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<s>[INST] context: Nick and his friends were talking about things that can bring them luck . "I have a lucky red pen," said Andrea. "I have a lucky penny ," said Manuel. Every time I want to do really well in tests, I carry my lucky penny." Nick thought for a moment, and answered, "My blue socks." "Blue socks?" the boys were surprised and asked together. Nick said that every time he wore his blue socks to school before a test, he got a good mark.
The next day Nick would have a Chinese test. He was sad because he couldn't find his blue socks to wear to school. "Mom!" shouted Nick. "Where are my blue socks? I will have a Chinese test, and I need to wear them." "Don't be silly," Nick's mom said. "They need to be washed." "When I wear them, I get a good grade," Nick said. "Did you prepare for your test?" asked Mom. "Yes." "Then don't worry about it. Just do your best," Mom encouraged. Nick was worried about his test because his lucky socks would not help him.
A few days later, Nick's teacher told him that he got 95 in his test. Nick was so excited that he couldn't wait to tell Mom how well he did in his test. Mom said, "It wasn't the blue socks that made you successful. It was made by yourself." [/INST] question: _ brings Andrea luck. | options: A: A lucky penny B: A red pen C: A pair of socks D: None of the above | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Five basic mechanisms of transmembrane signaling are well understood. Each uses a different strategy to circumvent the barrier posed by the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. These strategies use: a lipid-soluble ligand that crosses the membrane and acts on an intracellular receptor. a transmembrane receptor protein whose intracellular enzymatic activity is allosterically regulated by a ligand that binds to a site on the protein's extracellular domain. a transmembrane receptor that binds and stimulates a protein tyrosine kinase. a ligand gated transmembrane ion channel that can be induced to open or close by the binding of a ligand. a transmembrane receptor protein that stimulates a GTP-binding signal transducer protein (G protein), which in turn modulates production of an intracellular second messenger. Known transmembrane signaling mechanisms:1: A lipid-soluble chemical signal crosses the plasma membrane and acts on an intracellular receptor (which may be an enzyme or a regulator of gene transcription); 2: the signal binds to the extracellular domain of a transmembrane protein, thereby activating an enzymatic activity of its cytoplasmic domain; 3: the signal binds to the extracellular domain of a transmembrane receptor bound to a separate protein tyrosine kinase, which it activates; 4: the signal binds to and directly regulates the opening of an ion channel; 5: the signal binds to a cell-s urface receptor linked to an effector enzyme by a G protein. (A, C, substrates; B, D, products; R, receptor; G, G protein; E, effector ; Y, tyrosine; P, phosphate.) Receptor Ligand Ligand gated receptor Insulin, EGF, PDGF, ANP Nuclear receptor Fenofibrate. Gemfibrizol G protein coupled receptor Catecholamine Enzymatic receptor [/INST] question: According to signal transductions mechanism, GABA B is which type of receptor? | options: A: Ligand gated receptor B: Nuclear receptor C: G protein coupled receptor D: Enzymatic receptor | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: BEIJING, prefix = st1 /China(CNN) ---China's economic growth dropped to 9 percent for 2008, according to numbers released by the government Thursday --- in line with expectations, but still the slowest rate the nation has seen in seven years.
Economists are concerned about what the slowdown means for investment in the future, whether new projects will be undertaken in manufacturing companies and in factories. If not, it will translate into more job losses and erase any optimism about a rebound in 2009.
Since 2001, Chinahas been used to double-digit growth as consumers buy Chinese goods. However, the export sector was hit hard in late 2008, with December exports down 2.8 percent.
Consumer spending has mostly held up in China, as people there do not carry as much debt as their American counterparts and can continue to spend.
Consumer confidence, however, is a problem, said Dong Tao, Asia chief economist for Credit Suisse. Infrastructure is the only thing driving the Chinese economy, Dong said.
Tens of thousands of Chinese factories have closed, millions of people are looking for jobs and an untold number of migrants who can't find work may be leaving cities for good because of the slowdown, which would have been unheard of six months ago.
Fourth quarter numbers showed growth at 6.8 percent. Goldman Sachs predicted 6.5 percent, down from 9 percent in the third quarter.
For all of 2008, Goldman Sachs had predicted 8.8 percent, down from 11.9 percent in 2007. [/INST] question: Since 2001, the slowest rate in annual economic growth china has seen is _ . | options: A: 6.8% B: 8.8% C: 9 % D: 11.9 % | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OSAHS is defined on the basis of nocturnal and daytime symptoms as well as sleep study findings. Diagnosis requires the patient to have (1) either symptoms of nocturnal breathing disturbances (snoring, snoing, gasping, or breathing pauses during sleep) or daytime sleepiness or fatigue that occurs despite sufficient oppounities to sleep and is unexplained by other medical problems; and (2) five or more episodes of obstructive apnea or hypopnea per hour of sleep (the apnea-hypopnea index , calculated as the number of episodes divided by the number of hours of sleep) documented during a sleep study. OSAHS also may be diagnosed in the absence of symptoms if the AHI is >15 episodes/h. Each episode of apnea or hypopnea represents a reduction in breathing for at least 10 s and commonly results in a >=3% drop inoxygensaturation and/or a brain coical arousal. OSAHS severity is based on the frequency of breathing disturbances (AHI), the amount of oxyhemoglobin desaturation with respiratory events, the duration of apneas and hypopneas, the degree of sleep fragmentation, and the level of daytime sleepiness or functional impairment. Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS): Quantification and Severity Scale Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)a:Number of apneas plus hypopneas per hour of sleep Respiratory disturbance index (RDI):Number of apneas plus hypopneas plus RERAs per hour of sleep Mild OSAHS:AHI of 5-14 events/h Moderate OSAHS:AHI of 15-29 events/h Severe OSAHS:AHI of >=30 events/h aEach level of AHI can be fuher quantified by level of sleepiness and associated hypoxemia. [/INST] question: Apnea- hypopnea index > ______ is used for diagnosis of OSAHS in absence of symptoms? | options: A: 5 episodes/ hr B: 10 episodes/ hr C: 15 episodes/ hr D: 20 episodes/ hr | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people are pessimistic when they think about the future. They say that, a hundred years from now, we will have used up most of the earths resources. We will have made our seas so dirty that we will not be able to eat fish from them. There will be so many people in the world that we will have to use all the countryside for housing; there will be no farmland left.
Other people have a different idea about the future. In their view, the city of the future will be a huge pyramid-shaped building, which will be floating on the surface of the sea. About 5,000 families will live there, and there will also be schools, shops in it.
In a hundred years' time, people will not need to use oil. They will heat their homes with power from the sun.
Think of space. Perhaps a station will be set up on the moon; people will be able to visit the moon as tourists. They may even spend their holidays in space, travelling from planet to planet.
What an interesting picture!
Many people don't think about the future. "I don't care. I'll be dead. "they say. But it is our duty to care because the world of a hundred years' time will be the world of our children's and their children after them. [/INST] question: How many viewpoints are discussed here about the future? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Four D: Five | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: BASEBALL. It's just a word, but for millions of Americans it brings much more than a word.
Hot dogs. Cold beers. Sunny afternoons. Baseball is the game of fathers and sons. Fathers and sons catch with each other on lawns in the US. A father's favorite team becomes his son's. Grandfathers talk to their grandsons about games played long ago.
Many American kids collect baseball cards. The cards have pictures of their favorite players on them. In school, friends trade baseball cards just like they trade their lunches.
Players are known as "the boys of summer" because people often play the sport mostly in warm months. You don't need to be of a certain size or shape to play baseball. You don't have to be tall like a basketball player or strong like an American footballer. You just need to want to have fun.
Baseball is not as fast-paced a game as basketball. But when you go to see a game, there's time to relax, talk and get to know other people.
Baseball may not be the most popular sport in the US, but it is the most traditional. It's not just a game any more, but an important part of American culture, like apple pie and grandma's house. [/INST] question: Many American kids like to collect _ . | options: A: baseballs B: baseball cards C: lunches D: apple pies | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Congenital hydrocele will resolve spontaneously within 1 year. The operation is required only when it persists for longer than 1 year" In congenital hydrocele, the processes vaginalis is patent and connects with the peritoneal cavity. The communication is usually too small to allow herniation of intra-abdominal contents. Pressure on the hydrocele does not always empty it but the hydrocele fluid may drain into the peritoneal cavity when the child is lying down; thus, the hydrocele is often intermittent. Ascites should be considered if the swellings are bilateral. "Congenital hydroceles are treated by herniotomy if they do not resolve spontaneously" Treatment usually, no treatment of congenital hydrocele is indicated because this condition typically resolves spontaneously by age 1. Most surgeons advocate observation in the majority of infants less than 12 months. Others may continue to be observed for longer, as the majority of patent processes vaginalis will close within the first 12-24 months of life [/INST] question: A congeital hydrocele is treated by | options: A: No t/t before 5 years B: Herniorraphy C: Herniotomy D: Eversion of sac | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hi, my name is Wang Jun. Do you want to know about my staying in America? Well, to tell you the truth, it is really an eye-opening experience here.
In China, I had English classes five times a week since Grade Five. But I didn't know textbook English could be so different from everyday English until I came to Hotchkiss School, Connecticut. When I first studied English, I was told to say "I'm fine." when people say "How are you?" But in the USA, I found that people say "I'm good." or "I'm tired."
One day, someone greeted me with "What's up?" It made me _ I thought for a moment and then smiled because I didn't know what to say.
Since then, I have learnt more and more differences between Chinese and American cultures. To my surprise, American girls spend a lot of time in the burning sun getting a tan . In China, girls try every possible way to keep their skin white.
American students are hard-working like Chinese students. In China, schoolwork is almost everything, so we study hard and that's it. But here, a "good" student not only gets good grades, but also does a lot for the public. That is to say, they get lots of knowledge at school and learn many life skills from social work. [/INST] question: In China, Wang Jun had _ English classes every week. | options: A: five B: four C: three D: two | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If we are doing resuscitation of a pregnant female in cardiac arrest and no successful in return of spontaneous circulation within 4 min then we have to go for perimoem cesarean section. If attempts at maternal resuscitation fail, consider immediate cesarean section. Gestational age greater than 23 weeks is the recommended cut-off for immediate delivery. A fetus younger than 23 weeks has an extremely poor prognosis. Such instances of perimoem delivery are rare, and the chances of fetal survival are generally poor. The earlier the fetus is delivered following maternal arrest the better is the fetal survival. Delivery should be conducted in the mother's current location; transpoation to an operating room wastes valuable time. Cesarean section should be performed no later than 4 minutes after initial maternal arrest. A fetus delivered within 5 min from initiation of CPR has the best chance for survival. Deliveries occurring more than 5 min after cardiopulmonary arrest are unlikely to result in a normal ble infant. Resuscitative effos should continue during preparation for, and throughout, delivery of the fetus. Delivery of the fetus sometimes results in maternal recovery due to release of vena caval compression and improved cardiac return. [/INST] question: What is the time period for perimoem cesarean section in pregnant female with cardiac arrest? | options: A: 4 min B: 5 min C: 8 min D: 10 min | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: City buses are white and blue. Please board at the front door and pay the fare as you get on. The fare per ride is $1.50 for adults and $1.00 for senior citizens. The fare may be paid by cash, bus pass or multiple passes. Please pay the exact amount directly into the slot at the top of the fare box. Remember that bills are not accepted and drivers cannot make change for riders.
When you wish to get off the bus, please notify the driver in advance by pressing one of the buttons provided throughout the bus for this purpose. The bus may pass bus stops without stopping if no one is getting off or waiting to get on.
There are five subway lines in the city. The fare is set at five rates from $2.00 to $3.50 according to the number of predetermined "price zones" traveled. To purchase the appropriate ticket, please check the fare on the boards installed above the ticket-selling machines in each subway station.
Pass through the automated ticket gates by inserting the ticket into the slot. When getting off the subway at a station beyond the validity of the ticket, pay the additional fare at a fare-adjustment machine. [/INST] question: What is the lowest cost of a subway ride for an adult? | options: A: $1.00 B: $1.50 C: $2.00 D: $3.50 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Robots make me nervous-especially the ones which seem to think for themselves.I was embarrassed to admit this till I heard that Bill Gates,the founder of Microsoft,felt the same way.Gates said in an interview with the website Reddit:"I am in the camp that is concerned about super intelligence.First the machines will do a lot of jobs for us and not be super intelligent.That should be positive if we manage well.A few decades after that though the intelligence is strong enough to be a concern."
Well,maybe I don't have to worry about my laptop and kitchen appliances yet.After I use them I can always pull the plug.But in the future,machines might find a way to prevent us from switching them off.There's a scary thought!
Professor Stephen Hawking warned a few months ago about the possibility that artificial intelligence could evolve and end up beyond human contro1.He suggested that machines could" _ the end of the human race".
Maybe the problem with computers too clever for us is not that they are evil or rebellious.What could put us in danger is that they might be too efficient.That's what philosopher Nick Bostrom from the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University believes.He says that machines are indifferent to humans and in pursuit of their own goals,the destruction of people might be just collateral damage.A machine would not take pity on you.
I'm glad my machines at home are"dumb".All my vacuum cleaner wants to take over is the carpet in my living room.Let's hope they don't create an appliance which wants to take over the world! [/INST] question: We can conclude from Gates'statements that _ . | options: A: he is embarrassed that he is afraid of robots B: he doesn't think machines are intelligent C: machines should be fully employed D: machines'super intelligence should be a concern | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For many years, scientists have wondered how Chrysopelea paradisi, known as the "flying" snakes, can stay afloat as they leap from one tree to another, sometimes covering a distance of as long as 79 feet. Now a new study has explained that it may be all to do with the way they move.
The report was published by Virginia Tech scientist, Jake Soeha who has been studying the flying snakes for a number of years. He began his research by first focusing on its launch technique. He discovered that the snakes first make themselves completely flat and then move side to side; they glide rapidly at a speed of between 26-33 feet per second, before leaping off.
Once they take off, their bodies actually tilt at about a 25-degree angle to the airflow created by their flight. When they first leap, the snakes start to drop altitude to pick up speed. With the front of their bodies held stiff, they start a strange air-gliding dance, by moving from side to side. This turns their entire body into one big wing, allowing them to glide across long distances.
The findings are not only exciting because they solve the puzzle of how the snakes are able to fly, but also because the same principles could be used to build small flying instruments.
The flying snakes that are native to South and South East Asia spend most of their lives in trees in the lowland tropical forests. They grow between 2-3 feet long and are about as wide as a human finger. As would be expected, the smaller and lighter ones are more able to "glide" for longer distances than the bigger and heavier ones. They are not the only wingless animals that can fly -- there are flying frogs that use similar gliding techniques to make their way across forests. [/INST] question: The new study shows that these snakes can fly because of_. | options: A: the places they live B: the way they move C: the life habits they have D: the long bodies they have | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ref. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Pg 35
Histology of skin
Basal layer:
Mitotically active, produces other keratinocytes
Contains low molecular weight keratin
Separated from dermis by continuous basal membrane; keratinocytes are attached to this membrane by hemidesmosomes
Also contains melanocytes
Squamous layer (stratum spinosum):
Also called prickle or malpighian layer
Has several layers of cells, larger than basal layer, which become flat and eosinophilic as they approach the surface due to an increase in keratin and reduction in ribosomes
May have clear vacuolated cytoplasm
Cells are attached to each other by fine spiny bridges with central dot-like desmosomes (Bizzozero’s nodule)
Loss of spiny bridges causes acantholysis
Granular layer (stratum granulosum):
1 - 3 layers of flattened cells with intensely basophilic keratohyaline granules, which contain precursors of filaggrin protein, which causes aggregation of keratin filaments
Malphigian layer includes – spinosum and granulosum
Stratum lucidum:
Present only in soles and palms, between granular and cornified layer
Homogenous eosinophilic zone
Cornified layer (stratum corneum):
Also called horny layer
Basket weave pattern of multiple layers of polyhedral cells without nuclei
Region is thicker and more compact in acral region (peripheral body-limbs, fingers, ears)
Rete ridges:
Undulating forms of epidermis and dermal papillae at dermoepidermal junction - flattens with aging [/INST] question: What constitutes malpighian layer of skin? | options: A: Corneum lucidum B: Corneum spinosum C: Spinosum and basale D: Basale granulosum | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of jawed veebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells. Their function is to display peptide fragments of non-self proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an immediate response from the immune system against a paicular non-self antigen displayed with the help of an MHC class I protein. Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called cytosolic or endogenous pathway. In humans, the HLAs corresponding to MHC class I are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. Function Class I MHC molecules bind peptides generated mainly from degradation of cytosolic proteins by the proteasome. The MHC I:peptide complex is then inseed endoplasmic reticulum into the external plasma membrane of the cell. The epitope peptide is bound on extracellular pas of the class I MHC molecule. Thus, the function of the class I MHC is to display intracellular proteins to cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, class I MHC can also present peptides generated from exogenous proteins, in a process known as cross-presentation. A normal cell will display peptides from normal cellular protein turnover on its class I MHC, and CTLs will not be activated in response to them due to central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. When a cell expresses foreign proteins, such as after viral infection, a fraction of the class I MHC will display these peptides on the cell surface. Consequently, CTLs specific for the MHC:peptide complex will recognize and kill presenting cells. Alternatively, class I MHC itself can serve as an inhibitory ligand for natural killer cells (NKs). Reduction in the normal levels of surface class I MHC, a mechanism employed by some viruses and ceain tumors to evade CTL responses, activates NK cell killing. PirB and Visual Plasticity Paired-immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), an MHCI-binding receptor, is involved in the regulation of visual plasticity. PirB is expressed in the central nervous system and diminishes ocular dominance plasticity in the developmental critical period and adulthood. When the function of PirB was abolished in mutant mice, ocular dominance plasticity became more pronounced at all ages. PirB loss of function mutant mice also exhibited enhanced plasticity after monocular deprivation during the critical period. These results suggest PirB may be involved in modulation of synaptic plasticity in the visual coex. [/INST] question: Antibody against tumor cells- | options: A: MHC-I B: MHC-II C: Anti viral D: Differentiated antigen | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people succeed in unbelievable ways.
