text
stringlengths 1.13k
10.8k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] context: The internal capsule is an area of white matter (axons) in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus (both are medially placed) from the lenticular nucleus (laterally placed). It chiefly consists of axonal fibers that run between the cerebral coex and the pyramids of the medulla. The internal capsule is V-shaped when cut both coronally and horizontally. When cut horizontally the bend in the V is called the genu, the pa in front of the genu is the anterior limb, and the pa behind the genu is called the posterior limb. There is also a retrolenticular and a sublenticular pa to the internal capsule. The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains coicospinal fibers and sensory fibers from the body. The genu contains coicobulbar (or coico-nuclear) fibers, which run between the coex and the brainstem. The retrolenticular pa contains fibers from the optic system, coming from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus More posteriorly, this becomes the optic radiation. Some fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus (which carry auditory information) also pass in the sublenticular pa. Blood supply Striate aeries, which come off the middle cerebral aery, enter through the anterior perforated substance in the base of the brain. Infarctions to the internal capsule tend to be small, punctate lesions. They can affect sensory and motor systems on the opposite side of the body, and possibly eyesight (to the contralateral visual field). Hearing should not be affected in a single capsule lesion, as this information crosses over to both sides of the brain while in the brainstem. [/INST] question: Which of the following fibres don&;t pass through the posterior limb of internal capsule | options: A: Sublentiform B: Retrolentiform C: Coiconuclear D: Dorsal column | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: At the beginning of the 20th century there was a big farm called Hollywood Ranch. It was near Los Angeles in California. A few years later Hollywood was one of the famous places in the world. From the 1910s to the 1950s Hollywood was the film center of the world. Every family knew the names of its film stars--Charlie Chaplin, Greta Garbo, Ingrid Bergman and hundreds more.
The reason why people went to Hollywood to make films was the sun. At first,people made films in New York on the east coast of the United States. But then they heard about Los Angeles where there are 350 days of sun every year. As they made all the films by sunlight,the west coast was a much better place to make films. Also near Hollywood you can find mountains,sea and desert. They did not have to travel far to make any kind of film.
When TV became popular, Hollywood started making films for television. Then in the 1970s they discovered people still went to the cinema to see big expensive films. After about thirty years they are still making films in Hollywood and people watch them all over the world. [/INST] question: Hollywood used to be a _ . | options: A: cinema B: big farm C: park D: market | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas are uncommon tumors with a poorer prognosis than benign meningiomas. We reviewed the current literature and attempted to integrate and summarize available information to determine a logical approach to these tumors. Both tumors are rare and are often integrated with benign meningiomas when treatments are evaluated. In addition, because there has not been one histopathological classification scheme for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas in the past, there are numerous inconsistencies in the literature. Malignant progression with accumulation of mutations in a benign meningioma can result in an atypical and/or anaplastic meningioma. Both tumors are difficult to manage and have high recurrence and poor survival rates. The extent of tumor resection and histological grade are the key determinants for recurrence. In addition, metastases are unusual, but they do occur. We also review the evidence available that has resulted in the current World Health Organization classification. Radiation therapy can be used as an adjunctive treatment after both total and subtotal resection. In addition, the role of stereotactic radiosurgery is increasing, along with a possible role for brachytherapy. There are no effective chemotherapeutic agents available. A treatment algorithm is suggested. Refer Robbins page no 1315 [/INST] question: Worst prognosis memingioma is | options: A: Syncitial B: Fibroblastic C: Anplastic D: Atypical | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Researchers who helped discover a new species of Mexican butterfly are offering to sell the naming rights to raise money to fund more research. Co-discoverer Andrew Warren is hoping to raise at least $50,000 by auctioning off the rights to name the 4-inch "owl eye" butterfly, which lives in Sonora, a Mexican state bordering Arizona.
"That would support at least two years of research for our team down in Mexico," Warren said. "Money goes a long way down here in Mexico."
According to the scientific tradition, discoverers of a new species have the say in naming it. In recent years, some discoverers have auctioned off their naming rights to raise money.
Warren said the amount being sought for the butterfly is not out of the question, noting that naming rights for a new monkey species brought in $650,000 two years ago. A group of 10 new fish species that went on the naming auction block at the same time earlier this year brought in a total of $2 million.
The butterfly discovered by Warren and researcher George Austin ranges as far north as Mexico.
The butterfly was actually in a collection, misidentified as an example of another new species, at the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity at the Florida Museum of National History in Gainesville, said Warren. They soon began the hard process of determining that it was indeed a "new" model of butterfly.
After checking photos and comparing it with other known species, they determined it was a separate species. [/INST] question: Where did the researchers discover the new species of butterflies? | options: A: In Sonora B: In Mexico state C: In a place in US D: Near the US-Mexico border | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Criminal Aboion is dealt under Section 312-316 IPC: Sec. 312 I.P.C. whoever voluntarily causes criminal aboion is liable for imprisonment up to three years, and/or fine; and if the woman is quick with child the imprisonment may extend up to seven years. It is necessary that the woman should be pregnant and that aboion should be carried with her consent. Both the person causing the aboion and the woman are liable for punishment. Sec. 313 IPC: if the miscarriage is caused without the consent of the woman, the imprisonment may be up to ten years. Sec. 314 IPC: if a pregnant woman dies from an act intended to cause miscarriage, the offender is liable to be punished with rigorous imprisonment which shall not be less than ten years and also fine up to two lakh rupees. Sec. 315 IPC: a person doing an act intended to prevent the child from being born alive or to cause to die after its bih, is liable to be punished with imprisonment up to ten years. Sec. 316 IPC: causing death of quick unborn child by any act amounts to culpable homicide, and the punishment may extend up to ten years imprisonment. [/INST] question: IPC for causing aboion without women's consent: | options: A: 312 B: 313 C: 314 D: 315 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Alice spends her summer vacations walking back into history. Alice is 15 and she is a guide who shows visitors around the Fort Delaware Museum in New York. "This year, I spun wool on a spinning wheel. Last year, I was a candle maker. My first year, I cared for the garden and looked after the animals. All the jobs I've had at the fort have been really fun."
Fort Delaware is a living-history museum that shows how life was in frontier America in the mid-1700s. "Reading about history can't compare to experiencing it for yourself," says Alice.
The experience begins as soon as visitors enter the fort. The smell of wood smoke fills the air. Women in petticoats (long skirts) and men in knee breeches(knee-length shorts) are busy with their chores. The guides show visitors how the settles would have carried out everyday work. "Kids are surprised when I tell them that one of their jobs would have been to make candles," says another guide, 16-year-old Jane. "They don't realize that kids back then had to work hard." She also shows visitors how to play with toys and games.
They are playing historical parts, so the guides can't wear shorts or T-shirts when the weather is hot. But the clothes of the past can easily change modern kids into people from 18th century. "The clothing felt strange at first, but it does make it easier to get into characters," says Jane.
Working at the fort has helped Jane to appreciate her life even more. Alice agrees, "The fort has taught me how hard life was and how much work there was every day. We are so lucky with everything we have now. Life wasn't always this easy."
,. (5,2,10) [/INST] question: Fort Delaware in New York is a _ museum. | options: A: living-history B: toy C: candle D: clothing | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book.Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down.While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold.She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop .She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, "Very dirty floors." "Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them," the nurse answered.She looked at Mum strangely and said, "But aren't you working late?"
Mum just pushed harder, each swipe of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall.I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.After a long time Mum came back.Her eyes were shining.
She quickly put the mop back and took my hand.As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, "Thank you."
Outside, Mum told me "Grandma is fine.No fever."
"You saw her, Mum?"
"Of course.I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow.Dad will stop worrying as well.It's a fine hospital.But such floors! A mop is not good.You need a brush." [/INST] question: When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was _ . | options: A: to clean the floor B: to please the nurse C: to see a patient D: to surprise the story-teller | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Doll and the White Rose
I was walking around in a mall, when I saw a cashier hand this little boy some money back.The cashier said, "I'm sorry, but you don't have enough money to buy this doll."The little boy seemed very disappointed.
I walked toward him and asked him who he wished to give this doll to."It's the doll that my sister wanted so much for Christmas.She was sure that Santa Claus would bring it to her: But Santa Claus can't bring it to her where she is now.I have to give the doll to my mommy so that she can give it to my sister when she goes there."His eyes were so sad."My sister has gone to be with God.Daddy says that Mommy is going to see God very soon too, so I thought that she could take the doll with her to give it to my sister."
My heart nearly stopped.The little boy looked up at me and continued, "I told Daddy to tell Mommy not to go yet.I need her to wait until I come back from the mall."
I quickly reached for my wallet and said," Suppose we check again, just in case you do have enough money for the doll."
"OK, I hope I do have enough," he said.I put some of my money with his without him seeing and we started to count it.There was enough for the doll and even some spare money.
Surprisingly, the little boy cried, "Thank you God for giving me enough money!" Then he looked at me and added, "I asked last night before I went to sleep for God to make sure I had enough money to buy this doll, so that Mommy could give it to my sister. He heard me! I also wanted to have enough money to buy a white rose for my mommy, but I didn't dare to ask God for too much.But he gave me enough to buy the doll and a white rose ! "
Then I remembered two days before a local newspaper reported an accident in which a woman and a little girl were badly injured.The little girl died right away, and the mother was left in a critical state.Was this the family of the little boy?
Two days after I met the little boy, I read in the newspaper that the woman had passed away.I couldn't stop myself from going to the funeral.Teary-eyed, I felt that my life had been changed forever. [/INST] question: The boy wanted to buy the doll because _ . | options: A: he had always been eager for such a doll B: Santa Claus didn't give him any Christmas gift C: he would give it to his mother as a birthday surprise D: he wanted to turn his sister's Christmas wish into reality | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today anyone will accept money in exchange for goods and services. People use money to buy food, furniture, books, bicycles and hundreds of other things we need or want. When they work, they usually get paid in money.
Lots of the money today is made of paper. But people used to use all kinds of things as money. One of the first kinds of money was shells. Shells were not the only things used as money.
In China, cloth and knives were used. In the Philippine Islands, rice was used as money for a long time. Some Africans once used elephant tusks, monkey tails, and salt as money.
The first metal coins were made in China. They were round and had a square hole in the center. Different countries have used different metals and designs for their money. Later, countries began to make coins of gold and silver.
But even gold and silver were inconvenient if you had to buy something expensive. Again the Chinese thought of a way to improve money. They began to use paper money. The first paper money looked more like a note from one person to another than the paper money used today.
Money has had an interesting history, from the days of shell money until today. [/INST] question: In the Philippines Islands _ was once used as money. | options: A: rice B: knife C: cloth D: wheat | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There's no better place to be than beside the seaside in the summer. And even in Britainyou can still find beaches away from the crowds with golden sand.
COMPTON BAY, ISLE OF WIGHT
This wide sandy beach is on the south west coast, between Freshwater and Brook and is part of the TennysonHeritageCoast. There are striking views of the white cliffs further along the coast. A coastal path passes behind the beach, and you can enjoy scenic cliff top walks in either direction.
Accommodation: Sandpipers Hotel (01983 758150, www.sandpipersh.tel.com) with doubles fromPS10pp. KINGSGATE BAY,KENT
Around the beach round a bend in the coastal road from Ramsgate is white cliffs with KingsgateCastledominating the whole landscape. It is fairly isolated, with few facilities, but is perfect for summer bathing or for bracing winter walks.
Accommodation: Fayreness Hotel (0188 86866, www.fayreness.com) with doubles with breakfast fromPS69. 15pp.
RINGSTEAD BAY, DORSET
A picturesque 210ft crescent of pebbles with clean water that's a perfect escape from some of the busier beaches around Weymouth. You reach it by passing through the village of Upton,then along a narrow country road. Next to the car park is a well stocked shop. The cliffs behind RingsteadBayare an excellent place for fossil hunting.
Accommodation: Glenburn Hotel (01305 832318, www.glenburnhotell.com) with doubles fromPS7 9 including breakfast. BRANSCOMBE.DEVON
Lying on the EastDevonHeritageCoast, Branscombe has good facilities with toilets and a car park close to the beach, as well as a small picnic area. A well stocked shop sells the most attractive dairy ice cream. Next to the shop is the Sea Shanty restaurant--open every day until 5 p.m. during the summer.
Accommodation: The Mason's Arms, Branscombe Village (01297 680300, www.masonsarms.co.uk) with doubles fromPS6 5 pp with breakfast. [/INST] question: Which beach is the most wonderful place for summer bathing? _ | options: A: COMPTONBAY B: BRANSCOMBE C: KINGSGATEBAY D: RINGSTEADBAY | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's a nightmare for Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST): within a week,two students committed suicide by jumping off dorm buildings.,:,.
Officials from the university are _ to give interviews..
"We had a hard time calming down students who were shocked at the suicides," said Zhang Jingyuan,one official of HUST.
"Media coverage may arouse some students' negative emotions again.Suicide can be contagious," Zhang said.,",. "
The university reacted promptly to the first suicide on October 23.1023,.
Advisors and class leaders conducted dorm-to-dorm checks to find students suffering depression.Then psychologists offered one-on-one counseling to them.,. ,.
Notice boards publicizing tips for identifying peers' mental problems and offering help were set up in front of dorm buildings.Leaflets carrying similar information were handed out to each dorm.,. .
However,the second suicide came seven days later.,,.
Both students were described as men of few words.Their schoolmates didn't see anything to indicate suicide.,. .
Zhang revealed that the two students had been bothered by mental disorders.But the school didn't know this until the students' close friends outside school and their parents unveiled the truth after the suicides.,. ,.
According to Zhang,there are only three full-time counselors working in the university's counseling center for its 60,000 students.He complained: "It's unrealistic to rely only on counselors to detect students' mental problems.",,. :",. "
Effective prevention comes from long-term education for life instead of temporary intervention to meet an emergency,said Hu Yi'an.Hu delivers a course of lectures on life and death at Guangzhou University.He worries that universities have paid little attention to education for life.,, . . .
"Education for life helps students respect and love life so they won't resort to ending their lives when they have difficulties," said Hu.", ,,," .
According to Hu,the principles can be incorporated into everyday teaching.,.
Hu is also concerned that some universities are conveying discriminatory message that will hold back students from seeking help..
When HUST conducted the dorm-to-dorm examination,students with poor academic performance were paid special attention.In March,Peking University also released a controversial policy,which required teachers to have a chat with students "with biased thinking".,. ,,"".
However,Hu suggested that students step out of their comfort zone to seek real-life communication. [/INST] question: Which measure the university took to the first suicide is incorrect? | options: A: Conducting checks to find out the students' depression B: Offering counseling to the students C: Setting up notice boards publicizing tips for identifying peers' mental problems and offering help D: Handing out leaflets to each student | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For thousands of years, the most important two buildings in any British village have been the church and the pub.Traditionally, the church and the pub are at the heart of any village or town, where the people gather together to socialize and exchange news.
As a result, British pubs are often old and well preserved.Many of them have become historic sites.The most famous example is the pub in the city of Nottingham called " Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem" , which dates back to the year 1189 AD and is probably the oldest pub in England.
However, British pubs are not just for kings and queens; they welcome people from all classes and parts of society.On a cold night, the pub's landlord or landlady can always find a warm place for you by the fire.There is always honest and hearty food and plenty of drinks available at an affordable price.
That's how things used to be.Things are beginning to change.It is said that the credit crunch is causing 39 British pubs in a week to go out of business.People do not have enough spare money to spend on beer.Recently, the UK government banned smoking in all pubs, and that may also have affected the number of customers going to pubs.
This decline is happening despite the fact that in 2005 the UK government started to allow pubs to stay open after 11 p.m..Previously, with 11 p.m.as closing time, customers would have to drink quite quickly, meaning they sometimes got more drunk than they would if allowed to drink slowly.The British habit of drinking a lot very quickly is known as "binge drinking" , and it causes long-term health problems for people and problems with violent crime for communities.
In order to save their businesses, pubs are trying to change with the market.British pubs now offer something for everyone.A lot of pubs used to be "Working Men's Clubs" , meaning that women could not usually enter.Today, however, women can freely enter 99% of pubs without experiencing any problems.Perhaps things are changing for the better after all. [/INST] question: British people have the habit of gathering in the pubs to _ . | options: A: have the hearty food B: enjoy the historic sites C: make themselves known D: communicate with each other | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Brighton: It is a seaside resort on the English Channel. Only 50 miles from London, it offers a good variety of lively entertainment. It is a cheerful place, busy and crowded in the summer, but alive in every season of the year. Its royal pavilion is a masterpiece of English architecture.
Durham: Whatever travelers see or don't see in England, they must see this city, in the northeast, just south of NewcastleuponTyne. No one will forget the sight of its cathedral and castle rising together on a steep hill overlooking a loop in the River Wear, which almost surrounds them. The cathedral itself is one of the great medieval(,476~1500)buildings in Europe.
Liverpool: A port in the northwest of England which possesses a quality that is not found in quite the same way anywhere else in England: the quality of grandeur . Liverpool has this grandeur in its site on the broad River Mersey (more than half a mile wide) with the houses rising near it; in its great dock buildings, its broad streets, and its two enormous cathedrals.
