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<s>[INST] context: If you have a chance to go to Taiwan, there's one place you should not miss-- the Taipei Palace Museum. The museum has around 650,000 pieces of ancient Chinese treasures. These treasures were originally in the Palace Museum in Beijing. But how did they get to Taiwan?
In 1931, the Japanese invaded the northeast part of China. To protect the national treasures from the Japanese, the government of the Republic of China decided to move some important pieces to Nanjing.
However, they did not stay long in Nanjing. In 1949, the people's Liberation Army won in the Liberation War. The Guomindang government went from Nanjing to Taiwan. Along with them they took the art pieces. The Taipei Palace Museum was set up in 1965 to hold the national treasures.
Taiwan people are very proud of the Taipei Palace Museum. Some of the collections are world famous. One of the most visited art pieces in the museum is the "Jade Cabbage". It is made from a single piece of jade . If you take a close look, you can see two grasshoppers on the leaves, a large one and a small one, which were the symbol of many children in a family.
If you are interested in the treasures, you could take a look at a TV programme called Taipei Palace Museum. It gives a picture of the treasures of the Taipei Palace Museum. There are also interviews with over a hundred experts about the stories behind some of the pieces. [/INST] question: The treasures stayed in Nanjing for about _ years. | options: A: 10 B: 16 C: 18 D: 34 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People use their mouths for many things.They eat, talk, shout and sing. They smile and they kiss. In English language ,there are many expressions using the word "mouth".Foe example, If you say bad things about a person, the person might protest and say " Don't bad mouth me." Sometimes ,people say something to a friend or family member that they later regret because it hurts that person's feelings.Or they tell the person something they were not supposed to tell. The speaker might say: "I really put my foot in my mouth this time." If this should happen, the speaker might feel down in the mouth. In other words , he might fell sad for saying the wrong thing.
Another situation is when someone falsely claims another person said something.The other person might protest: "I did not say that .Non't put words in my mouth."
Some people have lots of money because they were born into a very rich family. There is an expression for this, too. Ypu might say such a person, " was born with a silver spoon in his mouth." This rich person is the opposite who lives from hand to mouth. This person is verry poor and only has enough money for the most important things in life ,like food.
Parents might sometimes withold sweet food from a child as a form of punishment for saying bad things.For example,if a child says things she should not say to her parents, she might be described as a mouthy child.The parents might even tell the child to "stop mouthing off."
But enough of all this talk.I have been "running my mouth long enough." [/INST] question: In what kind situation will a person say, "Do not bad mouth me."? | options: A: When he feels down B: When he regretful C: When he is spoken ill of D: When he feels innocent | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China Daily, the national English-language newspaper of China, keeps you in touch with China and the world with our mobile solutions. Now anyone can read our exclusive reports anywhere. Download your favorites!
China Daily iPaper
Want to read China Daily with your iPhone or iPad? Then look no further than China Daily iPaper. With China Daily iPaper, all sections are presented as full-content digital replicas , in their original layout . The application is free, and you can download your favourite news reports wherever you are.
China Daily Digest
Since the China Daily Digest application is now available on the iPad App Store, iPad users can read and download China Daily Digest's in-depth news reports, website exclusives and analysis , which will give you unique views on China's economy, society and culture.
China Daily News
A bridge connecting China and the world, the China Daily iPhone application lets you get the latest information and photos of China wherever you go. Specifically designed to use the characteristics and navigation of the iPhone, this application downloads the latest news of China directly to the device.
China Daily Video
China Daily Video iPhone application is a window to China, letting you get video products covering all of China's cultural heritages , natural wonders, interviews with famous people and major news events. [/INST] question: If you want to enjoy full-content papers, you should choose _ . | options: A: China Daily iPaper B: China Daily Digest C: China Daily News D: China Daily Video | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF SAH MAINTAIN ADEQUATE CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSSURE- If the patient is ale, it is reasonable to lower the systolic blood pressure to below 160 mmHg using nicardipine, labetalol, or esmolol. If the patient has a depressed level of consciousness, ICP should be measured and the cerebral perfusion pressure targeted to 60-70 mmHg. If headache or neck pain is severe, mild sedation and analgesia are prescribed. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER vasospasm remains the leading cause of morbidity and moality following aneurysmal SAH. Treatment with the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine (60 mg PO every 4 h) improves outcome, perhaps by preventing ischemic injury rather than reducing the risk of vasospasm. Nimodipine can cause significanthypotension in some patients, which may worsen cerebral ischemia in patients with vasospasm. TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC CEREBRAL VASOSPASM Symptomatic cerebral vasospams treated by increasing the cerebral perfusion pressure by raising mean aerial pressure through plasma volume expansion and the judicious use of IV vasopressor agents, usually phenylephrine or norepinephrine [/INST] question: Nimodipine is used in the management of? | options: A: Subdural hemorrhage B: Subarachnoid hemorrhage C: Extradural hemorrhage D: Intraventricular hemorrhage | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Millions of people visit Yosemite National Park every year to see the tall waterfalls and mountains. These mountains are a splendid sight when viewed from the valley floor. Lots of stores, hotels, and restaurants are needed to handle the crowds. Also, water, roads, and other service systems are part of the infrastructure( )that must be maintained.
Unfortunately, these systems are starting to break down. It is not just in Yosemite but in national parks around the nation.
Yosemite is thirty years old according to Dennis Galvin, a National Park Service worker. The park is not only old but worn out. Two or three times as many visitors come every year. That is too many visitors for the park to deal with.
Four years ago a storm washed out a water pipeline in the Grand Canyon. The National Park Service had to send water trucks to provide water for the visitors. Last month pipe almost broke again and roads had to be closed for a while.
Why hasn't the National Park Service kept up the park repairs? There is lack of money. The United States has 378 mountains, parks, and wilderness areas. Between three and four billion dollars are needed for repairs.
Yosemite is one national park that does have money fro repairs. It has two hundred million dollars but cannot spend it any way it chooses. When the park workers started widening the road, they were forced to stop by the Sierra Club. The club claimed that the road work was damaging the Merced River that runs through the park.
A Sierra Club lawyer, Julia Olson, feels that the infrastructure needs to be moved out of Yosemite. That way less pressure will be put on the already crowed park. [/INST] question: The main problem of Yosemite Park is its _ . | options: A: modern water pipes B: overcrowdedness C: lack of water D: narrow roads | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fibronectins. Fibronectins are adhesive glycoproteins that are widely distributed in stromal connective tissue and deposited at the site of tissue injury. During the initial phase of healing, fibronectin in the extravasated plasma is cross-linked to fibrin, collagen, and other extracellular matrix components by the action of transglutaminases. This cross-linking provides a provisional stabilization of the wound during the first several hours. Fibronectin, cell debris, and bacterial products are chemoattractants for a variety of cells that are recruited to the wound site over the next several days. Selectins (choice E) are sugar-binding glycoproteins that mediate the initial adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells at sites of inflammation. They are found at the cell surface and are not part of the extracellular matrix. Cadherins (choice A) and integrins (choice C) are cell adhesion molecules. Like the selectin family of cell adhesion proteins, they are found at the cell surface and are not part of the extracellular matrix.Diagnosis: Wound healing [/INST] question: A 34-year-old woman has a benign nevus removed from her back under local anesthesia. Which of the following families of cell adhesion molecules is the principal component of the "provisional matrix" that forms during early wound healing? | options: A: Cadherins B: Fibronectins C: Integrins D: Laminins | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Years ago, I was watching a detective show on TV where the fingerprints of a criminal are required. The hero invites the bad guy to his home and offers him a glass of water. The man takes the glass and drinks the water. After he leaves the hero dramatically brings out a handkerchief and picks up the glass. His expressions show the satisfaction at a job well done. The bad guy will soon be arrested.
At that time, I found it amazing - how can prints on a glass identify people? My dad explained that if you were to press your thumb on an inkpad and then on a sheet of white paper you will leave a smudge or print, which no one else in the world can make. The same would be true for each of your fingers. The Chinese were the first to use a fingerprint as a type of identification - it was used as a signature on important documents, although they had no way of independently matching it with the owner.
Each print is one-of-a-kind and no two people have the same characteristic. Scientists and criminologists (those who study criminal characteristics) determine the differences between fingerprints by a careful study of their curves and not by their general shape or pattern.
In 1892, an English scientist, Sir Francis Galton, published a book on using fingerprints to solve crimes. At the same time in Argentina, a police researcher Juan Vucetich was also working towards a fingerprint classification system. However, it was in 1896 that Sir Edward Henry, then serving as Inspector General of Police in India, developed the print classification system that would eventually be used globally.
Sir Edward Henry and his assistant Khan Haque discovered that all fingerprints could be systematically classified according to their general curve patterns. He divided them into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops , whorls , and arches . By counting the curve between any two points in the pattern, each of the ten fingers could be classified into a particular group. Taking the group together as a unit you have a complete system of classifying fingerprints.
In June 1897, the world's first fingerprint bureau was set up in Calcutta and in 1901, Sir Edward Henry was appointed head of Scotland Yard in London, where he applied the system. This system, called the science of fingerprint identification, is still used by police departments all over the world today with few changes. [/INST] question: Fingerprints were first used in China to _ . | options: A: sign documents B: capture criminals C: show respect D: prove identity | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sudden death in a previously asymptomatic, young, exercising individual with significant family history should raise strong suspicions of hyperophic cardiomyopathy. The autopsy finding of asymmetric septal hyperophy confirms the diagnosis. Hyperophic cardiomyopathy is due to autosomal dominant mutation involving the gene coding for beta myosin heavy chain. Histopathological findings are: Massive myocyte hyperophy Myocyte disarray Interstitial fibrosis Option A: Amyloidosis: (hemato xylin and eosin stain) shows glassy, grey-pink amorphous material infiltrating between cardiac myocytes. Option B: Fabry's disease: Transmission electron micrograph (myocardial biopsy specimen) showing the characteristic concentric lamellar inclusions of glycosphingolipids (accumulating due to deficient lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A). Option C: Sarcoidosis: Microscopic image (endomyocardial biopsy) showing a non-caseating granuloma and interstitial fibrosis suggestive of sarcoidosis. Option D: Hyperophic cardiomyopathy: Microscopic image of HCM showing the characteristic disarrayed myocyte architecture with swirling and branching. Myocyte nuclei are of variable size and interstitial fibrosis is present. [/INST] question: A 20-year-old male patient collapses and dies suddenly while jogging. Autopsy reveals significant left ventricular hyperophy predominantly affecting the septum. There are no valvular abnormalities. The patient's family history is significant for an uncle who died suddenly at an age of 20 years. The gross examination of hea demonstrates the following finding. Assuming this patient died of an inherited condition, the most likely finding in would be? | options: A: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> B: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> C: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> D: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Type I TAPVC with anomalous connection at the supracardiac level is the most common type accounting for about 45% of all cases.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is characterized by abnormal drainage of pulmonary veins into the right heart either by direct connection into the right atrium or into its tributaries.
According to the site or level of connection of the pulmonary veins to the systemic venous system TAPVC has been classified into four types.
Type 1(45%) : Anomalous connection at supracardiac level (Pulmonary veins drain into left irmonimate vein or SVC)
Type II (25%) : Anomalous connection at cardiac level (Pulmonary veins joint the coronary sinus or enter right atrium directly)
Tyep III (25%) : Anomalous connection at infracardiac level (Pulmonary veins drain into the portal vein)
Type IV (5%) : Anomalous connection at multiple levels [/INST] question: The most common type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is – | options: A: Supracardiac B: Infracardiac C: Mixed D: Cardiac | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: About the year 1900, a dark-haired boy named Charlie Chaplin was often seen waiting outside the back entrances of London theatres. He looked thin and hurry. He was hoping to get work in show business. He could sing and dance, and above all, he knew how to make people laugh. But he couldn't get work and therefore wandered about the city streets. Sometimes he was sent away to a home for children who had no parents.
But twenty years later, this same Chaplin became the greatest, best-known, and best-loved comedian in the world. Any regular visitor to the cinema, must have seen some of Charlie Chaplin's films. People everywhere have sat and laughed at them until the tears ran down their faces. Even people who don't understand English can enjoy his films, because they are mostly silent. It isn't what he says that makes us laugh. His comedy doesn't depend upon words or language. It depends upon little actions which mean the thing to people all over the word. Acting out without words, of common human situations plays an important part in the dances and plays in many countries. It's a kind of the world language.
Chaplin lived most of his life in America and died in Switzerland on Christmas Day 1977, at the age of eighty-eight. There was sadness all over the world at the news of his death. [/INST] question: Chaplin was born _ . | options: A: in 1990 B: in Switzerland C: in 1889 D: in America | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Calcium-channel blockers, especially nifedipine, are safer and more effective tocolytic agents than are B-agonists Nifedipine is the best first-line tocolytic agent available at this time. The initial dose should be 30 mg and subsequent doses 20 mg every 6 hours. MgSO4 which is an excellent drug for ecclampsia prevention and management is also used for tocollyis. This has a'Neuroprotective effect' on the preterm fetus and prevent s cerebral palsy instances main subjective maternal complaints to Mgs04 are related to the mental effects ("out of it" or "felt like a zombie") and the overall muscular weakness produced by the drug. The most frequent side effects of magnesium sulfate are pulmonary congestion, respiratory depression,hypothermia, and neuromuscular toxicity. Infants of mothers treated with IV magnesium sulfate sholy before delivery are frequently Hypotonic . neonatal/fetal complications are hypocalcemia & Intraventricular hage NOTE: FDA had denied approval of Atosiban (Oxytocin receptor antagonist) in view of concerns regarding efficacy and fetal-newborn safety. [/INST] question: Tocolytic of choice in pregnancy with hea disease (OBG) | options: A: Nifedipine B: MgSO4 C: Atosiban D: Alcohol | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently announced trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults. Since 2000, the CDC has made efforts with goals of getting 75% of Americans to eat two or more servings of fruit a day and 50% of Americans to eat three or more servings of vegetables a day. Unfortunately, Americans aren't meeting these modest targets.
Although a diet high in fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of many diseases, Americans just aren't getting enough. In fact, since 2000, the amount of vegetables Americans are eating has stayed the same and the amount of fruit Americans are eating has gone down. The CDC also finds that only about a third of adults are eating their expected servings of fruit, and just over a quarter of adults are eating their expected servings of vegetables.
So why aren't Americans getting their expected servings of fruit and vegetables? It turns out that Americans might be spoiled when it comes to their produce. A national survey conducted by Fruit2day reveals that nearly half of Americans leave fruit in their fridges until it rots with people in Boston among the worst and those in New York and Los Angeles among the best. Sadly, most Americans admit to leaving fruit in the fridge for more than a week.
There are many reasons why Americans don't eat their fruit or vegetables, including the inconvenience of having to wash or peel it. Fruit2day offers consumers a surprising and convenient way to enjoy the goodness of fruit.
"With no added sugar, natural juices and two full servings of fruit, our Fruit2day line has really captured the imaginations of health-conscious consumers who are actively looking to get more fruit in their diets," said Hanno Holm, president and chief executive officer of Hero-White Wave. "Fruit2day makes getting more fruit in one's diet easier for any daily snack routine." [/INST] question: For 4 million American adults, how many of them are eating two or more servings of fruit a day? | options: A: About 1.3 million B: About 2 million C: About 3 million D: About 1 million | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Centrosome duplication is heavily regulated by cell cycle controls. This link between the cell cycle and the centrosome cycle is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2). There has been ample evidence that Cdk2 is necessary for both DNA replication and centrosome duplication, which are both key events in S phase. It has also been shown that Cdk2 complexes with both cyclin A and cyclin E and this complex is critical for centrosome duplication. Three Cdk2 substrates have been proposed to be responsible for regulation of centriole duplication. These include: nucleophosmin (NPM/B23), CP110, and MPS1. Nucleophosmin is only found in unreplicated centrosomes and it's phosphorylation by Cdk2/cyclin E removes NPM from the centrosomes, initiating procentriole formation. CP110 is an impoant centrosomal protein that is phosphorylated by both mitotic and interphase Cdk/cyclin complexes and is thought to influence centrosome duplication in S phase. MPS1 is a protein kinase that is essential to the spindle assembly checkpoint, and may remodel an SAS6-cored intermediate between severed mother and daughter centrioles into a pair of cawheel protein complexes onto which procentrioles assembleS-phase (synthesis phase) is the pa of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease. Due to the impoance, the regulatory pathways that govern this event in eukaryotes are highly conserved. [/INST] question: Centrosome duplication takes place in - | options: A: M phase B: GO phase C: S phase D: G2 phase | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Body language is one of the most powerful means of communication, often even more powerful than spoken language. It is said that our body movements communicate about 50 percent of what we really mean while words only express 7 percent. So, while your mouth is closed, your body is just saying.
Arms. How you hold your arms shows how open and receptive you are to people you meet. If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back, this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way. Outgoing people generally use their arms with big movements, while quieter people keep them close to their bodies. If someone upsets you, just cross your arms to show you're unhappy!
Head. When you want to appear confident, keep your head level. If you are a monitor in class, you can also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously. However, to be friendly in listening or speaking, you must move your head a little.
Legs. Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies. If you are at interviews, try to keep them still!
Posture . A good posture makes you feel better about yourself. If you are feeling down, you normally don't sit straight, with your shoulders inwards. This makes breathing more difficult, which can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable.
Mouth. When you are thinking, you often purse your lips. You might also use this position to hold back an angry comment you don't wish to show. However, it will probably still be noticed, and people will know you're not pleased.
