was following him and he was really scared.
There was a wall on one side of the road, and he quickly climbed up on it and jumped down on the other side. "If he passes and doesn't stop," Mr. Brown thought, "everything will be all right." But the man didn't pass. He climbed up on the wall and jumped down, too. Mr. Brown's only thought was, "I'm in great danger!" He stood up and shouted, "What do you want? Why are you following me?"
The man was so tired that at first it was difficult for him to speak. "I didn't know that you were a very good runner," he said at last, "I have to go to Mr. White's house, but I don't know the way. A man at the station told me that you lived next to Mr. White's and he told me to follow you. I'm too tired to go any farther." [/INST] question: Mr. Brown was really _ . | options: A: in great danger B: a policeman C: afraid of the man D: too tired to move | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: American country music is also known as country western music .It has a very long history . It comes from the folk songs of immigrants from Britain.
Country music users simple music and words to express everyday feelings such as loneliness, love , and sadness . That is to say , country music describes life . It talks about friends and enemies , trucks and roads , farm and crops.. People in many parts of the world like country music, because everyone can understand what the music is about .
Country western music became popular first among cowboys in the American west countryside . Cowboys had to take care of cows day and night. When they were alone with the cows, they often sang beautiful and peaceful songs to _ and to overcome their own fear .They were not well-educated and so they sang about their daily life in very simple words .They played guitars, violins. and other instruments. In the south of America , many people added instruments from their homes , like bottles and spoons, When cowboys visited their friends and families on holidays like Thanksgiving , they usually sang and played country western music .
In recent years ,many musicians have made country western music a little different from the one in the past.These changes make the songs sound even better.Today singers such as Carth Brooks.Reba McEntire. Emmylou Harris. Lyle Lovett,Eddie Rabbitt, LeAnn Rimes,Randy Travis and a group called Alabama are singing and playing in different styles.They have brought country western music more and more fans from all over the wold.
,. [/INST] question: Country western music comes from the folk songs of immigrants from _ | options: A: America B: France C: Britain D: Germany | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Be positive about school! Don`t say things are difficult or boring. Be interested in school life and your school subjects. Join lots of activities. Be quick to put your hand up. Go round the school with a big smile.
Expect to work. School is not a holiday camp. If you are not working, you are not learning, and you are wasting your time at school. Teachers cannot make everything enjoyable.
Keep fit. If you do not eat a good breakfast, you will be thinking about food in class. If you go to bed late and do not have enough sleep, you will be sleepy in class. Play some sports to keep your body strong.
Don`t be too disappointed if things sometimes go badly. Everyone _ some tests, lose some matches and has bad days. Friends are not always perfect, and they sometimes say and do unpleasant things. Don`t let small problems seem very big and important.
Talk about problems. Sometimes they are only the result of misunderstanding. Don`t be too embarrassed to ask for help. You are young. No one thinks you can do everything. [/INST] question: What does the word "fail" mean? | options: A: pass B: succeed C: lose D: fall | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A year ago, at the annual pre-Grammy party, Whitney Houston, the great star, walked on stage and closed the evening with a brilliant performance.
Last Saturday, Houston was once again the focus before the Grammy, but her presence was a regrettable one.Earlier that day, the pop music's former queen was found dead in her hotel room.She was 48.This, no doubt, is sad news to the whole music industry and her fans all over the world.
At her peak , Houston was the golden girl of the music world.From the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, she was one of the world's best-selling artists.She impressed audiences with her effortless, powerful and _ performance.
Besides multi-million record sales, Houston made countless hits such as The Greatest Love of All, I Have Nothing, and the mostly famous I Will Always Love You.She also influenced a generation of younger singers, from Christina Aguilera to Mariah Carey.
But by the end of her career, there was a shocking fall for this superstar.Houston had been addicted to drugs.Her album sales declined and the hits stopped coming and her once beautiful voice became hoarse , unable to hit the high notes as she used to.
In 2009, Houston staged a successful comeback with the albumI Look To You, which fell on top of the charts.But hoarse voice, canceled concerts, and continuous illness-Houston's comeback trail wasn't smooth at all.In an interview with Oprah Winfrey in 2009, Houston admitted: "It (show business) is too much for me and I wanted out."
Now that Houston has finally taken a break from all the chaos , may she rest in peace. [/INST] question: Whitney Houston died _ . | options: A: shortly before the Grammy this year B: earlier last Sunday C: a year ago D: at the annual pre-Grammy party | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A hepatojugular reflux indicates liver congestion caused by the backup of blood into the venous circulation, secondary to problems in the right heart (e.g., right-sided heart failure, tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation)
An S3 heart sound occurs during the rapid-filling phase of the ventricle in early diastole. In mitral valve incompetence and increased preload in the left ventricle, an S3 heart sound is an excellent indicator of ventricular failure. The increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure is reflected back into the left atrium, with a subsequent increase in the hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary veins. When pulmonary venous pressure is greater than the pulmonary capillary onco tic pressure, a transudate leaks first into the interstitium (Kerley lines on a chest radiograph) and eventually into the alveoli, resulting in pulmonary edema and congestion.
