Datasets:

arminmrm93
/

wiki_with_embedding1

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 64.6k rows

id stringlengths 6 8	url stringlengths 31 167	title stringlengths 1 98	text stringlengths 26 185k	embedding sequence
249014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll%2C%20Ontario	Ingersoll, Ontario	Ingersoll is a town in Oxford County on the Thames River in southwestern Ontario, Canada. The nearest cities are Woodstock to the east and London to the west. Ingersoll is situated north of and along Highway 401. Oxford County Road 119 (formerly Ontario Highway 19) runs north diagonally through the town. A Canadian National rail line bisects the town east to west through its centre. Passenger service from the Ingersoll train station is provided to other stops in Southwestern Ontario by Via Rail. To the south is a CPR line, with spurs into local industries, which provides freight service to points in the region. The local high school is Ingersoll District Collegiate Institute. The Ingersoll area was first settled in the 1790s by families from New England, became famous for homemade cheese production before the War of 1812, and its surrounding County of Oxford was home to the first cheese factories in Canada, starting in 1864. In 1866, through collaboration by the town's businessmen, a giant wheel of cheese weighing was produced at the James Harris Cheese Factory just south of Ingersoll, for promotion of the area's cheese industry. The "Mammoth Cheese" was exhibited at the New York State Fair in Saratoga, NY, and then in England. It was a Eureka! accomplishment applauded by the whole country, and in 1867 the Canadian Dairymen's Association was established in Ingersoll, attended by nearly two hundred dairymen from across Canada, followed by annual conventions long thereafter. A booming cheese export industry in the millions of pounds grew from Ingersoll to many parts of the world, and the town's name became synonymous with quality products. Ingersoll also developed as an industrial centre. During the late 19th century, the town's largest industries were Noxon Bros., a manufacturer of farm implements (1856-1916) and the Ingersoll Packing Co., a cheese-exporting and pork-packing firm (1880-1920s). The Noxons' firm was shuttered in 1916, but other large industries took root during the early 20th century, including the St. Charles Condensing Co. (later Borden's Condensed Milk), the Morrow Screw & Nut Co., the Ingersoll Machine and Tool Co., and the Ingersoll Cream Cheese Company. In the 21st century, heavy manufacturing is Ingersoll's largest industry, including CAMI Automotive, a General Motors car manufacturing plant, originally a joint venture established in 1986 with Suzuki Motors of Canada, that has produced millions of vehicles. Ingersoll is twinned with Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Early history Ingersoll's founder, Thomas Ingersoll (1749–1812), was a native of Westfield, Massachusetts who moved to Great Barrington, Massachusetts in the early 1770s, and then to Queenston in the Niagara District, Upper Canada in 1795, where he operated an inn while organizing his grand venture to create a new settlement deep in the Upper Canadian wilderness. In 1793 he and associates had received grant of Oxford township, which became the site of the community of Oxford-on-the-Thames, and where he opened roads, established a farm for his family and settled dozens of other families on their own farms nearby. Further rights to the township were revoked in 1798, and Ingersoll's own grant was limited to 1200 acres (486 ha). Discouraged by this and the resulting slow pace of the settlement, Thomas withdrew his family from Oxford in 1806 and took up operation of a government-owned inn and ferry at Port Credit, but after his death the family decided to return to the Oxford homestead, at first Thomas Jr. (1796-1847) with James (1801-1886) in 1818, then his widow Sarah and his other children in 1821 along with eldest son Charles (1791-1832) and Charles' wife and children. Together Thomas Ingersoll's four sons laid the foundations for the hamlet of Ingersoll. Thomas's eldest daughter, Laura Secord (1775-1868), who had married in 1797, had distinguished herself as a heroine of the War of 1812, and remained with her husband and children in Queenston. The hamlet of Ingersoll was proclaimed a village in 1852 and a town in 1865. Whereas Woodstock, the County seat, was Oxford County's administrative centre, Ingersoll became the county's principal industrial centre, in 1871 home to all four of the County's industries that had 50 or more hands. Noxon Brothers and the Eastwood foundry, both manufacturers of agricultural