Face. When you lie, you might put on a false face. But that expression would crack briefly, allowing displays of true emotions such as happiness, sadness, disgust and fear to come through. [/INST] question: When someone is keeping his arms behind his back, he tries to tell you that _ . | options: A: he is angry B: he is outgoing C: he is cool D: he is not afraid | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Marketing Professionals
A major US corporation in the health and nutritional industry has announced the opening of its direct selling division in Taiwan.
The company offers the most lucrative compensation plan in the industry and has paid over NTD 3.5 billion in commissions in just 6 years in the US.We are a group of top earners.
Applicants should meet the requirements:
(1)Taiwan citizen
(2)Have experience in marketing
(3)Aggressive,energetic,and willing to learn
If you believe you have what it takes to develop this business,please dial 27426996.
Job B
An international company requires a
Service Technician
To service and maintain electronic medical equipment,applicants should have degree in electronics.The selected candidate will have a training program to be conducted by our manufacturer's trained technical personnel.
Interested candidates please apply immediately with a resume and mail to P.O.Box 594.Or telephone Ms Chang at 2945-0027 for an immediate interview. ,
Job C
Wanted:Reporters & Editors
Qualifications:
* Strong command of English language
* Chinese speaking and reading ability a must
* A university degree
* Journalism education and/or experience preferred
* Flexible working hours( 30 hours per week)
* Good work environment and medical insurance,etc.
Fax resume and work samples,if any,to The China Post at(03) 25957952. ,
Job D
Southeastern Travel Services
Tour Guides
Duties:To conduct escorted tours for foreign
visitors;to assist with travel and transportation arrangements.
Qualifications:Good appearance.High school diploma.
Good knowledge of English.Outgoing personality.
Dial 27032172 after 3:00 pm.Ask for Gary. , [/INST] question: Which of the following is required for marketing professionals? | options: A: A university degree B: Good appearance C: Good computer knowledge D: Some marketing experience | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The OM Man and the Sea ,for which Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, is one of the most influential novels of the literary treasure of the world. Famously known for his brief and short sentences ,Hemingway created ah interesting and unique style of writing that still appeal to readers today.
Santiago was an aged Cuban fisherman, and many thought that he could no longer fish. For eighty-four days ,he set out to sea and returned empty-handed. So unlucky was he that the parents of his young, devoted apprentice and friend , Manolin , forced the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a more profitable boat On the eighty-fifth day ,the fisherman set out into the open sea to go fishing. At noon ,a big Marlin took hold of one of the lines, but the fish was far too big for him to handle.
Santiago let the fish have enough line, so that it wouIdn9t break his pole; but he and his boat were dragged out to sea for three days. Finally ,the fish grew tired. Santiago killed it Even this final victory didn't end his journey. He was still far, far out to sea. To make matters worse, Santiago dragged the Marlin behind the boat and the fish blood attracted sharks.
Santiago did his best to beat the sharks away ,but his efforts were not enough, The sharks ate the flesh off the Marlin ,and Santiago was left with only the bones. Santiago was tired out He got back home with nothing to show for his pains but the skeletal remains of a large Marlin. Even with just the bare remains of the fish, the experience changed him, and charged the opinions others had of him. Manolin , who had been worried over the old man's absence, was moved to tears when he found Santiago safe in his bed, When the old man woke ,the two agreed to fish as partners once more.
With Santiago5S struggle to catch the Marlin and his journey home ,Santiago's courage was obvious as he faced challenges that just didn't seem to end. He didn't give up and even though he felt he had been very unlucky, there was hope to keep going on. He was destroyed but not defeated. [/INST] question: Who is the hero of The old Man and the Sea? | options: A: Hemingway B: Santiago C: Manolin D: Marlin | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Growth hormone) (50-KDT6th)JAK-STAT- Kinase binding receptors - These receptors differ in not having any intrinsic catalytic domain.Agonist induced dimerization alters the intra cellular domain. Conformation to increase its affinity for a cytosolic tyrosine protein kinase JAK. On binding. JAK gets activated and phosphorylates tyrosine residues of the receptors which now binds another free moving protein ST AT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) which is also phosphorylated by JAK pairs of phosphorylated ST AT dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene trans cription resulting in a biological responseMany cytokines, growth hormone, interferons etc act through this type of receptorSpare receptors are exhibited by insulin receptorsTransducer Mechanisms 1. G- protein coupled receptors2. Receptors with intrinsic ion channel 3. Enzyme linked receptorsa. Intrinsic enzyme receptors b. JAK-STAT- kinase- binding receptors4. Receptors regulating gene expression (Transcription factors)SPARE-RECEPTORS - one agonist receptor binding event can lead to the activation of many more cellular response elements. Thus only a small fraction of the total receptors need to be bound to elicit a maximum- cellular response [/INST] question: JAK-STAT transducer mechanism is seen i | options: A: Somatostatin B: Growth hormone C: Insulin D: Adenosine | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Chimps will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence. Develops in children before their general cognitive skills,at least when compared with chimps..In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world
The cure of what children's minds have and chimps' don't in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a "we", a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. [/INST] question: What can we learn from the experiment with chimps? | options: A: Chimps seldom care about others' interests B: Chimps tend to provide food for their children C: Chimps like to take in their neighbors' food D: Chimps naturally share food with each other | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7,9,16; CMV; Echovirus;
enteroviruses; HSV-1,2; Poliovirus: parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus and VZV.
Cultivation of viruses
‘As viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they cannot be grown on any inanimate culture medium.' Three
methods are employed for cultivation of viruses :
1. Animal Inoculation
Earliest method
Mice are most widely employed animals
Other animals used are guinea pigs, rabbits and ferrets.
2. Embryonated eggs
Sites of inoculation are:
a) Chorioallantoic Membrane ------- visible pocks are produced → HSV, Vaccinia, Smallpox
b) Amniotic Sac
c) Allantoic cavity
→ Influenza
Some paramyxoviruses
d) Yolk Sac
→ Some viruses
Chlamydia
Rickettsia
3.Tissue culture
Most important method for virus isolation.
Three types of tissue culture are available
I. Organ Culture
II Explant Culture
III. Cell Culture - (routinely employed)
Cell culture may be
4. Primary cell culture Rhesus monkey kidney, human amnion, chick embryo fibroblast, human embryonic kidney.
5. Diploid cell strains:- Human diploid fibroblast HL-8, WI-38.
6. Continuous cell line:- Hela, HEP-2, McCoy, Vero. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the primary cell line - | options: A: Chick embryo fibroblast B: Hela cells C: Vero cells D: WI-38 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Four-bedroom house for sale
This house is on a quiet street only a few meters from the beach. It has a wonderful view of the sea and would suit a family or an investor . There are many international cafes and restaurants nearby, and it is only a short walk to the stores. It's near the bus stops. The house has two floors. On the first floor there is a modern kitchen, a large sitting room, a dining room, and a bathroom. On the second floor you will find four bedrooms. There are also two bathrooms. There is also a swimming pool and a beautiful garden around the house.
Please telephone Jim Watson at 014-735-8383.One -bedroom apartment for sale
This apartment is on the top floor of a six-floor building and has a wonderful view of the city. There is a big park near the building. It is near the centre of the city. It will be a good home for a young couple . The apartment is freshly painted. A modern kitchen and a tidy bathroom make it very comfortable. The owners need money, so they are eager to sell it. Call Julie Kelly at 014-735-8484 for more information [/INST] question: There are _ bedrooms on the second floor of the house. | options: A: four B: five C: six D: seven | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On a cold morning at a bus station, a man played six famous pieces of music for about an hour. During that time, about two thousand people went through the station, most of them were on their way to work.
3 minutes later: a middle-aged man noticed there was a musician playing. He slowed down, stopped for a few seconds and went away.
4 minutes later: the musician received his first dollar. A woman threw the money in the box and kept on walking without stopping.
6 minutes later: a young man stopped to listen to him. Then he looked at his watch and started to walk again.
10 minutes later: a 3-year-old boy stopped to look at the musician, but his mother took him away. Several other children did the same as the boy. And nearly all the parents took their children away.
45 minutes later: the musician kept on playing. Only 6 people stopped and stayed for a while. About 20 persons gave him money but left quickly.
After 1 hour, the musician finished playing. In the end, he collected $ 32. No one noticed that he had finished playing.
No one knew this, but the musician was Joshua Bell, one of the best musicians in the world. At that time, he played one of the most wonderful pieces ever written, with a very expensive violin.
If we do not have time to stop and listen to one of the best musicians in the world playing with the most beautiful violin, how many other things are we missing? [/INST] question: Joshua Bell played six famous pieces of music for _ at a bus station. | options: A: half an hour B: an hour C: fifteen minutes D: a day | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Obviously!
Until Descartes came along in the seventeenth century, everyone assumed that we exited. Obviously. The fact seemed so mind-blowing obvious that it wasn't really discussed. We could see ourselves in the mirror, we could feel pain and pleasure, we could think thoughts for ourselves and, more importantly, perhaps, all the world's main religions assumed that we do exist. So we exist.
No you don't it!
You don't exist. That's because it's impossible to show once and for all that you do. There's no proof. You might think you exist-that you are sitting at a table reading this book, for instance-but how could you show with 100 percent certainty that this is true? There's no experiment that could prove it. Although Descartes said just you could prove your own existence by the fact that you are able to think, this isn't actually, according to the British philosopher A. J. Ayer. Just because we know that we are thinking, this doesn't mean that there is a "you" doing the thinking. It just shows that the thoughts are happening, not that anyone is having them. Thoughts exists, "You" don't.
_ !
What a waste of time this question is. Although you can argue until the end of time whether you exist or not, it doesn't get you anywhere. Unless you forget about this unanswerable question, you'll be stuck thinking about it forever, and that isn't of any use to anyone. Move on. Think about something more important! This very roughly, is the view of almost all philosophers, who prefer to answer other, apparently more useful, questions.
Yes, but...
You exist, but not in the way you might think. According to the great French philosopher Ren Descartes, you can't show that anything exists--apart from your own self. The existence of the entire world can be doubted in one way or another, but the facts you're having thoughts shows that there might be something (that's you) having them. This let Descartes to write the famous philosophical phrase, " I think before I am". [/INST] question: Which of the following can be the missing heading? | options: A: Forget about it B: What a ridiculous point C: Think about it D: What a pointless question | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Laptop computers are popular all over the world. People use them on trains and airplanes, in airports and hotels. These laptops connect people to their workplace. In the United States today, laptops also connect students to their classrooms.
Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program that allows students to do schoolwork anywhere they want. Within five years, each of the 1500 students at the college will receive a laptop. The laptops are part of a $10 million computer program at Westlake, a 110-year-old college. The students with laptops will also have access to the Internet. In addition, they will be able to use e-mail to "speak" with their teachers, their classmates, and their families. However, the most important part of the laptop program is that students will be able to use computers without going to computer labs. They can work with it at home, in a fast-food restaurant or under the trees----anywhere at all!
Because of the many changes in computer technology , laptop use in higher education, such as colleges and universities, is workable. As laptops become more powerful, they become more similar to desktop computers. In addition, the portable computers can connect students to not only the Internet, but also libraries and other resources. State higher-education officials are studying how laptops can help students. State officials are also testing laptop programs at other universities, too.
At Westlake College, more than 60 percent of the staff use computers. The laptops will allow all teachers to use computers in their lessons. As one Westlake teacher said, " Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we're giving students _ . They can see everything and do everything." [/INST] question: The main purpose of the laptop program is to give each student a laptop to _ . | options: A: use for their schoolwork B: search the Internet C: work at home D: connect them to libraries | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "You'll have to take care of the baby today," a woman told her husband . " I'm not feeling well."
"Then you must stay in bed and rest, dear. " her husband said. "I'll be pleased to look after our baby. "
"Thank you. I'll have a quiet day and I'll soon get better. " his wife told him.
"Shall I do the shopping for you as well?" her husband asked.
She was very pleased and said, "That will help me very much. I'll give you a list of things to buy. "
She wrote out the list and gave it to him.
"You can get all these things at the supermarket," she said.
"You can put the baby in the shopping cart, then you won't have to leave him outside."
The man took the baby to the supermarket and put him in the shopping cart. Then he pushed the shopping cart along the rows of things to buy and looked for those that were on his list.
At first all was well, but then the baby began to cry.
Then he started to scream.
And scream!
And SCREAM!
"Keep calm ,George, " the man said. "Don't get excited. Don't shout, George. Don't lose your temper, George."
A woman in the supermarket heard him saying these things. She walked up to him.
"I think you are wonderful ,"she said. "You are so patient with your little George. "
"Madam, "" the man said, "I'm George. He's Edward." [/INST] question: Why did the man take care of the baby? | options: A: it was his turn B: His wife was not well C: His wife was not at home D: He always looked after it | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There was a pilot and four people in a small plane.Suddenly there was something wrong with the machine while it was flying in the air. The smoke was everywhere in the plane.The pilot told the people there were only four parachutes .They all became worried and started to make excuses .
"I must go and mend the machine,"said the pilot , taking one of the parachutes.There was nothing he could do so he jumped out.
The first person stood up. "I'm a doctor,"he said. "I help people live longer and I save lives"He also took a parachute and jumped out.
The next person said , "I must have a parachute.I'm a very clever person.I have to attend an important sports match.I know I'll win the game because I'll be the cleverest person there."He picked up a pack and jumped out.
Two men were left--- an old businessman and a young mountain climber .By this time the plane was going down fast.The businessman said, "Young man,I'm old but you're still young ,You take the last parachute."The yougng mountain climber smiled , "Don't worry."he said, "We can both jump to safety because there are still two parachutes.Just now the clever person jumped out with my backpack." [/INST] question: All the people became worried because _ . | options: A: they couldn't find the parachutes B: they were afraid the plane would be broken and knew there were not enough parachutes \nfor each person C: there was too much smoke and they couldn't jump out from the plane D: they saw the pilot jump out first | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: After graduation I returned home to my small town in Indiana. I didn't have a job yet. Mr. Hobbs, a friend of my father's, owned a small shirt factory in town. Within the past five years it had grown from twenty to eighty workers. Mr. Hobbs was worried that his plant was getting too big and inefficient, so he asked me to come in on a short-term basis as a consultant.
I went to the plant and spent about a week looking around and making notes. I was really a mazed at what I saw.
Most curious of all, there was no quality control at all. No one inspected the final product of the factory. As a result some of the shirts that were put in boxes for shipment were missing one or two buttons, the collar, and even a sleeve sometimes!
The working conditions were poor. The tables where the workers sat were very high and uncomfortable. Except for a half hour at lunchtime, there were no breaks in the day to relieve the boring work. There was no music. The walls of the workrooms were a dull gray color. I was amazed that the workers hadn't gone on strike.
Furthermore, the work flow was irregular. There was one especially absent-minded young man in the assembly line who sewed on buttons. After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim", who used to sit behind me in math class in high school. He was very slow and all the shifts were held up at his position. Workers beyond him in line on his shift had to wait with nothing to do; therefore, a great deal of time and efficiency were lost as Big Jim daydreamed while he worked. All week I wondered why he wasn't fired.
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. [/INST] question: The shirts from Mr. Hobbs' factory can be described as _ . | options: A: of low quality B: of high quality C: fashionable D: unfashionable | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A "lost tribe" that reached America from Australia may have been the first Native Americans, according to a new theory.
If proved by DNA evidence, the theory will break long established beliefs about the southerly migration of people who entered America across the Bering Strait, found it empty and occupied it.
On this theory rests the belief of Native Americans to have been the first true Americans. They would be classified to the ranks of escapee, beaten to the New World by Aboriginals in boats.
To a European, this may seem like an academic argument, but to Americans it is a philosophical question about identity, Silvia Gonzales, of Liverpool University said .
Her claims are based on skeletons found in the California Peninsula of Mexico that have skulls quite unlike the broad Mongolian features of Native Americans. These narrow-skulled people have more in common with southern Asians, Aboriginal Australians and people of the South Pacific Region.
The bones, stored at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, have been carbon-dated and one is 12,700 years old, which places it several thousand years before the arrival of people from the North. "We think there were several migration waves into the Americas at different times by different human groups," Dr. Gonzales said. "The timing, route and point of origin of the first colonization of the Americas remains a most contentious topic in human evolution."
But comparisons based on skull shape are not considered conclusive by anthropologists, so a team of Mexican and British scientists, backed by the Natural Environment Research Council, has also attempted to take out DNA from the bones. Dr. Gonzales declined yesterday to say exactly what the results were, as they need to be checked, but indicated that they were consistent with an Australian origin. [/INST] question: It is generally considered that the first Native Americans came from _ . | options: A: North Asia B: Australia C: South Pacific D: South Asia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sports News of the Week
Bolt regains 100m title in Moscow
Last updated: Mon, Aug-12-2013, 08:54
USAIN BOLT of Jamaica won the men's 100 meters final during the IAAF World Athletics Championships in Moscow on Sunday.
Usain Bolt was made to look human by a combination of a Russian rainstorm and a fired-up Justin Gatlin on Sunday but the Jamaican superstar was still good enough to regain his world 100 meters title in a surging 9.77 seconds.
With former world and Olympic champion and twice-banned doper Gatlin leading at halfway, Bolt was forced to race a rival, rather than the clock.
Jason Dufner wins PGA Championship
Last Updated: Monday, August 12, 2013, 10:38
Jason Dufner won his first major title at the 95th PGA Championship, the top U.S. golf competition, seizing an early lead on Sunday at Oak Hill, Texas and holding on for victory despite a bogey-bogey finish.
The 36-year-old American, who squandered a four-shot lead with four holes to play in losing the 2011 PGA Championship, fired a final-round two-under par 68 to finish on 10-under par 270 for 72 holes.
