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<s>[INST] context: The conformational change in glycoprotein IIb/IIIa that occurs with platelet activation allows binding of fibrinogen, a large bivalent plasma polypeptide that forms bridges between adjacent platelets, leading to their aggregation. Predictably, inherited deficiency of GpIIb-IIIa results in a bleeding disorder called Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Bernard-Soulier syndrome illustrates the consequences of defective adhesion of platelets to subendothelial matrix. Bernard-Soulier syndrome is caused by an inherited deficiency of the platelet membrane glycoprotein Complex Ib-IX. This glycoprotein is a receptor for vWF and is essential for normal platelet adhesion to the subendothelial extracellular matrix. Affected patients have a variable, often severe, bleeding tendency. Factor VIII and vWF are encoded by separate genes and are synthesized in different cells. Factor VIII is an essential cofactor of factor IX, which conves factor X to factor Xa. It is made in several tissues; sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells in the liver seem to be major sources. Type 1 and type 3 von Willebrand disease are associated with quantitative defects in vWF. Type 1, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a mild to moderate vWF deficiency, accounts for about 70% of all cases. Type 2 von Willebrand disease is characterized by qualitative defects in vWF. [/INST] question: Glanzmann thromasthenia is due to defect in:- | options: A: Gp IIb/IIIa B: Gp Ib-IX C: CD68 D: Von Willebrand factor | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The French spend more time sleeping and eating than anyone else among the world's rich people, according to a survey.
The average French person sleeps almost nine hours every night, more than an hour longer than the average Japanese and Korean, who sleep the least in a survey.
And while more and more French people have meals at fast food restaurants, they still spend more than two hours a day eating.
That means their meals are twice as long as those of the average Mexican, who spends just over an hour a day on food.
The Japanese spend close to two hours a day eating and drinking, placing them third behind New Zealanders. The Japanese like to spend their free time watching television or listening to the radio. This takes up 47 percent of free time in Japan.
Turks, on the other hand, spend more than a third of their free time staying with their friends.The survey showed that the difference between work and free time within certain countries is clear.
As for Italians, men have nearly 80 minutes a day of free time more than women. Much of the additional work time of Italian women is clearly cleaning the house. [/INST] question: Japanese and Korean people usually sleep about _ a night. | options: A: six hours B: eight hours C: nine hours D: ten hours | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Darling Kelli,
I'm so sorry I will not get to see you grow up as I so want to. Please don't blame people or the world for this. A lot of life is simply luck and mine is running out.
I wish I had the words to make you feel better. I wish you didn't have to see me in pain as you often do now. I wish so many things were different but they are not.
But while your old dad is still around, I thought I'd try to give you some life advice in one go. I hope it gives you some comfort. I hope cancer never returns so that your life is long, fulfilled and happy.
Everyone will say it's of great importance to work hard at school. I hope you'll always do your best. I did well at school but did it do me much good in life? Not really. Schoolwork is important, but make sure you have fun too.
You and your mom will argue at times, especially when you're a teenager. Please remember she loves you and wants the best for you. Give Mommy a hug when she is feeling sad. When you're a teenager you might think your friends are right and your mom is wrong. But she has to make hard decisions for you. Treat her well.
You'll have boyfriends when you're older, so here's some advice. It's very hard to describe how it feels to really be in love. You might remember seeing your mom and I laughing together and cuddling on the sofa, and once the love hearts and flowers fade that's what real love looks like. Have fun finding it.
Most important of all: Your laugh takes over your whole body. I hope you never lose that. There is no point in asking you not to be sad when I go. I know you will be, princess. And I wish I could be there to hug you until you smile again.
And finally, thank you for being you, Kelli. Enjoy your life. Don't rush through it. All my love, always, goes to you, princess. [/INST] question: The father feels sorry because _ . | options: A: he is badly ill and in pain B: he argues with his wife at times C: he won't get to see his daughter grow up D: his daughter is not willing to take his advice | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: - Located in each side of medulla, about 5mm anterior & lateral to dorsal respiratory group of neurons is ventral respiratory group of neurons, found in nucleus ambigus rostrally & nucleus retroambigus caudally. - Neurons of VRG remain almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration. so, normal quiet breathing is caused only by repetitive inspiratory signals from DRG transmitted mainly to diaphragm & expiration results from elastic recoil of lungs & thoracic cage. - When respiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes greater than normal, respiratory signals spill over into VRG from basic oscillating mechanism of DRG - As a consequence, VRG contributes extra respiratory drive as well - Electrical stimulation of few of neurons in VRG cause inspiration & others cause expiration, thus these neurons contribute to both inspiration & expiration. - They are especially impoant in providing powerful expiratory signals to abdominal muscles during very heavy expiration. Pneumotaxic center: Primary effect is to control "switch off" point of inspiratory ramp, thus controlling duration of filling phase of lung cycle. - Main function is to limit inspiration which has secondary effect of increasing rate of breathing because limitation of inspiration also shoens expiration & entire period of each respiration Chemoreceptors: - Sensors that detect changes in Co2, O2, pH. - Based on anatomical position divided into Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors [/INST] question: In forceful expiration, which of the following neurons gets fired? | options: A: VRG B: DRG C: Pneumotaxic centre D: Chemoreceptors | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you want to be a better reader,what should you know about the speed of reading? Some people read very quickly,when others read very slowly. But which one is better? The quick reader may be a good reader when he reads a story-book for fun. But he may not be able to slow down to read instructions carefully. The slow reader may be a good reader. But he may spend too much time reading a story for fun. So the reader who reads everything quickly or the one who reads everything slowly isn't really a good reader. Here are four things to remember about the speed of reading.
Knowing why you are reading will help you to know whether to read quickly or slowly.
Some things should be read slowly _ . Examples are instructions for making or doing something. Math books,science and story-books are full of important information. You must read these things slowly to understand and remember every important idea.
Some things should be read quickly throughout. Examples are stories for enjoyment,letters from friends,and some news from newspapers.
In some of your reading,you must change your speed from fast to slow and slow to fast. You will need to read some pages quickly and then slow down and do more careful reading when you come to important ideas. [/INST] question: Which following is true? | options: A: Reading everything quickly is a good reader B: A slow reader isn't a good reader C: Reading instructions must be carefully D: You must change your speed from fast to slow | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Editor Henry Slocum,
I read your May 10th article in the local newspaper Honesdale Times about electronic books, or e-books, with great interest. You made several good points about the disadvantage of e-books. You may have overlooked, however, some of the ways in which they are superior to traditional books. Yes, e-books are expensive, but they are also convenient. In addition, due to their environment-friendly nature, e-books have the potential to change our planets for the better.
E-books, for anyone who is unfamiliar with the term, are about the same size and shape as regular books. They have a large screen in the middle, however, this screen shows the reader a page of the text that has been downloaded from a computer. Once the reader has finished reading the page on the e-book screen, he or she scrolls down to see a new page. The process continues until the entire book has been read.
As you pointed out, Mr. Slocum, it's great to lie on a warm, sandy beach with a book. You can do that just as easily with an e-book as you can with a traditional paper book. In fact, because e-books are so light, you can carry themselves. Say, for example, that you like to read on the bus. Which would you rather carry with you---a heavy 800-page novel, or an e-book that weighs only a few ounces?
Another important advantage is offered by e-books as well. They are more environment-friendly than traditional books. At present, thousands of trees cut down each year to meet the publishing industry's demand for paper. Books that don't sell are eventually returned to the publisher and destroyed, This terrible waste could be avoided if everyone used e-books, which require no paper.
Sincerely,
David Eng [/INST] question: What does Editor Henry Slocum think about e-books? | options: A: Interesting B: Expensive C: Convenient D: Environment-friendly | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Going to a friend's house is very exciting. You may spend time with a friend and get to see where he lives. So remember to be polite.
When to arrive
The first thing to remember is that when a friend invites you, you need to arrive on time. If your friend tells you to come "about 3:00", that means you can arrive before 3:05. But usually it is a good idea to arrive at the right time.
What to bring
Often it is also nice to bring something to your friend's house. This could be a box of chocolates for you two to share, or maybe a movie that you can watch together. You can also bring some flowers. A little gift is a nice way to show your friend that you are excited to be at his house.
How to greet
When you visit your friend's house, you may also meet his parents. You should tell them who you are and they may tell you their names. As a child, I went to visit my friend Paul. I called his parents by their first names John and Mary. But now I know it is more polite to call them Mr. or Mrs. Smith. This will show them more respect and then they may tell you to call them by their first names. Another way to show respect is to call them Madam or Sir.
It is a cool thing to visit a friend's house. Be polite to your friend and your friend's parents, and you will be welcome again! [/INST] question: If you get to your friend's house at about 5:00 pm, it is polite to arrive at _ . | options: A: 5:02 pm B: 4:50 pm C: 4:30 pm D: 5:30 pm | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Topoisomerase2 causes break in strands ; and option C and D is also answer ref Harrison 16/e p453; 454; Robbins 7/e Cell Cycle Inhibitor Proteins Topoisomerases can fix these topological problems and are separated into two types depending on the number of strands cut in one round of action: Both these classes of enzyme utilize a conserved tyrosine. However these enzymes are structurally and mechanistically different. For a video of this process click here. A type I topoisomerase cuts one strand of a DNA double helix, relaxation occurs, and then the cut strand is re-ligated. Cutting one strand allows the pa of the molecule on one side of the cut to rotate around the uncut strand, thereby reducing stress from too much or too little twist in the helix. Such stress is introduced when the DNA strand is "supercoiled" or uncoiled to or from higher orders of coiling. A type II topoisomerase cuts both strands of one DNA double helix, passes another unbroken DNA helix through it, and then re-ligates the cut strands. Type II topoisomerases utilize ATP hydrolysis and are subdivided into two subclasses which possess similar structure and mechanisms: Type IIA topoisomerases which include eukaryotic and eukaryal viral Topoisomerase IIa and Topoisomerase IIb, bacterial gyrase, and topoisomerase IV. Type IIB topoisomerases, which include Topoisomerase VI found in archaea [/INST] question: Regarding oncogenesis | options: A: Topoisomerase2 causes break in strands B: P53 is the most common oncogene mutation causing malignancy in humans C: At G2_M phase there is loss of inhibitors controlling cell cycle D: Decrease in telomerase activity causes anti tumor effects | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever noticed that some people are able to effortlessly remember even the most boring details, and quickly understand new things, and wished that you too could be like that? To unlock the full potential of your brain, you need to keep it active and acute. But how? Check out these tips:
* Exercise & get your body moving
Exercising doesn't just exercise the body; it also helps to exercise your brain. Without regular exercise your blood vessels begin to lose the ability to effectively pump blood and it also reduces the amount of oxygen and nutrients that your blood carries to your brain. When the nutrients don't make it there, the brain's ability to function is compromised. To prevent this from happening, make sure you get moving every day. Walking, swimming and dancing are all excellent activities.
* Get rid of stressors and seek help for depression
Among the most brain-damaging stressors is severe depression, which is actually often mistaken for a memory problem since one of its primary symptoms is the inability to concentrate. If you can't concentrate, you might feel like you are constantly forgetting things. Depression increases the levels of cortisol in your brain, which affects your memory. Seek professional help to get rid of your depression -- your brain will thank you.
* Feed your brain
50 to 60 percent of the brain's overall weight is pure fat, which is used to insulate its billions of nerve cells. The better insulated a cell is, the quicker you will be thinking. This is exactly why parents are advised to feed their young children whole milk. Thus, eating foods that contain a healthy mix of fats is vital for long-term memory. Some excellent food choices include fish and dark leafy green vegetables. [/INST] question: The real cause of the inability to focus is _ . | options: A: poor memory B: serious depression C: little exercise D: unhealthy eating | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tarsometatarsal The 1987 Revised Criteria for the Rheumatoid ahritis 4 out of 7 criteria are required to classify a patient as having rheumatoid ahritis Patients with 2 or more clinical diagnoses are not excluded. 1.Morning stiffness: morning stiffness in and around joints lasting at least 1 hour before maximal improvement 2.Ahritis of 3 or more joint areas: soft tissue swelling (ahritis) of 3 or more joint areas observed simultaneously by a physician. The 14 possible joint areas involved are, right or left: - proximal interphalangeal metacarpophalangeal wrist elbow knee - ankle metatarsophalangeal Ahritis of hand joints: swelling (ahritis) of the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, or wrist joints Symmetric ahritis: simultaneous involvement of the same joint areas on both sides of the body Rheumatoid nodules: subcutaneous nodules over bony prominences, extensor surfaces, or juxtaaicular regions Serum rheumatoid factor: demonstration of abnormal amounts of serum rheumatoid factor Radiographic changes: radiographic erosions and/or periaicular osteopenia in hand and/or wrist joints Criteria 1 to 4 must be present, for at least 6 weeks. Criteria 2 to 5 must be observed by a physician. [/INST] question: Joint not involved in Rheumatoid ahritis according to 1987 modified ARA criteria? | options: A: Knee B: Ankle C: Tarsometatarsal D: Met at arsophalangeal | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence, usually appears before age 20. It may arise in any anatomic location, but most occur in the head and neck or genitourinary tract, where there is little if any skeletal muscle as a normal constituent. Rhabdomyosarcoma is histologically sub classified into embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic variants. The rhabdomyoblast—the diagnostic cell in all types—contains eccentric eosinophilic granular cytoplasm rich in thick and thin filaments. Rhabdomyoblasts may be round or elongate; the latter are known as tadpole or strap cells, and may contain cross-striations visible by light microscopy.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type, accounting for 60% of rhabdomyosarcomas. It includes the sarcoma botryoides as well as spindle cell and anaplasticvariants. The tumor occurs in children younger than 10 years of age and typically arises in the nasal cavity, orbit, middle ear, prostate, and paratesticular region. This variant of rhabdomyosarcoma commonly has parental isodisomy of chromosome 11p15.5, which leads to overexpression of the imprinted IGFII gene. The sarcoma botryoides subtype develops in the walls of hollow, mucosal-lined structures, such as the nasopharynx, common bile duct, bladder, and vagina. Where the tumors abut the mucosa of an organ, they form a submucosal zone of hypercellularity called the cambium layer. [/INST] question: The most common type of Rhabdomyosarcoma is | options: A: Embryonal B: Alveolar C: Pleomorphic D: Inflammatory | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Urine output "Urine output is a quantitative and relatively reliable indicator of organ perfusion. Adequate urine output is 0.5 ml/kg/ h in an adult, lml/kg/h in a child and 2ml/kg/h in an infant less than 1yr. of age." Pulse- "Although tachycardia may be the earliest sign of hypovolemia, individuals in good physical condition, and paicularly trained atheletes with a low resting pulse rate, may manifest only a relative tachycardia, pts on blocking medication may not be able to increase their hea rate. In children, bradycardia or relative bradycardia can occur with severe blood loss. Conversely, hypoxia, pain, apprehension and stimulant drugs produce a tachycardia" B.P. - Hypotension is not a reliable early sign of hypovolemia. in healthy pts. Blood volume must decrease by 30 to 40 percent before hypotension occurs. Younger pts with good sympathetic tone can maintain systemic blood pressure with severe intravascular deficit untill they are on the verge of cardiac arrest. CVP CVP measurement helps in distinguishing b/w cardiogenic shock and hypovolemic shock. 'A central venous catheter can give information about the relationship b/w intravascular volume and right ventricular function but should not be used to assess either factor independently. [/INST] question: Which among the following is best method to assess intake of fluid in Polytrauma pt | options: A: Urine output B: CVP C: Pulse D: BP | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Corned Beef & Cabbage.
From Quick Cooking
"I've been making this meal for more than 40 years," remarks Ruth Warner of Wheat Ridge, Colorado. "It is so easy and so delicious. It's especially good served with a salad of peaches and cottage cheese."
INGREDIENTS
4 cups water
1 corned beef brisket with spice packet (2 pounds)
1 medium head cabbage , cut into 8 wedges
2 large red potatoes , cut into 2-inch chunks
1 can (14--1/2 ounces ) chicken broth
4 large carrots , cut into 2--inch chunks
1 medium onion , cut into 2--inch pieces
SERVINGS, 4--6
CATEGORY , Main Dish
PREP , 10 min.
METHOD, Pressure Cooker
COOK, 45 min.
TOTAL, 55 min.DIRECTIONS
In a 6-qt. pressure cooker ,combine water and contents of corned beef seasoning packet; add beef. Close cover securely ;place pressure regulator on vent pipe .Bring cooker to full pressure over high heat .Reduce heat to medium-high and cook for 45 minutes .(Pressure regulator should maintain a slow steady rocking motion; adjust heat if needed.)
Meanwhile ,in a large saucepan ,combine the cabbage ,potatoes and broth .Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 10 minutes .Add carrots and onion. Cover and simmer 20--25 minutes longer or until vegetables are tender ;drain.
Remove pressure cooker from the heat; allow pressure to drop on its own. Remove beef to a serving platter. Discard cooking liquid .Serve beef with cabbage ,potatoes ,carrots and onion.
Yield: 4--6 servings.
For more recipes ,click here. [/INST] question: Which of the following materials are not needed in this course? | options: A: cabbage and onion B: carrot and potato C: beef and water D: flour and vinegar | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Clarithromycin: The antimicrobial spectrum of clarithromycin is similar to erythromycin; in addition, it includes Mycobact. avium complex (MAC), other atypical mycobacteria, Mycobact. leprae and some anaerobes but not Bact. Jragilis. It is more active against sensitive strains of gram-positive cocci, Moraxella, Legionella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori. However, bacteria that have developed resistance to erythromycin are resistant to clarithromycin also. Eflornithine (a-difluoromethylornithine or DFMO) is a drug found to be effective in the treatment of facial hirsutism (excessive hair growth) as well as in African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Eflornithine hydrochloride cream for topical application is meant for women affected by facial hirsutism. Ethambutol (E): Ethambutol is selectively tuberculostatic and clinically as active as S. Fast multiplying bacilli are more susceptible as are many atypical mycobacteria Rifabutin: It is related to rifampin in structure anC. mechanism of action; but less active against M. tuberculi and more active against MAC. Only paial cross resistance occurs between the two. In a dose of 300 mg/ day rifabutin is used for prophylaxis of MAC infection in AIDS patient For the treatment of established MAC infection, it has been added to ethambutol + clarithromycin/ azithromycin ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY,en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eflornithine K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:742,744,730 [/INST] question: Which of the following drugs is not used in the treatment of mycobacterium avium intracellular infection? | options: A: Clarithromycin B: Eflornithine C: Ethambutol D: Rifabutin | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China's largest search engine Baidu has said it will make its latest artificial intelligence (AI) technology accessible to developers and businesses as part of the company's latest move into AI, big data and cloud computing.
