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<s>[INST] context: I'm flying high today after hearing the news that Bamboo People is a top ten book on the Best Fiction for Young Adults 2011 list from the American Library Association. Here are the top ten titles with annotations by YALSA librarians:
*Bacigalupi, Paolo. Ship Breaker. Little, Brown, and Co. Nailer is a light crew cleaner tearing up old hulks of ships, living day to day, until a rich girl and her gleaming ship run ashore in a storm on the beach and his life gets more dangerous.
*Donnelley, Jennifer. Revolution. Random House Children's Books/Delacorte. Haunted by the death of her brother, Andi is taken to Paris by her separated father where an encounter with a mysterious diary may bring her back from the edge.
*Marchetta, Melina. Finnikin of the Rock. Candlewick. Finnikin and his fellow exiles from Lumatere wish to return to their cursed homeland. Finnikin must go on an epic journey with a dumb beginner named Evanjalin to return home.
*Matson, Morgan. Amy and Roger's Epic Detour. Simon & Schuster. Amy and Roger must both learn to deal with loss while on a road trip across the country which doesn't go as expected.
*McBride, Lish. Hold Me Closer, Necromancer. Macmillan Children's Book Group/Henry Holt. When Sam discovers he is a necromancer he must learn to control his power in order to defeat a powerful and corrupt opponent and save his friends.
*Mulligan, Andy. Trash. David Fickling Books. Three garbage-picker boys find an item of great value to a corrupt politician on their rounds, setting off a tense hunt to see who will win.
*Perkins, Mitali. Bamboo People. Chiko, a Burmese soldier and Tu Reh, a Kerenni refugee meet on opposite sides of war and each must learn what it means to be a man of his people.
*Reinhardt, Dana. The Things a Brother Knows. Random House Children's Books/Wendy Lamb. Boaz is back and cheered as the hometown hero, but he is not at all the same. Can his younger brother Levi help him truly make his way home?
*Saenz, Benjamin. Last Night I Sang to the Monster. Cinco Puntos Press, 2009. Weeks in therapy go by and 18-year-old Zach is still unable to remember the monstrous events that left him alone and haunted by nightmares.
*Sedgwick, Marcus. Revolver. Roaring Brook Press. Sig is alone with his father's body when the lawless man his father had managed to escape appears out of the icy wilderness [/INST] question: Which of the following books may not be classified as a thriller one? | options: A: Revolver B: Last Night I Sang to the Monster C: Revolution D: Bamboo People | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: While only about 200 astronauts have had the excitement of looking down at Earth and commanding systems on the International Space Station, actually thousands of everyday middleschool students have experienced by Middle School Students, or EarthKAM, a camera system.
EarthKAM is an educational activity and outreach investigation that also results in remote Earth sensing and observation. Using the Internet, the students control a special digital camera fixed aboard the space station, enabling them to photograph the Earth's coastlines, mountain ranges and other geographic items of interest from the unique advantage point of space.
While EarthKAM offers a powerful way for students to investigate Earth from the unique perspective of space, it is also inspiring the next generation of flight controllers for space programs--involving university students to control and operate the camera system and related activities from the ground.
In the interview, Brion Au, one of the investigation developers at NASA's Johnson Space Centre, said,"EarthKAM is a payload by students, for students. They are in charge. This system provides a viewpoint that the astronauts have...it's just aweinspiring!"So far, students have captured more than 40,000 photos of the Earth from the space station as it orbited the Earth once every 90 minutes, traveling at 17,500 miles an hour. The team at EarthKAM posts these photographs online for the public and participating classrooms around the world to view.
Au explains that this education investigation is inspiring students to explore the world by examining Earth, while promoting social studies, art, geography, science, technology, and math, among other important lessons involving research and teamwork. EarthKAM was started by Dr. Sally Ride, originally flying on the shuttles. The camera is located in the window Observational Research Facility, also known as the WORF, one of many the station's research facilities. [/INST] question: How have thousands of students experienced similar excitement as astronauts? | options: A: In the space station B: In the spaceship C: Using a camera system D: Teaming up with astronauts | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Few students would dream of getting a job as a shoe shiner working along the street. College students, in their own eyes and in the eyes of the public, are expected to get at least a proper job, if not working in a high-income or white-collar position.
Cai Yong's decision to work as a shoe shiner shocked not only his parents, who had high hopes for him, but also his girlfriend.
"It is right for young graduates to be ambitious . But they have to start in a solid and down-to-earth way," Cai said. Cai is not alone in making such a choice. The company has got 12 college students in all.
"I come for the 800yuanmonthly pay," said Xiao Ji, who is a student from Nanjing University. "I have grown up and no longer live on my parents," he said.
"Working as shoe shiners can mean a bright future," Cai said.
Not everyone can accept this job choice. Cai's girlfriend left him because she felt ashamed to be with a shoe shiner, and Cai accepted the fact. "This is the price to be paid for a job," he said.
A former shoe shiner, Zhong Haibo, from a medical college, believes it was a good training for the rest of his life. "There is nothing I can't do after working as a shoe shiner," Zhong said, meaning that such kind of experience in early life is helpful in a future job. [/INST] question: Cai Yong decided to work as _ . | options: A: a college teacher B: a company manager C: a shoe shiner D: a medicine maker | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The features of microfilaria of W. bancrofti are: General appearance: Graceful, sweeping curves. Free cephalic space: As long as broad.
Excretory pore: Not prominent:
Caudal end: Uniformly tapering to a delicate point and no terminal nuclei present.
5. Nuclear column: Nuclei discrete; Important points
Microfilaria of W. bancrofti and B. malayi in India display a nocturnal periodicity. Maximum density of Mf in blood is reported between 10 pm and 2 am.
Man is the definitive host and mosquito the intermediate host of Bancroftian and Brugian filariasis.
Third stage larva in mosquito is infective form.
Adult worm may survive for 15 years or more.
Duration of mosquito cycle (extrinsic incubation period) is between 10 and 14 days.
Main vectors in India are: C. quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans) for Bancroftian filariasis and Mansonia mosquitoes for Brugian filariasis.
Prepatent period: It is the time interval between inoculation of infective larvae and the first appearance of detectable Mf.
Clinical incubation period: Time interval from invasion of infective larvae to the development of clinical manifestations. [/INST] question: Which one of the following is characteristic of microfilaria of W. bancrofti? | options: A: Cephalic space twice as long as broad B: Excretory pore prominent C: Nuclear column smudged D: Caudal end uniformly tapering to a delicate point, and no terminal nuclei present | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nicknames for Los Angeles
A nickname is a shortened form of a person's name. A nickname can also be a descriptive name for a person, place or thing. Many American cities have nicknames. These can help establish an identity, spread pride among citizens and build unity. Nicknames can also be funny.
Los Angeles, California is the second largest city in population, after New York City. Los Angeles has several nicknames. One is simply the city's initials, L.A. It is also called the City of Angels because Los Angeles means "the angels" in Spanish.
Los Angeles often has warm, sunny weather. So another nickname is City of Flowers and Sunshine. New York is called The Big Apple. So Los Angeles is sometimes called The Big Orange because of the fruit that grows in that city's warm climate.
The American motion picture and television industries are based in Los Angeles. So it is not surprising that it is called The Entertainment Capital of the World. Many films are made in the area of Los Angeles called Hollywood. Millions of people visit the area.
Many movie stars live in Los Angeles. The city is sometimes called Tinseltown. This nickname comes from the shiny, bright and often unreal nature of Hollywood and the movie industry.
Another nickname for Los Angeles is La-La Land, using the first letters of Los and Angeles. This means a place that is fun and not serious, and maybe even out of touch with reality.
The city of Los Angeles is part of Los Angeles County. There are many smaller cities in the county. Beverly Hills, with its rich people, is one of them. So is Pasadena, with its Rose Parade each New Year's Day. So are the coastal cities of Santa Monica and Malibu, where people like to ride surfboards on the Pacific Ocean waves.
A good place for watching unusual-looking people is Venice, an area on the west side of Los Angeles. A system of waterways designed after the Italian city of Venice has been built there.
Many people love Los Angeles for its warm sunny weather, beautiful mountains and beaches, and movie stars. That includes Randy Newman, who sings about his hometown. [/INST] question: A nickname of a place can have the following functions except _ . | options: A: building up identity B: entertainment C: bringing pride to the locals D: uniting surrounding cities | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For many students in the UK today, deciding whether or not to go to university can be as much about affordability as it is about ambition and aspiration.
In the past, students in the UK could apply to a university or college. They were sure that even if they came from a low income family, their tuition fees and some of their living (or maintenance) costs would be covered by a local authority grant . A university education was, in a financial sense, open to all and the number of students attending university grew yearly.
Sadly, it seems, those days are long gone. The turning point came in 1998, when the Labour Government introduced tuition fees of PS1,000 a year and, instead of giving students a maintenance grant, asked them to cover their own living expenses with a repayable student loan. Only students on the lowest incomes were entitled to a grant.
The flood gates had been opened. As time passed, the ceiling on tuition fees rose, and although applicants from Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales still qualified for varying levels of subsidy , by 2009/10 students in England often found themselves facing tuition fees overPS3,000 a year.
In 2011 the Government announced that, from 2012, universities could charge fees of up to PS9,000 a year. Although the Government
by stating that postgraduates did not have to begin repaying their student loans until they were earning more than PS21,000 a year, the news created over-dissatisfaction. Many students argued that it was unfair that students should have to begin their work life loaded with huge debt, while others complained that the changes would bring back a class divide to university education. These views were reflected in the number of students applying for a university place, which by January 2012 fell by more than 22,000. The Universities Minister, David Willetts, stood by the decision to increase tuition fees, saying that they would not "put universities' finance on a bearable footing" and that they would accelerate "a stronger focus on high quality teaching." [/INST] question: We can put the sentence "But the biggest change was still to come" at the beginning of Paragraph _ . | options: A: 2 B: 3 C: 4 D: 5 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CARBOXYPEPTIDASE is a metalloenzyme which contains zinc. it can be de-activated by removal of zinc and that activity can be restored by the addition of zinc, cobaltous, ferrous, nickel and manganous ions but not by addition of cadmium, magnesium or calcium ions. This metalloenzyme therefore falls in the group of enzymes which have no specific metal requirement for activity. In biological systems, however, a paicular metal, zinc, is associated with the enzyme presumably because complex ion equilibria or this paicular association over all others. The situation is not very different from that found in the case of the enzyme enolase, where magnesium and manganous are the paicular ions associated with activity in the biological system, but where other cations such as zinc can activate the enzyme in vitro 3. The apparent stability constants for the association of zinc and cobaltous ions with carboxypeptidase are 2 x 108 and 1 x 106 respectively1. The pH range of activation by the different cations indicates that association with the active center is in the order zinc (II) > nickel(II) and cobalt (II). The study of complexes of a wide variety of simple organic ligands has shown2 that this stability sequence is observed only when one of the coordinating centers is sulfide, R--S -. I conclude that zinc is bound by a sulfide group in carboxypeptidase and give the following additional evidence in suppo of this binding. [/INST] question: Which of the following contains Zinc? | options: A: Cytochrome oxidase B: Glutathione peroxidase C: Catalase D: Carboxy peptidase | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In exposed positions the former sign may be elicited by directly grasping the segments of the bone and moving either upon the other; in other cases (fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus) the surgeon must be satisfied with determining that the motions (rotation) of one fragment (the shaft) are not imparted to the other, as indicated by the immobility of one of its bony points (the greater tuberosity) Again, abnormal mobility near a joint may simulate abnormal mobility of the joint itself, and special care be necessary to differentiate between fracture and dislocation. is the grating sensation heard or felt when the two rough bone ends rub against each other?
The intervention of soft parts between the bone ends, of course, prevents crepitus, which may, on the other hand, be simulated by the crackling of coagulated blood, by roughened joint-surfaces, by tenosynovitis, and by emphysema.
Finally, be it espe cially noted that although abnormal mo bility and crepitus are pathognomonic, they are often by no means necessary to the diagnosis of fracture, and the manip ulations which they require may be not only extremely painful, but also, by pro ducing further lacerations of the soft parts, positively harmful to the patient. [/INST] question: A diagnostic sign of a fracture | options: A: Abnormal mobility at fracture site B: Pain at the fracture site C: Tenderness D: Swelling | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When someone told 85-year-old Johnny Long that he was called a living legend, he replied, "I don't know about that, but I'm living, and that's important."
Starting in 1949 as a high school band director and later as director of the Troy University band, Johnny Long became known as one of the most inspirational band directors in America. More than three hundred of his students went on to become band directors them-selves. "I have been a band director for more than 60 years and all I know about the word band is that you spell it F-U-N," Long said. "And if you change that, it's over."
Long retired 14 years ago to spend more time with his wife Mary Lynn. But his passion for bands never went away. He dreamed of forming a top-notch community band in Troy. But Troy is a small town -- with not a ton of top-notch talent. "I didn't think it would work, I really didn't," Long said.
Fortunately, there was one thing Johnny hadn't considered: the devotion of his former students. Now, once a week during the concert season, they drive in from all over the south and across the decades.
65-year-old Bobby Johnson was in Long's first college class. He lives in Atlanta and drives 3 hours to practice. Johnson said he does it because Long's "such a unique character and I just admire him so much."
Many people do it for the same reason. "He's the single biggest influence on my career." "He was a father figure to me. He's just a genuine person."
Long said he wanted to be remembered as a teacher. "I think 'teacher' is the greatest word in the English language, next to 'mother'." [/INST] question: What Long got most from bands was _ . | options: A: pleasure B: health C: wealth D: honor | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The constrictions of the ureter are three in number as follows : (i) At the junction of pelvis of the ureter with abdominal pa of the ureter. (ii) At the pelvic brim. (iii) Where it pierces the bladder. It is narrowest here. Ureter: The ureter is a retroperitoneal, distensible muscular tube that connects the kidney with the bladder. It runs downward and medialward in front of the Psoas major and, entering the pelvic cavity, finally opens into the fundus of the bladder. The slit like lumen of the ureter has a stellate appearance because its mucosa is folded longitudinally. Aeries and veins: The aeries supplying the ureter are branches from the renal, internal spermatic, hypogastric, and inferior vesical. Nerves: The nerves are derived from the inferior mesenteric, spermatic, and pelvic plexuses. Constrictions - There are three normal anatomical constrictions where a stone from the renal pelvis can become lodged. The sites are; 1) The ureteropelvic junction 2) Site where it crosses the iliac vessels 3) Ureterovesicular junction: Passage of ureter through the bladder wall. [/INST] question: The narrowest pa of ureter is? | options: A: At pelvic brim B: At ischial spine C: Pelvic ureteric junction D: At the entry of bladder | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many students ask for advice about improving their English. There are three basic questions.
The first question is about real English. Li Hao from Hubei wrote, "I enjoy watching English films and listening to real English songs. But it takes a long time. What do you think?"
This is a great way to learn English! Talk about the film or song with your friends, and guess the meaning of the new words. Just enjoy yourself!
The second question is about speaking. Sam, from Suzhou wrote. "Our school has a foreign teacher. But I'm shy and can't speak to her. What should I do?"
When I visit China, lots of people in the street say, "Hello! How are you? Where are you from? Do you like China?" These are good questions to start a talk. Many people are shy when they speak English, so before you begin, take a deep breath and smile! Smiling always helps.
The third question is about vocabulary. Oliver, from Anhui wrote, "I want to remember all the new words. I write them down, but I forget them quickly. What should I do?"
Try to remember eight or ten words a day. Write them on pieces of paper and place them in your bedroom. Say the words when you see them, and change them every day. And when you're shopping, how about counting the English words, or saying the English names for everything you see? [/INST] question: How many basic questions do the students often ask? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Four D: Five | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (External nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve) (766, 831-Snell 7th)Anterior ethmoidal nerve (br of ophthalmic nerve) passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen and enters anterior cranial fossa on the upper surface of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid. It enters the nasal cavity through a slit like opening alongside of the crista-gali. After supplying an area of mucous membrane, it appears on the face as the external nasal branch at the lower border of the nasal bone, it supplies the skin on the side of the nose down as far as the tip*** Infratrochlear nerve - It supplies the conjunctiva, the lacrimal sac and caruncle, the medial ends of the eyelids and the upper half of the external nose.* Posterior ethmoidal nerve - It supplies the ethmoidal and sphenoidal air sinuses. It is frequently absent.* Long ciliary nerve - They carry sympathetic nerves to the dilator pupillae.Nerves of the common sensation. They are(i) Anterior ethmoidal nerve(ii) Branches of the sphenopalatine ganglion(iii) Branches of infra-orbital nerve, they supply vestibule of nose both on its medial and lateral side.* Most of the posterior two-thirds of nasal cavity (both septum and lateral wall) is supplied by branches of sphenopalatine ganglion (169-Dhingra 3rd) [/INST] question: The tip of the nose is supplied by which of the following nerve | options: A: Infratrochlear nerve B: External nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve C: Posterior ethmoidal nerve D: Long ciliary nerve | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: American doctors have been trying to figure out the secrets behind Asians being healthier than Americans since the early 90s - The Japan has the lowest mortality rates in the world and Chinese medicine has been around for thousands of years, since around 2000 B.C. only meant that there's more to Asian health philosophy. In Asian medicine, there's an acknowledgment of the whole-body theory of medicine, instead of isolationism that's prevalent in many American doctor's offices.
The main reason behind a better health lies in the difference between Asian and American culture. Diet, exercise, and a holistic approach to medicine all contribute to Asians living longer and healthier than their American counterparts. In addition, the result of the Asian lifestyle has led to a stronger overall immune system and better detoxification efficiency.
The more preferred drink in the American lifestyle is soda, beer or coffee. However, in Asian culture, the preferred drink is water or herbal tea. Consumption of water serves to immediately strengthen one's body detoxification program, since water dilutes toxins and helps flush the body. Americans savor red meat and pork, while most Asians prefer chicken, rice and fish. Also, the foods in Asia are mostly organic and lack the hormonal toxins that American food carries. Overall the Asian diet leads to less food-introduced toxins into the body, and allows the body to spend its energy on its immune system rather than toxin control. Also, the fish that Asians consume have very strong immunological effects, providing more antioxidants than the red meat preferred in America.
