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<s>[INST] context: ERYTHROMYCIN It was isolated from Streptomyces erythreus in 1952. Since then it has been widely employed, mainly as alternative to penicillin. Water solubility of erythromycin is limited, and the solution remains stable only when kept in cold. Uses A . As an alternative to penicillin 1 . Streptococcal pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mastoiditis and community acquired respiratory infections caused by pneumococci and H. influenzae respond equally well to erythromycin. It is an alternative drug for prophylaxis of rheumatic fever and SABE. However, many bacteria resistant to penicillin are also resistant to erythromycin. 2. Diphtheria: acute stage as well as for carriers-7 day treatment. Some prefer it over penicillin. Antitoxin is the primary treatment. 3. Tetanus: as an adjuvant to antitoxin, toxoid therapy. 4. Syphilis and gonorrhoea: only if other alternative drugs, including tetracyclines also cannot be used: relapse rates are higher. 5. Leptospirosis: 250 mg 6 hourly for 7 days in patients allergic to penicillins. B. As a first choice drug for 1 . Atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: rate of recovery is hastened. 2. Whooping cough: a 1-2 week course of erythromycin is the most effective treatment for eradicating B. peussis from upper respiratory tract. However, effect on the symptoms depends on the stage of disease when treatment is staed. (a) Prophylactic: during the 10 day incubation period-disease is prevented. (b) Catarrhal stage: which lasts for about a week-erythromycin may abo the next stage or reduce its duration and severity. (c) Paroxysmal stage: lasting 2-4 weeks-no effect on the duration and severity of &;croup&; despite eradication of the causative organism. (d) Convalescent stage: during which &;croup&; gradually resolves (4-12 weeks)-is not modified 3. Chancroid : erythromycin 2 g/ day for 7 days is one of the drugs of choice, as effective as azithromycin or ceftriaxone. C. As a second choice drug in 1 . Campylobacter enteritis: duration of diarrhoea and presence of organisms in stools is reduced. However, fluoroquinolones are superior. 2. Legionnaires&; pneumonia: 3 week erythromycin treatment is effective, but azithromycin/ ciprofloxacin are preferred. 3. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of urogenital tract: erythromycin 500 mg 6 hourly for 7 days is an effective alternative to single dose azithro mycin. 4. Penicillin-resistant Staphylococcal infections: its value has reduced due to emergence of erythromycin resistance as well. It is not effective against MRSA ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:729 [/INST] question: Drug of choice for prophylaxis of diphtheria is: | options: A: Tetracycline B: Erythromycin C: Ciprofloxacin D: Amikacin | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lomography was first officially introduced to China when the Lomography World Congress was held in Beijing in July, 2004. The Lomography World Congress is the greatest annual event of the Lomographic Society. It has been held in Madrid, New York, Tokyo, Cologne and Vienna, etc. The 2004's _ took place in Beijing and ran a full week.
The first non-official affair of Chinese Lomographers was held in August, 2005 and it attracted much attention. A lot of energetic young people got together under the banner of "I Loma you" which was the slogan of this big party. In China Lomo is more of a symbol of fashion and youth, and most of the Lomographers are stylish young people who work with or study art. The organizer told the editor that the oldest Lomographer who came here is in his forties while the youngest one is about nine years old, but most of the people who are into Lomo are about 20 years old. In China the concept of Lomography is not only about Lomographyer taking photos with Lomo camera, but also a kind of spirit. "I think, generally, the Lomo spirit is everyone trying to love one's own life and discover the beauty of everyday life," the organizer said, "what I think more important is the idea of freedom and creativity. The 10 th Golden Rule is 'don't worry about any rules', I think it introduces to us a concept: It's you who make the rules and it's you who break the rules. So free your mind and let your creativity work, and your life will be fantastic." [/INST] question: People who are into Lomo are mostly _ . | options: A: about 9 years old B: in their forties C: teenagers D: about 20 years old | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The plain films demonstrate dilated stomach and proximal loops of bowel. The cross-table upper GI demonstrates a "curly Q" twist of barium as it passes through the malrotated portion of bowel. Malrotation results when incomplete rotation of the intestines occurs during embryologic development. The most common type of malrotation is failure of the cecum to move to its correct location in the right lower quadrant. Most patients present in the first weeks of life with bilious vomiting indicative of bowel obstruction and/or intermittent abdominal pain. Acute presentation, similar to that in the question, is caused by a volvulus of the intestines. The diagnosis is confirmed by radiographs; barium contrast studies (upper GI and/or enema) demonstrate malposition of the cecum in the vast majority of cases. Treatment is surgical. Appendicitis is rare at this age and presents as an acute, rigid abdomen and signs of sepsis. Pyloric stenosis usually does not occur until after 3 weeks of life and presents with nonbilious vomiting. If the child were 6 months or older, intussusception would be higher on the differential, but it is an unusual condition for this age. Jejunal atresia would have been noted on the first day of life, as the patient would not have tolerated any feeds prior to newborn discharge. [/INST] question: A 1-week-old previously healthy infant presents to the emergency room with the acute onset of bilious vomiting. The abdominal plain film in the emergency department (A) and the barium enema done after admission (B) are shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient? | options: A: Jejunal atresia B: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis C: Malrotation with volvulus D: Acute appendicitis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Questionnaire(,)
Read the questions and answer YES or NO, then you will find out how good you are.
1. When you don 't understand something, you ask questions. #
2. You like listening to older people talk about the past. #
3. You think that you can learn something interesting from everyone around you. #
4. You are brave enough when you have to talk to people you don't know. #
5. You enjoy reading books about famous people. #
6. You always see and talk to different people. #
7. You are interested in learning new ways of doing things. #
8. You enjoy sharing experiences with friends and learning from people of all ages. #
9.You talk a lot about yourself. #
10. Even if you are often wrong, you make your own decisions. #
11.You hate teaching what you are good at: sports, technology, whatever. #
12.Your parents don't understand you, so you don't talk to them much. #
SCORE NOW!
Score 2 points if you answer YES to each of the first 8 questions, and 0 if you choose NO.
Score 2 points if you answer NO to each of the last 4 questions, and 0 if you choose YES.
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18--24 You are friendly and open-minded. You make people feel important by listening to what they have to say. You'll probably succeed in learning al1 kinds of interesting things. Good for you!
10--16 Remember that every single person you know can teach you something. You will greatly make your life rich and colorful.
0- 8 About 400 years ago, a famous writer wrote, "No man is an island. "This is still useful today. Try to be more open and interested in people around you. [/INST] question: If you say "YES" to all these questions , you'll get _ points. | options: A: 12 B: 16 C: 20 D: 24 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today there are 6.4 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be 12.5 billion . There are a lot of people to feed. We need more and more food.
One way to produce more food is growing stronger plants. For thousands of years, farmers have made plants better. Every season, they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983, scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material. Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods, or GM foods
By changing the genetic material of a plant, it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help in our diseases; a kind of rice is being prepared , for example , which stops people becoming blind.
Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food.
GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are,. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against them, because they are unnatural. They may feed people , then hurt them or their children later. But both rich and poor countries are interested in their use, and they are not going to go away. In 2050, we may think differently about them. [/INST] question: GM foods are made by _ . | options: A: farmers B: workers C: scientists D: plants | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Intake of primaquine acts as a trigger for hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, and not related to sickle cell disease/sickling. Sickle cell disease Caused by a point mutation in which there is replacement of glutamic acid by valine at position 6 of the beta chain generating a sticky patch on the surface of HbS. The sticky patch on the surface of adjacent HbS molecules cause their polymerization resulting in formation of long fibrous precipitates. HbA, HbF can also weakly interact with HbS & prevent its polymerization (HbF >> HbA), therefore individuals with co-inherited condition of hereditary persistence of fetal Hb (HPFH) have less severe due to reduced sickling. Intracellular dehydration, increases the MCHC, facilitates sickling. Condition reducing MCHC also lead to less severe disease, eg. individual who is homozygous for HbS also has coexistent a-thalassemia, which reduces Hb synthesis and leads to milder disease. A decrease in intracellular pH reduces the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, thereby increasing the fraction of deoxygenated HbS at any given oxygen tension and augmenting the tendency for sickling. [/INST] question: In sickle cell disease, which of the following does not influence the degree of sickling of red cells? | options: A: Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin B: Intracellular pH C: Intake of primaquine D: Co-existing a-thalassemia | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many teenagers feel that the most important people in their lives are their friends. They believe that their family members don't know them as well as their friends do. In large families, it's quite often for brothers and sisters to fight with (...)each other and then they can only go to their friends for some ideas. It is very important for teenagers to have one good friend or a group of friends in their lives.
Even when they are not with their friends, they usually spend a lot of time talking among(......) them on the phone. This communication is very important in children's growing up, because friends can discuss something. These things are difficult to say to their family members in fact.
However, parents often try to choose their children's friends for them. Some parents even stop their children from meeting their good friends. Have you ever thought of the following questions?
Who choose your friends? Do you choose your friends or your friends choose you? Have you got a good friend your parents don't like? Your answers are welcome.
Choose the best answers:(. ) [/INST] question: Many teenagers think that _ can understand them better. | options: A: friends B: brothers C: sisters D: parents | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Mark Twain" was the name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835~1910) when he wrote books.His father was a lawyer,but a poor one,who lived in Florida,Missouri.The family was so poor that Samuel did not receive much teaching.He had to learn all that he could from the people whom he met.His father died when he was very young,and then there was even less money than before.
Many of the men in this part of America worked in the ships on the great Mississippi River,and he did this himself at one time (1857).
Where did he find the name "Mark Twain"? It came from the great river itself.It was part of one of the cries used by men who worked in the ships.When a man called "By the mark twain!" he meant that the river was "two marks deep" there,that is to say,six feet deep ( "Twain" is an old form of the word "Two".) Samuel Clemens often heard these words when he was young,and he used them as a pen name all his life.
During his work on the Mississippi he met travelers of all kinds,and this helped him a great deal when he started to write.But the number of travelers became smaller when war started in America in 1861.Many of the great ships on the river stopped work.Samuel left then and went to Nevada with his brother,who was at that time Governor of Nevada.There,near the town of Carson,Samuel became a gold miner,but he never made much money at the time.He soon saw that life in the gold mines was not for him.He also tried writing for the newspapers in Nevada,and this seemed more hopeful.He found that he could write.
He went to Europe in 1867 and visited France and Italy.In 1870 he married Olivia Langdon,and two years later he was spending nearly all his time writing.Among his books is his own story (1908).
He is now always known as Mark Twain,and many people do not even know that his family name was Clemens.He traveled in America and in England,and went to Oxford in 1907.He was one of the great American writers of the time,and could make his readers laugh--a thing which few writers can do.He died in 1910. [/INST] question: "Mark Twain" was _ . | options: A: a famous American writer B: name of a book C: a great river in America D: a large ship | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This pt. is suspected to have Ca Prostate as
Prostatic Ca is the most common malignant tumor in men over 65 yrs. of age.
Symptoms of Bladder outlet obstruction and back pains (due to bony metastasis in the pelvis & lumbar vertebra) indicate towards prostate Ca.
Serum acid phosphates is a tumor marker of prostate Ca.
But now serum acid phosphates assay has been superseded by PSA assay (Prostate specific antigen).
Prostate-specific antigen
It is a glycoprotein produced only in the prostatic cells (both benign & malignant). It facilitates liquefaction of semen.
It is neither sensitive nor specific for early prostate carcinoma (it is prostate specific and not prostate cancer specific), nevertheless it gives some help in making a diagnosis.
Normal serum level → less than 4 mg/ml
4 - 10 mg/ml → this range is common for both BHP and Ca.
More than 10 mg/ml → approx 75% will have cancer.
Since PSA is not specific for Ca, PSA Velocity & PSA density is used to detect Prostate cancer.
PSA velocity is the rate of change in PSA levels over time and is expressed most commonly as the PSA doubling time. For men with a PSA above 4, PSA velocity of more than .75 mg/ml year is suggestive of Ca. While for those with lower PSA levels, rates above 0.5 mg/ml, per year should be used to advise biopsy.
PSA density is calculated by dividing the serum PSA by the estimated prostate weight (measured by TRUS). It was developed to correct for the contribution of BPH to the total PSA level.
Values < 0.10 are consistent with BPH.
> 0.15 suggest cancer [/INST] question: Mr Chaturvedi a 70-year-old man comes to casualty with urinary retention and back pain. Which investigation should be performed - | options: A: Serum acid phosphatase B: Serum Calcium C: Serum alkaline phosphatase D: Serum electrophoresis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Don't you want to go to school? You could tell your parents you're ill. But last Monday, students from Shanghai and Zhejiang had an even better excuse: a typhoon !
Typhoon Khanun hit East China on September 11. In Shanghai, all the school were closed the next day, Monday.
It was the first time that Shanghai had to close schools because of bad weather.
But some students still came to school that day. " I didn't get the notice that the school was closing," said Shen Sheng, a Junior 2 student from Shanghai Aiguo School. " But it was nice that we could play in school rather than study."
The school kept Shen and other 20 students safe inside and let them play sports like table tennis.
But the storm wasn't all fun games. Typhoon Khanun killed 14 people. In Zhejiang, it _ about 8,000 houses. More than one million people had to be taken to safer places.
Every year, typhoons hit different places around the world. Most happen in July, August and September. This year 15 typhoons hit China. Khanun was the strongest. Typhoons bring strong winds and rains. The winds can blow away houses and cars. The rains are bad for farmers' fields.
Typhoon also kills people. Earlier this month, Typhoon Talim hit East and Central China. It killed at least 124 people. [/INST] question: When was the first time that Shanghai had to close all the schools? | options: A: In August B: In July C: On Sep.11 D: On Sep.12 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are you planning to visit Britain? Here are a few suggestions for a beautiful weekend away.
Bournemouth
This famous tourist town has 11 km of beautiful beaches. Last year, 10,000 tourists visited this beautiful town. It's the perfect place to go swimming or sailing. There are lots of lovely parks and gardens to visit and it's a great place to eat out. You can also go to a classical concert or go dancing in one of the nightclubs.
Stratford-upon-Avon
This was William Shakespeare's hometown. He spent most of his life in this town and wrote his plays here. You can visit his house or see his plays at one of the Royal Shakespeare Company's theatres. There are some interesting museums and lots of beautiful 500-year-old house. You can also go on boat trips and visit traditional English villages.
Alford
Deep in the Lincolnshire countryside is the pleasant market town of Alford. It is known for its five-sailed windmill . Have a walk round this lovely old place and you'll see many pleasant houses from as far back as the 17thcentury. Captain James Smith, who was one of the founders of James town in Virginia, USA, was educated in Alford.
Bath
Most people come here to see the 2,000-year-old Roman Baths. But this city is also famous for its beautiful 18thcentury buildings and was the home of the writer Jane Austen. You can learn about her life at the Jane Austen Centre near Queen's Square. In the past, Bath was also popular with the royal family and Queen Elizabeth I spent one or two weeks every year here. [/INST] question: What can visitors do in Bournemouth? | options: A: Enjoy plays B: Go to museums C: Do sea sports D: Visit fishing villages | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Millie is a little girl who is at the age of nine. She is a pupil in a primary school. She works hard at her subjects. In class, she takes an active part in all kinds of activities. She looks smarter than her classmates.
One day, she was doing her homework after supper as usual. Her father was not in. Her mother was taking a shower in the bathroom. After she finished her homework, Millie asked her mother to check it for her, but her mother didn't answer her. A few minutes later, her mother was still in the bathroom. Millie felt strange. She knocked at the door. But her mother had no answer. She pushed the door open and found her mother lying on the floor. At the same time, she smelled something terrible. It was the gas. She quickly opened the window, turned off the gas and called 120 and 110 for help. Soon some doctors and policemen came and sent her mother to the nearest hospital. Her mother was saved at last.
Why did the little girl know how to do that? That was because she had learned how to save herself and others in danger in school. [/INST] question: Although Millie is _ , we should learn from her. | options: A: a primary school pupil B: a college student C: a nineteen-year-old girl D: a middle school student | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My name is Paul Miller. Sometimes I am too fat, but lately I do not have this problem. My doctor tells me to jog. So early every morning I run for two miles. I do not run fast, but I do not stop to rest. I jog before breakfast.
People call me a jogger. There are many joggers on my street. We often run together in the park or along the road. Jogging helps to keep us strong and healthy.
Jogging is very popular in the United States. People like to feel well and look nice. When my neighbors and I jog, we help to keep our hearts and legs strong.
Many people do not jog, but they do not get fat. They work hard on their jobs and they do not need to run before they go to work.
Diets are also popular. People on diets do not eat many foods that will make them fat. They learn to eat fruits and vegetables instead of candy or cakes.
My doctor tells me to eat only three meals a day. A diet is not necessary if I do not eat between meals. Some people like to eat many times a day. This is called snacking.