AI solution "Tianzhi" was launched at a cloud-computing summit held in Beijing Wednesday. It includes services in three fields: sensing technology, such as image and voice processing, machine learning, and deep learning, an advanced form of machine learning, said Zhang Yaqin, CEO of the Nasdaq-listed company, at the summit.
Developers can access facial or voice recognition, algorithms for data analysis and projections, and deep learning applications, Zhang said, adding that the technology could help users innovate in their sectors.
"With more devices connected to the cloud, enterprises will use cloud computing and AI more frequently," said Wu Hequan, an academician at the Chinese Academy of Engineering, " _ "
The company also revealed a plan to invest 10 billion yuan (1.45 billion U.S. dollars) in cloud computing in the next five years and establish an innovation center, which will serve 10 million enterprises. [/INST] question: "Tianzhi" includes services in the following fields EXCEPT _ . | options: A: sensing technology B: voice processing C: machine learning D: deep learning | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thirty years ago, Lake Ponkapog in Hartwell, New Jersey, was full of life. Many birds and animals lived beside the water, which was full of fish. Now there are few birds, animals, and fish. The lake water is polluted. It is in a colour of dirty brown, and it is filled with strange plants.
How did this happen? First, we must think about how water gets into Lake Ponkapog. When it rains, water comes into the lake from all around. In the past, there were forests all round Lake Ponkapog, so the rainwater was clean.
Now there are many homes around the lake. People often use the chemicals in their gardens. They use other chemicals inside their houses for cleaning and killing insects. There are also many businesses. Businesses use chemicals in their machines of shops. Other chemicals fall onto the ground from cars or trucks. When it rains, the rainwater picks up all the chemicals from home and businesses and then carries them into the lake . They pollute the water and kill the animals.
Boats on the lake are also a problem. Lake Ponkapog is a popular place for motorboats . But oil and gas from boats often get into the lake. So more bad chemicals go into the water this way.
People in Hartwell are worried . They love their lake and want to save it. Will it be possible? A clean lake must have clean rainwater going into it. Clean rainwater is possible only if people are more careful about chemicals at home and at other chemicals on the ground. And they mustn't use motorboats any more on the lake. All these may change people's lives. Only then can Lake Ponkapog be a beautiful, clean lake again. [/INST] question: In the past, the water in Lake Ponkapog was made clean by _ . | options: A: forests B: rain C: birds D: fish | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear editor,
I am 14. I am really outgoing when I am with my family at home, but I almost never talk at school. I really want to get over it, but I just don't know how. What should I do?
A shy girl Rachel
Dear Rachel,
The following ways may be able to help you out.
To begin with, you need to SMILE to others. If you are meeting someone and they look scared and angry, would you talk to them? Probably not. This may be how people feel about you. If you are smiling and if your eyes are saying that you're happy to see others, the conversation will be easier for you and them.
Next, do some volunteer work at school. Many shy kids don't do these because they always wonder if they can do very well. In fact, when you take part in activities that interest you, you'll find you can really do very well, and you will meet people with the same interests.
Start today one small step with one welcoming smile or one volunteer work and show the world inside you, and then you'll become a person who has interests and talents and self confidence. I believe that this is the person you want to be. Only you can make it happen. [/INST] question: What's the matter with the girl? | options: A: Shy B: Lonely C: Unhealthy D: Outgoing | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Erik wants to climb Mount Everest. He loves to climb, and there is no place greater for climbers than the top of 29,035 feet, the world's highest mountain.
Erik is blind. He has been blind since age 13, when an eye disease robbed him of his sight. His new book, Touch the Top of the World: A blind Man's Journey to Climb Farther than the Eye Can See, describes his blindness and climbing. He is the first blind man to attempt Everest. The team reached the base camp at 17,800 feet last Wednesday and began its climb Saturday. If all goes well, Erik will reach the top on about May 15.
"I'm not just some broken blind guy," Erik, aged 32,said for hours before he left Los Angeles on Friday for Katmandu, Nepal. "1 put my life in my fellow climbers'hands, and they put their lives in my hands. It's an honor to reach that state. "
"I want to experience the sense of adventure. Blindness has nothing to do with that. But a message of the climb is that a blind person can join a team and climb the highest mountain in the world. "
Erik has climbed the highest tops on four continents: North America's Mount McKmley, South America's Aconcagua, Africa's Kilimanjaro and Antarctica's Vinson Massif. He is an expert rock and ice climber, having scaled El Captain in Yosemite National Park. When he was 16, he attended a school that taught blind people to be independent. One day, a group went rock-climbing. "1 really liked it," Erik said, "You can solve problems. It is sense in your inner mind. People didn't think blind people could go out and become expert rock climbers. [/INST] question: Erik expected the climb of Mount Everest to be_. | options: A: adventurous B: pleasant C: exciting D: dull | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Intravenous naloxone * Thoracic epidural narcotics have become an increasingly popular means of postoperative pain relief in thoracic and upper abdominal surgery. * Local action on gamma opiate receptors ensures pain relief and consequent improvement in respiration without vasodilation or paralysis. * The less lipid-soluble opiates are effective for long periods. * Their slow absorption into the circulation also ensures a low incidence of centrally mediated side effects, such as respiratory depression or generalized itching. * When these do occur, the intravenous injection of an opiate antagonist is an effective antidote. * The locally mediated analgesia is not affected. * One poorly understood side effect, which is apparently unrelated to systemic levels,is a profound reduction in gastric activity. This may be an impoant consideration after thoracic surgery when an early resumption of oral intake is anticipated. Narcotic Antagonist. naloxene -- - Competes with narcotic at receptor sites. - Dose 0.1-0.4mg IV. - Half life is 20 minutes therefore naloxene may be given in an infusion eg. to reverse morphine or fentanyl which may have a second peak effect. [/INST] question: A 56-year-old man undergoes a left upper lobectomy. An epidural catheter is inseed for postoperative pain relief. Ninety minutes after the first dose of epidural morphine, the patient complains of itching and becomes increasingly somnolent. Blood gas measurement reveals the following: pH 7.24; PaCO2 58; Pa02 100; HCO3:28 Initial therapy should include: | options: A: Endotracheal intubation B: Intramuscular diphenhydramine C: Epidural naloxone D: Intravenous naloxone | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Check out all the new releases in the next four weeks.
Wednesday 16 march
Chalet Girl (12A )Watch the Trailer
A British comedy about a girl who decides to give up her job at a fried chicken fast food place to try out being a chalet girl in the Alps. Starring Bill Nighy and Ed Westwick.
Friday 18 March
Submarine (15)
A comedy following a teenager who wants to lose his virginity and stop his father from leaving his mother. Directed by Richard Ayoade.
Friday 25 March
Country Strong (12A) Watch the Trailer
Rising country music songwriter (Garrett Hedlund) falls in love with a fallen star (Gwyneth Paltrow), and together they plan his rising and her comeback.
A Turtle's Tale: Sammy's Adventures (3D) (U)
A sea turtle who was hatched in 1959 spends the next 50 years travelling the world as it changes through global warming.
Friday 1 April
Killing Bono (15) Watch the Trailer
Two brothers attempt to become global rock stars but can only look on as old school friends U2 become the biggest hand in the world.
Passenger Side (D)
Two brothers spend the day driving around Los Angeles county looking for the meaning of their lives, or cheap street drugs, depending on whom you believe.
Friday 8 April
The Silent House
A horror movie based on a true story about a small house in a village in Uruguay which holds some dark secrets
Rio (3D) Watch the trailer
An animated film about a domesticated macaw from Minnesota who sets off on an adventure. [/INST] question: If you like seeing the 3D films, you can choose to see _ . | options: A: The Silent House and Rio B: Submarine and Passenger Side C: A Turtle's Tale: Sammy's Adventures and Rio D: Killing Bono and Country Strong | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Georgia Aquarium is open 365 days a year. Please note that hours of operation do vary.Last ticket sold and entry is 30 minutes before closing time.
Regular Hours
Sunday--Friday:10 a.m.--5 P.m.
Saturday:9 a.m.--6 p.m.
Summer Hours:May 27-August 16
Monday-Saturday:9 a.m.--9 P.m.
Sunday:9 a.m.--6 p.m.
Full Price Total Ticket
Adult(ages 13-64):$38.95
Child(ages 3-12):$32.95
Senior(age 65+):$34.95
Total Ticket Online Discount
Adult(ages 13-64):$35.95
Child(ages 3-12):$29.95
Senior(age 65+):$31.95
Animal Encounters:$59.95
Beluga&Friends Interactive Program:$179.95
Journey with Gentle Giants Immersion Program:$234.95
AT&T Dolphin Tales
Our new dolphin gallery, theater and show are now open.The gallery and viewing window are open to general admission guests periodically throughout the day.Show times vary each day, so check for times when you are purchasing general admission tickets.Don't forget-AT&T Dolphin Tales is included in Total Ticket general admission,so don't miss this spectacular show !
4D Theater--Deepo's Undersea 3D Wondershow Presented by AT&T
With multiple shows throughout the day,be sure to catch this unique experience at Georgia Aquarium.Admission to the 4D Theater is included in Total Ticket general admission!
Journey with Gentle Giants Immersion Program
Swim or scuba dive in the Ocean Voyager exhibit,built by The Home Depot.Swims are daily at 4:30 p.m.,and scuba dives are daily at 3 p.m.and Saturday and Sunday at ll a.m.Spots are limited,so it's best to book in advance.
Beluga&Friends Interactive Program
Interact with belugas and harbor seals in the Georgia-Pacific Cold Water Quest gallery.This animal interaction occurs daily at 10 a.m.and 1:30 p.m.Spots are limited,so it's best to book in advance.
Animal Encounters
Interact with a penguin daily at l1:30 a.m.and l:45 p.m.You can also experience a special encounter with a dolphin.Spots are limited,so it's best to book in advance. [/INST] question: How much can they save if grandparents in their seventies with a 10-year-old boy visit Georgia Aquarium with online tickets? | options: A: $3 B: $6 C: $9 D: $12 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: While there are no restrictions on the amount of money that you can bring across the border, you must report to both the US and Canadian border services amounts equal to or greater than $10,000.
PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS ON PURCHASES
AMERICANS RETURNING TO THE US
Less than 48 hours: $ 200 US
48 hours or more: $ 800 US duty-free personal exemption.
next $ 1,000 US at 3%
Including up to 100 cigars and 100 cigarettes.
CANADIANS RETURNING TO CANADA
Less than 24 hours: $ 50 CAN
48 hours or more: $ 400 CAN
Including up to 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes.
7 days or more: $ 750 CAN
Including up to 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes.
DOCUMENTATION NEEDED FOR
BORDER CROSSING
LAND OR SEA TO THE US ( INCLUDING FERRIES )
A valid passport or passport card, or a NEXUS card.
(A NEXUS card is a Trusted Traveler Program that provides quick travel for pre-approved, low risk travelers through special lanes.)
A recent Washington State, New York or BC driver's license.
Note: Children 15 years of age and younger require only a birth certificate or copy. (Certified copies are not required but are advised.)
AIR TRAVEL TO THE US
A valid passport, an Air NEXUS card, or a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document. [/INST] question: If a Canadian who is on a 7-day trip to New York buys $ 800 CAN worth of goods, how much should he pay tax on when returning home? | options: A: $ 800 CAN B: $750 CAN C: $ 400 CAN D: $ 50 CAN | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The legal age for drinking alcohol in the Unite States is twenty-one. Underage drinking is a crime but also a common part of college social life. This week in our Foreign Student Series, we look at alcohol rules at American colleges and universities. These rules differ from school to school, but many schools have been moving to strengthen their rules.
The United States has more than 17,000,000 students in higher education. Each year, 1700 of them die from alcohol-related road crashes and other injuries. 600,000 more are injured while under the influence of alcohol. And almost 700,000 are attacked by another drunken.
One behavior that college officials are trying to prevent is too much drink. Some researchers have found that students who think binge drinking is normal often think extremely how much other students really drink. A person can die of alcohol poisoning. At Oklahoma University, a nineteen-year-old student died from drinking heavily at a party in 2005.
Now alcohol is banned from all sorority houses and university housing. Student organizations can serve alcohol at events but only on Friday and Saturday nights. Other new requirements include an alcohol education program that first-year students take online.
The rules govern behavior on campus and off. With a first violation ,students pay seventy-five dollars and their parents are told. They must also take an alcohol education class. For a second "strike", they have to pay one hundred fifty dollars. A third strike means that they have to be suspended school for at least one semester.
Since 2005,363 students have had a first strike. 30 have had a second strike-and only one hasn't allowed to go to school for one semester. The president at Oklahoma tells us the aim is not just to punish but to change the behavior and culture at the university. [/INST] question: Every year the number of the students who die or are injured because of alcohol in the USA adds up to about _ . | options: A: 17,000,000 B: 1,301,700 C: 601,700 D: 1300,000 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Michelle, a famous lady, has found that more than 25% students are too fat in her country. It is a very serious problem. So she starts a health program to deal with it. The health program is to reduce the amount of fat students today and in the future.
The program will get families, schools, newspapers, magazines and TVs to join together and deal with the students' obesity so that students will be at a healthier weight. The program includes: Food stores should sell healthier foods. Schools should serve healthier meals with less fat and should also offer gym classes.
The lady is trying to fight the students' obesity all over the country because it can cause illnesses and higher health cost. She wants the students to eat right, exercise more and control their weight. She also wants the students to understand it is important to have less sweet food, and drink water, milk and fresh juices, but not to choose cokes. At the same time she has also set a good example by planting a vegetable garden. She hopes that the garden will encourage more people to plant one, too.
The health program is really helpful to the students today and in the future. As she says, we cannot always build the future for youth, but we can build our youth for the future. [/INST] question: In Michelle's country over _ of the students are too fat. | options: A: 75% B: a quarter C: a half D: 15% | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Staph aureus food poisoning
S. aureus food poisoning results from inoculation of 'toxin-producing S. aureus' into food by colonized food handlers.
It is caused by preformed enterotoxin. This enterotoxin is heat stable. It is a superantigen-like toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Eight antigenic types of enterotoxins are currently known A, B, C1, C2, C3, D, E and H. Type A is responsible for most of the cases.
The toxin stimulates the vagus nerve and vomiting center of brain. It acts directly on the autonomic nervous system rather than on gastrointestinal mucosa.
The toxin is antigenic and neutralized by the specific antitoxin.
Enterotoxins are produced when S. aureus grows on carbohydrate and protein foods.
Staphylococcal food poisoning occurs after eating meat and fish, or milk and milk products as custards or potato salad.
Staph food poisoning is characterized by nausea and vomiting within 1-6 hours of ingestion. Diarrhea, hypotension, and dehydration may also occur. Fever is unusual.
Diagnosis can be established by demonstration of bacteria or documentation of enterotoxin in the implicated food.
Staphylococcal food poisoning is self-limited illness, symptoms generally resolve within 8 to 10 hrs. Treatments are symptomatic only, no antibiotic is required. [/INST] question: Staphylococcal food poisoning includes the following feature - | options: A: Incubation period of 24 hrs B: Requires immediate antibiotics C: Common with dairy products D: Heat labile enterotoxin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Even a small reduction in salt in the diet can be a big help to the heart. A new study used a computer model to predict how just three grams less a day would affect heart disease in the United States.
The result: thirteen percent fewer heart attacks. Eight percent fewer strokes. Four percent fewer deaths. Eleven percent fewer new cases of heart disease. And two hundred forty billion dollars in health care savings.
Researchers found it could prevent one hundred thousand heart attacks and ninety-two thousand deaths every year.
The study is in the New England Journal of Medicine. Kirsten, at the University of California, was the lead author. She says people would not even notice a difference in taste with three grams, or one-half teaspoon, less salt per day. The team also included researchers at Stanford and Columbia University.
Each gram of salt contains four hundred milligrams of sodium, which is how foods may list their salt content.
The government says the average American man eats ten grams of salt a day. The American Heart Association advises no more than three grams for healthy people. It says salt in the American diet has increased fifty percent since the nineteen seventies, while blood pressures have also risen. Less salt can mean a lower blood pressure.
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg is leading an effort called the National Salt Reduction Initiative. The idea is to put pressure on food companies and restaurants.
Mayor Bloomberg has already succeeded in other areas, like requiring fast food places in the city to list calorie information. Now a study by the Seattle Children's Research Institute shows how that idea can influence what parents order for their children.