implements, employed 103 and 70 hands respectively. With 4,022 in population in 1871, Ingersoll's population surpassed that of Woodstock (3,982), although its advantage was not to last. By the 1860s, dairying was an emerging industry, sparked farm-wife production of cheese and butter, and then by the introduction of the factory system of cheese production in 1864. In 1866, to promote Ingersoll cheese as a high-quality, standardized brand, a cheese producer, James Harris, and local businessmen produced a 7,300-pound mammoth cheese, exhibited it at the New York State Fair in Saratoga, N.Y., and then exported it to England. Annual town events Ingersoll was home to the fall fair of the Ingersoll, North and West Oxford Agricultural Society (founded 1847) for more than a century. In 1967 it was succeeded by the Ingersoll Cheese and Wine Festival, which continued for two decades, featuring a variety of events, zaniest of which was the Mayors' Grape Stomp contest, in which the mayors from other communities, appearing in a boxing ring at the town's arena in front of cheering crowds, competed with Ingersoll's mayor to stomp the greatest quantity of juice from each one's bathtub full of grapes. From this later came Harvest Fest, a multi-day event which has now been divided into Harvest Fest, Pumpkin Fest and Kiwanis Rural Urban Dinner Night events. In 1999 a free folk festival was launched which continues each July as the Canterbury Folk Festival. For a number of years there was a Ribfest and an arts program known as the Halls Creek Festival. The year ends off with Santa's Village weekends and parade and Winter Lights Festival. Attractions Cheese and Agriculture Museum Ingersoll Creative Arts Centre (ICAC) Ingersoll Theatre of Performing Arts (ITOPA) Elm Hurst Inn and Spa Ingersoll Golf Course Ingersoll Curling Rink Ingersoll Lanes Bowling Ingersoll Farmers' Market Leaping Deer Adventure Farm and Market Jakeman's Maple Farm Lawson Nature Reserve Trail Cultural resources Fusion Youth Centre As part of a community strategic plan developed in 2003, Ingersoll Town Council adopted a vision statement that “Youth will be encouraged to achieve a high sense of purpose, of identity and of pride for, and within their community.” Towards this, the Fusion Youth Centre was developed by the town in a former elementary school property on Thames Street, which offers after-school and weekend programs and special events for any and all youth between ages 12 and 18, using the centre's meeting rooms, computer equipment, skatepark, recording studio, TV studio, gym, cafeteria and kitchen. Some of the creative work from the centre is posted on its YouTube channel at FusionIngersoll. Ingersoll Seniors Activity Centre Operating from a former residential and recreation complex built for Suzuki employees involved in management in the early years at the CAMI auto plant, Ingersoll Services for Seniors organizes a full calendar of social programs. Ingersoll Cheese Factory Museum and Sports Hall of Fame Ingersoll has the distinction of having been Oxford County's cheese capital from the mid-1800s to early 1900s, producing and packaging a good deal of the county's renowned cheddar. The museum showcases the town's unique history. The Sports Hall of Fame showcases the town's athletic history. "Path of the Giants" – a 20-foot (6 m) "fully round" wood carved scene by the late Wilson Johnston, depicting the pioneer trek of his ancestors, the "Dunkards" from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Cambridge, Ontario in the 1700s. The agricultural barns were built from lumber and timbers taken from barns found in Oxford County. Reg Knox was the construction manager for this project. It required the barn board and beams to be reclaimed from three existing barn buildings in the area. The buildings were disassembled by Reg and his crew and materials transported to the site where these building now stand. Construction was done by hand like the original process. No power tools were used in the construction of these buildings. Reg worked from a single photograph of the original Old Ingersoll Cheese Factory. The buildings were completed within 3 months by a crew of approximately 6 people from the Ingersoll area. Ingersoll Creative Arts Centre Started in 1972, this active arts centre features an exhibit gallery as well as offering classes in a variety of arts and crafts in pottery, painting and fibre arts studios. This arts centre is located at 125 Centennial Lane. Ingersoll Pipe Band Well known and respected, the Ingersoll Pipe Band is Canada's Oldest, Non-Military, Independent Pipe Band. Beginning in 1910 with two brothers, Jack and James Little, their cousin