I feel healthy and my doctor is happy because I jog every day and I do not snack in the evening or after breakfast. [/INST] question: Jogging is a king of sport. One has the sport with _ . | options: A: hands B: legs C: head D: back | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANTIMETABOLITES These are analogues related to normal components of DNA or of coenzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis. They competitively inhibit utilization of the normal substrate or get themselves incorporated forming dysfunctional macromolecules. Methotrexate (Mtx): It is one of the oldest and highly efficacious antineoplastic drugs; inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFRase)-blocking the conversion of dihydrofolic acid (DHFA) to tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) which is an essential coenzyme required for one carbon transfer reactions in de novo purine synthesis and amino acid interconversions. The inhibition is pseudoirreversible because Mtx has 50,000 times higher affinity for the enzyme than the normal substrate. Calcineurin inhibitors: (Specific T-cell inhibitors) >Cyclosporine :It is a cyclic polypeptide with 11 amino acids, obtained from a fungus and introduced in 1977 as a highly selective immunosuppressant which has markedly increased the success of organ transplantations. It profoundly and selectively inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 and other cytokine production and response of inducer T cells to IL-l, without any effect on suppressor T-cells. Lymphocytes are arrested in G0 or G1 phase. Etoposide: It is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, a plant glycoside. It is not a mitotic inhibitor, but arrests cells in the G2 phase and causes DNA breaks by affecting DNA topoisomerase II function. While the cleaving of double stranded DNA is not interfered, the subsequent resealing of the strand is prevented. It has been primarily used in testicular tumours, lung cancer, Hodgkin&;s and other lymphomas, carcinoma bladder. Alopecia, leucopenia and g.i.t. disturbances are the main toxicity. Vinblastine :It is primarily employed with other drugs in Hodgkin&;s disease and testicular carcinoma. Bone marrow depression is more prominent while neurotoxicity and alopecia are less marked than with vincristine. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:823,825,837 [/INST] question: Which of the following is an anti-metabolite? | options: A: Methotrexate B: Cyclosporine C: Etoposide D: Vinblastine | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Everyone knows that regular bedtimes are important, especially for children. But a research by Yvonne Kelly of University College, London, shows that daughters, it seems, do benefit from regular bedtimes. Sons do not.
Dr Kelly and a team of colleagues examined the bedtimes and cognitive abilities of 11,178 children born in Britain between September 2000 and January 2002, who took part in a research project called the Millennium Cohort Study.
The bedtime information they used was collected during four visits interviewers made to the homes of those participating in the study. These happened when the children were nine months, three years, five years and seven years of age. Besides asking whether the children had set bedtimes on weekdays and if they always, usually, sometimes or never made them, interviewers collected information about family routines, economic circumstances and other matters--including whether children were read to before they went to sleep and whether they had a television in their bedroom. The children in question were also asked, at the ages of three, five and seven, to take standardised reading, mathematical tests, from which their IQs could be tested.
Dr Kelly's report shows that by the time children had reached the age of seven, not having had a regular bedtime did seem to affect their cognition. But that was true only if they were female. On the IQ scale, whose average value is 100 points, girls who had had regular bedtimes scored between eight and nine points more than those who did not. Boys were not completely unaffected. Irregular bedtimes left their IQs about six points below those of their contemporaries at the age of three. But the distinction disappeared by the time they were seven.
This difference between the sexes is puzzling. "I did not expect it, and more research is necessary." said Dr Kelly. [/INST] question: How long did the research last? | options: A: At least nine months B: Nearly three years C: Less than five years D: About seven years | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever dreamed about a trip to the space? Seeds of some vegetables and crops are a lot luckier than you, as they have travelled to space and back.
China is among the three countries in the world that carry out agricultural research in space. The others are Russia and the US. Since 1987, China has sent about 1,000 species of seeds into space. These include green peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers , carrots, lettuce and wheat. Even on China's first manned spacecraft Shenzhou-V, there were some seeds from Taiwan.
"Conditions in outer space such as radiation and low gravity can cause big changes in the seeds," said Chinese researcher Jin Xing.
But not all seeds are better after going to space. After returning to Earth, the best seeds are selected.These seeds produce much more and also grow faster than normal seeds. As the safety of genetically modified food is still being debated, some people doubt the safety of these "space vegetables" because some of their genes are changed during the trip to space.
But Jin holds a more positive view. He said, "unlike genetically modified crops, no new genes are introduced to the space vegetables, so they are definitely safe." China has also been co-operating with NASA to grow some super size potatoes on the International Space Station. Special growth rooms use computers to control the light, temperature and humidity . Using this technology a new, virus-free potato can be produced every 40 to 50 days instead of the previous yearly crop. [/INST] question: Which of the following countries hasn't carried out agricultural research in space up to the present? | options: A: China B: Japan C: Russia D: The US | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today our life and work rarely feel light or pleasant. Instead, the whole experience of being alive begins to melt into huge responsibility. It becomes the standard greeting everywhere: I am so busy.
We say this to one another with no small degree of pride. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, to be unable to find time for the sunset, to speed through our responsibilities without time for a single mindful breath -- this has become the model of a successful life.
Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We lose the nourishment that gives us help. We miss the quiet that gives us wisdom. Poisoned by the belief that good things come only through tireless effort, we never truly rest.
This is not the world we dreamed of when we were young. How did we get so terribly rushed in a world filled with work and responsibility, yet somehow lack of joy and delight?
We have forgotten the Sabbath . Sabbath is the time to enjoy and celebrate what is beautiful and good -- time to light candles, sing songs, tell stories, bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, nap and walk. It is time to be nourished and refreshed as we let our work, our chores and our important projects lie fallow, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world when we are at rest.
Sabbath is more than the absence of work. Many of us, in our desperate drive to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. But the Sabbath has proven its wisdom over the ages. Many of us still recall when, not long ago, shops and offices were closed on Sundays. Those quiet Sunday afternoons remained in our cultural memory. [/INST] question: Nowadays, when we greet people by saying, "I am so busy", we feel _ . | options: A: sorry B: proud C: unhappy D: responsible | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: According to the recent survey , only forty percent of children in our school feel happy, Why?
Do you know what "happiness" means? A lot of money? No homework every day? High marks or anything else?
In fact , happiness is always around you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, you r friends will help you; When you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your health; When you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; When you do something wrong, people around you will help you to collect it; When you do something good to others, you will feel happy ,too. All these are happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always around you. All these can't be bought with money. It's a feeling of your heart. When you come across difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself.
As the saying goes , lift is a revolving door. When it closes, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person. [/INST] question: When you fail in the exam, both your teacher and your classmates will _ to make you happy. | options: A: laugh at you B: play jokes on you C: help you D: quarrel with you | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mylonoa Island in autumn and winter is peaceful and beautiful. It is perfect for a relaxing stay or a brief visit. One can see and enjoy the blue skies, the wide beaches, and also have wonderful walks in the hills, perhaps not every day, but usually until the beginning of January. Visitors and winter tourists often come to Mykonos to discover the traditional Greek island. They can escape busy Athens after business, or calm down after a long European tour before traveling on further to Egypt, Israel, or Asia.
Apart from the more usual tourists, you will find various hikers, walkers, readers, writers, bikers, and so on in this island. You can also visit the beautiful Delos, hike through mountains walk on beaches, explore another side of the island life with some monasteries , horse ride, or take part in local gatherings and meet some friendly Mykonians,
Mykonos' climate is Mediterranean and mild. Autumn is always blue skied and sunny, where the temperature only drops very gradually. The nice days for beach going and swimming last until early January. The real winter months are also mild. Even in January, the temperature never drops very to be on. The island has a great percentage of _ because of the south-easterly winds and rainfall between mid-January and each- March; there is also a possibility of storms and colder northerly winds at this period. Snow is rare, perhaps one every ten years. The clear blue sky still exists for most of the winter. [/INST] question: Mykonos island lies in _ . | options: A: Egypt B: Israel C: Greek D: India | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gabriela Mistral was born on April 6, 1889, at Vicuna, a small town in northern Chile. Her parents were schoolteachers, but her father abandoned the family when she was 3. Taught by her mother, she began instructing in 1904, achieving success in many high schools. In 1909, her first love died. Shortly afterward her second love married someone else. In 1922 the Mexican minister of education, Jose Vasconcelos, invited her to assist in his reform program, and the peak of this career came the following year, when she was awarded the Chilean title "Teacher of the Nation". In 1925 she retired but remained active.
Gabriela Mistral devoted much time to diplomatic activity, serving as honorary consul in Madrid, Lisbon, Nice, and Los Angeles. She also served as a representative to the United Nations. In fulfillment of these responsibilities, she visited nearly every major country in Europe and Latin America. She also continued her early literary pursuits.
In 1922 Gabriela Mistral's first book, Desolation, a collection of poems previously published in newspapers and magazines, was released through the efforts of Federico de Onis, Director of the Hispanic Institute of New York. It reflected personal sorrow.
Two years later her second book, Tenderness, appeared; it contained some of the poems from Desolation and several new ones. Fourteen years passed before the next, Felling, appeared. It was much happier in tone.
Her last book, Wine Press, in 1954, dealt with most of the subjects previously treated but in a different manner. The winning of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1945 did not assuage the loss of her nephew. Furthermore, by 1944 she had developed diabetes .
Gabriela Mistral went to the United States for medical aid in 1946, living in various places and, after her appointment to the United Nations, moving to Long Island. It was there that she died of cancer on Jan. 10, 1957. [/INST] question: The theme of Gabriela Mistral's early works is _ . | options: A: death B: happiness C: teaching life D: personal suffering | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you are sitting at a table with people you don't know, it is impolite to smoke without first asking if it will disturb them. At American restaurants and coffee shops, cold water is usually served before you order. You may find the bread and the butter are free, and if you order coffee, you may get a free refill.
Most cities and towns have no rules about opening and closing time for stores and restaurants, though they usually do make rules for bars. Especially in big cities, stores may be open 24 hours a day. Serving in restaurants are often large. If you can't finish the meal but would like to enjoy the food later, ask the waiter or the waitress for a "doggie bag" . It may have a picture of a dog on it, but everybody knows you are taking the food for yourself. Tips are not usually added to check. You should leave a tip of about 15% on the table when you leave. In some restaurants, a waiter or waitress often brings your check on a plate, and you can put your money there. Then the waiter or the waitress brings you your changes. [/INST] question: _ is usually served before you order at American restaurants or coffee shops. | options: A: bread B: Butter C: Coffee D: Cold water | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Astronaut Zhai Zhigang became the first Chinese man to walk in space on Saturday, climbing out of prefix = st1 /China's Shenzhou VII spacecraft in a technological feat that made the Chinese people excited.
"I'm feeling quite well. I greet the Chinese people and the people of the world," Zhai said as he climbed out of the craft at around 16:40 Beijingtime, a historic achievement telecast live on CCTV. Tens of millions of Chinese viewers gathered before TV screens to watch the moment.
Chinese President Hu Jintao and other top leaders had appeared at the BeijingAerospaceControlCenterto watch the live transmission of Zhai's spacewalk.
Zhai, 42, chosen by an expert team for the first "extra-vehicular activity". unveiled a red national flag, helped by colleague Liu Boming, who also briefly popped his head out of the capsule. Zhai slowly made his way towards a test sample of solid lubricant outside the capsule, took a sample and handed it to Liu. Zhai safely returned inside the craft after about 20 minutes. The walk marked the high point of China's third manned space journey, which has received widespread media coverage.
Zhai wore a$4.4 million Chinese-made suit weighing 120kg. Liu wore a Russian-made one and acted as a back-up. The third crew member, Jing Haipeng, monitored the ship from inside the re-entry module. The risky manoeuvre is a step towards China's longer-term goal of assembling a space lab and then a larger space station, analysts said.
"On this flight, Chinese people's footprints will be left in space for the first time," said a commentary by the Xinhua News Agency. The astronauts embarked on their walk after receiving a clean bill of health from doctors on the ground at mission control in Beijing, Xinhua said. Zhai's suit has 10 layers and takes up to 15 hours to assemble and put on.
China's first manned spaceflight was in 2003. A second, two-manned flight followed in 2005. The only other countries that have sent people into space are Russiaand theUnited States. [/INST] question: Astronaut Zhai Zhigang will be remembered as the first Chinese _ . | options: A: to walk in space B: to enter space C: to land on the moon D: to speak with people on earth in space | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mistrust _ Zhengzhou Ride-share Effort
More than 300 private car owners from a central Chinese city volunteered to offer free rides to citizens to ease crowded public transportation, but many local people didn't accept the offer for fear of being cheated.
The ride-share program was begun in October in Zhengzhou, capital of Henan Province, when Ye Zhantong, a private car driver, started to gather volunteers to offer the free service. The drivers tied a green silk ribbon on the car to differentiate themselves from unlicensed taxi drivers. But the free rides haven't been popular among the public as increasing reports of dishonesty have dried up many local citizens' trust towards strangers.
Ye said some of the volunteers have dropped out after they felt their kind intention was being questioned. Passersby walking in heavy rainfall or passengers who missed a bus would remain silent and walk away when the volunteers would stop and offer a ride.
"It's so common that people give us the cold shoulder, and sometimes, take our kindness as ill will," said one of Ye's volunteers, identified as Binge. "Many would even say: 'Let's get out of here quickly to avoid being cheated by him.'" Some commenters on Weibo explained why they hesitated to participate in a ride-share program. "Trusting a stranger might bring huge risks. I can't take the risk," one Internet user wrote.
Some said Ye's group wasn't authorized, and cheaters pretending to be kind drivers might volunteer. They suggested traffic authorities issue rules to regulate, protect and promote ride-share programs. [/INST] question: The ride-share cars were driven by _ drivers. | options: A: licensed taxi B: unlicensed taxi C: private car D: specially-trained | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nicaragua's Cerro Negro Volcano has erupted 23 times in the past 100 years,burying homes, crops and people in lava and ashes. But recently the black mountain has become a tourist draw, thanks to a newly invented extreme sport: volcano boarding.
Thousands of thrill-seekers have climbed to the top of Cerro Negro, peered into its mouth, then zipped down its rough-and--rocky 41--degree slope on special boards. The volcano-boarding speed, set by an Israeli woman, is 54 mph.
"Rushing down an active volcano is something that people expect." Said Anthony Alcalde, an expert volcano boarder. The sport was developed in the mid-2000s by Darryn Webb, an Australian who had climbed the nearby Cerro Negro but was looking for a faster way to get to the bottom. He tried sliding down on surfboards, snowboards, and even a refrgerrator door before inventing a sit-down board made of plywood.
"At first, Darryn planned to use a snowboard," said Gemma Cope, a British woman who now runs Big Foot, which offers volcano boarding tours. "But he realized he couldn't cut an edge for there were little rocks everywhere. So he came up with the sitting-down option and realized he can go pretty fast. "
Tourists,who are nearly all foreigners,pay $28 for the experience, which begins with a truck ride on dirt roads to Cerro Negr0.a 2,400-foot--high volcano that last erupted in l999.Visitors must carry their boards during the half-hour climb to the top. There,they go straight down the slope and sometimes they have to use their feet for brakes.Along the way.The board fills with rocks and dust,making boarders almost blind.Crashes are common."l wiped out twice and ripped my pants."said Melinda Vorisek, a tourist from Miami."But I'd do it again." Another tourist added:"It was sheer terror. I was eating dirt.But how many people can say they've bombed down a volcano?" [/INST] question: Who is the key person to develop the sport of volcano boarding? | options: A: Anthony Alcalde B: Darryn Webb C: Cerro Negro D: Melinda Vorisek | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Betty is not traditional American beauty. She is unfashionable, has thick red glasses, untidy hair and large metal braces on her teeth. But this hasn't stopped her from becoming one of American's favorite TV characters. So how did she manage to do it?
The answer is that charm can be more attractive than beauty. Betty is the main character in a TV show Ugly Betty. The show is about her life as a n office worker at a fashion magazine in New York.
The TV show has just started. Betty has many exciting experiences and romantic stories. Betty is often looked down on and laughed at by the people around. But she manages to do better than others with her hard work, charm and wisdom. The show tells us about how a girl goes from an ugly young duck into a beautiful swan.
Though you may know the ending of the show from the beginning and the story is familiar to many of us, it has still been a big success in the USA. It has attracted a large number of viewers and won two Golden Globes awards, one of the highest honors for a television program in the USA." I think you can see a bit of Betty in all of us, and I mean men as well, because it's about the underdog ",says Ashley Jensen, who plays one of the characters on the show.
The program is so popular because of the performance of the 23-year-old actress America Ferrera who plays the role of Betty. She brings the character alive on the screen. [/INST] question: Betty is popular because of _ . | options: A: her clothes B: her charm C: her personality D: her appearance | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Last night my husband and I were on the way to a show. We were both hungry and wanted to grab a quick bite on our way there, so we swung through a Jack-In-the-Box- Drive-thru Restaurant and placed our order.
When we got up to the window the lady smiled at me, which is sometimes rare and asked how I was doing while she was collecting our money for the food. I replied, "Fine, and how are you'?"She went to get our order ready and I asked my husband to pass my "Drive-thru Smile bag" to me. He handed it to me and watched in amazement as I gathered together a "You make a difference" paper, including a smile card, a smile stamp and a smile button.