Roussel was orphaned at the age of eight and went to live with his grandfather. He built on the music he had learned from his mother, entertaining himself by reading through the family music collection and playing his favorite songs on the piano.
Three years later, Roussel's grandfather died, and his aunt adopted him. Her husband arranged for young Albert to take regular piano lessons. Summer vacations at a Belgian seaside resort added a second love to his life -- the sea. He studied to be a naval cadet , but still made time to study music.
In the French Navy, while he served on a warship based at Cherbourg, he and two friends found the time to play the music of Beethoven and other composes . Roussel also began composing. At the Church of the Trinity in Cherbourg on Christmas Day 1892, he had his first performance as a composer.
That success encouraged Roussel to write a wedding march, and one of his fellow offices offered to show it to a well-known conductor , Edouard Colonne. When Roussel's friend returned with the manuscript , he reported that Colonne had advised Roussel to give up his naval career and devote his life to music.
Not long afterwards, at the age of 25, Roussel did just that. He applied characters that he had developed in the navy to his composing and became a major force in twentieth century French music. As for Eduoard Colonne's inspiring advice that Roussel devote his life to music, Roussel's navy friend later admitted that he had made it up and that he had never even shown Roussel's manuscript to the conductor. [/INST] question: What _ did played the most important part in Roussel's final success. | options: A: his mother B: the husband of his aunt C: his navy friend D: Edouard Colonne | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ref Robbins 7/e p127 , Harrison 17/e p346,9/e p120-121. Prothrombin time (PT) screens for the activity of the pro- teins in the extrinsic pathway (factors VII, X, II, V, and fibrinogen). The PT is performed by adding phospholip- ids and tissue factor to a patient's citrated plasma (sodium citrate chelates calcium and prevents spontane- ous clotting), followed by calcium, and the time to fibrin clot formation (usually 11 to 13 seconds) is recorded. Because factor VII is the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor with the shoest half-life (roughly 7 hours), the PT is used to guide treatment of patients with vitamin K antagonists (e.g., coumadin). * Paial thromboplastin time (PTT) screens for the activity of the proteins in the intrinsic pathway (factors XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, V, II, and fibrinogen). The PTT is performed by adding a negatively charged activator of factor XII (e.g., ground glass) and phospholipids to a patient's citrated plasma, followed by calcium, and recording the time required for clot formation (usually 28 to 35 seconds). The PTT is sensitive to the anticoagulant effects of heparin and is therefore used to monitor its efficacy. Once thrombin is formed, it not only catalyzes the final steps in the coagulation cascade, but also exes a wide variety of effects on the local vasculature and inflammatory milieu; it even actively paicipates in limiting the extent of the hemostatic process [/INST] question: Which of the following is a procoagulation protein | options: A: Thrombomodulin B: Protein C C: Protein S D: Thrombin | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Option Microscope Features Option 1 Optical microscope Referred to as the light microscope, Different types of light microscopy Bright-field microscopy Dark-ground microscopy Phase contrast microscopy Interference microscopy Option 2 Interference microscopy Examine a living cell's biophysical propeies Stiffness, Time-dependent deformability Mass Does not require labeling with fluorescent proteins or optically active dyes Both cultured cell lines and material derived from whole organisms can be used. Option 3 Phase Contrast Microscope: Used to visualize the living cells by creating difference in contrast between the cells and water. Conves slight differences in refractive index and cell density into easily detectable variations in light intensity. It is useful for studying: Microbial motility Determining the shape of living cells Detecting bacterial components such as endospores and inclusion bodies. Option 4 Polarized microscopy Used in the field of geology for the study of rocks and minerals. [/INST] question: The specialized type of microscope, which enables quantitative measurement of the chemical constituents of cells, is the - | options: A: Optical microscope B: Interference microscope C: Phase contrast microscope D: Polarized microscope | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lichen sclerosus was formerly termed lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, but recent studies have concluded that atrophy does not exist. Patients with lichen sclerosus of the vulva tend to be older; they typically present with pruritus, and the lesions are usually white with crinkled skin and well-defined borders. The histologic appearance of lichen sclerosus includes loss of the rete pegs within the dermis, chronic inflammatory infiltrate below the dermis, the development of a homogenous subepithelial layer in the dermis, a decrease in the number of cellular layers, and a decrease in the number of melanocytes. Mechanical trauma produces bullous areas of lymphedema and lacunae, which are then filled with erythrocytes. Ulcerations and ecchymoses may be seen in these traumatized areas as well. Mitotic figures are rare in lichen sclerosus, and hyperkeratosis is not a feature. While a significant cause of symptoms, lichen sclerosus is not a premalignant lesion. Its importance lies in the fact that it must be distinguished from vulvar squamous cancer. [/INST] question: A postmenopausal woman presents with pruritic white lesions on the vulva. Punch biopsy of a representative area is obtained. Which of the following histologic findings is consistent with the diagnosis of lichen sclerosus? | options: A: Blunting or loss of rete pegs B: Presence of thickened keratin layer C: Acute inflammatory infiltration D: Increase in the number of cellular layers in the epidermis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It can be dangerous to travel by sea. Ships sometimes sink far away from land. When this happens, the sailors have to get into small boats. If another ship does not come and help them and they do not have enough food or water, they will die.
Most people believe we must not drink sea water. They believe that if we do, we shall be very ill because of all the salt in the water. A doctor called Alain Bombard did not believe this. He thought that people could stay alive by drinking sea water and eating small fish, animals and plants from the sea. On 19 October 1953, he set out in a small boat to cross the Atlantic Ocean . He did not take any food or water with him.
Every day Dr. Bombard drank just a little sea water. He also caught fish and they had water in them. He drank this water. He could not cook the fish, so he ate them as they were. He took small plants from the sea, which gave him more food.
Dr. Bombard became hot, tired and quite ill, but after 65days at sea he was still alive. He traveled 2,750 miles from one side of the Atlantic Ocean to the other, and on 24th,December 1953, he reached Barbados.
He lost 20 kilos, but he showed that people could live on sea water, the animals and plants in the sea. [/INST] question: Alain Bombard was _ . | options: A: an old sailor B: a fisherman C: a cook D: a doctor | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: British author JK Rowling was at the release of her latest Harry Potter book called "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" at the Natural History Museum in London, Friday July 20, 2007.
J.K. Rowling has been spotted at cafes in Scotland working on a detective novel, a British newspaper reported Saturday.
The Sunday Times newspaper quoted Ian Rankin, a fellow author and neighbor of Rowling's, as saying the creator of the "Harry Potter" books is turning to crime fiction.
"My wife spotted her writing her Edinburgh criminal detective novel," the newspaper quoted Rankin as telling a reporter at an Edinburgh literary festival.
"It is great that she has not abandoned writing or Edinburgh cafes," said Rankin, who is known for his own police novels set in the historic Scottish city.
Rowling famously wrote initial drafts of the Potter story in the Scottish city's cafes. Back then, she was a struggling single mother who wrote in cafes to save on the heating bill at home.
Now she's Britain's richest woman - worth $1 billion, according to Forbes magazine - and her seven Potter books have sold more than 335 million copies worldwide.
In an interview with The Associated Press last month, Rowling said she believed she was unlikely to repeat the success of the Potter series, but confirmed she had plans to work on new books.
"I'll do exactly what I did with Harry - I'll write what I really want to write," Rowling said. [/INST] question: What is JK Rowling famous for? | options: A: detective novels B: crime fiction C: Harry Potter books D: love stories | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you often watch TV programs? There are many TV programs on Chinese cuisines (, ),but few are like A Bite of China. It tries to bring something new by introducing more cultural features related to dishes, such as eating habits and wonderful stories about food.
It's said that more than 100 million Chinese people are watching the program. Most Chinese people regard this program as more than just the regular food shows. They see it as an amazing documentary providing a special view of Chinese as well as the relations between people and food , between people and society.
On the other hand, the documentary also stimulates Chinese people's consumption . Taobao, one of China's biggest online shopping sites, reports that the search on food items that were introduced by the documentary has increased to 4 million times in one week, and sales have increased to 5.82 million.
To get enough good stories, the production team spent three months doing research and interviews in about 60 cities before they started making the documentary last July. Filming lasted about nine months. Liu Wen, the director, says "As CCTV-9 serves as a window, allowing the world to better understand China, the documentary aims to help the world not only enjoy the beauty of Chinese cuisines, but also learn Chinese customs." [/INST] question: A Bite of China is a _ . | options: A: film B: TV show C: book D: newspaper | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the winter months the temperature in most of Canada usually stays below 0degC. However, in some parts of Canada, such as southern British Columbia, the temperature rarely goes below 0degC. In most areas where people live, snow will be on the ground from mid-December to the middle of March. Though Canada's winter may be much colder and longer than you are used to, it can be very enjoyable. For many Canadians, being active in winter is an important part of enjoying life. There are many outdoor winter activities, including skiing, ice fishing, walking, and skating. Joining in one of these activities may help you appreciate winter and enjoy your time outside in the snow.
Dressing for winter.
During winter in Canada, you will need warm clothing. If possible, arrive with these items or be prepared to buy them soon after your arrival. You will need:
*A warm waterproof boots.
*A scarf for your neck.
*A hat that covers your ears.
*Gloves for your hands.
*Thick winter coats, pants and sweaters.
Layers keep you warm.
It's a good idea to layer your clothing by, for example, wearing a T-shirt and a sweater underneath a jacket. If you become too hot, it is always easier to remove a piece of clothing than to add another. On the West Coast, prepare to dress for cool rainy or snowy weather. You will need:
*A warm waterproof coat.
*Waterproof hats.
*An umbrella.
*Rain boots or snow boots.
Learn more about weather and seasons across Canada. You can also contact Related Links.com, for example, an immigrant-serving organization in the community where you live for more information about dressing for winter. [/INST] question: What is the important part for many Canadians in winter? | options: A: Ice fishing B: Joining a group C: Leading an active life D: Staying in the snow | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.
Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical , never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.
Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can-then let the unconscious take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (<<>> ), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after dat I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relived, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired. [/INST] question: People with start-up fatigue are most likely to . | options: A: delay tasks B: work hard C: seek help D: accept failure | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you like dogs? Do you know the following things about dogs?
The first pet dog
Dogs are meat-eating animals. They belonged to the family of wolves a long time ago. About 15,000 years ago, people started keeping wolves for hunting . Over the time, the wolves began to look like dogs and they became people's pets.
What a dog looks like
Dogs come in different sizes, colors and shapes, but they're the same in some ways. All kinds of dogs have a set of forty-two strong teeth for eating. They have sharp claws at the end of their feet for digging up soil and holding onto the ground when they walk. They have very good eyesight. They also have high ability to hear and smell.
How a dog grows
A mother dog gives birth to one to twelve babies at a time. New-born baby dogs cannot see or hear until they are two weeks old. The mother dog gives the baby dogs milk. When they are four weeks old, they start eating soft food. When they're eight weeks, the baby dogs have very strong legs and they can go for long walks.
How to read a dog's feelings
Dogs act differently when they have different feelings. When a dog is angry, it opens its mouth and shows its teeth. When a dog is frightened, it lowers its ears and holds its tail between its legs. A happy dog always wags its tail.
,. (10) [/INST] question: People have started keeping dogs as pets since _ . | options: A: there were humans B: 15,000 years ago C: there were wolves D: the wolves looked like dogs | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Almost nothing we do in this world is done in isolation*. At work or at play, you'll find yourself in groups, working with other people: your team at work, a meeting with fellow workers, your family, a holiday with friends, a group of students working together, a group of neighbors wanting to make changes. It is now realized that being able to work successfully with other people is one of the main keys to success, partly because we need to do it so often.
In almost every situation where you're in a group, you will need a skilled leader. All groups need leaders and all successful groups have good leaders. Groups without leaders or with weak leaders almost always break down. Members of a leaderless group often begin to feel disappointed and helpless. Time is wasted and the tasks are not achieved. There are often arguments and nervousness between people as there is nobody to keep the goals clear.
Some people are natural leaders. The well-known cook, Antonio Carlucci says, "True leaders are born and you see them in kitchens." They're people who are strong, fair, and humorous. Although a lot of people agree that there are some natural-born leaders, most people now know that leadership can also be taught. Experienced teachers can train almost anyone how to be a successful leader. Good leaders don't make people do things in a controlling way. You can learn how to join others, encouraging the whole group to work towards a common goal.
Successful leaders also need to be calm and wise. They need to be able to work out good solutions and make perfect judgments* under pressure. Lastly, and probably most importantly, good leaders need to be sensitive*, confident and be able to get on well with different kinds of people. [/INST] question: When we are at work or at play, we find we are probably working _ . | options: A: independently B: successfully C: in isolation D: in groups | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Brodie's abscess → Chronic osteomyelitis
Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis → Chronic osteomyelitisor subacute form of chronic osteomyelitis
"Brodie's abscess is a chronic localized hone abscess" Postgraduate orthopaedics
"Brodie s disease is a localized form of chronic osteomyelitis " Ebnezar
Brodie's abscess
Brodie's abscess is a special form of chronic osteomyelitis which arises insidously, without a preceding acute attack.
There is localized abscess within the bone, often near the site of the metaphysis of long hones.
Common sites are upper end of the tibia and lower end of the femur.
A deep 'boring* pain is the predominant symptom.
Pain may become worse at night. Radiographically, the lesion is seen as a circular or oval cavity surrounded by a zone of sclerosis,
Treatment is by operation.
Surgical evacuation and curretage is performed with or without bone grafting.
“There are three types of chronic osteomyelitis:
Chronic osteomyelitis secondary to acute osteomyelitis.
Garre’s osteomyelitis.
Brodie’s abscess.” [/INST] question: Brodie's abscess is - | options: A: Acute osteomyelitis B: Subacute osteomyelitis C: Chronic osteomyelitis D: Septic arthritis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you are an auditory learner, you learn by hearing. You often learn by reading out aloud because you have to hear it or speak it in order to remember it.
Here are some things that auditory learners can do to learn better.
*Sit where you can hear.
*U se cards to learn new words; read them out aloud.
*Read stories or material out aloud.
*Record yourself when you are spelling words and then listen to the recording.
*Study new material by reading it out aloud.
If you are a visual learner, you learn by reading or seeing pictures. You like to see what you are learning.
Here are some things that visual learners can do to learn better.
*Sit near the front of the classroom.
*Use cards to learn new words.
*Try to visualize things that you hear or things that are read to you.
*Write down key words or ideas.
*Draw pictures to help explain new ideas and then explain the pictures.
If you are a tactile learner, you learn by touching and doing. You are a "hands-on" learner who likes to touch, move, build, or draw what you learn.
Here are some things that tactile learners can do to learn better.
*Do lots of hands-on activities like doing art projects , taking walks, or acting out storie s.
*Use cards and put them in groups to show relationships between them.
*Follow words with your finger to learn spelling (finger spelling).
*It's OK to tap a pencil, shake your foot, or hold on to something while learning.
,. [/INST] question: If you are an auditory learner, you understand and remember things you have _ . | options: A: heard B: seen C: done D: written | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Orcas, or killer whales, are the largest of the dolphins and one of the world's most powerful animals feeding on meat. They feast on marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and even whales, employing teeth that can be four inches (ten centimeters) long. They are known to grab seals right off the ice. They also eat fish, squid , and seabirds.
Though they often frequent cold, coastal waters, orcas can be found from the polar regions to the Equator .
Killer whales hunt in deadly groups, family groups of up to 40 individuals. There appear to be both permanent and temporary group populations of killer whales. These different groups may hunt different animals and use different techniques to catch them. Permanent groups tend to prefer fish, while temporary groups target marine mammals. All groups use effective, cooperative hunting techniques that some are similar to the behavior of wolf packs.
Whales make a wide variety of communicative sounds, and each group has various noises that its members will recognize even at a distance. They use echolocation to communicate and hunt, making sounds that travel underwater until they meet objects, then reflect back, showing their location, size, and shape.
Killer whales are protective of their young, and other adolescent females often assist the mother in caring for them. Mothers give birth every three to ten years, after a 17-month pregnancy.
Killer whales are immediately recognizable by their special black-and-white coloring and are the intelligent, trainable stars of many aquarium shows. Killer whales have never been widely hunted by humans. [/INST] question: Killer Whales do not feed on _ . | options: A: seabirds B: seals C: fishes D: seaweeds | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As people in China celebrated Singles' Day on November 11, the media eagerly discussed why so many marriageable young people fail to find their other half.