Dyspnea, or the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing, is the most common symptom of left sided heart failure. When a patient with left-sided heart failure lies down, the reduced gravitational force increases venous return to the heart. Because the left ventricle cannot handle the increased load, the blood backs up into the lungs, producing dyspnea. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea specifically refers to a choking sensation that wakens the patient at night. It usually subsides) to 20 minutes after the patient stands up, opens the window, and takes deep breaths.
Another finding associated with left-sided heart failure is reduced renal perfusion, which occurs during the day due to the decreased cardiac output. Reduced cardiac output decreases the effective arterial blood volume and the glomerular filtration rate, allowing a greater reabsorption of urea in the proximal tubule. Because creatinine is neither reabsorbed nor secreted in the tubules, a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate causes a minor increase in serum creatinine. The disproportionate increase in the blood urea nitrogen level over that of the serum creatinine is called prerenal azotemia. [/INST] question: Which one of the following finding is Not associated with left-sided heart failure? | options: A: Pulmonary edema B: Hepatojugular reflux C: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea D: Prerenal azotemia | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It may be hard to believe, but the American Revolution --the war that freed the American states from British control--began over a cup of tea. Tea was not the only thing that caused the war, of course, but it played a very big part.
The British people's love of tea is well-known. When the British won control over mush of North America in the early 1700s, they brought their tea- drinking habits with them. Tea quickly became the continents most popular drink. As tea could not be grown locally, just as in Britain, it was shipped into the country--mostly from India.
In the early 1700s, the Britain government made a special deal with the East India Company, as an English trading company. They agreed that no other company was allowed to bring tea to Britain or any country controlled by Britain, including America. It was a great deal for the East India Company, since it meant that the company could decide whatever price it wanted for its products. And _ always decided on a high price!
In North America, the local people did not like having to pay such high prices. Instead of overpaying for tea from the British, they turned to Dutch traders, who secretly brought tea to the country that was just as good--and much less expensive. Although this broke the law, the American people didn't care. They got the same cup of tea at a much lower price.
The East India Company, however, didn't like this at all. By the 1760s, they were losing millions of pounds each year to Dutch traders--a huge amount of money in a time when PS60 a year was considered a good income. Instead of reducing their prices to compete with the Dutch, the company asked the British government for help and the government agreed.
In 1767, the British introduced new law that increased the prices of all goods which were brought into America. These laws helped make the East India Company even richer and forced local people to pay much more for everything. The American leaders asked the British government not to do so, but the British refused to listen. These unfair laws increased Americans' anger about British rule and the rest, as they say, is history. [/INST] question: In the early 1700s where did most tea drunk in America come from? | options: A: China B: India C: America D: Britain | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For shopoholics, the post-Christmas period means only one thing ---- sales! Across the country, prices are reducing sharply on clothing, electronics and home furniture, but London is the place for serious shopping, and you can certainly pick up some amazing bargains.
The sales start on Boxing Day -- 26th December, and continue for the month of January, but the keenest bargain hunters get there early to be first through the doors. In Oxford Street queues formed outside shops ahead of before-dawn openings for the start of their sales. At Brent Cross, in north London, more than 1,000 people were queuing at 3.30 am for the 'Next' clothing store's sale which began at 4 am. Some eager individuals even camped outside the shops to be first in the line.
Consumers who _ were rewarded with discounts of as much as 80% as department stores joined the bargain sales. The shops are very crowded as the sales reached the boiling-point, with more than half a million people gathering on London's West End.
Famous sales include the biggest, most popular shops such as Harrods, Selfridges, Liberty and John Lewis. Department stores are always a good bet -- you're likely to find everything you need under one roof, including much-needed food and drinks!
It's a good time to stock up on cheap small tools, and there's no better time to invest in some designer clothes.
Some people are taking their partners shopping with them, and buying their Christmas presents in the sale----a practical but unromantic way of making sure you get the gift you really want. For a less exciting but less stressful shopping experience, online sellers are also getting in on the act with January sales of their own.