She came back to the window almost before I finished putting it all together. Without looking too closely she passed the bag and said, "Thank you. Have a good day." I said, "Wait! This is for you." As I placed the little smile gifts in her hand a smile spread across her face. As she looked at the items it got a little bigger but when I thanked her for her smile there was no holding back. She gave the biggest smile and she was laughing. It was very heartwarming.
My husband was very impressed by it. It made him smile too. It just takes a little effort to connect in a human way to everyone we have dealings with, even with something as small as a Drive-thru transaction.
Remember, we all make a difference! [/INST] question: All the followings are included in my "You make a difference" paper EXCEPT _ | options: A: a smile card B: a smile stamp C: a smile button D: a smile bag | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cirrhosis of the liver would lead to inability of the portal system to accommodate blood flow. Blood backs up toward systemic circulation, draining to the inferior vena cava, with pooling at areas of portal-caval anastomoses. The left gastric vein (portal) meets the esophageal vein (caval) and enlarges or expands in instances of cirrhosis. The left colic and middle colic veins are both simply tributaries to the portal system, excluding this as the correct answer. The inferior phrenic and superior phrenic veins are both systemic veins and would not be affected by portal hypertension. The same can be said for the renal and lumbar veins, both components of the caval-systemic venous system. The sigmoidal and superior rectal veins are both components of the portal venous system and would not engorge due to the portal-caval bottleneck experienced in cirrhosis. (The anastomoses between the superior rectal veins and middle or inferior rectal veins can expand in portal hypertension as hemorrhoids.) [/INST] question: A 67-year-old man has severe cirrhosis of the liver. He most likely has enlarged anastomoses between which of the following pairs of veins? | options: A: Inferior phrenic and superior phrenic B: Left colic and middle colic C: Left gastric and esophageal D: Lumbar and renal | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Now many people like the game Angry Birds. Here is a piece of good news for them--soon there will be a lot of Angry Birds-themed activity parks around the world.
The first two parks opened in Finland last year, and a few other parks are going to open in the UK. However, people still don't know when and where Angry Birds-themed activity parks will open in the UK.
"As a kind of online game, it is popular with people of all ages. It's really an interesting game. And the parks will be interesting places for everyone around the world," said Peter Vesterbacka, an officer of Angry Birds Company. He also said, "We want to make Angry Birds a part of pop culture. We're just getting started."
Angry Birds-themed activity parks have many interesting places for children to play. They like _ very much. People can see the characters and colors from the game in the park. People can also play the Angry Birds game on large screens in the park. The company wants to invite people to not only play it on the sofa, but to go out, move around and have fun. So everyone will be happy in Angry Birds-themed activity parks. [/INST] question: Angry Birds is _ . | options: A: an online game B: an online movie C: a talk show on TV D: a game show on TV | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hippos have always attracted people's interest. Modern hippos in Walt Disney movies can dance lightly. A stone hippo in a 13th-century church in France has wings. And in ancient Egyptian fairy tales, the hippo was a goddess that guided the dead to the afterworld.
Despite their popular appeal, hippos, as well as other animals, have difficulty when their needs conflict with those of humans. The early Egyptians liked to hunt hippos for their teeth and because they were dangerous animals. Amulets to protect babies from demons were made from hippo bones.
About 4,000 years ago, there were so many hippos in Egypt that they caused serious crop damage. Egyptian farmers killed them routinely, and by the beginning of the 19th century, all the hippos in Africa had been killed.
People used to see hippos fight in the arenas of ancient Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire, hippos weren't seen in Europe again until a few zoos began to exhibit them in the mid 1800s.
All the various uses and abuses of hippos through the centuries have made their population fall greatly. Where they do occur, mostly in national parks, they live in such high density that they make the grasslands bare. This causes other grass-eating animals to go farther for food, and hippos, which can't live far from water, destroy their own feeding grounds. [/INST] question: In Africa, hippos became extinct _ . | options: A: around the 1850s B: in the 13th century C: about 4,000 years ago D: in the early 19th century | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ref. Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology BY Parija. Page. 571
AIDS defining Illness (CDC)
Candidiasis of the esophagus, bronchi, trachea, or lungs
Cervical cancer, invasive
Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (greater than one month's duration)
Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)
Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision)
Encephalopathy, HIV related
Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (more than 1 month in duration); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis
Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (more than 1 month in duration)
Kaposi sarcoma
Lymphoma, Burkitt's (or equivalent term)
Lymphoma, immunoblastic (or equivalent term)
Lymphoma, primary, of brain
Mycobacterium avium complex or M kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)
Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Pneumonia, recurrent
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Salmonella septicemia, recurrent
Toxoplasmosis of brain
Wasting syndrome due to HIV [/INST] question: Which of the following is not included in AIDS defining illness? | options: A: Oral candidiasis B: Invasive Ca cervix C: Toxoplasmosis - CNS D: Kaposi sarcoma | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr and Mrs Smith have just opened a small restaurant. In order to attract customers, they put a notice in front of the restaurant, which said: "Meals on the house for three days."
A foreign student who didn't know much English passed by the restaurant on the second day. It was lunchtime and he felt hungry. "Well, here is a restaurant. I'm going to have something to eat," he said.
He saw the notice when he walked towards the restaurant. "American people are really strange. They even eat dinners on the house! But how can I get onto the top of the house?" he asked himself
He looked around and found a ladder against a tree nearby. He was very glad. But as he reached the top, he heard someone shouting at him, "Hey, what are you doing up there?" Mr Smith was looking at him angrily. Beside him was a policeman.
'Doesn't your notice say 'Meals on the house for three days'? Is it just a joke?" the foreign student answered.
On hearing this, both Mr Smith and the policeman burst into laughter.
Do you know the meaning of on the house"? [/INST] question: The Smiths have _ . | options: A: opened a restaurant B: built a house C: climbed onto the top D: been policemen | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For the second time in three years, Norway's Robert Sorlie delivered a brave performance to win sled-dog racing's toughest contest--the Iditarod. The 47-year-old firefighter crossed the finish line in Nome, Alaska, at 8:39 a.m. local time Wednesday morning.
"It feels good to be here," he declared, after passing the finish line. "I'm ready for breakfast."
Frosty temperatures, rough land, and exhaustion couldn't break the musher , who completed the race in 9 days, 18 hours, 39 minutes, and 31 seconds. Runner-up Ed Iten finished 34 minutes later, and defending champ Mitch Seavey finished third.
Sorlie took his first lead at the 365-mile mark, but fell into second place halfway through the race. With 500 miles to go, he regained the lead for good.
Iditarod officials rewarded Sorlie with a generous prize of $72,066 and a new truck. But even more exciting for the winner was the historic nature of his ride. By winning this year's race, Sorlie joins a best group of mushers, becoming only the sixth person to win the Iditarod more than once.
After winning several major long-distance races in Europe, Sorlie made his Iditarod first appearance in 2002, finishing in ninth place. A year later, he returned to take on the Alaskan wilderness once again, and won.
Iditarod: A Quick History
Since 1973, the world's top competitors have gathered in Alaska to undertake the Iditarod's 1,150-mile trail, which stretches from Anchorage to Nome.
The race commemorates a group of courageous mushers and dogs. In 1925, they traveled across part of the Idit trail to deliver serum to save sick children in Nome. [/INST] question: How many times has Robert Sorlie won the Iditarod? | options: A: Once B: Twice C: Three times D: Several times | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Elephants are able to differentiate between ethnicities and sexes, and can tell an adult from a child --- all from the sound of a human voice.
This is according to a study in which researchers played voice recordings to wild African elephants.
The animals showed more fear when they heard the voices of adult Masai men.
Livestock-herding Masai people do come into conflict with elephants, and this suggests that animals have adapted to specifically listen for and avoid them.
The study is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Prof Karen McComb and Dr Graeme Shannon from the University of Sussex led the study. They explained that in previous research they had used similar playback experiments to show that elephants could tell --- from the sound of a lion's roar --- whether the animal was a female or a more dangerous male.
Prof McComb wanted to find out if the animals used their very sharp sense of hearing to identify a potential danger from humans.
The scientists recorded Masai men, women and children saying, in their own language, "Look, look over there, a group of elephants is coming".
They also recorded Kamba men saying this phrase.
While cattle-herding Masai people often come across free-ranging elephants, which can result in violent conflict, the Kamba people's more agricultural lifestyle does not generally bring them into aggressive touch with the animals.
When the team played recordings of these different voices through a hidden loudspeaker, they found that elephant family groups reacted more fearfully in response to the voice of a Masai man, than to a Kamba man's voice.
And the adult male Masai voices encouraged far more of these defensive reactions than the voices of women or boys. [/INST] question: An elephant can tell a man from a woman by sense of _ . | options: A: touch B: sight C: smell D: hearing | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) about visiting Hong Kong:
Q: When is the best time to visit Hong Kong?
A: Hong Kong is an all-year round destination. It enjoys a mild climate from the middle of September to the end of February, while the weather from May to mid-September can be hot. About 80% of Hong Kong's rainfall occurs between May and September, with August usually the wettest month.
Q: Do I need a visa to visit Hong Kong?
A: Visitors from most countries can enter Hong Kong without a visa for periods of seven days to 180 days, depending on nationality. You may check with the Hong Kong Immigration Department for details of visa requirements.
Q: How is the local public transport?
A: Hong Kong has an excellent public transport system, with most transportation air-conditioned. Depending on where you are going, you have a choice of MTR, trains, buses, trams, ferries and taxies. The clean and efficient means of transport cover all areas of Hong Kong, and have signs in English and Chinese.
Q: Is Hong Kong safe for visitors?
A: Yes. Hong Kong is one of the safest cities in the world even at night, when people may walk alone with confidence. To ensure your stay is a pleasant one always take care of your belongings.
Q: Is English widely spoken?
A: Yes, particularly in places frequently visited by visitors. You should have no problem communicating with people in most hotels, shops, restaurants and even some taxies. [/INST] question: If enjoy pleasant weather, when can you visit Hong Kong? | options: A: In spring or summer B: In autumn or winter C: In spring or autumn D: In summer or winter | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."
The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.
To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.
Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.
The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone." [/INST] question: We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that _ . | options: A: our feelings are related to our bodily experience B: we can learn to take control of other people's bodies C: participants will live more passionately after the experiment D: The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. Places as unique and diverse as the Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Great Wall of China make up our world's heritage.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. This is _ in an international treaty called the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972.
How does a place become a World Heritage Site? It takes a lot of people to decide.
1)If a country wants one of its places to be on the World Heritage List, it has to ask UNESCO. The place must be important and special. UNESCO put the Great Wall on the list in 1987 because, it said, it was a great part of Chinese culture and beautifully made to go with the land. When a country asks, it must also make a plan for taking care of the place.
2)The World Heritage Committee of UNESCO talks about different places and decides whether to put them on the list. The committee meets every June. Many experts help the committee to decide.
3)After a new place goes on the list, UNESCO gives money to help keep it looking good. If a place is in serious danger, it may be put on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger. UNESCO gives special care and help to those places.
4)Countries have to give UNESCO regular reports about places on the list. If UNESCO thinks a country isn't taking good enough care of a place, the site will be taken off the list. [/INST] question: About cultural and natural heritage around the world, UNESCO encourages all the following EXCEPT _ . | options: A: identification B: application C: protection D: conservation | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Internet, mobile phones and iPads are parts of our lives now. Technology is greatly affecting all ways of our lives, from the ways we work to the ways we play. And it even causes a number of social problems such as cloning humans.
We have had lots of technology and it has changed our lives a lot. We are sure that humans will continue to use more and more technology. Here are some examples of modern technology that will change our ideas and will affect our lives greatly.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
It's a system that uses radio signals from satellites to show exact information. It tells you where the user is on the earth in all weather conditions. It's made up of three parts: satellites, control equipments on land and receivers.
Space Technology
Russian and American scientists have worked together for the International Space Station, (ISS) for a long time. They hope the ISS will provide a long-lasting lab. Such a lab will bring humans limitless advantages. It's even hoped that one day space technology will take humans to their new houses in space.
Underwater Robot
Hercules is a kind of underwater robot with some high technology equipments. It will be used to search for ancient ships which were destroyed into the deep sea during their journey long ago.
The world is changing so quickly that it's hard for us to catch up with all the new inventions because they seem to come out every month. It's important for us to learn about new technology and the role that it plays in our lives. So we should be willing to accept modem technology, or we will fall behind the times. [/INST] question: _ can tell you where the user is on the earth exactly. | options: A: Satellites B: Receivers C: Global Positioning System D: Underwater Robot | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It started as a game.Wendy and Peter were in River Park.They watched the boats in the river and visited the zoo.They played on the slides and swings.They watched the merry-go-round,but they did not have money for a ride.They ate their sandwiches at a picnic table.Suddenly Wendy jumped up.
"I know what to do,"she said."Look at all that junk under the tables.Let's pick it up."
So they picked up paper and empty boxes and cans.They put them in the green cans marked"Litter".Peter's dog Stoopy picked up some paper and ran away with it.Peter called him back and took it from him.Then they taught Stoopy to carry trash for them.They put it in the cans.They worked until there was no trash left on the picnic grounds.
The next day their friends Mario and Andy came to the park with them.They helped to tidy the picnic grounds again.Then they ran all over the park looking for litter.They tried to see who could find the most.After that,it was a game they played every time they came to the park.
One day,a man came with a camera.He watched what they were doing.He asked to take a picture for them.Then he took them all for a free ride on the merry-go-round,even Stoopy.The next day their picture was in the newspaper.It said."Five Litter Lifters at River Park".After that all their friends wanted to be litter lifters.It was the beginning of a club that was a model for others to follow. [/INST] question: Why did Wendy and Peter go to the park at first? | options: A: To have fun B: To throw paper C: To empty litter cans D: To ride on the merry-go-round | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: According to some predictions, human beings will die out in 2012. Nearly all people think it's impossible, but there are some more earthquakes in recent years.
Animals can predict the weather or other natural events. It may sound strange, but farmers living in the countryside think so. For hundreds of years , they have observed animals.
"Animals ' behavior can be connected to future weather conditions or events." They say. For example, if cows lie down, a rainstorm is coming. There are many traditional stories connecting animals and natural events. Many people think that these stories don't have scientific evidence( ) at all. Scientists, however, are beginning to take another look at some of these ideas.
A Japanese earthquake researcher named Kiyoshi Shimamura noticed an increase in dog bites a short time before earthquake hit. Then he did research on twelve public health centers in Kobe, Japan. These health centers treated people after the 1995 earthquake . He got some interesting information about the month before the big earthquake: treatment for animals' bites had increased . In fact, aggressive behavior in dogs, such as biting and barking loudly , jumped 60 percent.
There are also other changes in animals' behavior before the earthquake. For example, fish began swimming together in large groups , but only in the middle of the water and not near the edges. Birds flew away from their nests for many days, leaving their eggs unprotected . These animals' behavior suggests that animals may be able to predict natural events better than people. [/INST] question: What would cows behave before a rainstorm? | options: A: Running B: Biting C: Lying down D: Sleeping | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many years ago, children who had good manners kept quiet if their parents were talking with other persons. Today, well-mannered children have more freedom.
Sometimes good manners in one place are bad manners in other place.
Suppose you are a visitor in the prefix = st1 /landofMongolia. Some friends ask you to eat with them. What kind of manners do they want you to have? They want you to give a loud "burp" after you finish eating. Burping will show that you like your food. In some countries, if you give a loud burp, you are told to say, "Excuse me, please."
In many places people like to eat together. But in some parts of Polynesia, it is bad manners to be seen eating at all. People show their good manners by turning their back on others while they eat.
What are good manners like in an East African town? The people try not to see you. They are being polite. You may see a friend. He may not see you at all. If you're polite, you will sit down beside him. You will wait until he finishes what he is doing. Then he will talk to you.
Suppose you visit a friend in Arabia. You should walk behind the tents until you come to his tent. If you pass in front of the other tents, you will be asked into them. The people will ask you to eat with them. And it is bad manners if you say no. [/INST] question: In Mongolia, burping is a way of showing that _ . | options: A: you enjoyed your meal B: you are not full C: your meal is not good D: you want to eat more | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANS. B* In pregnancy: Add 350 kcal of energy and 23 g protein* For lactation: Add 600 kcal of energy (up to 6 months) and 520 kCal (after 6 months) and 19 g protein.Normal changes in pregnancyHematological changesCardiovascular changesPlasma volume increases by 40%Cardiac output increases by 40%Red cell volume increases by 20%Pulse rate increases by 10% or 15 bpmPhysiological dilution in pregnancyStroke volume increases by 10%Hemoglobin and hematocrit decreasePeripheral vascular resistance fallsWBC count increasesMean arterial pressure and DBP fallsPlatelets normal or slight decrease by 15%Colloid oncotic pressure fallsTotal proteins increase Plasma protein concentration decreases Albumin decreases Globulins increase slightly Albumin: globulin decrease 1:1 Fibrinogen increases by 50% Increase in factor VIII, IX and XRenal changesDecrease in anticoagulantsRenal blood flow increases by 80%Inhibition of fibrinolytic activityGFR increases by 50%ESR increases four timesCreatinine and other clearances increasedSerum iron decreasesSerum creatinine, urea and urate decreasedTotal iron binding capacity increasesGlycosuria may be normalAbbreviations: WBC, white blood cell; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure# Parameters which does not change in pregnancy?1. pH2. Vital capacity3. FEV14. Inspiratory reserve volume5. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure6. Respiratory rate. [/INST] question: A primigravida was given dietary advice in the 2nd trimester. What should be the extra calorie intake in pregnancy? | options: A: 200 kcal B: 300 kcal C: 500 kcal D: No extra calorie | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As a teen, you're going through big changes physically and mentally. Your interests are expanding. And your desire to take control of your own life is growing.