While single people in China are pitied, their counterparts in some Western countries feel they are being discriminated against. In the US, where more than a quarter of all households consists of one person, single people often pay more insurance than married people. They don't get the same tax breaks and they seldom get promoted at work.
There seems to be a bad name attached to their status - somehow their personality is flawed
and therefore they are not to be trusted.
Activities have created the term "singlism" to describe discrimination against unmarried people. It means stereotyping , stigmatizing and discrimination against those who are single.
Globally, the number of people living alone is skyrocketing. Many people are at peace with being single and some even choose to remain single. But why are so many of us worried about singledom?
Michael Cobb, professor of English at the University of Toronto in Canada, says that pop culture is to blame for people's fear of singledom. His book Single: Arguments for the Uncoupled is a critical examination of singleness in favor of the couple, making singletons one of the most despised sexual minorities in Western countries. In pop culture, singles are viewed as immature, whereas fully adults are able to form relationships and live meaningful lives.
The overall message is clear: go ahead and be yourself, but if you want real happiness, make sure you get coupled up. You may get that idea from US comedy series Sex and the City and the most recent Girls, or UK's Bridge Jones' Diary. [/INST] question: In Michael Cobb's opinion, what should be responsible for people's fear of singledom? | options: A: Western countries B: Pop culture C: Singlelikes D: Contemporary society | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's important to learn things about protecting environment. Here's a 5Rs rule for us.
*Reduce
If you want to reduce waste, you should use things wisely. A large number of trees are being cut down to make paper. If everyone uses paper carelessly and then throws it away, soon we would not have any trees left. Some other things are also being wasted, and people don't know what to do with waste in big cities, so it's necessary to reduce waste.
*Reuse
You should always think of reusing the usable things before throwing them away. Give your clothes or things you don't use to the poor. In a family, you may pass such clothes on to your younger brothers or sisters.
*Recycle
Bottles, cans and paper can easily be recycled. By doing so we save lots of time and money, for example, cola cans are sent to a factory, where they're smashed flat and smelted , and the metal things are made into new cola cans.
*Recover
When you buy a box of apples, there may be a few rotten apples, you have two choice: one is to throw the whole apples away, or you should cut off the rotten parts and use the good parts. In this way, you are recovering the eatable parts of food.
*Repair
If one of the legs of your table is broken, you can repair it instead of throwing the table away. If you want to change for better ones, it's better for you to sell the old ones or give them to other people who can use them after doing some repair. [/INST] question: The "Reduce" rule mainly requires us _ . | options: A: to use things wisely B: to cut down many trees C: to use paper carelessly D: to use more and more things | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: London's transport services offer you a special experience of the city. Here's a round-up of the transport choices available to you.
* London Underground
There are 11 colour-coded Underground lines. Services run regularly from around 5:00 to 00:30 (Sunday 07:30 to 23:30).
Visit tfl.gov.uk/tube for more information.
Tip:
Always stand on the right when using the escalators at Tube stations. It can get hot and busy on the Tube during peak travel times, so you may prefer to travel outside these hours.
* Buses
A cheap and easy way to travel around London. They generally run from 5:00 to 00:30. Night buses operate on many major routes from around midnight to 05:00, and some operate a 24-hour service.
It is not possible to pay for your London bus fare in cash. Instead you can pay with a Visitor Oyster card, Oyster card, Travelcard or UK-issued contactless payment card. A single bus journey is PS1.50 with an Oyster card or UK-issued contactless payment card.
To help you get home, if you don't have enough credit on your Oyster card, you will be able to make one more bus journey.
After this you will need to add the credit on your card before you use it again. If your contactless payment card has been issued outside the UK, please check tfl.gov.uk/contactless before you use your card to travel on our bus services.
For more information visit tfl.gov.uk/buses.
Tip:
Some bus routes are especially good for sightseeing --- try routes 9, 14, 15 and 22. The New Routemaster bus featured in the James Bond film Skyfall and runs on routes 9, 11, 24, 38 and 390. [/INST] question: At what time do London Underground services begin to operate on Sundays? | options: A: Midnight B: 00:30 C: 05:00 D: 07:30 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Google has kicked off Google Science Fair (GSF) _ , its annual online competition for
bright, creative and ambitious teenagers who want to change the world with science. While the project is led by Google, it also has the backing of the Lego Group and world-famous publications National Geographic and Scientific American. The competition is open for students aged 13 to 18, who can sign-up now, form a team and begin working on a submission.
The winner will be rewarded with a ten-day exploration to the Galapagos Islands aboard the National Geographic Endeavor, as well as a VIP tour of 'Spaceport America' in New Mexico. Google is also throwing in a $50,000 scholarship and $10,000 for the winner's school to purchase cutting-edge science lab equipment.
Google suggests that each project should be "an in-depth investigation of a science question or engineering problem" but otherwise, it's up to students to pick and develop an idea that follows the competition rules.
Completed projects need to be submitted by May 12, 2014 at 11:59 PDT. Google will announce the regional competitors in June, ahead of global finalists in August and the competition winners in September.
Interested? Here are the _ .
If you want to enter the competition as an individual , you should register first. Complete requested information about yourself and your project in the registration section before creating your project. You may edit this later. Click the box stating that you have read, accept, and agree to be bound by these Official Rules and Terms.
Upon completion of registration you may begin working on your project. The project must follow the technical, creative, and legal entry requirements set out in these Official Rules and the Googlesciencefair.com Site. You will be required to complete all sections of the Project Site.
You may begin working on your project after completing the registration process, however, you may not submit it for judging until you have requested and received parental consent . Once you have done this, your parent or guardian will receive an email from Google with instructions on how they can give their consent for you to participate. The project will not be judged unless this consent is received. [/INST] question: If you plan to enter GSF alone, you _ . | options: A: should create your project first B: you needn't follow the official rules C: you should provide some personal information D: your should start your project before registration | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A handsome middle-age man walked quietly into the cafe and sat down. Before he ordered, he couldn't help but noticed a group of younger men at the table next to him. It was obvious they were making fun of something about him and it isn't until he remembered he was wearing a small pink - on the lapel of his suit that he became aware of what joke was all about.
The man pretend not to notice it, but the whisper and laughter began to get to him. He looked one of the rude young men straight into the eye, placed his hand beneath the ribbon and asked. "This?"
With that the young men all began to laugh out loud. The man he spoke to said, "Hey, sorry, man, but we were just commenting on how pretty your little pink ribbon looks against your blue jacket!"
The middle-aged man calmly invited the joker to come to his table, and politely seated him. As uncomfortable as he was, the young guy had to, not really sure why. In a soft voice, the middle-aged man said," I wear this ribbon to bring awareness about breast cancer. I wear it in my mother's honor."
"Oh, sorry. She died of breast cancer?"
"No, she didn't." "She's alive and well. But her breasts nourished me as a baby, and were a soft testing place for my head when I was scared or lonely as a little boy. I' m very grateful for my mother's breasts, and her health."
"Umm." The young replied, "Yeah."
"And I wear this ribbon to honor my life," the man continued.
"And she's okay, too0?" the young guy asked.
"Oh, yes. She's fine. Her breasts have been a great source of loving pleasure for both of us, and with them she nurtured and nourished our daughter 23 years ago. I'm grateful for my wife's breasts, and her health."
"Uh, huh, and I guess you wear it to honor your daughter, also?"
"No. it's too late to honor my daughter by wearing it now..."
Shaken and ashamed, the young guy said, "Oh, I'm so sorry, mister."
"So, in my daughter's memory, too, I proudly wear this little ribbon, which allows me the opportunity to enlighten others. And here..." with this he reached in his pocket and handed the young man a little pink ribbon. The young guy looked at it, slowly raised his head and asked, "...?" [/INST] question: The young man joked about the middle-aged man's _ . | options: A: looks B: ribbon C: attitude D: cloths | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The worker I hired to repair my house had just finished a difficult first day on the job. A broken wheel made him an hour late; his ladder( )fell down when he was painting the roof and now his old truck wouldn't start. With each problem he shouted angrily more at himself than at his things. As I drove him home, the man didn't say a word.
I tried talking to the man to kill time. I managed to find out that he had come up from Blue Hills in Victoria with his family six months ago to find a job. This was his first job since moving here. I now knew why his price was lower than any other worker I could find in the local newspaper. He really needed the job. His clothes told me as much.
On arriving, much to my surprise, he invited me to meet his family. As we walked through his front garden he suddenly stopped at a small tree and placed his hands on it. Then , when he opened the door he completely changed. Instead of his troubled face, there was now a warm smile, hugs for his two children and a kiss for his wife.
The following day, I asked him about the tree.
"That's my trouble tree," he answered. "Work troubles aren't welcome at home with my wife and children. So I hang them on that tree every night when I come home. Then in the morning I pick them up again."
"And you know what else?" he said smiling, "The next morning I find that there aren't as many as I remember hanging up the night before." [/INST] question: Which of the following things did NOT happen to the worker? | options: A: His truck broke down B: He was late for work C: He fell onto the roof D: His ladder fell down | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People aren't walking any more---if they can figure out a way to avoid it..
I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasn't in any hurry, either. I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness: motorosis.
It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune, for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as good day's walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced -and beat--a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Stature of Liberty.
Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart. But a well-known British physician, Sir Adolphe Abrahams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise. A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And walking is an ideal form of exercise--- the most familiar and natural of all.
It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flower, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world. He cannot learn in a car.
The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people don't dare to approach Nature any more; to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is _ r thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.
I say that the green of forests is the mind's best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting. [/INST] question: What is the national sickness? | options: A: Walking too much B: Traveling too much C: Driving cars too much D: Climbing stairs too much | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Predicting therapeutic response Overexpression of HER-2/neu in Breast cancer patients is associated with poor prognosis and increases disease recurrence. Overexpression HER-2/neu also predicts good response to herceptin but is not a good predictor of response to chemotherapy and overall survival. Because of its prognostic role as well as its ability to predict response to Herceptin (transtuzumab) breast cancers are routinely checked for overexpression of HER-2/neu. HER-2/neu erh-B, stands for Human e i idermal * rowth factor rece i tor. It is a molecule present in small amounts on the surface of ceain types of cells such as breast cells and ovarian cells. HER-2 belongs to Erb protein family commonly known as epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR). - The epidermal growth factor receptor are present on the cell surface and are involved in the signal transduction pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. Activation of epidermal growth receptor (EGFR) Ligand binds to the EGFR Dimerisation of EGFR Activation of EGFR vir Signal transduction to nucleus 'Jr Cell growth and differentiation Although HER-2 is highly hontologus to EGFR, it does not have any specific ligand for it. Therefore it is also called orphan receptor. - Instead of activation by direct ligand binding it exhibits "constitutive activity" in the absence of ligand. The constitutive activity of the HER-2 is increased by overexpression of HER-2. - The most common mechanism by which HER-2 gets activated and transforms cells is by overexpression of normal HER-2. This phenomenon is observed in breast cancers. There are ceain types of breast cancers that overexpress HER-2/neu receptors on their surfaces. - In 1 out of every 5 breast cancers the cancer cells make an excess of HER-2/neu. - HER-2 positive breast cancers tend to be more aggressive than other types of breast cancer. - Overexpression of this receptor in breast cancer is associated with increased disease recurrence and worse prognosis. - They are also less responsive to hormone treatment However drugs that specifically target HER-2 are very effective. -Herceptin (Transtuzumb) is a drug that specifically targets HER-2 receptors and blocks their action. - Herceptin or transtuzumab is approved for HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer. Because of its prognostic role as well as it ability to predict response to Herceptin (transtuzumab) breast cancers are routinely checked for overexpression of HER2Inett. [/INST] question: HER-2/ neu receptor play a role in aEUR' | options: A: Predicting therapeutic response B: Determining treatment for recurrence of tumor C: Diagnosis of breast Ca D: Screening of breast Ca | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It snowed heavily last winter in northern China.Big snows came to Beijing,Hebei,Shanxi,Ningxia and Xinjiang.For many cities,it was the biggest snowfall in 50 years.The snow made traveling hard.Many schools had to close for days.
Jia Aizhen,14,lives in Taiyuan,Shanxi.Her math teacher asked them to have a test on Wednesday.Because of the snow,they had the test later on Sunday.
"It was good because we had more time to study for the test,"said Jia.She enjoyed the snow from the window at home.
"I felt quiet and relaxed to see the white snowy world."
Kang Xinyi,13,and Wang Doing,13,are classmates at Shijiazhuang No.43 Middle School in Hebei.Their school stopped on Wednesday.Kang said the snow outside was 40em deep .
"It was so good we didn't have to go to school!"said Kang.
Kang,Wang and another friend had a snowball fight and made a snowman .They also helped clear snow off the streets.
"I never saw such a big snow,"said Wang."Last year we only made a small snow panda,but this year our snowman is 1 meter tall!"
"If the snow didn't _ for traveling,we would hope it would never stop!"said the girls. [/INST] question: Last winter,there were heavy snows in the _ of China. | options: A: west B: south C: north D: east | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: He Made It!
One Sunday, Gavin, a teenager, went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine. In the early afternoon, when he was planning to go home, a fierce snowstorm swept into the area. Unable to see far, he accidentally turned off the path. Before he knew it, Gavin was lost, all alone! He didn't have food, water, a phone, or other supplies. He was getting colder by the minute.
Gavin had no idea where he was. He tried not to panic. He thought about all of the survival shows he had watched on TV. It was time to put the tips he had learned to use.
He decided to stop skiing. There was a better chance of someone finding him if he stayed put. The first thing he did was to find shelter from the freezing wind and snow. If he didn't, his body temperature would get very low, which could quickly kill him.
Using his skis, Gavin built a snow cave. He gathered a huge mass of snow and dug out a hole in the middle. Then he piled branches on top of himself, like a blanket, to stay as warm as he could.
By that evening, Gavin was really hungry. He ate snow and drank water from a nearby stream so that his body wouldn't lose too much water. Not knowing how much longer he could last, Gavin did the only thing he could -- he huddled in his cave and slept.
The next day, Gavin went out to look for help, but he couldn't find anyone. He followed his tracks and returned to the snow cave, because without shelter, he could die that night. On Tuesday, Gavin went out again to find help. He had walked for about a mile when a volunteer searcher found him. After two days stuck in the snow, Gavin was saved.
Gavin might not have survived this snowstorm had it not been for TV. He had often watched Grylls' survival show Man vs. Wild. That's where he learned the tips that saved his life. In each episode of Man vs. Wild, Grylls is abandoned in a wild area and has to find his way out.
When Grylls heard about Gavin's amazing deeds, he was super impressed that Gavin had made it since he knew better than anyone how hard Gavin had to work to stay alive. [/INST] question: What happened to Gavin one Sunday afternoon? | options: A: He hurt his eyes B: He caught a cold C: He got lost D: He broke his skis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Medical termination of pregnancy act, 1971 Passed in: April 1972 Indications for MTP: - Humanitarian: If pregnancy is a result of rape/sexual assault - Eugenic: Any genetic/chromosomal anomaly detected in fetus - Therapeutic: If carrying out full term pregnancy poses a risk to life of the mother - Social: If pregnancy is a result of contraceptive failure Written consent of guardians: - If woman is as lunatic - If woman is less than 18 years age Period of gestation must be 'less than 20 weeks': - 0-12 weeks: Opinion of one doctor is sufficient - 12-20 weeks: Opinions of 2 doctors required Who can perform MTP: - Qualification: MD or DGO or 6- months houseman ship in Gyn-Obs - Experience: At least carried out 20-25 supervised MTPs Where MTP can be done: At a place authorized by government of India. The Bill allows aboion to be done on the advice of one doctor up to 20 weeks, and two doctors in the case of ceain categories of women between 20 and 24 weeks. Changes proposed in conditions for terminating a pregnancy at different gestational periods Time since conception Requirement for terminating pregnancy MTP Act , 1971 MTP (Amendment) Bill, 2020 Up to 12 weeks Advice of one doctor Advice of one doctor 12 to 20 weeks Advice of two doctors Advice of one doctor 20 to 24 weeks Not allowed Two doctors for some categories of pregnant women More than 24 weeks Not allowed Medical Board in case of substantial foetal abnormality Any time during the pregnancy One doctor, if immediately necessary to save pregnant woman's life Note:*Doctor refers to registered medical practitioner with experience/training in gynaecology or obstetrics. [/INST] question: The medical termination of pregnancy act does not protect act of termination of pregnancies after:- | options: A: 20 weeks B: 24 weeks C: 28 weeks D: 30 weeks | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I'm Marie. I work in a nursing home and my job is to look after the old people. Alice is one of them. She's a very nice old woman.
This year, Alice had a difficult time. She went to hospital twice. In November, I finally could get her back to her "home".
Alice hoped that her daughter could come to visit her on Christmas Eve because she wanted to be with her family, like the old days. But her daughter was coming after Christmas, so she was very sad. I also felt sad because she would be alone on the holiday!
On Christmas Eve, I took her to a candlelight service at church that night.
I didn't take her to my church. I took her to the church in her old neighborhood. We got there early and I let her sit near the door, so people could see her when they came in. Soon some of her friends came to the church and they all talked to her and sat with her.
Alice got a lot of love from her old and new friends there. She said she loved the gift like this. That night, I thought I got the best gift: the smile on Alice's face.