Edinburgh: It has long been the capital of Scotland. Edinburgh Castle is Edinburgh's important building, controlling the city from its perch on a rock over a hundred meters above sea level. Another important building is the Palace of Holyrood House, begun by James III around 1500. Between the castle and the palace is the Royal Mile, which was the center of Edinburgh life before the 17th century and is fascinating to visit now. [/INST] question: Which is the suitable time to visit Brighton ? | options: A: Only summer B: All the year around C: Holidays D: Weekdays | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As a child,Alain Robert was afraid of height.One day,when he was 12,he returned home from school.At the front door of his building,he looked for his keys.He didn't find them.It was 3.30p.m.and his parents worked until 6.00p.m.Alain looked at his apartment on the eighth floor.He saw an open window.He closed his eyes and imagined himself climbing the building.When he opened his eyes,he told himself,'I can do it.'Fifteen minutes later,he was in his house and his fear of height was gone.
Then,Alain tried to climb buildings.In 2003,he climbed a building in London,dressing up as aspiderman to advertise the movie.In 2004,he climbedTaipei 101(one of the tallest buildings in the world).To reach the top of a building,Alain used only his hands and special shoes.
Alain takes climbing as a hobby.He also does it to raise money for charity(for have and the homeless).When he climbs,he wants to send a massage to people.If you have a dream----something you really want to do,it can become true.But you must be brave and keep trying.If something bad happens,don't give up.Close your eyes and tell yourself,'I can do it.' [/INST] question: Alain Robert first climbed the tall building _ . | options: A: in 2003 B: in 2004 C: at 6.00p.m D: at the age of12 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a cold winter, a couple had to move out of their big house because fo bankruptcy . The husband worked day and night but with no care of his wife. SO she thought, " He doesn't love me any more , he just thinks about his work."
One day, she wanted to take a shower , but her husband stopped her at the door. "Let me take it first, Ok?" "Why not let me take it first?" she asked. "I'm tired, dear. You take it later, OK?" She was very sad.
On a rainy day, she found nothing to do and turned on his computer. After a few minutes, her eyes were full of tears....It was his diary:
Today I was quite sad. She asked me why I was always taking the shower first, and I said I was tired. She was unhappy. I wasn't as rich as before! We moved to the small house and it was very cold. I found that if one person took the shower first, the bathroom could get a little warmer. So I always rushed to the bathroom first. When she took the shower, the bathroom could get warmer, at least 1degC. i can't give her more, but at least I can give her 1degC love. [/INST] question: The couple moved out of their house _ . | options: A: on a rainy day B: in a cold winter C: when the husband lost his work D: when the wife saw her husband's diary | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Genioglossus Muscle:
It is a fan-shaped extrinsic muscle of tongue and along with its counterpart of the opposite side forms the most of the bulk of the tongue
Origin:
From superior genial tubercle of the mandible.
Insertion:
The fibres radiate backwards fan-wise into the substance of the corresponding half of the tongue alongside the median septum, from the tip to the base, for insertion.
Lower fibres are inserted into the body of the hyoid and form the root of the tongue.
Intermediate fibres pass beneath the anterior border of the hyoglossus and extend backwards up to stylohyoid ligament and middle constrictor of the pharynx.
Upper fibres turn upwards and forwards to extend up to the tip of the tongue.
Nerve supply
It is supplied by hypoglossal nerve.
Actions
The muscles of both sides together protrude the tongue and make an elongated gutter on the dorsal surface of the tongue for the passage of food.
Key Concept:
Genioglossus protrude the tongue and make an elongated gutter on the dorsal surface of the tongue for the passage of food. [/INST] question: Protrusion of tongue is brought out by: | options: A: Genioglossus B: Intrinsic muscles of tongue C: Styloglossus D: Palatoglossus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I am my mother's third girl. When I was born, the doctor gently explained to my mother that my left arm was missing, below the elbow(,). Then he gave her some advice, "Don't treat her any differently from other girls." And she did!
There were five girls in our family and we all had to help out. Once when I was about seven, I came out of the kitchen, "Mum, I can't peel potatoes. I only have one hand." "You get back to peel potatoes, and don't ever use that as an excuse for anything again!"
Of course I could peel potatoes--with my good hand and my other arm. "Jenny, if you try hard enough," she said, "you can do anything."
Once in the second grade, our teacher had each of us race across the monkey bar . When it was my turn, I said no. some kids laughed. I went home crying.
The next afternoon Mum took me back to the school playground. "Now, pull up with your right arm," she advised. She praised me when I made progress. I'll never forget when I was crossing the bar, the kids were standing there with their mouths open.
It was the way with everything. Mum had the courage to face anything. and she taught me I could, too. [/INST] question: How many younger sisters do I have? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Four D: Five | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Owning a personal island is a luxurious treat one can imagine.
New Holland Island
$400 million, 18 acres
Roman Abramovich
Investment Banker
Located in Saint Petersburg Canal in Russia, the island takes its name after its resemblance to areas in Amsterdam. The owner plans to turn it into a cultural center. The new look of this island is expected to be revealed in another six years.
Musha Cay Island
$150 million, 700 acres
David Copperfield
Famous magician
World-famous magician David Copperfield has developed the island located in the southern part of Bahamas into a magical resort with adventures, treasure hunts, luxurious apartments, and water sports. All these, for $32,250 a night!
Mago Island
$10 million, 5,400 acres
Mel Gibson
Actor
Interestingly, this island is almost the size of a small country! Mel Gibson does not plan on developing it into a resort, thus keeping its natural beauty.
Mosquito Island
$15 million, 120 acres
Richard Branson
Investor
This island is rich in eco-diversity and is also one of the rich rainforest places. Branson plans to make this island the most eco-friendly and develop the biodiversity of this island.
James Island
$19 million, 780 acres
Craig McCaw
Cell phone pioneer
Craig McCaw plans to develop the island, but not at the cost of losing its natural beauty. Smoking is banned on the island, and only electric bikes or cars are used for transport. All power lines are laid underground. The island also has a golf course designed by the excellent golf champion Jack Nicklaus.
Allan Island
$13.5 million, 292 acres
Paul Allen
Investor
The island is reportedly named after a hero, and Paul Allen plans on building a vacation home here. However, his vacation home was built on another island nearby. So, the Allan Island now has only a caretaker's small house without electricity. And it is up for sale. Hands anybody? [/INST] question: The island which has been developed now belongs to a(n) _ . | options: A: investment banker B: famous magician C: actor D: investor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In Europe, people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right throughout the meal, a system that is generally agreed to be more efficient than the American zigzag method. Americans hold both the fork and the knife in their right hands throughout the meal, so they continually change their forks to the left hand when they have to cut their meat. It seems to be funny for the Europeans to see Americans busy changing their dinner sets, making a lot of noises.
A few explanations for this American style are as follows:
(1) Americans are practical and efficient. Since most of us are right-handed, it is reasonable to keep our working tools at all times in the right hand that can use them most efficiently.
(2) Americans, the master of the New World are rebels .They use the zigzag method to break the rules in the Old World and in this way they are thumbing their nose at Mother England. Americans are a restless kind. They do not like to sit in one spot for very long when dining.
(3) Forced to do so, they respond by "playing" with the silver.
Whatever the reason for the practice, it is now certainly as American as apple pie. Europeans recognize this and are quick to attack it as evidence of American innocence of form. Arguments against the zigzag method rest not only on grounds of efficiency but also on those of tradition. In Old World dining, the knife is held in the right hand continually because it can serve as an instant defense against the uninvited intruders .However, such alertness is out of place in the New World, as every American believes that this is the home of the brave. Americans _ their silverware, perhaps, to show that they are not afraid and that one of them holding a fork is worth any number of them holding blades . [/INST] question: Americans use _ to hold their fork to pick up the salad. | options: A: the right hand B: the left hand C: both hands D: either of the two hands | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Near the village, there is an old famous temple. Some people want to build new houses where the temple now stands, because they can find no other area to build them, while others disagree with them. They meet to decide how to solve the problem. Here are their opinions about it.
The expert wants to protect the temple and believes that there are some interesting things buried in the ground. If it is destroyed or moved, people may never learn about how people lived in the past.
The businessman thinks that the houses should be built. History is important, but we must think about the future. The village needs development and building new houses will offer jobs to hundreds of people.
Villager A says, "We should build the new houses because we need houses to live in."
Villager B says, "We should protect the temple because it can attract many tourists to come for a visit. If the temple is destroyed or moved, we will lose a lot of business."
The village leader thinks that he has a duty to make life better for the villagers. They need jobs and new houses. He also thinks the cultural site is important and they should be careful with it as well. [/INST] question: The expert doesn't want to _ the old famous temple. | options: A: rebuild B: protect C: pull down D: fall down | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My aunt Edith was a widow of 50,working as a secretary,when doctors discovered she had got what was then thought to be a very serious heart illness.
Aunt Edith didn't accept defeat easily. She began studying medical reports in library and found an article in a magazine about a well-known heart doctor,Dr.Michael Debakey,of Houston,Texas. He had saved the life of someone with the same illness. The article said Dr Debakey's fees were very high;Aunt Edith couldn't possibly pay them. But could he tell her of someone whose fee she could pay?
So Aunt Edith wrote to him. She simply listed her reasons for wanting to live:her three children,who would be on their own in three or four years and among them a little girl who always dreamed of traveling and seeing the world. There wasn't a word of self-pity-only warmth and humor and the joy of living. She mailed the letter,not really expecting an answer.
A few days later,my doorbell rang. Aunt Edith didn't wait to come in;she stood in the hall and read aloud:
Your beautiful letter moved me very deeply. If you can come to Houston,there will be no charge for either the hospital or the operation.
Signed:Michael Debakey
That was seven years ago. Since then,Aunt Edith has been around the world. Her three children are happily married. For her age,she is one of the youngest,most alive people I know. [/INST] question: "Aunt Edith didn't accept defeat easily" means that _ . | options: A: she was very beautiful B: she was very strong C: she was very brave D: she was very warm hearted | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Renee-a beautiful princess; Broo-a blue bear; Nahloo-a magical place)
When the Princess Renee heard about Broo, she came down from her castle. She found Broo while he was busy eating honey.
"Mr. Bear," the Princess said, "you are welcome in Nahloo. Here we share with each other. We don't take things from each other."
Broo thought about it for a moment and realized that he had made a mistake. "Well," he said, "maybe drinking all that milk wasn't the best idea."
The Princess continued, "Mr. Bear, you can drink and eat, but you won't feel good because you have never made any contribution to anyone else. I think you'll find that it is better to be full in your heart, not just in your stomach." After saying this, the Princess went back to the castle, leaving Broo alone.
One day, Broo was going to take lots of cookies from the rabbits, then he remembered what the Princess said to him. So Broo decided not to eat the cookies. The rabbits were surprised and said, "Thank you for your kindness, Mr. Bear. Now these cookies will taste sweeter because they are given by you, my friend. If you like, come back tomorrow and we can have the cookies together."
Broo was filled with joy and went through the land. He gave back everything he had taken. In return, he received a promise from everyone to share their food with him. Broo was so delighted that he started dancing in the moonlight with the Princess as his partner. [/INST] question: When the Princess Renee came down, Broo was _ . | options: A: dancing with rabbits B: eating honey C: giving everything back D: having cookies | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Danish capital is a year-round destination. Here are some of the city's best annual events.
Roskilde Festival (July)
The Danes love the outdoors and they love rock music; the Roskilde Festival is where they combine these passions for a weekend of drunken celebration. The four-day event is held about 30 minutes from the city completely, which means you can either go in for the full festival experience, or you can travel from the city to the festival each day.
There are also day tickets if you don't have the power for the whole collection of facts.
Kulturnatten (October)
For something a little more high brow there's the Night of Culture. For one night only some 300 venues in the city stage theater performances, art exhibitions, concerts and poetry readings.
Father Christmas Congress (July)
One of the more bizarre fixtures in Copenhagen's calendar, the event is held in July--the slow season for Santas--at the Bakken amusement park, some 20 minutes north of the city. The most interesting of the event is a procession of Santas from all over the world along Stroget. Parents should be prepared for some embarrassed questions from the kids.
Tivoli Gardens (November/December)
These pleasure gardens make for a great day out any time of the year but to see them at their most attractive, visit from mid-November through December, when they are transformed into a fairy tale of lanterns and Christmas markets. There's also outdoor skating, a Christmas entertainment and the very Danish 'Nissekobing' village, home to more than 100 mechanical fairies. [/INST] question: If you are free in October, you can go to _ . | options: A: Roskilde Festival B: Kulturnatten C: Father Christmas Congress D: Tivoli Gardens | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: With the development of science and technology, our dailylife is becoming more colorful and more convenient.
An Underwater Hotel
It looks like a spaceship but it is actually a picture of an underwater hotel. A company plans to build the hotel in the sea which is about 15metres below the surface .The whole building is underwater and you can get to it by swimming and diving.
Google Glass
Google Glass is a pair of glasses with a battery hidden inside the frame . It can perform many of the same tasks as smart phones. The glass has hidden camera and a tiny screen. It is designed to take hands-free photos or videos of anything people are doing.
A New Kind of shirt
Hate washing clothes? You're going to love this kind of shirt made by an American clothing company, Wool Prince. This shirt can be worn for 100 straight days without washing! The Wool Prince shirt never needs ironing .
The Digital Library
Can you imagine walking into a library and finding all books have turned into companies? The first bookless public library is planned to open in San Antonio, Texas, America. Computers will take the place of books soon. [/INST] question: The underwater hotel is about _ meters below the surface. | options: A: 10 B: 15 C: 100 D: 150 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but in fact it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of savage . It was a town of machinery and tall chimney, out of which smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill smelling color1, and large piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the steam-engine worked up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of madness. The town contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another.
A sunny midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes even in Coketown. Seen from a distance in such weather, Coketown lay covered in a smoke of its own. You only knew the town was there, because you knew there could have been no such a place upon the view without a town.
The streets were hot and dusty on the summer day, and the sun was so bright that it even shone through the smoke over Coketown, and could not be looked at steadily. Workers appeared from low underground doorways into factory yards, and sat on steps, wiping their face sand looking at coals. The whole town seemed to be frying in oil. There was a smell of hot oil everywhere. The atmosphere of those places was like the breath of hell , and their inhabitants wasting with heat, walked lazily in the desert. But no temperature made the mad elephants more mad or more sane . Their tiresome heads went up and down at the sane rate, in hot weather and in cold, wet weather and dry. The measured movement of their shadows of wood; while for the summer noise of insects, it could offer all the year round, from the dawn of Monday to the night of Saturday. [/INST] question: Which of the following words is NOT properly used to describe Coketown ? | options: A: unpleasant B: dirty C: noisy D: deserted | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Growing roses is quite a difficult task without knowing the right way. If you are attracted by the beauty of roses and need some tips for growing them, read on for some tips about taking care of rose plants.
* You have to buy a good plant, preferably around two years old.
* While most rose plants can tolerate around six hours of sunlight every day, some varieties need eight hours of sunlight exposure. The shade-loving roses need only four hours of sunlight.
* You will have to soak the roots overnight, before planting. If you plant it in a container, then the watering should be done daily, whereas garden roses need water once or twice a week.
* The next point is the application of fertilizers , which is mainly needed by rose plants in containers. Most of the varieties do not need fertilizers, as they can feed on the nutrients that exist in the soil. There is no need of fertilization during November and December, and the frequency of fertilization can be reduced during the summers, especially after April. It can be restarted in September and has to be increased during the growing periods.
* Cutting the stems promotes the growth of the plant and also aids flowering. It should be done regularly to remove dead or diseased leaves and stems.
Rose plants can be successfully grown by beginners too! With some care and consideration, all your efforts would definitely be worth it once you smell the fragrance of beautiful roses. [/INST] question: You can put shade-loving roses in the sun as long as _ . | options: A: 2 hours B: 4 hours C: 6 hours D: 8 hours | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many scientists find that colours can change people's feelings. It's very interesting. Some colours can make people feel relaxed,and some colours can make people feel nervous. Now,this kind of knowledge is being used in many places. For example, school walls are always painted green because green makes students feel relaxed. It is also good for the students' eyes. Some books are also green or light blue for the same reason. Restaurant owners not only have to know how to make food,but also have to know how to make money. Here are some things they've learned from scientific studies. The colour red makes people hungry. Many fast food restaurants have red furniture or walls. Soft colours like pink and light blue make people feel relaxed,so they spend more time eating. Loud music may be nice at first,but it soon makes people want to leave. Hard seats also make customers want to eat quickly and leave. Many restaurants,especially fast food restaurants,use this knowledge to make customers eat faster. [/INST] question: How does the colour green make the students feel? | options: A: Hungry B: Nervous C: Angry D: Relaxed | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Use your American Express Card to enjoy one-day privileges at four of America's greatest museums. Note the participating museums, and their exciting special exhibitions that you will not want to miss, listed below.