William Collins, and Pipe Major Tom Johnston the band was formed. For over 100 years the band has attracted many talented players, competed and traveled world wide making great memories, friends and sharing music. The band hall is the site for practices and offers lessons to those interested in learning to play. Ingersoll Public Library A branch of the Oxford County Library. It is located in the Ingersoll Municipal Building. War Memorial and Honour Roll are located on the south side of the Town Centre. In the lobby are a statue and plaque to honour Thomas Ingersoll, the founder of Ingersoll. The former library was a Carnegie library located near the corner of Thames and Charles Streets. Ingersoll Theatre of Performing Arts Several amateur productions are presented each year by ITOPA in the former Park Place Theatre, the town's second cinema, which has received several upgrades since 2011 to help improve the experience of its patrons. Media The young village's first newspaper was the Ingersoll Chronicle, begun as a weekly in 1853 and operating as both a weekly and daily starting in the 1890s, by which time it was the second-largest in the county. It ceased publication in 1919 and its offices became the Ingersoll branch of the Woodstock Sentinel-Review, the county's largest and only other daily newspaper. Starting from the 1860s, Ingersoll always had more than one newspaper published in town, sometimes several. The longest-running was the Oxford Tribune, later renamed the Ingersoll Tribune, which published as a weekly from the 1870s to the 1970s. It succumbed to competition from the Ingersoll Times, a weekly which operated for nearly fifty years before ceasing publication in 2018. A complete archive of bound volumes of the Ingersoll Chronicle which was being housed in the lower level of the Carnegie Library building was destroyed by flooding in 1976. An online archive of the Ingersoll Times spanning the internet era disappeared when its website was shut down by the newspaper's owner, Sun Media, soon after print publication ceased. As of 2018, Ingersoll is served with a monthly public announcements newsletter published in Thamesford, the Village Voice page. Transportation Ingersoll is served by Via Rail Canada at Ingersoll station on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. London International Airport is the closest international airport. The closest large airport is Toronto Pearson International Airport. Sports and recreation facilities The town of Ingersoll maintains more than 20 parks with various playgrounds, baseball diamonds, basketball courts and tennis courts as well as several nature trails. It also has several indoor facilities. Ingersoll District Memorial Centre For nearly sixty years the home of hockey and large-gathering indoor events in Ingersoll, this facility has a regulation-size rink, change rooms, shops, and an upstairs auditorium. The boys hockey and girls hockey leagues use the largest blocks of available ice time and also make use of available time at the arena buildings in nearby Thamesford and Embro. Planning is underway in Ingersoll for a new facility which eventually will have two rinks, an upper level walking track, and an indoor basketball court. Victoria Park Community Centre Ingersoll displays its spirit of renaissance with construction of this indoor pool and fitness complex at Victoria Park, a rebuild and renovation of the original pool built in the 1940s from public donations. The town publishes a full range of aquatics and fitness programs based at this facility. Ingersoll Seniors Resource Centre Operating from a former residential and recreation complex built for Suzuki employees involved in management in the early years at the CAMI auto plant, the Seniors Resource Centre provides support services for senior citizens. Demographics Education Public education is managed by the Thames Valley District School Board (TVDSB), who oversee three elementary schools; (Harrisfield Public School (formerly Harris Heights Public School), Royal Roads Public School (formerly Princess Anne Public School) and Laurie Hawkins Public School. The TVDSB also manages Ingersoll District Collegiate Institute. The current building for IDCI opened in 1954. It replaced the older, smaller building of the Ingersoll Collegiate. As a district school, it draws students from outlying rural and village communities, transported into Ingersoll by school bus. Catholic education is under the administration of the London District Catholic School Board, who manage one elementary school in Ingersoll; St. Jude's Catholic School. Historical schools Ingersoll District Collegiate Institute: The initial section of the current