. [/INST] question: What did Marie think of Alice's life this year? | options: A: Difficult B: Happy C: Exciting D: Boring | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most parents of kids under age 8 don't worry about how much time they spend watching TV or using other media, from computers to smart phones to tablets PCs, according to a new survey that found a child's use of media often reflects how much time parents spend in the similar way.
We generally found that media use is not a source of conflict in the home" for families with young children, Ellen Wartella, a researcher from Northwestem University, told USA Today. She led a survey of 2,326 parents who have children 8 and younger.It found that in 80 percent of families, children's media use was not a problem, with 55 percent "not too" or" not at all" concerned about it. It also showed parents have more positive than negative feelings about how media consumption affects a child's learning and the development of creativity.The exception is video games, which are viewed more negatively than TV, computers or mobile devices."Parents rated video games as more likely to have a negative effect on children's school performance, attention time, creativity, social skills, behavior and sleep than any other medium," the researchers said in a news conference about the survey.
The findings exposes a generational shift in parental attitudes about technology's role in young children's lives," said Wartella."Today's parents grew up with technology as a central pact of their lives, so they think about it differently than earlier generations of parents, instead of a battle with kids on one side and parents on the other, the use of media and technology has become a family affair. "
The researchers identified three media environments created by parents: media-centric (39 percent of families) , media-moderate (45%)and media-light (16%). Children in media-centric families spend at least three hours more each day watching TV or using computers, video games and tablet PCs don't make parenting easier.And 88 percent of parents say they are most likely to turn to toys or activities to keep their children occupied.Slightly fewer turn to books (79%) and TV(78%).
The survey didn't look at how media affects children. That's a topic that the American Academy of Pediatrics has handled a number of times. The AAP says studies have found too much media use can lead to attention- problems, school difficulties, sleep and eating disorders and being fat. In addition, the Internet and cell phones can provide platforms for illegal and risky behaviors. By limiting screen time and offering educational media and non-electronic formats such as books, newspapers and board games, and watching television with their children, parents can help guide their children's media experience. Putting questionable content into context and teaching kids a700ut advertising contributes to their media literacy ," it says.
The pediatricians' group says parents should have "screen-free zones" and TV should be turned off during dinner. At most, it recommends children and teens engage with entertainment media for no more than two hours a day and that should be high-quality content. It is important for kids to spend time on outdoor play, reading, hobbies and using their imaginations in free play." Kids under 2 should not use television and other entertainment media because their brains are developing quickly and they learn best from direct human interaction," the group says.
An article on screen time by t.he Mayo Clinic also notes problems linked t.o over screen time, including being fat, irregular sleep , behavioral problems , weak school performance , violence and less time for active and creative play. [/INST] question: Parents have more negative than positive feelings about media consumption like _ . | options: A: computers B: smart phones C: video games D: tablets PCs | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Here is the Eight O' Clock News. "
"Chinese people spent about 120 billion yuan during the first three days of the May Golden Week last year. This year it has increased t0 140 billion yuan."
"The children of Beijing No. 2 Middle School sang with students from Toronto in Canada to celebrate the 20th anniversary. They had been sister schools since 1986. They spent about two weeks together in Beijing. They visited the Great Wall and the Summer Palace. They took a lot of photos in Beihai Park. "
"Have you ever got tired of heavy shopping bags? A new shopping assistant robot which was invented by Japanese company could be the answer. The helpful robot can follow you around and carry several bags. The robot was tested at a shopping center in February 2006. "
"About 500 people from different countries were in the 2006 "Rock Paper Scissors( ) " World Match in Canada. This event was founded in 1842. It is said playing this game is fun. and also a good way to solve problems among people. "
"And now it' s time for Morning Music. " [/INST] question: This year during the first three days of the May Golden Week, it cost Chinese people _ yuan more than that of last year. | options: A: 260, 000, 000. 000 B: 120, 000. 000, 000 C: 140. 000, 000, 000 D: 20. 000. 000. 000 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cob is a six-year-old boy. An aid organization brought him to the farm run by Joy from another province. Both Cob's parents died of serious disease when he was a two-month-old baby. His eighty-year-old grandmother treated him badly. He developed a disease over time, which led to him being unable to keep things in mind well; on the other hand, there was nothing good for him to bear in mind as well.
When he first arrived at the farm, it appeared to him like a huge playground. Cob plyed around, hid behind trees and bushes, and enjoyed this new area.
Over time, he gained confidence, chose Joy as his new mother, and let her carry him around. Amy, Joy's real daughter, the same age as Cob, had to learn to share her mother with the other child. She also needed to see the other children as her brothers or sisters and accept them although she may be unwilling to do so.
In the beginning, Cob did not use the facilities on the farm. Slowly Joy tried to help him use them and during the day, he kept on with them but not at night. All attempts to send him to school failed. As soon as he arrived there, he ran off into the wide world like a free rabbit. He enjoyed running around in school rather than doing what teachers told him to do. Finally, the head teacher announced that the school was not suitable for Cob.
Cob had to go back to the farm. At daytime, he watched adults and elder children bicycle and if there was any chance, he took a bicycle, then pushed and pulled it up and down the hill. One day Cob found there was a small bicycle standing next to the big ones. It was a gift for him! It was new with wheels on each side of the back wheel, which was just right for a little child without any experience in riding a bicycle. Cob pushed it up the hill, got on it and off from time to time.
From then on Cob began riding his bicycle every day. Although he often fell and got hurt, he went on. During rainy days, he stored the bicycle in his room and slept close to it at night. Maybe even in his dreams he was happy -- he had found the entrance to a happy and satisfying life. [/INST] question: Upon being taken to the farm, Cob felt _ . | options: A: confused B: frightened C: annoyed D: excited | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Earth has warmed by about half a degree(0.50degC)over the last 100 years. It could be getting warmer on its own, but many scientists think that people are making the Earth warmer by making a greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is important. Without it, the Earth would not be warm enough for us to live on. But just a little warmer than it is now could cause problems for humans, plants and animals.
Many of the things we do every day can change the Earth's temperature by sending greenhouse gases into the air. We send greenhouse gases into the air when we watch TV, turn on lights, dry hair, play video games, wash or dry our clothes or drive cars. The rubbish from factories and homes also produces greenhouse gases.
Even a small change in temperature can affect our weather. This can cause changes in the sea levels, the air, flooding, and our fresh water.
The change in the temperature can also cause changes in the living places for animals and plants, endangering many animals.
Global warming is a big problem, and every little bit we do can help. We can save electricity. We can save energy in other ways such as by taking buses or walking rather than driving cars. We can recycle to reduce the rubbish and save natural resources such as trees, oil and metals. We can buy products that don't do bad to the environment and we can turn to solar energy. Remember the little bit that you do will bring a better world. [/INST] question: Which of the following does not send greenhouse gases into the air? | options: A: Watching TV B: Turning on a light C: Driving a car D: Walking to school | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: E-- The environmental Magazine
If you are concerned about your health , your family's health and the future of our planet , and want to know " What can I do ? " to make a difference , you'll love reading E --The Environmental Magazine . A 12-time Independent Press Awards winner and nominee ,E is full of everything environmental --from recycling to rainforests and from the global village to our own backyards .
1 year (6 issues ) -- $24.95
2 years (12 issues ) -- $ 34.95
Add $ 10.00 /year for Canadian postage
Add $ 40.00 / year for foreign postage
Edinburgh Young Caregivers Project
We work with young caregivers . We want to colour the lives of some of these young people by introducing them to someone who will try to understand them , listen , work towards agreed goals and have some FUN ! Is that person you ? Are you aged 18-25 ? Could you help and encourage a young person to recognize what they want and work towards getting it ? You can encourage and help someone and in return help yourself ! You will learn new skills and build on your own experience .
Contact : Sue Mackay
Email : sue.mackay @ yahoocarers .org.uk
Belvedere Castle Exhibit
Date (s ): February 16 ,2008--February 16 , 2018
Time(s) : 10:00a.m--5:00p.m
Event scheduling : Sunday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday , Saturday
Event details : The exhibit covers two floors of the Castle , and currently features an informational panel on the importance of trees and display of common birds that can be found in surrounding areas . All Ages . Free . Reservations required for groups of 25 people or more . Call 212-772-0210 for information . ( click to show map )
Tennis Skills Camp
August 2-6 , 2010 registration deadline : July 15, 2010
This camp , held on the Alfred University Tennis Courts,is for boys and girls entering grades 7-12. Training at the beginners through advanced levels will be provided .
This camp is directed and coached by Dave Brady , tennis coach at Alfred-Almond Central School .
Camp sessions will be held Monday through Friday , from 4:00-6:30 p.m
Cost : $ 150 per person [/INST] question: .The second ad is intended for _ . | options: A: job seekers B: trainers C: teachers D: volunteers | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Inflammatory breast cancer is a pattern of invasive breast cancer in which the neoplastic cells infiltrate widely through the breast tissue. The cancer involves dermal lymphatics and therefore has a high incidence of systemic metastasis and a poor prognosis. If the lymphatics become blocked, then the area of skin may develop lymphedema and "peau d'orange" or orange peel appearance. The overlying skin in inflammatory breast cancer is usually swollen, red, and tender. Acute inflammation is a rare finding in breast cancer and may be associated with secondary infection or abscess. Chronic inflammation in breast cancer is a non-specific finding. In medullary breast cancer, a type of invasive ductal carcinoma, there are a large number of lymphocytes around the tumor and a desmoplastic reaction is often absent in the surrounding tissue. This type of cancer carries a somewhat better prognosis. Epidermal invasion by cancer cells is a poor prognostic indicator. Intraepidermal malignant cells are called Paget cells. Paget's disease of the nipple is a type of ductal carcinoma that arises in large ducts and spreads intraepidermal to the skin of the nipple and areola. There is usually an underlying ductal carcinoma. [/INST] question: A 55-year-old female presents to the surgeon with breast symptoms. Her right breast is swollen, red and tender. The physician palpates a firm area in the breast and suspects inflammatory breast cancer. Which of the following best describes the histological changes observed in this disorder? | options: A: Acute inflammation in breast carcinoma B: Chronic inflammation in breast carcinoma C: Dermal lymphatic invasion by cancer cells D: Epidermal invasion by cancer cells | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All around the world, people drink tea. But tea does not mean the same thing to everyone. In different countries people have very different ideas about drinking tea.
In China, for example, tea is always served when people get together. The Chinese drink it at any time of the day at homes or in teahouses. They prefer their tea plain, with nothing else in it.
Tea is also important in Japan. The Japanese have a special way of serving tea called a tea ceremony . It is very old and full of meaning. Everything must be done in a special way in the ceremony. There is even a special room for it in Japanese homes.
Another tea-drinking country is England. In England, the late afternoon is "teatime". Almost everyone has a cup of tea then. The English usually make tea in a teapot and drink it with milk and sugar. They also eat cakes, cookies and little sandwiches at teatime.
In the United States people drink tea mostly for breakfast or after meals. Americans usually use tea bags to make their tea. Tea bags are faster and easier than making tea in teapots. In summer, many Americans drink cold tea -- "iced tea". Sometimes they drink iced tea from cans, like soda.
,. [/INST] question: Iced tea is popular _ . | options: A: in winter B: for breakfast C: in England D: in the USA | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sudden, painless monocular blindness is a sign of carotid disease. The symptom is also called amaurosis fugax . The patient may describe a shade dropping in front of the eye or describe vision like looking through ground glass. If a thrombus propagates up the carotid to the middle cerebral aery, then symptoms seen in middle cerebral aery occlusion or embolization (hemiparesis with sensory symptoms, aphasia depending on hemispheric dominance) will also occur. Midbasilar aery disease produces weakness and sensory loss with diplopia, loss of facial sensation or movement, and ataxia. Branches of the basilar aery supply the base of the pons and superior cerebellum. The symptoms described suggest disease in the posterior circulation, whichincludes paired veebral aeries, the basilar aery, and the paired posterior cerebral aeries. The basilar aery divides into two posterior cerebral aeries that provide branches to the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and temporal and occipital lobes. A midbasilar aery occlusion could cause ataxia of limbs by involving pontine nuclei; paralysis of the face, arm, and leg by involving coicospinal tracts; and impairment of facial sensation by involvement of fifth nerve nucleus. Occlusion of the entire middle cerebral aery results in contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and homonymous hemianopsia. When the dominant hemisphere is involved, aphasia is present. When the nondominant hemisphere is involved, apraxia and neglect are produced. When only a penetrating branch of the middle cerebral aery is affected, the syndrome of pure motor hemiplegia is produced, as the infarct involves only the posterior limb of the internal capsule, involving only motor fibers to the face, arm, and leg (lacunar infarct). [/INST] question: For Pure motor hemiparesis involving face, arm, and leg select the site of the lesion of cerebrovascular disease, | options: A: Internal carotid aery B: Middle cerebral aery C: Midbasilar aery D: Penetrating branch, middle cerebral aery | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "It is now felt that the principles of prevention of CHD can be applied also to other major NCDs because of common risk factors. A broader concept is emerging, that is , to develop an overall integrated programme for the Prevention and control of NCDs as part of primary health care systems, simultaneously attacking several risk factors known to be implicated in the development of NCDs. Such concerted preventive actions should reduce not only cardiovascular diseases but also other major NCDs."
Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) :
1. Population strategy :
Focus on control of underlying causes (risk factors) in whole populations, 'not merely by individuals'
Principle: Small changes in risk factor levels in total populations can achieve the biggest reduction in mortality, thus aim should be 'to shift the whole curve or risk factors towards biological normality'
Specific interventions:
1. Dietary changes: Dietary modification is the principal preventive strategy in the prevention of CHD;
WHO recommended changes (Prudent diet-dietary goals):
i. Reduction of fat intake to < 20 — 30 % of total energy intake
ii. Consumption of saturated fats < 10 % of total energy intake
iii. Reduction in dietary cholesterol to < 100 mg/1000 kcal/day
iv Increase in complex carbohydrate consumption
v. Reduction of salt intake to ≤ 5 gms per day
vi. Avoidance of alcohol consumption
vii. Primordial prevention
2. High risk strategy :
Identifying risk: by using simple tests for blood pressure, serum cholesterol measurement El Specific advice: to those identified at high risk
3. Secondary prevention :
Aim: to prevent reoccurrence and progression of NCDs
Most promising results have come from beta-blockers
Following information has been added in 22nd /e of Park
Recently, the WHO has developed a survey methodology know as "the STEPS Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors Survey" to help countries establish NCD surveillance system. The methodology prescribes three steps - questionnaire, physical measurements and biochemical measurements. [/INST] question: The preferred public health approach to control non- communicable diseases is - | options: A: Shift the population curve of risk factors by a population based approach B: Focus on high risk individuals for reduction of risk C: Early diagnosis and treatment of identified cases D: Individual disease based vertical programmes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What's the red star in the sky through a telescope ? It is Mars. Do you want to know more about it? Take the "Mars Orbit Express"!
"Mars Orbit Express" is a space probe . It was sent towards Mars by American scientists on August 12th,2005. Its tasks are to study Mars' atmosphere and return photos to Earth. But before that "Mars Orbit Express" must travel about 100 hundred million kilometers and seven months. It reached Mars' orbit in March,2006.
Mars and Earth have similar weight and size. However,Mars is closer to the sun than Earth. Mars is very cold. The average temperature is below 50degC. The temperature at noon only reaches 20degC during a Mars day. Its atmosphere is mostly CO2. It has much sand and two moons---Phobos and Deimos.
Scientists think Earth and Mars had similar beginnings 4.6 billion years ago. But while Earth supports millions of lives,Mars becomes bad. "Earth easily could have turned out like that." said an scientist, "It is important for us to find out why and Mars Orbit Express' should do that." "Mars Orbit Express" also would help scientists to learn what might happen to Earth in the future. "Mars Orbit Express" would work for about four years. [/INST] question: What can you see through a telescope when watching Mars? _ . | options: A: Much sand B: A red star C: Its atmosphere D: Its size | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The median nerve controls the coarse movements of the hands, as it supplies most of the long muscles of the front of the forearm a nd therefore called the 'labourer's nerve'. The median nerve is formed from pas of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel. Innervation Upper Arm No motor innervation. Forearm It innervates most of the flexors in the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial two digits of flexor digitorum profundus, which are supplied by the ulnar nerve. Unbranched, the median nerve supplies the following muscles: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. The anterior interosseus branch supplies the following muscles: Lateral (radial) half of flexor digitorum profundus muscle Flexor pollicics longus muscle Pronator quadratus Hand. In the hand, the median nerve supplies motor innervation to the 1st and 2nd lumbricals and the muscles of the thenar eminence of the hand by a recurrent thenar branch. The rest of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are supplied by the ulnar nerve. Injury Injury of this nerve at a level above elbow joint results in loss of pronation and a decrease in flexion of the hand at the wrist joint. In the hand, thenar muscle are paralysed and atrophy with in time. Opposition and flexion movements of thumb are lost, and thumb and index finger are arrested in adduction and hyperextension position. This appearance is referred as ape hand deformity. In addition, in palmar side of the hand sensation of lateral pa of hand, first three fingers and lateral half of the f our t h finger and in dorsal side sensation of distal S! poion of first three fingers and lateral half of distal S! poionof fouh finger is lost. [/INST] question: Labourers nerve is another name for which nerve: | options: A: Median nerve B: Radial nerve C: Ulnar nerve D: Axillary nerve | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: THELANDLORD Mrs Gloria Black of 6 Sutton Road,Cambridge CB5 7AQ THE TENANTMarinaKahn
PROPERTY 24a WoodRoad, CambridgeCB2 8BG
TOGETHER WITH CONTENTS (fixtures, furniture and equipment) specified in the inventory
(attached)
TERMfrom 1 st January 20 _ to 31 st December20 _ (12months)
RENTPS500 per calendarmonth, payablein advance onthefirst day of eachmonth
DEPOSITPS500, payable on commencement ofthis Agreement
AGREEMENTS
A The Landlord may re-enter the Property and terminate this Agreement if the Rent or any part ofit is not paidwithinfourteen daysafterit becomes due.