Here is the challenge: Kids need to explore the world in new ways, and parents need to protect them from the dangers that are out in that world. These conflicts can easily set off fireworks in otherwise calm houses. Sometimes conflicts can't be avoided. But by paying attention to the building blocks of successful relationships, you can work towards making home a happy and healthy place for you and your parents.
For instance, try to find a time to talk when your parents are not angry, tired, distracted, or hungry. A good time to talk is when you're all relaxed . Timing is everything. If the conversation begins to turn into an argument, you'd better calmly and coolly ask to stop the conversation for now. You can pick it up again when everyone's more relaxed. Listen to what your parents are saying, and repeat it back to them. This shows them that you're listening. It also gives them a chance to clear things up if you're not on the same page.
Respect is the building block of good communication. People who respect each other and care about each others' feelings can disagree without things getting ugly.
You are more likely to get along with your parents and have more independence if your parents believe in you. How do you build trust? Trust comes by actually doing what you say you're going to do. Some teens find that doing fun activities with their parents can improve their relationships. Sometimes we forget that parents are more than rule-makers---they're interesting people who like to watch movies, and go shopping ---just like their teenagers!
What do you do if you are trying your best, but your relationship with your parents continues to be rocky ? You may consider seeking outside help. You can find supportive adults, such as a teacher or a coach, who can
r.
Remember you can only change your own behavior; your parents are the only ones who can change theirs. [/INST] question: What's NOT the proper way to improve relationship between you and your parents? | options: A: Listen to your parents B: Work for your family C: Build their trust D: Change your parents' behaviors | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Close your eyes and imagine you are living in the next two centuries or more. You'll be living in a world filled with smart robots, which will be helping you to take care of your children, or your elderly parents in your home. You'll live much longer thanks to the medicine made by genetic science. And mankind may be going farther in space than ever before---you will be living on the moon or Mars.
How should we view the changes that wait for us in the future? Should we be optimistic about the years ahead, or worried about what the future holds? Some scientists and experts are having a discussion about how technology, science and society will develop in the future.
"I'm looking forward to the day when more technology will come to my life." Says Hohn Searle, a professor at the University of California Berkeley Philosophy, "because I think further research in such areas as genetics, physics, chemitry and medicine will help us to overcome poverty , improve health, and make life longer."
Hugh Herr, at MIT's Biomechatronecs Group, considers very powerful weapons as concern over the future. Another is the growing role of technology in our lives. "Machines taking over what humans do is not a good thing," Herr says.
That is a similar concern shared by Danisla Cerqui, a social and cultural scientist. "I am afraid that the long-term future we are building will have no space left for human beings,"says Cerqui. " The main values of our society are related to information that must progress as quickly as possible, and computers are much better than humans in these tasks." (293words) [/INST] question: What is John Searle's attitude towards the future of technology? | options: A: Worried B: Optimistic C: Uncertain D: Disappointed | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The London Pass is the final sightseeing package that has been specially tailor-made for visitors to the city. It allows holders to make the most out of their trip ,saving them both time and money .With the London Pass you will get the following :
*Free entry to your choice of over 60 popular attractions, tours, sights and museums
*A useful 160' page Guidebook about the attractions plus helpful tips about the city
*Ability to skip the lines at the selected attractions to save time
*Optional Travel card to cover all of your transport needs
The London Pass Saves You Money
London can be an expensive city , and its tourist attractions are no exception .However, go sightseeing with a London Pass you could make some great savings. Take a look at the normal gate price for some popular London attractions: Tower of London x19.00; Thames River Cruise x19.00; Windsor Castle x17.00; London Bridge Experience x23.00 ; St Paul's Cathedralx15.00. Visiting those five attractions will cost well overx89. With a London Pass , these and many more attractions won't cost you a penny .
The London Pass Saves You Time
London is a popular destination, therefore ,attractions and sights do get very busy . Waiting in line can sometimes take hours from your sightseeing experience--that's why London Pass holders get to skip the queue at key attractions such as Tower of London, Windsor Castle and London Bridge Experience . Also, the map of London and the information about the city's public transportation system available in our Guidebook help plan the perfect sightseeing itinerary to maximize your time in the city.
Practical Information
Adult ticket: From x43.00
Address: Charing Crous Road, London ,WC2H OEP
THL ; 01664 485020 [/INST] question: With a London Pass ,you are expected to spend_when visiting Tower of London and Windsor Castle. | options: A: x43.00 B: . x36.00 C: . x 89 D: .nothing | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Museums in Germany
Germany is one of the most important countries in Europe. You can visit many museums in Germany and learn about the country, its culture and people.
If you are interested in learning about the history of the country, then you can have a look at the displays in the wonderful museum in the Roman Open Air Museum in Hechingen Stein. This museum, with its large numbers of artifacts like paintings, pieces of pottery, tools, jewelry and other items, provides a complete picture of Roman history in Germany. The museum is built inside an ancient Roman house called "Villa Rustica".
Apart from this, another German museum that is worth visiting is the DB Museum, or the German Railway Museum. It is the oldest railway museum in the country, and it offers a comprehensive insight into the history of the railways in Germany. Here, you can see models of trains and engines from an ancient era. If this interests you, you can also visit the Museum of Communication, where you can learn a lot about the transport in Germany. It is a great place to visit with your family.
Another famous museum in Germany, where you can learn a lot about the culture, is the Gutenberg Museum. This museum is filled with ancient memorabilia and artifacts that deal with the history of printing, not only of Germany, but of the whole world. This, in fact, is the oldest printing museum in the world. Amongst the many displays of interesting objects, the most famous is the second Gutenberg Bible. Apart from the museums mentioned above, other museums that are worth visiting include the German Leather Museum, Kingspor Museum, Optical Museum Jena, Deutsches Museums and others. Each of the museums in Germany deals with a different theme.
You can visit the museums in Germany with your family and have a good time looking at the displays. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not displayed in the Roman Open Air Museum? | options: A: Pieces of pottery B: Jewelry C: Paintings D: Models of trains | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Kenya is losing an average of 100 of its 2,000 lions each year because of growing human settlements, increasing farming, climate change and diseases, according to the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS).
"Lions have a special place in Kenyans' life," said Paul Udoto, a spokesman for the organization. "Other than being the symbol of national strength, they are among the Big Five, a main attraction for visitors to Kenya."
There were 2,749 lions in Kenya in 2002 and their population dropped to 2,280 by 2004 and to about 2,000 today, according to KWS figures.
"The fall of the lion population is worrying and every effort needs to be made to make sure that Kenya either protects its population of 2,000 lions at present or increases the numbers to an ecologically acceptable level," said Mr. Udoto.
"There is no doubt that the numbers are in free fall. I'd be surprised if they even last as long as 20 years," said Laurence Frank, project director of Living With Lions, a Kenya-based animal protection organization. "When I first came here 30 years ago, I would always hear lions roaring across the land at night and see their tracks in the morning. Now that is very rare."
"The reason is simple. As the numbers of people grow and the numbers of cows increase, they take up much of the lion's space. Alongside that there are other ways, including poisoning, to kill lions."
Animal lovers are making a new strategy to save the animals. Part of the measures will include tracking lions fitted with radio collars in the Amboseli area in southern Kenya, close to the border with Tanzania.
Wildlife officials in Tanzania face similar challenges in protecting their lions, but there is far less human encroachment on the animals' homeland there than in Kenya. [/INST] question: The lion population is falling in Kenya for the following reasons EXCEPT _ . | options: A: climate change B: too many visitors C: disease D: human activities | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Modern Foreign Language Teacher
A successful, popular school in central South London has a new vacancy for an MFL Teacher of Spanish to start immediately after the Christmas holidays.
We required a specialist Spanish teacher; therefore Spanish should be your major language. Besides this, you need to make the lessons interesting and you should also have teaching experience.
Please contact Robert Eagle at 88143425.
General Manager
We are seeking a General Manager for our new workshop facility in Doha, Qatar. The successful individual should possess a Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, along with 19 to 15 years' work experience in the Oil & Gas, Petrochemicals, Fertilizer or Marine industry and CNC machinery tools and equipment. A minimum of five years'; experience in a senior managerial capacity is essential. Candidates that have work experience in Gulf countries or in the Middle East are encouraged to apply.
Please contact Brian Gambles at 88146725.
Finance Manager
The successful individual will be able to demonstrate substantial commercial experience working within a corporate, blue-chip environment. You will be able to interact with and present confidently to senior management. The business offers an excellent working culture and genuine opportunities for significant career advancement and development.
Please contact Mr. McMahon at 88147959.
HR Manager
We are looking for an HR Manager to join our project team who will be responsible for a new HR and Payroll project.
A minimum of three years' HR management experience is required for this position.
The successful individual will need to have managed HR teams and supported Payroll.
If you have the relevant experience and are available for a new assignment, contact Matt Ridley at 88146550. [/INST] question: Who should you get in touch with if you want to be a Spanish teacher? | options: A: Robert Eagle B: Brian Gambles C: Mr. McMahon D: Matt Ridley | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A few days ago I asked my sons' governess Julia to come into my study. "Be seated, Julia, "I said, "Let's settle our accounts. I guess you most likely need some money, but maybe you're too polite to mention it. Now then, we agreed on thirty dollars a month..."
"Forty."
"No, thirty. I made a note of it. I always pay our governess thirty. Well, um, you've been here two months, so..."
"Two months and five days."
"Exactly two months. I made a special note of it. That means you have sixty dollars coming to you. Take off nine Sundays... you know you didn't work with Tom on Sundays, you only took walks. And three holidays... "Julia was biting her finger nail nervously, her face red, but - not a word.
"Three holidays, therefore take off twelve dollars. Four days Tom was sick and there were no lessons, as you were occupied only with Dick. Three days you had a toothache and my wife gave you permission not to work after lunch. Twelve and seven - nineteen. Take nineteen off ... that leaves. hmm.... forty one dollars. Correct?"
Julia's left eye reddened with tears welling up. Her chin trembled; she coughed nervously and blew her nose, but - still not a word.
"Around New Year's Day you broke a teacup and a saucer; take off two dollars. The cup cost more, it was a treasure of the family, but- forget it. When didn't I take a loss! Then, due to your neglect , Tom climbed a tree and tore his jacket; take away ten. Also due to your carelessness the maid stole Dick's shoes. You ought to watch everything! You get paid for it. So, that means five more dollars off. The tenth of January I gave ten dollars."
"You didn't. "sobbed Julia.
"But I made a note of it."
"Well... if you say so."
"Take twenty seven from forty one -that leaves fourteen."
Both her eyes were filled with tears. Beads of sweat stood on the thin pretty little nose. Poor girl!
"Only once was I given any money," she whispered, her voice trembling, "and that was by your wife. Three dollars, nothing more."
"Really? You see now, and I didn't know that! Take three from fourteen.. leaves eleven. Here's your money, my dear. Three, three, three, one and one. Here it is !"
I handed her eleven dollars. She took them and pocketed them.
"Merci(: ),"she whispered.
I jumped to my feet and started pacing the room. I was overcome with anger. "For what, this - 'merci'?" I asked.
"For the money. "
"But you know I've cheated you - robbed you ! I have actually stolen from you ! Why this'merci'?"
"In my other places they didn't give me anything at all."
"They didn't give you anything? No wonder! I played a little joke on you, a cruel lesson, just to teach you... I m going to give you all the eighty dollars! Here they are in the envelope all ready for you... Is it really possible to be so spineless ?Why didn't you protest? Why were you silent? Is it possible in this world to be without teeth and claws --to be such a fool?"
Embarrassed, she smiled. And I could read her expression,"It is possible."
I asked her pardon for the cruel lesson and, to her great surprise, gave her the eighty dollars. She murmured her little"merci"several times and went out. I looked after her and thought,"How easy it is to crush the weak in this world !" [/INST] question: While talking to Julia, the wrier expected from her _ . | options: A: a protest B: gratitude C: obedience D: an explanation | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CA rectum- MC site of large bowel malignancy- Usually seen in 5th - 6 decade- MC site of metastasis - Liver > lungs - Chemotherapy regimen- FOL FOX-IV* FOL - Folinic acid/ leucovorin* F- 5-FV (5-Flurouracil)* Ox- Oxaliplatin Clinical features- MC symptom - Bleeding PR- Early morning bloody diarrhea- Passage of bloody slime (no fecal matter) - Spurious diarrhea (every 2 to 3 hours, rectum is full with discharge from tumor, so patient passes like stool every 3 hours)- Tenesmus - Painful defecation with sensation of incomplete evacuation seen in lower pa of CA rectum- Back ache/ sciatica (sacral plexus involvement posteriorly)- Weight loss (liver metastasis) Investigations- Length of anal canal - 3cm- length of rectum - 14cm- For complete evaluation, the length of the instrument should be at least 17 cm Investigations Options available- PROCTOSCOPY- Sigmoidoscopy- Colonoscopy* Length of proctoscope - 10 cm* Rigid sigmoidoscope -25 cm* Flexible sigmoidoscope- 60cm* Colonoscope - 160 cm- Investigation of choice - Rigid sigmoidoscopy + biopsy- Colonoscopy is mandatory for adequate evaluation of whole colon and to rule out any synchronous polyp or synchronous malignancy* Synchronous- simultaneously* Metachronous- later after surgery- Viual colonoscopy (3D reconstruction colonoscopy using CT) * Advantage - can visualize outside of lumen also* Disadvantage - Biopsy of colon cannot be done- In head & neck malignancies & pelvic malignancies, overcrowding of nerves, blood vessels & soft tissues. So, IOC for staging of most of head and neck malignancy- MRI- For T- staging, investigation of choice- TRUS (Transrectal ultrasound)- Distantly lying nerve, lymph node, vessel cannot be differentiated as Sensitivity of ultrasound decrease if distance between probe & organ increase. - For lymph node staging, investigation of choice is - Endorectal MRI- Overall Best investigation for staging- MRI Treatment- Principle of treatment in CA Rectum* Stage I - Surgical resection* State II & III - Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgical resection (down stage the tumor & then surgery)* Stage IV - Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by palliation +- surgical excision - TOC- TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION* Given by Bill Heald* Significant length of bowel removal around the tumor* Removal of Surrounding tissues up to the plane between Mesorectum & Presacral Fascia known as HEALD'S HOLYPLANE - If CA rectum is located > 5 cm above Anal verge - Low Anterior Resection (LAR)- If CA rectum is located at or below 5 cm from anal verge - APR (Adomino Perineal resection) aka Mile's Procedure - In elderly patient >60 years with malignancy in sigmoid/ or proximal pa of rectum which is intraperitoneal - Haman's procedureHaman's procedure* Sigmoidectomy +Descending colostomy + Closure of rectal stump [/INST] question: A 65yr old male patient presents with history of early morning bloody diarrhoea, Change in bowel habits, Intermittent Obstruction.Sometimes he had a feeling of incomplete evacuation and Tenesmus. There is no positive family history for any carcinoma.What will be the treatment of choice in this case: | options: A: Total mesorectal excision B: Hamann's procedure C: Anterior resection D: Abdominoperineal resection | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are about fifteen hundred languages in the world. But only a few of them are very important. English is one of them. Many, many people use it, not only in England and the USA, but also in other parts of the world. About 200,000,000 people speak it as their own language. It is difficult to say how many people are learning it as a foreign language. Many millions of people are trying to do so. Is it easy or difficult to learn English? Different people may have different answers. Have you ever noticed ads of this kind in the newspapers or magazines? "Learn English in six weeks, or give your money back..." "Easy and funny..." "Our records and tapes help you master English in a month". Of course, it never happened quite like that.
The only language that seems easy to learn is the mother tongue. We should remember that we all learned our own language well when we were children. If we could learn English in the same way, it would not seem so difficult. Think of what a small child does. He listens to what people say. He tries what he hears.