The average American family has more than one car. In Asia, on average there's 1 car per 4 families. In Asian cultures, people use bicycles more than four-wheeled transportation. The Asian lifestyle also involves more labor and physical work, such as agricultural labor and gardening. The American lifestyle praises white-collar jobs which lead to Americans sitting in front of computer screens for hours on end. Exercise helps detoxification in two ways: it speeds up metabolism, and induces sweat.
Medicine in Asia centers mostly on natural ingredients that have healing properties. Asian medicine also addresses the mind-body connection and the importance of mental balance. There are more traditional medicine doctors per person in Asia than in America. American medicine costs more and is symptom-focused, often ignoring the overall cause of the symptoms. In America, the prescriptions that are chemically derived are dangerous toxins that stress the body's detoxification system. Using Asian medicine means using only natural ingredients, which the body can easily detoxify while getting the same health benefit.
It is not very difficult to adopt the Asian lifestyle and improve your body's detoxification and immune system. You can change your lifestyle today by eating and drinking organic, exercising rigorously at least three times a week, and using organic health alternative therapies over dangerous prescription medicines. ks5u
Emma Deangela is the author of detox and fasting site at eDetoxify.com. Combining both Asian and Western philosophy, Emma Deangela has helped many people by giving them health consultation to make their lives better and healthier through natural health philosophy. Visit eDetoxify.com to discover the health philosophy that leads many people to a healthy life. [/INST] question: The differences between Asian and American culture are not discussed in _ | options: A: Diet B: Exercise C: Medicine D: Accidents | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thanksgiving Day was near. The first grade teacher gave her class some fun homework---to draw a picture of something for which they were thankful.
Most of the class drew a turkey or other traditional things. But Douglas drew a different kind of picture. He drew a hand. Just an empty hand.
Douglas was a different boy. He was poor and unhappy. As other children played, Douglas was likely to stand close by the teacher's side.
His classmates were surprised at his picture. One child guessed it was the hand of a farmer, because farmers _ turkeys. Others guessed it was the hand of God, for God feeds us.
The teacher asked him whose hand it was. The little boy said in a low voice, "It's yours."
She remembered the times she had taken his hand and walked with him here and there, as she had the other students. How often she said, "Take my hand, Douglas, we'll go outside." Or, "Let me show you how to hold your pencil." Or, "Let's do this together." Douglas was most thankful for his teacher's hand.
Tears came into the teacher's eyes. [/INST] question: Douglas drew a hand of _ . | options: A: a farmer B: God C: the teacher D: his own | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The week after Jane's birthday, Barbara and Mary were away. Jane decided to have a late birthday party. She telephoned several friends. She asked some to bring records, some to bring food and others to bring something to drink. She rang another friend to see if she could borrow his record player. She herself bought some food and drink to get the party going. She took up all the carpets so that they could dance. She did not know whether Barbara and Mary would have approved , but as long as she was careful, she was sure that they would not mind. She warned the two people in the flat above and invited them down.
"Oh, " said Jane, surprised. "What's all this about? "
The first guests arrived soon after eight. The music was soon playing loudly and they started dancing. Some of Jane's friends brought other friends with them. As more and more people arrived,the noise increased. People started shouting at each other, so they turned the music up. This made it more difficult to hear each other above the music, so they shouted more loudly. At half past ten the bell rang. "Turn down the music!" someone shouted. "Someone probably called the police." When Jane opened the door, there was a policeman standing there. She started to apologize, "I'm sorry about all the noise, officer. But you see, it was my birthday last week and I'm having a party." "Never mind about that, miss. We're here because of something much more important."
"Well, there's been a report of burglary . We think the thief may have come to your party, pretending to be a friend of someone here. " [/INST] question: When did Jane have the party? | options: A: On her birthday B: After her birthday C: Before Barbara and Mary left D: As soon as she telephone her friends | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Surgery should be recommended for patients who continue to be bothered by their symptoms or who experience urinary retention despite medical therapy. Surgery should also be recommended for patients with upper tract dilation, renal insufficiency secondary to BPH, or bladder stones."- Schwartz 8/e p1.530
About other options:
Prostate Size: Treatment of BPH is primarily dictated by patient's symptoms and not by the prostate size. However the size of prostate can decide whether to go for endoscopic method of treatment or open surgical procedure. Open surgery is more effective than endoscopic methods for prostates weighing >100gm (ref: Schwartz 9/e p1471; Smith's Urology I7/e p.3.54)
UTI: Recurrent episodes of UTI (and not a single episode) are an absolute indication for surgery of prostate. Hypertension: Alpha blockers which are first line medical therapy for BPH lower the blood pressure and thus are helpful in hypertensive persons.
Management of BPH
Management is primarily directed by symptoms. Mild symptoms can be managed with watchful waiting. More severe symptomatic patients are treated with medicines (alpha blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors or combination of both). Surgery is recommended if the patient is having problems despite medical therapy. Absolute indications for surgery as listed in Smith's Urology is given below.
Absolute indications for surgical treatment of BPH
Refractory urine retention (failing at least one attempt at catheter removal)
Recurrent UTI from BPH
Bladder stones d/t BPH
Renal insufficiency d/t BPH
Large bladder diverticula secondary to BPH
Recurrent gross hematuria from BPH
Upper tract dilatation is an indication for surgery according to Schwartz.
Medical therapy
Alpha-blockers (terazosin, doxazosin, and tamsulosin)
Alpha-blockers help is reducing the symptoms of BPH by blocking the alpha 1 adrenoreceptors present in human prostate and bladder base.
5-Alpha-reductase inhibitors (Finasteride, Dutasteride) -
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors block the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. This thus results in reduction in the size of the gland and improvement in symptoms (after several months of use).
Surgery
Surgery for BPH is most commonly performed endoscopically; however, if the prostate gland is quite large (approx >100 g), an open prostatectomy should be performed.
The standard endoscopic procedure for BPH is a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate.
Conventional surgical methods:
Transurethral resection of the prostate (most commonly used method)
Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)
Open simple prostatectomy (simple suprapubic prostatectomy, simple retropubic prostatectomy) -
When the prostate is too large to be removed endoscopically, an open enucleation is necessary. What constitutes "too large" is subjective and varies depending upon the surgeon's experience with TURP. Glands >100 g are usually considered for open enucleation. Open prostatectomy may also be initiated when concomitant bladder diverticulum or a bladder stone is present or if dorsal lithotomy positioning is not possible.
Open prostatectomies can be done with either a suprapubic or retropubic approach. A simple suprapubic prostatectomy is performed transvesically and is the operation of choice in dealing with concomitant bladder pathology.
Minimally invasive methods:
Laser therapy (Nd:YAG and holmium:YAG )
Transurethral electro vaporization of the prostate
Microwave Hyperthermia
Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate-
High-intensity focused ultrasound for thermal tissue ablation
Intraurethral stents—stents are endoscopically placed in the prostatic fossa and are designed to keep the prostatic urethra patent. They are usually covered by urothelium within 4-6 months after insertion. These devices are typically used for patients with limited life expectancy who are not deemed to be appropriate candidates for surgery or anesthesia. [/INST] question: In follow up of BPH, a most important indication of surgery is: | options: A: Prostate size >75gm B: Single episode of UTI requiring 3 day antibiotics C: Cannot use medication due to hypertension D: Bilateral hydronephrosis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Put a little love in your life
I remember growing up, my mom always said, "Half the fun of doing anything is sharing it with others." It is so true. Friends and mates allow us to enjoy our success and our joys, comfort us in our challenging moments, and provide a mirror for us to learn more about ourselves. I've always looked at friends as the family we choose. They enrich our lives. As Robert Louis Steven once said, "A friend is a present which you give yourself."
To be a good friend or partner, it's importable be a good listener. Hear what your friend or mate has to say first rather than jumping to conclusions or getting defensive. Sometimes it is useful to be their mirror, for when they hear their words repeated back to them, it can help them to realize that what they said was not exactly what they meant to say.
Patience, compassion and empathy are also important traits in being a good friend or partner. You know the old golden rule, "Care for others the way you would like them to care for you." The support of a friend during a tough time could make the difference between success and failure. Encouragement and confidence are priceless gifts that can help change a person's life.
Take care, though, with whom you choose to have close relationship, for they can have a tremendous impact on your self-esteem and life path. As someone once told me,"the attitude of your friends are like the buttons on an elevator. They will either take you up or down." [/INST] question: In order to make good friends, you should do the following except | options: A: Be a good listener B: Be patient, compassionate C: Be careful D: Be generous to your friends | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One of the easiest and cheapest ways to help your health is just to sleep eight hours or more every night, but more and more people in the world are not sleeping enough. According to the World Health Organization, over half the people in the world may be _ . The result of this is not just a lot of tired people; in the United States alone, sleepy drivers cause at least 100,000 car accidents, and 1,500 deaths a year. Problems with sleep can also cause mental problems, as well as medical problems such as high blood pressure and heart problems.
American culture values work and often doesn't value sleep. In fact, people who sleep a lot are often called "lazy". Many famous men say proudly, "I only have time to sleep four or five hours a night." Students, especially college students, often sleep only a few hours a night. They often say, "I'm used to sleeping only a little."
But according to experts, sleep is like money. If you sleep only five hours a day, you don't "get used to it", but instead, build up a "sleep deficit ". "It's like a credit card (a card used to buy things or services)," says Dr. James Maas, "You are only borrowing time. You always have to pay it back." The more hours you don't sleep, the more hours you should sleep to "pay back" the hours on your "sleep credit card". For example, if you sleep four hours on Monday and then sleep eight hours on Tuesday, on Wednesday you will still have a "sleep deficit" of four hours. This deficit can continue for months or even years. People with a "sleep deficit" are sleep-deprived. Driving and making decisions can be dangerous for these people.
Another research shows people should sleep nine or ten hours every night. More than half the people in the world may be running a "sleep deficit". You didn't do your homework last night? Maybe you can tell your teacher that you were working hard on your sleep deficit.
"Don't think you will be doing less work because you sleep during the day. That's a foolish idea which is held by people who have no imagination. You will be able to do more," said Winston Churchill. [/INST] question: How many hours do we need to sleep every day if we want to keep healthy? | options: A: 7 B: 6 C: 11 D: 8 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Management of Peptic ulcer perforation
Nasogastric tube: whenever a perforated ulcer is suspected, the first step is to pass a nasogastric tube and empty the stomach to reduce further contamination of the peritoneal cavity.
Intravenous crystalloid: The patient is resuscitated aggressively by administration of intravenous crystalloid. Intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics
Surgery:
Surgery is mostly indicated, although occasionally nonsurgical treatment can be used in stable patients without peritonitis, and in whom radiologic studies document a sealed perforation.
Surgery whether laparoscopy or laparotomy involves two components:
i) Thorough peritoneal toilet
to remove all the fluid and food debris
drain is not indicated
ii) Management of perforation
For duodenal ulcer perforation
The most frequently performed operation for a perforated duodenal ulcer is simple closure with an omental onlay reinforcement or patch.
This is combined with postoperative H. pylori eradication (antibiotics + antisecretory agents)
Insertion of a nasoenteric or jejunal feeding tube should be considered
For gastric ulcer perforation
All perforated gastric ulcers are best treated by distal gastric resection with or without a truncal vagotomy (Truncal vagotomy can be added for type II & III gastric ulcers. Type I and IV gastric ulcers do not need acid reducing procedures as they are associated with hyposecretion). Ulcer is removed along with gastric resection as it carries a risk of malignancy (cf: duodenal ulcer has no risk of cancer). If ulcer is left behind, biopsy is always done.
- Other procedures used for gastric ulcers are
- patch closure with biopsy - wedge excision and closure
Conservative Management:
Conservative management may be tried in stable patients without peritonitis, and in whom radiologic studies document a sealed perforation.
In conservative management, the patient is observed closely and treated with
nasogastric suction,
IV fluids
intravenous acid secretion suppression, and
intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. [/INST] question: Treatment of perforated peptic ulcer includes -a) i.v. fluidsb) Drainage of paracolic gutterc) Immediate surgeryd) Antacidse) i.v. pantoprazole | options: A: acd B: bde C: ace D: ade | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tachypnea in term infants may result from brain injuries or metabolic diseases that irritate the respiratory center. The increased respiratory rate removes ("blows off") carbon dioxide from the lung alveoli and lowers blood CO2, forcing a shift in the indicated equilibrium toward the left: CO2 + H2O H2CO2 H+ + HCO3- Carbonic acid (H2CO2) can be ignored because negligible amounts are present at physiologic pH, leaving the equilibrium: CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3- The leftward shift to replenish exhaled CO2 decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration and increases the pH (- log10) to produce alkalosis (blood pH above the physiologic norm of 7.4). This respiratory alkalosis is best treated by diminishing the respiratory rate to elevate the blood , force the above equilibrium to the right, elevate the , and decrease the pH. The newborn does not have acidosis, defined as a blood pH below 7.4, either from excess blood acids (metabolic acidosis) or from increased (respiratory acidosis). The baby also does not have metabolic alkalosis, caused by loss of hydrogen ion from the kidney (e.g., with defective tubular filtration) or stomach (e.g., with severe vomiting). [/INST] question: A 2-day-old neonate becomes lethargic and uninterested in breastfeeding. Physical examination reveals tachypnea (rapid breathing) with a normal heabeat and breath sounds. Initial blood chemistry values include normal glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels; initial blood gas values reveal a pH of 7.53, paial pressure of oxygen (PO2) normal at 103 mmHg, and paial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) decreased at 27 mmHg. Which of the following treatment strategies is indicated? | options: A: Administer alkali to treat metabolic acidosis B: Administer alkali to treat respiratory acidosis C: Decrease the respiratory rate to treat metabolic acidosis D: Decrease the respiratory rate to treat respiratory alkalosis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Congenital hydrocele will resolve spontaneously within 1 year. The operation is required only when it persists for longer than 1 year” In congenital hydrocele, the processes vaginalis is patent and connects with the peritoneal cavity. The communication is usually too small to allow herniation of intra-abdominal contents. Pressure on the hydrocele does not always empty it but the hydrocele fluid may drain into the peritoneal cavity when the child is lying down; thus, the hydrocele is often intermittent. Ascites should be considered if the swellings are bilateral.
"Congenital hydroceles are treated by herniotomy if they do not resolve spontaneously” Treatment usually, no treatment of congenital hydrocele is indicated because this condition typically resolves spontaneously by age 1. Most surgeons advocate observation in the majority of infants less than 12 months. Others may continue to be observed for longer, as the majority of patent processes vaginalis will close within the first 12-24 months of life [/INST] question: A congenital hydrocele is treated by? | options: A: No treatment before 5 years B: Herniorraphy C: Herniotomy D: Eversion of sac | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Now the VOA Special English program Words and Their Stories.
( MUSIC)
Many everyday American expressions are based on colors.
Red is a hot color. Americans often use it to express heat. When they are red-hot, they are very angry about something. Fast loud music is popular with many people. They may say such music is red-hot.
Pink is a lighter kind of red. People sometimes say they are in the pink when they are in good health. The expression was first used in America at the beginning of the 20thcentury. It probably comes from the fact that many babies are born with a nice pink color that shows that they are in good health.
Blue is a cool color. The blues music in the United States is the opposite of red-hot music. Blues is slow and sad. Someone who is blue is very sad.
The color green is natural for trees and grass. But it is an unnatural color for humans. A person who has a sick feeling in the stomach may say he feels a little green. A passenger on a boat who is feeling very sick from high waves may look very green. Sometimes a person may be _ because he does not have something as nice as a friend has, like a fast new car. That person may say he is green with envy. Some people are green with envy because a friend has more dollars or greenbacks. Dollars are called greenbacks because that is the color of the back of the paper money.
The color black is used often in expressions. People describe a day on which everything goes wrong as a black day.
(MUSIC)
I'm Warren Scheer. Listen again next week for another Words and Their Stories program in Special English on the Voice of America. [/INST] question: We say you are in the pink when you are _ . | options: A: very sad B: very happy C: in good health D: feeling well | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Tom? Are you in bed yet?" called Mrs.White. There was no answer. Mrs. White put down her book and went to her 14-year-old son's room. Tom was sitting in front of a bright computer screen on which a motorbike was running fast.
"Oh, Tom. You're still playing on that computer game. You must stop now, it's half past eleven. If you don't go to bed soon, you'll be very tired tomorrow, " said Mrs. White."But I've nearly won the game, " Tom said to Mrs. White. She could see the excitement on his face. She sat down beside him."You're always playing on the computer. You spend more time on this machine than on your homework. "
Today more and more families have computers. Parents hope computers can help their children improve their study at school. But many of their children use computers to play games and watch videos instead of studying. We often see that computer net bars are crowded with people, especially young boys. They spend a lot of money competing with the computerized machines. The more they lose, the more they want to win. The result is that they don't want to work or study.
In some countries, even scientists hate computers. They say computers cause millions of people to lose their jobs or cause them a lot of trouble. Computer game addiction is a serious problem in social life. Something has to be done to solve the problem. [/INST] question: How did Mrs. White feel when she saw her son playing late? | options: A: She felt excited B: She felt happy C: She felt worried D: She felt wonderful | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (This selection was originally published in 1992. Pluto is no longer classified as a planet.)
Pluto is in many ways the strangest of the planets. It is small and has a large moon(called Charon). Its orbit is unusual, which may cause it to have seasons in the sense that when it is close to the sun, the liquid methane on its surface boils to form a kind of atmospheric haze . When the planet moves farther away from the sun, it starts to snow solid methane.
Pluto is not dark. Despite its great distance from the sun, the surface of Pluto is probably as bright as a moonlit night on Earth. The reason is all that methane, which is as white as newly fallen snow.
The discovery of Pluto was more accident than design. The American astronomer Percival Lowell had predicted the existence of a ninth planet(he called it Planet X)based on what he took to be irregularities in the orbit of Neptune. Today astronomers argue that these "irregularities" weren't real, but the result of instrumental error. Nevertheless, Lowell produced predictions about where Planet X ought to be(although, to be honest, the predictions changed occasionally when he redid the calculations).In any case, in 1930 Clyde Tombaugh, doing a systemic sky survey that would have found the planet no matter where it was, discovered the planet we now call Pluto. By coincidence, its position was pretty close to where Lowell's last prediction said it should be. Was it just luck? We'll never know. [/INST] question: On Pluto's surface, liquid methane boils to form an atmospheric haze, which would be most similar to _ . | options: A: light B: darkness C: liquid D: steam | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests they both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.