B The Landlord may bring the tenancyto an end at anytime before the expiry of the Term (but not earlier than six months from the Commencement Date of this Contract) by giving the Tenant not less than twomonths' written notice starting that the Landlord requires possession ofthe Property.
C The Landlord shall put the deposit with the Deposit Protection Service, and shall inform the Tenant within 14 days of taking the deposit of the contact details of this service and details of how to apply fortherelease of the deposit from thisservice.
TENANT'SOBLIGATIONS
1 Pay the RentintotheLandlord's bank account at thetimes specified.
2 Pay for all water, gas and electricity consumed on the Property during the Term; and pay infull for all chargesmadeforthe use of telephone on the Property duringthe Term.
3 Keeptheinterior of the Property duringthe Term in a goodand clean stateofrepair,condition and decoration.
4 Permit the Landlord to enter the Property at all reasonable times; to inspect the Property andits contents; and to carry out any works of maintenance or repair to the Property; to show prospective new Tenantsaroundthe Property at the end of thetenancy.
5 Not takeinany paying guest without the priorwritten consent oftheLandlord.
6 Not use the Property other than as a private dwelling; nor carry on any profession, trade or businessinthe Property.
7 Not use anymusical instrument, wireless or television between midnight and 7 am, nor permit any singing or dancing betweenthesehours.
8 Not keep in the Property any cat, dog or other pet without the prior written consent of theLandlord.
SIGNATURES
Tenant:Name(print):MARINA KAHN Signed:Marina KahnWitnessed by: Name(print): _ LICE RACE Signed: _ RACEOccupation: _ ONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER
Address: _ School House Lane,Cambridge, CB2 8GH
Tenant:Name(print): _ ORIA BLACKSigned: _ loria Black
Witnessed by: Name(print): _ IVE LYDIA LEESigned: _ LeeOccupation: _ rarianAddress: _ dhead Road, Peterborough PB48DU [/INST] question: What'sthemonthly rent ofthe property? | options: A: PS500 B: PS575 C: PS1000 D: PS1500 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Disease Features Early carcinoma colon Cancer of right side of colon present with occult bleeding Left side with obstructive symptoms. Cancers arising in the rectosigmoid are often associated with hematochezia, tenesmus, and narrowing of the caliber of stool. Sigmoid diveiculitis Age : 59 years Abrupt in onset, usually painless, sometimes massive, and often from the right colon. Since Lesions are easily picked up on sigmoidoscopy, hence choice B is unlikely Microscopic colitis Presents with watery non-bloody diarrhea and hence ruled out. MC is comprised of two distinct histological forms -- collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis, both of which frequently occur in older populations. Dilatation of veins of colon Angiodysplasia is a degenerative lesion of previously healthy blood vessels found most commonly in the cecum and proximal ascending colon. Located in the cecum and ascending colon, 15% are located in the jejunum and ileum, and the remainder is distributed throughout the alimentary tract. These lesions typically are non-palpable and small (< 5 mm). Angiodysplasia is the most common vascular abnormality of the Gl tract. After diveiculosis, it is the second leading cause of lower Gl bleeding in patients older than 60 years. [/INST] question: 50 Year old man became dizzy while passing stool and noticed fresh blood in stool. Previous two concurrent colonoscopic examinations done for routine screening of carcinoma colon were normal. What is the most likely cause of bleed? | options: A: Early carcinoma colon B: Sigmoid diveiculitis C: Microscopic colitis D: Dilatation of veins of colon | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This pedigree chart has the following two characteristics: -
The disease is manifesting in both males and females.
But, the disease is transmitting to the next generation only by females (mother).
Both these are characteristics of mitochondrial diseases.
Mitochondrial diseases
Mitochondrial DNA is the only non-chromosomal DNA in human cells
DNA in humans may be found either in the Nucleus (Nuclear DNA) or in the Mitochondria (Organelle DNA)
Mitochondrial DNA is always maternally inherited.
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is located in different places in the cell. During fertilization, the sperm and egg cell nuclei fuse to form an embryo. The egg cell is very large compared to the sperm, so although the cells' nuclei fuse, the rest of the cell mass in the embryo comes from the egg only. Nuclear DNA is therefore co-inherited but the mitochondrial DNA, which is located outside of the nucleus, is always maternally inherited because all mitochondria in a foetus and later adult are derived from the mitochondria in the mother's egg.
All children from affected mother will inherit the disease but it will not be transmitted from an affected father to his children. - Harrison's 16th /e 374 [/INST] question: Pedigree analysis – Analyze the following pedigree and give the mode of inheritance – | options: A: Autosomal recessive B: Autosomal dominant C: Mitochondrial inheritance D: X linked dominant | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Miang
My name is Miang,I come from Thailand. I would like to tell you about my favorite holiday,which is Chinese Spring Festival,taking place in January or February every year. My family is Chinese,and we celebrate this day all together,too. My aunt prepares some traditional Chinese dishes,such as duck ,chicken,fish,pork and so on. We will have a get-together to enjoy all these delicious food,especially a kind of food--"dumplings".
Janine
My favorite holiday is Christmas. On Christmas,we dance,play music and sing. We have great fun on that day. We eat Christmas sweets and many special foods. We decorate our house with colorful lights. I love Christmas mainly because it is Jesus' birthday!
Zhenia
My favorite holiday is New Year. We celebrate the New Year on the 31st of December. Father Frost comes with his granddaughter Snegoorochka on this night. He comes at night and puts his presents under the New Year Tree. We have a party and stay up until midnight to see the New Year in and the Old Year off. We cook tasty food for parties.
Pat
My name is Pat,and I am from Thailand. My favorite holiday is Songkran. It is a Thai New Year celebration. It takes place from the 13th to 15th of April. People pour water on each other on this holiday. It is a lot of fun. People also buy new clothes and they have big parties.
Malena
I am Malena,and I'm from Argentina. My favorite holiday is New Year. We celebrate with fireworks at midnight. I go to Punta del Este with my family. We usually eat Arabian food(kibbe,Lajmayin and so on). [/INST] question: On Chinese New Year's Day,Miang's aunt may cook all of the following EXCEPT _ . | options: A: duck B: dumplings C: Lajmayin D: pork | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Newborn : C:V - 3:1 Pediatric - C:V - 30:2 During cardiopulmonary resuscitation ofinfants and children, the ratio of chest compression to rescue breaths is 30:2 for a single rescuer and 15:2 if 2 or more rescuers are present.In adults, the ratio is 30:2 irrespective of the number of rescuers. In infants and children, the depth of compression should be at least one-third of the anteroposterior diameter of the chest which is about 5 cm in children and 4 cm in infants. The compression rate should be 100-120/minute. Allow complete chest recoil after each compression. Minimize interruptions in compressions (10 seconds or less). Rotate compressor every 2 minutes or earlier if fatigued. Avoid excessive ventilation. GHAI Paediatrics : NEWBORN : It is impoant to ventilate between chest compressions. A positive breath should follow every third chest compression. In one minute, 90 chest compressions and 30 breaths are administered (a total of 120 events). To obtain the proper ratio of 90 compressions and 30 ventilations in 1 minute (3:1), chest should be compressed three times in 1lh seconds, leaving out approximately 1h second for ventilation. [/INST] question: In a newborn baby what is compression ventilation ratio: | options: A: 30:02:00 B: 60:02:00 C: 3:01 D: 100:01:00 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Use your American Express Card to enjoy one-day privileges at four ofprefix = st1 /America's greatest museums. Note the participating museums, and their exciting special exhibitions that you will not want to miss, listed below.
Boston
Isabella StewartGardnerMuseum
Chairs
February 11-May 8, 2005
Italian furniture expert Fausto Calderai and Indian photographer Dayanita Singh present an exhibition of chairs from the museum's collection and "chair photographs" from around the world presented in a Venetian-style hall housing world-famous masterpieces.
For more information: www.gardnermuseum.org
New York
The NoguchiMuseum
Noguchi and Graham
December 1, 2004--May 1, 2005
Noguchi's long-term collaboration with dancer Martha Graham is regarded by many as a high pointin the history of both modern dance and art. The exhibition highlights nine of the sets created through this collaboration.
For more information: www.noguchi.org
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
In full View: American Painting(1720--2005)
January 11--April 10, 2005
Founded in 1805, the Pennsylvania Academy has been home to America's artists for 200 years. The Academy collects and exhibits the works of famous American artists, and is well-known for training fine artists. 2005 at the Academy begins with the largest exhibition of Academy's distinguished American collection in the institution's history.
For more information: www.pafa.org
Seattle
Seattle Museum of Glass
Murano: Glass from the Olnick Spanu Collection
Through November 7, 2004
This exhibition includes over 200 pieces of beautiful glass from Murano, the island of glassblowers near Venice,Italy. Watch live glass-blowing shows in the How Shop and see other modern glass exhibitions.
For more information: www.museumofglass.org [/INST] question: Which of the following websites offers information about the furniture show? | options: A: www.pafa.org B: www. Museumofglass.org C: www.noguchi.org D: www. Gardnermuseum.org | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bronchiolitis is most common type of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and young infants. Most common causative agent is respiratory syncytial virus. It's mostly seen in age group 6months to 3years C/F hyperinflated chest, respiratory distress of varying degree, hypoxia. Rx is mainly suppoive as no role of antibiotics as it's a viral infection. When pco2 is increased results is respiratory acidosis. In order to compensate that body tries to save more bicarbonate. Compensation in primary respiratory disorders For every 10 mm increase in pco2: DISORDER RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS Acute HCO3 increases by 1 HCO3 decreases by 2 Chronic HCO3 increased by 3.5 HCO3 decreases by 4 Compensation in metabolic disorders DISORDER EXPECTED COMPENSATION Metabolic acidosis PCO2 = 1.5 * (HCO3) + 8 +/-2 Metabolic alkalosis pco2 increases by 7 for each 10 mEq/L increases in H From the above picture we see that for every acute process hco3 increases by 1 in respiratory acidosis [/INST] question: In exhausted child with severe bronchiolitis, for every 10 mm Hg increase in PCO2, how many milliEq of bicarbonate will increase:- | options: A: 2 B: 4 C: 8 D: 1 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: FIGO staging system for Ca Endometrium Stage Ia Tumor contained to the corpus uteri IA No or less than half myometrial invasion IB Invasion equal to or more than half of the myometrium Stage II Tumor invades the cervical stroma but does not extend beyond the uterusb Stage IIIa Local and /or regional spread of tumorc III A Tumor invades the serosa of the corpus uteri and/or adnexas III B Vaginal and/or parametrial involvement III C Metastases to pelvis and/or para-aoic lymph nodes III C1 Positive pelvic nodes III C2 Positive para-aoic lymph nodes with no without positive pelvic lymph nodes Stage IVa Tumor invades bladder and/or bowel mucosa and/or distant metastases IVA Tumor invasion of bladder and/or bowel mucosa IVB Distant metastases, including intra-abdominal metastases and or inguinal lymph nodes aInclude grades 1,2, or 3 bEndocervical glandular involvement only should be considered as stage I and no longer as stage II. cPositive cytology has to be repoed separately without changing the stage. [/INST] question: Histopathology of staging laparotomy done for carcinoma endometrium reveals more than 50% myometrium invasion with vaginal involvement, parametrial involvement but no pelvic and paraaoic lymph node involvement. What is the Stage of Ca Endometrium ? | options: A: III B B: III A C: III C1 D: III C2 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: RAS protein is a signal transducing protein.
Signal transducing proteins receive growth signals from outside the cell and transmit it to the nucleus.
Normally RAS proteins are attached to the cytoplasmic aspect of the plasma membrane where they keep on converting between an active signal transmitting state and an inactive quiescent state.
In the inactive state, the RAS proteins bind Guanosine diphosphate (GDP).
When the cells are stimulated by growth factors or other receptor - ligand interactions, RAS becomes activated by exchanging GDP for GTP.
This activates RAS then recruits raf - 1 and activates MAP-kinase pathway.
The MAP kinases so activated target nuclear transcription factors and then they promote mitogenesis.
The net result of this pathway is activation of protein phosphorylation cascade which amplifies the signal and stimulates quiescent cells to enter the growth cycle.
In the normal cells the activated state of this RAS protein is transient because the normal RAS proteins have intrinsic GTPase activity.
This GTPase activity hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and thus returns the RAS protein to its normal quiescent stage.
Now, what is the role of GTPase activating proteins, (GAPS) in this pathway.
The GTPase activating protien (GAPS) significantly accelarates the intrinsic GTPase activity of the active RAS protein.
The (GAPs) bind to the active RAS and augment its GTPase activity by more than 1000 fold leading to rapid hydrolysis of GTP back to GDP.
Thus GAPs function as brakes that prevents uncontrolled RAS activity.
Mutation of the RAS protein causes cancer.
Mutation in the RAS protein causes permanent activation of the RAS protein. The mutant RAS protein can bind to GAP but their GTPase activity fails to be augumented. Therefore the mutant RAS proteins are trapped in their excited GTP bound form. This causes pathological activation of mitogenic signalling pathway leading to continuous stimulation of cells without any external trigger.
Cancers associated with RAS protein -
Ca lung
Ca pancreas
Ca colon
Leukemias
Point mutation of RAS family genes is the single most common abnormality of oncogenes in human tumor. [/INST] question: In the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, the activation of RAS is counteracted by- | options: A: Protein kinase C B: GTPase activating protein C: Phosphatidylinositol D: Inositol triphosphate | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Combined (Complete) Paralysis (Recurrent & Superior Laryngeal nerve paralysis): Unilateral It leads to paralysis of all the muscles of larynx on one side except the cricoarytenoiddeg which also receive innervations from the opposite side. Vocal cord of the affected side will lie in the cadavaric position.The healthy cord is unable to approximate the paralysed side. This results in hoarseness of voice and aspiration occurs through the glottis. Treatment Speech therapy - With proper speech therapy the healthy cord may approximate the paralysed cord. Procedures to medialise the cord Injection of Teflon paste, lateral to the paralysed cord Thyroplasty type I Muscle or cailage implant Ahrodesis of cricoarytenoid joint (Also known as Reversed Woodman's operation) - Logan &Turner 10th/182 Woodman's operation (External arytenoidectomy) is done in bilateral abductor paralysis- Logan & Turner 10th/183 Endoscopic laser arytenoidectomy & lsshiki type II thyroplasty is done for lateralization of cord (in bilateral abductor paralysis) Dhingra 5th/318.319&362 [/INST] question: U/L vocal cord palsy treatment includes: | options: A: Isshiki type I thyroplasty B: Isshiki type II thyroplasty C: Woodmann operation D: Laser aenoidectomy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: At present, too much carbon dioxide makes the earth warmer and warmer and causes terrible effect to human beings. To save our planet, to save ourselves, a new lifestyle called low-carbon life becomes popular. Low carbon means low energy and no waste. It is necessary for everybody to learn to live a low-carbon life.
To live a low-carbon life, we'd better save energy as possible. Turn off the lights and TV whenever they are not needed. If possible, use cold water to wash clothes or dishes. Take a short shower and try to take a cold one when the weather gets warm. Don't do the cooking with electricity.
To live a low-carbon life, we should eat less meat. Everybody knows eating too much meat makes people fat and easy to have heart disease, but maybe you don't know keeping animals for food produces even more carbon dioxide than all the cars in the world, and being a vegetarian can help reduce one and a half tons of carbon dioxide a year. Maybe _ is a little difficult, but it's really necessary.
To live a low-carbon life, we are supposed to do less shopping. When we go shopping, we may drive a car or take other transportations. On the one hand, these machines pollute the air and waste energy. On the other hand, most of us always buy some useless things because of some advertisements. It is not only a waste of money but also causes trouble to the earth, because as you know, making everything will produce carbon dioxide more or less.
There are many other ways to live low-carbon life, such as recycling things, planting trees and reusing textbooks. If we can keep it a habit in our daily life, the earth will become a safer planet for us to live on.
,. [/INST] question: _ makes the weather on the earth get warmer. | options: A: Little rubbish B: A waste of money C: Too much carbon dioxide D: A waste of water | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Roald Dahl was one of the most successful writers of children's books. He sold millions of books all over the world. Many of his books have been made into films and videos. He is so famous that there is even a Roald Dahl Museum you can visit.
Roald Dahl was born in 1916 in Wales, Britain. His father was rich but he died when Roald was very young. Roald and his mother lived a hard life. He had to leave school and went to Africa where he worked for an oil company.
In 1939 Roald became a pilot, but he had a bad accident. It made him limp for the rest of his life. After this, Roald went to America where he wrote a story about his experience as a pilot. It was so good that it was put in a magazine.