Boston
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
Chairs
February 11--May 8, 2005
Italian furniture expert Fausto Calderai and Indian photographer Dayanita Singh present an exhibition of chairs from the museum's collection and " chair photographs "from around the world presented in a Venetian-style hall housing world-famous masterpieces.
For more information: www. gardnermuseum.org
New York
The Noguchi Museum
Noguchi and Graham
December 1, 2004---May 1,2005
Noguchi's long-term collaboration with dancer Martha Graham is regarded by many as high point in the history of both modern dance and art. The exhibition highlights nine of the sets created through this collaboration.
For more information: www. noguchi.org
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
In Full View : American painting ( 1720---2005)
January 11--- April 10, 2005
Founded in 1805, the Pennsylvania Academy has been home to America's artists for 200 years. The Academy collects and exhibits the works of famous American artists, and is well-known for training fine artists. 2005 at the Academy begins with the largest exhibition of the Academy's distinguished American collection in the institution's history.
For more information: www.pafa.org
Seattle
Seattle Museum of Glass
Murano: Glass from the Olnick Spanu Collection
Through November 7, 2004
This exhibition includes over 200 pieces of beautiful glass from Murano, the island of glassblowers near Venice, Italy. Watch live glass-blowing shows in the Hot Shop and see other modern glass exhibitions.
For more information: www. museumofglass.org [/INST] question: Which of the following websites offers information about the furniture show? | options: A: www. pafa.org B: www. noguchi.org C: www. museumofglass.org D: www. Gardner museum .org | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tuberculous verrucous cults Tuberculous Verrucosa cutis or way tuberculosis is a verrucous forms of skin tuberculosis in previously sensitized individuals due to exogenous reinfection with mycobacterium Tuberculous or M.bovis and reflects good cell mediated immunity. Most cases of Tuberculous verrucosa culls are due to an exogenous reinfection in individuals as a result of accidental inoculation of mycobacterium Tuberculosis in previously infected or sensitized individual with a moderate to high degree of slowly evolving cell immunity. Most of the patients are involved in heavy manual work and they run a greater risk of sustaining injury. Tuberculous verrucous vulgaris lesions mostly occur in lower limbsQ A definite history of trauma precedes the onset of Tuberculous verrucous vulgaris in many of the patients. The patients are usually engaged in heavy manual work and being engaged in these works they are more prone .for frequent injuries. The resultant trauma might provide a poal of entry to the AFB. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis usually begins as a solitary napulonodule following a tril injury or trauma on one of the extremities that soon acquires a scaly and verrucous surface. The lesion which is usually persistent, expands slowly over several months or years with or without central clearing and atrophy. Diagnosis Postive inycobacterial culture and characteristic histopathalogical findings on biopsy specimens. Treatment Responds well to A.T.T. Verrucus vulgaris Also known as common was. It is a benign skin growth caused by viral infection in the skin. They usually,cause cosmetic concerns. They are usually multiple and may arise on any skin surface but occurs most commonly on a person's leg, feet and toes or arms, hands and .fingers, Was are usually caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is also comnonly associated with the genital was. Lichen planus hyperophicus It is a variant of lichen planus It can he easily differentiated from tuberculous verrucus cutis as these cases are characterized by : -- Bilaterally symmetrical multiple way lesions. Mycetoma Mycetoma is characterized by lesions with "multiple draining sinuses". [/INST] question: A Farmer has a single way lesion on leg. Which of the following could be most likely lesion | options: A: Verruca vulgaris B: Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis C: Mycetoma D: Lichen planus hyperophicus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ectopic ureters are almost always associated with ureteric duplication and 10% are bilateral. There is a female:male ratio of 7:1. The ectopic ureter drains the upper pole of the kidney and inses into the bladder more distally than normal and towards the bladder neck. In females, the ectopic ureter opens either into the urethra below the sphincter or into the vagina. A female who voids normally but who has dribbled urine for as long as she can remember is typical of the patient with an ectopic ureter. In the male, the opening of the ureter is above the external urethral sphincter so the patient is continent. An ectopic ureteric orifice in a male at the apex of the trigone, in the posterior urethra, in a seminal vesicle or in an ejaculatory duct is likely to be functionally abnormal and infection is common. A severely diseased or atrophic moiety is effectively treated by paial nephrectomy. A refluxing ureter may need re-implanting. An ectopic ureter in a female often drains hydronephrotic and chronically infected renal tissue and is best excised. Rarely, the incontinence can be cured and renal function preserved by re-implanting the ureter into the bladder. ( ref : Bailey 27 th ed , chapter 76 , pg 1401 ) [/INST] question: Ectopic uretor opening is not located in | options: A: Bulbar urethra B: Prostatic urethra C: Seminal vesicle D: Bladder neck | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a cold winter, a couple had to move out of their big house because of bankruptcy . The husband worked day and night to support the family but with no care of his wife. So she thought, "he doesn't love me anymore, he just thinks about his work".
One day, she wanted to take a shower, but her husband stopped her at the door, "Let me take it first, OK?" "Why not let me first," she asked. "I was tired, you take it later, OK?" She was very sad.
On a rainy day, she found nothing to do and turned on his computer. After a few minutes, her eyes were full of tears...it was his diary:
"Today, I was quite sad, she asked me why I was always taking the shower first, and I said I was tired. She was unhappy. I wasn't as rich as before! We moved to the small house and it was very cold. But I found that if one person took the shower first, the room could get a little warmer. So every time I rushed to the bathroom first. When she took the shower, the room would get warmer, at least 1degC or 2degC.Now I can't give her comfortable life or buy expensive dresses for her, but at least, I can give her 1degClove." [/INST] question: The couple moved out of their house _ . | options: A: on a rainy day B: in a cold winter C: when the husband lost his work D: when the wife saw her husband's diary | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 4-Day Beijing Culture Group Tour
Are you new to Shanghai? Do you want to see more of China? If the answer is yes, how about going to Beijing for the weekend? Visit the Great Wall and other places of interest, and enjoy Beijing Roast Duck.
Tour price: $590
Call us! 800-820-6222
8-Day Colorful Yunnan Group Tour
If you like a spring climate and clean air, then Yunnan is the place for you! Another true highlight of the area is experiencing the cultures of minorities that live in this area.
Places to visit: Kunming, Dali, Lijiang
Tour price: $1,290
Call us: 800-820-8188
4-Day Beautiful Guilin Private Tour
Are you tired of city life? Do you want some fresh air? Then come to Guilin and Yangshuo for a few relaxing days to enjoy the river life, or just take it easy in one of the many cafes and bars.
Tour price:
1person $630
2-5persons $565
6-9persons $527
Call us: 800-810-6562
5-Day Sanya Private Tour
Sanya is famous for its wonderful sunshine, white sandy beaches and clear water. Instead of a busy trip, you can relax here by walking along the beaches and enjoying the fresh air!
Tour price:
1person $569
2-5persons $548
6-9persons $535
Call us! 800-810-5222 [/INST] question: If you want to take a trip to the beach, you should call _ . | options: A: 800-810-6562 B: 800-820-6222 C: 800-820-8188 D: 800-810-5222 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Shopping in Singapore is really a pleasure for tourists. The Great Singapore Sale is held every year, usually during the summer months. Singapore's famous shopping stores welcome a great number of visitors from all over the world. Their shopping hours last till midnight. During this time, nice and cheap goods are on sale for tourists to choose from. Tourists can also try delicious foods there and experience the Singaporean nightlife.
Certain stores offer discounts of up to 70 percent or even higher if people use their credit cards. For tourists that hold a special Tourist Card, they can enjoy a lot of benefits , such as discounts on watches, jewellery and cosmetics . The card also gives discounts when you visit local attractions such as Singapore Zoo.
It is well worth checking out in the different shopping districts of Singapore during this 8-week Shopping Marathon. Orchard Road is surely the best place for shopping in the city. A large number of restaurants and clubs can be found in this area. Marina Bay includes both big department stores as well as small shops, so everything you would want to buy can be found here.
Advice for tourists planning to enjoy this festival of shopping: travel light and take a comfortable pair of shoes with you, for you are sure to do a lot of walking and return with your bags much heavier. [/INST] question: You will see the Great Singapore Sale if you go to Singapore in _ . | options: A: January B: August C: May D: November | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pocket Tape-Recorders "Family and Home Magazine" test what's on the market now.
1)Pearlcorder S702 $64
This simple model at the bottom of the Olympus range scored the most points for its excellent quality of recording. Background noise hardly affects the sound and recording from a pocket is perfectly possible, but it doesn't turn off automatically.
Tape length: 30 minutes per side. Weight: 240g.
2)Sony M9 $49.95
Small and very good looking, sony's latest offering scored most for appearance. Sounds clear, but there is slight machine noise. The big control buttons are a great improvement on some of the complicated little controls on other tape-recorders. Doesn't switch off automatically but a red light shows if the machine is still running.
Tape length: 60 minutes per side. Weight: 195g.
3)Sony M400 $115
Lots of little control buttons that make a noise and are difficult to use . Recording was good but machine noise lost points. Tape counter and automatic switch-off when tape has finished recording or rewinding are useful.
Tape length: 60 minutes per side. Weight: 230g.
4)Imperial OEM. MC $29.95
Cheap and simple compared with the rest, but recording was good as long as there was no background noise. Use only its own make of cassette. No light to show it is on; no fast forward button and the record button makes a loud noise.
Tape length: 30 minutes per side. Weight: 285g.
5)Philips 585 $80
Handsome and simple to use, but recording is very poor at more than the recommended distance of 5 cm-designed for dictation. No recording light.
Tape length: 15 minutes per side. Weight: 220g. [/INST] question: If you want a machine which turns off automatically and weighs very little you should choose the _ . | options: A: Pearlcorder S702 B: Sony M9 C: Sony M400 D: Philips 585 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once a small boy lived on a farm which seemed so far away from everywhere.
He needed to get up before the sun rose every morning to help his father on the farm. After an hour he could take a break for a while. Then he climbed up on the walls along the side of the farm. He could see a house with gold windows. "If they could afford gold windows, then there must be other nice things inside the house." He imagined how great it would be to live there. Then he promised himself, "Some day I will go there and see this wonderful place."
One morning, his father would go to the town and told him to stay at home for a rest. Knowing that this was his chance, he took a sandwich and went across the field towards the house with the gold windows.
As the afternoon went on, he began to realize how wrong he was. The house was much farther than he had expected. As he went near the house, he saw no gold windows but instead a place in need of painting. A small girl very close to his age came out of the poor house and stood there. He asked her if she had seen the house with the gold windows.
The girl said, "Sure, I know." and invited him to sit on the porch . As he sat there, he looked back from where he just came. There he saw the sunset turned the windows of his house to gold! Now he understood that everyone had his own house with gold windows. [/INST] question: During his break every morning, the small boy would _ . | options: A: fix the bike B: climb up on the walls C: eat sandwiches D: walk around the farm | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OPTION A) CT chest shows large bullae in bilateral lung fields diagnostic of emphysema. Also, note the x-ray finding of emphysema which shows tubular appearance of hea and large bullae. A upper lobe involvement B lower lobe involvement C marked airway involvement CT patterns of different type of emphysema. A. Centrilobular emphysema with severe upper lobe involvement in a 68-year-old man with a 70 pack-year smoking history but forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 81% predicted (GOLD spirometry grade 1) B. Panlobular emphysema with diffuse loss of lung parenchymal detail predominantly in the lower lobes in a 64-year-old man with severe a1AT deficiency; and C. Paraseptal emphysema with marked airway inflammation in a 52-year-old woman with a 37 pack-year smoking history and FEV1 40% predicted. OOPTION C) CT FINDING OF ACUTE SILICOSIS This high-resolution computed tomography scanshows multiple small nodules consistent with silicosis but also diffuse groundglassdensities with thickened intralobular and interlobular septa producingpolygonal shapes. This has been referred to as "crazy paving." OPTION D)Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is a pneumoconiosis which occurs due to inhalation of fine silica dust found in most volcanoes. [/INST] question: The following CT chest shows the presence of? | options: A: Emphysema B: Aefact C: Silicosis D: Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Increased peristalsis of the ureter to overcome obstruction) (31-Smith Urology 17th,1274-Baily & Love 25th)The severity and colicky nature of ureteric colic pain are caused by the hyper peristalsis and spasm of smooth muscles of the ureter as it attempts to rid itself of a foreign body or to overcome obstruction (smith urology 17th)Pain from acute obstruction of ureter(Stone or Blood clot)|| |Back Pain Severe colicky painThis results from capsular distensionThis results from renal, pelvic and ureteral muscle spasm. The severity and colicky pain are caused by the hyperperistalsis and spasm of this smooth muscle organ (Ureter) as it attempts to rid itself of a foreign body or to overcome obstruction* Pain classically radiates from costovertebral angle down towards the lower anterior abdominal quadrant* In Men - It may also be felt in the bladder, scrotum or testicle* In women - it may also be felt in the vulvaLocation of Ureteric Pain Stone in upper ureter - Pain radiates to testicles (T11T12) Nerve supply of testicles is similar to that of kidney & upper ureter Stone in the midportion of ureter(i) Right side - Pain referred to Me Burney's point and stimulates appendicitis (T12L1)(ii) Left side - Pain referred to left lower quadrant and stimulates diverticulitis or other disease of the descending or sigmoid colon (T12-L1) Stone in the lower portion(i) Proximal to orifice - Pain is referred to inner side of thigh or groin (L1 L2)(ii) At the level of orifice or orifice involved due to edema symptoms of vesical irritability such as frequency and urgency may occur* Ureteric peristalsis is due to intact supply of - Intrinsic smooth muscle pacemaker activity of renal calyces**** The narrowest part of ureter is at the - uretero-vesical junction*** Highest incidence of ureteric injury in- Wertheim's hysterectomyUreteric Constriction - Sitesi. Ureteropelvic junctionii. Crossing of the iliac arteryiii. Juxta position of the vas deferens or broad ligamentiv. Uretero vesical junctionv. Ureteric orifice* Phosphate stones (Staghorn calculi)Excess alkali consumption, Alkali urine*Infection with urease splitting organism eg Proteus, kleibsella, Pseudomonas* Cystine stoneForm in acidic urine*, Extremely hard stone,Relatively resistant to fragmentation with ESWL**The most sensitive imaging modality for diagnosis ureteric stone in a patient with acute colic is - Non contrastCT scan of the abdomenArterial supply of ureter are as follows(a) upper end(b) Middle portion(c) PelvisRenal arteryTesticular or ovarian arterySuperior vesical artery [/INST] question: Ureteric colic due to stone is caused by | options: A: Stretching of renal capsule due to back pressure B: Increased peristalsis of ureter to overcome the obstruction C: Irritation of intramural ureter D: Extravasation of urine | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What do astronauts eat in space, and why? How did astronaut food come into being? How do astronauts preserve food for long periods of time in space? NASA(the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has been researching food for space travel since the 1960's to find the best way of keeping astronauts from going hungry.
The research could date from an accident that took place on the first manned Gemini mission in 1965. astronaut John Young managed to sneak a corned beef sandwich onto the Geminni III capsule to eat during its orbit around Earth. To Young's surprise, the sandwich plan did not go as expected; instead the sandwich began to break apart and scatter through the Geminni IIIcapsule. This could have resulted in disaster, since a small piece of food could have stuck in the air vents and other equipment. The sandwich was stuffed into a pocket to avoid the further mess inside the small space capsule This incident caused NASA to enforce strict rules on what types of food can be taken into space.
Space food has come a long way since then. During the Gemini period, the astronauts mostly ate cubed, compressed foods high in calories and lightweight.
NASA expects a long shelf life for space food. The majority of food taken into space has been dried out or heat-treated. These process and use of sodium , make the food taken into space last longer. Research is ongoing into space food to seek out healthier ways to preserve it. Too much sodium is unhealthy, and can badly change the taste of some foods. [/INST] question: What happened to John Young in the Geminni III capsule? | options: A: His sandwich went bad as expected B: He couldn't eat the sandwich he had bought C: His sandwich caused trouble to some equipment D: He filled his pocket with the sandwich | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of rheumatic diseases, requiring immediate and appropriate treatment. MAS is a disorder related to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which is divided into primary and secondary HLH. The most common autoimmune diseases associated with MAS are systemic juvenile idiopathic ahritis (SJIA), followed by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Kawasaki disease (KD), and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). The symptoms of MAS are quite similar to those of many active autoimmune diseases or severe sepsis; therefore, it is quite difficult to make a diagnosis. MAS is still underrecognized, and its treatment is usually delayed, which then leads to high morbidity and moality. The classical signs and symptoms of patients with MAS are a persistent high-grade fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymph-adenopathy, and hemorrhagic manifestations. The mainstay of MAS treatment is glucocoicoid therapy. Most of the physicians sta with an intravenous methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg/dose (maximum 1 g) for 1-3 days. If the patients respond well to the high dose of methylprednisolone, this is decreased to 2-3 mg/kg/day in a divided dose. If the clinical status of the patients is stable, the physicians change the dosage to oral prednisolone, thus, preparing for a discharge, as well. For the nonresponders, an additional therapy with cyclosporin A 2-7 mg/kg/day is recommended. [/INST] question: Drug of choice for resistant macrophage activation syndrome | options: A: Tacrolimus B: Methylprednisolone C: Cyclosporine D: Tocilizumab | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Renault's new Twizy could be the future of motoring ... or at least a big part of it. This is not some crazy future concept -- this is a real vehicle, fully electric, and on sale now. Prices for the Twizy start at PS6,690, with battery hire from PS45 a month. But is it a car? Technically no, it' s classified under UK law as something closer to a moped .