Ninety-nine parents of three to six year olds took part. Half had McDonald's menus clearly showing how many calories were in each food. The other half got menus without the calorie information. [/INST] question: How many heart attacks will occur in the US every year? | options: A: nearly 800,000 B: 24,000 C: 100,000 D: 92,000 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Macrophage/monocyte infection is central to the pathogenesis of dengue fever and to the origin of DHF/DSS. Previous infection with a heterologous dengue-virus serotype may result in the production of nonprotective antiviral antibodies that neveheless bind to the virion's surface and through interaction with the Fc receptor focus secondary dengue viruses on the target cell, the result being enhanced infection. The host is also primed for a secondary antibody response when viral antigens are released and immune complexes lead to activation of the classic complement pathway, with consequent phlogistic effects. Cross-reactivity at the T cell level results in the release of physiologically active cytokines, including interferon g and tumor necrosis factor a. The induction of vascular permeability and shock depends on multiple factors, Dengue HF is identified by the detection of bleeding tendencies (tourniquet test, petechiae) or ove bleeding in the absence of underlying causes such as preexisting lesions. Dengue shock syndrome, usually accompanied by hemorrhagic signs, is much more serious and results from increased vascular permeability leading to shock. In mild DHF/DSS, restlessness, lethargy, thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mL), and hemoconcentration are detected 2-5 days after the onset of typical dengue fever, usually at the time of defervescence. The maculopapular rash that often develops in dengue fever may also appear in DHF/DSS. In more severe cases, frank shock is apparent, with low pulse pressure, cyanosis, hepatomegaly, pleural effusions, ascites, and in some cases severe ecchymoses and gastrointestinal bleeding. The period of shock lasts only 1 or 2 days, and most patients respond promptly to close monitoring, oxygen administration, and infusion of crystalloid or--in severe cases--colloid. ref:harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 1913 [/INST] question: Dengue shock syndrome occurs due to - | options: A: Super-imposed Bacterial infection B: Capillary Leak C: Addison's Crisis D: Myocarditis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Their beautiful call suggests the arrival of spring,but the routes taken by cuckoos during their annual migration have remained a mystery.Now,though,scientists from the British Trust for Omithology(BTO)have revealed the details of their remarkable 10,000-mile journey,with the help of tracking devices.
Five male birds were caught in Norfolk last May and fitted with satellite-tagged "backpacks'' before being released.The scientists then monitored their progress over 12 months as they flew to Africa in the autumn,and returned in the spring.
The project was carried out to discover why every year fewer of the birds return to Britain.Between 1995 and 2010,the population of cuckoos spending sumnler here fell by almost half,and the number is continuing to decline.Previously,the lack of information about the cuckoos'long migration has hamoered the understanding of how to help conserve the birds.
Earlier this year,it was reported that cuckoos arrived in the UK much earlier than normal.Their call was recorded by ornithologists as early as February,a month ahead of their usual arrival.
Like all migrating animals,cuckoos respond to the changing seasons.They depend on lush plants to provide the fruit and food for insects that they feed on.This reliance on seasonal patternsmeans that a changing climate could make an already challenging journey impossible for them. [/INST] question: What is the main purpose of the project? | options: A: To track cuckoos'1 0,000-mile journey B: To better understand the habits of cuckoos C: To find out what happens during cuckoos'journey D: To discover why the population of cuckoos is declining | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: DIAGNOdent is an instrument designed to facilitate the detection and quantification of dental caries on occlusal and smooth surfaces (Kaltenbach & Voigt GmbH & Co., Biberach/Riss, Germany). It uses a diode laser light source and a fibreoptic cable that transmits the light to a handheld probe with a fibreoptic eye in the tip. The light is absorbed and induces infrared fluorescence by organic and inorganic material. The emitted fluorescence is collected at the probe tip, transmitted through ascending fibres, and processed and presented on a display window as an integer between 0 and 99. Increased fluorescence reflects potential caries-affected tooth substance. The identity of the material responsible that DIAGNOdent is capable of detecting relatively advanced caries lesions, and DIAGNOdent readings show a very good correlation with histologic evidence of caries, but not with the depths of the lesions in dentin.
Conventional clinical caries examinations routinely use transillumination to identify lesions located on the interproximal surfaces of the anterior teeth. For at least 30 years a fibreoptic transillumination (FOTI) instrument has been available for clinical use. It provides an intense light beam that is transmitted through a fibreoptic cable to a specially designed probe to permit the use of transillumination on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth, Repeated improvements have been made in the instrument so that it may be used on occlusal and proximal tooth surfaces and the instrument is commonly used, often in place of radiographs, in private practices in Europe. [/INST] question: Which of he following devices doesn’t use the principle of fluorescence in diagnosis of caries | options: A: Diagnodent B: QLF C: FOTI D: Soprolife | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SEAMs): Tamoxifen citrate :Though chemically related to clomiphene, it has complex actions; acts as potent estrogen antagonist in breast carcinoma cells, blood vessels and at some peripheral sites, but as paial agonist in uterus, bone, liver and pituitary. Inhibition of human breast cancer cel b and hot flushes reflect antiestrogenic action while the weak estrogen agonistic action manifests as stimulation of endometrial proliferation lowering of Gn and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women as well as improvement* in their bone density. Tamoxifen is the standard hormonal treatment of breast cancer in both pre- and post menopausal women, though aromatase inhibitors are gaining prominence. In early cases it is given as postmastectomy adjuvant therapy, while in advanced cases it is a constituent of palliative treatment. Response rates are high in ER-positive breast carcinomas, but some ER-negative tumours also respond suggesting additional nonhormonal mechanism of action. It is also effective following surgery in cancer of male breast. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:304 [/INST] question: Which of the following is used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancer? | options: A: Adriamycin B: Clomiphene citrate C: Diethylstibestrol D: Tamoxifen | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Early to bed, Early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
This is an old English saying. Have you heard it before? It means that we must go to bed early and get up early in the morning. If we do, we shall be healthy. We shall also be rich(wealthy) and clever(wise).
Is this true? Perhaps it is. the body must have enough sleep. Children need ten hours' sleep every night. If you do not go to bed early, you cannot have enough sleep. Then you cannot think properly and you cannot do your work properly. You will not be wise and you may not become wealthy!
Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning. This is not good for them. We must sleep at night when it is dark. The dark helps us to sleep properly. When the daylight comes, we must get up. This is the time for exercise. Exercise means doing things with the body. Walking, running, jumping, swimming, and playing games are all exercise. If the body is not used, it becomes weak. Exercise keeps it strong. Exercise helps the blood to move ,brains in our heads also need blood. We think with our brains. If we keep our bodies healthy, and take exercise, we can think better.
Our bodies also need air to breathe. Without air we die. We must have a lot of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be healthy. [/INST] question: A habit is something we do _ . | options: A: every month B: twice a day C: every week D: very often | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "All I could see was two sets of red eyes below me," said Dave Gatty, an Australian farmer who spent seven days up a tree in remote bush land to escape crocodiles. Gatty, 52, said he was forced to take such drastic action after he accidentally went into a crocodile-infested area of Queensland. He only had two meat sandwiches to keep him going, as crocodiles moved beneath his tree each night until his rescue. Gatty said he decided it was safer to hold out for a rescue team than try to make a run for it. His problems began after he fell off his horse while out in the northern Australia outback. Dazed and bleeding, he climbed back on his horse and hoped it would lead him home. It was only when he regained his senses he realized that he had been taken into crocodile-infested area. "I had to get off the horse and I fell straight into a crocodile nest," he told reporters.
"That frightened me. I couldn't go back, it was too far and too dangerous, so I headed to the nearest high ground and stayed there, hoping someone would come and find me before the crocs did."
Gatty explained how each night two crocodiles would sit at the bottom of the tree staring at him. Although Gatty's two sandwiches ran out after three days, he was able to get running water during the day and knew rescuers were looking for him as he could see helicopters in the air above his tree.
"If I hadn't seen the crocs circling me, and if I hadn't fallen into the croc nest, I would have made a push for it. But I knew the safest thing was for me to sit and wait," he said. A chocolate bar, given to him by rescuers after being moved to safety by using a winch , "was like a gourmet (delicious)meal," he said. [/INST] question: Gaddy felt _ when he found himself trapped in the crocodile- infested area. | options: A: panicked but optimistic B: nervous and hopeless C: upset and regretful D: frightened but calm | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: rOBBINS BASIC PATHOLOGY 9TH EDITION Chapter diseases of immunity. page no 143. very low activity of adenosine deaminase in sample of red cells and high levels of dATP is consistent with diagnosis of SCID (severe combined immuno deficiency disease) . so answer is option 2. Defects in Lymphocyte Activation Rare patients with mutations in genes required for T cell activation have been identified that manifest with defective cell-mediated immunity or a phenotype resembling SCID. One of the interesting ones is a mutation in a transcription factor that is required for the TH17 response. The resulting disease manifestations include fungal (and occasionally bacterial) skin infections and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. By contrast, mutations in genes involved in TH1 responses result in susceptibility to infections with atypical mycobacteria. These observations emphasize the impoance of TH17 cells for defense against fungal infec- tions and of TH1 cells for combating intracellular bacterial infections. Mutations in genes encoding calcium channel proteins, and other components of T cell signaling, also have been described. [/INST] question: Very low activity of adenosine deaminase in sample of red cells and high levels of dATP is consistent with diagnosis of- | options: A: Organophosphorus poisoning B: Severe combined immunodeficiency disease C: Cyanide poisoning D: Acquired immunodeficiency disease | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Austin Children's Museum
This 7,000-square-foot museum aims to entertain and educate children up to age 9. In its Global City exhibit, they can go grocery shopping, order lunch at a diner, pretend that they are doctors, or construction workers, and more. In other fun exhibits, they learn about Austin's history, explore the world of water, experience life on a large prefix = st1 /Texasfarm.(Tues-Sat 10am-5pm, Sun noon-5pm)
Address: 210 Colorado St,Austin,Texas78701
Phone:(512)472-2499
Brooklyn Children's Museum
Founded in 1899, this is the world's oldest children's museum, featuring interactive exhibits, workshops, and special events. "The Mystery of Things" teaches children about cultural and scientific objects, and "Music Mix" welcomes young people.(Wed-Fri-2-5pm, Sat-Sun 10am-5pm)
Address: 145 Brooklyn Ave,Brooklyn,New York11213
Phone:(718)735-4400
Children's Discovery Museum
This museum's hand-on exhibits explore the relationships between the natural and the created worlds, and among people of different cultures and times. Exhibits include "Streets", a 5/8-scale copy of an actual city, with street lights, and "waterworks" which allows an operation of pumps to move water through a reservoir system.(Mon-Sat 10 am-5 pm; closed on holidays)
Address: 180 Woz Way, Guadalupe River Park,San Jose,California95110
Phone:(408)298-5437
Children's Museum of Indianapolis
This museum is the largest of its kind. Exhibits cover science, culture, space, history and exploration. Among them are the Space Quest Planetarium(additional fee), the 33-foot-high Water Clock, the Playscape gallery for preschoolers, and the Dinosphere exhibit, along with hands-on science exhibits. The largest gallery, the Center for Exploration, is designed for ages 12 and up.(Tues-Sun 10 am-5 pm; closed on Thanksgiving, Dec25)
Address: 3000N Meridian St,Indianapolis,Indiana46208
Phone:(317)334-3322 [/INST] question: If you want to know more information about "The Mystery of Things", you'd better ring _ . | options: A: (521)472-2499 B: (718)735-4400 C: (408)298-5437 D: (317)334-3322 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: With the beautiful music, the first lesson of the new term in 2014 began at 8:05 on the evening of September 1st, 2014. The program includes four parts: be nice to your parents, be polite to others, love others and be self-improved. It really makes a great difference to the students and the parents' ideas.
Family education plays an important role to the children. The "king" of fairy tales Zheng Yuanjie told us the story between his father, his son and him. His father helped him fill the pen in order to let Zheng focus on writing. His father set us a good example on how to be a nice father. Zheng is nice to his father, too. He bought a TV for his father and his son learnt from him. The moving story really touched my heart. It made me know how important it is to teach by precept and example role.
Joey Yung told us that how her mother taught her to be a polite girl. We should think about others when we do something we like. We need try to be popular people. She reminded us of good manners in our daily life.
Qin Yong, a famous rock star, gave up his career and put all his heart in educating his sick son. Though he felt too tired, he never quitted. It's his duty to bring his son up. When he found that his son made great progress, he felt very happy.
The orphans' life made us deeply moved. From their father, we know that if we encourage a person, he will have self-improvement.
From this program, we know that we should love the people around us. Then, our world will be better and better. [/INST] question: The program begins at _ . | options: A: 8:00 am B: 8:05 am C: 8:00 pm D: 8:05 pm | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Clinical Features
KOTs usually have no symptoms, although mild swelling may occur. Pain may occur with secondary infection. Aspiration may reveal a thick,yellow, cheesy material (keratin). In contrast to cysts, KOTs have a high propensity for recurrence, possibly because of small satellite cysts or fragments of epithelium left behind after surgical removal of the cyst.
Differential Diagnosis
When in a pericoronal position, a KOT may be indistinguishable from a dentigerous cyst. The lesion is likely to be a KOT if the cystic outline is connected to the tooth at a point apical to the cementoenamel junction or if no expansion of the cortical plates has occurred. Also, although KOTs can develop occlusal to developing teeth, often the follicle of the involved tooth is not enlarged as in dentigerous cysts. The typical scalloped margin and multilocular appearance of the KOT may resemble an ameloblastoma, but the latter has a greater propensity to expand.
Radiographic interpretation-
As with cysts, KOTs usually show evidence of a cortical border, unless they have become secondarily infected.
The cyst may have a smooth, round or oval shape identical to that of other cysts, or it may have a scalloped outline (a series of contiguous arcs).
Oral Radiology, Principles and Interpretation / Stuart C. White, Michael J. Pharoah - 7th ed pg- -343 [/INST] question: A 30 year old male presents to the OPD with pain in lower right tooth region with no remarkable medical history. Extra-oral examination reveals hard swelling corresponding to ramus of the mandible. On intra-oral examination 48 is absent. Aspiration reveals a thick, yellow cheesy material. OPG of patient is given below. What is the most probable diagnosis? | options: A: Hyperplastic follicle B: KOT C: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor D: Dentigerous cyst | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The American tradition of Thanksgiving dates back to colonial times, to the Pilgrims of Plymouth rock Colony. To escape religious persecution in England, the Pilgrims journeyed to the New World on their ship, the Mayflower. After a long journey, they finally arrived at Plymouth Rock in autumn of 1620. They could not finish building the settlement before winter, so many froze to death. They ate most of their food on the journey over, so many also starved. However, the Pilgrims met a Native American named Tisquantum, or Squanto as he was better known, who taught them how to plant corn and catch eel . By the same time next year, the Pilgrims had built a steady settlement, and had a bountiful harvest. To thank the Native Americans for their help and to celebrate the harvest, the Pilgrims held a grand banquet . Together, they feasted on corn, yams, fish, and most importantly: roast turkey, which became the highlight of the modern Thanksgiving feast.
Schools always make a big deal about Thanksgiving, because they feel that it teaches children how to be thankful and to treat others with kindness. I spent the many years of elementary school making paper turkeys, fake cornucopias(a shell filled with food, a symbol of the holiday), and writing lists of what I'm thankful for. When I grew older, I watched movies and read books about the First Thanksgiving, and completed crossword puzzles and word searches filled with holiday themed words. While the idea for Thanksgiving is great, and it is a wonderful opportunity to instill certain values in children, I don't think we should name a special holiday for being thankful. We should be thankful for what we have every day, not just Thanksgiving. [/INST] question: What's the main reason for the English Pilgrims to leave their home country? | options: A: Political ideas B: Religious beliefs C: Hard life D: Hopes for fortune | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Yolk - sac tumour) (736 - HM 5th) (692- Basic pathology 8th)YOLK-SAC-TUMOUR (synonyms - Endo dermal sinus tumurs, orchioblastoma, Infantile embryonal carcinoma)* This characteristic tumour is the most common testicular tumour of infants and young children up to the age of 4 years* AFP levels are elevated in 100% cases of yolk sac tumoursMicroscopic - The tumour cells may form distinctive perivascular structures resembling the yolk sac or endodermal sinuses of the rat placenta called Schiller - Duval bodies* There may be presence of both intracellular and extra cellular PAS positive hyaline globulesCHORIOCARCINOMA - M/E - Characteristic feature is the identification of intimately related syncytiotrophoblast and cyto trophoblast without formation of definite placental type villiTERATOMA - Honey - combed areas and foci of cartilage and boneSEMINOMA - Commonest malignant tumour of the testis and corresponds to dysgerminoma in femaleM/F. shows lobules of monomorphic seminoma cells separated by delicate fibrous stroma containing lymphocytic infiltration [/INST] question: Schiller- Duval bodies are seen in | options: A: Teratoma B: Seminoma C: Yolk sac tumour D: Chorio - carcinoma | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I was on the escalator in a market. There was an old man who was about five or six people in the front of me. People behind him were all in a hurry and saw him as a rock. The old man knew these clearly and tried hard to step aside.
I remember...Sometimes when walking or driving behind an older person, I've gotten impatient and upset.
"I'm sorry. Please forgive me!" said the old man, "I don't mean to hold you up." He then tried his best to get off the escalator.
I suddenly saw this in a whole new light. I felt sick to my stomach. The old man was apologizing to everyone, when we should have helped him to calm his fears.
One by one, people went around him quickly. By the time I got to him, I asked, "Sir, can I help you?"
The man thought for a while, then said, "Well, yes, thank you!"
I placed my hand under his left arm and walked away from the rush of people quickly.
"So what are you shopping for, sir?"
"Oh, today is Mother's Day. I want to buy something for my neighbor. She's a single mother and she is always so nice to me." he said, stopping suddenly as he searched his pocket.
"Oh, it's here! I always carry them with me," he said. Then he took out some business cards and handed me one which read:
"John Smith.
Friend to all...enemy to no one!
I said a prayer today and you were the answer.
Thank you!"
"That's for you," he said. "Thanks for stopping to help an old man."