Roald married an American film star. They bought a house in England and had five children. From 1960 to 1965, _ : Theo, one of his children, was hit by a taxi and was seriously hurt. Olivia, one of Roald's daughters, died of a strange illness. Soon after this, his wife also had a serious illness. It took her years to get completely better.
Gradually Roald became more and more successful. He always did his writing in an old shed at the back of his house. He always sat in the same old armchair with a wooden board on his lap.
_
In 1983 Roald won a big prize for his book The BFG. During his life, Roald wrote many famous books, such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, Fantastic Mr. Fox.
After he died in 1990, Roald left money to help people with serious illnesses and those with problems with reading and writing. [/INST] question: Roald Dahl was famous as a (an) _ . | options: A: doctor B: teacher C: actor D: writer | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Free fatty acids are normally taken up by the liver and esterified to triglyceride, conveed to cholesterol, oxidized into ketone bodies, or incorporated into phospholipids that can be excreted from the liver as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). Abnormalities involving any of these normal metabolic pathways may lead to the accumulation of triglycerides within the hepatocytes. This accumulation of triglycerides is called fatty change or steatosis. Examples of abnormalities that produce hepatic steatosis include diseases that cause excess delivery of free fatty acids to the liver or diseases that cause impaired lipoprotein synthesis. Excess delivery of free fatty acids occurs in conditions that increase lipolysis of adipose tissue, such as starvation, diabetes mellitus, and coicosteroid use. Increased formation of triglycerides can result from alcohol use, as alcohol causes excess NADH formation (high NADH/NAD ratio), increases fatty acid synthesis, and decreases fatty acid oxidation. Impaired apoprotein synthesis occurs with carbon tetrachloride poisoning, phosphorous poisoning, and protein malnutrition. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity is the mechanism of lovastatin, which indirectly increases liver LDL receptors and increases LDL clearance from the blood. [/INST] question: Increased lipolysis of fat stores, which can result from starvation, diabetesmellitus, or coicosteroid use, is most likely to cause steatosis (fattyliver) through which one of the listed mechanisms? | options: A: Decreased free fatty acid excretion from the liver leads to free fatty acid accumulation in hepatocytes B: Excess NADH (high NADH/NAD ratio) causes excess production of lactate from pyruvate, which accumulates in hepatocytes C: Increased free fatty acid delivery to the liver leads to triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes D: Inhibition of apoprotein synthesis by the liver leads to phospholipid accumulation in hepatocytes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jenny didn't know how her school dance team could pay for the travel to Florida for a national competition. It was difficult enough just to raise money for their dance costumes . What were they going to do? As the team leader, Jenny felt she needed to come up with an idea. .
At lunch, Jenny found that a lot of students were throwing empty juice bottles in the rubbish. She remembered the school had a recycling program a few years ago, but it had ended. Nobody wanted to bring the bags of bottles to the recycling center.
Jenny saw a chance. She went to see the headmaster. "If members of our team pick up the recyclable bottles every few days, may we use the money we collect at the recycling center for our dance team?" asked Jenny.
"I think that's a great idea, Jenny," said Ms. Weaver. "But if another team wants to take over next season, I'll have to give them a chance, too. " Jenny agreed that it was fair. She ran to the dance team to give them the good news.
Jenny knew that the money raised from empty bottles might not be enough to get them all the way to Florida, but they were a lot closer. She would find more ways to raise money for the dance team. [/INST] question: Jenny's team would go to Florida _ . | options: A: to raise money B: to have a trip there C: to take part in a competition D: to buy their dance costumes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Space tourism might be the dream of many people on the planet, but a journey to space is not is not as easy as simply buying some tickets at a travel search engine;it is only reserved for the privileged few that can afford the cost.. One of the options that impressed me most is the one offered by a company called Space Adventures.
What they have in place is a space tourism program that slows you to travel with the Soyuz to the International Space Station (ISS).The trip starts a few months in advance with intensive training dealing mainly with gravity operations, fight control and survival activities.
When all tins training is over, your space trip begins. The trip can be planned exactly according to your needs, whether you're going for scientific research , or simply for an adventure. I doubt whether you will find any other kind of trip that has such a thorough preparation period beforehand.
One of the great things to do, even if it makes your space trip a bit more expensive, is that you could go on a space walk during your trip. _ would definitely be a good opportunity to dance outside with your loved one to a slow waltz...Sorry, I forget there's no sound in space!
Whatever option you choose, the only obstacle you might face is the cost. All the other requirements seem to be less than those for getting a visa to a foreign country. Generally your height should be between 160 and 185 cm, your weight between 50and 95 kg and be in good health.
Finally ,in answer to the question you've been wondering about .Granted, space tourism is expensive, but exactly how expensive would a normal scheduled flight to the ISS cost? Would you believe it costs between $30 and $40 million? A Russian language course is included! [/INST] question: Besides the body requirements, which of the following is most likely to stop someone from going into space? | options: A: . Their knowledge B: . The climate C: . The cost D: A visa | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We usually believe what our brain tells us, but there are some amazing facts which show that the brain tricks us. As a result, we think we can see something that is not actually there or we ignore things that actually are there.
Scientists Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris have researched this phenomenon , which they call "change blindness". Their experiments show how we sometimes just do not see what is in front of our eyes because _ .
Here is one of their most famous experiments. In this experiment, the participants were shown a video of two groups of people (one group in white T-shirts and one group in black T-shirts) who passed basketballs around in a hallway. Each group had three members. Simons and Chabris asked the participants to count how many times the white team passed the ball. While the two teams were passing their balls around, a person dressed up as a big bear walked through the group and stopped to look at the camera. Simons and Chabris found that about half of the research participants did not notice the big bear. [/INST] question: What do Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris do? | options: A: Scientists B: Astronauts C: Engineers D: Directors | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: July is a month of fun-filled activities for kids and teens as long as you know where to find them. When you want some fun activities for July, consider these ideas happening in this month.
Secret of the Dragon
Time Monday, July1, 2014, 10:30 a.m.
Cost Adult:$7.40 Children(under15): half
Booking Phone the booking office:34032578
Address Brisbane Botanic Gardens
Note Secret of the Dragon is a magical story about 2 children who are taken on a dragon ride to explore the universe.
The Search for life: Are We Alone?
Time Thursday, July4, 2014, 2:00 p.m.
Cost Adult:$14.50 ,Children(under15):$8.70
Booking Phone the booking office:34037689
Address Brisbane Botanic Gardens
Note Are we truly alone in space? Is there any life out there? These are the questions asked in this show.
Magic Class
Time Friday, July12, 2014, 10:00 a.m.
Cost Free
Booking Please call 34038470 to book your Place.
Address Centenary Community hub, 171 Dandenong Rd
Note Would you like to be a magician? Then join David, the magician, to learn about real magic with playing cards, coins, ring ropes and DIY projects and be able to become the life of the party.
Science with Me: Making your own guitar
Time Saturday, July20, 2014, 3:00 p.m.
Cost Free
Booking Please call 34031226 to book your Place.
Address 10, Egginton Close
Note Do you want to make a guitar with Katy and her mum? Science with Me is going to be with you. Please remember to bring a piece of wood, a hammer, some rubber bands and some nails with you. [/INST] question: Alec is strongly interested in space life. He may go to _ . | options: A: Magic Class B: Science with Me C: Secret of the Dragon D: The Search for Life | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Physiological Changes during Pregnancy:Uterus undergoes hyperophy and hyperplasia measuring about 35 cm in length and 900 to 1000 gm in weight.Ovary shows corpus luteum with maximum growth at 8 weeks. At 12 weeks colloid degenerations occur and later calcification at term. Breast increase in size with stromal hyperophy and proliferation of ducts. Secretion can be squeezed out of the breast as early as 12 weeks.Weight Gain during Pregnancy-Average 11 kg-1kg in first and 5 kg each in 2nd and 3rd trimester. (a) Reproductive weight gain 6kgFoetus 3300 gmPlacenta-600 gmLiquor-800 gm Uterus-900 gm Breast-400 gm(b) Net maternal weight gain: 6 kgIncrease in blood volume: 1.3 kgAccumulations of fat and protein: 3.5 kgPrincipal Blood Changes during Pregnancy Blood volume + 30 to 40 %Plasma volume + 40 to 50%Red cell volume + 18 to 20%Hematocrit: DiminishedA: G ratio 1: 1Fibrinogen (mg%) +50 %Cardiac output +30 % (Peak at 32 weeks) Uterine blood flow increased to 750 ml near-term Vital capacity unaltered [/INST] question: In a normal pregnancy, due to physiological changes, which among the following can be seen? | options: A: Increase in blood volume by 20 to 40% B: Sho diastolic murmurs C: Increase hematocrit D: Increase vital capacity | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Vas deference) (1403-LB) (1377-B &L 25,h)* The testis develops from the genital fold medial to the mesonephros (Wolffian body)* The Wolffian duct becomes the epididymis and vas deferensDevelopment of genitourinary System:Embryonic structureStructure developing in MALEStructure developing in FEMALEGenital tuberclePenis (C. cavernosa)ClitorisUrethral foldsPenile urethra (C. spongiosa)Labia minoraGenital swellingScrotumLabia majoraGubemaculumGubemaculums testisLigament of ovaryRound ligament of uterus Genital glandsTestisOvary (genital ridge)Germinal cordsSeminiferous tubulesPfluger's tubeMesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)Epididymis, Vas deferens and seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ductsAppendix epididymidisDuct of epoophoron Gartner's duct vesicular appendageUreter, renal pelvis etc Trigonal structure**Ureter, renal pelvis, et^ Trigonal structuresMullerian duct (Paramesonephric duct)Appendix testisProstatic utricleUterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina (upper four- fifths)Muller's tubercleVeromontanumSite of hymenSinovaginal bulb from urogenital sinusPart of prostatic utricleLower one-fifth of vaginaJunction of sinovaginal bulb and urogenital sinusDisappears normally (remnants probably from posterior urethral valves)HymenUrogenital sinusVentral and pelvic partUrinary bladder (except the trigone)Supramontanel part of prostatic urethraUrinary bladder (except the trigone) whole urethraPhallic or urethral portionInframontanal part of prostatic urethra Membranous urethraVaginal vestibules [/INST] question: Wolffian duct give rise to | options: A: Vas deference B: Appendix testis C: Testis D: Prostate | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When the weather is beautiful, it can be hard to resist spending time outdoors. Fortunately, the Garden State has plenty of outdoor spaces to offer. These public parks all have unique qualities that make them stand out among the rest.
Boundary Creek Natural Resource Area
Boundary Creek is a 34 acre park designed for quiet nature study. Families can use the grassy open space, complete with picnic tables near the parking lot for picnics.
A special feature is the observation boardwalks for people of all heights to watch the animals without being noticed.
Challenge Grove Park
Challenge Park is not a challenge for children with special needs. Both playgrounds at the park are wheelchair accessible and the newest playground, Build Jake's Place, was built specifically for children of all abilities.
The 17-acre park also includes a basketball court. ball park and covered picnic area with bathrooms. There is a paved path throughout the park.
Laurel Acres
Probably the most popular park due to how full the parking lot always seems to be is Laurel Acres. Fortunately, the park is big enough that the parking is only thing that ever seems full.
For children, there are three playgrounds to choose from, one of which is for smaller children. The huge hill is great for rolling or sledding down. Children also enjoy watching[the ducks and geese in and around the pond.
The park includes a picnic area with covered pavilion( ). [/INST] question: What is special about Boundary Creek Natural Resource Area? | options: A: It has grassy open space B: It is a quiet place for study C: It's convenient for people to have picnics D: It offers a good place for animal watching | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: From: jovangagic56@memail. com
To: [email protected]
Subject: Hi!
Dear Mr. Mallory,
I am writing to tell you my deep disappointment for my experience at Lingua Nova English summer school in the first two weeks of July. I had been thoroughly looking forward to learning English and learning about culture in the UK, but I am afraid that my time at your summer school failed to live up to my expectations.
Your brochure states that the student accommodation is situated "in the heart of Edinburgh". This is misleading as my accommodation was, in fact, situated a good fifty minutes bus ride from the city center in what I can only describe as a less than picturesque part of the suburbs.
In addition, the activity programme did not reflect the fact that we were located in one of Europe's most interesting and historical cities: one evening activity consisted of a walk to a nearby park, another was a trip to a narrow street which was not usually used by cars. Finally, on our one trip into the city center our "guide" readily admitted that she was not from Edinburgh, and had in fact never visited the city before. I had been eagerly expecting a guided tour of Scotland's treasures. In fact, I was left in the city center with no map and told to "check things out" while your employee went shopping in Princes Street.
This was a long awaited trip and cost me over two years' hard work and saving. Although I do have positive memories of my trip (my English teachers were knowledgeable and inspiring), the accommodation and activity programme were wholly unsatisfactory.
I would like to get my money back for the accommodation and would really appreciate a reply within the next two weeks.
Yours sincerely,
Jovan Gagic [/INST] question: Jovan wrote the email to _ . | options: A: provide information B: share experiences C: express dissatisfaction D: raise expectations | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 1977, a dead author of detective stories saved the life of a 19-month-old baby in a most unusual way. The author was Agatha Christie, one of the most successful writers of detective stories in the world.
In June 1977, a baby girl became seriously ill in Qatar, near Saudi Arabia. Doctors were unable to find out the cause of her illness with confidence, so she was sent to Hammersmith Hospital in London. She was then only semi-conscious and on the "Dangerously Ill" list. A team of doctors hurried to examine the baby only to discover that they, too, were confused by the very unusual symptoms . While they were discussing the baby's case, a nurse asked to speak to them. "Excuse me," said Nurse Marsha Maitlan, "but I think the baby is suffering from thallium poisoning."
"What makes you think that?" Dr. Brown asked. "Thallium poisoning is extremely rare."
"A few days ago, I was reading a novel called A Pale Horse by Agatha Christie," Nurse Maitlan explained. "In the book, somebody uses thallium poison, and all the symptoms are described. They're exactly the same as the baby's."
"You're very thoughtful and you may be right," another doctor said. "We'll carry out some tests and find out whether it's thallium or not."
Tests showed that the baby had indeed been poisoned by thallium, a rare metallic substance used in making special glass. Once they knew the cause of the illness, the doctors were able to give the baby the correct treatment. She soon recovered and was sent back to Qatar. Later it was reported that the poison might have come from an insecticide used in Qatar. [/INST] question: The one who first suggested the correct cause of the baby's illness was _ . | options: A: a doctor in Qatar B: Dr. Brown C: Nurse Maitlan D: Agatha Christie | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today I went to Sam's school in the UK. It was really different from my school in China.
Girls wore grey skirts and white shirts, boys wore grey trousers, and everyone wore the school tie.
Some of Sam's lessons were a bit strange for me. We were reading Shakespeare in the English lesson, and there were quite some old words like "thou" and "thee" to mean "you". In history we studied 20th Century China. It was strange hearing a foreign side of history--and hearing English people trying to say all our Chinese names!
Classes were also a lot more relaxing than in China. Teachers were called "sir" or "miss", everyone shouted answers and raised their hands in classes. It was more like a _ than a class. A bell rang at the end of each lesson and everyone jumped up to go to the next class.
At break we bought potato chips and cookies in the dining room. Lunch was later than in China at 1 o'clock. We had big plates of pie with carrots. For dessert there was hot sweet rice called rice pudding.
It was good that I'd had an excellent lunch, because at Sam's school, Monday afternoons are taken up with sports.
I played my first game of netball--a bit like basketball, but with some differences. Fortunately , I'd had a quick look in the rule book before I tried to join in the game. [/INST] question: What class does Sam have on Monday afternoon? | options: A: Maths B: History C: PE D: Music | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you like Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf ? It's an interesting cartoon movie. Do you want to know what they do in their village every day?
I'm Nuan Yangyang. On school days, I always go to school at 8:00 in the morning. Then I go home at four fifteen in the afternoon. Then I do my homework at 5:00 in the afternoon. I have no
homework on weekends.
I'm Fei Yangyang. I want to be healthy, so I always get up at six o'clock in the morning. And I run to a sports club to play sports at 8:15 in the morning. Then I play games with my friends and get home at three o'clock in the afternoon.
I'm Lan Yangyang. I love eating and sleeping. And I don't like doing sports. I have meals at
home but I never wash the dishes .
I'm Mei Yangyang. I am a pretty girl. I like going to clothes stores. The clothes there are nice, so I often buy nice skirts there. I go to a singing club on weekends.
I'm Xi Yangyang. I like helping others. So I usually take the bus to the English club at ten
thirteen in the morning. There I help two kids learn to speak English. [/INST] question: Nuan Yangyang _ at 4:15P.M.. | options: A: go to school B: go home C: do homework D: get up | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you eaten too much over the holidays? You should try fidgeting for a while. Those around you might not like it, but scratching (moving your nails against a part of your body) and twitching (moving suddenly and quickly when you don't want to) is an important way of burning up calories .
American researchers have found that some people's squirming (continuously turn your body when nervous) and wigging (move in small movements, especially from side to side) equals several miles of slow running each day.
The scientists, based at the National Institute of Health's laboratory in Phenix, Arizona, are studying why some people get fat and other stay slim.