"I would never have said to my mom, 'Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?'" says Ballmer. "There was just a complete gap in taste."
Music was not the only _ . From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.
Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families. Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are comfortable and common. And parent--child activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue into adulthood.
No wonder greeting cards today carry the message, "To my mother, my best friend."
But family experts warn that the new equality can also result in less respect for parents. "There's still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening," says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College. "In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion among parents."
Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.
"My parents were on the 'before' side of that change, but today's parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the 'after' side," explains Mr. Ballmer. "It's not something easily done by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now." [/INST] question: Which of the following shows that the generation gap is disappearing? | options: A: Parents help their children develop interests in more activities B: Parents put more trust in their children's abilities C: Parents and children talk more about sex and drugs D: Parents share more interests with their children | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We know good manners are important. Today I am going to tell you something about manners in different countries. I think you already know that people in different countries usually have different ways of doing things. Something that is rude in one country may be quite polite in another. For example, in Britain you mustn't lift your bowl to your mouth when you are having liquid food. That is considered bad manners in Britain. But in Japan you needn't worry about making a noise when you drink something. It shows that you are enjoying it. In Britain we try not to put our hands on the table at all during a meal. In Mexico, however, guests are expected to keep their hands on the table _ a meal. In Arabic countries we must be careful with our hands. You see, in Arabic countries you mustn't eat with your left hand. This is considered to be very impolite. So, what should you do if you visit a foreign country? Well, you needn't worry. You can ask the native people there to help you and you can just watch carefully and try to do what they do. [/INST] question: In Arabic countries you must be careful with your _ . | options: A: feet B: mouth C: eyes D: hands | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Auther: Margaret Mitchell
Y=25 (in bookstore) Y=18 (online)
Gone With the Wind is a best-seller, which tells a story that happened in the American Civil War. Scarlett Ohara is a woman in the story who is full of energy. She is strong and saves her family but is very selfish at the same time.
A LITTLE PRINCESS
Author: Frances Hodgson Burnett
Y=18.3 (online)
Motherless Sara Crewe was sent home from India to school at Miss Minchin's. Her father was very rich and she lived a rich and comfortable life. Then her father died and Sara lost everything. She had to learn to do with her changed life. Her strong character made her able to fight successfully against her poverty and the scorn of her fellows. It's an excellent book with 4 tapes for children
PETER PAN
Author: J.M Barrie
Y=15 (in bookstores) Y=12 (online)
It is a children's story full of imagination and adventures, which is about Wendy, John, and Michael Darling's adventures in Never-Never Land with Peter Pan, the boy who would not grow up. The children are happy and lovely. (with 2 tapes)
UNCLE TOM'S CABIN
Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe
Y=20 (in bookstores)
The most famous novel in American history, Uncle Tom's Cabin talked about the struggle between free states and slave states during the American Civil War and is as powerful today as when it first came out 150 years ago.
THE SECRET GARDEN
Author: Frances Hodgson Burnett
Y=35 (in bookstores) Y=30 (online)
Mary Lennox, a sickly orphan , finds herself in her uncle's dark house. Why are so many rooms locked? Why is one of the gardens locked? And what is that crying she hears at night? Through the power of hope, friendship, and the magic of nature, the brave girl brings the house and a long-lost garden back to life. [/INST] question: All of the following books have children as their main characters except _ . | options: A: PETER PAN B: GONE WITH THE WIND C: A LITTLE PRINCESS D: THE SECRET GARDEN | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Movies coming soon
The Croods
Length of time:1 hour 32 minutes
Style: Family, Action
Release date : November 22, 2014
Directors: Kirk De Micco, Chris Sanders
Starring: Nicolas Cage, Emma Stone, Ryan Reynolds
Summary
A prehistoric family are forced to flee their cave after it's destroyed by a disaster that threatens to change their lives forever in this animated film featuring the voices of Nicolas Cage and Emma Stone.As a protective caveman father leads his family out of harm's way, the clan crosses paths with a clever teen named Guy (voice of Ryan Reynolds), who offers to help them reach a distant land where they will be safe from a terrible disaster that will soon change the entire world.
Admission
Length of time: 1 hour 47 minutes
Style: Comedy
Release date: November 22, 2014
Director: Paul Weitz
Starring: Tina Fey, Paul Rudd, Nat Wolff
Summary
Tina Fey and Paul Rudd star in director Paul Weitz's comedy about an honest Princeton admissions officer.The officer meets a teenager who may be her long-lost son while recruiting students from an alternative high school.Years ago, Portia Nathan(Fey) quietly gave her newborn son up for adoption.Now she's got a great career recruiting students for Princeton university.Then, one day, she receives an unexpected call from her close college classmate _ , who runs an alternative high school that is home to some very gifted students.One such student is Jeremiah(Nat Wolff), who John believes could be the son that Portia gave up for adoption back in her youth.Meanwhile, as Portia puts her career in danger by changing Jeremiah's transcript , an unexpected love story begins to happen. [/INST] question: Who is a film director? | options: A: Paul Weitz B: Emma Stone C: Paul Rudd D: Nicolas Cage | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Greenpeace are two famous organizations in the world. They both aim at making our planet a better place to live.
World Wildlife Fund works to protect wild animals and plants. It began in Switzerland on September 11, 1961. Now, it has offices in 100 countries and nearly 5 million members all over the world. The members are from different groups, including government officials, businessmen, scientists and farmers. They have played an active role in saving animals and rainforests. One recent WWF project is protecting the Amazon rainforest. WWF has done plenty of research to find creative ways that meet the need of both people and nature.
Greenpeace was set up in 1971, with an idea of working for world peace at the very beginning. Now it is active in protecting oceans, forests, and animals as well. It also calls for the use of clean energy, like wind power and solar power. Greenpeace has offices in 45 countries such as America and Canada. Its head office is in Netherlands. Greenpeace has about 3 million members at present. Small steps lead to big changes. It has encouraged more and more people to take action. [/INST] question: WFF has nearly _ million members. | options: A: 3 B: 5 C: 45 D: 100 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: About nine million people like rock climbing in America. Millions more take part in the activity around the world. Some do it just for fun. Others compete.
Climbing takes strength, control and good balance. Climbers have to pull themselves straight up the face of very high rocks or walls. So they have to be strong enough to carry their own weight. And climbers sometimes have to hold onto rocks by only their fingers or toes.
There are several kinds of rock climbing. Traditional rock climbing is done outside. Climbers wear ropes and tie equipment to the rocks as they climb many hundreds of meters up. They also connect their ropes to the equipment. If a climber slips, a rope can stop him from falling.
Sport climbing is similar. However, in it the protective equipment is placed in the rock all the time. There is also indoor climbing. Rock walls made of wood have places for the climber's hands and feet.
Ice climbing is exactly as it sounds. People climb glaciers or frozen waterfalls instead of rocks. They use special equipment for the ice.
And then there is bouldering-climbing rocks between three and seven meters high. It is quicker and stronger climbing. Many climbers like bouldering because they can use less equipment. Climbers often need only special shoes and chalk . All climbers use chalk to keep their hands dry.
Most rocks have cracks and holes and parts that stick out. Climbers use these for foot-holds and handholds. Climbers use their legs to climb. They try not to pull themselves up with their hands or arms. Arms and hands are for position and balance.
People almost always climb in groups of two or more. Climbing alone is very dangerous. Expert rock climbers say only the very best in the sport should do it. [/INST] question: What's the feature of traditional rock climbing? | options: A: It is very safe B: It is done alone C: It is done outside D: It needs no equipment | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you've ever seen a James Bond movie, you'll know that the hero gets around in a smart Aston Martin car. Even if you know that you could never afford such an expensive vehicle, you don't forget the name, or the car.
Why? You have been affected by product placement.
Companies pay a film to place their products in the movie. Product placement took off in the West in the 1980s and is now catching on in China. Two Hunan Satellite TV dramas are recent examples: Ugly Wudi and Let's Go Watch the Meteor Shower (<<>> ).
Shampoo, mobile phones, cars and fitness centers -- anything can be product-placed. Advertisers value the mass appeal of the movies, knowing that a successful film can showcase their goods to hundreds of thousands of viewers. But when product placement takes over, art can only take a back seat.
Cai Zhiyong has been product-placing for years. The Beijing-based advertiser admits there is a conflict between art and business. He explains the way one ad works. In If You are the One (<<>> ), the actress Shu Qi plays a flight attendant. The movie contains product placement for airline companies.
Cash-strapped filmmakers often can't pay so much attention to the quality of their work because they need money from advertisers. In the original story for Meteor Shower, the heroine's mother owned an ice cream shop. But no ice cream company wanted to sponsor the film. For this reason, the story was changed. In the film the man drinks 20 cups of milk tea instead of eating ice cream.
So you may see the power of business over the movies, since the script was perhaps written so that a product could be placed---whether it was ice cream or milk tea. [/INST] question: Product placement can have a bad effect on the _ of a movie. | options: A: atmosphere B: mass appeal C: box-office success D: artistic value | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Buckingham Palace has a history that dates back over 500 years and has changed hands on numerous occasions, however, much of the building that remains standing today is from the original structure built in the early 1700's.
In the beginning Buckingham Palace was originally known as Buckingham House. However, in 1762 George III liked the house so much that he bought it for 28,000 and renamed it "The Queen's House". The reason for this was down to the fact that he bought the house to give to his wife Charlotte. Shortly after he did this, work soon began in order to remodel the house with the help of Sir William Chambers. This trend then continued with the accession of George IV in 1820 when he decided to reconstruct the house but he still used it for the same purpose that his father did.
One of the biggest physical changes to the house occurred several years later when the king had a change of mind. It was in 1826 that King George IV set about transforming the house into what it is known today, Buckingham Palace. He did this with the help of an architect known as John Nash.
The work that Nash carried out involved doubling the size of the main block through adding a new suite of rooms on the garden side facing the west. He then faced this with mellow Bath stone, which reflected the French neo-classical influence favored by George IV. Many of the rooms that Nash added still remain pretty much unchanged today.
The palace as it stands today acts as not only the London residence of Her Majesty the Queen but also the administrative headquarters of the Royal Household. It is in fact one of the few working royal palaces that remain in the world today. The state rooms are extensively used by the Queen as well as members of the royal family as a way of receiving and entertaining guests on state, ceremonial and official occasions. [/INST] question: George IV reconstructed Buckingham House probably to _ . | options: A: please his own wife B: satisfy his son C: sell at a good price D: honor his old father | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every student in Australia must wear their school uniforms when they are at school.There are many kinds of uniforms such as suits,dresses,shorts,skirts,shirts,T-shirts and so on.
Class usually begins at 8:00 a.m.in most Australian schools,and sometimes it begins at 10:00 a.m.You needn't go to class with your schoolbag,you can put it in your own cabinet and only take a few books.There are many subjects:English,Maths,Biology,Geography,History,Physics,Chemistry ,Music,Computer,PE,Chinese Drama and so on.In a computer class,each student sits at a table and does their work.They are very quiet.The teacher goes around them to give directions to them.One class is about two hours.At noon all the students have lunch at school.Their lunch is sandwiches and some fruit.
In the afternoon there's only one class.School ends at 3:30 P.m.Some students can swim or play ball games until 5:30 P.m.Then they must go home.They seldom do homework,even the students in Grade Eleven.This is the school life of the Students in Australia. [/INST] question: In a computer class,each student is very _ . | options: A: quiet B: noisy C: happy D: sad, | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you love reading books, you must know about the book The Little Prince. It's a famous novel written by a French writer. As one of the best-selling books in history, it has been sold as many as 200 million copies in 253 languages and dialects . Now, around seventy years after the birth of the book, an American director has found a way to make it into a 3D animated film.
The book tells the story of a pilot, called The Aviator, who crashes into the desert and meets a young prince there. However, in the film, the story starts years after the crash when The Aviator is much older. He has got a new neighbor called The Little Girl, whose mother wants her to get ready to enter the grown-up world. Slowly, the Aviator shares his story with The Little Girl by writing it down and sending her a page at a time. The pages are complete with the pictures in the book, speaking about his time in the desert and taking The Little Girl to an amazing world where anything is possible.
China is the first country in the world to see the film in two versions--in Chinese and English. The film shows The Little Girl's life and tells The Little Prince's story at the same time in a beautiful way.
Huang Lei, who voices the film together with his 9-year-old daughter, says the film is like a childhood dream which is lost by most adults in this stressed-out society.
"The most touching part is that every one of us was a good-natured kid like the Little Prince, and it's a pity that this good characteristic goes away as time flies," he says.
, [/INST] question: The novel The Little Prince was written in the _ . | options: A: 1900s B: 1940s C: 1990s D: 2010s | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Each eyelid from anterior to posterior consists of thefollowing layers:1. Skin2. Subcutaneous areolar tissue3. Layer of striated muscle (orbicularis oculi andlevator palpebrae superioris in upper lid only)4. Submuscular areolar tissue5. Fibrous layer (tarsal) plate and septum orbitale6. Layer of non-striated muscle fibres (Muller'smuscle)7. Conjunctiva Layer of striated muscle. consists of orbicularis muscle which forms an oval sheet across the eyelids. It closes the eyelids and is supplied by zygomatic branch of the facial nerve. in paralysis of facial nerve there occurs lagophthalmos which may be complicated by exposure keratitis. Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS).(main muscle ) It arises from the apex of the orbit and is inseed by three pas on the skin of lid, anterior surface of the tarsal plateand conjunctiva of superior fornix. It raises the upper lid. It is supplied by a branch of oculomotor nerve Layer of non-striated muscle fibres. It consists of the palpebral muscle of Muller (ascessory muscle)which lies deep to the septum orbitale in both the lids. In the upper lid it arises from the fibres of LPS muscle in the lower lid from prolongation of the inferior rectus muscle and is inseed on the peripheral margins of the tarsal plate. It is supplied by sympathetic fibres it helps in initial 15o opening of eye . [/INST] question: Muller's muscle is supplied by: | options: A: 3rd cranial nerve B: 4th cranial nerve C: Sympathetic fibers D: Parasympathetic fibers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Luke Dollar is a scientist. He has spent many years in Madagascar studying lemurs . Here is an interview with him.
Reporter: What were you like as a kid?
Luke: As a kid, I was an explorer . I lived with my grandparents on a farm in Alabama. I spent a lot of time outdoors. It was a lot of fun and I enjoyed that. From the time I was 6 to 16 years old I was an actor. My mom asked me to audition for a show in Birmingham. I asked my mom to buy me some video games and she agreed, so I went for it and finally got the part. Later, I became a professional actor. For many years I went all over the US performing on different stages.
Reporter: How did you start to study lemurs?
Luke: When I was on the farm, I was really a wild child and came to love wild things. I did a lot of photography in high school. I became a photographer and did photography for the local paper. Then I became a student of Duke University. At Duke University there is a center -- Lemur Center. I got a job there as a work-study student and met lemurs there for the first time. In 1994, I had a chance to go to Madagascar and decided to study lemurs there. [/INST] question: Luke thinks that life on his grandparents' farm was _ . | options: A: safe B: interesting C: busy D: difficult | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ramsay Hunt syndrome Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is a complication of shingles. It is the name given to describe the symptoms of a shingles infection affecting the facial nerve. It is lower motor neuron type of facial palsy due to Varicella (herpes) zoster. Pain is often a prominent feature and vesicles are seen in the ipsilateral ear, on the hard palate and/or on anterior two third of tongue. It may involve other cranial nerves-V, VIII, IX and X and cervical branches (C2, C3 & C4) that have anastomotic communications with facial nerve. This results in features like : Anaesthesia of face Giddiness Hearing impairment along with VII nerve palsy. The mechanism of disease is reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion. The onset of palsy is preceeded by pain which may persist & become excruciating. When the rash is absent it is known as zoster sine herpete. The prognosis of Ramsay Hunt syndrome is worse than Bell's palsy. Persistent weakness is observed in 30-50% of patients and only 10% recover completely after complete loss of function without treatment. Treatment recommended is prednisone (steroid) combined with acyclvir. [/INST] question: In Ramsay Hunt syndrome, most commonly involved nerve is ? | options: A: V B: VII C: VIII D: IX | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Below are pages adapted from, _
Sochi Volunteers
* 5 December 2013 Sochi 2014 Volunteer Team is Prepared for Games
On international Volunteer Day, 5 December, the Organizing Committee of the Winter Games in Sochi presented the national "Sochi 2014 Volunteer Team", The Sochi 2014 Volunteer Team is complete, consisting of 25,000 volunteers from 26 volunteer centers across Russia as well as global volunteers.
* 6 August 2013 Sochi 2014 Sochi 2014 volunteer s meet athletics stars in Moscow
Approximately 2,000 Sochi 2014 volunteers will take part in the staging of the World Athletics Championships, which will be held in Moscow from 10-18 August.
* 30 May 2013 "Sochi 2014"volunteers on the presentation of the Olympic and Paralympic medals
In St. Petersburg during the 11th"Sport Accord", Annual International Sports Convention was held on the presentation of the Olympic and Paralympic medals.
* 11 March 2013 Sochi 2014 Volunteer Training Program Launched across Russia
On March 11, the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee launched a large-scale project for training 25,000 volunteers for the 2014Games in Sochi.
Sochi Culture Activities
* International Ballet Stars Gala, 29 January 2014
Year of Russian Culture in the United Kingdom and Year of British Culture.
* Sochi 2014 Culture Olympiad to Present History of Sports in Russia, 20 December 2013
As part of the Year of the of the Museum of the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad the " Training the Strength of the Body, Sports and the Romanov Family " exhibition will be open starting from 21 December at the Sochi Art Museum.
* Sochi 2014 Cultural Program Culminates in Grand Finale, 16 December 2013
The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee has presented an entertaining Cultural Program for the guests and participants of the Olympic Games.