"My friend, you helped me. I discovered why I was unhappy with the world. Now I know how to solve the problem. No more with me!" [/INST] question: Why did the old man try hard to step aside? | options: A: Because he was in a hurry B: Because he didn't want to be in other people's way C: Because the escalator was very crowded D: Because he was as heavy as a rock | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • Acute inflammation of prostate associated with UTI
• Caused by ascending urethral infection or reflux of infected urine into prostatic ducts
• MC organism: E. coli
• Patients present with sudden onset high grade fever with chills and rigors, severe irritative symptoms and enlarged, tender and boggy prostate
• Catheterization and prostatic massage is contraindicated
• MC used antibiotics are: TMP-SMX and Ciprofloxacin (Both are having better concentration in prostatic tissue)
• Around 4-6 weeks of antibiotic therapy is used to avert chronic bacterial prostatitis.
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
• Due to persistent bacterial infection of prostate
• Insidious in onset, characterized by relapsing or recurrent UTI caused by persistence of pathogen in prostatic fluid despite of antibiotic therapy
• Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination and culture of prostatic expressate and culture of urine obtained before and after prostatic massage.
• Treated by chronic antibiotic suppression (3–4 months)
Prostatic Abscess
• Most cases result from complications of acute bacterial prostatitis
• Fluctuation is a very late sign
• Predisposing factors: Diabetes, renal insufficiency, immunosuppression, urethral instrumentation, chronic indwelling catheter
• Diagnosis: TRUS or pelvic CT scan is crucial for diagnosis and treatment
• Treated by transurethral drainage and antibiotics [/INST] question: Complication which commonly accompanies acute prostatitis - | options: A: Epididymitis B: Orchitis C: Seminal vesiculitis D: Sterility | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: TETRACYCLINES These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. Mechanism of action The tetracyclines a :- c primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthe:"i&; by binding to 305 ribosomes in susceptible organism. Subsequent to such binding, attachmer. : o f aminoacyl-t-RNA to the mRNA-ribosomc complex is interferred with. A ntimicrobial spectrum When originally introduced, tetracyclines inhibited practically all tvpes of pathogenic microorganisms except fungi and viruses; hence the name &;broad-spectrum antibiotic&;. However, promiscous and often indiscriminate use has gradually narrowed the field of their usefulness. 1. Cocci: All gram-positive and gram-negative cocci were originally sensitive, but now many Strep. pyogenes, Staph. aureus and enterococci have become resistant. Responsiveness of Strep. pneumoniae has decreased somewhat. Tetracyclines (especially minocycline) are now active against few N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. 2. Most gram-positive bacilli, e.g. Clostridia and other anaerobes, Listeria, Corynebacteria, Propionibacterium acnes, B. anthracis are inhibited but not Mycobacteria, except some atypical ones. 3. Sensitive gram-negative bacilli are-H. ducreyi, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, V. cholerae, Yersinia pestis, Y. enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Helicobacter pylori, Brucella, Pasteurella multocida, F. tularensis and many anaerobes; some H. influenzae have become insensitive. Enterobacteriaceae are now largely resistant. Notable bacilli that are not inhibited are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella typhi and many Bact. fragilis. MIC against anaerobes is relatively higher. 4. Spirochetes, including T. pallidum and Borrelia are quite sensitive. 5. All rickettsiae (typhus, etc.) and chlamydiae are highly sensitive. 6. Mycoplasma and Actinomyces are moderately sensitive. 7. Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodia are inhibited at high concentrations. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:710,711,712 [/INST] question: Drug effective against pseudomonas is: | options: A: Penicillin G B: Gentamicin C: Tetracycline D: Chloramphenicol | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Silhouette sign is some what a misnomer and in the true sense actually denotes the loss of a silhouette, thus, it is sometimes also known as loss of silhouette sign or loss of outline sign 4. The differential attenuation of x-ray photons by two adjacent structures defines the silhouette, e.g. hea borders against the adjacent lung segments, and it is the pathological loss of this differentiation, which the silhouette sign refers to. In sho, it denotes that a mediastinal border can only be obscured by pathology which is in direct anatomical contact. Recognition of this sign is useful in localizing areas of airspace opacities, atelectasis or mass within the lung, with the loss of these normal silhouettes on frontal chest radiographs being generally indicative of the site of pathology . * right paratracheal stripe: right upper lobe * right hea border: right middle lobe or medial right lower lobe * right hemidiaphragm: right lower lobe * aoic knuckle: left upper lobe * left hea border: lingular segments of the left upper lobe * left hemidiaphragm or descending aoa: left lower lobe [/INST] question: Prunning of pulmonary aeries is seen in? | options: A: Right lower lobe B: Right atrium C: Right middle lobe D: Right ventricle | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "The child has become part of the management of family life, "says Adele Schwartz, researchdirector for Stars for Kids, a children's market---research firm. "This is a big role change in family life. Housework is changing. It used to be to take out the garbage and walk the dog. This is a little bit bigger than that."
Three---quarters of students between the ages of 8 and 14 say they have completed an online transaction ,according to a national survey on May 9. Nearly one---fourth of the 6,000 young people asked say they shop with their parents' credit cards, 26 percent use gift cards, and 8 percent say they use their own credit card. Almost half say they help with electronic transactions because their parents are helpless online. One--third help because their parents don't have enough time to shop.
"Kids do a large amount of comparison shopping,"Ms. Schwartz says, "including clothing, household items, family vacations, and even large items like a car.
All this cyber---help "clearly gives kids a power that they might not have had before,"says Gary Rudman, in San Francisco. "Parents still make the decisions, but kids have more and more effect than ever before, because they have access to information. They are more involved with the household, so they have more effect on some of the decisions."
Parents have different opinions about letting their children use credit cards online. Mr. Rudman says, "Some parents are open to it, others are not for it." Like many parents, Mrs, Hanstein keeps a watchful eye on Jacob's Internet use."he loves toorder something, but it's always with our guidance. He doesn't understand that a lot of the pop--up advertisement 'You've won this!'or 'You can get this for $1.'is a scam." [/INST] question: _ is playing a more and more important role in the family management. | options: A: The Internet B: The electronic transaction C: The child D: The father or mother | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What should I eat for breakfast? Who should I go out with on weekends? What should I do if I miss the bus to school? What colleges should I apply for? Again and again Chinese kids ask these questions to their teachers and parents. They can't make their own choices.
Kids in America would be very surprised to hear how much Chinese children depend on adults. When they are ten years old, kids decide what clothes they want to wear and buy. By twelve they know what classes to take for middle school. Thirteen years old is the beginning of being what Americans call a "teenager". Now the child makes almost all his/her decisions -- what to do after school;who are his/her friends, sometimes even when to come home at night. Finally at sixteen the kid usually gets a car from his/her parents. Now he or she can come and go when he/she likes. The only rule is when they come home at night.
Why should kids be independent? Think about it. After high school most of us will be by ourselves. Will our parents be able to tell us what to eat for breakfast in college? Can our teachers decide what we should do at work?
Making our own choices can be quite hard and scary. But we can start with making small choices, and then slowly make bigger and more important choices. Before we know it we will become independent, confident and able to make our own decisions! And we will have a lot more fun! [/INST] question: At what age can an American kid make most decisions by himself or herself? | options: A: Ten B: Eleven C: Twelve D: Thirteen | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Volunteer at Shelter - North Toronto Cat Rescue---Bayview/Hwy 7
Do you like animals? Come and volunteer at our cat shelter.
North Toronto Cat Rescue is a no-cage, no-kill cat shelter. We are a volunteer organization, funded totally by donation, and are a licensed Canadian charity.
We are looking for volunteers who can join us once a week for a 3 month period (at least). The work is not wonderful but it is very rewarding. Mainly, we feed, clean, and scoop litter. Of course we also spend quality time with our cats.
We have 2 shifts per day, 7 days per week:
Mornings are 9am-1pm.
Evenings are 5-7pm or 6-8pm.
Please note that any new volunteer who wishes to work evening shift must be able to work 4 morning shifts on a team before moving to an evening shift. This is required in order to gain the ability to work more independently, as required during evening shifts.
Students must be at least 16 years old. Adults are also welcome.
If you do not have your own personal transportation, please check the public transportation from your area to our location at Bayview/Hwy 7 area before responding to this ad. [/INST] question: Where is the ad most likely to appear? | options: A: In the local newspaper B: On the Internet C: On TV D: In a magazine | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Illustrated Talks at London Canal Museum
Illustrated talks are held at 7:30 pm, on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission to talks and museum is charged at the usual museum admission charges.
3rd September:
Protecting our Waterway Heritage by Nigel Crowe. Nigel is the Conservation Adviser to the Canal and River Trust . He undertook a comprehensive survey of the heritage of the waterways when first appointed, and now advises the CRT on its protection.
1st October:
The Canal and River Trust by John Dodwell. Founding trustee and long standing waterways enthusiast John Dodwell will detail the Trust's progress to date. He will explain the issues they face and the limits under which they work.
5th November:
The work of the Thames Ironworks Heritage Trust by Gavin Redknap. Gavin was one of the founders of the Trust that is working to save and restore some of the few surviving craft built at the Thames Ironworks Yard at the mouth of Bow Creek. The Trust plans to use the fleet of restored one-hundred-year-old lifeboats for community projects on the Lower Lee.
3rd December:
The River Thames Society and the River Thames by Peter Finch. Peter, who is Chairman of the River Thames Society, will explain the role and function of the society and then go on to talk about London's river and some of the issues it faces. [/INST] question: When is the talk on the waterways' protection? | options: A: 5th November B: 1st October C: 3rd September D: 3rd December | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ischemic injury to hea is Myocardial infarction Earliest change seen is waviness of fibers . - early coagulation necrosis - pyknosis of nucleus Myocyte hyper-eosinophilia Early neutrophilic infiltrate Marginal contraction bank necrosis 1-3 days - brisk interstitial infiltrate of neutrophils 3-7 days - early phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages at infarct border. Note: best enzyme for diagnosis of MI is Troponin I . TIME MICROSCOPIC CHANGES GROSS CHANGES 0 - 1/2 hrs - - 1/2 - 4 hrs Waviness of fibers of the border - 4 - 12 hrs Early coagulation necrosis, edema and hemorhage Dark mottling 12 - 24 hrs Coagulation necrosis with neutrophilic infiltration Dark mottling 1 - 3 days Coagulation necrosis with loss of nuclei and striations. Interstitial infiltrate of neutrophils Mottling with yellow - fan infact center 3 - 7 days Beginning of disintegration of dead myofibres with dying neutrophils. Early phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages Hyperemic border, and central yellow fan softening 7 - 10 days Well developed phagocytosis of dead cells. Granulation tissue of margins Maximally yellow fan and soft, with depressed red-fan margins 10-14 days Well - established granulation tissue with new blood vessels and collagen deposition Red-gray depressed infarct borders 2 - 8 week Increased collagen deposition, with decreased cellularity Grey-white scar, progressive from border foward core of infarct > 2 month Dense collogenous scar Scarring complete [/INST] question: Histopathological finding 12 hours after ischemic injury to hea is? | options: A: Karyorrhexis of myocytes B: Neocapillary invasion of myocytes C: Hyper-eosinophilia of myocytes D: Coagulation necrosis of myocytes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), formerly known as testicular feminization, is an X-linked recessive condition resulting in a failure of normal masculinization of the external genitalia in chromosomally male individuals. Adolescent patients have no pubic and axillary hair, with otherwise scanty body hair, and lack acne, although breasts are normal as a result of conversion of testosterone to estradiol. Mullerian agenesis is characterized by a failure of the mullerian ducts to develop, resulting in a missing uterus and fallopian tubes and variable malformations of the upper poion of the vagina. An individual with this condition is hormonally normal; that is, they will enter pubey with development of secondary sexual characteristics including thelarche and adrenarche (pubic hair). Gonadal dysgenesis is characterized by a progressive loss ofprimordial germ cells on the developing gonads of an embryo.The accompanying hormonal failure also prevents the development of secondary sex characteristicsin either sex, resulting in a sexually infantile female appearance and infeility. Failure to develop secondary sex characteristics (sexual infantilism) is typical in Turner's syndrome. [/INST] question: A female comes with normal breast development but scanty pubic hair. What is the most likely diagnosis ? | options: A: Turner's syndrome B: Testicular feminizing syndrome C: Mullerian agenesis D: Gonadal dysgenesis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Singapore: A
City
Singapore welcomes tourists. When you come to visit Singapore, please keep the laws of this country. Here are some points that you must remember.
SMOKING: Cigarette smoking is a danger to health. It is not allowed in lifts, cinemas, theaters, all government offices and on buses. If you break it, you have to pay fines of up to $ 1,000. LITTER: Singapore is the Garden City of Asia---clean and green. Dropping litter in public places is not allowed. You can be fined up to $ 500 for dropping litter ---even if it only a piece of waste paper or a cigarette end.
EATING OR DRINKING: In Singapore, when you take a subway or a bus, you are not supposed to eat or drink anything, or you'll be fined up to $ 500.
RIDING: When you ride a bike across an underpass , please push your bike across the underpass, or you have to pay $ 1,000 for riding your bike.
JAYWALKING*: You must always use the pedestrian(, )crossing. You can be fined $ 50 for crossing the street less than 50 meters from a crossing. These laws are also for children who are old enough to be in the street on their own. [/INST] question: When you come to visit Singapore,you should remember to _ . | options: A: go shopping B: keep the law of this country C: go sightseeing D: visit some fantastic sights | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: To: "The Shoe People" <[email protected]>
From: "John Trimbald" <[email protected]>
Subject: Customer Complaint
To Whom it May Concern,
I have trusted the Shoe People to protect the feet of my employees for over ten years now. I recently purchased a few pairs of boots from your company for my crew. Though my men were initially satisfied with the boots, the soles began to fall apart on them after just twelve weeks. This was extremely surprising considering they came with a six year warranty. The boots are unsafe to wear because my men are pouring hot concrete. Please respond as soon as possible with instructions on how I can return the boots and receive a refund.
Thank you,
John Trimbald, Foreman, JT Construction
To: "John Trimbald" <jtconstruction @ img. com>
From: "The Shoe People" <inquiries @ shoepeople. com>
Dear Mr. Trimbald,
Thank you for your e-mail concerning the poor quality of our rubber soled black workboots. A representative will be by your office next week to pick up the damaged boots. We apologize for any inconvenience this has caused you and your crew.
Along with five new pairs of workboots for your crew (we included one extra pair), we have enclosed a free year's supply of sole protector spray. In our retail stores, this spray is always recommended to buyers who work on heated floors. This should have been brought to your attention at the time of your initial order. Please excuse our oversight.
To date we have had no complaints about these workboots from customers who have used the protector spray. However, should you use the spray and find that you are still unsatisfied with the boots, please return the boots and spray for a full refund. Thank you for supporting The Shoe People. Have a Happy New Year.
Sincerely,
Stan Mason, President [/INST] question: The first email is basically an email of _ . | options: A: apology B: sympathy C: appreciation D: complaint | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An Apple employee is in trouble after the prototype of its top-secret iPhone5 was left in a bar.
The as yet unreleased prototype was supposedly "misplaced" at Cava22 in San Francisco.
Apple's security team was called in after reports that it had been sold over the internet for PS120.
However, technology website Cnet.co.uk reports that the San Francisco Police Department said Apple had not reported the item as lost.
Cava22 owner Jose Valle has said that neither the SFPD nor Apple have contacted him, although he does remember getting calls about a lost iPhone last month.
It follows a very similar incident in April 2010 when a then-unreleased iPhone4 was left in a beer garden of a German bar in California by an Apple engineer.
The lost iPhone4 was also sold over the internet to the technology blog, which paid PS3,000.
The incident led to Apple strengthening its already stiff security, for it seems difficult to believe that a virtually identical incident would happen for the second time in two years. [/INST] question: It is _ that the iPhone prototypes have been lost in the recent years. | options: A: the first time B: the second time C: the third time D: the fourth time | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The cerebrum is the largest pa of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres connected corpus callosum. The surface layer of each hemisphere is called the coex and is composed of gray matter.The frontal lobe is situated in front of the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus.The parietal lobe is situated behind the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus.The precentral gyrus lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus and is known as the motor area and control voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body.Most nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata as they descend to the spinal cord. The postcentral gyrus lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus and is known as the sensory areaThe superior temporal gyrus lies immediately below the lateral sulcus. The middle of this gyrus is concerned with the reception and interpretation of sound and is known as the auditory area.Broca's area, or the motor speech area, lies just above the lateral sulcus. The visual area is situated on the posterior pole and medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere in the region of the calcarine sulcus. It is the receiving area for visual impressions. [/INST] question: Primary auditory area is | options: A: Inferior temporal gyrus B: Occiptal coex C: Superior temporal gyrus D: Frontal coex | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: New picture
The National Gallery now has a fine _ by the 18th century Dutch painter Jan van Os.This large picture (89.1 cm x 71cm) of flowers and fruit is painted in light bright colours on wood.It is one of the first pictures of this type in the Gallery.The picture is signed and dated 1777 and 1778.It is not unusual for a picture to be dated two years: the artist waited for particular flowers to come out in their different seasons in order to paint them.This picture was given to the Gallery by Miss Violet Churchman in memory of her sister Ida Nancy. It is now on show in Room 25.
Special exhibition
The exhibition "Painting in Spain During the Late 18th Century" opened in the Sunley Room on 15 March.Recently the Gallery has bought works by three Spanish painters of this period--Paret, Melendez and Francisco Bayeu, who are the focus of the exhibition.These three artists are also joined by Francisco's brother Ramon, by Antonio Gonzalez and two Italians who worked in Spain during these years--Corrado Giaquinto and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.The exhibition runs until 31 May.
Lecture news Lectures will be given along with the special exhibition every Wednesday.On 8 April, Lizzie Barker will discuss the work of Melendez, while on 15 April, Sarah Symmons will lecture on Luis Patter.On 22 and 29 April, Juliet Wilson will talk about Francisco Bayeu.On 25 April, a Saturday, Erika Langmuir will explain how artists often "tell a story" through their pictures. [/INST] question: How many artists' paintings are on show at the special exhibition? | options: A: Three B: Five C: Seven D: Eight | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Is there intelligent life on other planets? For years, scientists said "no." or "we don't know." But today this is changing. Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are astronomers . They believe intelligent life exists somewhere in the universe. They also think we sill soon contact these beings(;).