A two-seater (the passenger sits behind the driver), the Twizy runs on electric power only, and is designed to cover all those little trips we do. And as 87 percent of Europe's drivers do less than 37 miles a day -- 50 per cent less than 12--there's really no need to be burning gas for that sort of journey.
The Twizy is arguably the most unusual vehicle in this country. Other cars have been beautifully designed, others have been small, but no car has turned motoring on its head in quite the same way.
The Twizy's batteries have a range of 62 miles, and it plugs into a standard socket like any other electrical equipment, going from flat to full power in three and a half hours. There are no full doors on the vehicle, so think of it like a covered moped with four wheels, but no noise and no need for a helmet. There's also a lower-powered type being designed, the Twizy 45, for which you don' t need a license.
Seeing the Twizy in the flesh, you' re surprised by how striking it looks. Sit in it and everything feels right --just car enough to be easy, but different enough to be exciting. With the battery underneath you, the vehicle is suckered to the road, and the electric power means it accelerates with real energy up to about 50 mph. You don't feel you need any more. In the UK, the weather alone may make it a good buy, but the lack of easy access to outdoor sockets is the biggest challenge. Only time will tell if this brave move answers enough problems to find a place in our lives. [/INST] question: Which of the following is TRUE about the appearance of the Twizy? | options: A: Attractive B: Awkward C: Traditional D: Colorful | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Fumarate): (340-U.Satyanarayan 3rd) (145-Harper 28th)Integration between Urea cycle and Citric acid cycleUrea cycle is linked with citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) in three different ways. This is regarded as bicyclic integration between the two cycle1. The production of fumarate in urea cycle is the most important integrating point with TCA cycle fumarate is converted to malate and then to oxaloacetate in TCA cycle. Oxaloacetate undergoes transamination to produce aspartate which enters urea cycle. Here it combines with citrulline to produce arginosuccinate. Oxaloacetate is an important metabolite which can combine with acetyl COA to form citrate and get finally oxidized. Oxaloacetate can also serve as precursor for the synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis)2. ATP (12) are generated in the TCA cycle while ATP (4) are utilized for the urea synthesis3. Citric acid cycle is an important metabolic pathway for the complete oxidation of various metabolites to CO2 and H2O. The CO2 liberated in TCA cycle (in the mitochondria) can be utilized in urea cycle. [/INST] question: Primary link between citric acid cycle and urea cycle with | options: A: Malate B: Fumarate C: Succinate D: Citrate | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Anaphylactic reactions to drugs In contrast to the profound immunodeficiency that characterizes most manifestations of AIDS, a host of immunologic and rheumatologic disorders are common in patients with HIV infection. Ceainly the most common such reaction is cutaneous manifested sensitivity to the antibiotics required for treatment of the secondary infections so common in these patients. Some 65% of patients who receive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole develop an erythematous morbilliform pruritic eruption. Founately, anaphylaxis is very rare, and desensitization is possible. Patients infected with HIV may develop diseases that resemble classic autoimmune diseases in non-HIV-infected persons. A variant of Sjogren's syndrome characterized by dry eyes, dry mouth, and lymphocytic infiltrates of the salivary gland and lung may be seen. HIV -associated ahropathy is characterized by a nonerosive oligoaicular ahritis that generally involves the large joints. Widespread musculoskeletal pain of at least 3 months' duration with tender points, typical of fibromyalgia, may occur in up to 10% of HIV-infected IV drug abusers. Reactive ahritides, such as Reiter's syndrome or psoriatic ahritis, have also been described. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the LEAST common immunologic manifestation of HIV infection? | options: A: Cutaneous reactions to drugs B: Anaphylactic reactions to drugs C: Anticardiolipin antibodies D: Oligoaicular ahritis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ethambutol (E): Ethambutol is selectively tuberculostatic and clinically as active as S. Fast multiplying bacilli are more susceptible as are many atypical mycobacteria. Added to the triple drug regimen of RHZ it has been found to hasten the rate of sputum conversion and to prevent development of resistance. The mechanism of action of E is not fully understood, but it has been found to inhibit arabinosyl transferases involved in arabinogalactan synthesis and to interfere with mycolic acid incorporation in mycobacterial cell wall Patient acceptability of E is very good and side effects are few. Loss of visual acuity / colour vision. field defects due to optic neuritis is the most impoant dose and duration of therapy dependent toxicity. Because young children may be unable to repo early visual impairment, it should not be used below 6 years of age. With early recognition and stoppage of therapy, visual toxicity is largely reversible. Ethambutol produces few other symptoms: nausea, rashes, fever, neurological changes are infrequent. Hyperuricemia is due to interference with urate excretion. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:742 [/INST] question: Common dose dependent side effects of ethambutol is: | options: A: Red-urine B: Optic neuritis C: Nephropathy D: Peripheral neuropathy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: TypeClinical featuresPathogenesisPathologyLMEMAcute GNAcute nephrotic syndromeImmune complex disease (local or circulating)Diffuse proliferation, leucocytic infiltrationSubepithelial deposits (humps)RPGNAcute renal failure(i) Type I: anti GBM type(ii) Type II: Immune complex type(iii) Type III: Pauci-immune RPGNProliferationCrescentsQ(i) Linear deposits along GBM(ii) Subepithelial deposits(iii) No depositsMinimal change diseaseNephrotic syndrome (higher selective proteinuria)Reduction of normal negative charge on GBM Cell-mediated mechanismNormal glomeruli, lipid vacuolation in tubulesLoss of foot processes, no depositsMembranous GNNephrotic syndromeImmune complex disease (local)Diffuse thickening of capillary wallSubepithelial deposits (Spikes)Membrano- Proliferative GNNephrotic syndromeType I: immune complex diseaseType II: Dense deposit disease (alternate pathway activation)Type III: Rare, with systemic disease and drugsLobular proliferation of mesangial cells increased mesangial matrix, double contour of GBMType I: subendothelial depositsType II: Dense intramembranous depositsType III: Subendothelial and subepithelial deposits [/INST] question: Crescent formation is seen in? | options: A: FSGS B: MGN C: RPGN D: PSGN | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • Diaphragmatic injuries are often caused by penetrating injuries.
• Patients sustaining penetrating injuries below the nipples and above the costal margins should be investigated to rule out diaphragmatic injury.
Etiology
• Penetrating trauma (knife, bullet, repair of hiatus hernia)
• Blunt trauma (motor vehicle accident, fall from height, bout of hyperemesis):
−− Caused by compressive force applied to the pelvis and abdomen.
−− Rupture is usually large, with herniation of abdominal content into chest
Clinical Features
• Most diaphragmatic injuries are silent and the presenting features are those of injury to the surrounding organs.
• Late complication: Herniation of abdominal contents in to the chest.
• Herniation of organ: Stomach >Colon >Small intestine >Omentum >Spleen >Kidney and pancreas.
Diagnosis
• There is no single standard investigation to diagnose diaphragmatic injuries.
• Chest X-ray after placement of a nasogastric tube may be helpful (as this may show the stomach herniated into the chest)
• Contrast study of upper or lower GIT, CT scan and diagnostic peritoneal lavage all lack positive or negative predictive value.
• Most accurate evaluation is by video assisted thracoscopy (VATS) or laparoscopy, offering the advantage of allowing the surgeon to proceed to repair and additional evaluation of the abdominal organs.
Treatment
• Operative repair is recommended in all cases.
• All penetrating diaphragmatic injury must be repaired via the abdomen and not the chest, to rule out penetrating hollow viscus injury.
Bergvist Triad: Rib fracture + Fracture of spine /pelvis + Traumatic rupture of diaphragm [/INST] question: Diagnosis of traumatic rupture of diaphragma) Laparoscopyb) Chest X rayc) Diagnostic peritoneal lavaged) IPPV | options: A: ab B: a C: ad D: bc | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The computer is a perfect tool for all those categories , but...
You just never really had the time to take a basic computer class,and the books
about how to actually use a computer are heavy reading and it seems like computers and computer manufactures have a language all of their own, so the books really don't help you much, anyway.
This is a web site for YOU
Here is your chance to get the basic knowledge you need, so you can enjoy the
time you spend in front of your computer, and you can learn at your own pace. This web site is a guide for new computer users. Here you will find step by step descriptions of the most commonly used programs and functions of your computer. You can look through the links on the left and find what you need to know right now and come back later and get some more information.
This is NOT a web site for computer experts and it's not written by an expert,
either, so don't worry, you will find that everything here is written in a language for YOU!
The list of computer terms will have the explanations to the words you will need
to gain the desired knowledge for everyday use. As you get acquainted with the basic functions you will also have a better picture of what your computer can actually do for you in your daily life. After all a computer is a TOOL, and here is your chance to 1earn how to use it!
As I said. It's important to learn at your own pace, so add this site to your favorites. [/INST] question: It is _ to read a book about computer. | options: A: very easy B: quite difficult C: quite tired D: more interesting | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.
In the ancient world, as is today, most boys play with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are strictly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.
What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. It is the universality of toys about their development in all parts of the world and their continuing to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.
Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological progress that characterizes inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of advancement. The progress from a rattle used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of materials then ready for use. (words: 285 ; time : 5ms) [/INST] question: The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that _ . | options: A: their social roles are strictly determined B: most boys would like to follow their fathers' jobs C: boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers D: they like challenging activities | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Any introduction to Peking Opera would not be complete without telling of Mei Lanfang. During his stage life, he combined the traditions of the past with his own creations, shaping a style of his own and giving birth to "The Mei Lanfang School". He was also the first artist to introduce Peking Opera to an overseas audience, making it popular to the world.
Mei Lanfang began his stage life at the age of 8. His teacher said he showed little hope because of his boring eyes. To improve this, he exercised them day after day. Thanks to his efforts, he managed to change his dull eyes into a pair of bright and expressive eyes and win national fame before the age of 20.
In over 50 years on the stage, Mei Lanfang played no less than 100 different characters in the performance. He also wrote many new plays, designing the dances himself. The many dances he created form part of the great treasure that he left to Peking Opera.
In 1930, Mei Lanfang started on a successful US tour. There his brilliant performances impressed the audience, making them realize that Peking Opera was a theatrical form of great value. [/INST] question: Mei Lanfang was the first artist to introduce Peking Opera to _ . | options: A: China B: audience C: the world D: schools | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bears are found in Asia, Africa and America. They are very strong, with short tails and thick legs. Bears eat almost everything. They seem to enjoy meat, vegetables, fruit, milk and rice.
Bears are not quite dangerous as people imagine them to be. Like most animals, they will try to stay away from human beings. However, bears are not weak animals. Sometimes they kill hunters, for they can be very dangerous.
Bears have a good sense of smell but they have poor eyesight. They are also hard of hearing but they are very clever. They feed mainly on roots, frogs, fish and also small insects. They will sometimes kill deer and other large animals, but they seem to like small animals better.
In the cold area, bears hibernate, or go to sleep from October to April. Before they start to hibernate, they eat a lot and store fat. The mother bear has its babies, usually two, towards the end of hibernation. A large bear is much cleverer than a cat and most other animals. You may notice at the zoo how cleverly they ask for food. They sit up and hold out their paws. You would have to teach a dog such a trick but the bears learn this by themselves. [/INST] question: Like most animals, bears try to _ . | options: A: kill hunters B: store fat after hibernation C: stay away from people D: be friendly with people | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Rabbit Shiny and tortoise Smily were neighbours. One day they were reading a story about their great grandfathers: Shiny's and Smily's great grandfathers decided to have a race. While Shiny's great grandfather went to sleep during the race, Smily's great grandfather won the race by slowly walking towards the finish line.
Smily said, "If your great grandfather didn't go to sleep, my great granddad might never win. So his win was not a real win."
The next day there was a notice in the jungle newspaper. It said that there would be a race and the winner would win many prizes. The race started from the bear's house. From there, the runners had to cross the river. But most of the animals could not both run fast and swim fast. So they didn't know what to do. Shiny and Smily made a plan.
Shiny ran, while smily was sitting on his back. He and other animals, like the deer, reached the river side at the same time. But they saw the swift water and stood there because they were worried. None of them liked the idea of crossing the river. Smily quickly got into the water and Shiny sat on his back. Smily started swimming. Soon they reached the other side of the river. Shiny got down from Smily's back and Smily climbed on Shiny's back again. Shiny ran fast. They reached the finish line first.
"Both of them are the winners." The president of the jungle said, "Shiny and Smily helped each other during the race and they won. So let's give them a big hand." [/INST] question: Shiny's great grandfather didn't win because he _ . | options: A: ran too slowly B: broke his leg C: fell asleep during the race D: didn't find the finish line | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The nation's largest group of pediatricians on Monday urged its members to "firmly oppose boxing for any child or adolescent."
In a statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) said thousands of boys and girls take part in the sport in North America, despite risks of serious brain and facial injuries. The group's position was approved by some experts.
"There is very little one can do in order to increase the chance of having a healthy brain when you get old," said Dr. Hans Forstl, who has studied boxing injuries.
" One of the best things you can do is avoid boxing." He said.
According to the new statement, published in the journal Pediatrics, information from Canada shows a rise in boxing injuries over the past decade.
Pat Russo, a retired police officer who runs a boxing gym in Brooklyn, New York, said injuries are rare in amateur boxing. After 26 years and training thousands of kids, he has seen just one split lip among his students.
" If the gym is run properly, injuries are at an absolute minimum," Russo said. "Football is ten times more dangerous. While tennis or football might also help kids gain confidence, boxing holds a special attraction for children in poor neighborhoods, because it allows them to act tough while in trouble."
Dr. Robert Cantu, a surgeon at Emerson Hospital in Concord, Massachusetts, said AAP's attitude makes sense for upper-class and middle-class kids.
" Clearly boxing is safer today than it was 20 or 30 years ago, but it is still a very risky activity," he said.
"For kids in poor areas, however, the situation is different," said Cantu. " The most dangerous thing for the majority of people in boxing is just where they live. They are far safer in the ring , even taking blows to the head, than they are out in the neighborhood." [/INST] question: The statement released by AAP was _ . | options: A: approved by Pat Russo B: focused on professional boxing C: based on Dr. Hans Forstl's research D: strongly against boxing for children | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Flow through a tube can be described by the modified Bernoulli Equation, which states: Po = P + 1/2 r*U^2 Where Po is a constant called the "stagnation pressure," P is pressure, r is density, U and is equal to fluid velocity. Pressure does not always decrease in the direction of flow - if one assumes friction is negligible (and thus the total energy of the system remains constant), any change in the kinetic energy of a fluid (ex. a reduction as U^2 falls) must be accompanied by an oppositional change in potential energy increases(P rises) Whether flow is laminar or turbulent is dependent on the Reynolds Number (Re), defined as: Re = rUL/u Where r is density, U is equal to fluid velocity, L is the length of the tubing, and u is the viscosity of the fluid. Note that the modified Bernoulli Equation applies to laminar flow (ReD < 2300, parabolic flow profile), but not to turbulent flow (ReD > 4000, blunted flow profile) Flowmeters based on a Venturi tube (circular tube with a gradual contraction and expansion in diameter, ex. those used in aircraft) maintain laminar flow at normal flow rates - since conservation of mass and energy is assumed to apply, restriction of the diameter leads to increased speed of gas flow and a corresponding decrease in the pressure on the walls The floating bobbin rotameter that is familiar to anesthesiologists is known as the Thorpe tube - the sudden restriction caused by the bobbin leads to a propoional increase in velocity and the Bernoulli equation does not apply (flow is propoionate to the square root of the pressure drop). Because the pressure drop across the orifice is inversely propoional to orifice area squared, the pressure change across the bobbin will decrease as the bobbin rises (and the area of the tube increases). The bobbin reaches a steady state when the pressure drop exactly opposes the gravitational force on the bobbin - at this steady state the pressure drop is always the same (because gravitational forces are constant), however as flow rates increase, the bobbin will move higher because this critical pressure drop will occur over a larger cross-sectional area (since velocity is higher) [/INST] question: Reynolds number is related to | options: A: Laminar flow B: Ventimask C: Dissolved oxygen in blood D: Intraalveolar tension | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OSTEOSARCOMA : Classification * PRIMARY or SECONDARY * PRIMARY OSTEOSARCOMAS (15 - 25 yrs) Conventional /classic osteosarcoma (high grade, intra medullar y) Low-grade intramedullary osteosarcoma Paraosteal osteosarcoma Periosteal osteosarcoma High-grade surface osteosarcoma Telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and Small cell osteosarcoma. * SECONDARY OSTEOSARCOMAS * Osteosarcoma occurring at the site of another disease process. * more common in >50 years of age most commonly a/w premalignant condition like - Paget disease - Previous radiation treatment - endochondromatosis - Fibrous dysplasia - Osteochondromas - Osteogenesis imperfecta Clinical Presentation * Pain- progressive pain paicularly with activity. * Swelling - Palpable mass in the region of metaphysis. - skin over the swelling shiny with prominent veins. - swelling may be warm & tender. * Decreased range of motion of the involved joint. * Lymphadenopathy - unusual focal & regional lymph node involvement. * Respiratory finding - late stage with lung metastasis. * Fever & night sweats are rare. Treatment Radioloical staging Biopsy to confirm diagnosis Preo perat ivhemotherapy Repeat radiological staging (access chemo response, finalize surgical treatmeni Ian) Surgical resecting with wide margin Reconstruction using one of many techniques Post op chemo based on preop response ref : maheswari 9th ed [/INST] question: An eight years old boy presents with progressive swelling around the knee joint of two months duration following mild trauma. Local examination reveals an irregular bony swelling over the upper end of tibia, with raised local temperature and of variable consistency and ill defined margins. The most likely diagnosis is - | options: A: Giant cell tumour B: Ewing's sarcoma C: Osteogenic sarcoma D: Secondary metastasis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science?