* Sochi 2014 Games Fans' Anthem will Unite Spectators in the Stands, 31 October 2013
100 days before the start of the first ever Olympic Winter Games in Russia, the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad and General Partner of the Games Sberbank have unveiled the fans' anthem for the Games. The anthem will be played at all Olympic venues and will be the main song at the sports fields for the competitions.
* "White Stick" Music Festival to Take Place during the Start of Sochi 2014 Torch Relay, 7 October 2013
On 7 October, during the launch of the Olympic Torch Relay, the "White Stick" IV International charity festival will take place against the backdrop of the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad in Moscow.
* Winners of Cultural Program Competition to Perform at Sochi Games, 19 September 2013
The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee's cultural program Contest has come to an end and the winners have been announced. It took place within the framework of the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad.
* Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad to Showcase Russia's cultural diversity, 22 August 2013
From August, 25 to September 8, the "Alluring Worlds, Ethnic Russia" travelling festival will travel along the coast of the Black Sea. The festival is part of the Sochi 2014 Cultural Olympiad's Year of the Museums and will illustrate Russia's diversity. [/INST] question: Sochi 2014 Volunteer Training Program was launched on _ . | options: A: 30 May 2013 B: 11 March 2013 C: 16 December 2013 D: 19 September 2013 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever thought about what kind of job you would like to have when you grow up? Many people think that we can have only one job in our lifetime. We all know that this is not true, but quite a few people actually think this way. For example, when people choose a major in college, they think that the decisions they make now will decide their jobs for the rest of their lives. However, there are many examples where people became successful after changing their careers later in life.
J. K. Rowling, writer of the famous novel Harry Potter, was a school teacher before she began writing books. In fact, she was out of work before the first Harry Potter book came out.
Former US President Ronald Reagan began as an actor when he was a young man. He later decided that he wanted to do _ work. This kind of passion finally led him to become President of the United States.
The famous 19th century artist Vincent Van Gogh was not a painter from the beginning. He once worked as an art salesman and later became a preacher. It was only 10 years before he died that he decided to become an artist.
Careers are always open to change. The important thing is to find what you are really good at or what you really want to do. Once you find that passion, it's all a matter of how hard you try. [/INST] question: _ was a teacher before he (she) became famous. | options: A: Vincent Van Gogh B: Ronald Reagan C: J. K. Rowling D: Harry Potter | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: D- Reduced cell mutation rate. P53 is an example of a pro-apoptotic gene k/a Guardian of Genome. If DNA is damaged / mutated p53, repairs it. But if defect is beyond repair - Activation of pro-apoptotic machinery - Apoptosis Result: - Reduced cell mutation rate The p53 protein is the central monitor of stress in the cell and can be activated by anoxia, inappropriate signalling by mutated oncoproteins, or DNA damage. p53 controls the expression and activity of proteins involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. DNA damage is sensed by complexes containing kinases of the ATM/ATR family; these kinases phosphorylate p53, liberating it from inhibitors such as MDM2. Active p53 then upregulates the expression of proteins such as the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest at the G1-S checkpoint. This pause allows cells to repair DNA damage. If DNA damage cannot be repaired, p53 induces additional events that lead to cellular senescence or apoptosis. [/INST] question: Function of guardian of genome p53 is whicvh of the following? | options: A: Increase in Cell proliferation B: Evasion of Apoptosis C: Inducer of necrosis D: Reduce cell mutation rate | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Renal and pulmonary symptoms with positive c-ANCA suggest the diagnosis of Wegener's glomerulonephritis (see above explanation).
The clinical syndrome of Wegener's granulomatosis may be very similar to classical PAN or microscopic polyangiitis.
Following facts will help you to differentiate Wegener's granulomatosis from other Two -
Wegener's granulomatosis Vs classical PAN
Wegener's granulomatosis involves small vessels (arteriole, venule, capillary), while PAN involves medium size vessels.
Wegener's granulomatosis is associated with c-ANCA, while classical PAN is not associated with ANCA.
In Wegener's granulomatosis there is lung involvement, but not in classical PAN.
In Wegener's granulomatosis, there is glomerulonephritis (hematuria) without hypertension, while in classical PAN there is hypertension without glomerulonephritis.
In Wegener's granulomatosis, there is granuloma formation, while it is absent in classical PAN.
Classical PAN shows microaneurysms which are absent in Wegener's granulomatosis.
Wegner's granulomatosis Vs microscopic polyangiitis
Wegener's granulomatosis is associated with c-ANCA, while MPA is associated with p-ANCA.
Granuloma formation occurs in Wegener's granulomatosis, not in MPA.
Lung cavities and nodules are seen in Wegener's granulomatosis, but not in MPA. [/INST] question: A patient presents with respiratory symptoms i.e. a cough, hemoptysis and glomerulonephritis. His C-ANCA levels in serum were found to be raised. The most likely diagnosis is - | options: A: Goodpasteur's syndrome B: Classic polyarteritis nodosa C: Wegener's granulomatosis D: Kawasaki syndrome | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As discussed in preceding text - management options in CIN are
Ablative techniques like cryosurgery, laser vaporization therapy
Excisional methods - like LEEP (Loop electro excisional procedure) or LLETZ
(large loop excision of transformation zone), condition surgery
Hysterectomy
In general, the major drawback of ablative procedures is - it destroys the tissue and so no tissue specimen is available for additional histologic evaluation during follow-up.
Cryotherapy:
It should be considered only if. There is a minor degree of CIN localized and it is
"This method is ideal for minor degrees and localized CIN" - Dutta 6th /ed p 327
Thus in this patient - cryotherapy will not be done as she has CIN III
Laser ablation:
Rarely used in practice. Used only if CIN extends to vaginal fornices.
Remember
Most early CIN is now managed expectantly so the need for ablation is decreasing."
Hysterectomy:
As far as hysterectomy is concerned - it is taken as too radical a procedure for management of CIN and is reserved for special circumstances like recurring CIN -
Recent management says whether the patient is young or old -CIN111 should be managed by LEEP/LLETZ. [/INST] question: Treatment of choice of stage III CIN in 40-year-old female is: | options: A: Hysterectomy B: Laser coagulation C: Cryocoagulation D: Cone excision | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once home to the world's largest trading port,East London is a lovely and cultural place to
visit.Here are some of the places of interest there.
Aquarium Beachfront,Esplanade,East London
Tel:705 2637
Open daily:9 a.n5 p.m.
Fish Feeding:daily at 10:30 a.m.and 3:00 p.m
Seal Show:daily at 11:30 a.m.and 3:30 p.m.(Performances are only 10 minutes long.)
Fees:adults-PS9,children(3--16 years)PS5,school /groupsPS3 per person-
This is the o1dest aquarium in the country.It is also a large office for Tourism in East London,supplying booklets and information to the public*
Border Birders Club is one of the programs here.This is a super birding club where the whole family can have a nice Saturday walk around,looking at different types of birds and talking with the friendly members along the way.For more information,look for the notice on the nonce boards outside the Beacon Bay Library and at the Aquarium or call 735 2195*
Calgary Transport Museum
13km from East London on N6 to Stutterheim
Tel:730 7244
Open daily:9 a.m.4 p.m.
Closed:Friday&Christmas Day
Fees:adults-PS5,childrenPS3.
Fine collection of restored horse drawn vehicles,carts,wagons,buggies ,a gypsy caravan and governess cart.
Museum--The East London Museum
Upper Oxford Street(Entrance and parking in Dawson Road)
Tel:743 0686
Fax:743 3127
Open:Monday--Friday 9:30 a.m.5 p.m.;Saturday 2p.m.5p.m.:Sunday
&Public Holidays 11 a.m.4 p.m.
Fee:adultsPS5,childrenPS2,school groups&scholars in uniform are free.
Go on a wonderful adventure into the past.Best known as the home of the Coelacanth &world's only Dodo Egg,the museum also has an excellent display about the rich and color1ful Culture of Xhosa,living in South Africa.There is also a Museum Cafeteria with refreshments. [/INST] question: How much would a couple with one child pay to go to The East London Museum? | options: A: PS7 B: PS12 C: PS13 D: PS23 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Bill,
I'm glad to receive your letter,thank you for your caring for the weather and my health.But I am sorry to tell you that I have to stay at home because of the heavy fog and haze .
Since the winter last year,the fog and haze has appeared a lot of times.it has done great harm to our daily life.Many traffic accidents happened just because of the heavy fog and haze weather,more and more people have to go to see the doctor because the serious disease caused by the fog and haze ,quite a lot of flights have to be put off,a great number of people have to stay at home for fear of the poisonous air caused by the fog and haze.
According to the Chinese Academy of Science,driving car and burning coal are two main reasons.People have been told : Don't do outdoor sports;If you have to go out,wear a _ ; wash your face and clean your nose as soon as you get home.
People have realized the great harm caused by the fog and haze and the importance of protecting the environment.People all over the country are taking measures to reduce the fog and haze weather.The government suggests people go to work or school with the public traffic, such as the bus and the underground.Also we should plant more trees.
According to me, I will go to school by bike or on foot, and I won't throw the waste anywhere.In addition, I will tell the people I meet to protect the environment as possible as they can.Would you like to tell me some good ideas?I'm looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua [/INST] question: Li Hua didn't go to school because _ . | options: A: he was ill B: there was heavy rain C: there was heavy fog and haze D: because it was Sunday | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Counterfeit medicines are a widespread problem in developing countries. Like other _ , they look like real products. But counterfeit drugs may contain too much, too little or none of the active ingredients of the real thing.
People do not get the medicine they need. And in some cases the counterfeits cause death. Twenty children in Bangladesh died last year after being given acetaminophen . The medications contained ingredients that looked, smelled and tasted like the real thing. The medicine was produced by a local drug company that used a dangerous substitute to save money.
The problem of counterfeit medicines is especially serious in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The WHO estimates that up to thirty percent of medicines on sale in many of those countries are counterfeits. The problem is less widespread among industrialized countries. The WHO says counterfeits make up less than one percent of the illegal drug market in countries like the United States, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand.
But the agency also says as much as fifty percent of the medicine sold on the Internet is counterfeit.
Much is being done to fight counterfeit drugs. Several companies are developing ways to make counterfeits easier to identify . And there are existing methods, like a machine that can quickly identify chemicals in pills to confirm if the pills are real. Other ideas include things like special tracking codes for drug packages. People could send a text message with the code and get a message back, which proves that what they bought is listed in a database. Some drug makers and other companies put three-dimensional images called holograms on their products as a security device. [/INST] question: Last year twenty children in Bangladesh died because of _ . | options: A: unclean water B: acetaminophen C: unreal drugs D: online medicines | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: DISNEY's theme park, its first on the Chinese mainland, Shanghai Disneyland, has already been completed, and will open its doors on June 16, 2016. "Six is a lucky number to Chinese people," the Walt Disney Company said.
Shanghai Disneyland will host an opening celebration to welcome its first guests. At the opening, it will hold more Chinese-style activities instead of Western-style ones, because the host wants to show China's local traditional culture. "We have prepared a three-day celebration and are hiring more than 8,000 actors," Philippe Gas, Shanghai Disneyland's general manager, told Shanghai Television yesterday.
So why has Disneyland been so popular? Well, it's described as "the Happiest Place on Earth" and "a place for the young and young at heart". Disney's storytelling in rides like roller coasters is a big reason for their parks' success. "We tell a story in everything we do," Pressler said.
However, Disney's parks haven't always been popular everywhere. When Disneyland Paris opened in 1992, some French people felt that American culture was invading France. But still, the park stayed open and today it is a popular place for European visitors. [/INST] question: Why did the company decide to open on the date of "June 16, 2016"? | options: A: Because that day is quite close to the summer holiday B: Because the opening celebration won't be ready until that day C: Because the number SIX is considered to be "lucky" in China D: Because Shanghai Disneyland won't be completed until that day | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Anode
The anode in an X-ray tube consists of a tungsten target embedded in a copper stem. The purpose of the target in an X-ray tube is to convert the kinetic energy of the colliding electrons into X-ray photons. The target is made of tungsten, an element that has several characteristics of an ideal target material, including the following:
High atomic number (74)
High melting point (3422oC)
High thermal conductivity (173 W. m-1. K-1)
Low vapor pressure at the working temperature of an X-ray tube.
The focal spot is the area on the target to which the focusing cup directs the electrons and from which X-rays are produced. The sharpness of a radiographic image increases as the size of the focal spot decreases. However, the heat generated per unit target area becomes greater as the focal spot decreases in size. To take advantage of a small focal spot while distributing the electrons over a larger area of the target, the target is placed at an angle to the electron beam. The apparent size of the focal spot seen from a position perpendicular to the electron beam (the effective focal spot) is smaller than the actual focal spot size. Typically, the target is inclined about 20 degrees to the central ray of the X-ray beam; this causes the effective focal spot to be approximately 1 mm x 1 mm, as opposed to the actual focal spot, which is about 1 mm x 3 mm. This smaller effective focal spot results in a small apparent source of X-rays and an increase in the sharpness of the image, with a larger actual focal spot size to improve heat dissipation.
Key Concept [/INST] question: The component shown with the arrow is: | options: A: Anode B: Cathode C: Focal spot D: X-ray tube | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever heard of blogs ? If you haven't, you should have. It's here, it's growing and it's having an influence on our life. Surf the Internet and you'll find blogs everywhere. A blog, shortened from "weblog", is a public Internet journal written by one person or a group of people. It is a website in which a person or a group can place news, personal thoughts, text, photos, video or audio files, or links upon which visitors can comment. A blog lets you post on the Internet without having to know web design or be technical. You are given an environment to make dated entries on the topic of your choice which are "published", so other people can read them.
Authoring a blog, maintaining a blog or adding an article to an existing blog is called "blogging". Blogging has revolutionized Internet publishing in the last several years because it gives everyone with Internet access the opportunity to become an online writer. Objects, such as "text and photos" in a blog can be called "blog posts", "posts", or "entries". The person who posts these entries is called a "blogger".
Now, somewhere around the world, a blog is created almost every 6 seconds. Because it's great potential, Bill Gates views it as important as e-mail, BBS, and MSN. He's trying to make blogs the important tools for future business communications. [/INST] question: A blog is _ . | options: A: a comment B: an Internet journal C: a design D: a link | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Barrett's esophagus
Is metaplastic change of distal esophageal mucosa from normal squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium, in response to chronic gastro-esophageal reflux.
The junction between squamous esophageal mucosa and gastric mucosa moves proximally
Three types of columnar epithelium have been described in Barrett's esophagus:
intestinal type - the most common type
the junctional type and
the gastric fundic type
Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition for adenocarcinoma esophagus
"The definition of Barrett's esophagus (BE) has evolved considerably over the past decade. Traditionally, BE was identified by the presence of columnar mucosa extending at least 3 cm into the esophagus. It is now recognized that the specialized intestinal type epithelium found in the Barrett's mucosa is the only tissue predisposed to malignant degeneration. Consequently, the diagnosis of BE is presently made given any length of endoscopically indentifiable columnar mucosa that proves on biopsy to show intestinal metaplasia." - Schwartz 9/e p831 (8/e, p868)
Also remember
The hallmark of intestinal metaplasia is the presence of intestinal goblet cells. [/INST] question: Barrett's oesophagus is : | options: A: Lower oesophagus lined by columnar epithelium B: Upper oesophagus lined by columnar epithelium C: Lower oesophagus lined by ciliated epithelium D: Lower oesophagus lined by pseudostratified epithelium | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Behcet's disease, or Behcet's syndrome, is a rare and poorly understood condition that results in inflammation of the blood vessels and tissues. Confirming a diagnosis of Behcet's disease can be difficult because the symptoms are so wide-ranging and general (they can be shared with a number of other conditions)The main symptoms of Behcet's disease include: genital and mouth ulcers red, painful eyes and blurred vision acne-like spots headaches painful, stiff and swollen joints In severe cases, there's also a risk of serious and potentially life-threatening problems, such as permanent vision loss and strokes. Most people with the condition experience episodes where their symptoms are severe (flare-ups or relapses), followed by periods where the symptoms disappear (remission). Over time, some of the symptoms can settle down and become less troublesome, although they may never resolve completely.HLA-B51 (B51) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*51 gene products. B51 is a split antigen of the broad antigen B5, and is a sister serotype of B52. There are a large number of alleles within the B*51 allele group. B51 is associated with several diseases, including Behcet's disease. [/INST] question: HLA marker of bechet's syndrome - | options: A: HLA-B27 B: HLA-DR5 C: HLA-B51 D: HLA-CW6 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cheek cancer (2.5 cm) located close to and involving the lower alveolus (T4a); A single mobile ipsilateral lymph node measuring 6 cm is palpable (N2a); TNM stage is T4a N2a M0. 8TH AJCC TNM CLASSIFICATIONTx - Tumor cannot be assessedTis - Ca - in-situT1 - Tumor upto 2cm in size; up to 5mm depth of invasionT2 - Up to 2 cm in size with > 5 -10 mm depth of invasion - >2 - 4 cm, depth ofinvasion up to 10 mmT3 - Tumor up to > 4 cm in size and >10 mm depth of invasionT4a(lip)- Tumor invades through coical bone, inferior Alveolar nerve, floor of mouth,skin of chin or noseT4a(oral cavity)- Tumor invades the coical bone, mandible, maxillary sinus or skin of faceT4b - Tumor involves through masticator space, pterygoid plate Skull base and / orencases internal carotid aery Regional lymph nodeNx - Lymph node status cannot be assessedN1 - Metastasis to single ipsilateral LN up to 3 cm in greatest dimensionN2a - Metastasis to single ipsilateral LN up to > 3 -6 cm dimensionsN2b - Metastasis to multiple ipsilateral LN none >6 cm in greatest dimensionN3a - Metastasis to LN > 6 cm in greatest dimensionN3b - Metastasis to single or multiple LN with clinical Extra nodal extension MetastasisMx - Metastasis cannot be assessedM0 - No MetastasisM1 - Distant Metastasis [/INST] question: A patient with cheek cancer has a tumor of 2.5 cm located close to and involving the lower alveolus. A single mobile ipsilateral lymph node measuring 6 cm is palpable. The TNM stage is:- | options: A: T1N1M0 B: T2N2M0 C: T2N1M0 D: T4N2M0 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There was once a king who had a wise advisor. The advisor followed the king everywhere and his favorite piece of advice to the king was "Everything happens for the good."