Why do Shostak and Barnett think intelligent life exists on other planets? The first reason is time. Scientists believe the universe is about 12 billion years old. "This is long enough for other planets to have intelligent life," say Shostak and Barnett. The second reason is size--the universe is huge. "Tools like the Hubble Telescope have shown that there are at least 100 billion galaxies," says Shostak. "And our galaxy, the Milky Way, has at least 100 billion stars. Some planets going around these stars might be similar to Earth."
In the past, it was hard to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe. But now, powerful telescopes allow scientists to discover smaller planets--the size of Mars or Earth--in other solar systems. These planets might have intelligent life.
Have beings from space already visited Earth? "Probably not," says Shostak. "It's a long way away. However, intelligent beings may contact us in other way, such as radio signals . In fact, they may be trying to communicate with us now, but we don't have the right tools to receive their messages. However, this is changing. By 2025, we could make contact with other life forms in our universe and we might help each other." [/INST] question: Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are _ . | options: A: astronomers B: farmers C: singers D: drivers | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Brachial cyst Branchial fistula Develops from vestigial remnants of 2nd branchial cleft. Lined by squamous epithelium Contains thick, turbid fluid full of cholesterol crystals. Cyst usually presents in the upper neck in early or middle adulthood Found at the junction of upper third & middle third of the SCM muscle at its anterior border. Fluctuant swelling that may transilluminate and is often soft in its early stages USG and FNAC aid diagnosis. Treatment is by complete excision. Branchial fistula may be unilateral or bilateral Thought to represent a persistent 2nd branchial cleft Tract is lined by ciliated columnar epithelium There may be a small amount of recurrent mucous or mucopurulent discharger onto the neck External orifice is nearly always situated in the lower third of the neck near anterior border of SCM Internal orifice is located on the anterior aspect of posterior faucial pillar just behind the tonsil. Internal aspect of the tract may end blindly at or close to the lateral pharyngeal wall, constituting a sinus rather than a fistula. The tract follows the same path as a branchial cyst and requires complete excision often by more than one transverse incision in the ne [/INST] question: Most frequent site of branchial cyst is at: | options: A: Upper third of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid B: Lower third of anterior border of sternocleidomastoid C: Upper third of anteromedial border of sternocleidomastoid D: Supraclavicular fossa | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Alexander von Humboldt was born in 1769 in Berlin, Germany. As a young boy, he wanted to learn about the world. Humboldt followed his dream. In 1799, he traveled with a friend to Central and South America.
On their trip, Humboldt and his friend saw and did many things. They sailed down the Amazon River. They watched dolphins play in the ocean. They explored the rain forest and climbed mountains and volcanoes. They were able to make the first maps of the northern part of South America.
Humboldt set a world record for mountain climbing. He also made a discovery. During his climb, Humboldt became very sick. He found out that the higher he climbed, the less oxygen there was in the air. This made it more difficult to breathe. Later, this became known as mountain sickness.
Science was another part of Humboldt's interests. He wanted to write about all of the new things he saw. He described the new plants, animals, and rocks which had never been seen by scientists before.
Humboldt also studied the way of life of the local people. He learned how the native people along the Amazon River used plants in their daily lives. For example, they used a strong poison from a vine to make poisoned arrows. The natives used these arrows for hunting their food.
The Amazon Indians also used a native plant to treat malaria , a serious illness. The plant grew wild, but after it was dug up, it was never replanted. Humboldt warned the natives that the plant was in danger of dying out. He looked for ways to preserve the plant and to make it grow strong.
Although Humboldt took many risks during his trip, he lived to be 90 years old. In his lifetime, he made many discoveries and shared them with the world. As a tribute to Humboldt, there are rivers and mountains named after him. [/INST] question: We can infer that Humboldt was probably a (n) _ . | options: A: explorer B: inventor C: doctor D: writer | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The function of MHC molecules is to display peptide fragments of protein antigens to antigen-specific T cells for recognition and activation of immune response. Because MHC molecules are fundamental to the recognition of antigens by T cells and are linked to many autoimmune diseases. In humans the MHC molecules are called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). On the basis of their structure, cellular distribution and function, MHC gene products are classified into two major classes: * Class I MHC molecules- expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets. They are heterodimers consisting of a polymorphic a, or heavy, chain linked non-covalently to a smaller non polymorphic protein called b 2 -microglobulin. Class I MHC molecules display peptides that are derived from proteins, such as viral and tumor antigens, that are located in the cytoplasm and usually produced in the cell, and class I-associated peptides are recognized by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Since CD8+ T cells recognize peptides only if presented as a complex with class I MHC molecules, CD8+ T cells are said to be class I MHC-restricted. * Class II MHC molecules- encoded in a region called HLA-D, which has three subregions: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. Class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a noncovalently associated a chain and b chain, both of which are polymorphic. Class II MHC molecules present antigens that are internalized into vesicles, and are typically derived from extracellular microbes and soluble proteins. The class II b 2 domain has a binding site for CD4, and therefore, the class II-peptide complex is recognized by CD4+ T cells. Because CD4+ T cells can recognize antigens only in the context of self-class II molecules, they are referred to as class II MHC-restricted. The combination of HLA alleles in each individual is called the HLA haplotype. [/INST] question: The role played by major histocompatibility complex protein is: | options: A: Transduce the signals to T cells following antigen recognition B: Mediate immunoglobulin class switching C: Present antigens for recognition by T cell antigen receptor D: Enhance the secretion of cytokines | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people are like homing pigeons; Drop them off anywhere.and they'll find their way around.Other people.through, can't tell holding a map upside down.Are the directionally challenged just bad learners?
Not all of your navigational skills are learned.Research shows that your sense of direction is innate.An innate ability is something you are born with.Your brain has special navigational neurons--head-direction cells, place cells, and grid cells --and they help program your inside compass when you're just a baby.
In 2010.scientists carried out an experiment to study baby rates' activity in their brains.Although the rats were newborns.the researchers discovered that their head-direction cells(which help them recognize the direction they're facing) were fully grown and developed.The rats.it seemed.were born with a sense of direction.And they hadn't even opened their eyes yet!
Humans.of course, are not rats.But the hippocampus --the brain we use for navigation--is similar in most mammals.If the rat's compass develops this way.then it's likely a human's compass does, too.
If we're born with a sense of direction.then why are some people so good at getting lost? The scientists found that the two other cells---place and grid cells--developed within the first month.Place cells are thought to help us form a map in our mind.while gird cells help us navigate new and unfamiliar places.The two cells work together, and that's where the trouble might be.
People who took part in a 2013 study played a video game that required them to travel quickly between different places.Monitoring their brains.the scientists.According to researcher Michael Kahana, differences in how gird cells work may help explain why some people have a better sense of direction than others. [/INST] question: What did the 2010 research find? | options: A: Rats have a natural ability to recognize directions B: Rats' hipppcampus is different from that of humans C: Rats usually find their way without opening their eyes D: Baby rats have as many head-direction cells as grown-ups | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Grandfather and 3-year-old boys are natural buddies. On this particular day in May, the grandfather was pleased to have the company of his best little pal when planting the vegetable garden. For a while, the boy seemed to like it too. His small fingers were just the right size to pick up tiny seeds and drop them into Granddad-made holes. They were a great team.
But before long the boy became restless and directed his anger at the seeds themselves.
"What's this one, Granddad?"
"Beets ."
"Ugh, I hate beets."
"Well, then, let's do the pumpkin instead."
"Yuck. I really hate pumpkin."
"Okay, buddy. What would you like to plant?"
"How about ... doughnuts ?"
Just in time, the grandfather stopped himself from saying there was no such thing as a doughnut seed. Looking at the unhappy little face, he suddenly got an inspiration.
"Wait a second. I have to go inside and get the right seeds."
Granddad returned with a handful of seeds. He and the small boy solemnly planted them in a special corner of the vegetable garden.
Weeks later, when the real seeds began to break through the soil, the boy became delighted with the tiny seedlings. He spent many afternoons helping Granddad water and hoe and watch them grow. And when the first baby vegetables were harvested, he liked them after all.
For weeks, he forgot all about the doughnuts. But then one day at lunch, he said, "Granddad, what happened to our doughnuts? How come they didn't grow?"
Granddad paused a moment. "Well, you know, doughnuts are tricky. Some years when you plant them, you get lots of doughnuts." He sighed sadly. "But other years, all that comes up are the holes." [/INST] question: The word buddies in the first sentence probably means _ . | options: A: the old and the young B: gardeners or farmers C: friends or partners D: teammates or classmates | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people were eating and drinking in a coffee house. A young woman was sitting alone at a table. She was wearing a beautiful diamond necklace. There was an ugly man at a table not far from her. He was looking at her necklace all the time.
Suddenly the lights went out. The coffee house was in darkness. The woman started to shout. She was very frightened. A few minutes later the lights came on again. The woman was crying. Her necklace was missing.
The manager quickly closed all the doors. He telephoned the police. No one could get out of the coffee house. The policemen soon came. The police inspector told his men to search everyone. The necklace was not on anyone. They then searched the whole coffee house. The necklace couldn't be found.
The police inspector then looked at the faces of all the people in the coffee house. He saw the ugly man and looked at the man carefully. He went up to the man and picked up the bowl of soup that was on his table. He then poured the soup into a glass. The necklace fell out. The policemen caught hold of the man and took him away. The young woman was happy to get back her necklace. [/INST] question: A young woman lost her necklace in _ . | options: A: a hospital B: a shop C: a coffee house D: a restaurant | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I'm sitting here in this coffee shop. You know the one there by Allen street. The town is filled with thousands of middle class college kids living off their parent's money.
The coffee shop is where the ones come to play the part of sophisticated bohemians . The pretensions glow from their line-less faces as they sip cappuccinos and chew strawberry cookies. The boys to my right are discussing Nabokov with a serious air, a copy of Sartre's Cuba lies on the table.
The young woman on my left is declaring that she can never allow her creativity to be killed by entering the work force. The man with her scratches his goatee in agreement, occasionally suggesting they go back to his place to hear his new Washington Squares CD. Matt has just designed a new international symbol for peace. He moves from table to table trying to sell hand painted T-shirts that bear the design. Tomorrow he's leaving for the 25th anniversary Woodstock concert where he hopes to strike it rich with his creation.
Gopha the skinny Indian boy feels like singing me a verse of 'It Ain't Me Babe' when I ask him if he's a friend of Monica's. Jason is trying to talk Gopha into a dollar bet on a game of chess. Between times Jason will chew your ear off with his plans to conquer the music industry while studying entertainment law, but when it comes to his never ending dollar chess matches he's quiet as a church mouse.
I sit among them. To all surface appearances one and the same. If they could only see I would rather reach into their flesh and tear out their shallow little hearts than listen to another second of their prattle .
With no job, no gigs, and my girlfriend's so far gone she might as well be on another planet, I've been leading the writer's quiet cafe life, spending my free time outdoors drinking iced teas and cheap wines. I chat warmly with whoever decides to squander away their hours in my surrounding area.
But behind my eyes is an unspoken challenge to any and every one of these social elites to just once say one thing that would inspire me. Just one little idea which is new and meaningful. Unfortunately original thoughts are zero here.
In my secret mind I wish to run like a madman banging gongs and speaking in tongues. Or maybe jump on a table and sing the Star Spangled Banner in the forgotten language of the Hottentots. I know these thoughts only reveal me as a fool because the spark I search for cannot be found in acts of shocking performance art. Where it truly comes from is one of the mysteries which will always hang around me. [/INST] question: The college students in the coffee shop can be described as _ . | options: A: shallow and aimless B: determined and independent C: vain and ambitious D: honest and hardworking | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: W Taipei
The W Hotel is among the city's big-name luxury hotels. Futuristic and fancy, the W Taipei's setting is reminding you of a Lady Gaga video; perhaps that explains why the singer insisted on staying here on a recent visit. There are eight room types to choose from, with names such as Fabulous and Extreme Wow. They vary wildly in style.
10 Zhongxiao E. Road, Sect. 5, Xin Yi Area Taipei City Hall MRT; +886 2 7703 8888; from NT$8,900 (US$299); www.wtaipei.com
Grand Hotel
If sleeping in landmarks is your thing, the Taipei Grand Hotel is a must. The Grand is an expression of classical Chinese art mixed with Western construction principles. The Grand Hotel is attractive and full of history, but rooms are aging, so don't expect the inside to be as "grand" as the outside. You can enjoy yourself at a driving range of golf, year-round pools and no fewer than eight restaurants.
No. 1, Lane 1, Zhongshan N. Road, Section 4 shuttle from Yuan Shan MRT; +886 2 2886 8888; from NT$4,800 (US$165); www.grand-hotel.org
Dandy Hotel
From free drinks and snacks in the lobby to seasonally themed decorations, this hotel takes care of the small _ . But what places the Dandy Hotel above others in the same price category are views over Da-An Park; they're reminders of those of New York's Central Park. Rooms with views are worth the extra money paid, but book early -- there are only two on each floor.
No. 33, Xin Yi Road, Sect. 3, Dongmen MRT; +886 2 2707 6899; from NT$2,340 (US$80); www.dandyhotel.com.tw
Homey Hostel
Taiwanese brother and sister Josh and Kelly make guests feel right at home at this bargain Hostel. According to them, their motive in starting the hostel was to make friends, which is why they can often be found in the public area chatting with guests. There's a small kitchen, public computer, free coffee and tea, and luggage storage.
1/F, No. 7, Lane 180, Tonghua Street,) Liuzhangli MRT; +886 91900 2116; dorms from NT$500 (US$17); www.homeyhostel.com [/INST] question: May is fan of Lady Gaga, and she may probably stay in _ when in Taipei. | options: A: W Taipei B: Grand Hotel C: Dandy Hotel D: Homey Hostel | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids American Hea association has recommended guidelines for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease by dietary and other lifestyle practices. Summary of Dietary Guidelines Population Goals Overall Healthy Eating Appropriate Body Desirable Cholesterol Desirable Blood Pattern Weight Profile Pressure Major guidelines Include a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, low-fat or nonfat dairy products, fish, legumes, poultry, lean meats. Match energy intake to energy needs, with appropriate changes to achieve weight loss when indicated. Limit foods high in saturated fat and cholesterol; and substitute unsaturated fat from vegetables, fish, legumes, nuts. Limit salt and alcohol; maintain a healthy body weight and a diet with emphasis on vegetables, fruits, and low-fat or non-fat dairy products. AHA Guidelines about the Riven options: About n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements A number of investigators have repoed on beneficial effects of increased fatty acid intake in patients with coronary aery disease. Several of these studies used supplements containing long-chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA, or ''fish oil") at doses ranging from 850 mg to 2.9 g/d. Other studies have shown that higher doses (3 to 4 g/d) provided as supplements can reduce plasma triglyceride levels in patients with hyperiglyceridemia.21 High intakes of fatty fish (1 serving per day) can result in intakes of EPA and DHA of :1%.-900 mg/d. Fuher studies are needed to establish optimal doses of fatty acids (including EPA, DHA, and rr-linolenic acid) for both primary and secondary prevention of coronary disease as well as the treatment of hyperiglyceridemia. For secondary prevention, beneficial effects of a high dose of fatty acids on recurrent events have been repoed in the GISSI trial. A 20% reduction in overall moality (P=0.01) and a 45% reduction in sudden death (P<0.05) after 3.5 years was repoed in subjects with preexisting coronary hea disease (who were being treated with conventional drugs) given 850 mg of fatty acid ethyl esters (as EPA and DHA) either with or without vitamin E (300 mg/d). Other studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of fatty acids EPA, DHA (1.9 g/d),2 u-and :/-linolenic acid (0.8% of energy)ll 71 in subjects with coronary hea disease. Consumption of 1 fatty fish meal per day (or alternatively, a fish oil supplement) could result in an fatty acid intake (ie, EPA and DHA) of kc900 mg/d, an amount shown to beneficially affect coronary hea disease moality rates in patients with coronary disease. About high fibre diet The AHA recommendation is to increase fiber intake in the diet. This goal can be achieved through the guidelines for food consumption, for example, emphasis on vegetables, cereals, grains, and fruits. Although there are studies showing that specific fiber supplements are associated with lowered LDL or glucose, there are no long-term trials showing relations between these supplements and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, at this time, fiber supplements are not recommended for hea disease risk reduction. About Stanol/Sterol Ester-Containing Foods Stanol/sterol ester (plant sterols)-containing foods have been documented to decrease plasma cholesterol levels. Plant sterols, as a class of compounds, are poorly absorbed and appear to compete with cholesterol for absorption, hence decreasing the efficacy of absorption. Intakes of 2 to 3 g of plant sterols per day have been repoed to decrease total and LDL cholesterol levels by 9% to 20%. Considerable variability in response exists among individuals. Little effect of plant sterols on HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels has been repoed. Intakes of plant sterols >3 g/d confer no additional benefit with respect to total or LDL cholesterol lowering. Plasma levels of plant sterols are not or only minimally elevated after daily ingestion. Recent concern has been raised regarding the tendency of plant sterol-containing foods to decrease plasma fx- plus 13-carotene, Lr-tocopherol, and/or lycopene levels. The physiological significance of these changes is unclear at this time, but it appears prudent to recommend additional monitoring. Until long-term studies are performed to ensure the absence of adverse effects in individuals chronically ingesting plant sterol-containing foods, the use of these products should be reserved for adults requiring lowering of total and LDL cholesterol levels because of hypercholesterolemia or the need for secondary prevention after an atherosclerotic event. About Potassium Supplement A recent meta-analysis found that on average, supplementation of diets with 60 to 120 mmol of potassium per day reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, by 4.4 and 2.5 mm Hg in hypeensives and by 1.8 and 1.0 mm Hg in normotensives. Diets rich in potassium have also been associated with a reduced risk of stroke. Because a high dietary intake of potassium, magnesium, and calcium can he achieved from food sources and because diets rich in these minerals provide a variety of other nutrients, the preferred strategy for increasing mineral intake is through foods rather than supplements. Beneficial cardiovascular effects of selected dietry components . Folic Acid Vitamin B6 JHontocystine levels . High fibre Diet ..1 Total cholesterol, .1 LDL Cholesterol . Omega 3 fatty, Acids .G.l Triglycerides, ,1 Platelet Aggregation . Soy protein J Triglycerides, J LDL Cholesterol . Moderate Alcohol Consumption t HDL Cholesterol ,1Blood clotting coagulation . Vitamin E .1 LDL Oxidative susceptibility * Vitamin C Recyles Vitamin E * Sterol esters (Psytosterols) JTotal cholesterol, J LDL Cholesterol [/INST] question: Which of the following dietary interventions reduces the fuher risk in MI patientsaEUR' | options: A: High fibre diet B: Sterol esters C: Potassium supplements D: n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A Concussion happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike on; the head in sports.Concussions can be mild, but doctors may order a CT scan to look for a more serious injury.But a recent study warned that more children than necessary are being exposed to radiation this way.