We all know that science plays an important role in our societies. However, many people believe that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first aspect is the application of the machines, products and systems of knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. The second is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is curious - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually pays attention to problems which he notices have no satisfying explanation, and looks for relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.
He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and uses the facts he observes to the fullest. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum .
He does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available. He rejects authority as the only basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively.
Furthermore, he does not readily accept his own idea, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
Lastly, he is full of imagination since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to guess how processes work and how events take place.
These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts. [/INST] question: Many people believe that science helps society to progress through _ | options: A: knowledge only B: more than one aspect C: technology only D: the use of machines | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Earth Day has come and gone, but it's a fact of daily life that 1.6 billion people around would have no electricity in their homes. Instead, most of them use wood, coal or even animal waste to heat and cook in their homes ,which also gives off greenhouse gases, causing indoor air pollution that kills 1.6million people a year, most of whom are children and women.
It's not expected to improve much, and in Africa it's becoming worse now. By 2030, when the Earth's population will be likely to top 8billion, 1.3 billion people will still lack electricity. Of those, 700 million will be in Africa, and 490 million in South Asia.
Ghana, in West Africa, most of the northern half of the country lives without lights. As a result, three out of four Ghanans in the north are without electricity to refrigerate with and to cook with, to study with and to start businesses with. Like most others around the world in the same situation, these Ghanans use traditional fuels( wood, coal, animal waste) to meet their cooking needs.
What would electricity for everyone around the world cost? The International Energy Agency, which is made up of 28 member countries, figures it would run35 billion dollars a year from 2008 to 2030 to reach _ .
The United Nations has been busy with the issue, organizing a meeting on April 28 hosted by Secretary-General Ban Kimoon. ' Energy services are very important formeeting basic human needs, reducing poverty, creating and getting together wealth and keeping advances in social development," He said in an announcement. [/INST] question: How many people still lack electricity in the world now? | options: A: 1.6 billion B: 1.6 million C: 1.3 billion D: 700 million | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: However you decide to travel in Britain, a great starting point is Traveline-a very useful site that will help you plan your journey and get loads of information for national, regional and local travel.
By Air
Though Britain is a small country, flying can be a competitive choice, especially if you book ahead and travel early in the morning or late in the evening, you can get some great deals which can be cheaper than going by train. Airlines with good regional coverage are listed below...
By Train
Trains can be a rewarding , relaxing and, if you book in advance, good value way to travel round Britain. Lots of different companies run services in Britain. So start by contacting National Rail (Tel: 08705484950; outside UK + 44 1332 387601). It's a helpful, centralized service that provides timetable and fare information. To buy tickets, you have to contact individual train operating companies or use a website such as Traveline. Some of the major companies are listed below ...
By Coach
It is the cheapest way to travel long distances, and you can see a lot more of the country while you're traveling than by train.
National Express-Largest national coach network with excellent value BritXplorer passes that you can use on the whole network for 7, 14 and 28 days. Tel: 08705808080 UK only.
Meag Bus-Mega value, no-frills intercity travel.
City Link-Scotland's leading coach company.
Tel: 08705 505050 UK only.
Traveling-Provide information about bus travel all over the country. Tel: 08706 082608 UK only.
By Car
Rental rates can be fairly high in the UK, but if there are several of you, hiring a car can be a good value way to travel. Try and book in advance for better deals. If you are planning on traveling extensively in Britain it might be worth buying a car to travel round and then selling it afterwards. Major rental companies include ...
By Ferry
The main ferries in Britain serve the islands west and north of Scotland. Caledonian Mac (Tel: 08705650000) is the main operator off the west coast. North-link Ferries (Tel: 08456 000449) is the main operator to Orkney and the only sea-going choice to the Shetlands. Check out the Ferry Information for more information. [/INST] question: If you are planning to visit Britain, you'd better first visit _ . | options: A: National Rail B: Northlink Ferries C: Traveline D: Ferry Information | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: SPACE is a lonely place. Hundreds of thousands of kilometers from home, astronauts have a hard life. It stands to reason that, once in a while, they need to have a good cry. But this is a lot harder than it sounds.
We still know very little about space, and about living in zero gravity. In fact, we are discovering new things every time astronauts take to the skies (and beyond). As The Atlantic reported in January, crying is not all that simple in space. This is because when a person normally cries, gravity makes their tears move downwards. But in a spacecraft, this is not the case. Here, there is no gravity, which is why we so often see pictures of astronauts floating around. This means that, strangely, when you cry your tears have nowhere to go. As a result, they just stick to your eyes.
In May 2011, astronaut Andrew Feustel experienced this. "Tears," as he said, "don't fall off your eye... they just kind of stay there. " This can be quite painful. In space, your eyes get very dry, and the added moisture is irritating . Sometimes, things get even weirder . The astronaut Ron Parise told The Atlantic that when tears get big enough, they "break free of the eye and float around".
No one can be quite sure why we cry. Why should water in our eyes have anything to do with feeling sad? If you stop to think about it, crying is a very strange thing indeed. And now, thanks to the wonders of space, it just got even stranger. [/INST] question: If astronauts cry in spacecraft, their tears will _ . | options: A: move downwards B: move upwards C: go out of the window D: stick to their eyes | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sydney has a huge bus system. No buses accept cash, and a ticket needs to be bought ahead of time. The buses often run at busy hours and regularly during the day. The Sydney Explorer bus provides air-conditioned service and stops at 27 tourist attractions. Its partner, the Bondi Explorer, stops at 19 attractions. _ It's an easy way to see the city and the surroundings.
Sydney's train service runs throughout the central city area and the surroundings. Tickets can be bought from machines that operate 24 hours a day or from ticket offices. The monorail travels through central Sydney. It is the most excellent way to gain a good view of the whole city. The monorail runs every three to five minutes, and it takes 15 minutes to complete its journey.
Sydney is built around a harbor, and the Parramatta River has a large ferry system. It serves the area around the harbor. These include Taronga Zoo, Darling Harbor, Rose Bay, the North Shore, Cockatoo Island and Sydney Olympic Park. The ferries have operated for more than 135 years and 14 million passengers take the ferries each year.
Water taxis can offer special services that some visitors enjoy, such as transporting passengers to specific locations, offering guided tours of waterways and so on. The tickets sell for 20 Australian dollars for a day or 57 Australian dollars for a week. It is strange,isn't it? [/INST] question: What should people take when getting on the bus in Sydney? | options: A: Cash B: Tickets C: Change D: Bank cards | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Being safe in your everyday life needs knowledge . If you remember the following information, your life will be much safer.
l Always notice the environment around you. You shouldn't walk alone outside. Make sure where the public phones are. If anything dangerous happens, you can find them easily.
l Your bag should be carried towards the front of your body instead of putting it on your back. When a bus is full of people, it is easy enough for a thief to take away the things in the bag on your back.
l If you are followed by someone you don't know, cross the street and go to the other way, let the person understand that you know he or she is after you. Next, don't go home at once. You are safer in the street than you are alone in your home or in a lift .
l If you have to take a bus to a place far away, try to get to the stop a few minutes earlier before the bus leaves. This stops other people from studying you. On the bus, don't sit alone. Sit behind the driver or with other people. Don't sleep. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOTsafe when you are out? | options: A: Go home alone late at night B: Make sure where the public phones are C: Don't get to the bus stop too early D: Always notice the environment around you | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was Monday. Mrs Smith's dog was hungry, but there was not any meat in the house.Considering that there was no better way, Mrs. Smith took a piece of paper, and wrote the following words on it "Give my dog half a pound of meat. " Then she gave the paper to her dog and said gently:" Take this to the butcher and he's going to give you your lunch today."
Holding the piece of paper in its mouth, the dog ran to the butcher's. It gave the paper to the butcher. The butcher read it carefully, recognized that it was really the lady's handwriting and soon did it as he was asked to. The dog was very happy, and ate the meat up at once.
At sunset, the dog came to the shop again. It gave the butcher a piece of paper again. After reading it. he gave it half a pound of meat once more.
The next day, the dog came again exactly at noon. And as usual, it brought a piece of paper in the mouth. This time, the butcher did not take a look at paper, and gave the dog its meat, for he had regarded the dog as one of his regular customers .
However, the dog came again at four o'clock. And the same thing happened once again. At six o'clock,, it came for more meat, and brought with it a third piece of paper. The butcher felt a bit puzzled. He said to himself, "This is a small dog. Why does Mrs Smith feed it with so much meat today?"
Looking at the piece of paper, he found that there was a piece of blank paper. He laughed and phoned Mrs Smith. [/INST] question: The little dog went to the butcher's _ during the period. | options: A: there times B: four times C: five times D: six times | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Babinski sign, indicating an upper motor neuron lesion, is characterized by extension of the great toe and fanning of the remaining toes. Too vigorous stimulation may produce withdrawal, which may be misinterpreted as a Babinski sign. Plantar responses have limited diagnostic utility in neonates, because they are mediated by several competing reflexes and can be either flexor or extensor, depending on how the foot is positioned. Asymmetry of the reflexes or plantar response is a useful lateralizing sign in infants and children.
Note:
The Babinski sign can be elicited by stroking the sole of the foot with a firm stimulus. The normal adult response is plantar-flexion. The sign is positive when the application of the stimulus elicits extension of the large toe and fanning of the other toes. The Babinski sign is known to be a normal response in infants before full maturation of the corticospinal tract. However, in adults, a positive sign is indicative of underlying UMN damage. Other reflexes exist which represent lesions of the corticospinal tract. The Brissaud reflex is linked with the extensor response of the Babinski sign and is positive when stroking the sole of the foot elicits contraction of the tensor fascia latae of the ipsilateral leg. The Hoffman sign is an analog of the Babinski reflex for the upper limbs. The test is performed by loosely holding the patient’s middle finger and quickly flicking the fingernail downward. A positive sign is the flexion and adduction of the thumb.
Damage anywhere along the Corticospinal Tract can result in the presence of a Babinski sign. [/INST] question: A 5 year old female has a history of road traffic accident. On stroking the plantar surface of the foot from the heel to the toe, extension of great toe and fanning of remaining toes is seen. The clinical findings of this patient are indicative of : | options: A: Spinal cord injury B: Normal physiologic reflex C: Bell’s palsy D: Poliomyelitis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Despite the anxiety that Jones' Host--said by some to be the first digital novel--caused in 1993, publishers weren't too concerned that e-books would one day replace printed books. However, that attitude was changed suddenly in 2007 when Amazon's Kindle came onto the market, which led to e-book sales jumping up to 1,260%. Since then, e-books' popularity has continued to rise steadily. The publishing industry seemed to have lost all possible ability to regain its position. Will printed books eventually become a thing of the past?
According to Mike Shatzkin, founder and CEO of the Idea Logical Company, printed books just for plain old reading will, in 10 years from now, be unusual. "Not so unusual that a kid will say, 'Mommy, what's that?' but unusual enough that on the train you'll see one or two people reading something printed, while everyone else is reading off of a tablet." And Shatzkin believes that the de mise of print is sure to happen, though such a day won't arrive for perhaps 50 to 100 or more years.
Robert Stein, founder of the Institute for the Future of the Book, however, believes that books won't disappear entirely, at least not anytime soon. "Print will exist, but it will be in a
different field and will appeal to a very limited audience, as poetry does today. Like woodblock printing, hand-processed film and folk weaving , printed pages may assume an artistic
value," he says. He imagines that future forms of books might be developed not by traditional publishers but by the gaming industry. He also predicts that the distinction between writer and reader will be made less obvious by a social reading experience in which authors and consumers can digitally interact with each other to discuss any passage, sentence or line.
Is there anything we risk sacrificing, should print really disappear entirely? According to Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Reading and Language Research at Tufts University, electronic reading can negatively affect the way the brain responds to text, including reading comprehension, focus and the ability to maintain attention to details like plot and order of events. "My worry is that we'll have a short-circuited reading brain, excellent for gathering information but not necessarily for forming critical, analytical deep reading skills," Wolf says.
The field, however, is in an early stage, and findings about the negative effects of e-reading are far from certain. In light of this, Wolf hopes that we continue to maintain a "bi-literate" society--one that values both the digital and printed word. "A full reading brain circuit is a huge contribution to the intellectual development of our species. Anything that threatens it deserves our attention." [/INST] question: How did publishers feel about the rising e-book sales inspired by the Kindle? | options: A: Worried B: Excited C: Curious D: Skeptical | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today there are policemen everywhere, but in 1700, London had no policemen at all. A few old men used to protect the city streets at night and they were not paid.
About 300 years ago, London was starting to get bigger and more and more people began to live there. The city was very dirty and many people were poor. There were so many thieves who stole money in the streets that people stayed in their homes as much as possible.
In 1750,Henry Fielding started to pay a group of people to stop thieves. They were like policemen and were called "Bow Street Runners" because they worked near Bow Street.
Fifty years later, there were 120 "Bow Street Runners", but London had become very big and needed more policemen. So in 1829 , the first Metropolitan(or London)Police Force was started with 3,000 officers. Most of the men worked on foot, but a few rode horses. Until 1920 all the police in London were men.
Today, London police are quite well paid and for the few police officers who still ride horses, the pay is even better than for the others. [/INST] question: In 1700, the men who protected the streets were paid _ . | options: A: a few B: nothing C: a little D: a lot | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You've probably known the crazy traffic in Beijing. Sometimes the cars could hardly move for a long time. The terrible traffic is caused by the poor road and China's ability to cope with so many cars on the road at the same time.
With more Chinese people buying cars every day, the problem seems to only get worse. But a design company called Shenzhen Hashi Future Parking Equipment has a possible solution: the super bus.
The super bus would carry up to 1,400 people in its passenger compartment . It would travel on a rail system that would be elevated above the roads, so cars could drive under it. The bus will run on electricity and solar power, creating far less pollution than that from the cars it would be replacing .
Beijing authorities haven't decided whether to create railways for the super bus throughout the city. But they are willing to give it a test drive. Later 2010, the company will test for the first time and in 2011 and 2012, the company will test the super bus with passengers.
According to the government, Beijing is probably to have five million cars on the road by the end of 2010. So it seems to be necessary to start taking the bus instead soon. [/INST] question: _ caused the terrible traffic in Beijing. | options: A: The drivers B: The roads C: The buses D: The government | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Early childhood Teacher
Children's Preschool is a non-profit,parcot cooperative child care center located in the East Rock neighborhood of new Haven.We are looking to hire an experienced teacher fo 25-30 hours per week.As a teacher,you will have the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of children by providing them with a safe and nurturing environment that encourages their social,emotional,physical,and intellectual development.
Requirements:
Bachelor's degree in early childhood education required.
Experience working with children ages 3 to 5 years old.
Knowledge of NAEYC and CT Benchmarks.
Can bring to this position maturity, responsibility, and a sincere interest in working with children.
Strong interpersonal and organaizational skills.
Knowledge of various resources for curriculum ideas and the skills to apply that information in directing daily activiities.
Send cover letter, resume and educational philosoghy.
Contact: Kathy
Phone: (203)777-2491
City: New Haven
Zip: 06511
English Teacher---Private Middle School
SUMMARY
IECC(Islamic Education Guidance Center) is located in Toronto, ON, Canada. We are looking for an instructor is preferably female who is comfortable working in an Islamic environment as the school is situated within a Mosque. This individual must provide high-quality instruction to students and work collaboratively with the school leader, colleages, students, parents and the board to accompish or surpass the a cademy's educational goals. Work as a collaborative team member to carry out the academy curriculum and accompish short and long term academy goals.
Requirements
State teacher license/certification.
Bachelor's degree with subject area emphasis and/or courswork and/or experience necessary to be considered high qualified for the grade/subjects to be taught.