building was constructed in 1953, and large extensions were added in the 1960s and the 1970s, raising its capacity to serve more than a thousand students drawn by bus from a large radius inside and outside town. The original school from the 1870s was demolished in 1954. A cairn and plaque mark its original location in the front parking lot. The gymnasium building from the original school was saved and moved to a site on Kensington Avenue where it became the Peoples Revival Centre. It was demolished in 2015 to make way for eight new houses. Princess Elizabeth Public School: It originally opened in the same year as Canada's Confederation – 1867. The current building includes the one that opened as a replacement in 1909. This school was closed and was taken over by Vedic Institute of Canada in May, 2014. Victory Memorial Public School: Built in 1920, Victory Memorial School was named in honour of Canada's participation and victory in the First World War. It replaced Central Public School, built in 1850. The property had served as the site of Ingersoll's first school starting in the 1820s. Victory Memorial was closed in 2015, and the building has been repurposed as a seniors residence. The two cannons mounted in front were a gift to the town from the federal government in the early 1900s. They were cast in Great Britain and date from the reign of King George III, and most likely saw service in the War of 1812. Sacred Heart School: Originally founded in the early 20th century, two schools of this name have existed immediately next door to Sacred Heart Church on Thames Street North. This was the original Catholic school in Ingersoll, and from the 1970s onwards it typically held the grades three through eight, with the primary grades one and two and kindergarten classes taught at St. Jude's Catholic School. Sacred Heart School was closed and the classes transferred to an enlarged St. Jude's Catholic School in 2006. The school building itself was converted soon after into The Fusion Centre. Social issues Ingersoll Train Station Ingersoll has been losing its historic landmarks to the process of 'demolition by neglect'. The proud old 19th-century CN passenger station in the middle of town has deteriorated to the verge of collapse and has recently been demolished. (June 2021) . Carmeuse Environmental Issues/Walker Megadump Residents of Ingersoll and surrounding area have been in a militant state of opposition since the announcement in 2012 that the international conglomerate Carmeuse intends to give a 20-year lease to Walker Industries to operate a megadump taking in garbage from Toronto and London to fill the spent portion of the limestone quarry operated by Carmeuse on nearly 2,000 acres (809 ha) stretching east and north from Ingersoll's eastern boundary. Walker has referenced plans to use the quarry site for a multi-use 'campus' for garbage and recycling operations. Carmeuse has also announced plans to switch to burning garbage in its kilns, which must be heated to to process limestone into industrial lime. As a preliminary step, it will conduct a pilot Alternative Low-Carbon Fuels (“ALCF”) project to assess pollution levels that result from burning 'engineered' garbage to be trucked in from New York state. Longterm, ALCF garbage to be burned would include non-recyclable paper and plastic packaging materials, cardboard/paper sludge, non-recyclable rubber and plastic from automotive manufacturing, nylon tire fluff/belting, waste materials from diaper manufacturers, and wood refuse. This could also include farm waste. The impact of all this on quality of life for the surrounding human population will be immense, and could continue for centuries. Historical figures Thomas Ingersoll (1749–1812) b. Westfield, Mass., removed to Great Barrington, Berkshire County, Mass., in the early 1770s where his uncles were already prominent citizens, and then to Queenston, Niagara District, Upper Canada, in 1795. While in Great Barrington he married three times, was involved in a number of businesses including partnership in a mill, joined the Episcopal (Anglican) church, and rose through the ranks of the local militia, achieving the rank of Major. With associates from Berkshire County he received grant of Oxford-on-the-Thames township in Upper Canada in 1793, and from his new base as an innkeeper at Queenston devoted his energy and resources for the next five years to opening the Oxford wilderness for dozens of families to settle there. Started his own farm within the settlement on land along the creek best suited to a millsite, which became the site of the modern town of Ingersoll. His township rights were revoked in 1798 and reduced to a grant