The most organized of all are those who are already doing their present shopping for next Christmas, in the January sales! [/INST] question: In the sales, people can buy, at a very low price, all of the following except _ . | options: A: fashionable clothing B: bestseller C: TV sets D: bookcases | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Verrucuous epidermal nevus Linear verrucuous lesions, with characteristic histopathological feature of granular degeneration of the epidermis ours the diagnosis of verrucous epidermal nevus. Epidermal nevus Epidermal nevi are hamaomas that are characterized by hyperplasia of the epidermis and adnexal structures. These nevi may be classified into a number of distinct variants which are based on clinical morphology, extent of involvement and the predominant epidermal structure in the lesion. Variants of the epidermal nevi are ? - Verrucuous epidermal nevus - Nevus sebaceous - Nevus comedonicus - Eccrine nevus - Apocrine nevus - Becker's nevus - White sponge nevus Verrucuous epidermal nevus Verrucuous epidermal nevus consists of hyperplasia of the surface epidermis and typically appears as verrucuous papules that coalasce to .form well demarcated, skin colored to brown, papillomatous plaque. Most lesions are present at bih and develop during infancy. They enlarge slowly during childhood and generally reach a stable size at adolescence. Lesions may be localized or diffuse. Linear configurations are common especially on the limbs and may follow skin tension lines or Blaschko's lines. The salient histological features are ? Perinuclear vacuolization of the cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. Irregular cellular boundaries peripheral to the vacuolization and increased number of irregularly shaped large keratohyaline granules. Compact hyperkeratosis in stratum corneum. Darner white disease Autosomal dominant disease. Males and .females are equally affected Darner white disease is not present at bih and usually begins in the first or second decade. Characteristic sites of prediliction are the face, forehead, scalp, chest and the back (seborrhic sites). Clinical ,features consists of way papules and plaques in (seborrhic sites). Histology shows suprabasal acantholysis in epidermis with dyskeratotic cells. Mcontinentia pigmentii X linked disease (so only seen in females) Lesions are present along the Blaschko lines, which are initially vesicular, that later on turns into verrucuous lesions and hyperpigmented stages. Common histological features are: - Hyperkeratosis - Eosinophilic spongiosis of epidermis - Basal cell degeneration - Pigment incontinenti [/INST] question: Child presents with linear verrucous plaques on the trunk with vacuolization of keratinocytes in S. Spinosum and S. Granulosum. Diagnosis is? | options: A: >Incontinenta pigmenti B: >Delayed hypersensitivity reaction C: >Verrucous epidermal nervus D: >Linear darriers disease | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was a cloudy day on November 11, 2015. We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched, mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop . She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, "Very dirty floors."
"Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them," the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, "But aren't you working late?"
Mum just pushed harder, each swipe of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.
After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum nodded politely to the nurse and said, "Thank you."
Outside, Mum told me, "Dagma is fine. No fever. "
"You see her, Mum?"
"Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It's a fine hospital. But the floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush. " [/INST] question: When the nurse talked to Mum, she thought Mum was a _ . | options: A: nurse B: cleaner C: patient D: visitor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Because chylomicrons contain the most triacylglycerol, they are the least dense of the blood lipoproteins. Because VLDL contains more protein than chylomicrons, it is denser than chylomicrons, but less dense than LDL. Because LDL is produced by the degradation of the triacylglycerols of VLDL, LDL is denser than VLDL. HDL is the most dense of the blood lipoproteins. It has the most protein and the least triacylglycerol (see Tables below).The Four Major Statin Benefit GroupsPatient StatusStatin TreatmentPatient exhibits clinical atherosclerotic cardiovasculardisease (ASCVD)aIf age<=75 years, a high-intensity statina; if >75 years, or not a candidate for a high-intensity statin, a moderate-intensity statincPatient with LDL-cholesterol >=190 mg/dL; no ASCVDHigh-intensity statin (moderate-intensity statin if not a candidate for high-intensity statin)Patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes aged 40-75 years with LDL- cholesterol between 70 and 189 mg/dL, no ASCVDModerate-intensity statin; if the calculated 10-y ASCVD risk is >=7.5%, a high-intensity statinNo clinical ASCVD or diabetes with LDL-cholesterol between 70 and 189 mg/dL, and an estimated 10-y ASCVD risk of >=7.5%Moderate-to high-intensity statin Characteristics of the Major LipoproteinsLipoproteinDensity Range (g/mL)Particle Diameter (mm) RangeElectrophoretic MobilityLipid(%)a TGCholPLFunctionChylomicrons0.93075-1,200Origin80-952-73-9Deliver dietary lipidsChylomicron remnants0.930-1.00630-80Slow pre-b Return dietary lipids to the liverVLDL0.930-1.00630-80Pre-b55-805-1510-20Deliver endogenous lipidsIDL1.006-1.01925-35Slow pre-b20-5020-4015-25Return endogenous lipids to the liver; precursor of LDLLDL1.019-1.06318-25b5-1540-5020-25Deliver cholesterol to cellsHDL2 1.063-1.1259-12a5-1015-2520-30Reverse cholesterol transportHDL3 1.125-1.2105-9a Reverse cholesterol transportLp(a)1.050-1.12025Pre-b aThe remaining percent composition is composed of apolipoproteins. Chol, the sum of free and esterified cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lp(a), Lipoprotein "little" a; PL, phospholipid; TG, triacylglycerols; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein. [/INST] question: Which one of the following sequences places the lipoproteins in the order of most dense to least dense? | options: A: HDL/VLDL/chylomicrons/LDL B: HDL/LDL/VLDL/chylomicrons C: LDL/chylomicrons/HDL/VLDL D: VLDL/chylomicrons/LDL/HDL | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Choice A describes GIANT CELL AERITIS - Typical presenting symptoms include headache,Polymyalgia Rheumatica, jaw claudication,fever,Weight loss. Choice B describes CLUSTRE HEADACHE- The frequency is approximately 0.1%.The pain is deep, usually retroorbital,excruciating in intensity, nonfluctuating, explosive in quality. special features Periodicity -A core feature of cluster headache is periodicity. At least one of the daily attacks of pain recurs same hour each day for the duration of a cluster bout Parasympathetic autonomic activation -Cluster headache is associated with ipsilateral symptomsof cranial parasympathetic autonomic activation leading to conjunctival injection or lacrimation, rhinorrhea or nasal congestion, or cranial sympathetic dysfunction,such as ptosis. Choice C describes Ophthalmoplegic migraine choice D describes classical migraine DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR MIGRAINE Repeated attacks of headache lasting 4-72 hr in patients with a normal physical examination, no other reasonable cause for the headache, At least 2 of the following features: Plus at least 1 of following features: Unilateral pain Nausea/ vomiting Throbbing pain -Photophobia -Phonophobia Aggravation by movement Moderate or severe intensity [/INST] question: Which of the following best describes a patient with a classical migraine? | options: A: A unilateral headache with unilateral visual loss and muscle aches B: Left a retro-orbital headache with rhinorrhoea and red eye C: Visual deficit that persists after cessation of a unilateral headache D: Pulsating unilateral headache worsened with the movements of head | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: THYROID STORM (THYROTOXIC CRISIS)
→ It is an emergency due to compensated hyperthyroidism.