Isinbaeva leads harvest day for host Russia at Moscow worlds
Last updated: WeD.August 14, 2013, 10:35
Russia's "pole vault queen" Elena Isinbaeva ignited the Luzhniki stadium as she claimed her third world title on the fourth day of the 2013 IAAF World Championships here on Tuesday, which saw host Russia harvested two gold and one silver medals in seven finals,
Ireland's Heffernan wins world walk title at 35
Last Updated: Wednesday, August 14,2013,15:15
Ireland's Robert Heffernan won the world championship 50km walk title on Wednesday as the 35-year-old finally tasted glory after 13 years of heartbreak and near-misses.
Heffernan, fourth in the 2012 Olympic 50km and fourth in both walks at last year's European championships, broke clear of Mikhail Ryzhov after 35km to deny Russia a clean sweep of the walks after they took gold in both 20km events earlier in the week. [/INST] question: When did Bolt regain the men's 100 meters final? | options: A: August 11 B: August 12 C: August 13 D: August 14 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Arts : B (RNA polymerase II) & E (Drosha) Micro RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase IIQ & Drosha.Eukaryotic transcription: DMA-Directed RNA Synthesis ||Consists of| | InitiationElongation TerminationPosttranscriptional midification||requires||requires|requires Binding of protein transcription factors and RNA polymerase to promoter sites at the beginning of a geneLocal unwinding of the DNA helix by RNA polymeraseA termination signal sequenceSplicing of mRNA exons to eliminate non-coding introns|followed by|result in Cleavaga and trimming of preribosomal RNAsSynthesis of a 5'-3' RNA transcript coded for by the DNA template read in the 3'-5' directionRelease of RNA polymerase and newly synthesized transcript from DNA|which is facilitated by Enhancer-binding transcription factors bound to enhancer sequences at sites far from the gene Trimming and base modification in tRNA Addition of a 3' poly-A "tall" and a 5'-7-methyl guanosin "cap" to mRNA "Most miRNA are processed from, RNA polymerase II transcripts of several hundred to thousands of nucleotides in length called Pri- miRNA (for primary' transcript). Within these long transcripts are sequence that fold into hairpin structure. A nuclear RNase specific for double stranded RNA called Drosha acts with a nuclear double stranded-RNA binding protein called DGCR8 in human (pasha in drosophila) & cleaves the hairpin region out of the long precursor RNA generating a pre-miRNAOnce in cytoplasmic ds RNA specific RNase called Dicer act with a cytoplasmic ds RNA binding protein called TRBP in human to further process the pre-miRNA into a ds mi RNA - Molecular Biology by Lodish 4th/3 43Micro RNA (mi RNA) - Harper 27th/320This represent a subset of small RNA {< 1% of total RNA) which play important role in gene regulation.Presently all known miRNAs cause inhibition of gene expression by decreasing specific protein production albeit apparently via distinct mechanismmiRNA are typically 21-25 nucleotide in length & are generated by nucleolytic processing of the products of distinct genes/transcription units. These precursors are single stranded but have extensive intramolecular secondary strcuture.The small processed mature miRNA typically hybridize via formation of imperfect RNA-RNA duplex leading via unknown mehanism to translation arrest.miRNA represent exciting new potential target for therapeutic drug development in human.Transcription - HARPER 27TH/348. LIPPINCOT4TH/422-24. 429The process of RNA synthesis per se is quite similar in prokaryotes & eukaryotes but regulation of RNA synthesis & processing of RNA transcripts are differentQIn bacteria one species of RNA polymerase synthesize all RNAs except for the short RNA primer. But in eukaiyotic cell, there are threeQ distinct class of RNA polymeraseRNA polymerase I: This enzyme synthesizes the precursors of the 28S, 18S & 58S rRNAQ ' in nucleolus (Note : mRNA & tRNA are synthesized in the nucleoplasm)RNA polymerase II: This enzyme synthesize the precursors of mRNA that are subsequently translated to produce protein. It also synthesizes certain small nuclear RNA (Sn RNA) & miRNA.RNA polymerase III: This enzyme produces the small RNA including tRNAQ 5S ribosomal RNA & some Sn RNA. [/INST] question: Micro RNA transcribed by: (PGI Dec 2008) | options: A: RNA polymerase 1 B: RNA polymerase 11 C: RNA polymerase HI D: DNA polymerase | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Children, especially boys, tend to idealise their fathers when they are young.Every little boy wants to grow up to be just like his father, and every little girl thinks her father is the smartest man on the earth. It's not very easy to be a good father, but it's not that difficult either. Children will truly enjoy spending time with their fathers, not just when they are kids, but even when they are adults.
Not all children communicate well with their fathers. Communication is often left to mothers, while fathers dispense advice as and when necessary. Don't expect all conversations to centre around the dinner table. Go to your children's bedrooms and talk to them about school, their teachers or their friends. Remember that the conversation cannot be one-sided. When your children open up to you, you also need to open up to them.
If your children come home from school feeling upset, go up to them and ask them what is the matter. And if it is something which seems to you to be a silly reason to be upset, don't voice your opinion. It may be silly to you, but to your children it is important enough. So don't wave the topic away by telling them not to bother about such stupid things. Simply discussing their problems with them will help them feel better.
Don't shy away from having discussions about your teenage children's love lives. Generally speaking, your children are definitely not going to discuss _ details with you. Try to let them know that you are relaxed about topics on love. Tell your children how you met your wife. It is perfectly normal for children to go through feelings for the opposite sex as they grow up, and by keeping the topic closed for discussion, you are only shutting them off from discussing their feelings with you. All they will do is turn to their friends. [/INST] question: To children their fathers are usually very _ . | options: A: important B: great C: serious D: strong | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Although initially only slightly motile, spermatozoa obtains full motility in the epididymis Development of the spermSpermatogenesis is the process of spermatagonia (diploid) mature into spermatozoa (haploid).Spermioogenesis is a pa of spermatogenesis where round spermatids mature into the mature spermatozoa form.Spermatozoa acquire some motility only after passing through the epididymisThe secretions of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and the prostate have a stimulating effect on sperm motility, but the sperm becomes fully motile only after ejaculationContinuously throughout life occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the male gonad-testis.At pubey spermatagonia activate and proliferate (mitosis).About 48 days from entering meiosis until morphologically mature spermatozoaAbout 64 days to complete spermatogenesis, depending reproduction time of spermatogoniaFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates the spermatogenic epitheliumLuteinizing-hormone (LH) - stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells Stages of spermatozoa developmentSpermatogonia - are the first cells of spermatogenesisPrimary spermatocytes - large, enter the prophase of the first meiotic divisionSecondary spermatocytes - small, complete the second meiotic divisionSpermatid - immature spermatozoaSpermatozoa - differentiated gamete [/INST] question: Sperm attains motility in: | options: A: Vas deferens B: Rete testis C: Seminal vesicle D: Epididymis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When you turn on the radio, you hear an advertisement. When you watch television, you hear and see an advertisement. If you turn the pages of a newspaper or magazine, again you find an advertisement. If you walk down the street, you see one advertising board after another. All day, every day, people who want to sell you something compete to catch your attention. As a result, advertisements are almost everywhere.
In the West, advertisements are the fuel that makes mass media work. Many TV stations, newspapers, magazines, radio stations are privately owned. The government does not give them money. So where does the money come from? From advertisements. Without advertisements, there would not be these private businesses.
Have you ever asked yourself what advertising is? Through the years, people have given different answers to the question. For some time it was felt that advertising was a means of keeping your name before the public? and some people thought that advertising was "truth well told." Now more and more people describe it in this way: Advertising is the paid, non-personal, and usually persuasive description of goods, services and ideas by identified sponsors through various media.
First, advertising is usually paid for. Various sponsors pay for the advertisements we see, read, and hear over the various media. Second, advertising is non-personal. It is not face to face communication. Although you may feel that a message in a certain advertisement is aimed directly at you, in reality, it is directed at large groups of people. Third, advertising is usually persuasive. Directly or indirectly it tells people to do something. All advertisements try to make people believe that the product, idea, or service advertised can do good to them. Fourth, the sponsor of the advertisement must be identified. From the advertisement, we can see if the sponsor is a company, or an organization, or an individual. Fifth, advertising reaches us through traditional and nontraditional mass media. Included in the traditional media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and films. Nontraditional media include the mail, matchbox covers, and billboards. [/INST] question: The existence of the privately owned mass media depends financially on _ . | options: A: the government B: their owners?families C: advertisements D: the audience | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may have seen a lot of frogs, but if you haven't, you must have heard about frogs. However, have you heard about a frog that can kill a person?
These small brightly colored amphibians live in the tropical rain forests of Central and South America. They are best known for their ability to kill persons even though they are no more than 2 inches long. If we touch their poisonous skin without proper protection (such as gloves), we may die! For animals of this size that can be so deadly, they are certainly one of the world's most poisonous animals! Who are they? They are poison arrow frogs or, simply, poison frogs.
Poison frogs acquired their name from the Indians. The Indians catch and kill many of these frogs before hanging them upside down over a campfire. As the frogs get hot, the poison drips out of their skin. The Indians collect the poisonous liquid in a bottle and dip the tips of their arrows into the bottle. Once the tips are dried, they are ready to be used for their arrows for hunting.
There are about 170 different types of poison arrow frogs in the world. Though most species have bright markings, either in stripes or patches, on their black bodies, some just wear noticeable single-colored coats. Their shocking skin colors-usually in yellow, red, green, blue or orange-serve as a warning sign to other animals. The sign simply says," Stay away or pay with your life!" They certainly do not bluff. [/INST] question: We can infer that the Indians may kill poison frogs in order to _ . | options: A: treat diseases B: avoid being bitten C: hunt animals D: eat their meat | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Douglas Florian teaches readers about bees in a new book of poems called UnBEElievables. In his latest book, each poem is paired with a colorful image that illustrates a different type of bee and its role in the group. Every page is full of fun and interesting facts about these social insects.
TFK: When you brainstorm for a story, which comes first: the images or the poems?
FLORIAN: Usually the poems come first. For a book of 21 poems, for example, I'll actually write about 50 poems first. Although I sometimes have images in my mind to go along with the words, I have to choose which ones I want to include in the book.
TFK: Many of your books, including UnBEElievables, are about insects and animals. How did these become your favorite subjects?
FLORIAN: There is so much humor in the animal world. People have a lot of knowledge about animals and ideas about animals that are fun to explore in writing. Animals are just so interesting. When I research, I find out so many new and amazing facts. The poem is often half written by the time I have done with my research.
TFK: Why did you choose bees as the subject of your latest book?
FLORIAN: I saw recently in the news that many bees are dying out. Scientists believe this to be caused by various diseases. I wanted to create awareness and learn more about bees after hearing this. So many of the fruits and vegetables we eat are dependent on pollination by honeybees. If bees disappear, so will much of our food.
TFK: Do you have a favorite bee?
FLORIAN: One of my favorites is the poem and painting about the worker bees. I wanted the painting to be very playful and light. These bees have to work all day, and it's kind of like a factory. And even though these bees have to work very hard, they manage to smile. [/INST] question: UnBEElievables is a book about _ . | options: A: insects B: images C: stories D: fruits | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Management of Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia:
"Hysterectomy is the best treatment for women at any age with atypical endometrial hyperplasia because the risk of concurrent subclinical invasive disease is high."
Williams Gynae 1st ed p 691
"In presence of atypia, response to progesterone therapy is poor and the relapse rate is high. Nearly one-third of them will progress to cancer and one-fourth may already have associated undiagnosed cancer. In women approaching or post menopause, hysterectomy is a safer choice in those with complex or atypical hyperplasia."
Jeffcoate 7th/ ed p 425
So Remember: Best management of atypical hyperplasia is hysterectomy.
Also, Know Management of Endometrial Hyperplasia:
Management depends on the patient's age and the presence or absence of cytological atypia.
Non-atypical hyperplasia:
Premenopausal women: Progesterone therapy-
options: - Medroxyprogesterone acetate for 21 days a month daily for 3 months.
Progesterone-containing IUCD.
Postmenopausal women
Simple hyperplasia without atypia - Generally followed without therapy.
Complex hyperplasia without atypia - Cyclical/continuous progesterone therapy.
These patients should be followed annually by endometrial biopsy.
Atypical hyperplasia:
The ideal treatment is a hysterectomy
Premenopausal women willing to preserve fertility - High dose progesterone therapy after full information of risk of undiagnosed cancer or progression to cancer. In these cases periodic TVS and endometrial biopsy is necessary. [/INST] question: What is the ideal treatment for a 55-years-female with Simple hyperplasia of the endometrium with Atypia? | options: A: Simple hysterectomy B: Medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) C: Levonorgesterol (LNG) D: IUCD | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hobbs was an orphan . He worked in a factory and every day he got a little money. Hard work changed him thin and weak. He wanted to borrow a lot of money to learn to paint pictures, but he did not think he could pay off the debts.One day the lawyer said to him, "One thousand dollars, and here is the money." As Hobbs took the package of notes, he was very dumbfounded . He didn't know where the money came from and how to spend it. He said to himself, "I could go to find a hotel and live like a rich man for a few days; or I give up my work in the factory and do what I'd like to do: painting pictures I could do that for a few weeks, but what would I do after that? I should have lost my place of the factory and have no money to live on. If it were a little less money, I would buy a new coat, or a radio, or give a dinner to my friends. If it were more, I could give up the work and pay for painting pictures. But it's too much for one and too little for the other."
"Here is the reading of your uncle's will ," said the lawyer, "telling what is to be done with this money after his death. I must ask you to remember one point. Your uncle has said you must bring me a paper showing exactly what you did with his money, as soon as you have spent it."
"Yes, I see. I'll do that." said the young man. [/INST] question: He wanted to borrow money because he wanted to _ . | options: A: study abroad B: work abroad C: pay for the debts D: learn to paint pictures | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sedation and wait It is a case of prolonged latent phase of the labour Latent phase of the labour Latent phase of the labour is difficult to define. It stas with onset of painful regular uterine contractions and end when the cervix stas dilating at an active rate. A latent phase exceeding 6 hours in primigravida or 4 hours in multigravida is considered prolonged. Secondary arrest of active phase Active phase of the labour is defined as phase when active cervical dilatation occurs. Secondary arrest of cervical dilatation occurs when cervical dilatation ceases after a normal poion of active phase dilatation. This is believed to be due to cephalopelvic dispropoion. Prolonged latent phase The diagnosis of prolonged labour is made when there is little progress in cervical dilatation for several hours.(In the question the cervix is dilated.for I cm for the last 10 hrs). More common than the diagnosis of prolonged latent phase is the need to differentiate whether a patient is in false labour or in the latent phase. This differentiation may be achieved by continuous observation of the patient for at least 2 hours. Patients in false labour will show a pattern of irregular uterine contractions that eventually decrease in frequency and intensity and there are no cervical changes during the observation periods. Whereas patients in latent phase will show persistent regular uterine contractions that usually increase in intensity and frequency. In addition, patient in latent phase will show some cervical changes. A second method used to differentiate false labour from the latent phase of labour is therapeutic rest. 843 For this purpose the patient is given a 15 mg dose of morphine sulfate. Patients in false labour Sleep for a few hours and awake without contractions. Patietns in latent phase continue with contractions and show cervical changes after the sleeping period. The second most common practical problem related to the latent phase of labour occurs when patients have 3 or 4 cm of cervical dilatation and regular uterine contractions and no progress is observed during the following few hours. These patients may be in a late stage of their latent phase or have an early secondary arrest of dilatation. To distinguish between late latent phase and early secondary arrest it is necessary to take into consideration the patient's parity. - Multipara making little progress at 4 cm of dilatation most likely will be in latent phase. - A nullipara under the same circumstances most likely will be in early secondary arrest. The degree of cervical dilatation is also impoant. - 60% of the patient will be in active phase if the cervix is 4 cm dilated and 90% if it is 5 cm. Finally cervical effacement is a good criterion for recognizing patients in active phase. - Most patients will be in active phase if their cervix is dilated 3 cm or more and 100% effaced - If effacement is 50% or less most likely they are in latent phase. Management There are two modes of management for patients with prolonged latent phase. - Therapeutic rest - Oxytoein stimulation. [/INST] question: A female at 37 wks of gestation has mild labour pain for 10 hours and cervix is persistently 1CM dilated but non effaced. What will be next appropriate management ? | options: A: Sedation and wait B: Augmentation with syntocin C: Cesarean section D: Amniotomy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Last week John went to his sister's house, and it's also the house he was born in. Sue, his sister felt excited and surprised. She said to John, "You haven't changed a lot, John .Let me see, now...When did we meet last time?" "Ten years ago." John answered. "You haven't changed a lot, either." John said. It was polite for John to say so, but it wasn't true. Sue seemed like an old lady.
The next day John walked through the small town alone. The place have already changed a lot. There was a new bus stop, a new post office, a new car park and lots of traffic signs. He remembered suddenly that the bus used to stop anywhere. You just put up your hand and it stopped. Everything has changed.
To John's surprise, he didn't recognize anybody at all. Maybe everybody seemed old. He went into a shop and bought some things. Then he asked the boss, "Where are all the children and young people?" "Children?" he said, "They're in school, of course. There are three or four young families here."
At lunch, Sue said, "Do you think it is still a beautiful place, John?" "It's all different, Sue. It used to be an exciting place, but now it's full of old people. I don't understand." John said.