Demonstrated commitment to young people's learning success and achievenment.
Demonstrated proficiency in a teaching/tutoring capacity as acquired through past experience in tutoring, teaching or other education-related experience, evidence of successful experience in student and parent relations.
Contact: Sherikh Bashir M. Nur
[email protected] or [email protected] with resume, references, and acquired certifications. [/INST] question: If you are interested in teaching preschool children,you may contact by _ | options: A: telephone or letter B: email C: letter or email D: telephone or email | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Canada, the world's second-largest country, has a massive Atlantic coastline . So, the best way to experience it is by car.
One week
Cross over to Wolfville and the Bay of Fundy via HWY 12. Spend a day criss-crossing the country roads and grassy hills of Cape Blomidon to catch some of the most impressive views of the Fundy tides .
The next day, drive east, stopping at wineries and shopping for unique jams and other local foods at Tangled Garden, where you can also cool down with a herb-flavored ice cream.
Drive through the rural roads and maybe get lost on the way to Maitland to sign up for a day of white-water rafting, which can be relaxing and one of the most exciting experiences in your life.
On the last day, head back to Halifax via east coast Martinique Beach, one of the longest beaches in Nova Scotia, a beautiful place for stretching legs and bird watching.
Two weeks
With more time, you can go directly up to Cape Breton, along the circuitous roads of the "Cabot Trail", over high sea vista points, where you have to watch for moose on the road.
Those with more time can go to Newfoundland and continue on the "Viking Trail" that links the Gros Morne National Park with Leif Eriksson's historic Viking settlement.
When to go
Outside of June to October the coast will be extremely cold and most businesses will be shut.
Where to stay
* Lennox Inn 1791 (Lunenburg): Canada's oldest continually operating hotel.
* The Olde Lantern Inn & Vineyard (Grand Pre): in the heart of winery and Fundy tide country.
Where to eat
* Fleur de Sel (Lunenburg): widely considered this coast's finest restaurant.
* Hall's Lobster Pound (Hall's Harbour): pick your lobster, get it boiled and enjoy it on a park bench. [/INST] question: If choosing the one-week tour, you are advised to start from _ . | options: A: Wolfville B: Maitland C: The Bay of Fundy D: Halifax | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are you interested both in camp and music? Maybe the MSU Community Music School is a better place for you to go! It offers different music camps this summer!
Rock Camp
June 23 - 27, 2014
$220
It is held for middle and high school students who have some experience playing their instruments (guitar, bass, drums, or keyboard). Bands will be coached by members of The Outer Vibe.
At camp, students will form and work in their own bands based on musical interest and skill level. They will learn songs in preparation for an end-of-camp rock concert at The Loft on June 27!
Band Camp
July 14 - 18, 2014
$215
It's a camp for middle school students who have completed at least one year of instrumental study. This camp provides students with an opportunity to perform with other talented students, and receive class about musical skills. Then a concert for parents and friends will be held on July 18 at Fairchild Theatre.
Musical Theatre Camp
July 14 - 25, 2014
$300 for Grades 9-12
$220 for Grades 2-8
This camp is held for elementary, middle and high school students. Campers in grades 9-12 will spend the full two weeks developing skills including voice development, dancing, and prop design. Campers in grades 2-8 will join them in the second week, and the camp will give a final performance featuring scenes and songs from many popular musicals.
Beginning Strings Camp
August 4 - 8, 2014
$185
This camp will introduce violins, violas and cellos to children ages 6-12. It will give the students lessons by professional string teachers, along with singing and music theory games. Instruments are provided by CMS through a donation by Marshall Music Co. for students who do not have one. At the end of the camp, there will be a final performance to show what the students have learned. [/INST] question: If a sixth-grader wants to take part in a camp about musicals, how much will he spend? | options: A: $185 B: $215 C: $220 D: $300 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jackson was driving back home along a road one evening. He just lost his job. It was winter and it was very cold, just like his feelings.
An old lady with her car was standing on one side of the road. The lady looked very worried. She needed help. No one stopped to help her. Jackson stopped in front of her and got out of his car. Even when he put a smile on his face, the old lady still looked worried. Was he going to hurt her? He didn't look safe, and he looked poor and hungry.
Jackson knew how she felt. He said." I'm here to help you, madam. Why don't you wait in my car? By the way, my name is Jackson."
The lady thought for a while and then went into his car. There was something wrong with her car. Jackson went under her car to repair it. After a long time, he finished it. He got dirty and his hands hurt. Then the lady told him that her name was Annie. She asked Jackson how much she should pay for his help.
Jackson never thought about getting money. This was not a job to him. This was helping someone in need. He told her that if she really wanted to pay him back, the next time she saw someone who needed help, she should give that person help. [/INST] question: Jackson felt _ when he drove home that evening. | options: A: strange B: happy C: sad D: angry | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Heparin is reversed by the administration of protamine sulfate. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage is a rare but potentially fatal complication of anticoagulation. Heparin is much more frequently associated with spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage than are oral agents. Advanced patient age and poor regulation of coagulation times also increase the likelihood of bleeding complications. Most cases of retroperitoneal hemorrhage present with flank pain and signs of peritoneal irritation suggestive of an acute intra-abdominal process. CT scans are most useful in confirming the diagnosis and following the course of the bleeding. Successful management is usually nonoperative and consists of the discontinuation of anticoagulants, reversal of anticoagulation, possible transfusion of clotting factors, and repletion of intravascular volume with intravenous fluids. Warfarin inhibits synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, whereas heparin potentiates antithrombin III activity. Aprotinin is a protease inhibitor that decreases the inflammatory and fibrinolytic response and is used in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to reduce bleeding complications. Lepirudin is an anticoagulant that is used in patients who develop heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thrombin can be used topically as a hemostatic agent. [/INST] question: A 72-year-old woman who is planning to undergo ventral hernia repair is on warfarin for atrial fibrillation. She is advised to cease her warfarin several days before her surgery and is hospitalized preoperatively for heparinization. During her hospital stay, she complains of severe abdominal and flank pain. Her prothrombin time (PT) is normal, but her activated paial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is elevated. An abdominal CT scan demonstrates a large retroperitoneal hematoma. Which of the following should be administered to reverse the effects of the heparin? | options: A: Thrombin B: Vitamin K C: Protamine sulfate D: Aprotinin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This is a typical presentation of stage IV neuroblastoma, with the primary tumor arising from orie of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia and metastasizing to bone marrow, cortical bone, and the retro orbital tissues. Histiocytosis X may have a somewhat similar presentation and involve multiple bones, but it usually involves one rather than both orbits; the right flank mass and tumor clumps in the marrow of this patient also are not characteristic" of histiocytosis X. Rhabdomyosarcoma may arise in the orbit but usually is unilateral; the tumor also rarely is associated with systemic metastases at initial diagnosis. Wilms tumor would produce a right renal rather than suprarenal mass and would metastasize to the lungs rather than to bone and bone marrow. Lymphoblastic lymphoma usually arises in the anterior mediastinum or peripheral node's. Even if it were to present with widespread dissemination, abdominal rather than thoracic disease would be unusual and Lymphoblasts rather than tumor clumps would be seen in the marrow. [/INST] question: The most likely diagnosis is | options: A: Histiocytosis X B: Rhabdomyosarcoma C: Neuroblastoma D: Wilms tumor | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) arising from variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) are the basis of the DNA fingerprinting technique. The process is: (1) isolation of DNA from parent/child or forensicspecimens using blood, skin, or semen; (2) PCR amplification and radioactive labeling of DNA from variable regions in each sample; (3) separation of the variable DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis; and (4) comparison of the DNA fragment patterns among samples. Since numbers of arrays of repeats of two, three, or four base pairs (microsatellites) may vary from 5 to 100 at a paicular chromosome locus, paicular alleles may occur in less than 1% of the population. As a result, analysis of three loci, each with two alleles, can produce odds as high as (100)6 that the pattern matches a putative father or suspect as compared to a random person from the general population. Reverse transcription based upon RNA-directed DNA synthesis is not utilized in DNA fingerprinting, and the size distribution of undigested DNA reflects its integrity during isolation rather than individual identify. HLA typing uses antibodies to define the constellation of alleles from various loci in the HLA region on chromosome 6. The tendency for ceain HLA alleles to occur together (associate) on the same chromosome as haplotypes greatly reduces their odds of identity when compared to DNA fingerprinting. [/INST] question: DNA fingerprinting is used for paternity testing and forensic identification of suspects. Which of the following is the most accurate description of DNA fingerprinting? | options: A: DNA can be isolated from blood, skin, or sperm and analyzed for variable patterns of restriction fragments arising from tandemly repeated sequences (microsatellites) B: DNA is copied from blood, skin, or sperm RNA using reverse transcriptase and analyzed for the pattern of complementary DNAs C: DNA is isolated from blood, skin, or sperm and its fragment size distribution is analyzed by gel electrophoresis D: DNA is isolated from blood, skin, or sperm and hybridized with probes from the HLA locus to visualize HLA gene patterns | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Joseph Goldberger was a doctor for the Unite States Public Health Service. In 1912, he began to study a disease that was killing thousands of people in the South. The disease was pellagra .
Doctor Goldberger traveled to the state of Mississippi where many people had pellagra. He studied the patients and their families. Most of the people were poor. The doctor came to believe that the disease was not passed from one person to another, but instead had something to do with food.
He received agreement from state officials to test this idea at a prison . Prisoners were offered pardons if they took part. One group of prisoners received their usual food, mostly corn. A second group ate meat, fresh vegetables and milk. Members of the first group developed pellagra. The second group did not.
But some experts refused to accept that poor food caused pellagra. They thought there were other causes.
So Doctor Goldberger put blood from a person with pellagra into his own body. He even took pills that had blood from pellagra patients. An assistant also took part in the experiments. So did Doctor Goldberger's wife. None of them got sick. Later, the doctor discovered that a bit of dried brewer's yeast each day could prevent pellagra.
Joseph Goldberger died of cancer in 1929. He was 55 years old. Several years later, researchers discovered the true cause of pellagra: having little of the vitamin B. [/INST] question: How old was Doctor Goldberger when he began to study pellagra? | options: A: 22 B: 30 C: 38 D: 55 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials
The vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) are short latency electro myograms that are evoked by acostic stimuli in high intensity and recorded from surface electrodes over the tonically contracted sternocleido mastoid muscle.
The origin of VEMP is the saccule.
The response pathway consists of:
– Saccule; Inferior Vestibular Nerve, Lateral Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract and Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The test provides diagnostic information about saccular and/or inferior vestibular nerve function.
An intact middle ear is required for the response quality.
Waveform of the response
The VEMP waveform is characterised by a
Wave I – positive peak at 13-15 (p13)
Wave II – negative peak at 21-24 ms (p23)
Peak to peak amplitude of p13-23 is measured and asymmetries between the right and left side is noted (by calculating asymmetry ratio AR)
Abnormal AR is seen a case of:
Saccular hydrops (AR > 36%)
Vestibular schwannoma orignating from inferior vestibular nerve.
Vestibular neuronitis
Superior canal dehiscence syndrome. [/INST] question: Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) detects lesion of - | options: A: Cochlear Nerve B: Superior Vestibular Nerve C: Inferior Vestibular Nerve D: Inflammatory Myopathy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How to apply for a free mailbox ? First you have to connect to the Internet and go to the homepage of the ICP providing free mailboxes. Then you will find an icon , an agreement about the rules for using the free mailbox will appear. If you want to go, click the icon "I agree". Then you have to fill in a form about your basic personal data, and the name and PIN of the mailbox. The PIN is the key to the mailbox. After finishing these, you will get a mailbox like this:your name @ mail server (for example:[email protected]. "tvguide" is the name of the mailbox, and "mail.cctv.com.cn" is the name of the mail server.). The mailbox is separated into two parts by a separator "@", which is read as "at". The former part is the name of the mailbox. The latter is the domain name of the mail server. All mails to you will be received by the server and put into your mailbox. You can read these mails on any computer on the Internet in the world, if you have the name and PIN of the mailbox. [/INST] question: If you want to send or receive an e-mail, you should first _ . | options: A: apply for a mailbox B: buy a computer C: go to the post office D: fill in a form | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm* 95% aneurysms are infra renal* Most common Type of Larger Vessel Aneurysm and is found in 2% population at autopsy.* MC cause is Atheromatous degeneration* MC symptom - Back and Abdominal Discomfort* Site of rupture: M/c site = postero lateral (80%)* 2nd m/c site = anterior (20%)* Less than 50 per cent of patients with rupture survive to reach hospital.* Anterior rupture results in free bleeding into the peritoneal cavity; very few patients reach hospital alive.* Posterior rupture on the other hand produces a retroperitoneal hematoma* Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is a surgical emergency; it should be suspected in a patient with the triad of severe abdominal and/or back pain, hypotension and a pulsatile abdominal mass* Bailey and Love says "It should always be remembered that the treatment of ruptured aneurysm is operation, not monitoring and resuscitation".Indications for Surgery* All symptomatic aneurysm (m/c symptom is back and abdominal discomfort)* Aneurysms size greater than 55 mm on USG antero-posteriorly.* Aneurysms < 55 mm in diameter needs Regular USG assessment. [/INST] question: A smoker patient presents with abdominal aortic aneurysm with diameter of 44 mm with non-specific abdominal pain what is the ideal answer below? | options: A: Immediately operate B: Operate when size becomes >55 mm diameter C: Serial USG advised until it becomes 77 mm Diameter D: No treatment needed | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Choose the best answer (,)
Suppose you are 17 and live alone with no money. Years ago, that was my dad. His father died when he was 10, and as the oldest of five, he had to take care of his brothers and sisters. When his mother remarried, my dad had to leave home. With few choices, he joined the army, and worked as hard as he could for a job, a nice house, and a family. Having a dad like him has made me different from other people; with his help and advice, I set and meet my goals.
When I wanted to play basketball, my dad said, "Don't let anyone tell you what you can or can't do." People thought I was too small to play, but he let me know I could. Looking back now, I know why my dad said this to me: it was something his father and mother never told him.
Time flew by. It was time for me to look for a job. A department store offered me a job as cart assistant. For the whole day, I pushed shopping carts. It was so cold that I couldn't move my hands. But my dad wouldn't let me give up, even though I wanted to. He kept saying it would get better, and he was right. I've worked there for a year now and I do much more than just push carts.
My dad helped me grow into the person I'm becoming. When I was younger, I was small. The other boys called me " _ Nicky". I hated it. I went to my dad for a help. He encouraged me and helped me make an exercise plan and I got to work.
In my life, there are different roads. My dad helped me get on the one I continue on today. I know I am just at the beginning. There will be difficulties. But there will always be my dad. Even when he is not physically here for me, his words won't leave my mind. [/INST] question: At the age of _ , my father had to care for his brothers and sisters. | options: A: 5 B: 10 C: 15 D: 17 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China is a country with a long history. It has great traditional culture, especially Chinese characters. Chinese characters usually have more than one meaning and some of them are very interesting. Here are six ones. We use "pinyin" here because "pinyin" is the Chinese spelling way for the characters. For example, "fu" is the "pinyin" for good luck in Chinese. "pinyin" "fu" is only the phonic part of the character and if you want to know the meaning of good luck "fu", you must read Chinese character because "fu" also represents other Chinese characters that sound the same.
"fu" means blessing, good fortune, good luck. Chinese _ "fu" is one of the most popular ones used during Chinese New Year. Chinese people often put up "fu" upside down on the front door of a house or an apartment. The upside down "fu" means good luck comes since the character for upside down in Chinese sounds the same as the character for "come".
"lu" is used to mean official's a pay in old China. "shou" means long life, age or birthday. "xi" is happiness, The doubled character "xi" means double happiness. It is usually put up everywhere at Chinese weddings. "cai" is weath or money. Chinese often say " money can make a ghost turn a millstone". It is to say money really can do a lot of things. But, money can't buy everything. "he" is an important part of Chinese culture. It means good relations with other people, when you have "he", things will be a lot easier for you.