A national team led by two doctors at the University of California, Davis, studied hospital records from thousands of children with head injuries. They found that in many cases, the risk of developing cancer from the radiation outweighed the risk of a serious brain injury.
The study found that one in five children over age two had a low risk of serious injury but received CT scans anyway. The same was true of almost one in four children under two years of age.
The researchers have developed rules to predict if a head injury is serious enough for a scan. For children under two, doctors are advised against it if there is:
*Normal mental activity.
*No swelling in the back of the head.
*No feeling of a broken bone in the skull.
*And no loss of consciousness for more than five seconds.
Doctors should also consider how the child was injured and whether the parents say the child is acting normally.
For patients from two to eighteen, the guidelines are similar ---- except there should be no l vomiting and no severe headache.
Earlier this year, the British Journal of Sports Medicine published new guidelines for concussions in children and teens. International experts said they should not return to sports or school until fully recovered. The brain also needs a "cognitive rest," they say, by restricting activities like video games, texting and watching TV.
It often take longer than adults to recover from a concussion than adults. The experts say individual progress and not a set time period should always guide a decision to return to play. [/INST] question: The researchers at the -University of California found that children who received CT scans | options: A: were likely to suffer brain injuries B: wouldn't have normal mental activity C: would lose consciousness now and then D: were likely to develop canter | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Volunteering abroad is a great way to help others, improve your skills and become a more confident, independent person. If you are interested in volunteering abroad, here are some places to go.
Australia
If you seek a life on the beach, in a great climate with friendly people, Australia might be your best bet. With thousands of volunteers already signing up to leave for Australia during the holidays, it will be a very popular option.
Brazil
This vast country has some great opportunities on offer and is especially popular this year. A lot of volunteer work is available in Brazil centers on conservation and ecological projects. With the world's largest rainforest in Brazil, of which huge part is in danger, there are lots of different jobs you can do.
Kenya
Kenya is the destination for those seeking an African experience. Generally volunteers in Kenya work in orphanages or with local children living in slums . There is a great demand for volunteers in Africa because many people live in poverty, so if you truly feel like making a difference to a community, Kenya should be at the top of your list.
Costa Rica
Golden sandy beaches, clear coastlines and beautiful cities are what Costa Rica is all about. Because of its small size, you can see a lot of the country in just a short time. You can really make the most of your time as a volunteer. A lot of work is needed with wildlife and ecological work, so if you want to look after turtles on the beach, Costa Rica could be just the place for you [/INST] question: If you are interested in protecting the environment, you will probably go to _ . | options: A: Australia B: Kenya C: Brazil D: Costa Rica | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Homelessness is a huge problem all over the world. It's said that each day there are about 1 million people living on the streets in the US. It is a serious problem which should be dealt with effectively.
There are two main reasons for people leaving their homes: poverty and less affordable houses due to bad economic conditions. Other reasons include: domestic violence, divorce, and mental illness. Living without a home makes people main targets of violence activities and besides, these homeless people have to face the following difficulties on a daily basis.
They have to move about, carrying their belongings, which makes it difficult for the charity and the government to help them. They have limited access to bathrooms and restrooms and are forced to live in dirty conditions, making them easy to be attacked by diseases. They have limited access to health-care facilities in case of emergency, and almost no access to education as they have no money. They are often ill-treated by society, which makes them unfriendly, often ending up being involved in activities connected with crime like selling drugs or guns.
Homelessness is not something that happened overnight --- it has been in the country for decades. The society usually believes those living on the street to be mentally unstable. This belief is partially true. Most of them are normal people just like you and me.
The federal government is doing all it can to help but it is not enough, so the ordinary citizens have to stand up and try to help whenever it's possible. There are various organizations, such as charity organizations that are working constantly to make sure that homeless people find a shelter to live in. the united efforts have helped millions of people return to their normal lifestyle. However, there is still a long way to go before a better situation is created for all the homeless. [/INST] question: Homeless people suffer from all the following except _ . | options: A: violent activities B: disease attack C: moving a lot D: heavy work | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When travelling.you are sure to try some exciting new kinds of food.The Wild Food Festival,in the town of Hokitika,the west of Coast of New Zealand,gives you the chance to try some strange food.It is a celebration of the areas special lifestyle and food.And it celebrates food that most people might not want to eat.It is held in March every year.
At the festival you will find huhu grubs and beetles on your plate.The festival also celebrates Maori food. the food of the traditional native people of New Nealand And visitors will eat the wild food with plenty of famous West Coast beer.What's more,there are three stages at the festival,where there is live music and entertainment an day long.
If you have the chance to travel to Hokitita during the Wild Food Festival,you should book a hotel before it begins.or you can choose to stay at local schools.A number of local schools become camping grounds over the weekend of the festival.You can also stay in Greymouth,because there are buses from Greymouth to the festival. [/INST] question: When is the Wild Food Festival held in the town of Hokitika every year? | options: A: In March B: In April C: In May D: In June | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gastritis is term is reserved for histologically documented inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It results from mucosal injury. And when neutrophils are present in the lesion it is referred to as acute gastritis Acute gastritis refers to the clinical situation of gastric mucosal erosions (not mucosal ulcers). Acute gastritis is also known as hemorrhagic gastritis or acute erosive gastritis. The most common causes of acute gastritis are infectious. Acute gastritis can be associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (such as ibuprofen ,aspirin), alcohol, coicosteroids, chemotherapy, and severe stress. Two types of stress ulcers are : Curling's ulcers, which can be seen in patients with severe burns, and Cushing's ulcers which can be seen in patients with intracranial lesions. Gross appearance of acute gastritis is multiple, scattered, punctate, hemorrhagic areas in the gastric mucosa. This is helpful in differentiating acute gastritis from peptic ulcers, which tend to be solitary and larger. Microscopically the gastric mucosa from a patient with acute gastritis is likely to reveal mucosal erosions, scattered neutrophils, edema, and possibly hemorrhage. [/INST] question: A 57 year old female was presented with a chest pain in her mid-sternal area. She has history of taking NSAIDs for joint pains. Gastric mucosa shows multiple, punctate, haemorrhagic areas; no mucosal ulceration is seen. Biopsy from the lesions reveals mucosal erosions with edema and haemorrhage. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis ? | options: A: Autoimmune gastritis B: Peptic ulcer disease C: Watermelon stomach D: Acute gastritis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In Stockholm, the Swedish Academy has chosen the British author Doris Lessing for the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.
The selection of Doris Lessing for a Nobel was popular among the hundreds of journalists gathered for the announcement in Stockholm.
Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy Horace Engdahl said with skepticism, fire and visionary power Lessing has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny.
Doris Lessing was born in 1919 in Persia - modern-day Iran - to British parents, moving as a child with her family to southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, where she stayed in school only to the age of 14.
A year after moving to London, she published her first novel in 1950.The Grass is Singingexamines unbridgeable racial conflict in colonial Africa through the eyes of a white farmer's wife and her black servant.
A member of the British Communist Party during the 1950s and a campaigner against nuclear arms and South African apartheid, Lessing was for years banned from that country and from Rhodesia.
Her literary breakthrough came in 1962 with publication ofThe Golden Notebook, seen by many, though not necessarily Lessing, as a pioneering work of modern feminism. A disjointed study of the mind of the main character, Anna Wulf, the novel explores her thoughts about Africa, politics and communism, relationships with men and sex, and Jungian analysis and dream interpretation.
Lessing's themes shifted to psychology in her works from the 1960s, and by the 1970s she was fascinated with the Islamic mystic tradition of Sufism. Her turn toward science fiction withthe Canopusseries in the early 1980s was not warmly received by traditionalist critics, but she has continued to win new readers and numerous literary awards, including the David Cohen British Literary Prize and the Companion of Honour from the Royal Society of Literature, both in 2001.
Following the announcement, the Horace Engdahl told VOA why he was personally so pleased with Lessing's selection.
"She is one of the truly great writers - of novels, short stories, fiction and non-fiction," Engdahl said. "She is one of the few writers who have had the courage to uphold the principle of equality between the male and female experience, and she has given the impulse to numbers of other women writers. And she is really the mother of a _ that is one of the most important in our contemporary literature."
At 87, Doris lessing is the oldest Nobel Literature laureate since the first prizes were awarded in 1901. Each Nobel Prize is this year accompanied by a check for approximately $1.4 million. [/INST] question: How old was Doris Lessing when she published her first novel? | options: A: 14 B: 26 C: 31 D: 50 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Work-Study Program
The Work-Study Program gives you the chance to work part-time on campus. If you need more money to cover all of your education-related costs, you may be qualified for this program.
Advantages
* Work experience: Last year, more than 1,400 positions were available across all departments. The jobs vary from one department to the next, and in most cases, participants find a position in their chosen field.
* Money: During the regular academic year (September to April), you can work part-time and earn $3,200---sometimes more---while you take courses! During the summer time, you work full-time and can earn around $6,000 over 18 weeks.om]
*Easy access: Applying for the program is easy. There is no need for face-to-face interview. All the forms you need are online; just fill in the forms and email us; we accept no letter or phone application!
Did you know?
At the University of Ottawa, it is not essential to receive government assistance to qualify for our Work-Study Program. You simply need to demonstrate financial need.
You could have one of these great Work-Study jobs:
*Student ambassador
*Computing and network technician
*Marketing assistant
*Sports team manager
*Researcher / translator
*Writer
And more!
The Admission Section receives and evaluates applications to undergraduate programs, in addition to answering applicants' questions.
Phone: 613-562-5315 Toll-free: 1-877-868-8292 (#5315)
Financial Aid & Awards Service Section:
Phone: 613-562-5734 Toll-free phone: 1-877-868-8292
Regular Office Hours: Monday to Friday
September to May: 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
June to August: 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. [/INST] question: To earn most each month, you may choose to work _ . | options: A: from April to September B: during the daytime C: from May to August D: most of the weekends | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Components of ETCProsthetic group Features Complex I NADH dehydrogenase / NADH Co-Q reductase / NADH Ubiquinone FMN , FeSEnergy - 12 Kcal/molTo pump 4 protons out of mitochondria into inter membranous spaceComplex IISuccinate dehydrogenase / Succinate Q reductaseFAD , FeSNot a proton pump as energy is liberated Coenzyme Q / Ubiquinone Q Non protein member of ETC For transferring to complex III it accepts hydrogen atoms from 1.FMNH2 produced in complex I2.FADH2 produced in complex II3.FADH2 produced in beta oxidation by acyl CoA dehydrogenase & glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase Complex IIICytochrome bC1 complex / Ubiquinone cytochrome C oxidoreductase / Cytochrome reductase FeS , Heme Energy - 10 Kcal/molTo pump 4 protons out of mitochondria into inter membranous spaceCytochrome C Soluble carrier protein of intermembranous space Complex IV Cytochrome C oxidase / Cytochrome oxidase 2 Heme , 2 Copper ions of CuA , CuBTo pump 2 protons out of mitochondria into inter membranous spaceHarper's illustrated Biochemistry , 30th ed , page 131 [/INST] question: Which complex of ETC is not associated with liberation of energy | options: A: Complex I B: Complex II C: Complex III D: Complex IV | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When humans and nature go head to head, nature often ends up losing. Rivers get polluted. Trees are knocked down. Natural resources are exhausted. That's what makes the Galapagos Islands so special--it's one of he few places on the Earth that nature can truly call its own.
For people used to having wild animals run at the scent of humans, a visit to the Galapagos is a real eye-opening experience. Over 1,600 km west of Ecuador, the islands are home to a unique variety of animals that have absolutely no fear of people. Visitors can play on the beach with sea lions and giant sea turtles, swim with dolphins and whales, and get close enough to the penguins to count the eggs in their nests.
The islands were declared a national park over 40 years ago, and the number of human visitors is tightly limited to avoid damaging he environment or putting stress on the animal. Tourists have to pay a $100 daily visitors fee, and can't step off the boat unless accompanied by an official guide. Once on the islands, you have to stay on the trail , but that seldom presents a problem: the animals are so curious about people that they'll usually come up to say hello.
"It's a little like being in a zoo," said one traveler. "But instead of us looking at the animals, the animals, the animals are looking at us."
Aside from the wildlife, one of the island' more unusual features is its post office. You can send postcards for free, but the problem is that there's no postman to collect them. Instead, travelers pick up mail addressed to people who live near them back home, and then hand-deliver the postcards when their trip is finished. [/INST] question: The Galapagos Islands are _ . | options: A: terribly polluted B: near Ecuador C: in the Atlantic Ocean D: independent of Ecuador | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As you are students of English, it's very possible that you'll be interested in England. That's where the language was first spoken. But England is often called by other names. This often confuses people and I wonder if you know what these names mean. So, now I would like to tell you about this matter of names. I believe that you have heard people use the names--England, Britain or Great Britain. Let's see what each of these names means.
If you look at a map of Europe, you'll see a group of islands--one larger island off the northwest coast, one smaller and many tiny ones. These make up what is called the British Isles. The largest island of the British Isles is Britain. It is also called Great Britain. The smaller island is Ireland.
Britain is divided into three parts: Scotland, Wales and England. But sometimes the word "England" is used instead of "Britain". Why so?
In ancient times, what is Britain now used to be three different countries. People in these different countries spoke different languages. Over many years the three countries became one. England is the largest and richest of the three and it has the most people. So the English people take it for granted that their own name stands for the whole island.
There's another thing that confuses people: sometimes you may hear people say "the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". That is the official name of the country. Northern Ireland is only one sixth of the island of Ireland. The rest of the island is an independent state, called the Republic of Ireland. So we have the names of "England", "Britain", "Great Britain", and "the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Now do you know what each of them means? [/INST] question: English was first spoken in _ . | options: A: Britain B: England C: Great Britain D: Ireland | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Hi, Jenny!"
"Hi, Brian! What class do you have next?"
"I have art next," says Brian. "It's my favourite. I draw six pictures every week."
"You are a good painter ," says Jenny. "I see some of your pictures. They are beautiful. I like art too, but I am not good at it. I am not going to be a painter when I am older!"
"I tell you, Jenny," says Brian. "Art is interesting for everyone. You don't need to be good at it."
"You are right, Brian," says Jenny. "And I like our art teacher. He teaches us a lot. I am much better at art this year.
"Yes. Mr. Smith is good. He looks like a great painter too, with his long hair and big beard ."
"When do you have art lesson, Jenny?" asks Brian.
Jenny looks at her timetable. "I have art tomorrow morning," she says.
"What class are you going to now?" asks Brian.
"I'm going to music class. It's one of my favourites! We are learning a new song this week. I love to sing. What's the time, please?"
Brian looks at his watch. "Oh, no! It's 2:13! There are only two minutes!"
"Hurry, Brian!" says Jenny. "We don't want to be late for class! See you later."
"Okay. I am going to art class. See you after school!" [/INST] question: Where are Brian and Jenny now? | options: A: At the bus stop B: At school C: At home D: At the drawing club | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every year in late spring at Wild Friends, the wildlife health center, workers receive baby animals, including songbirds and rabbits. This is the busiest time when workers care for and raise all the little ones before sending them back into the wild.
There are many reasons for these little animals' coming to the center. First of all, street cats or dogs catch, injure or take away little birds from their nests. Sometimes people catch baby animals and keep them at home, giving them food that they are not used to. It would make them sick. Most people don't realize that it's against law to get live animals out of their nests.
As for songbirds, people often find them on the ground in their yards, thinking they have no other choice but to leave them on the ground to die. This is because many people wrongly believe that once a bird is touched by a person, its mother will not accept this child bird. But that's not true.
If a little bird falls out of the nest, you should check whether it is injured. If not, you should put the bird back in the nest. If the bird is injured, call your local wildlife center quickly.
As for the progress of protecting wild animals, people at Wild Friends devote all their energy to this work. Over the last weeks, they have been able to send many of the birds and rabbits that came here earlier this spring back to nature. [/INST] question: Which is the busiest season for workers at Wild Friends? | options: A: Spring B: Summer C: Autumn D: Winter | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: While you are online there are plenty of perfectly legal sites where you can listen to music for free. This gives you the chance to listen to music before buying it, discover new music, and create great online playlists that you can share with others.
The Sixty One
The Sixty One is devoted to showcasing obscure or unknown artists of all genres. There's a range of musical styles from classical to rock and roll, folk to jazz, and everything in between. Don't expect to find big name musicians on here; you're more likely to find the musicians playing at local coffee shops than bands you hear on the radio..
Pow Wow
Pow Wows are the Native American people's way of meeting together, to join in dancing, singing, visiting, renewing old friendships, and making new ones. This is a time method to renew Native American culture and preserve the rich heritage of American Indians. PowWows.com has 2 online radio stations that play Native American Music 24/7 free! Here you can listen to your favorite artists and drum groups on your computer or mobile device and add your music to our station.