One day the king went hunting and had a small accident. His foot was injured. Fortunately, he was not badly injured but as always he was forced to ask his advisor what he thought about the accident, to which the advisor replied, "Everything happens for the good."
This time the king was really angry and put his advisor in prison . The king then asked his advisor, "Now, what do you think?" The advisor again answered, "Everything happens for the good."
About a week later the king went on another hunting trip. As it turned out the king was caught by some cannibals and taken to their camp where he would be prepared to be their evening meal. Before putting him into the cooking pot, he was examined and the cannibals realized that the king's foot was injured. They decided to throw him back into the forests. It is the tradition for the cannibals not to eat anything that was in any way injured.
It is true that everything in our lives happens for a purpose, and most often for our own good. If you think about it, all our past experiences actually happened to bring us to where we are today and make us a better person. So whatever challenges that we may face today, consider it happening to bring us to the next level. [/INST] question: When the advisor was put in prison, he remained _ . | options: A: angry B: nervous C: calm D: upset | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some years ago on a hot summer day in south Florida, a little boy decided to go for a swim in the lake behind his house. He ran out of the back door, leaving behind shoes, socks and shirt as he went.
He flew into the water, not realizing that as he swam toward the middle of the lake, an alligator was getting close. The mother in the house was looking out of the window and saw the two as they got closer and closer together. In great fear, she ran toward the water, shouting to her son as loudly as she could. Hearing her voice, the little boy made a U--turn to swim to his mother. It was too late. Just as he reached her, the alligator reached him. The mother caught her little boy by the arms just as the alligator pulled his legs. That began an unbelievable tug-of-war between _ . The alligator was much stronger than the mother, but the mother did her best not to let go. A farmer happened to drive by, heard their screams, rushed from his truck and helped them.
Luckily, after weeks and weeks in the hospital, the little boy survived. His legs were seriously scarred by the terrible attack of the animal. And on his arms, were deep scars where his mother's fingernails dug into his arms in her effort to pull the son she loved.
The newspaper reporter, who interviewed the boy, asked if he would show him his scars. The boy lifted the legs. And then, he said to the reporter, "Look at my arms. I have great scars on my arms, too. I have them because my mum wouldn't let go." [/INST] question: _ was in the middle of the lake. | options: A: An alligator B: The boy C: Mother D: Father | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: KLUMPKEY'S PARALYSIS:- Lower plexus injury.Caused by undue abduction of the arm as in clutching something with hand after a fall from a height, or sometimes in bih injury. NERVE ROOTS INVOLVED: C8 and T1 nerve roots involved. MUSCLES PARALYSED: Intrinsic muscles of the hand{T1} Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers. DEFORMITY AND POSITION OF THE HAND: Claw hand due to the unopposed action of the long flexors and extensors of the fingers. In a claw hand, there is hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the interphalangeal joints. DISABILITY: Biceps and supinator jerks are lost complete claw hand cutaneous anesthesia and analgesia in a narrow zone along the ulnar border of the forearm and hand. HORNER.S SYNDROME: If T1 is injured proximal to white ramus communicans to the first thoracic sympathetic ganglion, there is ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmos, and loss of ciliospinal reflex may be associated. this is because of injury to sympathetic fibers to the head and neck that leave the spinal cord through nerve T1. VASOMOTOR CHANGES: The skin area with sensory loss is warmer due to aeriolar dilatation. It is also drier due to the absence of sweating as there is loss of sympathetic activity. TROPHIC CHANGES: Longstanding cases of paralysis leads to dry and scaly skin. The nails crack easily with atrophy of the pulp of fingers. [/INST] question: Klumpkey&;s paralysis affect | options: A: C5 C6 B: C6 C7 C: C8 T1 D: C4 C5 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The air bag is a piece of safety equipment in cars. It was first designed by John W. Hetrick in 1952. Like many inventions, he came up with the idea as a result of an event that had occurred in his life. He says:
"In the spring of 1952, my wife, my seven-year-old daughter, Joan, and I were out for a Sunday drive in our 1948 Chrysler Windsor. About three miles outside Newport we were watching for deer jumping across the road. Suddenly, there was a large rock in our path. I hit the brakes and we went into a ditch .
"As I applied the brakes, both my wife and I threw our hands up to keep our daughter from hitting the car. There was soft mud in the ditch, so the car wasn't damaged, and no one was hurt."
"During the ride home I couldn't stop thinking about the accident. I asked myself,'Why couldn't some object come out to stop you from striking the inside of the car?'As soon as I got home that night I drew some sketches . Each evening for the following two weeks, I'd add or reduce something from the sketches."
Hetrick applied an event he had observed while in the Navy to the design of the air bag. He was repairing a torpedo which had a cloth covering. When the compressed air that was in the torpedo was let out, the covering was suddenly filled with air and was shot to the ceiling.
With this knowledge, he developed his design until he was able to obtain a patent on the invention on August 5, 1952. The idea was similar to the air bag designs of today. Compressed air is stored in a container and when a traffic accident occurs and the car slows down at a rapid enough rate, the air will be released into the air bag. The idea was _ , but Hetrick's air bag never would have functioned properly. It was really a breakthrough, but it would require years and years of designing and testing by some top car designers before it could be used. [/INST] question: The car accident Hetrick was involved in _ . | options: A: damaged his car B: happened in 1948 C: was caused by a deer D: caused no harm to his family | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the question there is simple injury by a dangerous weapon, hence 324 IPC IPC Sections related to Hu etc:- 319. Definition of Hu (Any Bodily pain, Infirmity or Disease) 320. Definition of Grievous hu. 321 Defines Voluntarily causing hu 322 DefinesVoluntarily causing Grievous hu 323 Punishment for causing hu: Up to 01 year, fine up to 1000 Rs 324 Punishment for causing Hu by dangerous weapon: Up to 03 years, or fine 325 Punishment for causing Grievous hu: Up to 07 years, and also fine. 326 Punishment for Grievous hu by dangerous weapons: Imprisonment for life, or up to 10 yrs, and fine 326 A Causing grievous hu by throwing acid: Minimum ten years and maximum upto life 326 B Throwing or attempting to throw acid: Minimum 5 years and maximum upto 7 years) 330 Causing hu to exto confession, or to compel restoration of propey. 331 Causing grievous hu to exto confession, or to compel restoration of propey. 334 Punishment for Hu on provocation: Up to 01 month, or with fine up to 500 rupees, or both. 335 Punishment for Grievous hu on provocation: Up to 04 years or with fine up to 2000 rupees [/INST] question: Mr.X fired his gun at Mr.Y who moved and escaped with the bullet only grazing his arm. There was only a little bleeding and no other significant injury. Mr. X is liable for arrest under which section of IPC? | options: A: 302 B: 304 C: 324 D: 326 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A huge shire horse in Australia has been declared the biggest horse in the world by its owner , beating the current Guinness World Record by several inches .
The huge five-year-old , from Pakenham , S. E Australia , measures an amazing 20.1 hands , or 2.057m tall . He weighs over 1.3 tons ( 1,300kg) -- about the same as a small car -- and is still growing . His owner , horse trainer Jane Greenman , 47 , says the only time the horse runs is when there is food on offer . " He eats an unbelievable amount . I would hate to run a team of eight horses his size--it would send you broke . " she says .
The massive horse , whose name is Noddy , was born in Australia with its parents imported from England . Noddy's grandfather , Ladbrooke Edward (UK) was the world's tallest horse during the 1980's .But Jane had no idea that the horse she raised from the age of six months would grow this big . Noddy immediately began to rocket and soon overtook both his parents in size .
Although she says that she is not interested in the Guiness Book of World Records , nevertheless Jane has carried out her own research and is sure that Noddy comes top . " The nearest is a horse in Texas , at 20 hands ," says Jane . " Noddy is already an inch taller than that . The frightening thing is he still hasn't finished--shire horses aren't fully grown until they're about six or seven ."
Jane has said that Noddy could be sold overseas , possibly even fetching a record price to match his height . She is unwilling to sell , but to fund the high cost of keeping him she needs to put him to work . " He needs a job . It's very hard to find jobs for such a big horse in Australia . I wish he could stay here but I've tried everywhere , " she says regretfully . " I just want people to enjoy this beautiful animal as much as I do ." [/INST] question: How old is the horse now ? | options: A: Six months old B: Five years old C: Two years old D: Six years old | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All 20 children who died in a shooting at a school in Connecticut were aged between six and seven, according to an official list of the dead.
The state's chief medical examiner said the gunman used a rifle as his main weapon, and all the victims appeared to have been shot several times.
The gunman, named in media reports as Adam Lanza, killed his mother before driving to the school and opening fire.
Six adults, all women, were also killed before the gunman shot himself dead.
The head teacher at Sandy Hook school in Newtown, Dawn Hochsprung, is listed among the dead, along with adults Rachel DaVino, Anne Marie Murphy, Lauren Russo, Mary Sherlach and Victoria Soto.
Eight boys and 12 girls were killed - all but four of them were aged six.
The youngest, Noah Pozner, celebrated his birthday only last month.
A woman who worked at the school was the only person to be shot and survive.
Scores of people have left flowers at a memorial outside the school, and on Saturday evening hundreds attended a candlelight vigil .
President Barack Obama is to visit Newtown on Sunday to meet families and speak at an interfaith vigil at the town's high school.
After the attack, he urged "meaningful action" against gun crime in the US.
"As a country we have been through this too many times," he said in an emotional White House address. [/INST] question: How many people of the school got shot during this heartbreaking event? | options: A: 26 B: 27 C: 20 D: 12 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Most patients are euthyroid and present with a slow-growing painless mass in the neck Dysphagia, dyspnea, & dysphonia are usually associated with locally advanced invasive disease. Lymph node metastases are common, especially in children and young adults, and may be the presenting complaint. The so called 'lateral aberrant thyroid', almost always denotes a cervical lymph node that has been invaded by metastatic cancer. Diagnosis is established by FNAB of the thyroid mass or lymph node" - Schwartz Surgery
More about Papillary Ca thyriod
PTC is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma
More common in females with female : male ratio of 2 : 1.
Mean age at presentation is 30 to 40 years
Most common presentation is a painless nodule in neck or a cervical lymph node (lateral aberrant thyroid) Spread to the lymph nodes is common but blood borne metastasis is unusual.
Multiple foci may occur in the same lobe as the primary tumor or, less commonly in both lobes (this may be due to lymphatic spread in the rich intrathyroidal lymph plexus, or due to multicentric growth).
Diagnosis is confirmed by FNA biopsy of the thyroid mass or lymph node. [/INST] question: Papillary ca thyroida) Most common thyroid cancerb) Psammoma bodies seenc) Encapsulatedd) Blood borne metastasis is common | options: A: ab B: bc C: acd D: abc | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Street art is very popular around the world. You can find it on buildings, street signs and trash cans from Tokyo to Paris, from Moscow to Cape Town. Street art has become a global culture and even art museums are collecting the works of street artists.
People have different opinions about street art. Some think it is bad, but others think it is a very beautiful new culture.
Street art began in New York in the 1960s. This style of drawing and writing became know as graffiti. Graffiti art showed that young people wanted to rebel against the rules. They traveled around cities to make paintings that everyone could see.
One well-known New York street artist is Swoon. She cuts paper pictures of people and puts them on walls. Swoon didn't start as street artist. She studied art but, later, got bored with the works she saw in museums. Then she fell in love with graffiti. The people in New York enjoy Swoon's style. Some museums have already bought some of her works.
Street artists do their work for some reasons. A number of them choose street art because it is closer to the everyday life.
Nowadays the Internet has a big influence on street art. Artists can show their pictures to people around the world. Many people in the city, however, say that seeing a picture on the Internet is never as good as seeing it live . [/INST] question: Where did street art begin? | options: A: In Paris B: In New York C: In Tokyo D: In Cape Town | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lupus anticoagulant They have asked about antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Antiphospholipid antibodies account for 3% to 5% of patients with repetitive pregnancy losses. The frequency of fetal death and recurrent aboion in untreated patients with antiphospholipid antibodies is greater than 90%. There are several antiphospholipid antibodies. The most relevant to obstetricians are: - The lupus anticoagulant (LAC), - The anticardiolipin antibody and - The antibody that cause false positive syphilis test (BFP-ST). The name lupus anticoagulant was derived from the fact that this antibody was found first in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and acted as an anticoagulant by prolonging the paial thromboplastin time (PTT). This name was a poor choice because soon it was found that lupus anticoagulant was present in many patients who did not have lupus and that in majority of patients the antibody was responsible for episodes of thrombosis, rather than anticoagulation. In the laboratory, LAC is not measured directly. - It is assessed by its effect on PTT and the kaolin clotting time. - Typically patients with lupus anticoagulant have a prolonged PTT and a normal PT. - Unfounately, a normal PTT does not exclude the possibility of LAC, and if the clinical suspicion is strong and the PIT is normal a kaolin clotting time or a dilute Russel viper venom time should be performed. - It has also been found that some patients with LAC and recurrent aboions have elevated values of serum 1gM. Other antiphospholipid antibodies The anticardiolipin antibody is the antiphospholipid antibody, most commonly found in patients with repetitive early pregnancy losses. Anlicardiolipin antibody is found in 90% of patients with L.A.C. but the majority of patients with positive anticardiolipin antibody do not have L.A.C. - Anticardiolipin antibody is measured in the laboratory by the ELISA test. BFP-ST - It is the less common antiphospholipid antibody. - Both BFP-ST and Anticardiolipin antibody, measure the antibody against cardiolipin but they are not the same. Clinical features of antiphospholipid antibodies. The presence of any or several of the three antiphospholipid antibodies is associated with - Recurrent early pregnancy losses. - Episodes of venous and aerial thrombosis - Severe preeclampsia - Chorea gravidarum - Pilo ischemic strokes, transient ischemic episodes, migraine headaches. - Postpaum complications such as pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and cardiac symptoms. Aboions in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome - Typically these patients give a history of a live fetus documented by ultrasound or by Doppler before demise or aboion occurs. The majority of the pregnancy losses occur between 14 and 18 weeks. Fetal death is these patients is caused by extensive thrombosis of the placental vessels and the placenta is usually smaller than expected for the gestational age. [/INST] question: A female with recurrent aboion and isolated prolonged APTT is most likely associated with | options: A: >Lupus anticoagulant B: >DIC C: >Von wilebrand disease D: >Hemophilia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bungee jumping is not a new activity. Men on Pentecost Island in the South Pacific have been doing land jumping for hundreds of years. The men tie long vines from plants around their ankles . They spend days building tall towers out of vines and logs . Then they jump off _
According to their beliefs, the first land diver was a woman. She decided to run away from her rude husband. So she climbed up a tall tree and tied some vines around her feet. Her husband also climbed up the tree and tried to catch her, but the woman jumped and the man followed. The vines saved her life, but her husband died.
This ancient custom caught the interest of some students at Oxford University in England. In the late 1970s, they formed a group called the Dangerous Sports Club. They were some of the first people to test several of what are now called extreme sports. They are said to have invented modern bungee jumping.
In the spring of 1979, members of the group jumped off the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, England. They were attached to the bridge by a bungee cord, a long elastic rope that stretches. The group soon received even more attention when they organized a bungee jump off the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California.
A man named A. J. Hackett of New Zealand decided to make the sport into a business. He started developing bungee ropes and material with a friend. They held a major jump in 1987 off the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. They later got permission to open the first bungee jumping operation on the Kawarau Bridge in Queenstown, New Zealand. Many people paid 75 dollars to jump off the bridge with a bungee cord attached to their ankles. [/INST] question: The Dangerous Sports Club first caught people's attention when they jumped off _ . | options: A: the Eiffel Tower B: the Kawarau Bridge C: the Golden Gate Bridge D: the Clifton Suspension Bridge | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Misery and setbacks are not always as terrible as one imagines. Hard times can offer new ways of looking at life that would otherwise never be known. And, if you are a writer, this can be the source of much of your success.
Popular British author, Charles Dickens' (1812-1870)family could hardly make ends meet. They could only afford to send one of their six children to school. Dickens was not that child. His parents chose to send a daughter, who had a talent for music, to an academy. Then at the age of 12, Dickens' life took another turn for the worse.
His father, a clerk, was placed in prison for unpaid debts. And, being the oldest male left at home, Dickens took up work at a factory. His horrible experience there became the fuel for his future writing. His father was freed three months later and inherited a small amount of money. Dickens was then sent to school.
From 1836 to 1837, he wrote a monthly series of stories. Thus thePickwick Papers, came into being, which brought fame to the 23-year-old man.
Throughout his career, Dickens covers various situations in his novels. He wrote about the miserable lives of the poor inOliver Twist, the French Revolution in Tale of Two Cities, and social reform inHard Times. He also wroteDavid Copperfield, a book thought to be modeled on his own life.
"I do not write bitterly or angrily: for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am," he once said. His difficult childhood did indeed shape the person he became, as well as his writing career. There are _ young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters, including David Copperfield and Oliver Twist.
Like the author, all these characters come from poor beginnings and are able to rise above their setbacks and achieve success. "Minds, like bodies, will often fall into an ill-conditioned state from too much comfort," he once wrote. On June 9th, 1870, aged 58, Dickens died, leaving one unfinished work.The words on his tombstone read: "He was a sympathizer to the poor, the suffering and the oppressed, and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world." [/INST] question: The book that first called public attention to Dickens was _ . | options: A: the Pickwick Papers B: Oliver Twist C: Tale of Two Cities D: David Copperfield | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We may know that there are four basic stages that human beings pass through when they enter and live in a new culture. This process, which helps us to deal with culture shock , is the way our head and our personality react to(...) the strange new things we meet with when we move from one culture to another.
Culture begins with the "honeymoon stage". This is the time when we first arrive in which everything about the new culture is strange and exciting. We see new things, hear new sounds and language, eat new kinds of food. This stage can last for quite a long time because we feel we are very excited.
Unluckily, the second stage can be more difficult. After we have got used to our new life, we can become very tired and begin to miss our homeland and our family, friends, pets. All the little problems in life seem to be much bigger and more disturbing when you face them in a foreign culture. This time of cultural adjustment can be very difficult and lead to pulling away from the new culture.