Treatment
→ Non-selective beta-blocker (Propranolol):
Most valuable measure in thyroid storm.
In thyroid storm, most of the symptoms are because of adrenergic over activity, due to increased tissue sensitivity to catecholamines in hyperthyroidism.
This increased sensitivity is due to increased number of beta receptors.
→ Quick relief is obtained by blocking beta receptors.
→ Propylthiouracil:
Antithyroid drug of choice for thyroid storm.
Reduces hormone synthesis as well as peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
→ Corticosteroids (Hydrocortisone):
Inhibits both release of thyroid hormone from the gland and peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
→ Iodides (Potassium iodide to ipanoic acid):
Used to inhibit further hormone release from the gland.
→ Other Measures:
Diltiazem, if tachycardia is not controlled by propranolol alone.
Rehydration, anxiolytics, external cooling and appropriate antibiotics. [/INST] question: Thyroid storm after operation is due to: | options: A: Inadequate control of hyperthyroidism B: Massive bleeding C: Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury D: Postoperative infection | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A woman with an IUCD in place, with amenorrhea should have a pregnancy test and pelvic examination.
An intrauterine pregnancy can occur and continue successfully to term with an IUCD in place.
A. If an intrauterine pregnancy is diagnosed and IUCD strings are visible:
IUCD should be removed as soon as possible in order to prevent septic abortion, premature rupture of membranes, and premature birth. Also do an USG to know whether it is intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy.
B. If an intrauterine pregnancy is diagnosed and IUCD strings are not visible:
An ultrasound examination should be performed to localize the IUCD and determine whether expulsion has occured.
If the IUCD is present there are 3 options for management.
i. Therapeutic abortion
ii. If IUCD is not fundal in location: ultrasound guided intrauterine removal of IUCD.
iii. If IUCD is present in fundus of uterus: it should be left in place and pregnancy continued with the device left in place.
If pregnancy continues with the device in place, the patient should be warned of the symptoms of intrauterine infection like fever or flue like symptoms, abdominal cramping or bleeding.
At the earliest sign of infection, high dose intravenous antibiotic therapy should be given and the pregnancy evacuated promptly.
Note: Fetal malformations have not been reported to be increased with a device in place. [/INST] question: An intrauterine pregnancy of approximately 10 weeks gestation is confirmed in a 30 year old, gravida 5, para 4 woman with an IUD in place. The patient expresses a strong desire for the pregnancy to be continued. On examination, the string of the IUD is noted to be protruding from the cervical os. The most appropriate course of action is to: | options: A: Leave the IUD in place without any other treatment B: Remove the IUD to decrease the risk of malformations C: Remove the IUD to decrease the risk of infection D: Terminate the pregnancy because of the high risk of malformations | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thinking is something you choose to do as a fish choose to live in water. To be human is to think. But thinking may come naturally without your knowing how you do it. Thinking about thinking is the key to critical thinking. When you think critically, you take control of your thinking processes . Otherwise, you might be controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of education.
The word "critical" here has a special meaning. It does not mean taking one view against another view, as when someone criticizes another person for doing something wrong. The nature of critical thinking is thinking beyond the easily seen--beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty reasoning.
Critical thinking is an attitude as much as an activity. If you are curious about life and desire to dig deeper into it, you are a critical thinker. If you find pleasure in deep thinking about different ideas, characters, and facts, you are a critical thinker.