of . Discouraged, he ceased his promotion of settlement in Oxford in 1806, moved the family and launched a new career as the government innkeeper and ferryman at Port Credit, but his sons returned to the family homestead in Oxford starting in 1818 and laid the foundations for the hamlet of Ingersoll. Laura Ingersoll Secord (1775–1868). Daughter of Thomas Ingersoll and wife of James Secord, who served in the militia under Isaac Brock. The couple lived in St. Davids (now Queenston) where American troops stopped at their home seeking supplies during the War of 1812. On June 21, 1813, Laura Secord overheard plans of a surprise attack on British Troops led by Lt. James Fitzgibbon at Beaver Dams. Secord was responsible for walking 20 miles (32 km) through the woods, in newly controlled American territory in the Niagara Peninsula, to Beaver Dams to warn the British. As a result of this information Lt. Fitzgibbon's small British troop and a larger contingent of allied Mohawk warriors were able to intercept and defeat the attack. Although not initially recognized for her role, Lt. James Fitzgibbon later certified that the informant was Laura Secord. Secord's story has often been embellished over the years but her role in Canadian history has since been established by various historians. Secord was never a resident of Oxford County, and possibly never visited Ingersoll, although she and her kin were highly mobile. On hearing her father had suffered a massive stroke in early 1812, she hurriedly made the 60-mile (96 km) journey to Port Credit and arrived the day before his death. In the fall of 1818, her home in Queenston became the focus of many family gatherings as Thomas Ingersoll's brother-in-law John Whiting visited from Great Barrington, Massachusetts, travelled to Port Credit to visit his sister Sarah (Thomas Ingersoll's widow), and took Sarah back with him to Great Barrington for further family reunions (it is believed that her son Charles Ingersoll went to Great Barrington in early 1819 to accompany his mother back to Canada, while sons Thomas Ingersoll Jr. and James Ingersoll were busy rebuilding the family farm in Oxford). Hall, Canfield, Whiting, Carroll and Harris families. On the departure of Thomas Ingersoll and family from the Oxford settlement in 1806, leadership passed to the other New England families he had encouraged to settle near him within what became the first town boundaries (roughly Harris Street in the east to Whiting Street in the west). Command of the neighbourhood within the Oxford Militia passed to Captain Ichabod Hall (1774-1814), who with brother Samuel had come with Ingersoll from the Great Barrington area in 1797. Ichabod was also W.M. of the Masonic Lodge in the settlement at the time of his death, which came two weeks after his involvement in a skirmish between Upper Canada militia and American raiders in what is now London, Ontario. Ichabod's son Elisha Hall (1800-1868) eventually took over the family farm, which included the land which is now Centennial Park and Victoria Park. Ichabod's daughter Clarissa (1803-1884) married Daniel Carroll (1805-1873), and their son Dr. D.W. Carroll (1838-1912) made creation of Memorial Park possible. Charles Ingersoll (1791–1832), Thomas Ingersoll Jr. (1796-1847), James Ingersoll (1801–1886) and Samuel Ingersoll (1806-1861). Sons of Thomas Ingersoll. Thomas Jr. and James were the first to return in 1818, constructing a mill pond, spillway, and raceway to drive a sawmill, which was put into operation for the first time in April 1819, lumber from which was then used to build a new family home. Charles was a comrade-in-arms, business partner and brother-in-law of William Hamilton Merritt, the St. Catharines merchant, miller, canal promoter, Tory politician, and Charles's financial backer. Charles was MP for the Oxford riding 1824–28 and 1830–32. Died of cholera in 1832. During the 1820s, the Ingersoll brothers established businesses – a grist mill, a store, a distillery, and an ashery – which became the nucleus for the hamlet of Ingersoll (a village 1852 and a town, 1865). James was appointed county land registrar in 1835, which eventually necessitated his move to Woodstock when it became the county seat in the 1840s. Thomas Jr. and Samuel were invited by the Canada Company in 1839 to build the first mills in Blanshard Township at St. Marys, and they again became town founders there. McNab, Crotty, Carnegie, Holcroft and Rothwell families. By the start of the 1830s the hamlet had extended beyond the Ingersoll family ventures clustered around their millpond, and families from Ireland, Scotland and England were setting down roots, particularly on the vacant land