So it is hard to say that learning English is easy. We must do a lot of practice. And practice needs great efforts and takes much time. Good teachers, record, tapes, books, and dictionaries will be helpful, but they cannot do the student's work for him. [/INST] question: How many languages are very important in the world? | options: A: A few B: Few C: About 1500 D: Many | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mucormycosis Voriconazole Voriconazole is recent systemic antifungal agent belonging to the azole chemical .family. It is a broad spectrum azole that has been approved for t/t by F.D.A. in 2002. As with other triazoles voriconazole impairs the biosynthesis of ergosterols by inhibiting the p450 enzyme 14a sterol demethylase. Voriconazole is administered by i.v. and oral routes. It is formulated as lyophilized powder ,for solution for i.v. infusion as well as tablets and powder for suspension for oral administration. Uses of Voriconazole Varoconazole is a broad spectrum azole. It can be used in all diseases where azoles are effective. It is especially used for ? Invasive aspergillosisQ In patients with invasive aspergillosis, initial therapy with voriconazole led to better responses and improved survival and resulted in.fewer side effects than the standard approach of initial therapy with amphotericin B. Emerging fungal pathogensQ Voriconazole is used in the primary treatment of amphotericin B and fluconazole resistant fungal infections e.g., Fusarium, Scendosporium. Patients with neutropenia and feverQ Pts with neutropenia and fever are often treated empirically with AMB or liposomal AMB to prevent invasive fungal infections. Voriconazole is a suitable alternative to AMB preparation for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. Those with Fluconazole resistant candida infection Voriconazole is a broad spectrum antifungal showing in vitro activity against candida species uncluding fluconazole resistant candida albicans2 and candida krusei2. Some impoant adverse effect of Voriconazole : ? Teratogenecity - Voriconazole is teratogenic in animals and contraindicated in pregnancy (class 0) QTc prolongation and arrhythmias - Voriconazole like some other azoles causes a prolongation of the QTc intervals which can become significant in patient with other risk factors for Torsades-de-points. [/INST] question: Voriconazole is not effective against | options: A: Aspergillosis B: Mucormyocosis C: Candida albicans D: Candida tropicalis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cell proliferation ? ? ? The enzymes that conve arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 are named cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (original name was prostaglandin H synthase). The propeies of COX-1 are different from those of COX-2. It was originally thought that the. function of COX-1 was involved in physiological phenomena where as that of COX-2 was involved in various pathologies. COX-1 is considered as the constitutive enzyme or the housekeeping enzyme that is naturally expressed on all cell surfaces. COX-2 is known as inducible enzyme which is not naturally expressed on the cells but is expressed on stimulation of cells. Functions of COX-1 and COX-2 Inflammation During inflammation, COX-1 mRNA, protein and activity levels do not change, but COX-2 levels increase dramatically, and as a result prostaglandin production increases. - Moreover, when COX-2 specific inhibitors are administered, prostaglandin production and subsequent inflammation are significantly reduced. - These data have lead to the conclusion that COX-2 is involved in inflammation whereas COX-1 is not. - During the inflammation process, COX-I is though to contribute to resolution. The COX-2 gene is paicularly responsive to mediators of inflammation. - For example, IL-la, IL-I b, TNF-a and LPS induce COX-2 gene expression and subsequent prostaglandin production. Therefore COX-2 inhibitors have been used to attenuate the symptoms of inflammation such as osteoahritis, rheumatoid ahritis and musculoskeletal pains. Cardiovascular system It is well known that the platelet has COX-1 protein alone (no COX-2). The thromboxane A2 produced COX-1 has an impoant role in thrombosis. - It has been thought that vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells have COX-1 and that prostacyclin formed COX-1 has an impoant role in blood flow, blood pressure and antiaggregation of platelets. However, a recent work has shown that prostacyclin in vascular cells is produced by COX-2 as well as COX-1 under both physiological and pathological conditions. - These results raised the possibility of an increased risk of cardiovascular events associated with COX-2 specific inhibitors. However, trials have not confirmed these results. Tumorigenesis COX-2 causes tumorigenesis and tumour growth. - Overexpression of COX-2 in tumor cells causes cells to escape from apoptosis and to invade the matrix. - The contribution of COX-2 to tumorigenesis is mainly through three processes. a) Induction of angiogenic,factors such as VEGF b) Antiapoptosis and c) Development of malignancy In vivo, tumour associated macrophages as well as tumor cells produce "PGE2 COX-2" and the PGE2 produced, induces VEGF and finally VEGF stimulates angiogenesis. Renal function COX-1 is primarily expressed in podocytes and collecting duct cells and is involved in glomerulogenesis. COX-2 is detected in renal vasculature, medullary interstitial cells and the macula densa. COX-2 is involved in renal perfusion and glomerular hemodynamics. Cyclooxygenase function can also be assessed by disrupting COX-1 and COX-2 genes in mice COX-2 deficient mice demonstrates following :- Defect in female reproductive functions including ovulation, feilization and implantation and decidualization Reduction in brain injury induced by ischemia Suppression of tumorigenesis Renal nephropathy Cardiac.fibrosis Peritonitis Failure of ductus aeriosus closure Even after this extensive discussion, 1 am not sure about the answer. Since COX-2 has a role in the development of twnorigenesis, cell proliferation seems to be the appropriate answer. COX-2 causes tumorigenesis by induction of VEGF. VEGF is vascular endothelial growth factor and it causes endothelial proliferation. We are not sure of the answer. Go through the .following sites on internet. http//www.ncbi.nlm.gov/pubmed/18039779; http/Avvvw.ncbi.nlin.nih.gov/pubmed/12045254; Jun invest 2002 June 109 (11/1405=15); www.ncbi.nlm. gov/pubmed/16219005; http//www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/12444028 COX-2 seems to regulate all the ,functions mentioned in the question. We have looked into numerous texts and internet sites for this one. But we cannot come up with some conclusive material on this one. There are ceain texts which say that COX-2 is implicated in tumors genesis through all the following mechanisms Cellular proliferation Antiapoptosis Cellular differentiation Cellular migration Cellular adhesion If the question is repeated again with the same options we would go for cellular proliferation. [/INST] question: Regarding COX-2 which of the following is its function aEUR' | options: A: Cell adhesion B: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCell proliferation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n C: Cell migration D: \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCell differentiation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Photography has been my interest ever since I was old enough to pick up a camera, but today I want to share with you the 15 most treasured photos of mine, and I didn't take any of them. In fact, most of them were taken by random tourists.
My story begins when I was in New York City for a speech, and my wife took a picture of me holding my daughter on her first birthday. We're on the corner of 57th and 5th. We happened to be back in New York exactly a year later, so we decided to take the same picture.
Well you can see where this is going. Approaching my daughter's third birthday, my wife said, "Hey, why don't you take Sabina back to New York and make it a father-daughter trip, and continue the ceremony?" This is when we started asking passing tourists to take the picture.
So these photos are far more than representatives for a single moment, or even a specific trip. They're also ways for us to freeze time for one week in October and reflect on our times and how we change from year to year, and not just physically, but in every way. Because while we take the same photo, our viewpoints change, and she reaches new milestones and I get to see life through her eyes, and how she communicates with and sees everything. This very focused time we get to spend together is something we value(,) and expect the entire year. [/INST] question: Who came up with the idea of having a father-daughter trip when Sabina was 3 years old? | options: A: Her mother B: Her father C: Sabina herself D: An unknown tourist | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A man was selling medicine at a fair .At first he sold bottles of a cure for colds for just a dollar a bottle.
Many people wanted to buy it and the man's young assistant moved quickly through the crowd collecting money and handing out bottles of the cure.
Then,when he had a big crowd, the man held up a very small bottle.
"And now,ladies and gentlemen,he shouted,"Here is the medicine you have been waiting for.The cure for old age.Drink just one bottle of this and you will live forever.
"And,ladies and gentlemen,the man continued,"I'm not going to charge(............)you a hundred dollars a bottle for this wonderful medicine.I'm not going to charge you fifty dollars a bottle.I'm not going to charge you twenty-five dollars a bottle.Now,ladies and gentlemen,I'm going to charge you just ten dollars a bottle. Think,my friends,for ten dollars you can live forever.
Most of the people in the crowd did not believe this.
One person shouted,"If it can make you live forever,why don't you drink it?Then another person cried,"Yes, you look as if you're at least sixty years old.
"Thank you,sir,thank you,the man answered,"I'm so glad you said that. My real age is three hundred and twenty-nine.
The crowd laughed at this but there were still some people who wanted to believe the man .One of them spoke to the man's assistant as she passed by,"Is that true?he asked."Is he three hundred and twenty-nine?
"Don't ask me,the assistant said,"I've only worked for him for a hundred and fifty years. [/INST] question: What did the man sell at first at the fair? | options: A: bottles B: a cure for colds C: a cure for old age D: a medicine that made people live forever | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Babysitter Wanted
I am seeking a babysitter for my 6-month-old son. A few hours on Saturdays and Sundays to help me and then other times as needed. He or she should be over 18, responsible, loving, warm, and have some experience in caring for babies. This position also suits a college student with experience looking for a part-time job. The pay is $10 an hour.
If this sounds like a good job to you, please reply to [email protected] call 800-4964.
Office Manager Wanted
Our company is looking for a full-time experienced manager to run the business. Strong skills in organisation and business management are required for this position. The office manager will be responsible for keeping financial records, so he or she should be familiar with computers.
Please reply to [email protected] call 800-6978 to apply.
Waiter/ Waitress Wanted
A restaurant is looking for an experienced waiter / waitress. Knowledge of wines and experience in dining are necessary. Must work well under pressure and understand the basics of fine dining and customer service.
If you're interested, please contact us at [email protected] apply. This is a part-time job.
Office Cleaner Wanted
Looking for a Part-time job? A position in the Mississauga area needs an office cleaner! Part-time 4 hours a day from 10:00 am - 2:00 pm.
Duties include:
*Cleaning the washrooms
*Cleaning the furniture
*Sweeping the floors
*Other general cleaning Some experience is necessary. Pay:$15 per hour
Replyto:[email protected] call 800-8197. [/INST] question: Which of the following position is a full-time job? | options: A: Babysitter B: Office manager C: Waiter / waitress D: Office cleaner | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Internal jugular vein is the direct continuation of the sigmoid sinusThe sigmoid sinuses:They are two areas beneath the brain which allow blood to drain inferiorly from the posterior center of the head.They drain from the transverse sinuses and converge with the inferior petrosal sinuses to form the internal jugular veinEach sigmoid sinus begins beneath the temporal bone and follows a touous course to the jugular foramen, at which point the sinus becomes continuous with the internal jugular veinThe internal jugular vein:It collects the blood from the brain, from the superficial pas of the face, and from the neck.It is directly continuous with the transverse sinus, and begins in the posterior compament of the jugular foramen, at the base of the skull.The thoracic duct on the left side and the right lymphatic duct on the right side open into the angle of union of the internal jugular and subclan veins.The external jugular vein:It is formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein.It commences in the substance of the parotid gland, on a level with the angle of the mandible.The anterior jugular vein:It begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region.It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower pa of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclan vein [/INST] question: Internal jugular vein is the continuation of which of the following sinus | options: A: Cavernous sinus B: Sigmoid sinus C: Inferior petrosal sinus D: Superior petrosal sinus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: More Americans are Googling themselves ------ and many are checking out their friends, co-workers and romantic interests, too.
In a report Sunday, the Pew Internet and American Life Project said 47 percent of U.S. adult Internet users have looked for information about themselves through Google or another search engine.
That is more than twice the 22 percent of users who did in 2002, but Pew senior research specialist Mary Madden was surprised the growth wasn't higher.
"Yes it's doubled, but many Internet users have never done this simple act of plugging their name with search engines," she said.
Americans under 50 and those with more education and income were more likely to self-Google because their jobs demand a certain online persona.
Meanwhile, Pew found that 53 percent of adult Internet users admit looking up information about someone else, not including celebrities.
Often, it's to find someone _ have lost touch with. But looking up information about friends, relatives, colleagues and neighbors also was common.
Although men and women equally searched for online information about themselves, women were slightly more likely to look up information about someone they are dating.
In many cases, the search is done to find someone's contact information. But a third of those who have conducted searches on others have looked for public records, such as bankruptcies and divorce proceedings. A similar number have searched for someone else's photo.
Few Internet users say they Google themselves regularly ---- about three-quarters of self-searchers say they have done so only once or twice. And most who have done so consider what they find accurate.
Pew also found that teens were more likely than adults to restrict who can see their information at an online hangout like Facebook or News Corp's MySpace. [/INST] question: The number of American adult Internet users _ Mary Madden. | options: A: frightened B: pleased C: disappointed D: annoyed | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today is Sarah's birthday. She is seventy-five. We asked a few old friends to dinner.
Like most elderly people, I suppose, we spent most of the evening talking about old times. Thirty years ago, the village used to be a quiet place. Now it has changed. Every Sunday hundreds of cars pass through the village at what I think a dangerous speed. They make the village almost as noisy as the streets of a large town. As a boy I enjoyed riding on the backs of the farm horses. Things are different now. Today there are very few horses working on the farms. The farm workers today drive tractors, not horses. A man is not of much use on a farm unless he knows all about machines. Now almost every house in the village has a TV set. Is it a good thing for children to spend the evening sitting in front of a TV set? When I was young I did not waste my time indoors. I would spend the long summer evenings outdoors. I would play with my friends, go fishing or walk by the river. When my grandchildren asked me the reason why I haven't bought a TV set, I tell them there are many books I still want to read. I can't find time for both reading and watching TV. [/INST] question: The old like to talk about _ . | options: A: themselves B: others C: the past D: nothing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Spain is famous for its tomato festival, called La Tomatina. It happens in a small town Hanoi on the last Wednesday of August every year. During the festival there are all kinds of activities, but the most exciting part is the tomato fight. It takes place at the end of long celebration . You are encouraged to throw tomatoes in the fight. There're many stories about how the festival began. One of the stories goes that during the 1940's, some friends started a tomato fight, while another story is about a local band. Anyway, everyone in Bunol seems to have a different story.
Before the tomato fight, there are parades ,musical bands, street parties and so on. On the day of the fight, shopkeepers cover their windows and doors in order to keep away from the tomato fight. At the same time, thousands of tourists and local people come to the town square together. Then large trucks full of tomatoes arrive. From theback of the large trucks, a great town band start to throw tomatoes at others. Then the crowds fight back, throwing the tomatoes at anything and anyone. Soon the streets are in the sea of red tomato juice.
Everyone is supposed to obey a small number of rules: You must squash the tomato before throwing it and you are allowed to throw nothing but tomatoes.
It is usually over in less than half an hour. Everyone then sets off to the river to clearup. Sounds like fun! [/INST] question: The most exciting activity of the festival is _ . | options: A: parades B: street parties C: the tomato fight D: the musical bands show | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many people especially beginners,often complain that listening to spoken English is too hard for them.
But if you don't understand what people are saying,how can you converse with them?It may be difficult,but learning by listening is necessary. It can be done.
It is a common fact that different people have different pronunciations of the same word. Stanronunciation is the basis for English study,especially of listening.
If your pronunciation is not standard,it is hard for other people to understand you as it is for you to understand them.
You may know the words when they are written down. That's important.You should plan to read every time you practise speaking and listening.
Select a set of good books with cassettes. Do the exercises, from the simple to the difficult, step by step.As for listening, you have many choices: Watch English-language films, listen to English-language radio and television programs.
Try to listen every day,even if only for a few minutes. At first,you may understand few words or perhaps only familiar names such as Clinton. Don't give up. Just listen.
On TV,you can guess some of the words from watching what is happening on the screen.Gradually, you will find yourself recognizing some words.Try to pronounce them. Do you sound like the person on TV?
Are you speaking standard English? Remember to read and practise speaking. It will help you to listen better. You may find many words that you missed or didn't understand when you were listening. Every day, spend an hour reading English.
Talk to English-speaking foreigners whenever possible. Talking face to face is the liveliest textbook.In general, foreigners will speak more slowly with you, use simple words, and use gestures to help you understand them. [/INST] question: Beginners often complain that listening to spoken English is too hard,because _ . | options: A: they can't pronounce standardizedly B: they spend little time listening English C: they are not familiar with the words they've learnt D: all mentioned above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: TOKYO-- At first glance, Japanese cellphones are young people's favorites, with elegant design and quick access to the Internet. However, despite years of competition in overseas markets, Japan's cellphone makers have little presence beyond the country's shores.
The only Japanese cellphone maker with any meaningful global share is Sony Ericsson, and that company is a London-based joint venture between a Japanese electronics maker and a Swedish telecommunications firm.
And Sony Ericsson has been hit by big losses. Its market share was just 6.3 percent in the first quarter of 2009, behind Nokia of Finland, Samsung Electronics and LG of South Korea, and Motorola of Illinois.
This year, Mr Natsuno, who developed a popular wireless Internet service called i-Mode, invited some of the best minds in the field to debate how Japanese cellphones could go global.
"The most amazing thing about Japan is that even the average person out there will have a very advanced phone, "said Mr Natsuno. Japan has 100 million users of advanced third-generation smart phones, twice the number of the United States, a much larger market. Many Japanese rely on their phones, not a PC, for Internet access.
Indeed, Japanese cellphone makers thought they had positioned themselves to dominate the age of digital data. But they were a little too clever. In the 1990s, they set a standard for the second-generation network that was refused everywhere else. Then Japan quickly adopted a third-generation standard in 2001. However, it made Japanese phones too advanced for most markets.
Several Japanese companies are now considering a push into overseas markets, including NEC. Panasonic, Sharp, Toshiba and Fujitsu are said to be planning similar moves.