,A, B, C, D. [/INST] question: How long did John leave the small town? | options: A: Ten years B: Six years C: One year D: Ten year | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: in Aoic dissection Nitroprusside, esmolol, labetalol etc are those drugs which are more effective when given parenterally.Chronic aoic dissections are associated with weakening of the aoic wall that may lead to the development of aneurysmal dilatation.Aoic dissection is caused by a circumferential or, less frequently, transverse tear of the intima. It often occurs along the right lateral wall of the ascending aoa where the hydraulic shear stress is high. Another common site is the descendingthoracic aoa just below the ligamentum aeriosum.For acute dissection, unless contraindicated, b-adrenergic blockers should be administered parenterally, using intravenous propranolol, metoprolol, or the sho-acting esmolol to achieve a hea rate of approximately 60 beats/min. This should be accompanied by sodium nitroprusside infusion to lower systolic blood pressure to <=120 mmHg. Labetalol ( Chap. 247 ), a drug with both b- and a-adrenergic blocking propeies, also may be used as a parenteral agent in acute therapy for dissection. The calcium channel antagonists verapamil and diltiazem may be used intravenously if nitroprusside or b-adrenergic blockers cannot be employed. The addition of a parenteral angiotensinconveing enzyme (ACE) inhibitor such as enalaprilat to a b-adrenergic blocker also may be considered. Isolated use of a direct vasodilator such as hydralazine is contraindicated because these agents can increase hydraulic shear and may propagate the dissection. ref:Harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 2064 [/INST] question: In Aoic dissection drug used are- | options: A: Propanolol B: Diazoxide C: Na nitroprusside D: Hydralazine | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All four can cause gangrene (Myocardial infarction can cause gangrene by thromboembolism)
Lets see, each option one by one.
Raynauds disease
Is ds of young women* (F:M ratio is 5:1)
commonly the upper limbs* are affected specially the fingers (the thumb is generally escaped)
The disease is characterized by Raynauds phenomenon* which is a series of attacks of
Local syncope → digits become cold and white*
Local asphyxia → digits turn blue with burning sensation*
Local recovery →digits regain normal colour*
Pulses remain unaffected* as this is the disease which affects arterioles
With the help of points (a) and (b) Raynauds ds can be ruled out.
Atherosclerosis (Senile gangrene)
Seen in elderly people over 50 years of age.
Thus because of age factor we can rule out atherosclerosis.
Myocardial infaction
Age factor again helps in ruling it out as MI is generally seen in elderly, though its incidence is increasing in young, but it cannot be a more common cause than Buerger's disease.
Buerger's (Thromboangitis obliterans) Usual victims of this ds are young men below 40 yrs of age, who are smokers (ds is not seen in females and nonsmokers).
Buerger ds is the inflammatory reaction in the arterial wall with involvement of the neighbouring vein and nerve, terminating in thrombosis of the artery.
It characterstically involves small and medium sized arteries (plantars, tibial and radial artery)
Both upper and lower extremities are affected.
In lower extremity the ds. occurs beyond the popliteal artery. In upper extremity the ds occurs beyond the brachial art.
Early in the course of Buergers ds the superficial veins are involved producing the characterstic migratory, recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis.
An imp difference with atheroselerosis is that, atherosclerosis is a disease of large sized arteries, buergers is a ds of small arteries. [/INST] question: Most common cause of gangrene of foot of 30 years old farmer who is a chronic smoker - | options: A: Raynaud's disease B: Myocardial infarction C: Atherosclerosis D: Thromboangitis obliterans | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family. She goes to a good university and has everything that money can buy, well, almost everything. The problem is that the people in Jean's family are so busy that they can hardly find time to be with her. In fact, Jean is quite lonely.
So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ. She likes being anonymous , talking to people who do not know about her famous family and her rich life. She uses the name Linda on QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.
Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ. His name was David and lived in San Francisco. David was full of stories and jokes. He and Jean had a common interest in rock music and modern dance. So it always took them hours to talk happily on QQ and sometimes they even forgot their time. Of course, they wanted to know more about each other. David sent a picture of himself. He was a tall, good-looking young man with a big happy smile. As time went by, they became good friends and often sent cards and small things to each other.
When Jean's father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco, she asked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday. She would take him the latest DVD of their own rock singer. But when she knocked on David's door in San Francisco, she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boy named Jim. [/INST] question: Jean spends a lot of time on QQ because she is _ . | options: A: rich B: famous C: young D: lonely | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Would the voice of Amanda Holden saying "your city had talent" encourage you to use a litter bin? Or maybe former Monty Python star Michael Palin telling you no one had expected "the Spanish bin-quisition"?
Organizers of a plan persuading celebrities to lend their voices to "talking bins"believe it can make a real difference to keeping Britain tidy. They hope that by using humor, they will succeed where fines and warnings have failed in keeping streets and parks clean.
A similar experiment in Sweden found a talking bin received nearly three times as much rubbish as an ordinary one because people were attracted by its quality of being new and unusual value.
Twenty-five specially adapted bins to be installed in the streets of London and Liverpool next month will use a sound card to play a themed message when litter is placed inside. For example,one near the Royal Opera House will play a "thank-you" message sung by Janis Kelly to the tune of Nessun Dorina. Bins installed in Liverpool will play Beatles-themed messages. For others,Britain's Got Talent judge Holden is expected to record the message:"This is Amanda, and this city's got talent."
The campaign,entitled Bin Thinking, is being organized by art group Sing London. If successful,talking bins could become a familiar feature on Britain's streets.
Colette Hiller, director of Sing London, said, " The idea is to reward people in a small way for changing their behavior and raise awareness through a sense of fun." [/INST] question: What is the plan persuading celebrities to lend their voices to "talking bins" aimed at? | options: A: Attracting passers'-by attention on celebrities B: Encouraging people to use the litter bins to keep Britain tidy C: Making fun of those who won't keep the streets and parks clean D: Thanking people for cleaning the litter bins through a sense of fun | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Drugs controller General of India GUIDELINES FOR OPENING AND LICENSING OF BLOOD BANK Blood Bank: - Blood bank means, a centre within an organisation or an institution for collection, grouping, cross-matching, storage, processing and distribution of Whole Human Blood or Human Blood Products from selected human donors. Licensing policy and legal framework for Blood Banks:? An adequate legal framework has been provided in Schedule X B of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act/Rules published in The Gazette of India: Extraordinary (Pa II-Sec.3 (i) which stipulates mandatory testing of blood for Blood transmissible Diseases, including HIV. The rules provide for adequate testing procedures, quality control, standard qualifications and experience for blood bank personnel, maintenance of complete and accurate records, etc. The Drugs Controller General (India) is the Central Licence Approving Authority whereas the regulatory control remains under the dual authority of the State and the Central Government. The blood banks under the Act require a manufacturing licence. [/INST] question: License to blood bank is given by: | options: A: Drugs controller General of India B: Director General of Health Services C: Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research D: Director General Blood Bank Services | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was the first snow of winter -- an exciting day for every child but not for most teachers. Up until now, I had been old enough to dress myself, but today would need some help. Miss Finlayson, my kindergarten teacher, had been through brst snow days many times, but I think she may still remember this one.
I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. But I struggled won my jacket because it didn't fit well. It was a hand-mc-down from my brother, and if made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes, At least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots .
In her calm, motherly voice she said, "By the end of winter, you will all be able to put on your own boots." I didn't realize at the at the time that this was more a statement of hope than of confidence .
I handed her my boots and stuck out my foot. Like most children, I expected grown-ups to do all the work. After much pushing, she managed to get first one into place and then, with a sigh, worked the second one on too.
I announced, "They're on the wrong feet."
She struggled to get the boots off and went through the joyless task of putting them on again.
"They're my brother's boots, you know," I said. "I hate them".
Somehow, from long years of practice, she managed to act as though I wasn't an annoying little girl, She struggle with me, she asked, "Now, where are your mittens ?"
I looked into her eyes and said, "I didn't want to lose them, so I hid them in the toes of my boots. [/INST] question: The little girl was more satisfied with her _ . | options: A: trousers B: jacket C: boots D: hat | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher stressed the importance again and again. But soon, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be astonished. Gently shaking his head and shrugging his shoulders, he said, "You don't say!" "You don't say!" I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this is not a proper topic. "Well, I'd better change the topic." So I said to him, "Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been there?" "Certainly, everyone back home will laugh at me if I leave China without seeing it. It was wonderful." He was deep in thought when I began to talk like a tourist guide. "The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it". Soon I was interrupted again by his words:"You don't say!" I couldn't help asking, "Why do you ask me not to talk about it?" "Well, I didn't request you to do so," he answered, greatly surprised. I said, "Didn't you say 'you don't say'?" Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, "'You don't say' actually means 'really?' It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don't pay attention to English idioms." Only then did I know I had made a fool of myself. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions.
Always remember: what the English teachers say is always right to us students. [/INST] question: A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms because _ . | options: A: I didn't have the slightest interest in them B: English idioms are not important C: My teacher didn't emphasize the importance of them D: I was not careful with English idioms | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Computer games are more and more popular with teenagers. Games are fun. After hours of homework it's great to relax by playing a game. But do games ever do kidsany harm? And are there any ways parents can help kids stay away from bad games? US researches are trying to find answers to these questions.
One problem found that parents are not taking enough notice of their kids'games -playinghabits. Many games sells output controls on the games to help parents make sure that children don't play things unsuitable for them, said David Walsh, president of the national Institute on media and the Family. Parents need to watch the games kids are playing and how much time they are spending playing them.
The study found that playing games too long can affect kids' health as well as their schoolwork. Almost half of all " heavy games" are six to 17 years old. These kids are more likely to have weight and eyesight problems than other kids. Playing too many games also affects(v)how children do in school.
Kids can ask their parents to set a time limit for playing games and remind them when the time is up. Don't forget to tell your parents about it. [/INST] question: Nearly 50% of all "heavy games " are _ . | options: A: seven to 17 years old B: six to 17 years old C: 17 years old D: six years old | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The truth was written all over her face. The eyes are the window to the soul. From those sayings, you would think that we could read faces. In fact, people tend to overestimate their ability to do it.
Most of us can't distinguish between certain expressions without contextual clues. In one study, participants were unable to tell whether faces in photos were showing pain or pleasure about a quarter of the time. In another, when people watched silent videos of the same person experiencing pain and faking pain, they couldn't tell which was which.
And yet, as bad as we are at reading expressions, we jump to all kinds of conclusions based on people's faces. We might scoff at the ancient physiognomy--assessing character on the basis of facial feature--but we unknowingly practice it daily. Recent research shows that while there's practically no evidence that faces reveal character, we nonetheless behave as if certain features signal certain traits. People with typically "female" facial features seem more trustworthy; those with lower eyebrows appear more controlling. In another study, people were ready to decide whether an unfamiliar face should be trusted after looking at it for just 200 milliseconds. Even when given a chance to look longer, they rarely changed their mind.
Such judgments can defy logic. Subjects playing a trust game invested more money with a player who had a trustworthy face than with one who didn't--even when the two players had the same fame. Another study reported that judges needed less evidence to sentence a person with an untrustworthy face. And a researcher focusing on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict found that a Palestinian peace offering was more likely to be accepted by Jewish Israeli if it was attributed to a politician with "babyfacedness".
Which brings us to a contradiction. A person's face may not reflect her nature, and yet research finds that specific facial features do seem to influence futures. U.S. Army War College graduates with controlling-looking faces are more likely than their peers to become generals; people with obvious cheekbones, appearing strong and competent, are more likely to become CEOs of successful companies. This makes a certain sense. If everyone assumes strong-chinned Daniel is an ambitious person, he's more likely to become one. Perhaps by treating others as though their face reveals their character, we motivate them to become the people we assume them to be. [/INST] question: Miss Green wants to find a pet shop for her dog while she is on holiday. She is most likely to choose the shop's owner with _ . | options: A: a strong chin B: female" facial features C: low eyebrows D: obvious cheekbones | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The city of Cannes _ in the southern part of France, in the Riviera region and has a population of nearly 70,000. Cannes is very famous around the world for its Film Festival and also for its Cannes Lions Festival. It is a comfortable city and has tourism as its main industry. Cannes offers some of France's finest hotels. You can surf the Internet for more information about hotels.
_ is 905 km away from Paris, 164 km from Marseille and 26 km away from Nice. The coast is often visited. The Boulevard de la Croisette is one of the most important attractions for people who love the beach, sun and sand.
La Croisette is a 12 km waterfront avenue with many trees, hotels, cafes, shops and restaurants around. Visiting the Musee de la Castre is also a good choice for seeing beautiful works of art, paintings and so on. And if you want to relax,
you can visit the Iles de Lerins (Le rins Islands) with nice views and beautiful beaches.
If you just take a walk in the streets of Cannes, you will discover a very friendly atmosphere . The main streets are d'Antibes and Meynardier. You will have a good time in the shops. Its restaurants are very good, although the prices are sometimes expensive. Depending on whether the restaurant is located on the waterfront or not, the price will be a bit more expensive. [/INST] question: To see beautiful works of art and paintings, you can visit _ . | options: A: Lerins Islands B: the Musee de la Castre C: the Boulevard de la Croisette D: Marseille | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What is your favourite English letter? Many of you may say Q. Why?Because so many of you chat with your friends on QQ. What do you like about QQ? What do you talk about? The CCTV reporter, Miss Wang, interviews three kids. Let's listen to what they say.
When do you chat on QQ? What do you talk about?
Lin Yuhan, Xi'an: On weekends. We talk about homework and chat with each other.
Tang Xuting, Shanghai: At weekends and when I don't have much homework. We exchange test answers and chat.
Yang Yuhang, Dalian: Our class goes online together at 4----6 pm on weekends. We complain about homework, chat and talk about computer games.
What do you put on your QQ blog ?
Lin: I put good articles I have found online on my blog. I also write articlesmyself. They are about funny things that have happened in my class.
Tang: I put pictures on my blog. Not my own photos, but pictures from myfavorite Japanese cartoons like Tennis Prince and Conan.
Yang: I put DV films on my blog. I shoot them during sports meetingsand school parties. The most popular one is about a dancing teacher. Itis so funny that everyone watches it.
How do you like QQ?
Lin: It's a good place for us to make a record of our lives, of both good timesand sad times.
Tang: My friends and I may not have time to chat at school. But we can doit on QQ. It's very helpful to our friendships.
Yang: If you chat with friends on the telephone, your parents sometimeslisten in on your conversation. There's no such problem with QQ. Youcan relax and talk freely. [/INST] question: How many kids are interviewed about QQ? | options: A: Nine B: Six C: Three D: Two | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The indications for the use of stainless steel crowns in pediatric dentistry include the following:
Restorations for primary or young permanent teeth with extensive and/or multiple caries lesions.
Restorations for hypoplastic primary or permanent teeth that cannot be adequately restored with bonded restorations.
Restorations for teeth with hereditary anomalies, such as dentinogenesis imperfecta or amelogenesis imperfecta.
Restorations for pulpotomized or pulpectomized primary or young permanent teeth when there is increased danger of fracture of the remaining coronal tooth structure.
Restorations for fractured teeth.
Restorations for primary teeth to be used as abutments for appliances.
Attachments for habit-breaking and orthodontic appliances.
The composite materials have proved to provide a more satisfactory interim restoration for many of these teeth. Such a bonded composite build-up restoration allows for the preservation of all sound tooth structure and depends on the presence of some enamel surfaces to provide bonded retention for the restorative material. Any soft defective areas are excavated, but little or no additional tooth preparation is done. Usually even undermined enamel surfaces are preserved for additional retention and support of the restorative material. [/INST] question: A 5 year old male patient complains of multiple carious teeth and has the habit of frequent snacking and is fond of chocolates. Intra-oral examination shows grossly carious mandibular molars. Radiologic findings reveal proximal caries with mandibular canines and grossly carious molars. Which of the following crowns should be considered during restoration of this tooth? | options: A: Stainless steel crown B: Direct resin crown C: Strip crown D: Interim composite restoration | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bethany Meilani Hamilton was born on February 8, 1990 Kauai, Hawaii, where she grew up with two older brothers. Hamilton's parents were both surfers and they started teaching Bethany how to surf at a young age, and she learned quickly with the support of her brothers. By age 8, Bethany was winning first place in surfing contests for her age group. Hamilton began competing more seriously at the age of nine, winning several more competitions in her age group.
On October 31, 2003, while surfing with friends near Tunnels Beach, a 14-foot tiger shark attacked her. Bethany said, "My arm was hanging in the water, and it just came and bit me. It kind of pulled me back and forth. But I just held onto my board and then the shark let go." The shark tore off Bethany's left arm just below her shoulder. Hamilton's friends rushed her to the hospital. Bethany made it through several surgeries without infection , and miraculously survived even though she had lost almost 60% of her blood. The doctor said that her athletic training helped her to survive the attack and blood loss.
While she was healing, Bethany thought for a while that she might not surf again. She was concerned that it would be much harder to stand up on the board using only one hand and that her balance would be completely off. But with hard work and determination she returned to surfing. She says, "It's hard for me to describe the joy I felt after I stood up and rode a wave in for the first time after the attack. I was greatly thankful and happy inside. The tiny bit of doubt that would sometimes tell me 'you'll never surf again' was gone in one wave !"
As for fear of another shark attack, Bethany says that sometimes her heart pounds when she sees a shadow under the water. But she believes that faith provides hope and a future for those who feel down and defeated in their lives.