The top six lucky Chinese charaters. "fu" "lu" "shou" "xi" "cai" "he",are particularly loved by Chinese people. [/INST] question: We use _ to show how to read the Chinese characters. | options: A: pinyin B: letters C: words D: spelling | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Foy percent of retinoblastomas are heritable; the child inherits one mutant allele through the germline and a somatic mutation in the other allele occurs, resulting in the loss of function of that gene. This leads to tumor development, often with multiple tumors in both eyes. Penetrance, however, is not complete, since the second mutation is a chance event. Sixty percent of retinoblastomas are sporadic; both alleles are inactivated by somatic mutation. Because this is a rare event, tumors usually are in only one eye and present at a later age. To detect a mutation in the Rb gene and differentiate between heritable and sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, PCR is the most appropriate technique of the choices given. Using the appropriate primers, a deletion can be detected as a change in size of the DNA band amplified. In heritable cases, one chromosome will show the altered length from the deletion or the translocation in any cell in the body. In sporadic retinoblastoma, samples isolated from anywhere other than the tumor should have two normal alleles. DNA footprinting is a protocol used to detect specific protein binding to DNA molecules by comparing the fragmentation patterns of DNA bound with the protein of interest vs. unbound DNA following digestion with DNase I. If the bound protein protects against DNase I digestion, the position of the protein on the DNA can be deduced by the loss of the characteristic fragment. FACS uses antibodies coupled to fluorescent markers to determine cell surface molecules on whole cells. It is very useful for determining the stage of development or activation of cells, but does not give you any insight into the DNA. Nohern blotting, the RNA counterpa to Southern blotting, will determine the size and abundance of mRNA of a specific gene in a given sample of RNA. RNA is not able to be cleaved by restriction enzymes the way the DNA can; however, RNA molecules for different proteins are of different lengths. The sample is separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and probed with a specific, labeled probe. This will be exposed to film and the bands will appear, revealing the size and the abundance of specific mRNAs. [/INST] question: One of your patients is diagnosed with retinoblastoma. He has a single tumor in one eye. The patient is worried whether his children would suffer from the same condition. What test could be used to determine whether it is a heritable or sporadic tumor? | options: A: DNA footprinting B: Fluorescence-activated cell soing (FACS) C: Nohern blotting D: PCR | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A 2-year-od boy is being described as a hero after using Face Time to save his mother after she was badly hurt.
According to a report from KGUN, Laura was trying to stop a fight between two dogs when one of the dogs bit part of her middle finger almost completely off.
Laura tried to call 911 herself, but she said her hands were too badly hurt to make the call. " I asked my daughters to call 911, and they're four, and they were quite afraid to even touch the phone, because it was covered in my blood ," Laura told KGUN.
The mother continued to lose a lot of blood and thought she would go into a deep sleep--until her 2-year-old son Bentley came up with a dishcloth from the kitchen. After cleaning some of the bold off his mother's iPhone, Bentley continued to use Face Time to call Laura's friend Connie.
"All I could see was his little forehead. I said 'Hi Bentley' and it was quiet for a little bit. Then I heard Laura shouting," Connie told KGUN.
Connie then called 911, and Bentley unlocked the door to let firefighters into the house.
Laura told KGUN she is very thankful for her little hero and has since taught all of her children how to call 911. [/INST] question: Laura was badly hurt when she was _ . | options: A: opening the door B: cooking in the kitchen C: making a phone call D: trying to stop a dog fight | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: alpha blockers Pulmonary hypeension General management Diuretic therapy may be useful as it relieves pulmonary edema. Anticoagulant therapy is advocated for all patients. Specific management Calcium channel blockers Patients who have substantial reductions in pulmonary aerial pressure in response to sho acting vasodilators at the time of cardiac catheterization should he initially treated with calcium channel blockers. Endothelin receptor antagonist Bostenan is a non-selective endothelium receptor antagonist, is an approved t/t ,for patients who are NYHA .functional classes III and IV. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Slidenafil is used for patients who are NYHA functional classes II and Prostacyclins Iloprost is a prostacyclin analogue used in PAH patients who are NYHA functional classes III and IV. Pulmonary circulation is unique in that it accommodates a blood flow that is almost equal to that of all the other organs of body but still maintains low pressure. The factors responsible for low pressure in pulmonary circulation (even with large volume of blood) are:- - Larger diameter of pulmonary vessels due to thin wall of pulmonary aery and aerioles. - Greater compliance (distensibility) of pulmonary vessels. numoral factors responsible for maintaining pulmonary circulation:? Normally NO causes vosodilation and proliferation of smooth muscles by r in the conc. of cGMP --) this increases the diameter of pulmonary vessels. causes vosodilation and decreased proliferation of smooth muscles by increasing the conc. of cAMPincrease in the diameter of pulmonary vessels. Prostaglandin also decreases coagulation. Endothelin causes vasoconstriction and increase smooth muscle proliferation si lumen of pulmonary vessels. - Normally the vasodilators and antiprolifeave effects of NO and PGI7 dominate In Pulmonary hypeension There is l production of NO (and cGMP) and PGI2 (and cAMP), t vasoconstriction and proliferation of smooth muscles, st lumen of pulmonary vessel. Decreased production of PGI2 also causes increased coagulation. There is T production of endothelin, /vasoconstriction and smooth muscle proliferation, .1 lumen. Drug therapy in puhnonan, hypeension is targetted at these growth factor pathways which are involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypeension: Endothelium receptor antagonist Bostenan is an endothelin receptor antagonist. It prevents endothelin mediated contraction of vessels. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Nitric oxide mediates its action through increasing cGMP concentration. Increased cGMP relaxes the vessels. cGMP is degraded by an enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5). - Slidenafanil is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor. It reduces the degradation of cGMP, thus causing vascular relaxation and reducing pulmonary hypeension. Prostacyclins In pulmonary hypeension, the level of prostacycline is reduced. This causes pulmonary constriction as prostacyclin causes dilatation of pulmonary vessels. [/INST] question: Drug NOT used in pulmonary hypeension aEUR' | options: A: Calcium channel blocker B: Endothelin receptor antagonist C: Alpha blocker D: Prostacyclin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a time when a dangerous number of people are overweight, many people seem to have forgotten the most important way to keep healthy and slim---exercise. And as a new study carried out on mice in the lab has shown, exercise done early in life can reward you in your adult years.
A team of researchers at the University of California studied the effects of early exercise on adult physical activity, body mass and eating. They found that early-age exercise in mice has positive effects on adult levels of voluntary exercise in addition to reducing body mass.
"These results may have an effect on the importance of regular physical education in elementary and middle schools," said Theodore Garland, a professor of biology, who led the research project. "If kids exercise regularly through their school years, then they may be more likely to exercise as adults, which could have far-reaching positive effects on human health and well-being."
Although the positive effects of early-life exercise lasted for only one week, it is important to note that one week in the life of a mouse is the same as about nine months for humans. "Our results suggest that any positive effects of early-life exercise on adult exercise will need to be kept up if they are to be long-lasting."
His team of researchers found, too, that all mice that had access to early exercise were lighter in weight than non-exercised mice.
Garland explained that, in general, exercise will stimulate appetite sooner or later. However, it is possible that certain types of exercise, done for certain periods of time or at certain light levels, might not _ appetite much, if at all, at least in some individuals.
"If we could understand what sorts of exercise these might be, then we might be able to tailor exercise recommendations in a way that would bring the benefits of exercise without increase in appetite, leading to a better chance of weight loss," he said. [/INST] question: How long do the positive effects of early-life exercise last for a mouse? | options: A: One day B: One week C: One month D: Nine months | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OSLO ( Reuters) -Six of the world's eight bear species are under threat of extinction after the addition yesterday of the sun bear, the world's smallest type of bear, to a "Red List" which says China's panda is most at risk. The sun bear is threatened partly by poachers who sell its bile as medicine, said the World Conservation Union which runs the list of the threatened wildlife.
"Things are getting worse for all the bear species except the American black bear which is unquestionably increasing," said Simon Smart, senior species adviser for the Union.
The addition of the sun bear to the authoritative "Red List" after a major review means the American black bear and the brown bear, found from Europe to Alaska, are the only two of eight species still considered robust . The sun bear, found in Asia from Bangladesh to Borneo and weighing up to about 70kg, was rated "vulnerable " by experts at the Union,which consists of more than 80 governments, conservation groups and scientists. The union said there were several thousand sun bears in the wild. "We estimate that sun bears have declined by at least 30 percent over the past 30 years, and continue to decline at this speed," said Ron Steinmetz, head of the Swiss- based Union's sun bear expert team.
Scientists did not change the level of threat to any bear species (except sun bears). Deforestation, loss of habitat to roads and cities and poaching are among risks. The Asian black bear, the sloth bear and the Andean bear were all proved again as vulnerable after reassessment of land-living bears. The polar, the only species not reassessed, is separately rated as vulnerable. Pandas were regarded again as endangered, one step closer to extinction than vulnerable, in spite of China's protection efforts for the bamboo-eaters. [/INST] question: How many kinds of threats are particularly mentioned to bear species? | options: A: 2 B: 3 C: 4 D: 5 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When William Stidger taught at Boston University, he once thought about the people he hadn't thanked in his life. They taught him, encouraged him or cared a lot about him.
One was a teacher. She once taught William geography, and William loved geography all his life. So he wrote a letter of thanks to her.
He got the teacher's letter later. It began, "My dear Willie." He was very happy. Now over 50, he didn't think someone would call him "Willie". Here is that letter.
My dear Willie,
I can't tell you how much your letter meant to me. I am in my eighties, living alone in a small room and cooking my own meals. You will be interested to know that I taught school for 50 years and yours is the first letter of appreciation I ever got. It came on a cold morning and it made me feel very warm.
...
William cried when he read the letter. She was one of the people that William hadn't thanked in his past. She helped him to believe in himself. He would never forget her.
There are some people we should always remember, because they helped to shape our life. William Stidger found a way to show his appreciation--he wrote them letters.
Who are some of the people that you need to say thank you to in your past? It may not be too late to say "Thanks". [/INST] question: William thought about the people that he hadn't thanked in his past when he _ . | options: A: was in a hospital B: worked in a library C: was over 50 years old D: studied at a university | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There's sweetness in the lies parents tell their kids, which is a very good thing, since they tell a lot of them. The lies -- nearly all of them harmless -- may differ depending on the family. But from culture to culture, there's one tall tale nearly all parents tell, and they tell it repeatedly: "We do not have a favorite child."
Mom and Dad will say it seriously. They'll repeat it endlessly, and in many cases, they'll be lying through their teeth. It's one of the worst kept secrets of family life that all parents have a preferred son or daughter, and the rules for acknowledging it are the same everywhere: The favored kids recognize their status and keep quiet about it -- the better to preserve the good thing they've got going and to keep their siblings off their back. The unfavored kids howl about it like wounded cats. And on pain of death, the parents deny it all.
The stonewalling is understandable. Most parents want to spare unfavored kids the hurt that the truth could cause. Moreover, the court of public opinion can respond pitilessly -- even furiously -- to moms or dads who speak the forbidden truth. Last March, a mother of two wrote a post on the website Babble.com under the headline I THINK I LOVE MY SON JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE. The mom went on at length describing the greater warmth she feels for her baby boy compared with her baby girl and even included a photo of herself and her unfavored daughter.
She was, predictably, severely criticized. "Please work on your issues lady!" said one typical response. "I feel ly horrible for your daughter!" read another. But then there was this: "I completely understand. I too feel this way."
The hard truth is, most parents do. In one research, Catherine Conger, a professor at the University of California at Davis, studied a group of 384 sibling pairs and their parents and visited them three times over three years. She questioned them about their relationships and videotaped them as they worked through conflicts. Overall, she concluded that 65% of mothers and 70% of fathers exhibited a preference for one child, usually the older one. And the real numbers can be much bigger, since parents try especially hard to hide their preferences when a researcher is watching.
If the scientists don't see through the trick, however, kids usually do -- and act accordingly. From the moments they're born, brothers and sisters constantly compete for the precious resource of parental attention, each fighting to establish an identity that will best catch Mom's or Dad's eye. I'm the smartest one! I'm the funny one!
It's hard to predict the _ from favoritism. Being the favorite may improve self-esteem and confidence. But studies show it can also leave kids with a sense of arrogance and privilege. Unfavored children may grow up wondering if they're somehow unworthy of the love the parents gave generously to the golden child. But they may do better at forming relationships outside the family as a result of that. And there's no telling how the differential treatment will play out among the kids.
"My mom didn't like my older sister and did like me," says Roseann Henry, an editor and the married mother of two girls. "Everyone assumed I had it great, except that my sister tortured me pretty much all the time -- and really, what affects daily life more for a kid, the approval of a parent or the day-to-day torture of an older sister?" [/INST] question: The sweetness in the lie "We do not have a favorite child" is that parents _ . | options: A: keep telling the same lie seriously B: don't want to hurt the unfavored kids C: show pity for the unfavored kids D: don't tell the truth to the favored kids | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Facebook means never having to say goodbye. The social media web site has earned a reputation for reconnecting old friends. Last week,a guy whom I hadn't seen since my bachelor party five years ago sent me a friend request. I accepted and waited for "Easy E" to send me a greeting of some kind. He had sought me out,after all.
I learned from his profile that he was in a relationship and had a son. However,I'm pretty sure we won't ever write wall--to--wall,let alone e--mail each other. But he'll remain a friend of online until one of us makes a point of removing the other from his official list.
My pool of friends consists of family members,college buddies,co--workers from past and present,and friends of friends. There are 35 in all. If I spent some time uploading old e--mail addresses,I'm confident that I could increase my friend count actually.
A person could make a mission out of reconnecting with childhood friends,former classmates,distant cousins, and those one would like to get to know better. And some people can even handle hundreds of on--screen relationships,keeping up with the daily happenings of their small army of companions. After all,there are worse fates than having too many friends.
Thanks to e--mail,the inability to schedule face--to--face meetings no longer means a friendship must come to a close. But even with e--mail,people will lose touch if one or both parties stop writing back. That's normal. People move from school to school,job to job,city to city. You never have to feel guilty for breaking away.
Every day,the masterminds of Web 2. 0 find new ways of making human communication easier. However,convenience Call be a crutch . Some things shouldn't be simplified. When it comes to friendship,there can be no shortcts. [/INST] question: Which of the following statements is NOT true? | options: A: There are 35 people in the author's list of friends right now B: The author communicates with all the 35 friends by e--mails C: The list of 35 fiends doesn't include the old e--mail addresses D: It is not difficult for the author to increase his friend count | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wait for it...that sigh of relief you hearing is wives, girlfriends and partners across London celebrating the end of Movember.
This year's annual moustache-growing campaign in London will surpass 2014 fundraising numbers.
Last year, London men grew enough facial hair to raise S 200,000. As of Thursday, 2015 fundraising sat at $250.000, with additional money still expected to roll in.
"Well, I think London is a pretty charitable community," said Lincoln McCardle, president of the London chapter. "Whether it is a food drive or Movember, we always step up and either meet or surpass the goal."
As a result of last year's success, London was awarded a wrap-up gala , which took place Thursday night at Jim Bob Ray's on Richmond Street.
"Up until now, the galas have been happening in Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver and Calgary," said McCandle. "We wanted to have a gala. I told the guys in head office in Toronto, to pick a number - not to tell me - but if we hit it, I want a gala in London. And we did. It is a chance to thank the people who registered, hand out a few awards and have some fun. "
This year, 60 percent of the money collected in Canada will still go to prostrate cancer research with the remaining 40 percent being directed towards men's mental health.
For men looking for a professional to take off their month-long growth, there are a number of "shave-off" events around the city Friday. One will be at David E. White at the corner of Richmond Street and Queens Avenue. For a $20 donation, your prized moustache will be professionally removed. Organizers are hoping to set a Guinness World Record for the most number of shaves given in a day.
Started in Australia in 2003, the craze found its way to Canadian men by 2007, and in the last couple of years, Canada has collected more, setting the pace in terms of fundraising. Money raised has traditionally gone toward prostate-cancer research, which is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, according to Health Canada. [/INST] question: What can we learn about the people in London? | options: A: They are wealthy B: They are creative C: They are indifferent D: They are warm-hearted | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The label, Made in China, is one that is becoming increasing popular in shopping centers all over the world.
In the United States, shoppers at Wal-Mart, the nation's largest retailer , have a wide selection of products mostly produced in China. The large amount of Chinese imports have created a large selection of goods in other countries as people begin to buy more and more products made in China. These goods are even widely available in other Asian nations, where Chinese-made goods are quite popular. Chinese _ names are also becoming more well-known outside China, such as Gree,Media and Huawei.
When Chinese Americans visit family and friends in their homeland, gifts from the U.S. are a must. But TVs and fashionable clothes aren't rare any more, and anything 'Made in China' shouldn't be considered in any case. "When I decide to visit my family members in China, I will have a big headache. What should I buy for them? They may not all speak English, but everyone in China knows those three words," a Chinese American said. "When they see the label 'Made in China,' they will think, 'Why do you send me this?' "
The development of China has surprised the world with its growth. As a result, the other countries are beginning to try to reduce Chinese goods with the use of taxes and import restrictions . However, the development on the Chinese economy still affects the world in many ways. [/INST] question: In the Unites States, the products in Wal-Mart are mostly produced in _ . | options: A: America B: China C: Asian Nations D: European countries | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wait and watch for progress of labour Occipito posterior_position In veex presentation when the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacroiliac joint or directly over the sacrum, it is called an occipito posterior position. Occiput posterior is an abnormal position of the veex rather than an abnormal presentation. An effective second stage is seen in the majority of cases (80%) and results in spontaneous anterior rotation of the occiput and ,follows the course like that of an occipitoanterior and moreover in ceain types of pelvis (anthropoid) it is the ourable position. In these cases the, fetus is born in face to pubis delivery,. In the remaining cases the head is arrested in the posterior position. The various mechanisms leading to arrest are: Paial anterior rotation Deep transverse arrest Non rotation Oblique posterior arrest Malrotation Occipito sacral position In these cases obstetrical intervention is required which can be either foreceps, ventouse or cesarean depending upon the situation. [/INST] question: Patient with occipito posterior position. What is the management | options: A: Wait and watch for progress of labour B: Cesarian section C: Oxytocin influsion D: Rupture of membranes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For hundreds of years, Japan has been hit, from time to time, by tsunamis , which are caused by earthquakes or underwater volcanoes. The story of the boy Yuuki is the story of such a disaster.