"Japanese cellphone makers need to either look overseas, or exit the business", said Kenshi Tazaki, a managing vice president at the consulting firm Gartner Japan. [/INST] question: The cellphone company with the largest global market share is located in _ . | options: A: Japan B: America C: South Korea D: Finland | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ray Charles Robinson, a blind musician in America, was famous for his records of jazz, rock 'n' roll, blues and country music. But the world knew him better as Ray Charles. He had an influence on American popular music.
The song Let's Go Get Stoned is an example of Ray Charles' own kind of music--his own sound. He worked hard for several years to create that sound. No one ever tried it before. He mixed black church music, blues and rock 'n' roll. The sound was extremely successful. In the nineteen fifties, his records began to sell millions of copies. At the same time, Ray Charles recorded jazz music. Those records sold well, too. People said they were new and exciting.
Ray Charles became famous because he could play blues, rock and jazz. He also liked other kinds of music. He told the record company officials that he wanted to record an album of country and western music.
The president of the record company told him it would be a mistake. He said Ray's fans would not buy the album. Charles disagreed. He said he believed he would gain many new fans to replace the few he might lose. He produced the album and it was an immediate success.
The album was called Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music. Many of the songs sold very well. One of the most popular songs was I Can't Stop Loving You. It is a countryandwestern song with Ray Charles' sound of blues and black church music. [/INST] question: Ray Charles became popular with Americans because _ . | options: A: he mixed black church music, blues and rock 'n' roll B: he worked hard to create his own sound C: he recorded Jazz music D: he could play blues | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pediatric Airway Management – Equipment
Tracheal intubation remains the standard for airway maintenance during many procedures.
Generally, a tracheal tube of the largest possible internal diameter should be chosen to minimize resistance to gas flow and avoid an excessive leak around the tube. It is important, however, to avoid inserting too large tube, which may cause mucosal damage.
The length of the tube is calculated as:
Length = + 12 cm For orotracheal intubation
Length = + 15 cm For nasotracheal intubation
Uncuffed tubes are used in children – as there is potential for mucosal damage with the cuffed tubes (with high volume, low pressure cuffs)
In older children approaching puberty – Cuffed endotracheal tubes are used, reflecting the anatomical development of the airway.
Endotracheal tubes are available in a variety of materials although the use of PVC and silicone rubber is now almost universal.
As far as blades are concerned – A huge range of laryngoscopes blades are available. Anatomical considerations and to some extent personal choice, determine the most appropriate blade to use. In general position of the infant larynx and the long epiglottis makes intubation easier with a straight blade and are often used in children under 6 months of age.
So from above description, it is clear that in children straight blade with uncuffed tube is the best for intubation.
Ref. Scotts Brown 7/e vol 1 p 511 [/INST] question: In a one year old child intubation is done using - | options: A: Straight blade with uncuffed tube B: Curved blade with uncuffed tube C: Straight blade with cuffed tube D: Curved blade with cuffed tube | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A leading biologist has found the angels and fairies that sit at top of Christmas trees did not get there under their own power.
Prof Roger Wotton, from University College London, found that flight would be impossible for angels with arms and bird-like feathered wings.
"Angels cannot take off and cannot use powered flight," said Prof Wotton. "They would need to be exposed to very high wind velocities at take off - such high winds that they would be blown away."
Some the world's most famous religious paintings and architecture make most Americans believe in angels.
The study found that 68 per cent of the 36,000 adults thought that angels and demons were at work in the world.
According to the latest study, angels lack the powerful muscles which allow birds to beat their wings.
Prof Wotton's paper explores why there are so many stories about angels. "Angels are very powerful religious icons for people with faith. Their similarity to humans adds to their power. At the same time, they have wings on them because they are more than human. They take messages to heaven and therefore have to fly." said the academic. [/INST] question: What did the leading biologist find? | options: A: The angels and fairies are very powerful B: It's impossible for angels and fairies to fly C: The flight would be possible for angels with arms and bird-like feathered wings D: The angels and fairies can sit on the tree under their own power | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fri, Jun. l
Nightlife Back to the Age of innocence
This performance, organized by the group Lifetime Wharf, will celebrate Children's Day and commemorate the lost childhoods of office workers. Five bands will perform: DH & Chinese Hellcats, DUDE, Candy Monster, Residence A and Island Mood.
Where: Yugong Yishan Livehouse, 3-2 Zhangzizhong
Lu. Dongcheng District
When: 8 pm
Admission: 60 yuan pre-sale; 80 yuan at door
Tel:64042711
Sun, Jun.3
Movie Chinese Girl by Guo Xiaolu
The indie film Chinese Girl directed by Guo Xiaolu is about the life of a girl who lives in the countryside. The lead actress. Huang Lu, will attend the screening and answer participants' questions afterwards.
Where:UCCA, 4Jiuxianqiao Lu, Chaoyang District
When:7 pm
Admission:15 yuan(10 yuan for students, free for VIP)
Tel:57800200
Mom, Jun. 4
Script Reading
Scripts written by students from the 166th Middle School of Beijing will be performed. They include: Love Sleeping Beauty, Lucky Ferris Wheel production, Jane Eyre, Our Self-study Class and Farewell-Bing xin.
Where: Penghao Theater, 35 Dongmianhua Hutong, Dongcheng District
When: Until Jun. 5, 7:30pm
Admission: 80 yuan(40 yuan for students)
Tel:64006472
Thu, Jun.7
Movie Invictus
This film is directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman, both of whom were nominated for Academy Awards.
Where: China Film Archive, 3 Wenhuiyuan Lu, Haidian District
When: Until Jun. 8,7:30-10 pm
Admission:120-480 yuan
Tel:66550000 [/INST] question: If Mr. Green(VIP), together with his wife and his three schoolchildren watches the movie Chinese Girl, how much will they pay for the admission? | options: A: 30 yuan B: 45 yuan C: 50 yuan D: 60 yuan | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As a boy, Sanders was much influenced by books about the sea, but by the age of fifteen he had decided to become a doctor rather than a sailor. His father was a doctor. So he was often with the doctors and got along very well with them. When he was fourteen, he was already hanging around the hospital where he was supposed to be helping to clean the medicine bottles, but was actually trying to listen to the doctors' conversations with patients in the next room.
During the war Sanders served in the army as a surgeon . "That was the happiest time of my life. I was dealing with real sufferers and on the whole making a success of my job." In Rhodes he taught the country people simple facts about medicine. He saw himself as a life-saver. He had proved his skill to himself and had a firm belief that he could serve those who lived simply, and were dependent upon him. Thus, while in a position to tell them what to do he could feel he was serving them.
After the war, he married and set up a practice deep in the countryside, working under an old doctor who hated the sight of blood. This gave the younger man plenty of opportunities to go on working as a life-saver. [/INST] question: When he was a small boy, Sander was influenced by books about _ . | options: A: the hospital B: the war C: the sea D: the countryside | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Patrick Johnson,an artist for the Washington Post,found some treasure in his new house35,000 dollars in a place where no one could see it. Although he had car and house payments in his head, he still decided to return all of the money to the previous owner of the house,Mr. Williams. Would you have done the same?
Just hours after he had bought the house,Patrick came into the small house,where he was planning to lay out his tools and hang things up. He looked up and noticed a little hole in the wall. He didn't know what it was inside, so he walked towards the wall. It was very dark inside,but an old box caught his eye.
"I caught the thing,it was heavy. I thought it might be some pieces of wood." he said. Actually it was not. It was filled with lots of dollar bills. But he and his wife knew they had to return the money to Mr. Williams.
"I've got two boys and we teach them to be honest and to do what is right. I knew this was a teachable moment that I would never get back again." Patrick said to his wife. "So I thought we would do something honest with it. It's been a great thing for us and our kids." [/INST] question: Patrick decided to return the money to _ . | options: A: his wife B: the bank C: their sons D: Mr. Williams | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sometimes the easiest way to get somewhere is on the back of a bike.
More and more people are using cars in many places in Africa today. However, things are different in Malawi( ).Bikes are the most popular in this African country.
Bike riding is a way of life in Malawi. People use them to carry heavy things. They also use bikes to carry people, especially tourists. These years, taking a " bicycle taxi" to travel around Malawi has become quite popular among tourists from all over the world.
If you go to Malawi, you will find a lot of bike taxis waiting on the sides of the roads. The riders make the bikes comfortable for passengers to sit on . You can jump on a bike taxi and get around at a very low cost.
Alice is a 21-year-old student from Canada. She enjoys the special bike riding a lot. "I really like the bike taxi," she says. "It's easy and cheap." Alice usually pays just $1 for going shopping in town.
28-year-old Panjira Khombe began to ride a bike taxi two years ago. The young man enjoys this job."I used to make boats for a living, but that's a hard job. Being a bike taxi rider is easy for me and I don't mind carrying heavy people," he says. [/INST] question: In Malawi _ are the most popular way for people to get somewhere. | options: A: cars B: bikes C: trains D: buses | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis requires more than insulin. Intravascular volume is often depleted, and initial fluids to restore volume should include isotonic saline or lactated Ringer's solution. If aerial blood pH is less than 7.1 or if severe hyperkalemia is present, bicarbonate supplementation should be used. IV fluids containing 5-10% dextrose (glucose) should be used when the serum glucose levels fall to 200-300 mg/dL, since high doses of rapidly acting insulin can cause life-threatening hypoglycemia. Additionally, the serum potassium concentration should be watched very carefully, since potassium is co transpoed into cells with glucose in the presence of insulin. It is often the case that hyperkalemia is present initially, secondary to decreased cellular uptake of potassium with decreased cellular uptake of glucose. However, this can rapidly change when insulin drives glucose (with potassium) into cells, and a life-threatening hypokalemia can develop. Supplementation with calcium is not required with insulin administration. Creatinine is a waste product, rather than a nutrient. Supplementation with magnesium is not required with insulin administration. [/INST] question: Rajesh is known to have IDDM and he is brought to the emergency room in a coma due to diabetic ketoacidosis. Insulin therapy is begun without a delay. Which of the following should also accompany immediately? | options: A: Calcium supplementation B: Creatinine supplementation C: Magnesium supplementation D: Potassium supplementation | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Whether we should allow marine parks to stay open has been widely debated in our community recently. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about it.
Smith, a sociologist, argued that dolphin parks provide the only opportunity for much of the public to see marine mammals. As this argument goes, most Australians live in cities and never get to see these animals. Marine parks allow the average Australian to appreciate our marine wildlife. However, in fact, there are many places where they can be seen in the wild. Moreover, these places do not charge an overpriced entry fee -- they are free.
Dr. Alison Lane, the director of the Cairns Marine Science Institute, insists that we need marine parks for scientific research. She argues that much of our knowledge of marine mammals comes from studies which were undertaken at marine parks. The knowledge which is obtained at marine parks can be useful for planning for the preservation of marine mammal species. However, Jones, a zoologist, explains that park research is only useful for understanding captive animals and is not useful for learning about animals in the wild. Their diets are different, they have significantly lower life lengths and they are more likely to have a disease. In addition, marine mammals in dolphin parks are trained and this means that their patterns of social behaviour are changed.
The Marine Park Owners Association holds that marine parks attract a lot of foreign tourists. This position goes on to state that these tourists spend a lot of money, increasing our foreign exchange earnings and assisting our national balance of payments. However, foreign tourists would still come to Australia if the parks were closed down. Indeed, surveys of overseas tourists show that they come here for a variety of other reasons and not to visit places like Seaworld. Tourists come here to see our native wildlife in its natural environment and not to see it in cages and concrete pools. They can see animals in those conditions in their own countries.
In a word, perhaps an agreement cannot be reached now. However, a question does deserve our consideration: If we continue with our past crimes against these creatures, how will our future generations view us? [/INST] question: Who support(s) the idea of closing marine parks? | options: A: Most Australians B: Alison Lane C: Smith D: Jones | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some problems are difficult to solve.But there are a lot of number expressions that can help.For example, if we put two and two together , we might com e up with the right answer.We know that two heads are better than one.It is always better to workwith another person to solve a problem.Some problems have only one solution.You cannot be of two minds over this.But with any luck , we can solve the problem in two shakes of a lamb' s tail.In other words, we could have our answers quickly and easily.
Sometimes we can kill two birds with one stone.That is , we can complete two goals with only one effort or action.But we must remember that two wrongs don' t make a right.If someone does something bad to you, you should not do the same to him.
If you are going out with your girlfriend , or boyfriend , but you don' t want another friend to go a long on your date, you can just say to your friend : two' s company , three' s a crowd.
When I was a young child in school , I had to learn the three R' s.These important skills are reading , writing and arithmetic.These three words do not all start with the letter " R".But they have the sound of " R".My teacher used to give three cheers when I did well in maths.They gave praise and approval for a job well done.
Some of my friends were confused and did not understand their school work.They were at sixes and sevens.In fact , they did not care if they finished high school.But they were happy when they completed their studies and graduated from high school.They were in seventh heaven.They were on cloud nine.Nine times out of ten students who do we'll in school find good jobs.Some work in an office doing the same things every day at nine-to-five jobs.You do not have to dress to the nines , or wear your best clothes , for this kind of work. [/INST] question: If you solve a problem without any difficulty , you can also say that you can do it_. | options: A: in seventh heaven B: on cloud nine C: at sixes and sevens D: in two shakes of a lamb' s tail | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day. "I was a clothes addict," he jokes. "I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled." Today David wears casual clothes--khaki pants and sports shirt--to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. "I'm working harder than ever," David says, "and I need to feel comfortable."
More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work. In the United States, the change from formal to casual office wear has been gradual. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday, but only on Friday. This became known as "dress-down Friday" or "casual Friday". "What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing." said business consultant Maisly Jones.
Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it's easier for a company to attract new employees if it has a casual dress code. "A lot of young people don't want to dress up for work," says the owner of a software company, "so it's hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code." Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. In a study conducted by Levi Strauss Company, 85 percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee morale . Only 4 percent of employers said that casual dress has a negative effect on productivity. Supporters of casual office wear also argue that a casual dress code helps them save money. "Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day," one person said. "For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes." [/INST] question: David Smith refers to himself as having been "a clothes addict," because _ . | options: A: he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt B: he couldn't stand a clean appearance C: he wanted his clothes to look neat all the time D: he didn't want to spend much money on clothes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • Nasopharyngeal cancer is most common in China particularly in southern states and Taiwan.
• People in Southern China, Taiwan and Indonesia are more prone to this cancer.
• MC tumor to produce cervical LN metastasis
• MC tumor responsible for secondaries in the neck with no obvious primary malignancy
• Burning of incense or wood (Polycyclic hydrocarbon), use of preserved salted fish (Nitosamines) along with vitamin C deficient diet (vitamin C blocks nitrosification of amines and is thus protective) may be other factors operative in China.
Etiology
• Exact etiology is not known. The factors responsible are:
−− Genetic: Chinese
−− Viral: Epstein-Barr virus
−− Environmental: Air pollution, smoking of tobacco and opium, nitrosamines from dry salted fish, smoke from burning of incense and wood
Pathology
• Squamous cell carcinoma in various grades of its differentiation or its variants as transitional cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelioma, is the most common.
• MC site of origin: Fossa of Rosenmuller in the lateral wall of Nasopharynx.
• LN involvement is common because of rich lymphatic network in the nasopharynx.
Clinical features
• Age: It is mostly seen in fifth to seventh decades but may involve younger age groups.
• Sex: Males are three times more prone than females.
• Cervical lymphadenopathy is MC presenting symptom (60-90%).
• Nasal: Nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, denasal speech (rhinolalia clausa) and epistaxis.
• Otologic: Due to obstruction of Eustachian tube , there is conductive hearing loss, serous or suppurative otitis media.
• Presence of unilateral serous otitis media in an adult should raise suspicion of nasopharyngeal growth.
• Involvement of IX , X and XI cranial nerves may occur, constituting jugular foramen syndrome.
• Can cause conductive deafness (Eustachian tube blockage), ipsilateral temporoparietal neuralgia (involvement of CN V) and palatal paralysis (CN X)-collectively called Trotter’s triad.
• Cervical nodal metastases may be the only manifestation of nasopharyngeal cancer.
• Nodal metastases are seen in 75% of the patients, when first seen, about half of them with bilateral nodes.
• Distant metastases involve bone, lung, liver and other sites.
• Jaccods’s triad: Ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia + Amaurosis + Ipsilateral neuralgia
Diagnosis
• CT scan: Demonstrate erosion of bone at the base of skull and the extent of tumor.
• Biopsy is essential to show the exact histology of the malignancy.
• In absence of nasopharyngeal lesion but with strong suspicion of malignancy, nasopharynx is exposed by transpalatal approach and a strip of mucosa and submucosa from the region of fossa of Rosenmuller should be taken and subjected to histology.
Treatment
• Irradiation is treatment of choice.