Playlist
Playlist has an enormous library, so you can create playlists with almost any musician you can think of. They have both some lesser known artists and big names, so you have a really good selection. The worst part: Due to licensing laws, many of the songs on Playlist are now restricted to certain countries. So unless you live inside the US, it is likely that you might not be able to find all of your favorite songs.
Pandora
Pandora is an intelligent Internet radio site. Basically, as you listen, you can give each song a thumbs up or thumbs down. You can create your own radio station that only plays music you like. The best part: It listens to your opinion, so that after a while it's only playing music you like, but the list is always changing and expanding.
My Space
Combine a major social networking site with thousands of artists around the world. Each musician has their own page, which normally has a playlist of several of their songs. But it has a huge range of musicians ranging from huge stars to the up-and-coming, and you can listen to the music and interact with the rest of the page. [/INST] question: If you enjoy listening to some new music, you can pay a visit to _ . | options: A: Pow Wow B: Playlist C: The Sixty One D: Pandora | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Scientists have always been interested in the high level of organization in ant societies. American researchers have watched ants build life-saving rafts to keep afloat during floods. They also have documented how ant colonies choose their next queen--the female whose job is to produce eggs rather than seek food for others.
New technology is helping to improve researchers' understanding of the insects. But there is still a lot to be learned.
Fire ants living in Brazilian forests are perfectly at home in an environment where flooding is common. To save themselves, the insects connect their legs together and create floating rafts. Some ant rafts can be up to 20 centimeters wide.
David Hu who is a mechanical engineer with the Georgia Institute of Technology, also known as Georgia Tech, says, "If you have 100 ants, which means 600 legs, 99 percent of those legs will be connected to a neighbor. So they're very, very good at maintaining this network."
David Hu and other Georgia Tech researchers want to study ants and the secret of their engineering. They freeze ant rafts and then look at them with the help of computed technology, or CT, images. The pictures show that larger ants serve in central positions to which smaller ants hold. The larger ants form pockets of air that keep the insects afloat.
Scientists say small robots or materials that can change shape could be programmed in a similar way, working towards a shared goal.
Researchers at North Carolina State University are also studying ants. They examined how Indian jumping ants choose the leader of the colony when they lose their top female or queen. [/INST] question: The duty of the queen ants is to . | options: A: seek food B: keep organized C: lay eggs D: keep guard | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A baby giraffe is born 10 feet high and usually lands on its back. Bringing a giraffe into the world is _ . In his book, A View from the Zoo, Gary Richmond describes how a new-born giraffe learns its first lesson.
The mother giraffe lowers her head long enough to take a quick look. Then she puts herself directly over her child. She waits for about a minute, and then she does the most unreasonable thing. She throws her long leg and kicks her baby, so that it's sent sprawling .
When it doesn't get up, what the mother has done is repeated again and again. The struggle to rise is important. As the baby giraffe grows tired, the mother kicks it again. Finally, it stands for the first time. Then the mother giraffe kicks it off again. Why? She wants it to remember how it can get up. In the wild, a baby giraffe must be able to get up as quickly as possible to stay with its group, where there's safety.
Another writer named Irving Stone understood this. He spent a lifetime studying great people, writing stories about such men as Michelangelo, Vincent van Gogh, Sigmund Freud, and Charles Darwin.
Stone was once asked if he had found something unusual about these great people. He said, "I write about people who sometime in their life have a dream of something. They're beaten over the head, knocked down and for years they get nowhere. But every time they stand up again. And at the end of their lives they've realized some small parts of what they set out to do." [/INST] question: A View from the Zoo is a book written by _ . | options: A: Gary Richmond B: Charles Darwin C: Irving Stone D: Vincent van Gogh | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Something strange was unbelievable. Take Robert for example. After the terrible car accident, his whole world had been completely dark and quiet for almost ten years. The loss of sight and hearing made him try many times to put end to his life.
His family especially his wife did their best to tend and comfort him. By and by he finally regained the courage to live on.
On a hot summer afternoon he was taking a walk with a stick near his house when a thunderstorm started suddenly. He stood under a large tree in order not to get himself wet. Unfortunately he was struck down to the ground by a lightning. The witnesses thought him dead but he woke up some 20 minutes later lying face down in muddy water below the tree. He felt that he was trembling badly, but when he opened his eyes ,he didn't dare to believe that he saw a plough( )lying near the wall. When Mrs Edwards came running up to him, she shouted their neighbours for help. And he saw her and heard her voice for the first time in nearly ten years.
The news of Robert's regaining his sight and hearing quickly spread in his area. And many doctors came to prove the truth of the news. Most of them said that he gained sight and hearing again obviously from the knock of lightning; none of them could give convincing reasons, however. The only reasonable explanation given by one doctor was that, since Edwards lost his sight and hearing as a result of sudden shock in a terrible accident, perhaps the only way for them to regain was by another sudden shock. [/INST] question: What did Edwards see first after being struck down by a lightning? | options: A: His wife B: The large tree C: A plough D: The lightning itself | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Monoblock means single unit. Depending on the number of interfaces present between the bonding substrate and the bulk material core, replacement monoblocks may be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary.
Primary monoblock has only one interface that extends circumferentially between the material and the root canal wall.
Eg: (i) HEMA containing root filling material (HYDRON).
(ii) Orthograde obturation with MTA.
Secondary monoblock has two circumferential interfaces, one between cement/sealer and dentin and the other between the cement and the core material (Fiber post or root filling material). This is the classical monoblock perceived in the restorative and endodontic literature.
Eg: (i) Cement/sealer + Guttapercha
(ii) Panavia cement + Fiber post
(iii) Resilon monoblock obturation system
Tertiary monoblock: has three circumferential interfaces. A third interface is introduced between the bonding substrate (cement/sealer) and the core material (post or root filling material).
Eg: (i) Fiber posts that contain an external silicate coating or unpolymerized resin composite.
(ii) Endorez system, in which gutta-percha cones are coated with a proprietary resin coating.
(iii) Active GP, gutta-percha cones are surface coated with glass ionomer filler. [/INST] question: Endorez system is an example of: | options: A: Primary monoblock B: Secondary monoblock C: Tertiary monoblock D: Quartenary monoblock | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most Chinese people these days know what it is like to have an "English teacher", since almost all pupils study English from their third year. Usually that first English teacher will be a young and lovely lady in primary school. But my first English teacher is _ . Looking back, I can see that, when I was only a little girl, he created an English environment by providing me with flashcards,fun English- language toys and even dolls which can sing English songs! My interest in English had certainly been awakened when I began to learn English at school. Just imagine, he went a step further and asked me to learn New Concept English by myself! I was puzzled and even angry. I could not understand why a father could be so strict with his little girl. All the same, he never gave up and he gently insisted that I follow through with his idea. At first, I read stories with tears and I actually hated them because they were too difficult for me. In the end, I came to love the funny stories and, to be honest, my father was always there with a helping hand. I am sure that my English would never have got so far without his support. And that's why my father is not only my first English teacher but also my lifelong teacher. He is one who awoke my interest, and who gave me much confidence . [/INST] question: Most pupils in China begin to learn English _ . | options: A: in primary school B: from parents C: at three years old D: at home | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), also called real-time polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. For one or more specific sequences in a DNA sample, quantitative PCR enables both detection and quantification. The quantity can be either an absolute number of copies or a relative amount when normalized to DNA input or additional normalizing genes. The procedure follows the general principle of polymerase chain reaction; its key feature is that the amplified DNA is detected as the reaction progresses in "real time". This is a new approach compared to standard PCR, where the product of the reaction is detected at its end. Two common methods for the detection of products in quantitative PCR are: (1) non-specific fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent repoer which permits detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) and non-coding RNA in cells or tissues. [/INST] question: The graph below depicts a polymerase chain reaction in | options: A: DNA PCR B: PCR C: Nested PCR D: Real time PCR | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Below are the best four applications(,app) to help you organize your closet--and trust us, there really is something for everyone.
Closet
If you're looking to create your own digital closet, then this app is for you. Closet helps you categorize your outfits and keeps you uptodate on what you've already worn.
PROS : Very simple and userfriendly. Great for helping you look at your own closet without feeling overwhelmed.
CONS : No social interactions.
Pose
The app makes things insanely easy for the indecisive shopper. So if you're debating whether or not to buy something, you can get a second opinion. The app also gathers photos of items that you wish to buy and items you already own, so they are all in one spot.
PROS: When you sign up, you fill out a short survey that helps identify your personal style and subsequently finds people with similar taste that you can follow for inspiration.
CONS: The phone application is more visually appealing than the actual website.
Stylitics
It allows you to categorize your clothes by color, brand, pattern and more. And if you're wondering whether you have already worn an outfit, simply check your style calendar.
PROS: The app comes with a "Today in Fashion History" tip so you can brush up on your style knowledge.
CONS: You can't view your style profile using the app yet unless you log on to the site.
Walk in My Closet
If you're browsing the Internet, looking for something to buy, you can instantly add the item to your virtual closet so that your wish list items are all in one place. Besides sharing your closet with other users, you can also sell items you no longer want.
PROS: The "Moodboard" is a great way to gather inspiring looks that you like from other users and fashion experts.
CONS: The luggage feature, which allows you to prepare outfits for an upcoming trip, is only available on the site; it would be useful if it were on the app. [/INST] question: Which of the following is designed for people who often hesitate when buying clothes? | options: A: Closet B: Pose C: Stylitics D: Walk in My Closet | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • Echinococciosis is also known as hydatid disease.
• Hydatid cyst is a parasitic infection of humans by the tapeworm of genus echinococcus.
• Echinococcus granulosus causes Cystic Echinococcuosis.
• Echinococcus multilocularis causes Alveolar Echinococcuosis.
• Echinococcus vogeli causes Polycystic disease.
• Echinococcus granulosus:
The liver is the most common organ affected followed by lungs, muscles, bones and kidneys.
Flushing and urticaria occur in rupture of hydatid cyst.
1. Abdominal tenderness is the most common sign.
2. Tender hepatomegaly signifies secondary infection of the cyst.
• Echinococciosis is caused by larval stages of parasite.
• Man is an accidental intermediate host. The dog is the definitive host.
• Serological assay (Weinberg reaction) is specific example of Complement fixation test used in detection
• Detachment of cysts and their collapse leads to characteristic: Water Lilly sign or floating membrane sign
• Other X-ray signs of echinococcus are:
• Serpent sign/Rising sun sign
• Crumbled egg appearance. [/INST] question: Surgical treatment by PAIR is indicated in the following condition: | options: A: Amoebic Liver abscess B: Hepatocellular Carcinoma C: Hydatid disease D: Caroli’s disease | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sterility Exp. Clinical manifestations of SLE are as follows General Cutaneous Hematologic Neurologic Fatigue, malaise, fever, anorexia, weight loss Photosensitivity Molar rash Oral ulcers Alopecia Discoid rash Vasculitis rash Uocaroa Cutaneous lupus Anemia Leucopenia Lymphopenia Thrombocytopenia Lymphadenopathy Splenomegaly Hemolytic anemia Congnitive disorder Mood discorder Headache Seizures Mono-polyneuropathy stroke, TIA AC. Confusion state Movement disorder, Aseptic meningitis Myelopathy Musculoskeletal Gastrointestinal Cardiopulmonary Thrombosis Ahralgia/myalgia nonerosive poluahritis Hand deformities Myopathy/ myositis Ischemic necrosis of bone Nausea, diarrhea Vasci;otos Abnormal liver enzymes Pleurisy, effusions Myocarditis Endocarditis Pneumonitis Interstitial fibrosis Pulmonary hypeension Renal Proteinuria Nephritic syndrome End stage renal disease AR DS, hemorrhage, Shrinking lung syndrome Coronary hea disease Ocular Sicca syndrome Conjunctivitis Episcleritis Vasculitis syndrome "Psychosis can be dominant manifestation of SLE." "Most frequent hematologic manifestation of SLE is anemia, which is normaochromic normocytic, hemolytic, Coombs positive type." "Recurrent spontaneous aboions are seen." But sterility is not seen in SLE. Ref. Ref. Harrison's principles of internal Medicine, (17th ed.) pg. 2079,2076 table 313-1 [/INST] question: Which of the following is not a feature of SLE? | options: A: Recurrent aboion B: Sterility C: Comb's positive hemolytic anemia D: Psychosis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you go to visit London,you will see a lot of buses and cars on the road,you will also see a lot of bikes because more people travel by bike.Why?
There are a lot of reasons for this.First,it's very cheap to buy a bike,and riding bikes is quick, too.You often need to wait for a bus for half an hour.When the bus comes,there are so many other buses and cars on the roads so the bus moves very slowly.The underground train is quick but very expensive.
I travel to work by bus for about four years.I often arrive at work late and feel tired.Then one day , a friend of mine says, "I go to work by bike,why don't we travel together?""Because my bike's old,"I answer,"and there are so many buses and cars on the road.I feel afraid...""Don't be afraid!"says my friend,"If you follow me and we ride slowly,you will be fine."
Two days later I buy a new bike.We go slowly, but we arrive at work quickly. I spend 40 minutes going by bus, but only half an hour by bike! Now I love riding a bike. And I feel healthy. Many people think my idea is good and maybe you'll see more bikes on the road in the future.
Many people think in the same way as I do.That's why you see a lot of bikes on the road.Who knows,perhaps in the future we'll have roads for bicycles only.I hope so! [/INST] question: There are _ people travelling by bike now in London. | options: A: no B: fewer C: more D: a lot | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The extensive peeling of the skin after H/0 drug intake makes it look like a case of Toxic epidermal necrolysis or Steven's Jhonson syndrome on the first instance. But it is a case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
Note that all the disease given in the question can cause extensive peeling of the skin.
The points which favour the diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome are
Mucosa is spared in staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
The absence of toxicity.
S.S.S. usually have a primary infection at sites other than skin eg - Nasopharynx, conjunctiva, throat middle ear (otitis media).
Now, about the individual diseases —
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Usually begins as prodrome. The acute phase starts with the onset of erythematous rash in the periorbital and perioral area and is tender.
These erythematous rashes are soon (within hrs or days) followed by wrinkling or sloughing of the skin.
The sloughing can be provoked by stroking of the skin (Nikolsky's sign).
In a later stage, large flaccid bullae may develop. These bullae can cause loss of water and electrolyte.
Fever irritability and lethargy are common but systemic toxicity is not seen.
The entire illness resolves within about 10 days.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis -
It is a severe form of drug reaction.
Toxaemia is characteristic
It is characterized by bullae that arise on widespread areas of erythema and then they slough leaving behind raw ulcerated skin.
Oral mucosa especially the lips, genital mucosa and conjunctiva are often involved. In some cases, the cornea is also involved leading to corneal opacities.
Drugs commonly involved in TEN are → Thioacetazone, INH, Sulphonamides, Phenolphthalein
Stevens Jhonson syndrome -
It is also a severe form of drug eruption.
Toxaemia is characteristically present.
It is less severe than toxic epidermal necrolysis. In Steven's Jhonson's syndrome bullies and epidermal detachment is seen in > 10% of the total surface area. Whereas in TEN it is seen in > 30% of the total surface area.
The mucous membrane is involved
Common drugs causing this reaction → Sulphonamides, Tetracycline, Oral antidiabetic drugs. [/INST] question: A 3–month–old male infant developed otitis media for which he was given a course of Co-trimoxazole. A few days later, he developed extensive peeling of the skin; there were no mucosal lesions and the baby was not toxic. The most likely diagnosis is – | options: A: Toxic epidermal necrolysis B: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome C: Steven Johnson syndrome D: Infantile pemphigus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The sun was rising when Daryl's delivery truck reached the highway. This was the best time of day to drive, when the roads were wide open and empty. He felt sure he was going to make it to Los Angeles before midnight. It looked like it was going to be a good day.
Then he saw it, a large lump in the middle of the road. Daryl often passed dead animals on the roadside but he knew than this was something different. He slammed on his brakes and the truck screeched to a halt.
The lump was a girl. He tried shaking her awake but she wouldn't move, so he picked her up and carried her to the side of the road. At least she wouldn't be run over there.
Now she was someone else's problem. He had to make it to Los Angeles by midnight and didn't have time to be a here. He climbed back into his truck but as he looked in his mirror and saw the girl lying still by the side of the road, he knew he couldn't leave her. Daryl put her into his truck and drove to the next town.
An hour later he pulled up at the police station. After explaining what had happened, he prepared to leave, only for the policeman to say that he needed to make a report. Daryl knew this would take several hours, but he had no choice. There was no way he'd get to Los Angeles on time now.
Three hours later the report was done and the girl had recovered somewhat. She explained that she had fallen on the highway, weak from hunger, but could remember nothing else. She also thanked Daryl for saving her life. Daryl told her that he had been happy to help, but as he got back into his truck he knew his boss wouldn't be.
Just as he was about to pull back onto the road, his mother called. "Have you seen?" she said, "A bridge collapsed two hours ago, the one that you drive over on the way to Los Angeles."
Daryl's blood run cold. If he had been on time, he would have been on that fallen bridge about two hours ago. Daryl realized how lucky he was. [/INST] question: What did Daryl plan to do in Los Angeles? | options: A: Go on holiday B: Deliver some goods C: Visit his mum D: Report to his boss | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yang Liwei circled the earth 14 times in 21 hours on October 15 and 16, 2003, landing on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Looking a little tired, Yang stepped out of Shenzhou V, smiling and waving at the waiting people. "I feel very good." Yang said to Premier Wen Jiabao on the phone. Yang said to a newspaper, "For our motherland and me, this is a great moment."
China's _ of Shenzhou V shows a higher starting point. It has two special systems to protect the spaceman, but neither Russian rockets nor American ones have.