Bethany's popularity and hope for the future led her to partner with World Vision to create "Surfing for Children in Crisis". Bethany hopes that her involvement in the campaign will help provide disabled children from around the world with care, support, and hope. [/INST] question: Who taught Bethany surfing when she was very young? | options: A: Her brothers B: Her parents C: Her friend D: Her doctor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A dog can't speak any words, but it can "talk". It has feelings just as you do. Sometimes it may feel angry or afraid. Watch a dog closely, and you can find out how it feels. You can see what it is trying to tell you. When you are afraid, you may look down. When a dog is afraid, it may run away. When you are angry with other people, you stare at them. An angry dog also stares. Sometimes the hair along its back stands up.
Do you feel guilty when you do something you shouldn't do? Dogs can feel guilty, too. Sometimes when I come home, my dog gives me a guilty look. Then I know he did something wrong.
Dogs need love and care. Some dogs are very unhappy when they are alone for a long time. Some dogs even snap if they don't get enough care.
You may have a dog or you may know a dog. Take care of it well if you want to have fun with it. Take it on walks. Don't make it do too many things. Try not to punish it again and again for doing the same thing. Always remember, a dog has needs and feelings just as you do. Talk to a dog, and it will talk to you. [/INST] question: When a dog is afraid, it may _ . | options: A: look down B: stare C: bark D: run away | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Although a difficult diagnosis to make, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the most likely diagnosis in this young woman who has used appetite suppressants. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (also known as primary pulmonary hypertension) has been associated with fenfluramine-type appetite suppressants. The predominant symptom is dyspnea, which is usually not apparent until the disease has advanced. When physical findings, chest x-ray, or echocardiography suggest pulmonary hypertension, recurrent pulmonary emboli must be ruled out. In this case, a normal perfusion lung scan makes pulmonary angiography unnecessary. Right-to-left cardiac shunts cause hypoxia (oxygen desaturation) that characteristically does not improve with oxygen supplementation. Restrictive lung disease should be ruled out with pulmonary function testing but is unlikely with a normal chest x-ray. An echocardiogram will show right ventricular enlargement and a reduction in the left ventricle size consistent with right ventricular pressure overload. Left ventricular dysfunction can cause pulmonary edema but not pulmonary hypertension. [/INST] question: A 35-year-old woman complains of slowly progressive dyspnea. Her history is otherwise negative, and there is no cough, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, or thrombophlebitis. She has taken appetite suppressants at different times. Physical examination reveals jugular venous distention, a palpable right ventricular lift, and a loud P2 heart sound. Chest x-ray shows clear lung fields. Oxygen saturation is 94%. ECG shows right axis deviation. A perfusion lung scan is normal, with no segmental deficits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Pulmonary arterial hypertension B: Recurrent pulmonary emboli C: Right-to-left cardiac shunt D: Interstitial lung disease | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We are always told that TV is not good for us. If it is true, how come the TV-addicted kids of our young generation nowadays are much smarter than we are? In my family, the only persons who can work the TV remote control well are the children.
Probably TV really educates us. For example, we can learn a very useful medical fact: _ . "The killer was..." (dies)
But I suppose the biggest things that we learn from TV can be regarded as "Life Skills". Bad things simply happen on either stormy or dark nights. Emotional breakdowns make people wander in the heavy rain without raincoats or umbrellas. And contrary to the scientists, the crack of lightning and the accompanying flash come on at exactly the same time, wherever the scenes are.
I've even got to know useful geographical facts from science-fiction shows: Aliens only speak the language of English no matter which planet they come from.
To make good use of something that we learn from TV can make our security better. Consider these truths. When you are really attacked by 20 bad guys, you needn't worry about your being outnumbered. The criminals will hang back and take turns to approach you in ones and twos just so you can conveniently defeat them all. Bad guys who are completely covered in black clothes always remove their black masks to reveal that they are in fact, aha, women.
TV often teaches us a lot of important information as well about escaping from danger. Watch and learn. (1) If anyone is running after you down a passage, you will find that boxes have been conveniently placed near all the walls you need to jump over. (2) If you are tall and handsome, you can run from any number of armed criminals, and every shot will miss you.
Be warned, however, if your name card says "henchman" and you are part of a group of plain-looking people trying to catch a handsome individual, a single shot will kill you. But don't be anxious: TV also delivers useful information for bad guys. All cars are inflammable and have amazing shock absorbers that enable them to fly into the air and land without damage -- except police cars.
TV even teaches us about TV. Whenever anyone turns on a TV, it shows a news flash about someone they know. They then turn the box off immediately after that news item. [/INST] question: On TV what usually happens when a person turns it on? | options: A: The program shown is always about the importance of TV B: The person always turns off the TV when it's time for news C: The news shown is always about someone the person knows D: TV always shows news about famous people | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Buckingham Palace is in London, England. Buckingham Palace is famous because Queen Elizabeth of England lives there. She became queen in 1952.
Buckingham Palace is a big and beautiful building. Queen Elizabeth and her family live on the second floor of the palace. The queen also has her office at the palace. Queen Elizabeth often asks important people to eat dinner at the palace. She invites 9,000 people to each party!
Buckingham Palace is like a small town. It has a police station, a hospital, two post offices, a movie theatre, a swimming pool, two sports clubs, a garden and a lake. The palace has about six hundred rooms. About four hundred people work there. Two people have very _ jobs. They take care of the clocks. There are 300 clocks in Buckingham Palace.
Queen Elizabeth's day starts at 7:00 in the morning. Seven people take care of her. One person prepares her bath, and another person prepares her clothes. Another person takes care of her dogs. The queen loves dogs.
It's very interesting to have dinner at Buckingham Palace. You have to follow rules. Queen Elizabeth starts to eat first, and then everybody eats. When the queen finishes eating, everybody finishes eating. You can't leave the table during dinner.
People visit the rooms in Buckingham Palace in August and September. There are wonderful things to see. Don't forget that Queen Elizabeth is one of the richest people in the world. [/INST] question: How many rooms does Buckingham Palace have? | options: A: 900 B: 600 C: 400 D: 300 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pathologic veigo is generally classified as peripheral (labyrinthine) or central (brainstem or cerebellum).The clinical presentation, in this case, is most consistent with central veigo. Positional (especially horizontal) nystagmus (to-and-fro oscillation of the eyes) is common in the veigo of central origin, but absent or uncommon in peripheral veigo. The chronicity of the veigo is characteristic of central veigo, whereas the symptoms of peripheral veigo generally have a finite duration and may be recurring.Tinnitus and/or deafness is often present in peripheral veigo, but absent in central veigo. The flocculonodular lobe, or vestibulocerebellum, is connected to the vestibular nuclei and paicipates in the control of balance and eye movements, paicularly changes in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), which serves to maintain visual stability during head movement.A lesion of this area of the cerebellum may result in veigo and nystagmus, whereas the spinocerebellum is involved in the coordination of limb movement. [/INST] question: A 27-year-old patient with a chief complaint of mild veigo of 3-months duration is seen by a neurologist. Examination reveals a positional (horizontal and veical) nystagmus that is bidirectional. The patient repos the absence of tinnitus. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of veigo? | options: A: Labyrinthitis B: Meniere's syndrome C: Lesion of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum D: Lesion of the spinocerebellum | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Refer Robbins page no Pg 860 MORPHOLOGY Morphologic changes differ between the large ducts (intrahe- patic and extrahepatic) and the smaller intrahepatic ducts. Large duct inflammation is similar to that seen in ulcerative colitis: acute, neutrophilic infiltration of the epithelium superim- posed on a chronic inflammatory background. Inflamed areas develop strictures because edema and inflammation narrows the lumen or because of subsequent scarring. The smaller ducts, however, often have little inflammation and show a strik- ing circumferential "onion skin" fibrosis around an increas- ingly atrophic duct lumen (Fig. 18-39), eventually leading to obliteration by a "tombstone" scar. Because the likelihood of sampling smaller duct lesions on a random needle biopsy is miniscule, diagnosis depends on radiologic imaging of the extrahepatic and larger intrahepatic ducts. As the disease pro- gresses the liver becomes markedly cholestatic, culminating in biliary cirrhosis much like that seen with chronic obstruction and primary biliary cirrhosis. Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia may develop and cholangiocarcinoma appears usually with a fatal outcomes. [/INST] question: Onion skin fibrosis of the common bile duct is | options: A: Primary biliary cirrhosis B: Primary sclerosisg cholangitis C: Extrahepatic biliary fibrosis D: Congenital hepatic fibrosis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There is no doubt that music plays a powerful role in our lives. It can calm our tired nerves after a busy day of work. Music even has the power to move us to tears when it stirs an emotional reaction. How then, does music play a role in special education?
If music has the ability to touch those hidden places we all carry inside, it proves an important tool for the special education teacher. For students with emotional problems, music can help soothe sadness. Consider the child that arrives in class depressed and upset. If music can indeed relax and calm him, he is more likely to focus and participate in class.
Dr. R. Joseph, author of Behavioral Neurology, writes, "It is well recorded that patients with left hemisphere damage, who may be unable to speak or recognize words, can sing a melody ."
For this reason, some special education teachers have found it helpful to set their lessons to music. When students cannot understand or remember certain things, singing them helps make it easier.
Nature magazine reported "Music training helps underachievers. In Rhode Island, researchers studied eight public school first grade classes. Half of the classes became 'text-arts'groups, receiving ongoing music training. After seven months, the students were given a test. The tested group had caught up with their fellow students in reading and surpassed their classmates in math by 22 percent. In the second year of the project, the tested students widened this even further. Students were also tested on attitude and behavior. Classroom teachers also noted improvement in these areas."
It seems music does, indeed, play an important role in education. For the special education teacher, this is especially encouraging. [/INST] question: For students with emotional problems, music might be _ . | options: A: a toy B: a punishment C: a medicine D: a puzzle | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANS. A# Evaluation of a trauma victimPrimary survey in trauma# Focused history and physical examination (secondary survey)The focused history and physical examination includes a physical examination that focuses on a specific injury or medical complaint, or it may be a rapid examination of the entire body.It also includes obtaining a patient history and vital signs.Patient history: A patient history includes any information relating to the current complaint or condition, as well as past medical problems that could be related. Utilize bystanders/family... when needed.Acronym to obtain a patient's history:S: Signs/symptomsA: AllergiesM: MedicationsP: Pertinent past medical historyL: Last oral intakeE: Events leading to the illness or injuryRapid assessment: This a quick, less detailed head-to-toe assessment of the most critical patients.Focused assessment: This is an examination conducted on stable patients. It focuses on a specific injury or medical complaint.Vital signs: This include pulse, respirations, skin signs, pupils, and blood pressure. This may include documenting the oxygen saturation level (this is highly useful when dealing with chemical agent exposure).Pulse: Assess for rate, rhythm, and strength.Respiration: Assess for rate, depth, sound, and ease of breathing.Skin signs: Assess for color, temperature, and moisture.Pupils: Check pupils for size, equality, and reaction to light.Constricted pupils in a mass casualty event are highly suggestive of nerve agent/organophosphate toxicity.Head-to toe examination of a trauma patient with significant MOI--The physical examination of the patient should take not more than two to three minutes.Chain of survival Note: The boxes bordered with dashed lines are performed by healthcare providers and not by lay rescuers # To simplify* Treatment of unstable tachycardia: Synchronized DC version* Treatment of stable tachycardia: Drugs and carotid massage* Treatment of unstable bradycardia: Transcutaneous pacing/ medical pacing (atropine 0.5 mg (up to 3 mg) or injection adrenaline (2-20 mg/kg/min) or injection dopamine (2-20 mg/kg/min)* Treatment of stable bradycardia: Expert consultation for identifying cause.# How to say a patient is stable or not (look for CHAPS)1. Chest pain2. Hypotension <90 mm Hg3. Altered mental status4. Pulmonary signs of cardiac failure (crepitations)5. Signs of shock (cold and clammy extremities)# Important imaging questions potential to be asked from emergenciesHampton's hump (pulmonary embolism)Glasgow coma scaleObservationResponseScoreEyesOpen spontaneously4Open to speech3Open to painful stimulus2No response (no eye opening)1VerbalResponds sensibly5Confused4Inappropriate words3Incomprehensible sounds2No response (silent)1MotorObeys commands6Points (localizes) to pain5Withdraws from pain4Bend limbs in response to pain (flexion)3Straighten limbs in response to pain (extension)2No response1# Nexus criteria is used in evaluating a case of suspectedC-spine injuryNexus criteria1. Absence of tenderness in the posterior midline2. Absence of a neurological deficit3. Normal level of alertness (GCS score = 15)4. No evidence of intoxication (drugs or alcohol)5. No distracting injury/pain* Patient who fulfilled all 5 of the criteria were considered low risk for C-spine injury- No need C-spine X-ray* For patients who had any of the 5 criteria- Radiographic imaging was indicated(AP, lateral and open mouth views)# Focussed abdominal sonography in trauma (FAST)# FAST positive# e-FAST (extended FAST)Includes FAST along with lung ultrasound to detect any life-threatening emergencies like pneumothorax.# Findings in e-FASTNormal seashore pattern# Pneumothorax showing barcode sign [/INST] question: In triage of school bus accident of children, which one will you attend first and give priority? | options: A: Airway obstruction of child B: Boy in shock C: Flair chest child D: Severe head injury | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Mr. Wolfson,
The purpose of this letter is to inform you of one of our citizens who I believe should receive some special recognition for dedicated community service. The person I recommend is Elizabeth Samuelson. I believe you know her in your position as volunteer coordinator .
I have known Elizabeth for more than 20 years as both a friend and a neighbor. During that time I have seen her work tirelessly on scores of community projects and committees. As far as I know, she has never received any kind of recognition from the community for her work. I believe she should be given some sort of special recognition.
Just last year alone, she worked on at least six different community projects including the Park Renewal Project and the Heritage Homes FundRaising Banquet. In addition, she is a weekly driver for the MealsonWheels program and she visits patients in the care unit on a regular basis. Whenever a project or committee needs her, she will put herself into the work wholeheartedly. I'm sure that if you check with a few of your staff members who have been there over the years, they will confirm Elizabeth's community service record and probably be able to add many examples to the few I have given here. By the way, Elizabeth has no idea that I am writing this. She is a humble person, and if she were aware of it, she would not allow me to send it.
I thought about writing such a letter about her a number of times in the past but just never took action. Then last week, I noticed in the paper that you sponsor an annual dinner at which dozens of awards are given out to people with much less community service than Elizabeth. In fact, I checked with her and she has never even been invited to that annual event!
I urge you to correct that omission now and take action to see that Elizabeth is properly recognized for her many years of silent but outstanding service to this community.
Sincerely,
Linda Sullivan [/INST] question: Linda is Elizabeth's _ . | options: A: friend and colleague B: neighbor and leader C: neighbor and worker D: friend and neighbor | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In American schools there is something called Homecoming. Many high schools and colleges with a football team have a Homecoming game. This can be the most important event of the year except graduation or commencement day. Students plan Homecoming for many weeks in advance.
Several days before Homecoming, students start to decorate the school. There are signs to wish luck to the team, and many other signs to welcome all the graduates. Many people still come to Homecoming twenty or thirty years after their graduation.
The members of school clubs build booths and sell lemonade, apples and sandwiches. Some clubs help to welcome visitors. During the day people like to look for teachers that they remember from long ago. Often they see old friends and they talk together about those happy years in school.
Everyone soon comes to watch the football game. When the game is half over, the band comes onto the field and plays school songs. Another important moment is when the Homecoming Queen or King appears. All the students _ a most popular student Homecoming Queen or King. It is a great honor to be chosen.
Homecoming is a happy day, but it is not perfect unless the football team wins the game. Even if the team loses, the students still enjoy Homecoming. Some stay at the school to dance, and others go to a party. For everyone it is a day worth remembering. [/INST] question: The most important event of the year in high schools and colleges is _ . | options: A: Homecoming B: the football game C: graduation D: winning the game | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the near future, people in some parts of the world will watch a new kind of television. It is called the high definition television or the HD-TV. The main difference between an HD-TV and a normal television is the picture. It is more clear and detailed. This is because the HD-TV has many more points and lines that make a television image. Every color television picture contains thousands of red, green and blue points. They all come together as an image in the eye of the person watching. The points are organized in lines that go across the television screen. There are more than five hundred lines in a normal television. The HD-TV has two times as many. To get this clear picture, you must have a big screen. Experts say people using a small screen will see little difference.
The HD-TV also has clear sound. It is like the sound on a CD. All these improvements make an HD-TV very costly. One kind in Japan now sells for more than twenty thousand dollars .A major problem with the HD-TV is its broadcast signal(.The signal is bigger than normal because it carries more electronic information. [/INST] question: What is the main difference between an HD-TV and a normal television? It is _ . | options: A: the picture B: the shape C: the voice D: the weight | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We use our smart phones to carry out many tasks every day. Many of us have become so _ on them. However, it is bad for our eyes and health to use too much phone.
A study shows that smart phone owners usually start to use their phones early in the morning. They check persona1 emails and Wechat. And before they get out of bed, many people often check the weather, read the news, and send a message or two to friends. After getting up, they often take photos of food, themselves, and even whatever they can see with their phones. They share their photos with their friends. The research finds that users pick up their phones more than l,500 times to do different tasks in an average week. And the smart phone users are on their phone for three hours and sixteen minutes a day. That is to say, people use their phones for almost one full day each week.
Using phones will take much time and it's also bad for our health. Many people stay up late to play phones, And mobile phones will influence our sleep. Without using the phones, many people will feel sad. Many owners also find they use their phones without realizing they're doing so.