• Chemo therapy for stage III and IV cancers [/INST] question: Trotters triad is seen in - | options: A: Angiofibroma B: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma C: Laryngeal carcinoma D: Growth in fossa of Rosenmuller | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many causes of end-stage lung disease have been appropriately treated with lung transplantation. Whether one lung or both lungs are replaced at the time of transplantation depends on recipient factors. Patients with restrictive processes like primary pulmonary fibrosis do well with a single lung transplant. For patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, unloading of the right ventricle with single lung transplantation has been adequate and replacement of both lungs has not been necessary in most cases. Cystic fibrosis patients do well after lung transplantation but double lung transplant is frequently necessary because of chronic infections. Secondary pulmonary hypertension is due to left ventricular failure with concomitant increases in pulmonary pressures secondary to increases in left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. Reactive secondary pulmonary hypertension is best treated with heart transplantation. Long-standing secondary pulmonary hypertension that is chiefly fixed is best treated with combined heart-lung transplantation. [/INST] question: Which of the following diseases is appropriately treated with combined heart-lung transplantation? | options: A: Primary pulmonary hypertension B: Cystic fibrosis C: End-stage emphysema D: Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with long-standing secondary pulmonary hypertension | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are people less happy or happier when they get older? If your answer is"happier", then you are right,based on a study published seven years ago.It found that people become happier and experience less worry after age fifty.In fact,it found that by the age of eighty-five,people are happier with their life than they were at eighteen.
The finding came from a Gallup survey of more than three hundred and forty thousand adults in the United States in 2008.At that time,people were between the ages of eighteen and eighty-five.
Arthur Stone in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Stony Brook University in New York led the study.His team found that levels of stress were the highest among adults between the ages of twenty-two and twenty-five.Stress levels dropped sharply after people reached their fifties.
Levels of happiness were the highest among the kids and those in their early seventies.
The survey also found that men and women have similar emotional patterns as they grow older.However, women at all ages reported more sadness,stress and worry than men did.
So why would happiness increase with age? One theory is that,as people get older, they become more thankful for what they have and have better control of their emotions.They also spend less time thinking about bad experiences. [/INST] question: How many adults were included in the survey? | options: A: 300 B: 40,000 C: 340,000 D: 103 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As we all know, millions of people worldwide cook their food over smoky fire every day. It is often difficult to find wood for the fire. People who do not have wood must spend large amounts of money on cooking fuel. However, there is a much easier way to cook food using energy from the sun.
Solar cooker, or ovens, have been used for centuries. A Swiss scientist made the first solar oven in seventeen sixty-seven. Today, people are using solar cookers in many countries around the world. People use solar ovens to cook food and to heat drinking water to kill bacteria and other harmful organisms.
There are three kinds of solar ovens. The first is a box cooker, It is designed with a special wall that shines or reflects sunlight into the box .Heat gets trapped under a piece of glass or plastic covering the top of the cooker. A box oven is effective for slow cooking of large amounts of food.
The second kind of solar oven is a panel cooker. It includes several flat walls or panels that directly reflect the sun's light onto the food. The food is inside a separate container of plastic or glass that traps heat energy. People can build panel cookers quickly and with very few supplies. They do not cost much. In Kenya ,for example ,panel cookers are being manufactured for just two dollars.
The third kind of solar oven is a parabolic cooker. It has rounded walls that aim sunlight directly into the bottom of the oven .Food cooks quickly in parabolic ovens .However, these cookers are hard to make. They must be re-aimed often to follow the sun .Parabolic cookers can also cause burns and eye injuries if they are not used correctly.
You can make solar ovens from boxes or heavy paper. They will not catch fire. Paper burns at two hundred thirty-two degrees Celsius. A solar cooker never gets that hot. Solar ovens cook food at low temperatures over long periods of time. This permits people to leave food to cook while they do other things. [/INST] question: If you have much food to cook , you'd better choose _ . | options: A: a box cooker B: a panel cooker C: a parabolic cooker D: a paper cooker | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Experts say that agriculture provides fourteen percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions each year. The gases released include carbon dioxide, a major cause of global warming.
Twenty-one nations around the world recently joined forces to better understand and prevent greenhouse gas emissions from farms. The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases was launched at the United Nations conference on climate change. The meeting took place in Copenhagen,Denmark last month.
Agricultural experts blame a number of farm activities for producing greenhouse gases. For example, animal waste and cattle digestive systems release methane(,) gas. Fertilized soil and the burning of crop waste also release harmful gases into the air. Experts say some methods of farming---turning the soil to prepare for planting---also release harmful carbon dioxide.
An official of the European Commission's Directorate Genera1 for Research says agricultural greenhouse gas emissions can be cut. Maive Rute suggests feeding animals a diet designed to reduce emissions.
The new agricultural research group says protecting against global warming is only part of its purpose. It says the world also needs to develop better farming methods to feed growing populations in poor countries.
United States Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said no one single nation can fight agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase food production at the same time. This is why the _ e is important for combining resources and finding new ones.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) will increases spending on farm emissions research by ninety million dollars over the next four years. The total will reach one hundred thirty million dollars. The USDA will share the research with other countries in the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and support researchers from developing countries that belong to the alliance. Money from the Borlaug Fellowship program will let the researchers study agricultural climate change with American scientists.
Mister Vilsack said that just as climate change has no borders , there should be no borders for research. [/INST] question: How much has the USDA spent on farm emissions research so far? | options: A: 130 million dollars B: 220 million dollars C: 40 million dollars D: 90 million dollars | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The most common disease in the world is the cold. It often starts with a sore throat . You sneeze and your nose runs. You usually have a headache, too. Often you have a cough later. It's not a serious disease, but you can feel quite bad.
There isn't a cure for a cold, but you can take some medicine to make you feel better. For example, you can take aspirin to get rid of your headache. It is good to rest. and to drink a lot of water, too. A doctor once told me."With the right medicine. a cold will last for seven days. With no medicine, it will go on for a whole week!"
A long time ago, people understood that some plants made them feel better. For example, the juice of lemons makes a sore throat feel better. In modern times, scientists have found out which chemicals are in them. Man, of our medicines today are made from those chemicals. There are some diseases that we can't cure yet. And nobody has found a cure for old age. But because of modern medicines, the average people now live longer than their grandparents. [/INST] question: A cold often starts with _ . | options: A: headache B: a cough C: a pain in your throat D: feeling a little cold | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ottawa is the capital of Canada. It is the second largest city in Ontario and the fourth largest city in the country.
The Centre Block is the main building on Parliament Hill . It is also the location of several ceremonial spaces, such as the Hall of Honor and the Memorial Chamber. The present Centre Block is the second iteration of the building,after the first was destroyed by fire in 1916,and it is one of the most recognizable buildings in Canada.
Downtown Ottawa is the commercial and economic centre of the city. Most of the buildings are office towers. While most of Ottawa's high tech industry is based elsewhere, it has a significant presence in the downtown core. The downtown also contains a number of apartments, hotels, and the older single family homes and townhouses along its edges.
The National Gallery of Canada is one of Canada's premier art galleries. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, drawings, sculpture and photographs. Although its focus is on Canadian art, it also holds works by some noted American and European artists.
The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America. At the very beginning,the purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply and communication route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston. It remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures undamaged. The locks on the system open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. [/INST] question: In the core of Downtown Ottawa, we could see _ . | options: A: a large number of tall towers B: head offices ofOttawa's high tech industry C: a number of apartments and hotels D: the older single family homes and townhouses | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's such a happy-looking library, painted yellow, decorated with palm-tree stickers and sheltered from the Florida sun by its own roof. About the size of a microwave oven, it's pedestrian-friendly, too, waiting for book lovers next to a sidewalk in Palm Beach country Estates, along the northern boundary of Palm Beach Gardens.
It's a library built with love.
A year ago, shortly after Janey Henriksen saw a Brian Williams report about the Little Free Library organization, a Wisconsin-based nonprofit that aims to promote literacy and build a sense of community in a neighborhood by making books freely available, she announced to her family of four, "That's what we're going to do for our spring break!"
Son Austin, now a 10th-grader, didn't see the point of building a library that resembles a mailbox. But Janey insisted, and husband Peter unwillingly got to work. The 51-year-old owner of a ship supply company modified a small wooden house that he'd built years earlier for daughter Abbie's toy horses, and made a door of glass.
After adding the library's final touches , the family hung a signboard on the front, instructing users to "take a book, return a book," and making the Henriksen library, now one of several hundred like it nationwide and among more than 2,500 in the world, the only Little Free Library in Palm Beach County. ks5u
They stocked it with 20 or so books they'd already read, a mix of science fiction, reference titles, novels and kids' favorites. "I told them, keep in mind that you might not see it again," said Janey, a stay-at-home mom.
Since then, the collection keeps replenishing itself, thanks to ongoing donations from borrowers. The library now gets an average of five visits a day.
The project's best payoff, says Peter, are the thank-you notes left behind. "We had no idea in the beginning that it would be so popular." (317 words) [/INST] question: The library was built _ . | options: A: by a ship supply company B: on the basis of toy horses C: like a mailbox D: with glass | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One in ten teens says they use"study drugs"to improve their performance in school. So-called "study drugs"refer to prescription medicines that are used to treat ADHD .But most parents have no understanding of the problem, a new study finds.
In January, 2013, researchers from the University of Michigan Mott Children's Hospital did a national survey of more than seven hundred families with teens. They found that only one percent of parents believe their child has taken a study drug.
Yet in a 2012 University of Michigan study, ten percent of second-year high school students and twelve percent of third-year high school students say they use a study drug.
The misuse of study drugs didn't come to the attention of almost all parents."What we found in this survey is a clear mismatch ,"said Dr. Matthew Davis, one of the researchers. It is a mismatch between what parents believed and what their kids were reporting.
"We know teens are spreading the word that these drugs can improve their grades,"Davis said."But these prescription medicines are drugs. And teens who use them without a prescription are taking a serious risk."
The new survey showed that fifty-four percent of white parents were"very concerned"about their child taking study drugs, compared with thirty-eight percent of Hispanic parents and thirty-seven percent of black parents.
However, just twenty-seven percent of parents surveyed have talked to their teens about using study drugs. Of these parents, forty-one percent were black, twenty-seven percent were white and seventeen percent were Hispanic.
Students with a prescription for an ADHD drug should be required to keep their medicines in a safe place, such as the school nurse's office. Seventy-nine percent of parents think so, the survey shows. This may help prevent _ from being shared or used by other students. [/INST] question: Dr. Davis believed using study drugs to improve grades _ . | options: A: is worth a try B: is bad for health C: sometimes works D: causes little harm | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Air bronchogram in chest X- Ray Age of onset of infant Respiratory distress syndrome Infant respiratory distress syndrome presents immediately or soon after bih. Incidence and severity of RDS is inversely related to gestational age Approximately 50% of the neonates born at 26 - 28 weeks gestation develops respiratory distress syndrome where as less than 30% of premature neonates born at 30-31 weeks gestation develop respiratory distress syndrome. Administration of antenatal coicosteroid reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome Administration of single dose of corctisteroid reduces the incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome if delivery occurs within one week of administration of coicosteroid. Administration of coicosteroid cause 50% reduction in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome. Air bronchogram is a characteristic X- Ray feature of Hyaline membrane disease X-Ray features of Hyaline membrane disease -Pronounced hypoaeration - B/L diffuse reticulogranular opacities in the pulmonary parenchyma. - "Prominent air bronchograms" (aerated bronchioles super- imposed on a background of collapsed alveole) Air bronchogram Air bronchogram refers to the visualization of air filled bronchus when the surrounding alveoli are opacified, Normally, the lung ,fields are radioluscent and the bronchi are not separately visualized. But in ceain conditions there is opaification of the alveoli due to various reasons. Due to this reason, the bronchus stands out as "radioluscent" in contrast to the adjacent alveoli, that are" radioopaque" These changes can be due to pneumonic consolidation, collapse of a pa of the lung, or inflammatory edema in the lung tissue. Conditions associated with Air bronchogram - ARDS - Hyaline membrane disease - Alveolar cell carcinoma - Pulmonary consolidation - Pulmonary edema Alveolar proteinosis Sarcoidosis Lymphoma [/INST] question: Which of the following will our the diagnosis of RDS in new born aEUR' | options: A: Receipt of antenatal steroids B: Air bronchogram in chest X-ray C: Manifests after 6 hrs D: Occurs after term gestation | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Carrots are grown all over the world. They are easy to plant and easy to _ . They have a good taste.
When people think about carrots, they usually think they are a kind of long, thin, orange-colored vegetable. In fact, carrots are in many different sizes and shapes. And not all carrots are orange.
Carrots should be grown in a field that does not have water for a long time. The earth also should not be too hard. To prepare your carrot garden, dig up the earth and turn it over .
Weather, soil condition , and time affect the taste of carrots. Warm days and cool nights are the best time to grow great delicious carrots.
The best way to decide if a carrot is ready to be harvested is by its color. Usually, the brighter the color is, the better the taste is.
Most people do not know that carrots can be grown during the winter months. If the winter is not cold enough to freeze the ground, you can grow carrots the same way as you do during the summer months.
Carrots are prepared and eaten in many different ways. They are cut into thin pieces and cooked with other vegetables or meat. Or, they are washed, and eaten just as they come out of the ground. [/INST] question: What can affect the taste of carrots? | options: A: Weather and tome B: Weather and soil condition C: Soil condition and time D: Weather, time and soil condition | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jamie Oliver, a lively Britain guy, loves to share his secrets. In his first television show,The Naked Chef, Oliver taught everyone to make simple but delicious food. In Jamie's Kitchen, he taught young people how to prepare meals. His next show,Jamie's School Dinners, is about changing the food that students eat.
Oliver saw that some schools in Britain were serving junk food--food that is easy to eat but unhealthy. Although it can be delicious, junk food is not very good for children. It is sometimes bad for their health, because it doesn't give them the energy they need at school. They sometimes can't think well or feel down, and they sometimes put on weight.
Some of the junk food that Oliver wants to change is canned spaghetti, chicken nuggets, French fries, soda, and muffins. He encourages schools to serve fresh and health meats, vegetables and fruits. He helps the school cooks to make healthy dinners without junk food.
People liked Oliver's idea of bringing quality food to schools. Thousands enjoyed his television show. But Oliver wanted them to do more than just watch. At hisFeed Me Betterwebsites, he collected over 270,000 signatures from people. Oliver sent these signatures to British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Then Blair promised to help change the school kitchens, teach school cooks to make healthy food, and spend more on school dinners. Thanks to Jamie Oliver, my children will be able to enjoy more healthy meals at school. [/INST] question: What are Jamie Oliver's secrets about? | options: A: Cooking and eating B: How to be a good cook C: Exercising and sleeping D: Where to buy healthy food | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nearing the age of 101 has not slowed down one Japanese woman.In fact,in the swimming pool--she is only getting faster.
Recently,a 100-year-old Japanese woman became the world's first _ to complete a 1,500-meter freestyle swimming competition in a 25-meter poo1.
Her name is Mieko Nagaoka.Ms.Nagaoka set a world record for her age group at a recent Japan Masters Swimming Association event in the western city of Matsuyama.She swam the race in 1hour,15 minutes and 54 seconds.
By comparison,the overall female world record holder completed the same distance in just under 15 and a half minutes.But that swimmer,Katie Ledecky,is only 17 years old.And Ms.Nagao.ka was not competing against her.In fact,Ms.Nagaoka was the only competitor in the 100-104 year old category.Her race was not a race of speed but of endurance,or not giving up.
Breaking swimming records is nothing new to Ms.Nagaoka.So far she has broken 25 records.But she began competing when she was much younger--at 88.
Ms.Nagaoka sufferred a knee injury in her 80s,so she began swimming to help her body recover.Since her first international swimming competition,she hasn't looked back,except maybe to see if her competition is catching up.
In 2002.at a masters swim meet in New Zealand,Ms.Nagaoka took the bronze medal in the 50-meter backstroke.In 2004,she won three silver medals at an Italian swim meet.
Masters swimming is a special class of competitive swimming to promote health and friendship among participants.Swimmers compete within age groups of five years.
Japan has a large number of people who live beyond 100 years old.Until she passed away this month,the oldest person in the world was also from Japan.Misao Okawa was born in 1 898.She said her secrets for longevity,or long life,were good genes,regular sleep,sushi and exercise. [/INST] question: Which is possibly the age category of the masters swimming competition? | options: A: 82 to 87 years old B: 93 to 97 years old C: 95 to 99 years old D: 106 to 110 years old | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For incisors to erupt in normal alignment, there is an obligate space requirement in the anterior part of both the arches which is termed as incisor liability. The total sum of the mesiodistal width of four permanent incisors is larger than that of primary incisors by 7.6 mm in maxilla and 6 mm in mandible (Wayne). This obligate space is provided by:
Interdental physiologic spacing in the primary incisor region: 4 mm in maxillary arch; 3 mm in mandibular arch.
Increase in the intercanine arch width: Significant amount of growth occurs with the eruption of incisors and canines.
Increase in the anterior length of the dental arches: Permanent incisors erupt labial to the primary incisors to obtain an added space of 2-3 mm.