Yuuki lived with his family in a seaside village, below a small mountain. One day, as he played on top of the mountain, Yuuki felt a small earthquake but it was not strong enough to frighten anybody. Soon after, however, Yuuki noticed the sea darken and begin running away from the shore very fast, leaving behind wide areas of beach that had never been seen before.
Yuuki remembered reading that just before a terrible tsunami, the sea suddenly and quickly rolls backward. He ran to the beach, warning the villagers who had gathered to admire the new beach land.
But no one listened. They laughed at him and continued playing in the new sand.
Desperate, Yuuki could think of only one thing to do. He lit a tree branch, raced to the rice fields and began burning the harvested rice. Then he called out, "Fire! Fire! Everyone run to the mountain! Now!"
When everyone reached the mountain top, a villager cried out, "Yuuki is mad! I saw him set the fire." Yuuki hung his head in shame, but said nothing as the villagers screamed at him.
Just then, someone shouted, "Look!"
In the distance a huge dark wave of water was speeding towards the shore. When it hit the shore, it destroyed everything.
On the mountain everyone stared at the village ruins in terror.
"I'm sorry I burned the fields," said Yuuki, his voice trembling.
"Yuuki," the village chief answered. "You saved us all."
The villagers cheered and raised Yuuki into the air. "We were going to celebrate our rice harvest tonight," said one, "but now we'll celebrate that we're all still alive!" [/INST] question: Where was Yuuki when the earthquake struck? | options: A: On the beach B: On the mountain C: In the rice fields D: At home | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Meryl Streep is an American actress who has worked in theatre, television and film. She is regarded as one of the most talented actresses of all time. The following is a list of movies that Meryl Streep has been involved with:
Kramer vs. Krammer (1979)
In the film, Meryl plays a mother caught up in a custody dispute . Her co-star, Dustin Hoffman, said, "She's extraordinarily hardworking. I think she thinks about nothing else but what she's doing." Meryl won her first Oscar for her performance in this film.
Sophie's Choice (1982)
Meryl plays Sophie, a Polish war survivor. To prepare for the role she learned to speak German and perfected a Polish accent. Film critic Roger Ebert said, "This is one of the most astonishing and yet one of the most natural performances I can imagine." Meryl won her second Best Actress Oscar for her performance.
Out of Africa(1985)
Meryl is Karen Blixen, a Danish woman living in Kenya in the early 20th century. The story follows Karens attempts to run a coffee plantation and her love affair with big-game hunter Denys. The film is based on the memoirs of the real Karen Blixen.
A Cry in the Dark (1995)
This is based on the true-life case of the disappearance of baby Azaria. Meryl plays Linda Chamberlain, a mother who is wrongly accused of killing her own child. After spending four years in prison, it was found that wild dogs had taken away the baby. Meryl won Best Actress at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.
The Bridge of Madison County (1995)
This movie is based on one of the biggest bestsellers of the 20th century (the book sold 50 million copies worldwide). Meryl plays Francesca Johnson, an Italian war bride living in 1960s Iowa. It's about her brief affair with photographer Robert Kincaid.
Mamma Mial(2008)
This is a romantic comedy based on the stage musical Mamma Mial, featuring the music from 1970s Swedish pop group ABBA. Meryl plays Donna Sheridan, a hotel owner on the Greek island of Kalokairi. Mamma Mial made over U.S. $ 600 million worldwide. Apparently, Meryl had seen the musical in 2001 and was completely absorbed in it. She had no idea that seven years later she'd be in the movie version. [/INST] question: For which of the following films did Meryl have to learn a new language? | options: A: Kramar vs. Kramar B: A Cry in the Dark C: Sophies Choice D: The Bridges of Madison County | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Public bookshelves are appearing across Germany on street corners,city squares and in suburban supermarkets. In these freeforall libraries,people can grab whatever they want to read,and leave behind anything they want for others. There's no need to register,no due date,and you can take or give as many as you want."This project is aimed at everyone who likes to read .It is open for everybody," Michael Aubermann,one of the organizers of the free book exchange said.
The western city' s latest public shelf was put up next to Bayenturm. It is the fourth free shelf that Aubermann' s group,the Cologne Citizen's Foundation,has placed outside."We set up our other outdoor shelves last year and it's been working really well," said Aubermann. The public bookshelves,which are usually financed by donations and cared for by local volunteer groups,have appeared independently of each other in many cities,suburbs and villages. Each shelf holds around 200 books and it takes about six weeks for a complete turnover,with all the old titles replaced by new ones.
Even commercial book stores and online book sellers seem to support the idea of free book exchanges."We see this project rather as a sales promotion than as competition,"said Elmar Muether."If books are present everywhere,it helps our business,too."
So far,the Cologne book group has had few problems with damage or other problems. Aubermann said,"Propaganda is the only kind of literature we do not allow here."
At another bookshelf in the Bayenthal neighborhood,the lower shelves are reserved for children's literature only."It is important that we make it easy for everyone to participate in this 'reading culture on the street'--from old readers to kids to immigrants,"Aubermann said.
While most of the shelves have so far been put up in _ ,Aubermann and the 20 volunteers who help look after the project are planning to put up future shelves in poor neighborhoods,where citizens often don't have as much access to literature. [/INST] question: Which of the following is TRUE about the public bookshelves? | options: A: People can take the books and leave their books at will B: People can' t borrow books unless they donate books C: People can borrow whatever they like after registering D: People have to return the books according to the required time | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Angela Chang didn't know it would be so hard to turn her singing hobby into a career. Her agent used to take her to lots of auditions at different recording studios but the Taiwanese girl was always turned down for looking too young and small.
Chang' s talent was finally recognized in 2002 by the Decca Record Company. When she was offered a contract she burst into tears. Two years later Chang, 21, is a star. With the release of her debut album "Over the Rainbow" this year, she won the "Most Promising New Artist in Taiwan" at the CCTV-MTV Music Awards in July. In September she won the "Best New Artist" in the Fourth Chinese Music Billboard Awards.
"You just can't believe that such an amazingly powerful voice comes form such a small body," said musicians after hearing Chang sing "Over the Rainbow." "It's such a special voice. You cannot forget it." Chang can hit very high motes clearly and beautifully.
Her tunes make Chang stand out from the numerous newcomers in the music world. But mainland fans also know her for her girl-next-door performances in Taiwanese TV dramas, "My MVP Valentine" and "At Dolphin Bay".
But few people know that while filming her first TV series, Chang acted so badly that the director wanted to fire her. _
"I cried my heart out when I went back home." Change said, "But I know that defeat is often a temporary condition. By giving up you remain defeated."
Though she looks very girlish, Chang said she has a boy's personality. "The way I release pressure is to have a sound sleep. When I wake up, everything is new." [/INST] question: When Chang's talent was recognized, she _ . | options: A: felt doubtful B: was too astonished C: was full of sadness D: was mixed with various feelings | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Poster 1
I am a journalist living in Barcelona and I would like to travel exchanging my apartment. I have an apartment in the city center with 2 bedrooms. You can get to the airport by bus or taxi in 20 minutes. And there is a metro station really close to the apartment. The area has many shops , theatres , bars and restaurants.
Poster 2
I am looking forward to exchanging my apartment in Madrid for yours in a nice location in Beijing. It's a really nice apartment in the centre of Madrid, within walking distance of the main attractions. You can walk to the Puertadel Sol, Royal Palace, Opera, Plaza Mayor, etc. in a few minutes ;everything is so close!The apartment has all the facilities and it is very modern.
Poster 3
Hello, I am a Canadian IT professional and accounting student looking for a room in Wudaokou or other areas near Shang Di ( my office location). I want to pay 1,400 RMB to 2,500 RMB depending on the room and location. I can sign a contract for at least three months. My email address: [email protected].
Poster 4
My 21-year-old son Matthew would like to visit China in the spring for three to four weeks. If you can offer him a safe, clean, cost-free place to stay, I will offer you or your family a stay at my second home 28miles outside of Reno, Nevada, USA . This is a single -story home on the edge of the desert. You have access to 70 acres of land, clean air and clean water. Fishing and golfing are available nearby. I will provide transportation to the home, and pick you up when you have finished. My son Matthew is honest, safe and clean-living.
Reply to :hbxdd-3537187673@hous. Craigslist.org. [/INST] question: Poster 1 mainly focuses on the apartment's _ . | options: A: Low rent B: Large space C: Quality facilities D: convenient location | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Advances in the serodiagnosis of viral hepatitis have been dramatic, and the findings of specific viral antigens have led to further elucidation of the course of infections. The "Australia antigen," discovered in 1960, was first renamed hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) and then, finally, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). It appears in the blood early after infection, before onset of acute illness, and persists through early convalescence. HBsAg usually disappears within 4 to 6 months after the start of clinical illness except in the case of chronic carriers.Hepatitis B 37 antigen (HBeAg) appears during the early acute phase and disappears before HBsAg is gone, although it may persist in the chronic carrier. Persons who are HBeAg-positive have higher titers of HBV and therefore are at a higher risk of transmitting the disease. HBeAg has a high correlation with DNA polymerase activity.The hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is found within the nuclei of infected hepatocytes and not generally in the peripheral circulation except as an integral component of the Dane particle. The antibody to this antigen, anti-HBc, is present at the beginning of clinical illness. As long as there is ongoing HBV replication, there will be high titers of anti-HBc. During the early convalescent phase of an HBV infection, anti-HBc may be the only detectable serologic marker (window phase) if HBsAg is negative and anti-HBsAg has not appeared. [/INST] question: Which of the following may be the only detectable serological marker during the early convalescent phase of HBV infection (window phase)? | options: A: HBeAg B: HBsAg C: HBcAg D: Anti-HBc | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When Frida Kahlo's paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings as " a ribbon around a bomb". Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually _ today than she was during her time.
Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City , Kahlo suffered from polio at the age of seven. Her spine become bent as she grew older. Then, in 1925, her back was broken in several places in a school-bus accident. Throughout the rest of her life, the artist had many operations, but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However, the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering, Kahlo taught herself to paint.
In 1929, she got married to Diego Rivera, another famous Mexican artist. Rivera's strong influences on Kahlo's style can be seen in her early works, but her later works from the 1940s, known today as her best works, show less influence from her husband.
Unfortunately, her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and1940s, even in her home country. Her first one-woman show in Mexico was not held until 1953.For more than a decade after her death in 1954, Kahlo's works remained largely unnoticed by the world, but in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame at last. [/INST] question: The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by _ | options: A: polio B: back injuries C: the operations she had D: her bent spine | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On a hot summer day, ice-cold watermelons serve up a delicious treat. Sure, the rosy flesh quenches your thirst . But now there are more reasons than ever for people to reach for a slice of watermelon.
Meet Dr Alison Edwards. She is a scientist at the Agricultural Research Service. Scientists are people who come up with new ideas called theories . They usually do scientific research to test their new theories. That's how they find out if a new idea is a good one, or if the new idea will bring an even better idea.
At her lab, Dr Edwards recently learned more about the secrets of why watermelons are good for you!
Dr Edwards has known for a long time that watermelons have vitamin C. But recently she learned that watermelons also have lycopene . It is something that gives tomatoes and watermelons their rosy red colour.
What's so special about the lycopene in watermelons?
Dr Edwards says that watermelons and tomatoes both have lots of lycopene. It seems that your body can use the lycopene from watermelons more easily than the lycopene from raw tomatoes. In fact, the lycopene from tomatoes is more easily absorbed inside your body once they have been cooked. [/INST] question: The watermelon is a kind of _ . | options: A: drink B: fruit C: medicine D: vitamin | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For light sleepers
Millions of people have trouble falling asleep each night, which is why Light Sleeper was created.
Developed in the United Kingdom, Light Sleeper's makers say it can help a person fall asleep and also help a person fall back to sleep after waking up in the middle of the night.
Light Sleeper works by projecting a light onto the ceiling while the person is lying down. The idea is to watch the light, because the light moving in a circle has a relaxing effect.
One of the advantages of the product is that it won't disturb other people in the room. The product can be easily moved and will switch itself off after 30 minutes to save power.
Stop the snoring
Here's a new product designed to slow down the frequency and level of your snoring. The Snore Stopper has a sensitive instrument that will detect when you're snoring. Once it does that, it will send a very mild electronic signal to your wrist. This consequently changes your sleeping position to stop you from snoring. The Snore Stopper; won't cause any damage to your body.
Get your true colors
Photoshop features a pen that will copy the color settings of what you are monitoring onscreen to use as a color in your program. Now an off-line product allows you to pick a color when not using the computer software.
The Color Picker is a concept pen. After placing the pen against an object, the user just presses the scan button. Color sensors inside the pen send information to a box, which then mixes red, green and blue to produce the desired ink color.
Keep it fresh
More high technology products are showing up in the kitchen. A new Bagel dome advertises that it will keep your baked goods fresher for longer periods of time. The product, which is able to remove air, works for bread rolls, cakes and other _ . To use it, you just push a button at the top. [/INST] question: The Color Picker will probably be used while you're _ . | options: A: using the computer B: drawing pictures C: collecting information D: designing a program | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: He met her at a party. She was outstanding while he was so normal. After the party, he invited her for coffee. She was surprised but being polite, she agreed.
As they sat in a nice coffee shop, he was too nervous to say anything and she felt uncomfortable. Suddenly, he asked the waiter, "Could you please give me some salt? I'd like to put it in my coffee. " Everyone stared at him. He turned red, but when the salt came, he put it in his coffee and drank. Curious, she asked, "Why salt with coffee? " He explained, " When I was a little boy, I lived near the sea. I liked playing on the sea. I could feel the taste of sea, just like this salty coffee. "
That was a really nice talk, also a good beginning of their story. They continued to date. She found that actually he was a man who met all her demands. Then the story was just like every beautiful love story: they got married and lived a happy life.
After 40 years, he passed away and left her a letter which said: My dearest, please forgive my life-long lie. Remember the first time we dated? I was so nervous that I asked for salt instead of sugar. It was hard for me to ask for a change, so I just went ahead. I never thought that could be the start of our conversation. I tried to tell you the truth, but I was afraid that it would ruin everything. I don't like the salty coffee. But I have had the salty coffee for my whole life just because I love you!
Her tears made the letter totally wet. Someday, someone asked her, "What's the taste of salty coffee?" She replied, "It's sweet." [/INST] question: She accepted his invitation after the party because _ . | options: A: she was pretty B: he met all her demands C: he was humorous D: she was well-mannered | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Earthquakes happen without warning .They can happen any time of a day,at any point during the year.But don't worry because most are so weak that they cannot be felt. Only a few big ones hurt people. However,it's important to know what to do when an earthquake is happening.
Do NOT go outside.You could get injured from falling glass or parts of buildings.If you are outside,stay away from buildings and power lines .
Stay under a desk,table,or other strong furniture .Hold on to it.Or stay in a corner of the building.Cover your face and head with your arms and cover your mouth with a towel or clothing.Stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go outside.
Keep away from windows,pictures or advertisements on the wall or the building,and anything else that could fall and hurt you.Most people get injured by falling things during an earthquake,not by the shaking itself.
Also keep away from a fire.You could fall down and burn yourself on the fire.
If you are driving when an earthquake happens,stop the car if it's safe.Stay inside your car until the earthquake stops,and don't drive near bridges. Try not to stop by power lines or trees.These could fall and hurt you. [/INST] question: Most earthquakes are too ----to hurt people. | options: A: strong B: weak C: dangerous D: heavy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Father of TV
Invention of television began in 1922 in Rigby, Idaho, the hometown of Philo Farnsworth. At the age of 16, Philo was a very shy boy. Only his science teacher, Justin Tolman, realized that Philo was a special person.
One day after school Mr. Tolman found Philo in the classroom. The boy was making drawings on the chalkboard.
"What are you doing?" Mr. Tolman asked with interest, "What are these drawings?"
"I want to invent things," Philo answered, "and these are the drawings of one of my first inventions. I have an idea for a way of sending pictures through the air. Please, just let me tell you about it. _ " In the school library Philo had read about a man who had worked on an idea for television, but had failed. Philo was sure that his own idea was better and that he could succeed.
Mr. Tolman was not sure and asked Philo many questions about the drawings. Giving facts and figures, Philo answered every question.
In 1926, Philo sent his drawings to Washington, along with a letter asking for the patent rights on television. Since then, television has become an important business all over the world. [/INST] question: When he lived in his hometown, Philo was _ . | options: A: quite different from others B: an active boy C: an inventor D: a hard-working boy | answer: A </s> |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.