How do you think people use their phones too much? [/INST] question: Before getting up, many people use their phones to do tasks, not including _ . | options: A: checking weather B: sending messages C: reading news D: taking photos | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The joints are frequently involved in most variants of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), and tensile strength is reduced so that skin is hyperextensible, and joints are hypermobile. Deficiency of the enzyme lysyl hydroxylase can lead to defects in types I and III collagen and is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. Kyphoscoliosis and ocular problems also are present in this type of EDS. When EDS-like features are present, but no collagen gene mutations identified, then abnormal tenascin-X, a large multimeric protein of extracellular matrix that affects synthesis and fibril formation of type VI and type I collagens may be present. Congenital syphilis can produce abnormalities of bone, such as saber shin from periosteitis and perichondritis, but does not affect the skin. Vitamin D deficiency in childhood producing rickets is accompanied by bowing deformities of long bones, but not skin abnormalities. The pattern of findings here suggests a structural gene defect leading to development of abnormalities, and not congenital anomalies without a specific cause. Battered children typically have multiple contusions and fractures, but the skin and bone structure are normal. [/INST] question: A 4-year-old girl has sudden onset of right hip pain. On examination, the child's right hip is dislocated. The child can bend her thumb backward to touch the forearm. Her skin is noted to be extraordinarily stretchable. Radiographs of her spine show marked lateral and anterior curvature. She develops retinal detachments later in childhood. A sibling is similarly affected. A mutation in tenascin-X is identified. Which of the following is the most likely cause for this child's findings? | options: A: Congenital syphilis B: Deficient collagen synthesis C: Diet lacking in vitamin D D: Multiple congenital anomalies | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Below is a web page from Google.
The completer results archive of summer and winter Olympic games, with winners lists, statistics, national anthems and flags of all contries since 1896.
www. olympic. it/english/home-16k
Beijing steel plants to run at the lowest level of cost during 2008 Olympics [2007-03-11] Beijing able to treat 90 pct of waste water [2007-02-05] *Air quality in Beijing has improved over the past six years [2007-02-01]*Green Olympics dream coming true ...
en. Beijing2008.com/80/67/column211716780.shtml-52k
Beijing announced the 2008 Olympic Games torch relay route and set off the Olympic Games torch on Thursday. ... Green Olympics is one of the three concepts of the Beijing Games. ...
english.china.com/zh _ cn/news/sports/110592227/14069663.html-26k
Environmental Symbol of Beijing Olympics --'Green Olympics', officially announced on Saturday, 24 September 2005. The symbol, created using a calligraphic art form, is composed of human and tree-like shapes, ...
my.opera.com/green _ head/blog/show.dml/92155-18k
On behalf of BOCOC, Wang Wei, executive vice president of BOCOC, gave a presentation about Green Olympics, introduced the environment protection work of BMC and BOCOC, and answered several questions such as protection of cultural relics ...
en.beijing2008.com/84/91/article211929184.shtml-36k
Who was the founder of the Modern Olympics? In which cities were the modern Olympic Games due to be held/ scheduled during the 'war years', i.e., 1916, 1940, and 1944? ... In which three years of the Modern Olympic Games were ... More questions ...
www.funtrivia.com/quizzes/sports/ olympic _ games.html-12k
... aimed at young researchers engaged in scholarly research on the Olympic Movement, its history and values, and the impact of the ...[ Full story] SPORT ACCORD[2005-01-23]...
www.olympic.org/
As put forward in the various official texts, the Olympic symbols of ancient Olympia, the Olympic flame and the Marathon race are bridges between the ancient and the modern Olympic Games, ...
www.c2008.org/rendanews/knowledge _ detail.asp?id=911-106k [/INST] question: When was the environmental symbol of Beijing Olympics made public? | options: A: On January 23, 2005 B: On September 24, 2005 C: On February 5, 2007 D: On March 11, 2007 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "It is a dreadful thing to be poor a fortnight before Christmas, " said Clorinda, with the mournful sigh of seventeen years.
Aunt Emmy smiled. Aunt Emmy was sixty, and spent the hours she didn't spend in a bed, on a sofa or in a wheel chair; but Aunt Emmy was never heard to sigh.
"The gifts which money can purchase are not the only ones we can give," said Aunt Emmy gently, "nor the best, either."
"Oh, I know it's nicer to give something of your own work," agreed Clorinda, "but materials for fancy work cost too. That kind of gift is just as much out of the question for me as any other."
"That was not what I meant," said Aunt Emmy.
"What did you mean, then?" asked Clorinda, looking puzzled.
Aunt Emmy smiled.
"Suppose you think out my meaning for yourself," she said. "That would be better than if I explained it. Besides, I don't think I could explain it. Take the beautiful line of a beautiful poem to help you in your thinking out: '
"
"I'd put it the other way and say, 'The giver without the gift is bare," said Clorinda. "That is my predicament exactly. Well, I hope by next Christmas I'll not be quite bankrupt. I'm going into Mr. Callender's store down at Murraybridge in February. He has offered me the place, you know."
"Won't your aunt miss you terribly?" said Aunt Emmy gravely. "I think she would rather have your companionship than a part of your salary, Clorinda," said Aunt Emmy. "But of course you must decide for yourself, dear."
"Well, I must say bye-bye and run home." Clorinda lived just across the road from Aunt Emmy in a tiny white house behind some huge willows. But Aunt Mary lived there too--the only relative Clorinda had, for Aunt Emmy wasn't really her aunt at all. Clorinda had always lived with Aunt Mary ever since she could remember.
Clorinda puzzled over Aunt Emmy's meaning for days. Then all at once it came to her. On Christmas Day, Clorinda went over to Aunt Emmy's.Aunt Emmy was lying on the sofa before the fire, and Clorinda sat down beside her.
"I've come to tell you all about it," she said. "Aunt Emmy, I thought for days over your meaning ... And then one evening it just came to me. At first I didn't think I could give some of them, and then I thought how selfish I was. I would have been willing to pay any amount of money for gifts if I had had it, but I wasn't willing to pay what I had. I got over that, though, Aunt Emmy. Now I'm going to tell you what I did give."
"First, there was old Aunt Kitty. You know she was my nurse when I was a baby. She is always glad when I go to see her, but I've never gone except when I couldn't help it. She is very deaf, and rather dull and stupid, you know. Well, I gave her a whole day. I took my knitting yesterday, and sat with her the whole time and just talked and talked. She was so pleased and proud; she told me when I came away that she hadn't had such a nice time for years. "
"Then there was ... Florence. You know, Aunt Emmy, we were always intimate friends until last year. Then Florence once told Rose Watson something I had told her
. I found it out and I was so hurt. I couldn't forgive Florence, and I told her plainly I could never be a real friend to her again. Florence felt badly, because she really did love me, and she asked me to forgive her, but it seemed as if I couldn't. Well, Aunt Emmy, that was my Christmas gift to her ... my forgiveness."
"I gave Aunt Mary her gift this morning. I told her I wasn't going to Murraybridge, that I just meant to stay home with her. She was so glad--and I'm glad, too, now that I've decided so."
"Your gifts have been real gifts, Clorinda," said Aunt Emmy. "Something of you--the best of you--went into each of them."
"I didn't forget you, Aunt Emmy," she said, as she unpinned the paper.
There was a rosebush. Aunt Emmy loved flowers. She put her finger under one of the roses and kissed it.
"It's as sweet as yourself, dear child," she said tenderly. "And it will be a joy to me all through the lonely winter days. You've found out the best meaning of Christmas giving, haven't you, dear?"
"Yes, thanks to you, Aunt Emmy," said Clorinda softly. [/INST] question: Clorinda felt anxious before Christmas because _ . | options: A: She had to leave Aunt Mary B: She didn't know what kind of Christmas gifts she should buy C: She had not enough money to buy Christmas gifts D: She had no time to make a proper decision | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: To Whom It May Concern:
My husband and I got married in 1965 and for the first ten years of our marriage I was very happy to stay home and raise our three children. Then four years ago, our youngest child went to school and I thought I might go back to work.
My husband was very supportive and helped me to make my decision. He emphasized all of the things I can do around the house, and said he thought I could be a great success in business.
After several weeks of job-hunting I found my present job, which is working for a small public relations firm. At first, my husband was very proud of me and would tell his friends , "My clever little wife can run that company she's working for."
But as his joking remark approached reality, my husband stopped talking to me about my job.I have received several _ and pay increases , and I am now making more money than he is. I can buy my own clothes and a new car. Because of our combined incomes, my husband and I can do many things that we had always dreamed of doing , but we don't do these things because he is very unhappy.
We fight about little things and my husband is very critical of me in front of our friends. For the first time in our marriage, I think there is a possibility that our marriage may come to an end.
I love my husband very much, and I don't want him to feel inferior, but I also love my job.I think I can be a good wife and a working woman, but I don't know how .Can you give me some advice? Will I have to choose one or the other or can I keep both my husband and my new career?
Please help.
"Distressed" [/INST] question: The letter was most probable written _ . | options: A: in 1975 B: around 1980 C: four years ago D: in 1965 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Centripetal obesity) (1050- CMDT-10, 2252-2255-H17th)CUSHING SYNDROME (HYPERCORTISOLISM)ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS* Central obesity, with a plethoric "moon face" "buffalo hump" supraclavicular fat pad, protuberant abdomen, thin extremities, muscle wasting, thin, skin, purple striae, Hirsutism* Psychological changes - frank psychosis* Olegomenorrhagia or amenorrhea (or impotence in male)* Osteoporosis, hypertension, poor wound healing, polyurea, renal calculi, glaucoma* Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia hypokalemia* Elevated serum cortisol and urinary free cortisol, Lack of normal suppression by dexamethasone*** Hypertension is seen in cushing syndrome because of sodium and water retension so it is sustained hypertension (Not episodic)***Interestingly, hypercortisolism without cushing syndrome can occur in - severe depression, anorexia nervosa, alcoholism and familial cortisol resistance, familial lipodystrophy type I patients receiving anti retroviral therapy for HIV-I infection* Earliest manifestation of cushing's syndrome is - Loss of diurmal variation*** Cushing's disease is associated with increased ACTH and increased cortisol* Conn's syndrome is most commonly associated with cortical adenoma*** NELSON SYNDROME - is a disorder characterized by rapid growth of ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma following bilateral adrenalectomy** (which was performed for cushing disease)* Most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is iatrogenic administration of steroids**Frequency of sign & symptoms of cushing syndrome* Typical habitus (centripetal obesity)97%* Personality changes66%* Increased body weight94%* Ecchymosis65%* Fatigability and weakness87%* Proximal myopathy **62%* Hypertension (BP > 150/90)82%* Edema62%* Hirsutism80%* Polyurea polydipsia23%* Amenorrhea77%* Hypertrophy of clitoris19%* Broad violaceous cutaneous striae67% [/INST] question: Most important features in cushing syndrome is | options: A: Centripetal obesity B: Hypertension C: Menorrhagia D: Polyurea | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Peter,
My name is Frank. I am from America. Here is a picture of my friends. We are in the same grade. Look at the picture, in the middle, you can see my friend Jimmy. He likes all the sports. He likes to eat apples and French fries. You can see Helen in the picture, too. Helen likes math. Her favorite food is meat. But Sandra doesn't like math. Look, Sandra is here in the picture. She can speak French. She likes ping-pong. Behind her, there is a girl. She is Sally. She is a black girl. She likes to swim. And she likes to eat ice cream. Maria and Rick are behind Jimmy. Maria likes computer very much. She plays computer games very well. Rick is fun. He can play soccer ball. He likes strawberries best. I like math, too. I like to eat bananas. All of us think Beijing Opera is fun. So we go to see it. But we can't _ the words. So we don't want to see it again. But my father likes it very much. He often watches it. He can understand it. One interesting thing:two of my English friends can understand it, too. They are Maya and Kelsey. They are not in the picture. They often go to see Beijing Opera like my father.
Can you send me a picture of your friends.
Yours,
Frank [/INST] question: Frank has _ friends in the picture. | options: A: seven B: six C: five D: eight | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Believing that birds began to mate on February 14, people in the Middle Ages started the card tradition by sending love letters on that day.
In the 15th century, singing and spoken valentines were slowly replaced by written letters in Europe. The first written valentine is credited to Charles, the Duke of Orleans, who wrote love poems to his wife while he was in prison in 1415. By the beginning of the 16th century, valentines were almost always written. Early valentines were hand-made on color1ed paper. Often they were tinted with water color1s and inks.
The 1800s saw valentines made by factory workers. Black and white pictures were painted by the workers in the early part of the century. By the end of the 1800s, the cards were made by machines. These cards were elaborately decorated with gold leaf, satin, lace and flowers. In 1840, the first mass-produced valentine's cards were made in America. Esther Howland, who sold $5,000 worth of the cards in her first year, created them. [/INST] question: What was the tradition of Valentine's Day before the 15th century? | options: A: Singing B: Sending cards C: Writing letters D: Drawing pictures | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The medium of choice for the isolation of pathogenic Neisseriae is TM agar. TM agar is both a selective and an enriched medium; it contains hemoglobin, the supplement Isovitalex, and the antibiotics vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim. Vibrio cholerae as well as other vibrios, including V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus, are isolated best on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose medium, although media such as mannitol salt agar also support the growth of vibrios. Maxi mal growth occurs at a pH of 8.5 to 9.5 and at 98.6degF (37degC) incubation. Lowenstein-Jensen slants or plates, which are composed of a nutrient base and egg yolk, are used routinely for the initial isolation of mycobacteria. Small inocula of M. tuberculosis can also be grown in oleic acid albumin media; large inocula can be cultured on simple synthetic media.Loeffler medium is an enriched nonselective medium used for the cultivation of corynebacteria, especially C. diphtheriae. Horse serum and egg coagulate during sterilization and provide nutrients. This medium enhances the production of metachromatic granules (observed with methylene blue stain). Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood is a general-purpose medium for isolation of a variety of organisms, including fastidious organisms. Along with nutrition, blood agar allows the observation of alpha (incomplete) and beta (complete lysis) hemolysis caused by bacteria. [/INST] question: A 32-year-old female prostitute is seen at the public health clinic with fever, night sweats, and reports coughing up blood. Her medical history reveals that she is HIV positive and has lost 20 lbs over the past month. Acid-fast bacilli are observed in the sputum. After digestion of the sputum, isolation of the suspected organism is best accomplished by using which one of the following media? | options: A: Loffler medium B: Lowenstein-Jensen medium C: Sheep blood agar D: TM agar | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Our travel experts are eager to assist you with your cheap flight tickets and package deal bookings.
Call us for cheap air ticket deals on flights from all UK airports.
Cheap Flights to Los Angeles
Those who are indeed booking tickets on flights to this city of USA will surely be impressed by the sheer vastness and popular tourist attractions like Disneyland, Hollywood's Universal Studios, Six Flags and downtown Los Angeles. With warm and sunny climate, LA is a year-round destination and one can seek cheap deals on flights tickets any month of the year.
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The inspiring skyline of Manhattan is an unforgettable sight when first glimpsed. and New York is a city that knows how to attract the visitor. Visit the Statue of Liberty, take a horse-drawn carriage round Central Park, take a photo at Times Square,see a show on Broadway, or explore Chinatown
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Cheap Flights to San Francisco
San Francisco is a big city with a small-town charm delighting its visitors. This "City by the Bay,,has a gorgeous ocean setting, wonderful architecture, and the Golden Gate Bridge that dominates the landscape. There's so much to see and do. You can enjoy a ride in a cable car, visit fashionable Nob Hill and Union Square. And the city's long-established Chinatown are essential. There's no shortage of amazing nightlife with restaurants, night clubs, and bars of every description.
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Hurry! Call us now to get this cheap flight deal. Call Southall Travel 24/7 to book cheap flights. [/INST] question: If you like to enjoy the most sunshine of the year, you'll probably book the ticket to _ . | options: A: San Francisco B: New York C: Chinatown D: Los Angeles | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fri, Jun. 1
Nightlife Back to the Age of Innocence
This performance, organized by the group Lifetime Wharf, will celebrate Children's Day and commemorate the lost childhoods of office workers. Five bands will perform: DH & Chinese Hellcats, DUDE, Candy Monster, Residence A and Island Mood.
Where: Yugong Yishan Livehouse, 3-2 Zhangzizhong Lu. Dongcheng District
When: 8 pm
Admission: 60 yuan pre-sale. 80 yuan at door
Tel: 64042711
Sun. Jun. 3
Movie Chinese Girlby Guo Xiaolu
The indie film Chinese Girl directed by Guo Xiaolu, is about the life of a girl who lives in the countryside. The lead actress, Huang Lu, will attend the screening and answer participants' questions afterwards.
Where: UCCA, 4 Jiuxianqiao Lu, Chaoyang District
When: 7pm
Admission: 15 yuan (10 yuan for students, free for VIP)
Tel: 57800200
Mon, Jun. 4
Script Reading
Scripts written by students from the 166thMiddle School of Beijing will be performed. They include:Love Sleeping Beauty, Lucky Ferris Wheel Production, Jane Eyre, Our Self-study Class and Farewell -- Bing Xin.
Where: Penghao Theater, 35 Dongmianhua Hutong, Dongcheng District
When: Until Jun. 5, 7: 30 pm
Admission: 80 yuan (40 yuan for students)
Tel: 64006472
Thu, Jun. 7
Movie Invictus
This film is directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman, both of whom were nominated for Academy Awards.
Where: China Film Archive, 3 Wenhuiyuan Lu, Haidian District
When: Until Jun. 8, 7:30 --10 pm
Admission: 120 -- 480 yuan
Tel: 66550000 [/INST] question: If Mr. Green (VIP), together with his wife and his three schoolchildren watches the movie Chinese Girl, how much will they pay for the admission? | options: A: 30 yuan B: 45 yuan C: 50 yuan D: 60 yuan | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Low-Cost Gifts for Mother's Day
Gift No. I
Offer to be your mother's health friend. Promise to be there for any and all doctor's visits
whether a disease or a regular medical check-up. Most mothers always say "no need," another set of eyes and ears is always a good idea at a doctor's visit. The best part ? This one is free.