Activities of the mind and higher-order reasoning are processes of deep and careful consideration. They take time, and do not go hand in hand with the fast speed in today's world: fast foods, instant coffee, and self-developing film. If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence , you may learn _ from a story about Albert Einstein. The first time Banesh Hoffman, a scientist, was to discuss his work with Albert Einstein, Hoffman was too nervous to speak. But Einstein immediately put Hoffman at ease by saying, "Please go slowly. I don't understand things quickly." [/INST] question: Critical thinking is important to us because if we do not think critically, _ . | options: A: it will be hard for us to think naturally and fast B: we might be controlled by other people's ideas C: we will follow the ideas of others naturally D: we might be fooled by other people's ideas | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How to wash clothes in a flash
LAUNDRY is never an easy part of housework. But if piles of sweaty T-shirts and smelly socks drive you crazy, then two Chinese scientists might have the answer.
Long Mingce and Wu Deyong of Shanghai Jiao Tong University have invented a kind of cotton that cleans itself. No need for soap or water, the scientists say. All you have to do is put the clothes out in the sun.
According to the Guardian, this magical self-cleaning ability comes from a special chemical mixture. The material is covered with this mixture. It can break down dirt and remove bad smells after only a few hours in the sun.
One of the chemicals is called titanium dioxide . Scientists have known for some time that titanium dioxide can clean fabrics . However , it only works under ultraviolet light and so is not yet widely used - ultraviolet light cannot be seen.
"We knew that self-cleaning cotton fabrics with titanium dioxide coating had already been developed, but they cannot work, or they work weakly, under sunlight," Long said. "If we want to use the fabrics in daily life, we must develop cotton that cleans itself under daylight."
The scientists worked hard for years to find a better chemical. Finally , they added silver iodide into the mixture. This made the chemical reactions in sunlight faster. The new mixture is also nearly seven times better than the former one with pure titanium dioxide at removing dirt and killing bacteria.
The experiment was only carried out on cotton clothing. However, according to Long, the technology can be "applied to all kinds of fabrics and their related products." It is also cheap and environmentally friendly , he said.
The self-cleaning material is not yet ready for the market. Scientists still need to know whether it could harm people. Although titanium dioxide is used in some foods, it can cause health problems if it gets into the lungs . Scientists need to make sure it is safe before we can start to enjoy the benefits of this technology . [/INST] question: Thanks to this new discovery, we will be able to clean fabrics _ . | options: A: using soap and water B: using silver iodide C: using sunlight D: using moonlight | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Maybe you often have arguments with your parens about clothes , homework,friends and many other things. But what's going on when your parents fight with each other? Most teenagers feel sad or afraid when their parents fight. They might think their parents don't love each other any more and that their arguments will lead to a divorce .
In fact, it is normal for parents to disagree and argue sometimes. They might disagree about important things like jobs and family decisions. They might even disagree about little things that don't seem important at all---like what's for dinner. Maybe sometimes parents feel so strongly about their differences that it may lead to arguments. However, these arguments are often over quickly. Parents may say sorry and _ ,and the family returns to normal.
As a family member, you should find out what it really means when your parents fight. When your parents get angry with each other, they might say things they don't really mean.Most people may lose their cool, so if your parents are fighting, don't worry too much about it. Try to find a good way to solve it .
If your parents' fighting really bothers you, you might find it hard to sleep or go to school. If this happens, try talking to your parents about their behavior. They may not even realize it until you tell them how their arguments has affected you. You can also tell other relatives, a teacher or a close friend.
Just remember that no family is perfect and arguments are common in every family. [/INST] question: Which is NOT mentioned about the arguments between parents and teenagers? | options: A: Homework B: Friends C: Jobs D: Clothes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Britons spend as much as nearly five hours a week keeping their homes clean, a survey found. Kitchens are cleaned most often, while doing the oven and windows are the least popular jobs. In total, they spend just over PS1 billion a year on products to keep the dirt at bay -- almost PS40 per household. Market analyst Mintel found a clear division of labour.
While the average Briton spends 4 hours, 40 minutes cleaning their home each week, men spend just 3 hours, 53 minutes compared to 5 hours, 25 minutes for women.
And while seven in ten women say they do most of the cleaning, this falls to four in ten for men. Confirming many parents' feelings, only one in five adult children and over living at their parents' home helps with cleaning chores, with children under 18 doing even less.
Last year, the household cleaning market was worth PS1.06 billion, which equates to annual spending of PS39.89 per household.
Those looking for the cleanest homes in the country should head to Scotland, where people spend an average of five fours, 6 minutes, which is closely followed by East and West Midlands at five hours, 1 minute.
In comparison, the least number of hours spent in cleaning is spent in the southeast/East Anglia at four hours, 18 minutes.
The southwest and Wales stand at four hours, 46 minutes, the northwest four hours, 44 minutes, and Yorkshire and the Humber four hours, 21 minutes.
According to Richard Caines, Mintel's senior household care analyst, men still lag women in the household cleaning stakes and spend on average an hour and a half less time cleaning their home, suggesting an opportunity for a campaign to encourage more cleaning by men to helpredressthis imbalance.