In one study 177 people each spent 24 hours in a room in the institute where the amount of energy is measured by their oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. By the end of the day, some people had burned up 800 calories in toe-tapping, (moving the front part of your foot up and down) finger-drumming (hitting your fingers continuously and lightly against something hard) and other nervous habits. However, others had burned up only 100 calories.
The researchers found that slim women fidget more than fat women, but there was no significant difference in men. Heavy people burn up more energy when they fidget than thin people do. [/INST] question: Which of the following can be used to explain the meaning of "fidgeting"? | options: A: scratching and twitching B: squirming and wigging C: slow running D: moving one's body nervously | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The temperature of the sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The sun is so much hotter than the earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the sun can never be directly observed.
Solar astronomers do know that the sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the sun's atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun begins.
The sun's outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the sun's rays.
The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the sun's equator.
The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the sun's corona rays reach the earth, they are weak and invisible. [/INST] question: Matter on the sun can exist only in the form of gas because of the sun's _ . | options: A: size B: age C: location D: temperature | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are a lot of reasons why growing your own food is a good idea. GIY helps reduce carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions . Food in supermarkets travels a long way and that produces a lot of CO2. If you grow as many vegetables as you can at home, you can help save the earth.
Vegetables you grow are also good for your health because they have more nutrients than supermarket vegetables and they don't have chemicals.
How much money can you save? First of all, seeds are a lot of cheaper than vegetables, and secondly, you can save more by planting the most expensive and the most productive vegetables. You can give your vegetables to fiends and neighbors. It can make you very popular.
Don't worry if you don't have much space. To GIY, you don't even need a garden. You can use pots on your balconies . And don't worry if your space doesn't get much sun. You can plant vegetables that don't need a lot of sun to grow.
Grow your own vegetables now. You will have both a healthier body and a healthier social life. [/INST] question: During the course of _ , food in supermarkets produces a lot of CO2. | options: A: growing B: collection C: transportation D: producing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When I was walking down the street one day, I found a small bag on the ground. I picked it up and opened it to see if I could find out the owner's name.There was nothing inside it except some dollars and an old photo--- a picture of a woman and a young girl about twelve years old. I put the photo back and took the bag to the police station.Before I left, the policeman wrote down my name and address.He thought the owner might want to thank me.
That evening I went to have dinner with my aunt and uncle.They had also asked a young woman to have dinner with us.Her face was familiar, but I couldn't remember where I had seen her.During our talk, the young woman happened to say that she had lost her bag that afternoon.At once I remembered where I had seen her.She was the young girl in the photo, though she was now much older.She was very surprised, of course, when I told her about the bag.
After dinner we went to the police station and she got back her bag.The policeman said to me, "It's a wonderful thing.You not only found the bag, but also the owner of the bag." [/INST] question: In the bag there was _ . | options: A: nothing B: a new photo and some money C: an old picture and some money D: some dollars and a piece of paper | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My name is Lily. I'm a junior high school student from Guangzhou. Last winter holiday, I visited Hong Kong for the first time with my mother and her workmates. Before we went through the entrance of the Customs and Excise Department (,CED), we had to wait for more than four hours there. All the passengers must show their permits to the workers at the CED one by one. So there were a large number of people waiting in lines at the entrance hall. It took us a long time to walk along the metal pipes which divided the big hall into many different parts. So the entrance hall looked like a huge puzzle. Everyone should finish walking through the puzzle if they wanted to pass the entrance. I waited patiently and walked slowly after others. I just could see the back of their heads. It was difficult for me to breathe because too many people were there. At last I passed it but I was too tired to say a word.
Last month I visited Hong Kong again. But this time I didn't spend much time waiting at the entrance of the CED because I got an Electronic Exit Permit with an "Electronic Brain" in it. When I passed the port of Hong Kong, I just needed to use it to touch the button at the entrance. It can save much time for people. I plan to visit Hong Kong again sometime in the future. [/INST] question: Who did Lily go to Hong Kong with last winter holiday? | options: A: Her classmates B: Her friends C: Her mother D: Her relatives | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An alcohol breath test (ABT) is often used by the police to find out whether a person is drunk while driving. In the United States, the legal blood alcohol limit is 0.08% for people aged 21 years or older, while people under 21 are not allowed to drive a car with any level of alcohol in their body. A "positive" test result, a result over the legal limit, allows the police to arrest the driver. However, many people who tested positive on the test have claimed that they only drank a "non-alcoholic" energy drink. Can one of these energy drinks really cause someone to test positive on an ABT? Researchers in Missouri set up an experiment to find out.
First, the amount of alcohol in 27 different popular energy drinks was measured. All but one had an alcohol level greater than 0.005%. In nine of the 27 drinks, the alcohol level was at least 0.096%.The scientists then investigated the possibility that these small levels of alcohol could be discovered by an ABT. They asked test _ to drink a full can or bottle of an energy drink and then gave each subject an ABT one minute and 15 minutes after the drink was finished.
For 11 of the 27energy drinks, the ABT did find the presence of alcohol if the test was given within one minute after the drink was taken. However, alcohol could not be discovered for any of the drinks if the test was given 15 minutes after the drink was consumed. This shows that when the test is taken plays an important role in the test result. The sooner the test is conducted after the consumption of these drinks, the more likely a positive alcohol reading will be obtained. [/INST] question: What is the legal alcohol level for a 20-year-old driver in the US? | options: A: 0.000% B: 0.005% C: 0.080% D: 0.096% | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: External otitis, or infection of the external ear canal, can be caused by a variety of organisms, notably including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus. There is, however, a severe subtype of external otitis, malignant external otitis, of which you should be aware. This form is specifically caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and tends to affect elderly diabetics and AIDS patients, causing the findings illustrated in the question stem. It is paicularly worrisome both because the Pseudomonas organism is so tissue destructive and because it is often highly resistant to most intravenous antibiotics. (Consult your local microbiology or pharmacology depaments for advice about local sensitivities if you encounter the condition.) Complications can be devastating, including deafness, facial nerve paralysis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis. Escherichia colic a cause both external otitis and acute otitis media, but does not usually cause malignant external otitis. Haemophilus influenzae is an impoant cause of acute otitis media. Proteus Vulgaris can cause external otitis but does not usually cause the malignant form. Staphylococcus aureus can cause external otitis but does not usually cause the malignant form. [/INST] question: An elderly diabetic consults a physician because of severe earache. Examination demonstrates foul-smelling purulent otorrhea and a red mass lesion of the external ear canal. Biopsy of the mass demonstrates granulation tissue. Most likely causative organism is? | options: A: Escherichia coli B: Haemophilus influenzae C: Proteus vulgaris D: Pseudomonas aeruginosa | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Anti viper venom assay The only clue given in the question is patient with prolonged APTT and no clinical bleeding. First we, look at the causes of isolated prolongation of APTT. Causes of isolated prolongation of PT Heparin - Lupus anticoagulant - Coagulation factor deficiency (factor V111, IX and XI, XII, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) Specific coagulation factor inhibitors (antibodies against .factor VIII or IX) Now we look for those causes of prolonged APTT which are not associated with bleeding Now we move on to the options and find out which among them will cause prolongation of PTT with no bleeding. Factor Ville assay:- Factor Ville or intrinsic factor VIII can be ruled out because its deficiency is associated with bleeding. Platelet aggregation tests :? Platelet aggregation test measures platelet function Any defect in platlet function will cause clinical bleeding Platelet .function defect does not affect PTT (it affects bleeding time, BT) Ristocetin co-factor assay :- Ristocetin co:factor assays are used to detect Von wilebrand's disease Von wilebrands disease cause prolongation of PTT but it is also associated with clinical bleeding so it can be ruled out. Russel viper venom test (Dilute Russel viper venom test) (dRVVT) Dilute Russel viper venom test is one of the test to detect lupus anticoagulant. Lupus anticoagulant is associated with prolongation in PTT and thrombosis (no bleeding) Lupus anticoagulant Lupus anticoagulants are acquired inhibitors directed against phospholipid binding proteins and are a common cause of APTT prolongation In Vivo, Lupus anticoagulant do not interfere with coagulation factor complex .formation on the platelet surface and are not usually associated with bleeding tendency, instead they are frequently associated with thrombosis. In Vitro, This prolongation results in paradoxical prolongation of phospholipid based clotting assays such as P77, kaolin clotting time and Dilute Russel viper venom antibody (dRVVT testing). A panel of test is required to confirm the presence of lupus antico- agulant These are:? - PTT - Kaolin clotting time - Dilute Russel viper Venom test (DRVT) These are phospholipid dependent tests We have already discussed that Lupus anticoagulant act against phospholipids and in vitro this inhibition leads to prolongation of phospholipid dependent assays. Follow up testing is performed to confirm or exclude the presence of lupus anticoagulant:-These may include :- Mixing study - An equal volume of patient plasma is mixed with normal pooled plasma and a PTT or DRVVT is performed on this mixture. The basic principle is that the normal plasma contributes a sufficient amount of clotting factor to correct .for a factor deficiency. - A mixing study that corrects the APTT is characteristic of a coagulation factor where as one that does not correct indicates a factor inhibitor. Correction neutralization (with phospholipids) :? - An excess of pho.spholipid is added to the patient sample and APII, DRVVT is performed. - The basic principle behind this is that lupus anticoagulant is directed against phospholipid. Hence phospholipid dependent assays are prolonged. - When excess phospholipid is added it overcomes the LA inhibition and corrects the test. [/INST] question: A 35 yr old lady with normal PT and increased a PIT. 2 year back, she was operated for cholecystectomy & did not have any bleeding episoe. What is next investigation for clinical diagnosis aEUR' | options: A: Factor VIII assay B: Anti viper venom assay C: Platelet aggregation test D: Ristocetin Cofactor assay | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For a commuter rushito catch a train, a minute can mean the difference
between dinner with the family and foods in the microwave. What most passengers don't realize
is that their minute is already there.
Every commuter train that departs from New York Cityabout 900 a d
leaves a minute later than scheduled. If the timetable says 8:14, the train will actually leave at
8:15.In other words, if you think you have only a minute to get that trainwell, relax. You
have two.
The courtesy minute , in place for decades and published only in private
timetables for employees, is meant for those who need the extra time to get off the platform and
onto the train.
"If everyone knows they get an extra minute, they're going to waste time doing
unimportant things," explained Marjorie Anders, a spokeswoman for the Metro-North Railroad.
Told of this article, Ms. Anders laughed. "Don't blow our cover!"she said.
Entirely hidden from the riding public, the secret minute is an odd departure from the
railroad culture of down-to-the-second accuracy. The railroad industry helped invent the concept*
of standard time, and time zones were established in the United States in the 1880s, 35 years
before they were written into law. And most commuters know their train by the accurate minute
it departs. The trains quickly make up the minute:at all other stops, the public timetable is
carried out. The courtesy minute does not exist at commuter railroads in Chicago, Los Angeles,
Philadelphia, or San Francisco. But in New York, the secret minute dates back decades.
"That's been done forever, from my knowledge," said Jack Swanberg, 70, an unofficial
historian of Metro-North. "I was the trainmaster starting in 1970 and I'm sure it's been the case
since 1870 for all I know." [/INST] question: The courtesy minute was hidden from the public to _ . | options: A: prevent the passengers' idleness B: .help invent the concept of standard time C: show the railroad company's patience D: follow the ancient tradition of New York City | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The neglected baby is crying alone. The young man, suffering from a lack of sleep, threatens suicide. The marriage fails because of the husband's crazy behavior.
Is this just another story of social breakdown in the modern age? Not really. But they are the effects of a real social problem--Internet Addiction , or, Internet Addiction Disorder.
The addiction is obvious from the popularity of one game alone: "Halo 2". It's a first-person shooter developed by Bungie Studios for the Xbox video game console. By early 2005, 1 million players worldwide had clocked up an amazing 100 million hours on the game, among which are 360, 000 Chinese players.
China has about 94 million regular Internet users. Of these, a survey suggested, 4.4 million are teenagers who are so addicted to it that they neglect anything else.
Video gamers who have gone too far show symptoms similar to those of alcohol and drug abusers. "The real world meant nothing to me when I was fully involved in online games. I lost track of time, space, hunger, pain, and everything," explained Liu Pinyi, a 19-year-old college dropout. She has had treatment in Beijing for her addiction.
What makes it similar to drugs is that online game addicts also develop a chemical imbalance in their brains. Gaming stimulates the production of a chemical compound that produces delighted or pleasant feelings. When they're away from the screen, they suffer feelings of anxiety and headaches.
Experts say young people are attracted to video games partly because they are partly because they are pushed right into the center of the action. This allows them to overcome a lack of confidence which people at that age can often suffer from. [/INST] question: How much time in total had Chinese game players spent on "Halo 2" by early 2005? | options: A: 1 million hours B: 94 million hours C: 100 million hours D: 36 million hours | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The symptoms of the patient are d/t hypersensitivity type I reaction Type I is mediated by IgE and it flairs up within minutes.
The symptoms range from rashes to anaphylactic shock with vasodilatory hypotension and bronchiolar spasm.
Examples of type I
Eczema*
Hay fever*
Asthma*
Anaphylactic shock*
Urticaria*
A cute dermatitis *
Theobald Smith reaction *
Other hypersensitivity reactions
Type II
is characterized by an antigen-antibody reaction on the surface of a host cell*.
Mediated by IgG or IgM.
Examples
1. Blood transfusion reactions *
2. Transplant rejection *
3. Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia*
4. Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura *
5. Diabetes disease*
6. Good pasture’s syndrome *
7. Grave's disease*
8. Myasthenia gravis*
9. Pemphigus
0. Pernicious anaemia*
1. Rheumatic fever*
Type HI reactions
Mediated by antigen/antibody complex*.
Examples
1. PAN*
2. Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis*
3. Rheumatoid arthritis*
4. Systemic lupus erythematosus*
5. Acute viral hepatitis*
6. Penicillamine toxicity*
7. Serum sickness*
8. Arthus reaction*
Type IV reaction
Cell-mediated reaction (delayed hypersensitivity)*.
Examples
1. Tuberculosis*
2. Sarcoidosis*
3. Temporal arteritis
4. Contact dermatitis* (not that acute dermatitis in type I)
5. Lepromin test*
6. Patch test*
7. PPD* [/INST] question: Ram Devi presented with generalized edema sweating and | options: A: T cell mediated cytotoxicity B: IgG mediated reaction C: IgE mediated reaction D: IgA mediated hypersensitivity reaction | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once upon a time two friends lived in a palace . They both worked for the King . One of them liked a girl and wanted to give her a present .
One day , he was walking with his friend in the main palace hall , and he saw a big vase filled with the loveliest flowers he could imagine . He decided to take one to the girl , thinking that no one would see him to so . He did the same thing the next day , and the next .... until one day , the King noticed how few flowers were left in the vase . He was so angry that he called everyone in the palace to assemble .
When they were all before the King , the boy wanted to tell the truth . However , his friend told him to be quiet . But when the King came near , he decided to _ .
As soon as the boy said that he had done it , the King was angry . But on hearing what the boy has done with the flowers , the King said , " I couldn't have thought of a better use for my flowers . "
From that day , the boy and the King became great friends . They went to take two of those wonderful flowers , one for the girl and the other for the Queen .
Overcoming fear to tell the truth is difficult , but in the end it isn't so bad . [/INST] question: The boy took the flower for _ . | options: A: his mother B: the king C: a girl D: his friend | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When Regina Mary' parents refused to let her get a horse ,the smart 15-year-olddidn't sit in her room and complain. Instead she turned to a cow called Luna to make her riding dreams come true.
Hours of training ,and tons of treats later, the results are impressive: not only do the two regularly go on long rides through the southern German countryside, they can even do some difficult jumps successfully. Regina joked while sitting on her brown-and-white companion: "It's unbelievable really , She thinks she's a horse."
The pairs unlikely friendship started about two years ago, shortly after Luna was born on the Mayer's farm. They
started off with walks in the woods. Then Mayer slowly got her cow more adapted to human contact and riding equipment.
About six months later, it was time to see how Luna would respond to a rider on her back in a competition for horses. Mayer sat in the saddle ,and all went as planned. "She was really well behaved and walked normally, but after a couple of meters, she wanted to get me off her back! You could see that she got a bit _ " said Mayer.
Luna and Mayer are now soul mates, spending most afternoons together once the teen--who dreams of becoming a nurse one day--come home from school. [/INST] question: Regina's plan is to be _ in the future. | options: A: an animal trainer B: a horse rider C: a farmer D: a nurse | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today, children start to use computers, smart phones and tablets from a very young age. Many parents and child experts believe that this is very wrong. They claim that early exposure to technology can make individuals lazy and distracted. That may be true, but there it is practically impossible to change the world we live in now. _ . That is Microsoft's Windows 8 App Store. One of its applications is entirely educational, Windows 8. There, students of all ages can find apps that can greatly help them in their studies. We have prepared the 4 best of them.
Wikipedia--Wikipedia is the first place where students search for information. The articles on the popular website are updated regularly and they include many details, figures and resources. With this app, you can access Wikipedia faster than ever.
SAS Flash Cards--One of the most effective ways to learn your school or university material is by using the so-called "flash cards". This app, however, allows users to create an entire set of cards in a matter of minutes. Also, the cards can be divided into different subject categories, which makes studying easier and more fun than ever before.