The third stage is called the "adjustment stage". This is when you begin to realize that things are not so bad in the host culture. Your sense of humor usually becomes stronger and you realize that you are becoming stronger by learning to take care of yourself in the new place. Things are still difficult, but you are now a survivor!
The fourth stage can be called "at ease at last". Now you feel quite comfortable in your new place. You can deal with most problems that you have. You may still have problems with the language, but you know you are strong enough to deal with them.
There is a fifth stage of culture shock which many people don't know about. This is called
"reverse culture shock". Surprisingly, this happens when you go back to your own culture and find that you have changed and that things there have changed while you have been away. Now you feel a little uncomfortable back home. Life is a struggle! [/INST] question: How do you feel during the first stage of culture shock? | options: A: Lonely and sad B: Bored and homesick C: Angry and impatient D: Happy and excited | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A recent report from Fuzhou Daily says about 18% of Fuzhou teenagers can have problems with their minds(,).Some students become worried because they have to study very hard. Others have trouble getting on well with people like their parents and classmates.
Zhang Qiong, a junior 2 student from Fuzhou, could not understand his teachers in class and was doing badly in his lessons. He was afraid of exams. When he looked at the exam paper, he couldn't think of anything to write. Another student, a15-year-old girl called Wu Yuan from Xiamen often argued ( ) with herclassmates even her parents because of some difficult ideas. She became so angry with them that she started to cut her finger with a knife.
However, many students who have problems won't go for advice or help. Some think they will look stupid if they go to see a doctor. Others don't want to talk about their secrets. here is some advice for the teenagers to solve the problems: Firstly, talk to your parents or teachers often. Secondly, take part in group activities and do sports. Thirdly, go to see a doctor if you feel unhappy or unwell. [/INST] question: It is reported that students in Fuzhou can have _ problems with their minds. | options: A: most B: many C: some D: all the | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Dorsal part of the 1st ectodermal cleft) (357-IBS 8th) (317-I.B.Singh 8th)External acoustic meatus is derived from the dorsal part of the first ectodermal cleft. However, its deeper part is formed by proliferation of its lining epithelium.FATE OF ENDODERMAL POUCHESA. First pouch(a) Its ventral part is obliterated by formation of the tongue(b) Its dorsal part receives a contribution from the dorsal part of the second pouch, and these two together form a diverticulum that grows towards the region of the developing ear. This diverticulum that grows towards the region of the developing ear. This diverticulum is called the trubotympanic recess. The proximal part of this recess gives rise to the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube, and the distal part to the, middle ear cavity including the tympanic antrumB. Second Pouch(a) The epithelial of the ventral part of this pouch contributes to the formation of the tonsil(b) The dorsal part takes part in the formation of the tubotympanic recessC. Third Pouch- give rise to inferior parathyroid gland & ThymusD. Fourth Pouch- gives origin to the superior parathyroid glands and may contribute to the Thyroid glandE. Fifth or Ultimobranchial pouch- give rise to ultimobranchial body (some species) & caudal pharyngeal complex [/INST] question: External acoustic meatus is derived from | options: A: Dorsal part of the first ectodermal cleft B: Ventral part of the first ectodermal cleft C: Dorsal part of the 2nd ectodermal cleft D: Ventral part of the 2nd ectodermal cleft | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Today is Mom's birthday, Mosh," Nick said. "Let's make her favorite banana bread and surprise her."Nick took out a cookbook. "I'll read the recipe, and you follow it. Get out a bowl and a spoon while I turn on the oven." Nick read from the cookbook. "First, mash the bananas in the bowl."
The robot put the bananas into the bowl and was going to mash them with its hands. "Stop!" Nick said. "Let's try this again. Peel the bananas, put them in the bowl, and mash them with the spoon." Nick watched when Mosh peeled the bananas and put the peel into the bowl. Again, Nick told Mosh to stop. Then he showed the robot which part of each banana should go into the bowl.
Then Nick read, "Add the eggs. No, wait," he said right away. Nick cracked the eggs into the bananas.
"Last, add flour , milk and sugar," Nick said. "Mix everything together. Then pour the batter into the bread pan." Mosh followed Nick's orders while Nick read the cookbook.
"I'll put this in the oven," Nick picked up the pan.
Just then Kelly came into the room. "What happened in here?" she felt surprised.
Nick answered, "Mosh and I are making banana bread for Mom's birthday. It is a lot of work, but I think she will be surprised."
"If you want it to be a good surprise for Mom," Kelly laughed, "you need to give Mosh one more order. Clean up!" [/INST] question: Why did Nick decide to make banana bread? | options: A: Because his robot liked it a lot B: Because it was his favorite food C: Because it was his mother's birthday D: Because no one else cooked dinner for him | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Does being one of the younger students mean you have more of an excuse to make mistakes?
The Taiwanese pop duo Sweety, both 18 years old, will never do _ .
Starting to sing at age 14,Esther Lau and Joanne Tseng were among the youngest performers in their company.Over the years, they have learnt to be strict with themselves.
"No one forces us,but we have to work very hard to get to the top," they said."The early bird gets the worm."
Recently,they have brought their new CD, "Sweet Talk" to Beijing.Their songs are as sweet as their honey looks.
Although their voices go together well,they have different personalities.Esther is outgoing,while Joanne looks shy.
They also have different ways to set life goals."I have to make short-term goals and realize them one by one," said Esther.
But Joanne said she sets longer goals."I like to keep one final goal in my heart and work hard to reach it," she says.
Esther studies English at a college.She hopes to be a teacher someday.
Joanne says she has got a business mind from her father.Perhaps she'll be a boss someday! [/INST] question: Esther Lau and Joanne Tseng have the same _ . | options: A: age B: personalities C: ways to set life goals D: voices | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A few years ago,my friend Al won the lottery. It changed his life. He did not have a rich family. He was not born with a silver spoon in his mouth. Instead,my friend was always hard up for cash. He did not have much money. And the money he did earn was chicken feed -- very little.
Sometimes Al even had to accept handouts,gifts from his family and friends. But do not get me wrong. My friend was not a deadbeat. He was not the kind of person who never paid the money he owed. He simply _ pennies. He was always very careful with the money he spent. In fact,he was often a cheapskate. He did not like to spend money. The worst times were when he was flat broke and had no money at all.
One day,Al scraped together a few dollars for a lottery ticket. He thought he would never strike it rich or gain lots of money unexpectedly. But his combination of numbers was chosen and he won the lottery. He hit the jackpot. He won a great deal of money.
Al was so excited. The first thing he did was buy a costly new ear. He splurged on the one thing that he normally would not buy. Then he started spending money on unnecessary things. He started to waste it. It was like he had money to burn. He had more money than he needed and it was burning a hole in his pocket so he spent it quickly.
When we got together for a meal at a restaurant,Al paid every time. He would always foot the bill,and pick up the tab. He told me the money made him feel like a million dollars. He was very happy.
But,Al spent too much money. Soon my friend was down and out again. He had no money left. He was back to being strapped for cash. He had spent his bottom dollar, his very last amount. He did not even build up a nest egg. He had not saved any of the money.
I admit I do feel sorry for my friend. He had enough money to live like a king. Instead,he is back to living on a shoestring--a very low budget. Some might say he is penny wise and pound foolish. He is wise about small things,but not about important things. [/INST] question: How did Al feel at first after he bought a lottery ticket? | options: A: He expected to win the lottery B: He was excited to wait for the money C: He didn't think he could win the lottery D: He regretted spending money for a lottery ticket | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some businesses and apartment buildings are telling kids to go away. A device called the Mosquitois being used in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New York to keep kids from gathering in big groups and causing trouble.
The Mosquitomakes a noise that only kids can hear. About 3000Mosquitounits have been fixed in the United Kingdom. In the United States, managers of an apartment building in New York City recently fixed one to keep noisy kids from taking over the building's entrance-hall.
A children's rights agency in England wants the device forbidden. The agency says the device unfairly targets teens. Some also worry that the high sounds could hurt young ears. Fans of the Mosquito say it keeps kids out of trouble and off private property.
"Mosquito devices violate the human rights of kids. The use of the devices is targeted at kids because it considers all kids as troublemakers. The devices are also harmful because the noise could hurt kids' hearing. Besides violating our rights, the Mosquitois dangerous. It could hurt the ears and the hearing of teens, babies and animals because they are more sensitive," says California eighth grader Kelly Straky. "It is not right to place the device in a public place. Teenagers have as much right to public places as adults. I listened to theMosquitosound, and it was extremely loud. It hurts not only your ears but also your whole head. It isn't just annoying; it's painful. It should not be allowed."
Fans of the Mosquitobelieve that property owners have a right to decide who can be on their property and who cannot.Mosquitodevices are a method of protecting private property and keeping the peace. Property laws are put into place to protect the public.
"Yes, I do believe that the rights of teens should be valued, but we must always put ourselves in other people's shoes and see the other side. In this case, doing so allows people to understand the negative effects, such as crime, that loitering can have on an area or a community," said Kayla Hill from New York. [/INST] question: Who are probably fans of the Mosquito? | options: A: Teachers B: Agents C: Shop owners D: Lawyers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Coicosteroids These are potent anti-inflammatory drugs and also decrease bronchial hyperreactivity and mucosal edema. Anti-inflammatory action is due to decreased recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as decreased production of PGs and LTs. These are not bronchodilators but increase the sensitivity to b2 agonists. Beta-2 agonists also increase the effect of steroids by enhancing the action of glucocoicoid receptors. Inhaled steroids include beclomethasone, budesonide, mometasone, fluticasone, flunisolide and triamcinolone. These have very little oral absorption and thus little systemic activity after inhalation (>90% reaches GIT after inhalational route, only 4-5% is retained in lungs). Hoarseness of voice and oropharyngeal candidiasis are very common adverse effects. Candidiasis can be prevented by gargling after each dose and topical nystatin (can be used for treatment also). Theophyllineincreases the effects of steroids byactivatingenzymehistone deacetylasewhich is the target for steroids as well. [/INST] question: Mechanism of action of coicosteroids in asthma is:- | options: A: Decreases mucosal edema by suppressing inflammatory response B: Mast cell stabilization C: Cause bronchodilation D: Leukotriene receptor antagonism | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All of the people have ambitions. An ambition is something we want to do, want to have, or want to be. A student's ambition, for example, might be to pass his or her exams. An athlete's ambition could be to win an important competition. A businessman's ambition is usually to make a lot of money.
Not all ambitions are about success at work, however. Some people just want to be good people, have a happy family or help others.
Ben's ambition is to be a sports writer. He writes the sports reports for his class newspaper. He likes most sports, but swimming and football are his favorites.
Trudy's ambition is to be a concert pianist. She is very serious about it and practices every day with her best friend Lily. It is very important to her.
Harry's ambition changes every day! One day he wants to be an astronaut. The next day he wants to be a pop singer. Then he wants to drive a racing car. His mother would be happy if his ambition was to get up in time for school every day!
What is your ambition? [/INST] question: What does a businessman want? | options: A: To pass the exams B: To win a competition C: To make a lot of money D: To get a good job | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "It is obvious that China will climb up university rankings in the years to come."This statement from Phil Baty, editor of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, lines up with China's optimism that it will produce world-class universities. But there are still difficulties to overcome, experts say.
Universities from China's mainland slipped in the 2011-2012 Times' global rankings. Peking University dropped 12 places from last year to 49th, and Tsinghua University fell to 71st place. Among Asian universities, Peking is ranked No. 4 and Tsinghua No. 8.
A combination of factors determines rankings -- research output, study environment, reputation and international outlook.
Due to China's economic development, investment in education and research has increased, but the quality of education and research in Chinese academia seems not to have kept pace.
The gauge is the number of papers published in highly respected English-language journals, so while many papers are being produced in China, it appears not all are good enough to attract international attention.
Still, higher education in China is developing quickly, thanks in part to huge government investment. China spent an amount equal to 3.69 percent of GDP on education last year, according to Ministry of Finance data.
China has the largest and one of the fastest growing higher education systems in the world -- 2,723 schools for 31 million students. Enrollment has increased more than four times from 2001 to 2011. [/INST] question: What's Phil Baty's attitude towards the future of Chinese universities? | options: A: Unconcerned B: Uncertain C: Optimistic D: Worried | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin, including Beethoven's Ode to Joy, with the word "Joy" changed to "Freedom" in the lyrics sung.The orchestra were drawn from both East and West Germany, as well as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
Freedom was in the air and it was not just for people. The wall between East and West Germany had also kept a large population of wild pigs within the eastern forests of Brandenburg.The wall's falling down made it easier for the big pigs--a very big one can weigh over 300 pounds--to leave the woodlands and walk into the town. Warm winters and easy access to food have helped the population increase. Now about 10,000 wild pigs walk around Berlin.
The nature of the beast has added to the boom ."The pigs are intelligent," says Marc Franusch, a spokesman for the Berlin forestry department. "They learn to use the neighborhoods.They get used to people, dogs, and traffic."
The wild pigs tend to travel in small groups and have been found searching rubbish and gardens, feeding their piglets in the shadow of parked cars, and crossing busy roads.On average, the animals are involved in one traffic accident every day. And despite the fact that it's illegal, some Berliners have been known to give the pigs food.
Though wild pigs are protected under German law, the city's forestry department is permitted to kill 2,000 of the creatures every year, targeting mostly young adult animals in forests surrounding Berlin. Pigs within city limits are only shot if they make an immediate threat.No humans have yet been seriously wounded by them, but local dogs have been the victims of their tusks. "The forestry department is not aiming to get rid of the pigs," explains Franusch, "but we do have to reduce dangerous situations." [/INST] question: The following factors contribute to the boom of wild pigs EXCEPT _ . | options: A: the Berlin Wall B: adequate food C: their own nature D: warm winter | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A group of swimmers has described how a group of dolphins protected them from a group of white sharks off the coast of New Zealand. The lifeguards were on a training swim when they came across a group of great white sharks before the dolphins raced in to help.
The swimmers were surrounded by the dolphins for forty minutes before they were able to make them safety back to the beach. It was an uncomfortable experience as they were circled by a group of white sharks, which came within a couple of meters of them. Lifeguard Rob Howes was in the water with a colleague and his teenage daughter. He said around half a dozen dolphins suddenly appeared and forced them to gather together. The mammals swam in tight circles to create a protective wall between the white sharks and the lifeguards as the great white sharks were under the surface.
The swimmers said the dolphins were extremely upset and repeatedly slapped the water with their tails as if to try to prevent the white sharks from attacking them. It's a day they'll never forget, especially for one who was on her first day as _ They have no doubt that the dolphins acted on purpose to protect them. Researchers have said that they're not surprised. A marine biologist insisted that dolphins, which are considered to be one of the most intelligent mammals, "like to help the helpless." [/INST] question: How many swimmers are attacked by the white sharks? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Four D: Five | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tu Youyou, aged 85, is a medical scientist at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine.she has just become the first Chinese woman to win a Nobel prize, for helping discover artemisinin,a new kind of medicine known as "Qing-hao-su" in Chinese in 1971 and dihydroartemisinin, used also to treat malaria .
The discovery of "Qing-hao-su" and its use in treating malaria are regarded as the most important breakthrough in tropical medicine in the 20th century. It is also a major health improvement for people in developing tropical countries in south Asia, Africa, and South America.
This is the first time her work has been widely recognized in China, and it also marks the first time China has won a Nobel prize in the sciences.The last time a Chinese national won a Nobel Prize was in 2012, when Mo Yan got the literature award.
Tu also received several medical awards in the past including the 2011 Lasker Award in Clinical Medicine for the same achievements.Tu was the first native Chinese who was educated and works in China to win the Lasker award, too. [/INST] question: Tu Youyou was born in _ . | options: A: 1920 B: 1930 C: 1940 D: 1950 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 1977, Irene Pepperberg of Harvard University began studying what was on another creature's mind by talking to it. Her first experiments began with Alex. Alex was a one-year-old African grey parrot and Irene taught him to produce the sounds of the English language. "I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world."
At the time, most scientists didn't believe animals had any thoughts. They thought animals were more like robots but didn't have the ability to think or feel. Of course, if you own a pet you probably disagree. But it is the job of a scientist to prove this and nowadays more scientists accept that animals can think for themselves.
"That's why I started my studies with Alex," Irene said, "Some people actually called me crazy for trying this."
Nowadays, we have more and more evidence that animals have all sorts of mental abilities. Sheep can recognize faces. Chimpanzees use a variety of tools and even use weapons to hunt. And Alex the parrot became a very good talker.
Thirty years after the Alex studies began. Irene was still giving him English lessons up until his recent death. For example, if Alex was hungry he could say "want grape". Alex could count to six and was learning the sounds for seven and eight. "He has to hear the words over and over before he can correctly say them." Irene said, after pronouncing "seven" for Alex a few times in a row. Alex could also tell the difference between colors, shapes, sizes, and materials (e.g. wood and metal). Before he finally died, Alex managed to say "seven".
Another famous pet that proved some animals have greater mental skills was a dog called Rico. He appeared on a German TV game show in 2011. Rico knew the names of 200 different toys and easily learned the names of new ones. When Rico became famous, many other dog owners wanted to show how clever their pets were. Another dog called Betsy could understand 300 words.
One theory for dogs' ability to learn a language is that they have ben close companions to humans for many centuries and so their ability to understand us is constantly evolving . While animals can't do what humans do yet, some scientists believe that examples like Alex and Rico prove that evolution develops intelligence, as well as physical appearance. [/INST] question: Irene wanted to find out _ . | options: A: what a parrot thinks B: why a parrot can speak C: how parrots make sounds D: if parrots speak English | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yesterday, I overheard our 9-year-old son, Aaron, talking to his friend, Zach.
"Oh, God!" Zach began, peering in Aaron's closet. "Where are all your toys?"
"Oh, we are doing something called 'Simplicity Plan' , so I basically got rid of 80% of my staff."
"What? Did your mom and dad make you do this?"
"No. I decided to do it because I wanted to. When I give away a lot of my things, I have time for family activities. I did it because I wanted to live differently and have less staff in my life."
"But still, why would you choose to get rid of most of your toys?"