Change in inclination of permanent incisors: Primary teeth are upright, but permanent teeth incline to the labial surface, thus decreasing the inter-incisal angle from about 150o in the deciduous dentition to 123o in the permanent dentition. This increases the arch perimeter.
Textbook of Orthodontics, Gurkeerat Singh, 2nd ed Page 45-46 [/INST] question: Successful alignment of the permanent incisors to overcome the incisor liability depends upon: | options: A: Leeway space of Nance B: Broadbent phenomenon C: Increased intercanine width D: Increased intermolar width | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to participate in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to showcase the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Basic Requirements for Volunteers
* Be willing to participate in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
* Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
* Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
* Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
* Possess necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
* Be in good health to meet the requirements of corresponding voluntary positions.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
* Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
* Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
* Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
III.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
* Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and.volunteer management.
* Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid. [/INST] question: If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer? | options: A: In the Expo City B: In the host country C: In the Expo Site D: In Chinese mainland | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Amongst the given option only JRA causes chronic arthritis in children.
Arthritis
Arthritis in children is diagnosed if -
A) There is swelling or effusion in a joint
B) There are any 2 of the following features -
Decreased ROM
Pain
Tenderness
Increased local temperature
Differential diagnosis of arthritis
Acute arthritis (usually <2 weeks)
Acute rheumatic fever
Transient (`toxic') synovitis
Arthritis associated with Kawasaki disease
Henoch-Schlein purpura
Septic arthritis (Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenza,
Neisseria meningitides)
Trauma
Subacute arthritis (2-6 weeks)
Reactive arthritis secondary to extra-articular infection
Arthritis associated with SLE, dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa
Bone pains (? arthritis) associated with leukaemia/neuroblastoma
Arthritis associated with Lyme disease/brucellosis
Sickle cell disease, bleeding diathesis, hemarthrosis
Primary immunodeficiency’s (e.g., Bruton's hypogammaglobulinemia)
Chronic arthritis (> 6 weeks)
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing arthritis
Tubercular arthritis
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Psoriasis
Inflammatory bowel disease [/INST] question: Most common chronic arthritis seen in children – | options: A: JRA B: Rheumatic arthritis C: Rheumatic fever D: Sepsis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When people think of the unique characteristics of Beijing the hutong style always comes to mind.It is no exaggeration to say within hutong lives the city's history.
The word hutong was borrowed from the Mongolian word to mean "water well" about 700 years ago.Later it referred to a place where people live.Hutong we see today are made up of small lanes formed by walls of siheyuan.They were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, there were more than 3,000 hutong.Most of the city's population lived in this traditional housing.But with the modernization of the city in the 1980s and early 1990s, many hutong were pulled down to build roads, skyscrapers and modern houses.
The government has recognized the importance of hutong to Chinese cultural heritage .In 2002, Beijing listed 40 protected historical zones and increased its efforts to restore some key relics and older streets in the city.Nearly 500 hutong have survived.
Hutong that still exist are like oases of calm surrounded by the noisy city.Walking through them, it's common to see groups of elderly citizens sitting together playing cards, mahjong or Chinese chess.In the early mornings and evenings, they gather to practice traditional forms of exercise such as taijiquan as well as dancing and singing folk songs or Peking Opera.Hutong have become a museum of Beijing's folk customs and history. [/INST] question: What is the original meaning of the word hutong? | options: A: Small lanes B: Water well C: Siheyuan D: A traditional house | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What is "Dads Make a Difference"?
A service-learning opportunity for teens that deals with fatherhood, parenting, and so on.
Older teens, grades 10--12, teach younger teens, grades 6--9, about the importance of fathers in children's lives, the legal and financial responsibilities of parenting.
Teen teacher training goals & objectives
The goal of the teen teacher training is to better understand the complex problems surrounding legal fatherhood in our society. By discussing what makes healthy families, explaining the meaning of paternity , and examining the risks people take in their lives, teens will develop the skills needed to make informed decisions in their own relationships and, finally, teach this information to others.
What's in it for me?
An opportunity to:
Learn life skills like communication, decision making, and problem solving.
Get the chance to use knowledge in meaningful and effective ways.
Develop leadership, planning, teamwork, time management, and organizational skills to help you in every aspect of your life.
Forming lasting relationships with adult mentors .
Comments from teen teachers
" 'Dads Make a Difference' made me realize how permanent and expensive parenthood is."
"Speaking in form of groups and directing people in activities, I feel, is a valuable skill to have that I will use throughout my life."
"I wish I would have gone through this program when I was in Junior High. I know it would have helped me to really think about the future and to make good decisions."
" 'Dads Make a Difference' has helped me to know the effects of my actions before I take them and I know what risks not to take to protect my future." [/INST] question: "Dads Make a Difference" is a(n) _ . | options: A: name of a school B: training center C: social organization D: education program | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Can you remember the day when you spoke your first words? If you can, you are unusual. Try to think what the first months of your life were like. I'm sure you just spent most of your time eating, sleeping and crying. As you grew older, your parents spent more time playing with you and talking to you. You watched and listened. You began to know that people make some sounds to go with some things.
Then you began to cry to make sounds you heard. And step by step you were able to make the right sound for one thing.
On that day you came to understand the secret of the language. The secret is that a certain sound means a certain thing. Only when a group of people use the same set of sounds of things can they understand each other, so these people have a language.
After you found the secret of language, you learnt words. Some of the words mean things, like
books, chairs and shops. Some of the words mean _ , for example, go and swim. Soon you learnt to put words together to share your idea, like "I want to go out and play with my friends."
This is language. By the way of language, people can communicate . So we say languages mean sharing. [/INST] question: _ can remember the day when we spoke our first words? | options: A: Few of us B: one C: Most people D: All of us | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Greenwich is on the River, five miles from the middle of London, and its history is two thousand years old. The first English people were fishermen there, and they named the place Greenwich, meaning "green village". Later the English kings and queens lived at Greenwich in their beautiful places.
The name of the earliest palace was Placentia. Its windows were made of glass--the first in England. But trouble was coming to Greenwich. In 1649, a war started in England and for eleven years there was no king. The men who had worked for him at Placentia decided to live in the place themselves. They sold all its beautiful things, and bought small pieces of the palace garden with money. Finally, the war ended and King Charles II came back. But Placentia was falling down. So King Charles built a new and bigger palace, which is now open to the public.
At this time, Charles was worried about losing so many of its ships at sea because their sailors did not know how to tell exactly where they were. So in 1675, Charles made John Flamsteed, the first astronomer in England, try to find the answer. Flamsteed worked in a new building on the high ground in Greenwich Park. From it with a telescope which he made himself, Flamsteed could look all round the sky. And he did, night after night, for twenty years. Carrying on Flamsteed's work a hundred years later, an astronomer called Harrison finally made a clock which told the time at sea, and helped sailors to know where they were.You can see Harrison's clock, still working, in Greenwich's museum of the sea. Because of Flamsteed's work, every country in the world now tells its time by Greenwich time. [/INST] question: The first English people living in the "green village" were _ . | options: A: sailors B: fishermen C: King Charles and his family D: The families of king and queens | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells would lead to decreased secretion of gastric acid and intrinsic factor. The diminished availability of intrinsic factor would result in poor absorption of dietary vitamin B12. Over time, the vitamin B12 deficiency could lead to pernicious anemia, which is characterized by increased production of macrocytes (megaloblasts) by the bone marrow. Because of the decrease in gastric acid secretion, luminal bacteria would most likely exhibit increased (not decreased) growth. One of the functions of HCl secreted by the parietal cells is to sterilize the gastric lumen. Patients with Type A gastritis have an increased likelihood of developing gastric carcinoma. A decrease in acid secretion leads to increased secretion of gastrin by antral G cells. This is because low gastric pH (less than 3) inhibits gastrin secretion paracrine release of somatostatin from cells in the gastric mucosa that can sense the acidity. With decreased parietal cells, the pH of the gastric lumen would rise and remove this inhibitory component. [/INST] question: Which of the following conditions would most likely be associated with chronic gastritis (Type A) resulting from autoimmune destruction of parietal cells? | options: A: Decreased growth of luminal bacteria B: Decreased likelihood of developing gastric carcinoma C: Decreased plasma concentration of gastrin D: Increased production of macrocytic red blood cells | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a surprising result, the No. 69 Middle School girls' football team yesterday beat their school's boys' team. The boys' team often helped the girls with their training . They had never lost to the girls before, but this time the girls beat them 4 -- 3.
After the game, Wu Nai, head of the boys' team, was very unhappy. "We all thought this would be an easy game," he said. "We never thought a team of girls could beat us. This is the saddest day of my life. "
But Mr Hu, the boys' PE teacher, said he thought the girls should win. "The boys were too confident ," he said. "I told them before the match that they needed to play well. They all thought that girls' football was a joke. Now they know better. They didn't play carefully, and they lost."
The match had started well for the boys. After 30 minutes, they were winning 2 - 0. Their best player, Lu Ming, scored in the thirtieth minute. Earlier, the mid-field player, Ma Zhengquan, had scored the first goal in only the second minute of the match.
After the first half hour, the boys seemed to become too confident. At first, the girls had felt a bit nervous , but then they became more and more confident. Just before half time, Li Xiaolin made the score 2 - 1.
In the second half, the boys were the first to score. It was from Lu Ming. After that the boys became lazy, but the girls kept on working hard. Hao Meiling scored in the 68th minute, to make the score 3 -- 2. Then Li Xiaolin scored twice in the last six minutes to make the last score 4-3. It was a surprising finish.
The girls' PE teacher, Miss Wang, was very pleased with their work. "They were great!" She said. "I told them they could win. I told them that the most important thing was teamwork. The boys' team had some good players, but my girls were a better team!" [/INST] question: Who scored the first goal in the match? | options: A: Lu Ming B: Ma Zhengquan C: Li Xiaolin D: Hao Meiling | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All symptoms are suggestive of severe Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. History of infeility treatment is the key to diagnosis here. NOTE: OHSS CAN OCCUR WITH PREGNANCY, IN FACT IT IS MORE SEVERE IN PREGNANCY Molar pregnancy usually presents with bleeding in pregnancy, discharge of grape like vesicles and is diagnosed with USG Choriocarcinoma usually presents with irregular bleeding PV following a normal pregnancy or an aboion or a molar pregnancy. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy presents with acute abdominal pain with or without bleeding PV Mild OHSS Abdominal bloating Mild abdominal pain Ovarian size usually < 8 cm Moderate OHSS Moderate abdominal pain Nausea +- vomiting Ultrasound evidence of ascites Ovarian size usually 8 to 12 cm Severe OHSS Clinical ascites (occasionally pleural effusion) Oliguria Hemoconcentration hematocrit (> 45%) Hypoproteinemia Ovarian size usually > 12 cm Critical OHSS Tense ascites or large pleural effusion Hematocrit (> 55%) White cell count > 25000 Oligouria/ anuria Thromboembolism Acute respiratory distress syndrome [/INST] question: A patient of infeility, treated with ovulation induction and ovulation trigger with inj hcg, tests positive for pregnancy on first day of missed period. She comes to emergency with complains of abdominal distension, vomiting and difficulty in breathing on the same day. Blood pressure is 110/60 and PR is 98/min. Most probable cause of her symptoms is? | options: A: Choriocarcinoma B: Molar pregnancy C: Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome D: Ruptured ectopic pregnancy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The school day begins at 8:45.Class teachers meet the class and check who is present and absent at the beginning of the day. We meet as a whole school once a week on Fridays. The head teacher makes a speech to the whole school. Morning lessons begin at 9:05.There are three one-hour lessons with a fifteen-minute break.The lunch break is from 1 p.m. to 1:45p.m..Afternoon lessons begin at 1:50p.m. and the school day finishes at 4 p.m.
All students study and take exams in maths, science and English. In addition, they choose one subject from history, geography, Art, Design and Technology, French and Spanish... All students take PHSE(Personal Health and Safety Education) lessons but no exams are offered.
After school sports practice and matches are arranged on Wednesday afternoon and Saturday morning. Chess, music, language and theatre clubs also arrange meetings after school. Students may join as many clubs as they like, but should join at least one.
The school has a good record in sports. Last year we were champions in football and tennis, and individual students won prizes for swimming and gymnastics. [/INST] question: The first lesson begins at _ in the morning. | options: A: 7:30 B: 8:00 C: 8:45 D: 9:05 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What better way to welcome spring than by helping to clean up the town we all live in! Here in Rockland we have a Spring Cleanup Day every year in April. The Cleanup Day 2014 will be April 20th. It will start with a town cleanup at 8 o'clock in the morning, and a tree planting activity at the Rockland Park is to follow in the afternoon. One thousand young trees are sure to make the park greener and prettier.
We will divide the people coming to help into eight teams for eight different areas. As usual, we will provide gloves, rubbish bags and other cleaning tools. You will also get free lunches and Tshirts when the cleanup ends at noon. We are going to have a friendly competition to see which team can pick up the most rubbish.
Bring your kids with you. It is a great chance to teach them to care for the environment around us. We have free drinks and chocolate candies for the children at the park.
Meeting: At the gate of Rockland Park, the town hall at 330 Jones Street, or the corner of Palace Street and North Street.
Signup : Call 5862397 on weekdays, or visit our website below any time you like. www.springcleanup.com [/INST] question: The Spring Cleanup Day in Rockland is held _ . | options: A: once a month B: twice a month C: once a year D: twice a year | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • The first successful gastrectomy was performed by Theodor Billroth in 1881 for cancer of the stomach.
• Historically, gastrectomies were used to treat peptic ulcers. These are now usually treated with antibiotics, as it was recognized that they are usually due to Helicobacter pylori.
• In the past a gastrectomy for peptic ulcer disease was often accompanied by a vagotomy, to reduce acid production, nowadays, managed with PPIs.
• Gastrectomies are performed to treat cancer and perforations of the stomach wall.
• In severe duodenal ulcers it may be necessary to remove the pylorus and the upper portion of the duodenum.
• If there is a sufficient portion of the upper duodenum remaining, a Billroth I procedure is performed, where the remaining portion of the stomach is reattached to the duodenum before the bile duct and the duct of the pancreas (Gastroduodenostomy)
If the stomach cannot be reattached to the duodenum, a Billroth II is performed, where the remaining portion of the duodenum is sealed off, a hole is cut into the jejunum and the stomach is reattached at this hole (Loop gastrojejunostomy). [/INST] question: The first gastrectomy was performed in 1881 by - | options: A: Mickuliz B: Wolfer C: Billroth D: Moynihan | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On June 6th, 2012 Tiangong-1 welcomed its first guests, the Shenzhou IX manned spacecraft . The Shenzhou IX has two male astronauts and one female astronaut. At that time, Liu Yang, a thirty-three year-old woman, became the first Chinese woman in space.
Joining the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Air Force in 1997, Liu Yang became an experienced pilot after flying safely for 1,680 hours. In 2010, she became an astronaut because of her good job.
"When I was a pilot, I flew in the sky. Now that I am an astronaut, I will fly in space. This will be a much higher and farther flight. I always couldn't help wondering: What would the Earth look like from outer space?" Liu said.
In June 2012, Liu took Shenzhou IX to the space as China's first female astronaut. "I have full confidence," Liu said before the task. "There are many foreign female astronauts that have been into space. Men and women have their own advantages in carrying out space tasks. They can encourage each other and better complete their task.
However, the difficulty of her training has not affected her life's pleasure. "I love children and I love life. I love reading, especially novels and history books. I am also a great cook. To be with my family is one kind of happiness, but to fly is another kind that people can't experience."
"I am grateful to the motherland and the people. I feel honoured to fly into space on behalf of millions of female Chinese citizens. " Liu said after coming back to the Earth safely. [/INST] question: Liu Yang worked as an astronaut when she was _ years old. | options: A: 18 B: 33 C: 31 D: 25 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is characterized by systemic hypoperfusion due to severe depression of the cardiac index and sustained systolic aerial hypotension (<90 mmHg) despite an elevated filling pressure . It is associated with in-hospital moality rates >50%. . Circulatory failure based on cardiac dysfunction may be caused by primary myocardial failure, most commonly secondary to acute myocardial infarction (MI ), and less frequently by cardiomyopathy or myocarditis, cardiac tamponade, or critical valvular hea disease.Most patients have continuing chest pain and dyspnea and appear pale, apprehensive, and diaphoretic. Mentation may be altered, with somnolence, confusion, and agitation. The pulse is typically weak and rapid, often in the range of 90-110 beats/min, or severe bradycardia due to high-grade hea block may be present. Systolic blood pressure is reduced (<90 mmHg) with a narrow pulse pressure (<30 mmHg), but occasionally BP may be maintained by very high systemic vascular resistance. Tachypnea, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and jugular venous distention may be present. The precordium is typically quiet, with a weak apical pulse. S 1 is usually soft, and an S 3 gallop may be audible. Acute, severe MR and VSR usually are associated with characteristic systolic murmurs Rales are audible in most patients with LV failure causing CS. Oliguria (urine output <30 mL/h) is common. ref:harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 2232 [/INST] question: Most common type of shock is- | options: A: Cardiogenic B: Vagal C: Neurogenic D: Distributive | answer: A </s> |
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