The number of households that need cleaning is continuing to grow, but pressure on time from increasingly busy lives limits the number of hours people are willing or able to spend cleaning their homes.
This means the market will see an increasing focus on easy-to-use, but effective hard surface cleaners and cleaning equipment.
Such products can help encourage more cleaning to be done in less time, but as well as focusing on more convenient products, cleaning brands can also inject an element of fun into campaigns through encouraging a more shared approach that involves the whole family. This will also help to address the gender imbalance and get older children to make more of a contribution to cleaning. [/INST] question: In which area do people spend the most time cleaning their home each week? | options: A: Scotland B: Wales C: Yorkshire and the Humber D: East and West Midlands | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pseudomonas species grow comparatively well in Dettol.
Cetrimide & dettol have been incorporated in the media for the selective isolation of pseudomonas.
Gram negative bacilli.
Motile by polar flagellum.
Non capsulated but many stains have mucoid slime layer especially the organisms which are isolated from cystic fibrosis patient.
Obligate aerobe.
Colonies emit a distinctive, musty, mawkish, earthy or sweet grape-like odor or corn tocolike odor.
Cetrimide agar is a selective media.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a numbers of pigments. The production of these pigments accounts for the colour of colonies.
Various pigments are:
Pyocyanin (most important): - It is produced only by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gives bluish green color. It inhibits the growth of many other bacteria.
Pyoverdin (fluorescein):- gives greenish yellow color.
Pyorubin:- Produces red color.
Pyomelanin: - Produces black color.
Pseudomonas is an important cause of life threatening bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. Ecthyma gangrenosum is the pathognomic skin lesion of P.aeruginosa bacteremia.
P.aeruginosa is the most common and most serious cause of infection in burns.
MC infection outside hospital is suppurative otitis.
P.aeruginosa causes shanghai fever.
It produces blue pus with characteristic fruity odor. [/INST] question: Pseudomonal infection not cleaned by | options: A: Dettol B: Hypochlorite C: Chlorine D: Betadine | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANs- B Benznidazole Ref- Treatment To kill the parasite, Chagas disease can be treated with benznidazole and also nifurtimox. Both medicines are almost 100% effective in curing the disease if given soon after infection at the onset of the acute phase including the cases of congenital transmission. The efficacy of both diminishes, however, the longer a person has been infected. Treatment is also indicated for those in whom the infection has been reactivated (for example, due to immunosuppression), and for patients during the early chronic phase. Infected adults, especially those with no symptoms, should be offered treatment because antiparasitic treatment can also prevent or curb disease progression and prevent congenital transmission in pregnant women. In those cases the potential benefits of medication in preventing or delaying the development of Chagas disease should be weighed against the long duration of treatment (up to 2 months) and possible adverse reactions (occurring in up to 40% of treated patients). Benznidazole and nifurtimox should not be taken by pregnant women or by people with kidney or liver failure. Nifurtimox is also contraindicated for people with a background of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Additionally, specific treatment for cardiac or digestive manifestations may be required. [/INST] question: Drug of choice in CHAGAS disease is - | options: A: Suramin B: Benznidazole C: Pentamidine D: Nifurtimox | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Like every other Olympics, the London 2012 Olympics will depend upon thousands of volunteers to help with the smooth running of the event. To show the importance of the role, London 2012 volunteers are to be called 'Game Makers'. Lord Coe has said recently: "London 2012 is relying on brilliant Game Makers to help us create a great Olympic and Paralympic Games. "
London 2012 Olympics volunteers will provide the face of London 2012, working behind the scenes and making sure the games are as well organized, efficient and, most importantly, as enjoyable as possible.
Despite the hard-work and often unsociable hours required of volunteers, applications to be considered as a Game Maker were unprecedented with all the 70, 000 available positions applied within days. But, for those still interested in helping out during 2012 and being in the middle of the action, there are still a lot of opportunities available.
If you were one of those who missed out on the chance of becoming London 2012 volunteers, you can now apply to be one of the 8, 000 London Ambassadors . This important role involves greeting fans from all over the world, welcoming them to the fantastic capital city of London and providing a friendly face as well as help, advice and a good old traditional warm British welcome. The view of London most visitors take away with them after the 2012 Olympics will mostly _ the volunteers and ambassadors, so these roles play a very important part in the process of making the UK a great place to travel to.
Becoming a London Ambassador is a brilliant way to be involved with the London 2012 volunteers scheme and become a part of what should be an historic summer. [/INST] question: Why are London 2012 volunteers called "Game Makers"? | options: A: They'll decide whether the London 2012 Olympics are a success B: They play an important role in the London 2012 Olympics C: The London 2012 Olympics won't be organized without them D: They will work hard and effectively | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Overnight, TFboys, a boy band consisting of three middle school students, became the talk all over China. Founded last year, the oldest member of TF boys is only 14. But the number of their followers on Sina Weibo has reached 11 million. Their music videos are also getting millions of views online.
Some say that TFboys has become popular only because of their pretty faces. But take a serious look at the three boys, and you may find out what has helped them win over so many people.