"Part of the reason is that my parents were doing it with their stuff. And my mom talked to me about it and explained how they felt happier afterwards. And I thought maybe I really had spent a lot of my time in my room playing with toys instead of spending time with my parents and sister." "I feel proud because I am a person who has just what I need and not more. And I'm starting new activities like writing how I feel, reading more, and spending more time doing housework around the house."
"Ok. Let me get this straight. You have fewer toys, more housework, and you feel happier?"
"Well, it's not that the housework is fun. But I do it with my parents. We talk and connect while we are doing it, so that is the fun. And we've been doing more activities together, like reading aloud at night. And on weekends, we have conversations or go out together, instead of my dad being at his computer, my mom cleaning and me playing with my toys."
"Maybe you are right." [/INST] question: When Zach found Aaron's toys were gone, he was _ . | options: A: proud B: surprised C: relaxed D: excited | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some amino acids (isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) are both glucogenic and ketogenic because their degradation pathway forms multiple products.a. Amino acids that are converted to pyruvate (see Figure I).(1). The amino acids that are synthesized from the intermediates of glycolysis (serine, glycine, cysteine, and alanine) are degraded to form pyruvate.(a). Serine is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis, or directly to pyruvate and NH4+ by serine dehydratase, an enzyme that requires PLP.(b). Glycine, in a reversal of the reaction utilized for its synthesis, reacts with methylene-FH4 to form serine.1. Glycine also reacts with FH4 and NAD+ to produce CO2 and NH4+ (glycine cleavage enzyme).2. Glycine can be converted to glyoxylate, which can be oxidized to CO2 and H2 O or converted to oxalate.(c). Cysteine forms pyruvate. Its sulfur, which was derived from methionine, is converted to H2 SO4 , which is excreted by the kidneys.(d). Alanine can be transaminated to pyruvate.b. Amino acids that are converted to intermediates of the TCA cycle (see Figure II).(1). The carbons from the four groups of amino acids form the TCA cycle intermediates: a-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, and oxaloacetate.(a). Amino acids that form a-ketoglutarate (see Figure III).1. Glutamate can be deaminated by glutamate dehydrogenase or transaminated to form a- ketoglutarate.2. Glutamine is converted by glutaminase to glutamate with the release of its amide nitrogen as NH4+ 3. Proline is oxidized so that its ring opens, forming glutamate semialdehyde, which is oxidized to glutamate.4. Arginine is cleaved by arginase in the liver to form urea and ornithine. Ornithine is transaminated to glutamate semialdehyde, which is oxidized to glutamate.5. Histidine is converted to formiminoglutamate (FIGLU). The formimino group is transferred to FH4, and the remaining five carbons form glutamate.(b). Amino acids that form succinyl-CoA (see Figure IV)1. Four amino acids are converted to propionyl-CoA, which is carboxylated in a biotin requiring reaction to form methylmalonyl-CoA, which is rearranged to form succinyl-CoA in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 (seen previously in the metabolism of odd-chain number fatty acids).a). Threonine is converted by a dehydratase to NH4+ and a-ketobutyrate, which is oxidatively decarboxylated to propionyl-CoA.In a different set of reactions, threonine is converted to glycine and acetyl-CoA.b). Methionine provides methyl groups for the synthesis of various compounds; its sulfur is incorporated into cysteine; and the remaining carbons form succinyl-CoA.i. Methionine and ATP form S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which donates a methyl group and forms homocysteine.ii. Homocysteine is reconverted to methionine by accepting a methyl group from the FH4 pool via vitamin B12 .iii. Homocysteine can also react with serine to form cystathionine. The cleavage of cystathionine produces cysteine, NH4+ , and a-ketobutyrate, which is converted to propionyl-CoA.c). Valine and isoleucine, two of the three branched-chain amino acids, form succinyl-CoA (see Figure IV).i. The degradation of all the three branched-chain amino acids begins with a transamination followed by an oxidative decarboxylation catalysed by the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (Figure V). This enzyme, like pyruvate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, requires thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, CoA, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and NAD+.ii. Valine is eventually converted to succinyl-CoA via propionyl-CoA and methyl malonyl-CoA.iii. Isoleucine also forms succinyl-CoA after two of its carbons are released as acetyl-CoA.(c). Amino acids that form fumarate1. Three amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and aspartate) are converted to fumarate (see Figure II).a). Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase in a reaction requiring tetrahydrobiopterin and O2 (Figure VI).b). Tyrosine, obtained from the diet or by hydroxylation of phenylalanine, is converted to homogentisic acid. The aromatic ring is opened and cleaved, forming fumarate and acetoacetate.c). Aspartate is converted to fumarate via reactions of the urea cycle and the purine nucleotide cycle.d). Aspartate reacts with IMP to form AMP and fumarate in the purine nucleotide cycle.(d). Amino acids that form oxaloacetate (see Figure II)1. Aspartate is transaminated to form oxaloacetate.2. Asparagine loses its amide nitrogen as NH4+ , forming aspartate in a reaction catalyzed by asparaginase.c. Amino acids that are converted to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate (see Figure VI).(1). Four amino acids (lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and tryptophan) can form acetyl-CoA, and phenylalanine and tyrosine form acetoacetate. Leucine is degraded to form both acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate.Pellagra is caused by a dietary deficiency of niacin, beriberi is caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B-,), scurvy caused by a lack of vitamin C, and rickets from a lack of vitamin D.I. Amino acids derived from the intermediates of glycolysis. These amino acids can be synthesized from glucose and can be reconverted to glucose in the liver.II. The degradation of amino acids. A. Amino acids that produce pyruvate or the intermediates of the TCA cycle. These amino acids are considered glucogenic because their carbons can produce glucose in the liver. B. Amino acids that produce acetyl-CoA or ketone bodies. These amino acids are considered ketogenic. CoA, coenzyme A; HMG-CoA, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.III. Amino acids related through glutamate. These amino acids contain carbons that can be converted to glutamate, which can be converted to glucose in the liver. All of these amino acids except histidine can be synthesized from glucose.IV. Amino acids that can be converted to succinyl-CoA. The amino acids methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and valine, which form succinyl-CoA via methyl malonyl-CoA, are all essential. Because succinyl-CoA can form glucose, these amino acids are glucogenic. The carbons of serine are converted to cysteine and do not form succinyl-CoA by this pathway. A defect in cystathionine synthase causes homocystinuria. A defect in cystathionase causes cystathioninuria. B12-CH3, methyl cobalamin; N5-CH3-FH4, N 5- methyl tetrahydrofolate; PLP, pyridoxal phosphate; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.V. The degradation of the branched-chain amino acids. Valine forms propionyl-CoA. Isoleucine forms propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Leucine forms acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA. CoA, coenzyme A; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; HMG-CoA, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA.VI. A. Ketogenic amino acids. Some of these amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) also contain carbons that can form glucose. Leucine and lysine are strictly ketogenic; they do not form glucose. B. A deficiency in various steps leads to the diseases indicated. CoA, coenzyme A; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PKU, phenylketonuria; PLP, pyridoxal phosphate; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle. [/INST] question: Which dietary deficiency of a vitamin can cause Pellagra. | options: A: Vitamin C B: Niacin C: Vitamin D D: Biotin | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nasal polyposis Sinonasal manifestation of cystic fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)--an autosomal recessive exocrinopathy that generally affects the lungs and digestive system. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts and passageways. Symptoms include nasal airway obstruction, anosmia, rhinorrhea, and exacerbation of the rhinosinusitis Salt travels to the skin's surface with the water and is not reabsorbed. Because of this, the skin of a child abnormally salty. Parents may notice salty-tasting skin when they kiss the child. The polyps are probably a consequence of chronic inflammation Rx- Antibiotics, topical nasal steroids, decongestants, and mucolytics. Surgery is necessary when conservative measures fail. Bilateral (Ethmoidal) polyps are rare in children , whenever present, child should be investigated for any underlying condition. History of salty taste on kissing points suggest towards diagnosis of Mucoviscidosis (Cystic Fibrosis) and must be investigated. [/INST] question: A 12 years old child presents with bilateral nasal polyps. His mother complains of a salty taste on child's skin while kissing. He should be investigated for: | options: A: Rhinosporidiosis B: Mucoviscidosis C: Angiofibroma D: Antrochoanal polyp | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: At first Kate thought the Romanian girl could not speak and understand English. Nadia would not reply to anything Kate said. Kate was in charge of showing Nadia around on her first day at Buck Minister Grade School. Kate could not figure out why the school had put Nadia in a class where she could not understand what people were saying.
"Why did they do this?" Kate wondered aloud. "I mean, you can't learn if you can't understand the teacher."
Nadia's voice was a whisper (speaking in a very low voice). "I understand English. I will learn." Nadia's English was perfect.
Kate was _ . She couldn't understand why Nadia did not like to speak. Then she realized that moving to a new country probably wasn't the easiest thing to do. There were hundreds of unfamiliar and unusual things to learn - all at the same time.
"There're a lot of new things to learn, huh?" said Kate.
Nadia nodded rapidly. In a quiet voice she replied, "Many things people say, I do not understand. I have been speaking English and Romanian all my life, but I do not know what some children are saying. For example, yesterday a boy asked if I could help him find the USB port on a thin black box he was carrying. Isn't a port a place for ships? It made no sense to me."
"Don't worry." said Kate. "You'll figure everything out in time. You see, that thin black box was a computer. A USB port is a place where you can connect other machines to a computer."
Nadia and Kate were quiet after that. They took notes while the teacher gave a maths lesson. To Kate's surprise, Nadia put up her hand and offered to answer the questions at the blackboard.
Nadia handled every question the teacher gave her. Some of the questions were really difficult, and no one understood what was going on except Nadia and the teacher. When the teacher said that Nadia answered everything correctly, the whole class clapped their hands.
Nadia was smiling when she sat back down next to Kate. "Some things," she said in a normal voice, "are the same all over the world." [/INST] question: At the beginning of Nadia's first day at school, she was _ . | options: A: disappointed B: helpful C: lively D: shy | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Children laugh often and easily. But as we grow up, we laugh less and feel more stressed. Try laughing for no reason at all. That's how thousands of people start their day at Laughter Clubs around the world, and doctors now think that having a good laugh may be one of the best ways to keep healthy. The first Laughter Club was started in Mumbai ,India ,in June,1995 by Dr Madam Kataria. " Young children laugh about 300 times a day. Adults laugh between 7 and 15 times a day, "says Dr Kataria . "Everyone's naturally good at laughing . We want people to feel happy with their lives." There are now more than 500 Laughter Clubs in India and over 1,300 worldwide.
Place: 264 North Main Street , East Longmeadow. We're in an office building near the entrance. Walk down the hall and we're on the right .2-1-c-n-j-y
When : Every Sunday afternoon from 3:45 p.m. to 4:45 p.m.
Cost : Free.
Ages : Adults from 18 to 75.
Parking :If you're facing the building ,the car park is on the right of the building .
Teacher : Robert Rivest.
More information ,go to http:// www. robertrivest.com.
If you want to feel like a kid again, try our Laughter Club . You will get used to it in five minutes and begin to laugh for real in ten minutes and sometimes you just can't stop! You'll experience deeper pleasure in half an hour. You'll meet other people who want more fun and laughter. And you will feel so relaxed in about one hour !
Come and join us for laughter and a fun social experience! [/INST] question: Who can join the laughter Club? _ . | options: A: Baby B: Only old men C: Only teenagers D: Adults from 18 to 75 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Neonatal cholestasis
Neonatal cholestasis is defined as prolonged elevation of serum levels of conjugated bilirubin beyond the first 14 days of life.
Neonatal cholestasis can be divided into extrahepatic and intrahepatic disease and clinical features of any form of cholestasis are more or less similar.
Neonatal hepatitis is the prototype of intrahepatic cholestasis
Biliary atresia is the prototype of extrahepatic biliary atresia
Enzymes that reflect cholestasis: There are three enzymes that are usually elevated in cholestasis
Alkaline phosphatase → Found in or near bile canalicular membrane of hepatocytes
5' nucleotidase
Gamma glutainyl transpeptidase → Located in the endoplasmic reticulum and in bile duct epithelial cells.
Because GGT is more diffusely localized in the liver, its elevation in serum is less specific than are the elevation of Alkaline phosphatase & 5' nucleotidase.
Nevertheless, the following distinction is worthwhile.
"GGT levels are commonly elevated to values more than 10 times normal in biliary atresia while in hepatic causes it is raised to about three times normal."
Normal values for GGT is about 5-40 IU/L and thus a value of 600 IU/L in the patient in question reflects an elevation of more than ten times the normal value. The patient is thus likely suffering from `biliary atresia'. [/INST] question: In neonatal cholestasis, if the serum gamaglutamyl–transpeptidase (gamma GTP) is more than 600 IU/L the most likely diagnosis is – | options: A: Neonatal hepatitis B: Choledochal cyst C: Sclerosing cholangitis D: Biliary atresia | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Colours often have different meanings in different cultures. In the U.S., people have found the following to be true.
Black
Black is the colour of power. It is also popular in fashion because it makes people appear thinner.
White
White is the symbol of purity. White is thought to be a summer colour. However, white shows dirt and is more difficult to keep clean than other colours.
Red
This is the most exciting colour. Red furniture should look very good since it will attract a lot of attention. Red cars are the thieves' favourite. Red is often used in restaurants because it is an appetite _ . This means it can make people eat more.
Blue
Blue is the colour of the sky and the ocean. Peaceful blue is often used in bedrooms. Studies show that weightlifters are able to lift heavier weights in blue gyms.
Green
Green represents nature. _ Hospitals often use green because it relaxes patients.
Yellow
Sunny yellow is a cheerful colour, yet people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies cry more. [/INST] question: Which colour is a summer colour? | options: A: Blue B: White C: Green D: Red | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Space is where our future is -- trips to the Moon, Mars and beyond. Most people would think that aside from comets and stars, there is little else out there. But, since our space journey started we have left so much trash there that scientists are now concerned that if we don't clean it up, we may all be in mortal danger.
The first piece of space junk was created in 1964, when the American satellite Vanguard I stopped operating and lost its connection with the ground center. However, since it kept orbiting around the Earth without any consequences, scientists became increasingly comfortable abandoning things that no longer served any useful purpose in space.
It is estimated that there are now over 500,000 pieces of man-made trash orbiting the Earth at speeds of up to 17,500 miles per hour. The junk varies from tiny pieces of paint chipped off rockets to cameras, huge fuel tanks, and even odd items like the million-dollar tool kit that astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn Piper lost during a spacewalk.
The major problem with the space trash is that it may hit working satellites and damage traveling spacecraft . Moreover, pieces of junk may collide with each other and break into pieces which fall back to the Earth. To avoid this, scientists have invented several ways for clearing the sky. Ground stations have been built to monitor larger pieces of space trash to prevent them from crashing into working satellites or space shuttles. Future plans include a cooperative effort among many nations to stop littering in space and to clean up the trash already there. [/INST] question: What was the first piece of man-made space trash? | options: A: A camera B: A tool kit C: A fuel tank D: A broken satellite | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore, died on Monday, March 23, 2015, at the age of 91, according to a statement released by the Prime Minister's Office.
Lee, a Cambridge-educated lawyer, is widely credited with building Singapore into one of the world's wealthiest nations. He co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which has ruled Singapore since 1959 and led the newly born country when it was separated from Malaysia in 1965.
In Beijing's eyes, Lee Kuan Yew, the late founding father and leader of Singapore, was not only "an old friend of the Chinese people", but also "the founder of China-Singapore relations", according to China's previous official news releases about his visits.
Chinese media estimated that he had been to China more than 20 times, and he was known for his good personal relations with China's top figures, especially former leader Deng Xiaoping. Zhang Jiuhuan, the Chinese ambassador to Singapore from 2000 to 2004, noted that "it was a _ case" at the time that a foreign prime minister would visit China, as Lee did in 1976, in the absence of diplomatic relations between the two nations. Deng then paid back the visit, going to Singapore in 1978, in what Zhang described as a sensational trip.
Jin Canrong, a professor of international relations at Renmin University of China in Beijing, noted that Lee's No 1 contribution to China was his efforts in "sharing Singapore's successful experience in governance", adding that "China has benefited a lot" from this.
The China-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park, inaugurated in February 1994 in Jiangsu province in East China, was proposed by Lee, who even went to the city in 1992 to inspect the site for the park.
Now, with the park serving as a role model for China's economic cooperation with foreign countries, more such industrial parks hosted or co-hosted by China have been established domestically and abroad. [/INST] question: How long has the People's Action Party (PAP) ruled Singapore? | options: A: 56 B: 50 C: 39 D: 37 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once upon a time, there was a man who was so famous that everyone in his country knew him.
One day, the famous man was sitting in a restaurant with his sister. "It must be great to be famous. Everyone tries to please you, and you can do whatever you want to," said his sister. "It's quite the opposite sometimes, in fact. Because I'm famous, I can't do what I want to," he denied. "But look, we're sitting at the best table and eating the best food. We couldn't sit here and eat this if you weren't famous," said his sister. "I'll show you what I mean," said he.
The next day, the famous man picked up his sister and took her to another country. "I'm not at all famous here," he said. "Let's see how we get on." Soon they found a restaurant, but it was very busy, so they had to queue. "This wouldn't have happened if you were famous," said his sister, but the famous man just smiled.
When they finally got a table, it took the waiter years to bring what they ordered. And the food supposed to be hot was cold, and the food supposed to be cold was hot! Eventually, the famous man couldn't stand any more and asked to see the manager. "This food is awful. We had to wait an hour for a seat, and the service is also very poor. Look, even my spoon is dirty!"
Showing his horribly yellow teeth, the manager, smiling, said, "Well, that's just bad luck for you."
"Don't you know who I am?" asked the famous man.
"I've no idea," replied the manager.