Gift No. 2
Help your mother organize all of her medical records, which include the test results and medical information. Put them all in one place. Be sure to make a list of all of her medicines and what times she takes them. "Having all this information in one place could end up saving your mother's life," Dr. Marie Savard said.
Gift No. 3
Enough sleep is connected to general health conditions. "Buy your mother cotton sheets and comfortable pillows to encourage better sleep," Savard said. "We know that good sleep is very important to our health."
Gift No. 4
Some gift companies such as Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mother's Day by picking gifts in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity Gift givers can choose from a wide variety of useful but inexpensive things -many of which are "green" - and then choose a meaningful charity from a list. When your mother gets the gift, she will be told that she has helped the chosen charity. [/INST] question: What are you advised to do for your mother at doctor's visits? | options: A: Take notes B: Be with her C: Buy medicine D: Give her gifts | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tolvaptan is a vasopressor receptor antagonist used to correct hyponatremia in the treatment of syndrome of inappropriate water excretion or SIADH :-
Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH is caused due to excesive secretion of antiduretic hormone.
Antidiuertic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin is synthesized by the hypothalamus.
Its major effect is to prevent diuresis by promoting reabsorption of water in the kidneys.
- ADH is the primary physiological determinant of the rate of free water excretion.
- Its major renal affect is to augument the water permeability of the leminal membranes of the cortical and medullary collecting tubules thereby promoting water reabsorption.
The antidiuretic effect of ADH is mediated by "V2 receptors".
Tolvaptan is V2 receptor antagonist
- It can be used to correct hyponatremia due to excesive water retnetion caused by increased ADH secretion.
Randomized double blind trials have shown that oral or intravenous vasopressin antagonists are more effective than placebo in raising the serum sodium of hyponatremic patients.
"Tolvaptan" and "conivaptan" but not lixivaptan are approved for use in the united states.
Vasopressor receptor antagonist
There are three receptor for vasopressin (ADH).
- The V1 a, Vlb and V2 receptors.
The V2 receptors primarily mediate the antidiuretic response while V1 a and Vlb primarily cause vasoconstriction and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release.
V2 → Mediate antidiuretic response
VlaVlb → Cause vasoconstriction and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release.
The vasopressin receptor antagonist tolavaptan produces a selective water diuresis (aquaresis) without affecting sodium and potassium excretion.
- The ensuing loss of electrolyte free water will tend to raise the serum sodium in patients with SIADH and may improve mental status in patients with serum sodium under 130 meq/L.
[/INST] question: Tolvaptan is approved for use in- | options: A: High Na B: High K C: High Ca D: Low Na | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Guo Liqin, 24, works as a primary school teacher in a distant area in Yunnan Province. The Internet offers him the latest news and entertainment from the outside world. And many people like him also depends on the online libraries for the free literature reading.
A survey in China last year found the online literature is the biggest growth area of Internet entertainment.
Reading for free is also popular in other countries. See what solutions other countries are taking.
Public Libraries
In countries such as Germany, Canada, and the UK, governments pay the authors to have their books in public libraries.
The pay is different from country to country. Some pay according to how many times a book has been borrowed; others pay according to whether the library has bought the book or not.
Google Books
Google Books allow users to see some free parts before buying them.
The author can choose to make from 20% to 100% of the book's content for free reading . But you can see a full view of books that are out of copyright .
E-magazines
E-magazines are usually about pop culture, and make money through advertisements. The writers are usually paid by the numbers of words they write.
Digital Library
There are many free online libraries of books which are no longer in copyright.
American and European websites offer classic literature and non-fiction texts like dictionaries for download in different languages. [/INST] question: Guo Liqin depends on _ for free reading. | options: A: online libraries B: city bookstores C: school libraries D: borrowing books | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and in the autonomic nervous system of humans; slight variations of the peptide are found in any other animals.Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals.Vasoactive intestinal peptide is also known as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues. VIP is neuropeptide which belongs to a glucagon/secretin superfamily, the ligand of class II G protein-coupled receptors. VIP is produced in many tissues of veebrates including the gut, pancreas and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain. VIP stimulates contractility in the hea, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers aerial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach, and gallbladder.Substance P-In the field of neuroscience, substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide - a substance that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. Specifically, substance P is an undecapeptide - a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. [/INST] question: Which of the following compound antagonizes the actions of insulin? | options: A: Neuropeptide Y B: Growth hormone C: Substance P D: Vasoactive intestinal peptide | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: English is a language spoken all around the world. There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English. Most native speakers of English are found in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Ireland and New Zealand. In total, for more than 375 million people, English is their mother tongue. An equal number of people learn English as a second language. These people will perhaps speak the language of their own country at home with their family, but the language of the government, schools, newspapers and TV is English.
However, the number of people who learn English as a foreign language is more than 750 million. Everywhere in the world children go to school to learn English. In China, students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.
In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world. English is the working language of most international organizations, international trade and tourism. English is also the language of global culture, such as popular music and the Internet. You can listen to English songs on the radio or use English to communicate with people around the world through the Internet. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. [/INST] question: How many people learn English as a second language? | options: A: 37,500,000 B: 375,000,000 C: 750,000,000 D: 75,000,000 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Over the next 20 years, we are going to send more and better robots to Mars. Those robots will send back better pictures, maps, samples, and weather reports. There is a limit to what robots can tell us, though, so eventually we will have to send people to study the planet.
Before people can visit Mars, we need to invent a spaceship that can take us there. Mars is very far away. Depending on where Mars and Earth are in their orbits around the sun, it could take between six months to a year to get there.
The moon is much closer, and we were there, 25 years ago. Over the next 10 years, we are going to work on building a new spacecraft that can go to the moon. Using this craft, we will practice the skills we need to go to Mars.
Once we return to the moon, we are going to build a station so that people can live and work on the moon for months at a time. This is important so that we have a place to start from when we want to visit Mars, but it is also important because it gives us practice with living away from Earth.
By the time you are old enough to be an astronaut, we will have people spending months on the moon. By the time you are old enough to be a commander of a space mission, we will be taking trips to Mars. By the time your kids are old enough to be astronauts, we may have people living on Mars. Wouldn't it be cool to get a postcard from someone who was building a house on Mars? Wouldn't it be cooler if it was you who sent the postcard? [/INST] question: We eventually have to send people on Mars because _ . | options: A: robots could not send back pictures B: robots can't tell us all we want to know C: robots are controlled by us humans D: robots are no longer of any use to us | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In China, more and more middle school students are getting shorter sleeping time than before. More students sleep less than nine hours every night, because they have much homework to do. Some homework is given by their teachers, and some by their parents. Also, some students don't know how to save time. They are not careful enough while they do their homework, so it takes them a lot of time. Some students spend too much time watching TV or playing computer games. They stay up very late. Some students have to get up early every morning on weekdays to get to school on time by bus or by bike. It can be a long way from home to school. It will probably make them sleepy during school hours.
Schools and parents should cut down some of the homework so that our children can enjoy more than nine hours of sleep every night for their health. For children, they should make the most use of their time. When they have enough time for sleeping, they will find it much better for both their study and health. [/INST] question: What makes most students sleep less than nine hours every night? | options: A: Watching TV B: Playing computer games C: Doing homework D: Doing housework | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Our world is a noisy place, but quiet places remain. Eight years ago, audio engineer Gordon Hempton identified the quietest place in the continental United States. He calls the place "One Square Inch of Silence." He has used his symbolic spot in a northwestern rain forest to campaign against noise pollution. But the self-described "Sound Tracker" is now going deaf.
For Gordon Hempton, it started with an experience known to many people. "I was lying in the bed in the springtime about a year ago. The sun was shining. The birds could be singing. They should be singing. But I was hearing none. I knew my life was going to be different."
Hempton's eyes get watery as he describes his cruel situation. More than 20 years ago he trademarked his nickname as "The Sound Tracker." Sharp hearing defined his career as an Emmy award winning sound recordist. It also led to his activism against noise pollution. He has circled the globe three times in search of the perfect sounds of nature.
Hempton says his hearing loss is quickly getting worse but he has to finish his project.
"I am running a race to finish the Quiet Planet collection." That's the title of a planned 19-volume set of nature recordings. The sound tracks could be licensed for use in movies, video games, exhibits, plays and the like. Volunteer assistants now help Hempton review and edit sound files and identify imperfections.
The exact cause of his hearing loss is not clear. Doctors say it may be the result of an infection, or a tumor or a combination of things. Hempton is self-employed. His health care plan does not pay for hearing loss treatment. So, for now, he's directing his attention to completing his "greatest hits" album. "After I get it finished, I have an economic cash flow to get my hearing back. That's the first thing on my to-do list." He's hopeful his hearing loss can be recovered. [/INST] question: How did Gordon Hempton feel when he knew his ears were going deaf? | options: A: Curious B: Sad C: Annoyed D: Inspired | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 2-4% of people, a small poion of the vitelline duct persists, forming an outpocketing of the ileum, Meckel's/ ileal diveiculum Sometimes both ends of the vitelline duct transforms into fibrous cords, and the middle poion forms a large cyst, an enterocystoma/ vitelline cystVitelline duct, ay remain patent over its entire length, forming a direct communication between the umbilicus and the intestinal tract known as umbilical fistula/ vitelline fistulaVitello-intestinal duct or omphalo-mesenteric duct connects the midgut to the yolk sac during early embryonic life and gets obliterated and disappears during fifth to sixth week of intrauterine life. If the remnants persists then following abnormalities can occur:Umbilical Polyp: Umbilical polyp occur because of persistance of small poion of vitello-intestinal duct epithelium at the base of umbilicus.Umbilical Sinus: When umbilical poion of vitello-intestinal duct remains patent, an umbilical sinus forms.Fibrous remnant of vitello-intestinal duct: Whole vitello-intestinal duct become fibrous strand but does not disappear.Meckel's/ Ileal Diveiculum: The ileal poion of vitello-intestinal duct remains patent and form a diveiculum, called as Meckel's diveiculum.Patent Vitello-intestinal duct: When whole vitello-intestinal duct remains patent cause fistulous connection between umbilicus and ileum (umbilical fecal fistula)Mesenteric cystMesenteric cyst are thought to represent benign proliferations of ectopic lymphatics that lack communication with the normal lymphatic system.Mesenteric cysts can occur anywhere in the mesentery of the gastrointestinal tract from the duodenum to the rectum, and they may extend from the base of the mesentery into the retroperitoneum [/INST] question: Which is not associated with vitello-intestinal duct: | options: A: Ileal diveiculum B: Umbilical fistula C: Enterocystoma D: Mesenteric cyst | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jenny was a bright-eyed, pretty five-year-old girl.
One day when she and her mother were checking out at the grocery store, Jenny saw a plastic pearl necklace priced at $2.50. How she wanted that necklace, and when she asked her mother if she would buy it for her, her mother said, "Well, it is a pretty necklace, but it costs an awful lot of money. I'll tell you what. I'll buy you the necklace, and when we get home we can make up a list of housework that you can do to pay for the necklace. And don't forget that for your birthday Grandma just might give you a whole dollar bill, too. Okay?" Jenny agreed, and her mother bought the pearl necklace for her.
Jenny worked on her chores very hard every day, and sure enough, her grandma gave her a brand-new dollar bill for her birthday. Soon Jenny had paid off the pearls. How Jenny loved those pearls. She wore them everywhere to kindergarten, bed and when she went out with her mother to run errands .
The only time she didn't wear them was in the shower. Her mother had told her that they would turn her neck green!
Jenny had a very loving daddy. When Jenny went to bed, he would get up from his favorite chair every night and read Jenny her favorite story.
One night when he finished the story, he said, "Jenny, do you love me?"
"Oh yes, Daddy, you know I love you," the little girl said.
"Well, then, give me your pearls."
"Oh! Daddy, not my pearls!" Jenny said. "But you can have Rosy, my favorite doll. Remember her? You gave her to me last year for my birthday. And you can have her tea party outfit, too. Okay?"
"Oh no, darling, that's okay." Her father brushed her cheek with a kiss. "Good night, little one."
A week later, her father once again asked Jenny after her story, "Do you love me?"
"Oh yes, Daddy, you know I love you."
"Well, then, give me your pearls."
"Oh, Daddy, not my pearls! But you can have Ribbons, my toy horse. Do you remember her? She's my favorite. Her hair is so soft, and you can play with it and braid it and everything. You can have Ribbons if you want her, Daddy," the little girl said to her father.
"No, that's okay," her father said and brushed her cheek again with a kiss. "God bless you, little one. Sweet dreams."
Several days later, when Jenny's father came in to read her a story, Jenny was sitting on her bed and her lip was trembling." Here, Daddy," she said, and held out her hand. She opened it and her beloved pearl necklace was inside. She let it slip into her father's hand.
With one hand her father held the plastic pearls and the other he pulled out of his pocket a blue velvet box. Inside of the box were real, genuine, beautiful pearls. He had had them all along. He was waiting for Jenny to give up the cheap stuff so he could give her the real thing. [/INST] question: Which statement is NOT correct? | options: A: Jenny loves her father very much B: Jenny's pearl necklace can turn green when it is wet C: Jenny has other toys she loves very much besides the necklace D: Jenny didn't want to give up her necklace though she did so | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The London 20120lympics are being praised as a sporting and logistical success,but the influence on economy is far less certain.Some London tourist attractions,businesses and hotels reported that their business actually fell during the Games.But as Olly Barratt reports from London,the overall UK economy is looking for long-term results.
Showing an Olympic-sized party like this cost the UK almost l 5 billion dollars.But while spectators went to east London'S Olympic Park,central London has been much quieter than. normal. Arthur lRason,a central London stallholder,said,"Am I taking less? Yeah,I'm taking less.There'S no question about it."
Restaurants were among businesses that reported lower takings than normal at this time of year.And one tourism trade association says a survey of its members found the Games had had a negative influence all over the UK.But during the recent recession ,British officials still insist the Games were worth it.Boris Johnson,Mayor of London said,"I think it'S been an amazing display of what you can do if you plan and you work for years and years on a project.
And I think it's a great advertisement for British engineering and British industry." The government hopes the Games will be a great help to the British brand worldwide,and they are also an opportunity to sweet-talk potential investors from all over the world.And a fall in takings for some attractions should not have come as a surprise. [/INST] question: Where is the London'S Olympic Park located? | options: A: Central London B: East London C: West London D: Outside London | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Primarily bacteriostatic:Sulfonamides ,Erythromycin Tetracyclines, Ethambutol Chloramphenicol ,Clindamycin Linezolid. Primarily bactericidal Penicillins Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Vancomycin Polypeptides Nalidixic acid Rifampin Ciprofloxacin Isoniazid Metronidazole Pyrazinamide Cotrimoxazole Many infections in patients with normal host defence respond equally well to bacteriostatic and bactericidal AMAs. But several acute infections resolve faster with a cidal than a static drug, because the cidal drug directly reduces the number of bacteria at the site of infection, while the static drug only prevents increase in their number. Many bactericidal drugs exe prolonged postantibiotic effect so that maintenance of drug level continuously above the MIC is not essential. With bacteriostatic AMAs the bacteria sta multiplying quickly when drug level falls below the MIC, resulting in relapse of infection. A bactericidal antibiotic is clearly superior to bacteriostatic one in treating patients with impaired host defence, life-threatening infections, infections at less accessible sites (SABE) or when carrier state is possible (typhoid) . ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:676 [/INST] question: A bactericidal drug would be preferred over a bacteriostatic drug in a patient with: | options: A: Neutropenia B: Cirrhosis C: Pneumonia D: Hea disease | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Risk factors for Colon cancer
Dietay factures - explainaed in previous quetion
Hereditary factors
Polyposis coli
Nonopolyposis herditary colon cancer ( also known as Lynch syndrome)
Inflammatory bowel disease
- Long standing IBD increases the risk
- Risk is more with ulcerative colitis than crohn's disese.
- Risk increases with the duration and extent of colitis.
4. Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
Individuals who develop endocarditis or septicemia from this bacteria, have a high incidence of occult colorectal tumors and passibly upper GI cancers also.
5. Other Risk factors
(a) Ureterosiginoidostomy
(b) Cigarette smoking - is linked to the development of colorectal adenomas , particularly after >35 yrs of use.
(c) Acromegaly
(d) Pelvic irradiation
Aspirin & other NSAIDs use has been foud to have a protective effect (Chemopervention)
Other substance found to have chemoprentive action are → Oral folic acid supplementation, Oral calcium supplementation, Estrogen replacement therapy. [/INST] question: Which of these are associated with increased risk of colorectal Ca -a) More intake of animal fatb) Aspirinc) Ulcerative colitisd) Amoebic colitise) Polyps | options: A: acd B: bde C: cde D: ace | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: DNA is the whole "map" of the human body. It is something that all humans have, and it tells the body what to do. DNA is the reason that we look like our parents, because we get some of their DNA to make our own.
People have been trying to understand the human body for a long time. In 1860, Mr. Mendel discovered why we look the same as other people in our family. It is because of small things called "genes" in our body. In 1953, two scientists, Watson and Crick, found out that genes are really messages. They're written in the DNA with a special language.
In 1961, another two scientists found the first "word" that they could understand in that language. It shows how DNA tells the cell to build its parts. So far, scientists have found all the words in the DNA map, but we still don't understand what they all do. By understanding what just one "word" means, we can help to save people from several illnesses. So the more we understand, the more doctors will be able to do.