Wang Junkai, 14, from Chongqing
What did you do when you were 8 years old? Wang had become a trainee at TF Entertainment at that age, he still goes to school like other kids during weekdays. But his weekends were filled with training classes. He learned how to sing and dance. He had to do the splits again and again. Many boys couldn't stand it and quit, but Wang didn't give up. Before he finally became a TFboy, the tough guy has been practicing for five years.
Wang Yuan, 13, from Chongqing
Fans like to call Wang "Er Yuan" because he is a funny guy who's always telling dry jokes. But when he starts to sing, you'd be thrilled by his clear voice and high pitch . The cheerful boy lives a simple life. He doesn't like to compare himself with others. His mobile phone cost only 300 yuan. He's a big fan of Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf. He has watched every Pleasant Goat movie at the cinema.
Yiyang Qianxi, 13, from Hunan
Yiyang is the shortest of the three boys, but he definitely has the most splendid resume . He is a top student. He is an excellent dancer. He takes part in TV shows. He has played different roles in many movies. He is even good at calligraphy . When other teenagers show off their new clothes on Weibo, Yiyang displays his calligraphy work. How can he be good at so many things? " I'd practice dancing while others were chatting," he said. [/INST] question: Some people believe that TFboys has become popular only because of | options: A: their beautiful songs B: their pretty faces C: their lovely voices D: their rich families | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Those who are used to looking through thousands of books in big bookstores may find Japan's Morioka Shoten a little strange. That's because this tiny bookstore that is located in Ginza, Tokyo sells only a single book at a time.
Opened in May 2015, Morioka Shoten is the brainchild of Yoshiyuki Morioka. The experienced bookseller began his career as a bookstore clerk in Tokyo's Kanda district before branching out to open his own store. It was here while organizing book readings that he realized that customers usually came into the store with one title in mind. Morioka began to wonder if a store could exist by selling many copies of just one single book. In November 2014, he partnered with his two friends, to establish a unique bookstore with the idea of "A Single Room, A Single Book."
Like its offering, the bookstore is simple. The selections that are picked by Morioka change weekly and vary widely to attract customers with different interests. Recent choices include The True Deceiver, an award-winning Swedish novel by Tove Jansson, Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, and a collection of artist Karl Blossfeldt's photography of plants. Morioka has also chosen books written by famous Japanese authors Mimei Ogawa and Akito Akagi.
To highlight his only offering, Morioka often uses clever methods. For example,when selling a book about flowers, he decorated his shop with the ones that had been mentioned in the book. He also encourages authors to hold talks and discussions so they can connect with customers. Morioka says his goal is for the customers to experience being inside a book, not just a bookstore!
Risky as the idea might seem, things appear to be going well. Morioka says he has sold over 2,100 books since he opened it. Things can get better considering that his bookstore is becoming increasingly popular not just among the locals but also visitors from other countries. [/INST] question: What inspired Morioka to open such a bookstore? | options: A: A Swedish novel B: His present partner C: A bookstore clerk D: His working experience | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Brazil is a federation that consists of twenty-six states and one federal district. The biggest majority of Brazil's population belongs to the Christian religion and almost all of them are Catholics. This is something Brazil inherited being Portugal's colony .
Historically, the country was a colony claimed by people from Portugal and this made Portuguese the official language. The Portuguese reached Brazil in 1500 and until that moment it was inhabited by semi-nomadic people. The Portuguese changed Brazil into a country of slaves until 1800, when Maria I of Portugal came to live in Brazil. The Queen did not stay long in Brazil, but during the 20 years of royal presence a lot of changes occurred: commercial ports to United Kingdom were opened; Brazil stopped being isolated from other countries. So at the moment of getting the independence on the 7th of September, 1822, Brazil already had the potential to develop. The Brazilian Empire, Pedro I, abolished slavery in 1888 in the face of Princess Isabel. A lot of European people started coming to Brazil and the industry of the country started working. In the 19th and the 20th century as it has been said above foreign people immigrated to Brazil and basically 5 million European and Japanese people became the residents of Brazil. The beginning of the 20th century was especially marked by the immigration of a lot of Asian people: Japanese, Korean and Chinese immigrants. As a matter of fact Japanese people do not immigrate a lot, and the fact that the Brazilian-Japanese people are the largest Japanese minority in the world does astonish greatly.
The majority of the cultural inherits of Brazil are actually Portuguese, due to the fact that Brazil was Portugal's colony for a very long time. The southern states mainly consist of European population and the north and the northeast consist of a mixed population including Africans, Amerindians and Europeans. Most of this population is Roman Catholic. No other country in the world has the same amount of Catholics. The modern tendency of Brazil is the growing number of people calling themselves Protestants. Around 7.4% of the population don't believe any god. Some Brazilians, especially in the northern states are mixed Africans who prefer following the traditional African religions. Only 1.8% of the population chose Buddhism, Islam or Judaism.