Kindle Reader--If you don't have a Kindle e-Book reader, you can use your Windows 8 device. Just install this app and the Kindle word will land in your smart phone, tablet or laptop. With the Kin-die Reader W8 app, you can also organize and store all of your favorite books.
My Study Life--This application is the mobile version of the website My Study Life. The app can be very useful for students in terms of school and university organization. There you can store all the information you want like homework, assignments and papers. In addition, you can create your own school calendar that will remind you of your upcoming exams, for instance.
There is one main reason why these Windows 8 apps are appropriate for students. Apart from useful, they are completely free! All you need to do is go to Microsoft's Windows 8 App Store, download the applications you want and install them onto your device. [/INST] question: If you want to know of Rafael Nadal you can use _ . | options: A: Wikipedia B: SAS Flash Cards C: Kindle Reader D: My Study Life | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: William Shakespeare is the most famous playwright . Although he died in 1616, people still go to see his plays. Among the most popular are Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream and Hamlet -- the story of a prince who struggles to respond to the crimes around him.
Shakespeare, who was born in 1564, was an actor as well as a writer. Most of his ideas for plays were taken from history, people's conversation, ancient stories, and also from other writers. He wrote not only about kings and queens and princes, but also about friends and ordinary people. He wrote about the cruelty of war and the bravery of heroes, as well as about jealousy, joy, hate, ambition and love. His stories live on. The tragedy Romeo and Juliet was reborn as the musical West Side Story and more recently as the movie Romeo and Juliet with the wonderful performance of Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes.
He invented a number of great characters: powerful magicians, thrilling witches, smart women and both wise and wicked men. He also invented some great phrases. If you've ever said, "Oh, for goodness sake!" you can thank Shakespeare for that. "To be, or not to be: that is the question," Hamlet says. "Good night, good night. Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it is morrow," says Juliet to her Romeo.
Don't be surprised if you don't understand everything when reading Shakespeare or watching one of his plays because the meanings of many words have changed over the years. And Shakespeare's characters speak in poetry, so their speeches can be complicated.
It does help to find out a little bit about the story before reading a Shakespeare play. It's worth the effort. As Shakespeare wrote, "All the world is a stage." And in his plays you'll find that an entire world is waiting for you. [/INST] question: Shakespeare created the following characters EXCEPT _ . | options: A: Juliet B: Hamlet C: Claire Danes D: Romeo | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you travel in some areas of India, you'll be lucky enough to be waited on by special guides - monkeys. These monkeys are always ready to serve you. Hungry, you just need to point to your own stomach and they'll lead you to the nearest restaurant. Thirsty, the monkeys will lead you to a bar. Tired, you put both of your hands behind your head and the monkeys will take you to the nearest hotel. Don't feel surprised when they put out their hairy hands to you after the service is done. They are just asking for a little money as a tip. After that, they will wave their hands as if they are saying goodbye to you.
Believe it or not, these monkeys are from the school for monkeys in India, where they were trained for one year. They are not the only monkey students in the world. Some are being trained as nurses in an American medical college. These monkeys are about to look after patients and help-them with their housework.
A three-year-old monkey named Helen has learned to turn on TV, turn off lights, and open doors and windows when she is told to. Once the job is done, she will rush to her master, hoping to get some food as a reward. [/INST] question: When you're thirsty, the monkey will lead you to _ . | options: A: a bar B: a hotel C: a restaurant D: a shop | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is the most common cause of vocal cord paralysis. It from the Vagus, travels fuher on the left where it loops around the arch of Aoa while on the right, it travels around the subclan aery. Supplies all the muscles (posterior Cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid, lateral Cricoarytenoid, and Thyroarytenoid muscles) except for Cricothyroid.Laryngeal Nerve Paralysis: Three areas where damage can occurBrainstem NucleiCoicobulbar fibers sta from the cerebral coex and descend through the internal capsule and synapse at the nucleus ambiguus in the MedullaVagus NerveRecurrent Laryngeal Nerve is the commonest cause.Recurrent laryngeal nerve:Arises from the Vagus, travels fuher on the left where it loops around the arch of Aoa while on the right, it travels around the subclan aery. The intrinsic muscles of the larynx, all of which are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, include the: 1. Posterior cricoarytenoid the ONLY abductor of the vocal folds. Functions to open the glottis by rotary motion on the arytenoid cailages. Also tenses cords during phonation. 2. Lateral cricoarytenoid functions to close glottis by rotating arytenoids medially. 3. Transverse arytenoid only unpaired muscle of the larynx. Functions to approximate bodies of arytenoids closing posterior aspect of glottis. 4. Oblique arytenoid this muscle plus action of transverse arytenoid function to close laryngeal introitus during swallowing. 5. Thyroarytenoid - very broad muscle, usually divided into three pas:Thyroarytenoideus internus (vocalis) - adductor and major tensor of free edge of vocal fold.Thyroarytenoideus externus - major adductor of vocal foldThyroepiglotticus - shoens vocal ligamentsThe cricothyroid muscle is considered to be an extrinsic muscle of the larynx because it is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. It functions to increase tension in the vocal folds, especially at the upper range of pitch or loudness. [/INST] question: Injury of which of these nerve most commonly leads to vocal cord paralysis? | options: A: Recurrent laryngeal B: External laryngeal C: Internal laryngeal D: Superior laryngeal | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A well-dressed man entered a famous jewelry shop. He explained that he wished to buy a pearl for his wife' s birthday. The price didn't matter, since business had been very good for him that year. After examining a nice black one that costs $5, 000, he paid for the pearl in cash, shook hands with the jeweler, and left.
A few days later the man returned and said that his wife liked the pearl so much that she wanted another one just like it. It had to be exactly the same size and quality as she wanted a pair of earrings made. "Can you give me any advice on how to get such a pearl?" said the man. The jeweler regretfully replied, "I would say it's exactly impossible to find one exactly like that pearl."
The rich man insisted that the jeweler advertise in the newspapers, offering $25,000 for the matching pearl. Many people answered the advertisement but nobody had a pearl that was just right.
Just when the jeweler had given up hope, a little old lady came into his store. To his great surprise, she pulled the perfect pearl from her purse." I don't like to part with it." she said sadly, I got it from my mother, and ,my mother got it from hers. But I really need the money.
The jeweler was quickly to pay her before she changed her mind .Then he called the rich man's hotel to tell him the good news .The man, however, was nowhere to be found. [/INST] question: The man said he wanted to buy a pearl for _ . | options: A: his wife B: his mother-in-law C: his own mother D: no one | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A young woman with Amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome demonstrating a tumour of <10 mm in diameter in pituitary fossa confirms the diagnosis of prolactinoma.
Pituitary adenoma
< 10 mm in diameter→ Microadenome
> 10 mm in diameter.→ Macroadenoma
REMEMBER
Mass effects of pituitary adenoma can only be seen when they are greater than 10 mm.
T/T of prolactinoma.
The t/t of choice for prolactinomas is bromocriptine.
Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonists which inhibits the secretion and synthesis of prolactin.
Under the influence of Bromocriptine, the tumours decreases in size within days, the prolactin level falls, and the visual field defect improves.
The surgical tit is
Transphenoidal microsurgical approach with an attempt at total removal of the tumours.
Indications for surgery in case of prolactinoma.
Dopamine resistance or intolerance.
Presence of invasive macroadenoma with compromised vision that fails to improve rapidly after drug treatment. Prolactin, normalization is seen in 70% microadenomas after resection, but only 30% of macroderma can be successfully resected. [/INST] question: Young women with secondary amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. MRI shows a tumor of < 10mm diameter in the pituitary fossa. Treatment is - | options: A: Hormonal therapy for withdrawal bleeding B: Radiotherapy C: Chemotherapy D: Bromocriptine | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Points to note
Concentration of ions
Na+ concentration higher in ECF
K+ concentration higher in ICF
Cl- concentration higher in ECF
K+ leak channels allow K+ to move from ICF to ECF
Na+ is prevented from entering to the cell.
Inside the cell, negativity is higher because Na+K+ pump pushes out 3 Na+ while taking in 2 K+.
K+ leaks to ECF, along the concentration gradient, until the electrical gradient prevents further leak (inside the cell is more negative compared to ECF). So electrical gradient wants to pull positive charges towards ICF while concentration gradient wants to pull K+ towards ECF. This brings a balance in movement of K+.
Now, if the concentration of K+ in ECF is increased
The concentration gradient of K+ is decreased.
Less leaking of K+ from ICF to ECF.
More positivity of the membrane OR Less negativity of the membrane OR Decreased magnitude of RMP.
If the concentration of K+ in ECF is decreased
The concentration gradient of K+ is increased.
More leaking of K+ from ICF to ECF.
More negativity of the membrane OR Less positivity of the membrane OR Increased magnitude of RMP. [/INST] question: What is/are effect on membrane when extracellular concentration of K+ is decreaseda) ↓magnitude of RMPb) ↑negativity of the membranec) ↑magnitude of RMPd) ↓negativity of membrane | options: A: bc B: c C: ac D: ad | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you like eating chocolate? Companies spend millions of dollars on tools and machines to make chocolate. With a little ingredients, however, you can turn your kitchen into a chocolate factory. Today we will teach the Cocoa Powder Method , it is easier for beginners. Try it and make your own homemade chocolate.
Here are the ingredients you need:
cocoa powder -- 2 cups (220g) ; butter -- 3/4 cup (170g); sugar -- 3/4 cup (100g); milk -- 2/3 cup (150ml); salt -- a little bit ; water -- 1 cup (235ml).
Now, please follow these steps. First, mix the cocoa powder and butter in a bowl until you have a smooth paste . Then , add the cocoa powder mixture to the hot water and stir . Allow the temperature to rise back up. Put the hot mixture into a bowl, stir the sugar mixture into the hot cocoa mix. Add milk, stir until smooth. At last, put the mixture into different containers . The chocolate will take the shape of the container. You can put it in the fridge to harden it.
We hope you can enjoy your homemade chocolate. [/INST] question: What is NOT necessary when we are making chocolate? | options: A: cocoa power B: salt C: water D: egg | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You're on the school bus. But as soon as you turn the corner, you find yourself at the end of a very long queue. It's another _ ! It is stop-start for the rest of your journey. Meanwhile, at the same time in Antarctica , snow covers the land. A group of emperor penguins crowd together to keep warm, using stop-and-go movements to protect themselves from the winds. Can you see the connection?
Emperor penguins move like cars in traffic jams to keep warm, that's according to new research by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marina Research in Germany. A penguin only needs to move 2cm in any direction for its neighbor to do the same thing. These movements then flow through the whole group of penguins like a "traveling wave".
These waves also help smaller crowds join bigger groups, keeping more and more of their friends warm. A single Antarctic "traffic jam" has thousands of penguins. Interestingly, the technology used for studying road traffic jams was used to study the penguins. This included studying time-lapse videos. Scientists also discovered that unlike on the road, these waves can be made by any penguin and in any direction.
With temperatures usually dropping below -50degC, and winds reaching speeds of up to 200km/h, these traveling waves are very important for penguins to keep warm.
These penguins can also teach us a lesson. In big groups, they learn to be orderly and patient, and to never crash into each other. These are skills we should all learn from them when we are on the road! [/INST] question: Emperor penguins get together to _ . | options: A: keep warm B: play games C: learn from each other D: cross the road | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This enzyme contains a phosphopantetheine residue, derived from the vitamin pantothenic acid, and a cysteine residue; both contain sulfhydryl groups that can form thioesters with acyl groups. The growing fatty acyl chain moves from one to the other of these sulfhydryl residues as it is elongated.a. Addition of C-2 units(1). Initially, acetyl-CoA reacts with the phosphopantetheinyl residue and then the acetyl group is transferred to the cysteinyl residue. This acetyl group provides the o-carbon of the fatty acid produced by the fatty acid synthase complex.(2). A malonyl group from malonyl-CoA forms a thioester with the phosphopantetheinyl sulfhydryl group.(a). Malonyl-CoA is formed from acetyl-CoA by a carboxylation reaction that requires biotin and ATP.(b). The enzyme is acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a regulatory enzyme that is inhibited by phosphorylation, activated by dephosphorylation and citrate, and induced by insulin. The enzyme that phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the AMP-activated protein kinase (not protein kinase A ).(3). The acetyl group on the fatty acid synthase complex condenses with the malonyl group; the CO2 that was added to the malonyl group by acetyl-CoA carboxylase is released; and a b-ketoacyl group, containing four carbons, is produced.b. Reduction of the b-ketoacyl group(1). The b-keto group is reduced by NADPH to a b- hydroxy group.(2). Then, dehydration occurs, producing an enoyl group with the double bond between carbons 2 and 3.(3). Finally, the double bond is reduced by NADPH, and a C-4 acyl group is generated.(a). The NADPH for these reactions is produced by the pentose phosphate pathway and by the malic enzyme.c. Elongation of the growing fatty acyl chain(1). The acyl group is transferred to the cysteinyl sulfhydryl group, and malonyl-CoA reacts with the phosphopantetheinyl group. Condensation of the acyl and malonyl groups occurs with the release of CO2, followed by the three reactions that reduce the b-keto group. The chain is now longer by two carbons.(2). This sequence of reactions repeats until the growing chain is 16 carbons in length.(3). Palmitate, a C-16 saturated fatty acid, is the final product released by hydrolysis from the fatty acid synthase complex.Fatty acid synthesis is maximal in the fed state when insulin is elevated and the glucagon-to-insulin ratio is low. Glucose is converted to citrate, which moves from the mitochondrion to the cytosol, where it is cleaved to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA. The regulatory enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires biotin and converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which provides the 2-carbon units for the elongation of the fatty acyl chain by the fatty acid synthase complex. Thus, biotin (for the carboxylation reaction) and coenzyme A (to produce acetyl-CoA) are the required cofactors for fatty acid synthesis. NADPH provides reducing equivalents. The major product of the fatty acid synthase complex is palmitic acid. [/INST] question: Which one of the following best represents de novo fatty acid biosynthesis starting with cytosolic citrate? | options: A: NADH is Required - no; Major Product is - Palmitic acid; Occurs at a Glucagon-to-insulin Ratio Best Described as - low; Required Cofactors - Biotin B: NADH is Required - no; Major Product is - Stearic acid; Occurs at a Glucagon-to-insulin Ratio Best Described as - high; Required Cofactors - Coenzyme A C: NADH is Required - no; Major Product is - Palmitic acid; Occurs at a Glucagon-to-insulin Ratio Best Described as - low; Required Cofactors - Biotin and Coenzyme A D: NADH is Required - yes; Major Product is - Stearic acid; Occurs at a Glucagon-to-insulin Ratio Best Described as - high; Required Cofactors - Biotin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Without flowers, many plants would not be able to reproduce and many insects would not be able to get enough food to live. Here are some interesting facts about flowers plants.
* Most plants grow flowers each year, but some take much longer. The century plant grows only one flower and then it dies! Even more amazing is a plant from South America called Puya raimondii. It doesn't grow a flower until it is 150 years old, and after that it dies, too.
* The smallest flowering plant in the world is thought to be the common watermeal . Its leaves are only 1mm across!
* Bamboo has amazing flowering habits. There are many different kinds of bamboo in the world. And they have different flowering habits. A few flower each year, but most wait much longer. What is amazing is that all bamboo of the same kind will flower almost at the same time, where it is 6 growing! Nobody knows why.
* The white flower of the Amazon water lily is the size of a football, and the flower turns purple after it has been pollinated .
* The Caucasian lime can grow in Britain. Its flowers are _ to bees. If they touch the flowers, they will die. [/INST] question: Which of the following plants needs the longest time to grow flowers? | options: A: The bamboo B: The watermeal C: The Puya raimondii D: The Caucasian lime | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Although he died almost 40 years ago,Bruce Lee is still considered the greatest and most influential kung fu performer of the 20th century.His films brought traditional Hong Kong kung fu movies to a new level of popularity,and introduced kung fu to millions of people in the West.
Bona in the USA in 1940,Lee returned to his native Hong Kong before his birthday.As a teenager,the highly intelligent boy was accepted into one of Hong Kong's most famous middle schools but he paid little attention to his studies. He was more interested in sport,especially kung fu,and hanging out with his street-gang friends. In 1959,Lee got into trouble with the police for fighting.His mother,fearing he would end up in prison,sent him to the USA. Two years later,he began studying at university there.
While still a student,Lee opened his own kung fu school,teaching a new fighting style he had developed.What made Lee's style different was that it used power,strength and,quick--action attacks.It also combined Japanese,Korean and South American fighting styles with traditional stow--moving Chinese kung fu.
Among Lee's students were several famous actors who,impressed by his good--looks and fighting skill,encouraged him to start acting.Over the next fire years Lee achieved some Success in America.But his dream of introducing his fighting style into American movies was not accepted by local film makers who thought western audiences were not interested in kung fu.
Determined to prove them wrong,Lee returned to Hong Kong in 1970.There he made two films
(1971)and
(1972),using his kung fu ideas and techniques.The movies were huge hits world--wide,making Lee an international star and symbol of kung fu.These were followed by what is widely considered the greatest kung fu movie of all time,
(1973).Tragically however,Lee suddenly and mysteriously died while making his next movie
. He was only 33 years old. [/INST] question: AS a teenager,Lee was very _ . | options: A: quiet B: hard--working C: brave D: smart | answer: D </s> |
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