Yang didn't know that he was chosen as China's first spaceman until just before the launch. Although Yang was excited at the news, he still slept at 8p.m. as usual and was woken up at 8p.m. the next morning. Before the launch, Yang ate Chinese traditional food-dumplings. We all know that travelers usually eat them before going on a journey for good luck.
A stamp Success of China First Manned Space Flight was issued on October 16, 2003, making China the third country to send a spaceman into outer space. [/INST] question: It took Yang Liwei _ to travel around the earth every circle. | options: A: 6 hours B: 90 minutes C: 2 days D: 21 hours | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Christine and Elena grew up in the same suburb of Sydney and first met at kindergarten. They took to each other immediately and became inseparable friends throughout their school lives. Elena's parents had moved from Greece to Australia, and her grandparents still lived on the small Greek island of Santorini, When she was 16, Elena visited her grandparents for the first time. On returning to Australia, she talked endlessly about her grandmother's next-door neighbor, Mara. When Christine expressed puzzlement at Elena's obsession with people next door, Elena admitted that Maria had a handsome son called Nicos. She showed Christine a photo of him, standing next to his prize possession, a motorbike. Elena and Nicos exchanged emails for a while, but suddenly Nicos stopped writing. While not heartbroken, Elena was nevertheless hurt. A year later, when Christine announced that she was going to visit Greece, Elena begged her to visit Santorini and say hello to Maria and Nicos. Christine agreed to do so.
When she flew into Athens on an unseasonably cold day in September, she quickly realized that she hadn't brought enough warm clothes. Walking through the streets of the Greek capital, she happened to see a nice coat in a shop window and went in to ask about the price. The coat was too expensive, but as Christine was about to leave the shop, the woman asked her where she was from. When Christine answered Australia, the woman agreed to reduce the price because she knew a nice girl from Australia called Elena. Christine then noticed a photo of a young man standing next to a motorbike. Her eyes opened wide with astonishment. It was Nicos! Indeed the young man was Nicos, and the woman in the shop was Maria. She had come to Athens from Santorini to look after the shop for a friend.
Sadly, the story has a tragic ending. Nicos had been killed in a motorcycle accident.
"I wanted to tell Elena," said Maria. "But I didn't know how. Now that I have met you, I know that it's time to tell her." [/INST] question: Elena went to Greece in order to visit_. | options: A: her grandparents B: Christine C: Nicos D: her parent | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: More than seven hundred years ago, the Prince of Wales had a very big and brave dog called Gelert. One day the Prince wanted to go hunt-ing with his men. He told his dog to stay at home and look after his baby son. The baby was in a wooden cradle, which was like a small bed. When the Prince came back from hunt-ing, Gelert ran out to meet his master. He wagged his tail and jumped up to put his paws on the Prince's chest. Then the Prince saw the blood on Gelert's jaws and head.
"What have you done?" the Prince said. He rushed into his house and looked for his baby son. The cradle was lying on its side on the floor. The clothes were torn and there was blood on them.
"So you have killed my son?" the Prince said angrily. "You unfaithful dog!" He took out his sword and killed the dog. Just as Gelert was dying, he managed to bark. Then the Prince heard a baby call to the dog.
The Prince ran out of the house and saw his son lying on the ground unhurt. Near him was a dead wolf. Then the Prince knew that Gelert had defended the baby and killed the wolf.
The Prince ran back into the house but he was too late. Gelert was dead. The Prince was very sad indeed. Tears ran down his face when he realized 'he had killed his faith-ful friend. The Prince carried the body of his brave dog to the top of a mountain and buried him there. After this, the Prince never smiled again. Every morning at dawn, he walked up the mountain and stood by the dog's grave for a few minutes.
If you go to Mount Snowdon in Wales, people will show you where Gelert is buried. There is a sign by his grave. It reminds peo-ple of a brave and faithful dog. [/INST] question: Gelert was the dog of the Prince of _ . | options: A: Scotland B: England C: Ireland D: Wales | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Retirement should be time of joy and freedom. However, for some people retirement comes with feelings of depression , which makes life difficult for them.
Retirement is a major life change. Even good changes usually involve some kinds of loss. When you retire, you find yourself lacking whatever working used to provide. That could include, for example, 1. knowing you're working for society, 2. getting admiration from your skills, 3. having "aha" moments when you solve problems, 4. having people to socialize with, and 5. simply having a place to go and a reason to get out of bed every day. For most people, there's a financial loss, too. Also, retirement age is a time when a lot of people have to deal with losing their parents or having serious health problems of their own.
Because of all these, retirees are more likely to get depressed.
Depression is very harmful. First, depression can make physical health problems worse. Second, _ because it can make people angry. Third, it's hard to get much done when you're depressed.
What can we do to overcome the feelings of depression? First, do all the things that help depression in general: drink enough water, exercise, talk to friends, have a hobby, laugh, and spend time in nature. If you feel depressed more often than not, it's probably time to talk to a doctor about your feelings. Second, it's important to keep busy and get out of the house when you can. Make specific plans with friends. Take a class Volunteer. Or just make sure you start each day with some kind of goal. Third, try to focus on what you've gained by retiring. Think about what you may have now that you wished you had before you were able to retire. For example, days that are less stressful, a chance to rest and take better care of your body, more time for your family and yourself. To write, to start a hobby and to learn something new are all new possibilities. Finally, tell your story. You've lived a long time and you become an oral historian each time you talk with someone about your experiences. You can also write in a journal or make a video recording of your memories. Telling your stories can help you look back on your life and career with a sense of wholeness and achievements. [/INST] question: People may find life very hard after they retire because of _ . | options: A: freedom B: nervousness C: discouragement (losing heart) D: hard work | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What's delicious to eat and comes in a variety of color1s? Eggplant! And no, it has nothing to do with chickens! This strangely named vegetable is, however, as versatile as an egg.It can be steamed, fried, and baked.It can be eaten by itself or combined with meats and other vegetables.
Eggplant was first grown in India in the 5th century BC. Its popularity soon spread to China and then throughout Asia.Finally, during the Middle Ages the vegetable made its way to Europe. At that time, eggplant was not the shiny purple vegetable most people know today.Instead, it resembled a white egg. Due to this egg-like appearance, eggplant got its name.In its early days, the vegetable was so bitter that people often called it a "mad apple." This nickname started because people believed its bitterness was bad for one' s health. People actually thought eggplant could cause insanity and cancer.
Fortunately today people know that eggplant doesn't cause insanity or cancer.In fact eggplant is so healthy that it may prevent cancer.In addition, the brain and the heart benefit from this super vegetable.Since it's high in fiber, eggplant can improve digestion.
Italy, Turkey, Egypt, China and Japan are the leading growers of eggplant in the world today.Depending on its location, eggplant may be purple, green, orange or yellow-white.And it can be as small as a tomato or as large as a cucumber.Dish varieties range from simple to complex, with all of them being delicious.
Today, thousands of people gather in Loomis, Calif, for the annual Loomis Eggplant Festival.The main activity at the festival is eating delicious eggplant dishes.There is plenty more to do and see, though.Recipe contests, arts and crafts, performers, races and children's activities all "egg-cite" festival-goers.Most people at the festival would agree--eggplant is an "egg-cellent" vegetable. [/INST] question: Eggplant got its name because of its _ . | options: A: color1 B: taste C: appearance D: value | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: More than 90% of full term newborn infants pass meconium within the first 24 hrs. The possibility of intestinal obstruction is considered if an infant does not pass meconium for 24-36 hrs.
Differential diagnosis would include causes of low intestinal obstruction.
- Hirschsprung disease
- Beal or colonic atresia/stenosis
- Meconium ileus
- Meconium plug syndrome
- Neonatal small left colon syndrome
The first investigation is always a plain abdominal radiograph (supine and left lateral decubitus view)
Next investigation is a contrast enema also k/a lower GI series (presence of any perforation can be ruled out from plain X-rays)
Barium can be used but water-soluble contrast agents are used commonly
Contrast enema helps to some extent in differentiating among the causes of low intestinal obstructions.
Hirschsprung's disease-
Barium enema usually shows a transition zone between dilated proximal colon and a smaller-caliber obstructed distal colon caused by the nonrelaxation of the agaglionic bowel. However, a normal study does not exclude Hirschsprung's disease. Diagnosis is confirmed by rectal biopsy.
Meconium ilens-
Meconium ileus occurs when meconium becomes inspissated and obstructs the distal ileum.
The condition is usually a manifestation of cystic fibrosis. Meconium ileus is usually taken to be synonymous with cystic fibrosis until proven otherwise, and meconium ileus is generally the earliest manifestation of the disease.
Contrast enema study typically demonstrates microcolon, which is a reflection of underused bowel.
Meconium plug syndrome
Meconium plug syndrome, also termed functional immaturity of the colon, is a transient disorder of the newborn colon characterized by delayed passage (>24-48 h) of meconium and intestinal dilatation . Currently, meconium plug syndrome is understood as a transient functional disorder of the colon resulting from immaturity of the myenteric plexus nerve cells or their hormonal receptors.
Contrast enema demonstrates the retained meconium as a filling defect or plug that produces a double-contrast effect.
Usually, the colon is normal or may be mildly enlarged and filled with meconium. A change in the colon's diameter at the splenic flexure may be seen and is indistinguishable from that observed in Hirschsprung disease, although in the latter disorder the transition zone usually is in the rectosigmoid.
Meconium plug syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion. Contrast enema usually eliminates congenital small bowel obstruction and rare colon abnormalities such as atresia or duplication. The primary differential consideration is Hirschsprung disease, which is diagnosed eventually in approximately 10-30% of patients with apparent meconium plug syndrome
Neonatal small left colon syndrome —
Colonic obstruction with a characteristic caliber reduction in the sigmoid and descending colon unrelated to meconium inspissation or aganglionosis. This condition has a frequent association with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and seldom requires surgical intervention.
A contrast enema demonstrated a narrowed descending and sigmoid colon, with a caliber transition at the splenic flexure. [/INST] question: A new born girl not passed meconium for 48 hrs, has abdominal distention and vomiting. Initial investigation of choice would be: | options: A: Manometry B: Genotyping for cystic fibrosis C: Lower GI contrast study D: Serum trypsin immunoblot | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My friend Jim was a well-known radio host, who worked at a radio station all his life. All his colleagues knew him about one characteristic: If he's on-air, he is always wearing a suit and a tie. They laughed at him, saying, "No one ever sees you. Why do you dress like that?" But he always turned that into a joke.
One day Jim was invited to appear on the TV. There was a show for the oldest radio employees. For the first time his fans, who only knew Jim by his voice, would see him. Before the recording of the show, the director came to Jim and asked, "Usually you arrive on time, but today you are 10 minutes late. It's not terrible, but I still want to know why."
"You see," Jim answered, "at the last moment when I was already dressed up, I noticed that I didn't have new socks. For the first time I was invited to the television, and I thought that simply wearing clean socks was not enough. So I needed to go to the store for new socks."
The director was surprised. He asked, "Why do you need new socks? You could have come without the socks because we will be filming you only over the waist."
" You see, to be perfect, I need to feel myself perfect in everything, starting with the shirt and finishing with the pen in my pocket," Jim said. "And if my socks have holes in them or my shoes are dirty, I'm not spotless anymore. And it may make me less confident." [/INST] question: From Para. 1 we can learn that when Jim is on-air, he _ . | options: A: likes telling jokes B: behaves strangely C: always wears the same clothes D: is careful about his dress | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jackie visited his grandparents on their farm. And he was playing with a slingshot in the woods. He practised in the woods but he could never hit the target. As he was walking back, he saw Grandma's pet duck. Without thinking, he shot, hit the duck in the head, and killed it. He was very afraid. He knew Grandma loved the duck. She would be sad or even angry if she knew that her duck was killed. He then hid the dead duck under a tree. His sister Susan saw it all, but she said nothing.
After lunch that day Grandma said, "Susan, let's wash the dishes." But Susan said, "Grandma, Jackie told me he wanted to help in the kitchen today, didn't you, Jackie?" And then she whispered to him, "Remember the duck?" So Jackie did the dishes.
Later Grandpa asked if the children wanted to go fishing, but Grandma said, "I'm sorry but I need Susan to help clean the house." But Susan smiled and said, "Well, that's all right because Jackie told me he wanted to help." and she whispered again, "Remember the duck?" So Susan went fishing with Grandpa and Jackie stayed.
These "remember the duck" went on for many days. Then finally Jackie _ it any longer. He came to Grandma and told her that he had killed the duck. She gave him a hug, and said, "Sweetheart, I know. You see, I was standing at the window and I saw the whole thing. But because I love you, I forgave you. But I just wanted to see how long you would let Susan make a slave of you. " [/INST] question: What did Jackie hit with the slingshot at last? | options: A: The target B: A rabbit C: The pet duck D: A pet dog | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Different from popular thoughts, colds are not caused by bad weather. Colds are caused by viruses in the body, and you are better out on the snowy day than you are in a warm room, with your friends, who just may be passing the virus around. If you feel a chill when you are coming down with a cold, you are already sick. A chill is an early sign of the cold.
The virus can spread through air when a cold - sufferer coughs or sneezes. Surprisingly, this is not the most usual way of spreading, Many studies have now shown that most colds are " caught " by hands. A cold - sufferer rubs her nose, so spreading the virus to her hand. Then a friend comes to visit her. They shake their hands. The friend then gets something to eat by hand, and several days later she catches a cold. Although some parents pick up their children's tissues and carefully throw them away, they fail to wash their hands. They'll catch the colds, too.
Cold viruses can also be spread by objects, for example, telephones, plates. The cold - sufferer as well as other members of the house, by washing their hands often, will stop the viruses from spreading in a way . [/INST] question: Colds are caused by _ . | options: A: bad weather B: viruses C: chill D: your friends | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Exterminating Angel
Director: Luis Bunuel
Country/Date : Mexico/1962 (black and white)
Introduction : A party is organized in a high class society house. Many people are drinking and eating. It's getting late, but nobody is leaving. Even though the door is open, people seem to be locked in the house. They can't leave either the day or on the following days. So a rescue began.
The Net
Director: Irwin Winkler
Country/Date: U.S.A./1995
Introduction: Angela Bennettt is a computer programmer who has devoted her life to computers and the Internet. She spends hours and hours in front of the screen. She does everything over the Internet, and she has some close friends in a chat room, though she has never talked to her neighbors.
Kung Fu Panda
Director : Mark Osborne & John Stevenson
Country/Date : U.S.A./2008
Introduction: The leading character is a panda whose name is Po. He is lazy first but he has a great dream----to be a kung fu master. To make his dream come true, he goes to a faraway temple to learn kung fu from a master. However, one of his brothers, Tai Long wants to become the kung fu master, killing many of his brothers even the master. So Po fights against Tai Long and defeats him, The film is good especially for kids.
Life is Beautiful
Director: Roberto Benigni
Country/Date : Italy/1998
Introduction: In 1939, during World WarII in Italy, Guido, a hopeful man, the main character fell in love with Dora, and they got married. Five years later, their lives changed. Guido and Joshua were taken by the Nazis to a concentration camp and Dora also went there with her husband and son. At that place, Guido tried his best to save his son's life in a special way. [/INST] question: Who is the director of The Net? | options: A: Luis Bunuel B: Irwin Winkler C: Mark Osborne D: Roberto Benigni | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In addition to the findings listed in the question, patients experiencing malignant hyperthermia (MH) also have clinical findings of tachycardia, arrhythmia, tachypnea, and cyanosis, as well as laboratory findings of myoglobinuria, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and evidence of acute renal failure. This myopathy is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; the gene is on chromosome 19 and codes for the ryanodine receptor, a calcium release channel. A family history of similarly affected relatives would suggest the need to evaluate all family members for this condition; prevention (or treatment) is with dantrolene sodium. The test of choice to identify a patient at risk for this condition is the caffeine contracture test, in which a muscle biopsy tissue specimen is attached to a strain gauge and then exposed to caffeine. Patients at risk for MH have a diagnostic muscle spasm. Ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene sequencing is also available.Acidification of the urine might be helpful for an aspirin overdose, but the child has no history of having aspirin ingestion. The findings in the question do not support tetanus (immunoglobulins not helpful) nor seizure activity (diazepam not indicated). The rapid nature of this child's change in status makes septicemia unlikely; antibiotics and blood cultures likely are not warranted. [/INST] question: A 6-year-old child has had repeated episodes of otitis media. She undergoes an uneventful surgical placement of pressure-equalization (PE) tubes. In the recovery room, she develops a fever of 40degC (104degF), rigidity of her muscles, dark colored urine, and metabolic and respiratory acidosis. Which of the following therapies is most likely to be beneficial for this child's condition? | options: A: Acidification of the urine B: Administration of intravenous antibiotics after obtaining blood cultures C: Intravenous administration of dantrolene D: Administration of tetanus immuno globulin and a booster dose of DTaP | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If the superior or inferior vena cava is obstructed, the venous blood causes distention of the veins running from the anterior chest wall to the thigh.The lateral thoracic vein anastomoses with the superficial epigastric vein, a tributary of the great saphenous vein of the leg. In these circumstances, a touous varicose vein may extend from the axilla to the lower abdomenThe most common cause of superior vena cava syndrome is cancer.Primary or metastatic cancer in the upper lobe of the right lung can compress the superior vena cava.Lymphoma or other tumors located in the mediastinum can also cause compression of the superior vena cava.Less often, the superior vena cava can become blocked with a blood clot from within.Invasive medical procedures (Blood clot (thrombus) formation that causes superior vena cava syndrome is a complication of pacemaker wires, dialysis, and other intravenous catheters that are threaded into the superior vena cava)Infection (syphilis and tuberculosis) is another cause of superior vena cava syndrome. Sarcoidosis (a disease that results in masses of inflamed tissue) may also cause this syndrome. [/INST] question: SVC syndrome is most commonly associated with: | options: A: Mediastinal fibrosis B: Lymphoma C: Lung cancer D: TB mediastinitis | answer: C </s> |
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