Though Brazil always tried to maintain democracy, it was failed several times by the dictatorship of Getulo Vargas. This fact could not affect the political situation in the country. [/INST] question: Brazil was ruled by Portuguese about _ . | options: A: 22 years B: 300 years C: 322 years D: 328 years | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CO2 & Ammonia CPS-I causes condensation of CO2 and ammonia.Biosynthesis of urea occurs in five steps :1) Carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I (CPS-I), a mitochondrial enzyme, catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate by condensation of CO2 and ammonia. Two molecules of ATP are required for the reaction. CPS-I is the rate limiting enzyme of urea cycle. It is an allosteric enzyme and allosterically activated by N-acetyl glutamate.2) Ornithine transcarbamoylase catalyzes the formation of citrulline from carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine.3) Arginosuccinate synthase catalyzes the formation of arginosuccinate from citrulline and aspaate. This reaction requires 1ATP, but 2 high energy phosphate bonds are consumed as ATP is conveed to AMP + PPi. The amino group of aspaate provides one of the two nitrogen atoms that appear in urea (The other one is provided by ammonia NH4).4) Arginosuccinate lyase (arginosuccinase) catalyses the cleavage of arginosuccinate into arginine and fumarate. Fumarate enters in TCA cycle.5) Arginase catalyses the formation of urea from arginine by hydrolytic cleavage of arginine to yield urea and ornithine. Ornithine is thus regenerated and can enter mitochondria to initiate another round of the urea cycle. [/INST] question: Carbamoyl phosphate synthase - 1 acts on ? | options: A: Ornithine B: Carbamoyl phosphate C: CO2 & ammonia D: Arginine | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase is one of the rate limiting enzyme in de novo synthesis of purines. o The de novo synthesis of purines is most active in liver. Brain, RBCs (erythrocytes) and polymorphonuclear leokocytes (polymorphs) cannot synthesize purine nucleotides by de novo pathway. Biosynthesis of purine neucleotides Two impoant purine nucleotides are synthesized : (i) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and (ii) guanosine monophosphate (GMP). Then AMP and GMP are conveed to other purine nucleotides like ADP, ATP, GDP, GTP etc. Purine nucleotides can be synthesized by two pathways - (I) De novo synthesis and (2) Salvage pathway. De novo pathway (De novo synthesis) In de novo pathway, the purine nucleotides are synthesized from amphibolic intermediates. Amphibolic intermediates are the intermediary metabolites of amphibolic pathways (eg. citric acid cycle) which have dual purposes, i e. they serve in catabolism as well as in anabolism. In de novo synthesis, purine ring is formed from variety of precursors is assembled on ribose-5-phosphate. Precursors for de novo synthesis are ? i) Glycine provides C4 C5 and N7 ii) Aspaate provides NI iii) Glutamine provides N3 and N9 iv) Tetrahydrofolate derivatives furnish C2 and Cs v) Carbon dioxide provides C6 [/INST] question: PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase is increased to increase purine synthesis in ? | options: A: Liver B: RBC C: Brain D: Polymorphs | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tea bag drinking is most westerners' favorite way of drinking tea. Do you know how it came about?
The tea bag was invented in 1908 by Thomas Sullivan, an American tea seller. He was sending out free tea in silk bags for people to try. People put the bags together with the tea leaves into the cup and added hot water. The tea tasted good, and people thought it was easy to clean the cup. They were not happy when Sullivan started sending them loose tea again.
Sullivan realized that he had a hot new thing in his hands, and he built a machine to pack the bags. As tea bags became popular, they were changed from silk to gauze and later paper. In 1952, Lipton Tea made the tea bag even more popular with its invention of the four-sided tea bag. _ , and today 85% of the tea in the UK is packed in paper bags.
However, many people still prefer loose-leaf tea. This is because some tea companies put not very good tea in their tea bags. But for most drinkers, tea bags are still the easy, tasty way to go. [/INST] question: Who invented the tea bag? | options: A: An English tea seller B: Chinese C: Lipton D: Thomas Sullivan | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • Chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years, in the absence of any other identifiable cause. It is strongly associated with smoking.
• The earliest feature of chronic bronchitis is hypersecretion of mucus in the larger airways, associated with hypertrophy of submucosal gland of trachea and bronchi.
• Although the numbers of glands increase slightly, the major increase is in the size of mucous glands. This increase can be assessed by Reid index which is the ratio of between the thickness of the submucosal glands to that of the bronchial wall. The Reid index (normal 0.4) is increased in chronic bronchitis.
• Later, small airways (small bronchi and bronchioles) are also involved and show goblet cell hyperplasia and intraluminal and peribronchial fibrosis.
• In most severe cases, there may be the obliteration of lumen due to fibrosis —» Bronchiolitis obliterans. • The bronchial epithelium may undergo squamous metaplasia and dysplasia. [/INST] question: Chronic bronchitis is associated with? | options: A: Increase in number of glands without any change in size B: Bronchiolitis obliterans C: Decrease in Reid index D: Only large airways are involved | answer: B </s> |
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