So the famous man and his sister ran away, without paying. [/INST] question: What's the attitude of the man's sister toward famous people? | options: A: Indifferent B: Envious C: Curious D: Annoyed | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Hyaline cartilage) (91-IBS-Histology 4th) (93-94-I.B.Singh 5th)* The articular surface of most synovial joints are lined by hyaline cartilage. These articular cartilages provide the bone ends with smooth surfaces between which there is very little friction. They also act as shock absorber.* Articular cartilages are not covered by perichondrium. Their surface is kept moist by synovial fluid which also provides nutrition to thenHYALINE CARTILAGEFIBROCARTILAGE (white)ELASTIC CARTILAGE(a) Skeletal framework of the larynx (thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage)(b) The walls of the trachea and large bronchi contain incomplete rings of cartilage. Smaller bronchi have pieces of cartilage of irregular shape in their walls(c) Parts of the nasal septum, and of the lateral wall of the nose(d) In growing children long bones consist of a bony diaphysis & epiphyses Each epiphysis is connected to the diaphysis by a plate of hyaline cartilage called the epiphyseal plate1. Fibrocartilage is most conspicuous in secondary cartilaginous joints or symphysis** (AI-2005). These joints between bodies of vertebrae (where the cartilage forms intervertebral disc), the pubic symphysis and the manubriosternal joint2. In some synovial joints the joint cavity is partially or completely subdivided by an articular disc (Temporo-mandibular and Sternoclavicular joints and menisci of the knee joints)3. The glenoid labrum of the hip joint are made of fibrocartilage4. Where tendon run in deep grooves on bone, the groove are lined by fibrocartilage. Fibrocartilage is often present where tendons are inserted into bone.1. It forms the 'skeletal' basis of the auricle (or pinna) and of the lateral part of the external acoustic meatus2. The wall of the medial part of the auditory tube is made of elastic cartilage3. The epiglottis and two small laryngeal cartilages(corniculate and cuneiform) consist of elastic cartilage. Theapical part of the arytenoid cartilage contains elastic fibres but the major portion of its is hyaline [/INST] question: Which type of cartilage are involved to cover the synovial joint | options: A: Hyaline cartilage B: Fibro cartilage C: Semilunar cartilage D: Elastic cartilage | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The universe looks like a pretty quiet place to live. But the universe is filled with dangerous things, all struggling to be the one to wipe us off the planet. Happily for us, they're all pretty unlikely, but if you wait long enough, one of them is certain to get us. But which one?
1. Death by Asteroid
Of all the ways we might meet our untimely death, getting wiped out by an asteroid is the most likely. Why? Because we sit in a universal shooting gallery, with 100 tons of material hitting us every day. The problem, though, occurs every few centuries when something big this way comes. If you could ask a dinosaur, I'd imagine they would tell you to take _ seriously.
2. Death by Exploding Star
When a huge star ends its life, it does so with a bang, which sends death spreading across space in the form of high-energy radiation. Many studies show that the bang would have to be closer than about 75 light years to do us any harm. The good news: no stars so close are able to do the deed.
3. Death by Dying Sun
The sun is important to us; without it, we'd freeze. But the sun is also middle-aged, already halfway to running out of fuel, expanding into a red giant, and cooking us to a fine crisp. Even long before then, it'll warm up enough to raise our average temperature and cause a runaway greenhouse effect, boiling our oceans.
Happily, that's a long time from now.
4. Death by Black Hole
Black holes are misunderstood. They don't wander the galaxy looking for tasty snacks in the form of planets and stars; they turn around the Milky Way just like the hundreds of billions of other stars do. But it's possible that one could wander too close to us. If it did, planetary paths would be disturbed, causing the Earth to drop into the sun or be thrown out into deep space.
Given that it could be trillions of years or more before even that happens, we don't have to worry too much about black holes.
My advice? Go outside, look up, enjoy the sun, the moon, and the stars. They may be there forever as far as any one of us is concerned...and forever is a long, long time. [/INST] question: Which of the following will cause the earth's average temperature to go up dramatically? | options: A: The dying sun B: The black hole C: The asteroid D: The exploding star | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Leukemia risk factors
1) General
Gender: Men are more likely to develop CML, CLL and AML than women.
Age: The risk of most leukemias, with the exception of ALL, typically increases with age.
2) Genetics
Family history: First-degree relatives of CLL patients, or having an identical twin who has or had AML or ALL, increases the risk for developing the disease.
Genetic diseases: AML has been associated with Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Patau syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia, and Kostmann syndrome, may play a role in the development of leukemia.
3) Smoking
Smoking cigarettes does increase the risk of developing AML
4) Exposures
Radiation : Exposure to high-energy radiation (e.g., atomic bomb explosions) and intense exposure to low- energy radiation from electromagnetic fields (e.g., power lines).
Chemical exposure: Long-term exposure to chemicals like benzene & ethylene oxide is considered to be a risk for leukemia.
Drugs - alkylating agents & topoisomerase II inhibitors increase the risk of AML.
5) Previous Cancer Treatment
Certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers are considered leukemia risk factors. [/INST] question: Which of the following does not predispose to leukemia | options: A: Alcohol B: Genetic disorder C: Smoking D: Chemical exposure | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is characterized by segmental acute and chronic inflammation of intermediate and small aeries. This disorder almost always occurs in cigarette smokers at a young age (usually below 35years) and is often associated with HLA-A9,B5 genotypes. It used to be found exclusively in men, but recently there has been an increase in the number of repoed cases in women. The vessels primarily affected are in the extremities, and this leads to painful ischemia and gangrene of the legs and arms due to thrombosis. Histologic sections reveal an acute inflammatory infiltrate involving the entire wall of the vessel. In contrast to atherosclerosis, small microabscesses may be seen within thrombi. The inflammation leads to intimal proliferation that obliterates the lumen and causes pain. The disease may regress on cessation of smoking. In contrast, granulomatous inflammation with giant cells involving blood vessels can be seen with temporal aeritis orTakayasu's aeritis. Fragmentation of neutrophils surrounding blood vessels is called leukocytoclastic vasculitis, the differential for which includes microscopic polyaeritis nodosa, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. [/INST] question: A 30-year-old male smoker presents with gangrene of his extremities. Which one of the following histologic findings from a biopsy of the blood vessels supplying this area would be most suggestive of the diagnosis of Buerger's disease? | options: A: Granulomatous inflammation with giant cells B: Fibrinoid necrosis with overlying thrombosis C: Focal aneurysmal dilation D: Thrombosis with microabscesses | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Qi Haoran, a Junior 1 student at High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology, was quite busy over the past winter vacation--and not just with homework. Qi, together with 10 other classmates made a volunteer group to call on people to join the Clean Your Plate Campaign .
The 11 students went to many restaurants and told people the importance of saving food."Excuse me, do you know that 950 million people around the world still haven't got enough to eat? Could you please not waste food?"They would say this kind of thing hundreds of times every day.
China in recent years has experienced serious problems with wasted food. CCTV reported in January that the food Chinese people waste every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year. It's a tradition that Chinese people offer lots of food when they invite others to dinner. Many even feel that they will lose face if their guests have eaten all their food.
Luckily the campaign has got the support of many. In a restaurant in Xinjiang, the owner gives the guests who have eaten up all that they ordered a sticker. People can enjoy a free meal when they have 10 stickers. More than 750 restaurants in Beijing have begun to offer smaller dishes and encourage their guests to take leftovers home.
Wasting food is a serious problem around the world, not only in China. It's said that 2 billion tons of food ends up as waste every year in our country. This is as much as half of all the food in the world. The UN Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization held a"Think, Eat, Save" program on January 24 to help reduce food waste.
To reduce food waste is a big task, and it needs time. It's important that everyone does their bit, just like Qi. Did you finish your meals today? [/INST] question: The Clean Your Plate Campaign calls on people to _ . | options: A: do volunteer work B: work part time in restaurants C: stop wasting food D: wash their plates after dinner | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sam really felt very happy. When he arrived at his seat in the classroom that morning, he found an invitation on his desk. It was from several of his classmates asking him to join them on a camping trip. This was the first time he was asked to join in an out-of-school activity.
Why were they asking him now? Nobody seemed to like him. In fact, he had been so lonely that he ate a lot of food. As a result, he put on a lot of weight, and this gave the kids something more to make fun of him.
Cindy, who was standing near Sam when Sam read the invitation, went out quickly to tell the others that _ . Everyone was pleased that Sam thought that was true, but there was no camping trip. The whole thing was made up .
At first, Cindy thought it was fun. But later, when Sam told her that he was going to buy a sleeping bag with his savings, Cindy had second thoughts. She knew that Sam's family had little money, and she hated to see him spend his savings on something he would never use, Cindy also hated to tell Sam the truth. Her close friends would be angry with her.
What can she do now? [/INST] question: What was Sam's real problem? | options: A: He was lazy B: He was impolite C: He was lonely D: He was slow in study | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When she graduates from Columbia University next year with a master's degree in Public health, Eric Wheeler is hoping to get a job in international reproductive health. The 26-year-old post-graduate has always wanted to work in public service. But public service doesn't pay much, and her two-year program at Columbia costs about $50,000 a year with living expenses. She has a scholarship from Columbia that covers just $4,000 a year and has taken out loans to pay for the rest. She worries that she will spend years paying back her student loans and not have money left over to put away in an IRA. Wheeler is wondering what she can do to ease the pain of
being in debt. Is there anything she can do to handle the debt?
The good news is that in 2007, Congress recognized that there were so many students in Wheeler's position that it passed the College Cost Reduction and Access Act. There were two programs established by this act that Wheeler should look into.
The first is the income-based repayment plan, which allows lower-income graduates with a lot of debt to reduce their monthly payments. Depending on a graduate's income and level of debt, the program, which goes into effect July 1, could limit his or her annual educational loan debt repayment to 15 percent of discretionary income ,said Peter Mazareas, vice charman of the College Saving Foundation.
The second is the public service loan forgiveness plan, in which the federal government will forgive the remaining debt of borrowers who make 10-year loan payment while working full time in public-service jobs. But the graduate must have a certain loan which is listed in the plan. Depending on the level of debt Wheeler ends up with and how much she repays over 10 years, Mazareas said she could end up with about $75,000 of her debt forgiven. " Tipically, it is projected that a borrower who performs public service under this program will repay only about one-fourth to one-half as much money as a borrower who does not", he said. He also pointed out that public service is broadly defined and includes any government and nonprofit organization job. [/INST] question: How much debt will Erin Wheeler be probably in when she graduate? | options: A: $ 8,000 B: $ 50,000 C: $75,000 D: $92,000 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 1959, when Jean Harper was in the third grade, her teacher gave the class an assignment to write a report on what they wanted to be when they grew up. She poured her heart into her report and expressed her dream of becoming an airline pilot. Her paper came back with an "F" on it. The teacher told her it was a "fairy tale". Jean was heartbroken and ashamed. As the years went by, Jean was beaten down by the discouragement and negativity she encountered whenever she talked about her dream. "Girls can't become airline pilots; never have, never will. You're crazy. That's impossible. "Finally Jean gave up.
In her senior year of high school, her English teacher was a Mrs. Dorothy Slaton, a demanding teacher with high standards. One day Mrs. Slaton asked this question: "If you had unlimited finances, unlimited access to the finest schools, unlimited talents and abilities, what would you do?" Jean felt a rush of the old enthusiasm, and with excitement she wrote down the very old dream.
The next thing that Mrs. Slaton said changed the course of Jean's life. The teacher leaned forward over her desk and said, "I have a little secret for you. You do have unlimited abilities and talents. When you leave school, if you don't go for your dreams, no one will do it for you. You can have what you want if you want it enough."
The hurt and fear of years of discouragement disappeared all of a sudden. Jean felt thrilled and told her about her dream of becoming a pilot. Mrs. Slaton slapped the desk top. "Then do it!" she said.
So Jean did. It didn't happen overnight. In her l0 years of hard work, even facing varieties of laugh, frustration and opposition, she never gave up her dream. Instead, she went on doing everything her third-grade teacher said was fairy-tale.
Eventually, Jean Harper became a Boeing 737 captain for the United Airline Company. [/INST] question: Jean's third-grade teacher thought her dream to be _ . | options: A: great B: impossible C: challenging D: reasonable | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are many American expressions about insects like bees, for example. Bees are known as very hard workers. They always appear to be busy, moving around their homes or hives. So you might say you were "as busy as a bee" if you spent your weekend cleaning your house .
Here is an expression about bees that is not used much any more, but we like it anyway. We think it was first used in the nineteen twenties. If something was the best of its kind, you might say it was "the bee's knees". Now, we admit that we do not know how this expression developed. In fact, we do not even know if bees have knees!.
Hornets are bee-like insects that sometimes attack people. If you are really angry, you might say you are"mad as a hornet".And if you "stir up a hornet's nest", you create trouble or problems.
Butterflies are beautiful insects, but you would not want to "have butterflies in the stomach". That means to be nervous about having to do something, like speaking in front of a crowd. And do you know any expressions about ants? [/INST] question: When Mrs. King spends her weekend cleaning the house, we can say she is as busy as _ . | options: A: a bee B: a hornet C: a butterfly D: an insect | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We have met the enemy and he is ours We bought him at a pet shop. When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest suddenly turns up in children in the American .Midwest it's hard not to wonder of the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings. "Most of the infections we think of as human infections started in other animals " says Stephen Morse director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.
It's not just that we're going to where the animals are; we're also bringing them closer to us Popular foreign pets have brought a whole new disease to this country A strange illness killed Isaksen's pets and she now thinks that keeping foreign pets is a bad idea "I don't think it's fair to have them as pets when we have such a limited knowledge of them "says Isaksen
"Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing "says Peter Schantz Monkey-pox may be the wake-up call. Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners. We know very little about these new diseases A new bug may be kind at first. But it may develop into something harmful Monkey-pox doesn't look a major infectious disease But is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person [/INST] question: Why did Isaksen advise people not to have foreign pets? | options: A: They attack human beings B: We need to study native animals C: They can't live out of the rain forest D: We do not know much about them yet | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hundreds of people lined up at Grand Central Terminal yesterday, but they
weren't there to catch a train. They came to New York City's famous railroad station to trade in old dollar bills for the new George Washington Presidential1 coin.
The gold-colored coin is the first in a new series by the U.S. Mint that honors former U.S. Presidents. The Mint will issue four Presidential1 coins a year through 2016. Like the popular 50 State Quarters program, which issues coins in the order in which each state joined the Union, Presidential1 coins will come out in the order in which each President served. The George Washington coin is the first to be released. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison coins will come out later this year.
The Presidential 1 coins will be the same size and color as the Sacagawea Golden Dollar. However, there is an important difference. For the first time since the 1930s, there is an inscription on the edge of each coin. Each coin will show a different President on its face, or head side. It will also show the President's name, the order in which he served and his years in office. The other side of the coin will show the Statue of Liberty and the inscriptions "United States of America" and " 1".
There will be one Presidential1 coin for each President, except Grover Cleveland. He will have two! Cleveland is the only U.S. President to have served two nonconsecutive terms.
The last President scheduled to get a coin is Gerald Ford because a President must have been dead for two years before he can be on a coin. [/INST] question: Why did people line up at the railway station? | options: A: To book train tickets B: To exchange money C: To visit a coin show D: To visit the station itself | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: More than 50,000,000 people live in the rainforests of the world and most of them do not hurt the forest they live in. They eat the fruits that grow on the forest trees, but they do not cut them down. They kill some animals to eat, but they do not destroy them.
When we cut down the rainforests, we destroy these forest people, too. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in the Amazon forest. In 1980, there were only 200,000.
The Yanomami live along the rivers of the rainforest in the north of Brazil. They have lived in the rainforest for about 10,000 years and they use more than 2,000 different plants for food and for medicine. But in 1988, someone found gold in their forest, and suddenly 45,000 people came to the forest and began looking for gold. They cut down the forest to make roads. They made more than a hundred airports. The Yanomami people lost land and food. Many died because new diseases came to the forest with the strangers.
The Yanomami people tried to save their forest, because it was their home. But the people who wanted gold were stronger.
Many forest people try to save their forests. Chico Mendes was famous in Brazil because he wanted to keep the forest for his people. "I want the Amazon forest to help all of us-forest people Brazil, and all the Earth," he said. A few months later, in December 1988, people who wanted to cut down the forest killed Chico Mendes.
In Borneo, people were cutting down the forest of the Penan people to sell the wood. The Penan people tried to save their rainforest. They made _ across the roads into the forest. In 1987, they closed fifteen roads for eight months. No one cut down any trees during that time.
In Panama, the Kuna people saved their forest. They made a forest park which tourists pay to visit.
The Gavioes people of Brazil use the forest, but they protect it as well. They find and sell the Brazil nuts which grow on the forest trees. [/INST] question: The number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was _ of that in1900. | options: A: half B: one-third C: two-fifths D: one-fifth | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Romberg is a test of proprioceptive function: The Romberg test explores for imbalance due to proprioceptive sensory loss. The patient is able to stand with feet together and eyes open but sways or falls with eyes closed; it is one of the earliest signs of posterior column disease. - DeJong's the neurologic examination Proprioceptive pathway: Proprioception is the ability to sense the position of one's extremities without the aid of vision. The peripheral sense organs are located in the muscle, tendons, and joints. The first cell body is situated in the dorsal root ganglion, going without a synapse to the ipsilateral fasiculi cuneatus and gracilis (dorsal column) to the lower medulla where the synapse occurs. Following a decussation of the internal arcuate fibers, the impulses ascend in the medial leminiscus to the thalmus, terminating in the parietal lobe, posterior to those that convey touch. Patholophysiologic basis of Romberg test: Central postural control (equilibrium) is dependent on input from three peripheral modalities: Joint position sense (proprioception), carried in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord; Vision Vestibular apparatus Disturbance in any one of these modalities can be compensated for (completely or incompletely) by input from the other two systems. Impaired proprioception can be over come by visual and vestibular feedback. However, reduced visual input in the dark surroundings or due to failing vision can seriously predispose such a patient to severe incoordination (ataxial) Asking the patient to close his eyes during rombergs test helps uncover any disordered proprioception that may have been masked by vision. Conditions commonly causing a positive Romberg test: Posterior column dysfunction Posterior cord compression Multiple sclerosis Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord Tabes dorsalis Sensory polyneuropathy Idiopathic Diabetes mellitus Intracranial lesions Less common Romberg's test is not a test of cerebellar function. Patients with cerebellar ataxia will, generally, be unable to balance even with the eyes open. [/INST] question: Semicircular canal involved in Positive Romberg test with eyes closed detects defect in: | options: A: Proprioceptive pathway B: Cerebellum C: Spinothalmic tract D: Peripheral nerve | answer: A </s> |
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