Most people hope that this will help to make better medicine and help sick people. Other people worry that when we learn more "words" and find out more information, we will use it in the wrong way. Just to make people more attractive , or stop sick people getting jobs. [/INST] question: When did Mr. Mendel discover why we look the same as other people in our family? | options: A: In 1680 B: In 1860 C: In 1953 D: In 1961 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Extragonadal germinal cell syndromes are rare tumors that predominantly affect young males. Literature suggests that the only known risk factor for extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) is Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), which is associated with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. They are characterized by their location on the midline from the pineal gland to the coccyx. In extragonadal germ cell tumors, no evidence of a primary malignancy is present in either the testes or ovaries by radiologic imaging or physical examination. Extragonadal germ cell tumors produce a rich symptomatology and may reach large volumes if they arise in silent areas. Histologically, they mirror their gonadal counterpas with which they share the same chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity. Modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment can result in high rates of long-term survival and even cureA number of different types of germ cell tumours can develop in the mediastinum. These are much more common in males than females. They are generally put into 2 main groups Non seminoma germ cell tumours (in females these are called non dysgerminomas) - including teratomas, choriocarcinomas, embryonal carcinomas and yolk sac tumours Seminomas (in females these are called dysgerminomas) Some teratomas can be non cancerous (benign).Many people with a tumour in the mediastinum don't have any symptoms. The doctor might spot the tumour on a chest X-ray you had for another reason. If symptoms are present they might include Shoness of breath Pain in the chest A cough Raised temperature Weight loss Night sweats [/INST] question: The commonest site for extragonadal germ cell tumour is- | options: A: Retroperitoneum B: Sacrococcygeal region C: Pineal gland D: Mediastinum | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Charlton Heston was born in 1923 in Evanston, Illinois. Charlton Heston discovered his interest in acting while performing in plays at his high school. He later spent two years studying theater at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. But he left college to join the Army Air Forces during World War Two.
After the war, he found small roles in the theater as well as in television shows. His performance in a television version of the book Jane Eyre caught the attention of the Hollywood producer Cecil B. DeMille who later asked Heston to play the role of Moses in his movie The Ten Commandments which came out in 1956. This role made Heston famous and defined his career as a hero and leader. His face and body represented strength and heroism in many different roles. He played cowboys, soldiers and athletes.
The 1959 movie Ben Hur made Charlton Heston an even bigger star. Ben Hur won eleven Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Charlton Heston. Heston starred in many adventure movies during the 1960s. In the 1970s, Heston appeared in popular disaster movies like Earthquake,. Skyjacked and Airport 1975.
Charlton Heston was also very active in the movie industry. He worked to help set up the American Film Institute. In 1977 he was honored for his service in the industry. He received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 1997 he was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor. And, in 2003, President Bush gave Charlton Heston a Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.
In 2000, Charlton Heston issued a statement announcing that he had an Alzheimer's disease. He died in 2008 at his home in Beverly Hills, California. [/INST] question: What kind of role did Charlton Heston often play in films? | options: A: Heroes B: Cowboys C: Soldiers D: Athletes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lin Xiao, 21, a student at Guangdong University, has a big family - her two parents, a younger brother and two younger sisters. Lin took her role as the "big sister" seriously. When her first sister was born, Lin took turns with her mom holding the baby late into the night. "I almost did everything that was supposed to be a parent's job, but I felt proud of myself," she said.
Not all of Lin's classmates shared her experiences because of the family planning policy , a law that was carried out in China about forty years ago. But the situation is about to change. A new policy made on October 29 said all couples can now have two children.
The new policy is expected to help raise the population of China. Recently, China has been facing an aging population and labor shortages because of the low birth rate .
The two-child policy may also be the gift for every only child. Researchers found that growing up with a brother or sister can have good influence on one's mental health.
"Brothers and sisters do matter in unique ways. They give kids something that parents don't." Laura Walker, a professor from Beijing University, told China Daily. She noted that having a brother or a sister protects teenagers against loneliness, fear and so on.
Liu Fang, 20, from Shenzhen University, has a 2-year-younger sister. When her sister disagreed with parents over choosing a college major, she helped her to communicate with parents. "If necessary, I would always have her back," said Liu. "The best part of having a sister is that you have a partner, friend and supporter throughout your life."
But children with brothers or sisters also have to learn to understand and look after each other, said Laura. [/INST] question: There are _ children in Lin Xiao's family. | options: A: three B: four C: five D: six | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hepatitis B is associated with polyaeritis nodosa (PAN), a necrotizing vasculitis of small- and medium-sized muscular aeries involving all organ systems. A significant percentage of patients with PAN have hepatitis B antigenemia. They also have circulating immune complexes containing hepatitis B antigen. Hepatitis B antigen, IgM, and complement can be demonstrated in blood vessel walls. P-ANCA (perinuclear-anti nuclear cytoplasmic antibody) is a marker for polyaeritis nodosa. Hepatitis A is not associated with a vasculitis. Hepatitis C accounts for 50-70% of chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis C can be associated with immune-complex mediated extrahepatic complications, but is less common than hepatitis B. Hepatitis C does have a significant association with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, which presents with glomerulonephritis, ahralgias, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy, in addition to a vasculitis. However, there is no association with p-ANCA. Hepatitis D requires that the patient be co-infected with hepatitis B. As such, it does not independently cause disease, but it can produce a worsening of the liver disease. [/INST] question: Which of the following types of hepatitis is associated with an immune-mediated vasculitis characterized by p-ANCA antibodies? | options: A: Hepatitis A B: Hepatitis B C: Hepatitis C D: Hepatitis D | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Donna Ashlock, a 14-year-old girl from California, was very sick. She had a bad heart. "Donna needs a new heart," her doctor said, "she must have a new heart, or she will die soon."
Felipe Carza, 15, was worried about Donna. Felipe was Donna's friend. He liked Donna very much. He liked her freckles, and he liked her smile. Felipe didn't want Donna to die.
Felipe talked to his mother about Donna. "I am going to die," Felipe told his mother, "and I am going to give my heat to Donna."
Felipe's mother didn't pay much attention to Felipe. "Felipe is just kidding," she thought, "Felipe is not going to die. He's strong and healthy."
But Felipe was not healthy. He had terrible headaches sometimes. "my head hurts," he often told his friends. Felipe never told his parents about his headaches.
One morning Felipe woke up with a sharp pain in his head. He was dizzy , and he couldn't breathe. His parents rushed Felipe to the hospital. Doctors at the hospital had terrible news for them. "Felipe' s brain is dead," the doctors said, "we can't save him."
The parents were very sad. But they remembered Felipe's words. "Felipe wanted to give his heart to Donna," they told the doctors.
The doctors did several tests. Then they told the parents, "we can give Felipe's heart to Donna."
The doctors took out Felipe's heart and rushed the heart to Donna. Other doctors took out Donna's heart and put Felipe's heart in her chest. In a short time the heart began to beat.
The operation was a success. Felipe's heart was beating in Donna's chest, but Donna didn't know it. Her parents and doctors didn't tell her. They waited until she was stronger; then they told her about Felipe. "I feel very sad," Donna said, "but I am thankful to Felipe."
Three months later the operation Donna went back to school. She has to have regular checkups, and she has to take medicine every day. But she is living a normal life.
Felipe's brother John says, "Every time we see Donna, we think of Felipe. She has Felipe's heart in her. That gives us great peace." [/INST] question: Felipe was worried about Donna because _ . | options: A: she had freckles B: she was very sick C: she would have a new heart D: she had a sharp pain in her head | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.
"I'll be the first millionaire in Coleford!" Richard used to boast.
"And you'll be sorry that you knew me," George would reply "because I'll surely be the best lawyer in our town!"
After graduation, George never became a lawyer and Richard was anybody but a millionaire .... Instead, it happened that both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street, while it was hard to make much money from books then, which made the competition between them worse. Eventually, Richard closed down his, dreaming of making a fortune elsewhere.
Now, with only one bookshop in the town, business was better for George. But sometimes he sat in his narrow old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his former rival . Perhaps he missed him?
George was very interested in old dictionaries, and he had recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition. When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect condition and George was quite delighted. But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished -- the smiling face was older than he remembered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading: "Bookends Company has bought ten bookstores from its competitors. The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in this country." [/INST] question: George and Richard were _ at school. | options: A: roommates B: good friends C: competitors D: booksellers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is one of those questions where if we keep searching for reference, we get more and more confused whereas the answer lies is front of our eyes and we all know it.
All of you know — contraction stress test
“The contraction stress test (CST) is based on the response of FHR to uterine contractions, with the premise that fetal oxygenation will be worsened. This results in late decelerations in an already suboptimally oxygenated fetus. The test requires 3 contractions in 10 minutes, a positive or abnormal test is when late decelerations occur with more than half of the contractions, suspicious with any late decelerations, and negative with no late decelerations.”
COGDT 10/e, p 255
So here is our answer, the most significant finding for hypoxia is late deceleration.
Our answer is further supported by COGDT 10/e, p 257.
“Late decelerations are smooth falls in the FHR begining after the contractions has started and ending after the contractions has ended. They are associated with fetal hypoxemia and potential for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Variable decelerations are abrupt in decline and return to baseline, vary in timing with the contractions, and usually represents cord compression.”
As far as sinusoidal pattern is concerned - Williams Obs. 23/e, p 420 says “Intrapartum sinusoidal fetal heart patterns were not generally associated with fetal compromise”. [/INST] question: Which is most significant finding in cardiotoco-graphy for detection of fetal hypoxia: | options: A: Late deceleration B: Variable deceleration C: Sinusoidal deceleration D: Early deceleration | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The patient has cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III with koilocytic atypia secondary to the human papillomavirus. The designation CIN III encompasses both severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.
Cervical dysplasia is a precursor lesion of cervical squamous cancer. Most cases of cervical dysplasia occur in women in their late 20s and 30s. The pathogenesis of cervical dysplasia and cancer is an early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, male partner(s) with multiple previous sexual panners, smoking, immunosuppression (renal transplants, AIDS), a strong association with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, and herpes infection (possible cocarcinogen with HPV).
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a system for classifying dysplasia into mild, moderate, severe, and carcinoma in situ. The histologic correlations to these designations include CIN I (mild dysplasia), which involves the innermost one third of the cervical epithelium; CIN II (moderate dysplasia), which involves two thirds the thickness of the epithelium; and CIN III (severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ), which involves in the full thickness of the epithelium.
Koilocytosis refers to squamous cells with wrinkled nuclei surrounded by a perinuclear halo. It correlates with the presence of HPV. Colposcopy involves inspection of the cervix with a stereoscopic binocular microscope after the cervix has been saturated with acetic acid. It aids the clinician in identifying abnormal areas to biopsy. [/INST] question: A 22-year-old woman has an abnormal cervical Pap smear. A biopsy is obtained from a suspicious area on the cervix. The pathology report says, "There is a loss of the normal orientation of the squamous cells. Atypical cells with wrinkled nuclei and perinuclear halos involve the full thickness of the squamous epithelium. The basement membrane is intact." Your diagnosis ? | options: A: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I with koilocytic atypia B: CIN II with koilocytic atypia C: CIN III with koilocytic atypia D: Inflammatory atypia secondary to colposcopy ar¬tifact | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Last spring, members of Alaska's Troop 34, based in Fairbanks, trudged out into the snowy wilderness to take part in their state's Take a Kid Trapping program. In many parts of the state, beavers are pests and need to be controlled.
The 10-to-12-year-old girls found out where beavers lived, set traps, and skinned the two animals they caught. The girls hope to catch ten more beavers so that the entire troop can make mittens and hats with the fur. They also want to cook beaver meat.
Troop leaders and members say the Scouts are doing a good deed by helping control the state's beaver population. But animal-rights activists say trapping is cruel. They want the Girl Scouts to stop in their tracks.
Beavers aren't only causing a problem in Alaska. Residents in Sampson County, N.C., have turned to a local committee to help them battle the growing beaver population there.
County landowners are frustrated after the county spent more than $ 50,000 in eight years trying to reduce the beaver population through a government program. The joint state and federal program included paying money to trappers for every beaver carcass they trapped.
Many local residents say that the program didn't work because there were too few trappers. That's why the county set up its own committee to investigate other ways to control the area's beaver population.
The county will rely on its own beaver-trapping program. It has hired a trapper to set traps in various areas. The county will pay $10 for every beaver carcass.
Why do many people say that beavers are a nuisance? For beavers to survive, they need lots of water. Water provides the large rodent with a place to hide from meat - eating animals. Beavers also store food underwater for the winter. When there's not enough water in a particular area, beavers get busy building dams.
Beaver dams can cause major flooding and damage to the surrounding countryside as the animals cut down trees to use in their construction projects. Beavers build canals to transport heavy objects. [/INST] question: What is Alaska's Troop 34? | options: A: A team of the Boy Scouts B: An army C: A team of the Girl Scouts D: A sports team | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pulmonary sequestration is nonfunctional pulmonary tissue that does not communicate with the tracheobronchial tree and receives its blood supply from one or more anomalous systemic aeries. This abnormality originates during the embryonic period of lung development. It is classified as either extralobar or intralobar.Extralobar sequestration is a mass of pulmonary parenchyma anatomically separate from the normal lung, with a distinct pleural investment. Its blood supply is derived from the systemic circulation. The left side is involved in more than 90% of cases.Intralobar sequestration is an isolated segment of lung within the normal pleural investment that often receives blood from one or more aeries arising from the aoa or its branches. Intralobar sequestration is usually found within the lower lobes (98%), two-thirds are found on the left side.The diagnosis of intralobar sequestration may be established after repeated infections manifested by cough, fever, and consolidation in the posterior basal segment of the left lower lobe. [/INST] question: After repeated infections manifested by cough, fever, and consolidation in lungs, the diagnosis of intralobar sequestration was established for a child. Sequestration of lung is seen MOST commonly in? | options: A: Right upper lobe B: Right lower lobe C: Lateral basal segment D: Posterior basal segment of left lung | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sixteen, sweet sixteen! Sweet sixteen? What 's so sweet about this birthday? Perhaps because sixteen marks out coming of age, which is the interim period between childhood and adulthood. It is a very brief and unique stage in our lives. A time when we are becoming an adult, yet still haven't lost our childhood innocence. The best of both words.
Actually Sweet Sixteen applies more often to girl's 16th birthday than to boys. At that age, a girl is on the verge of becoming a woman. Picture a flower bud about to bloom, opening its face to the world for the first time. There's a sense of beauty and sweetness to this transition. Our 16th birthday is the first day we can get our driver's license. It is the official step towards becoming an adult. From this day forward, we no longer need our parents to drive us around, take us everywhere. Instead, we just borrow their car. Maybe that's what makes sixteen so sweet to the boys as they eagerly celebrate this newfound autonomy . Now they can drive without adult supervision! Haa, haa! [/INST] question: Girls are usually compared to _ at the age of sixteen. | options: A: Flower buds B: Pictures C: Boys D: Innocent children | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The earthquake that shook Japan with historic strength on March 11th, 2011 created a _ wave ten meters high. The water washed away boats, cars and houses in coastal areas north of Tokyo. It also led to tsunami warnings across the Pacific.
Scientists recorded the magnitude of the earthquake at 8.9.The United States Geological Survey says it was the fifth largest earthquake since nineteen hundred. The largest, with a 9.5 magnitude, shook Chile in nineteen sixty.
The quake struck near the east coast of Honshu, Japan's main island. It was centered under the sea about one hundred thirty kilometers east of Sendai.The tsunami washed away whole neighborhoods in Sendai.
So far (April 4th), the tsunami has taken 12, 0009 people's life away.
Now Japanese are all trying to rebuild their hometown, but there are too many difficulties.
The first, Japan is the world's third largest importer of oil. The shortage of oil makes it almost impossible to carry the food, medicine and water to the quake area by cars.
The second, the Fukushima nuclear power station was damaged by the March eleventh earthquake and tsunami. The extent of the problems is still not clear. Japan's nuclear crisis may mean greater need of imported food. [/INST] question: The largest earthquake happened in _ . | options: A: Tokyo B: the United States C: Chile D: Japan | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Americans are buying more products and services than ever before through the Internet.And experts say the popularity of online sales is likely to spread to other countries.Online sales now represent as much as one-tenth of all retail sales in the United States.This has led traditional stores to seek new ways to keep their customers loyal.
Lynne Shaner used the Internet to buy everything she needed.Other than food,90%of her purchases were made on her home computer.She said."I find that.by being able to go online and choose the things that I need to choose,and have them delivered to me right at my doorstep,I _ all the driving,all the crowds,all the noise of that,and I usually get a better selection. "
There are a lot of people like her.57%of Americans have bought something electronically in the past few months.Store owners worry that this growing amount of online sales will hurt their business.
Cornell University marketing professor says traditional stores can keep their customers by selling goods like clothing,which buyers may want to see and try on before purchasing.He says the stores could also offer things that are difficult to ship.He also says some stores can please customers by offering to set up or repair electronic products.
Bill Martin is the founder of ShopperTrak which helps stores learn about their customers.He says that traditional stores offer a social experience that some people enjoy and the experience and emotion in the buying decision before they're ready to part with money can't be gotten on--line.It's a rather cold process.Bill Martin says traditional stores can provide goods to buyers more quickly than online stores.
While e-commerce worries some business owners,the worry for delivery services like FedEx and UPS is keeping up with the number of packages.UPS Manager Dana Kline says her company is very busy at this time of year. [/INST] question: What is store owners'attitude towards online sales growth? | options: A: Devotion B: Sympathy C: Anxiety D: Approving | answer: C </s> |
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