north of it, which had remained dormant in the hands of speculators until then. Between them, Crotty (from Ireland, 1831), Carnegie (Scotland, 1834) and Rothwell (Ireland, 1834) became the owners of most of it. McNab, from Scotland via Ireland, probably came with or around the same time as Crotty. McNab and wife fell victim to the same cholera epidemic that took Charles Ingersoll in 1832. James Ingersoll became guardian of the five orphaned McNab children. Holcroft, from England, had commanded the Royal Artillery regiment in Upper Canada during the War of 1812, and became owner of large blocks of land including what is now the Ingersoll golf course. These families soon joined in collaboration with the Ingersolls and others to steer projects to improve the community. Crotty in particular led the effort in the 1840s to ensure the area's first railway would be built through the centre of the growing village rather than bypassing it. Charles. E. Chadwick, a farmer and businessman who witnessed the next half-century of growth in Ingersoll, predicted the future belonged to immigrants from many ethnic groups who would, with the aid of Canada's institutions, be moulded into a new people "not second to any in the world.". James Harris (1824–1885). Owner of the factory in which was built Ingersoll's famous Mammoth Cheese, 7,300 pounds, in 1866. Sponsorship of the venture came from a newly formed private corporation, the Ingersoll Cheese Company, whose shareholders included Harris, farmers who supplied the milk and expertise for construction of the mammoth, and businessmen. The cheese was exhibited at the New York State Fair at Saratoga in 1866, and then exported to England. Adam Oliver (1823–1882). Born Scotch Lake settlement, near Fredericton, NB in 1823. Moved with his family to Middlesex County, Upper Canada, in 1819. Moved to nearby Ingersoll, 1850. There he established himself as a lumberman, mill owner, contractor, and politician. Developed businesses in Orillia (1868–72) and Thunder Bay District (1872–78). Mayor of Ingersoll, 1865–66. Warden of Oxford County, 1866. MLA for the Oxford riding, 186–-75. His daughter Belle Chone Oliver (1875-1947) became a medical doctor and devoted her life to improving health care in India. James Noxon (1833–1906). Born Bloomfield, Prince Edward County, Upper Canada. Moved to Ingersoll, Canada West, 1856. With his brothers and his father's financial backing, he established one of the largest manufactory of agricultural implements in the province (Noxon Company Ltd.) and the chief industry in Ingersoll. In 1878 he built a mansion which was later to become the town's Alexandra hospital (1909). Mayor of Ingersoll, 1884–85 and 1887. As president of the firm and its largest shareholder, James lived beyond his means, running up credit and draining the company's resources to pay the bank interest. To save the firm, his brothers ousted him in 1887. He removed to Woodstock to become plant manager of Patterson & Brother, an agricultural implements firm (1887–1891) and then to Toronto, to serve as provincial Inspector of Prisons and Charities (1891–1905). Meanwhile, in Ingersoll, the Noxon Company's Noxon-family ownership ended in 1898, the company lost its prominence of early years, and the company was shuttered in 1916. James McIntyre (1828-1906). Born in Scotland, moved to Canada 1841, and to Ingersoll, 1854. Cabinetmaker and undertaker, proprietor of furniture factory. But best remembered as author of some famously awful poetry, and above all for his 1866 poem, "Ode on the Mammoth Cheese", a tribute to 7,300-pound cheese that local men built to advertise the Ingersoll brand. We have seen thee, queen of cheese,Lying quietly at your ease,Gently fanned by evening breeze,Thy fair form no flies dare seize. Hugh McKay Sutherland (1843–1926). Born P.E.I. Moved to Oxford County, 1849. Worked for Adam Oliver as a bookkeeper in 1858 and became a partner in the Adam Oliver Company, formed 1867, Became a partner in the company's sawmill business, 1868–72. Became Dominion Superintendent of Public Works for the Northwest Territories, 1874–78. Removed to Winnipeg where he succeeded as a promoter of railway, mining, and lumber companies. MP for Selkirk, Manitoba, 1882–87. Retired to England, where he died in 1926. Lt. Col. William George Wonham (1819-1887), Provincial Land Surveyor, Ingersoll. b. England 1819. Resided in Ingersoll by 1851. Drew the 1857 Tremaine Map of Oxford County. Married with four children but became a widower in 1861. Died in Winnipeg after surgery for a stomach tumour; remains buried beside wife in Ingersoll. Wonham Street in Ingersoll is named for him. During the early 1880s he left Ingersoll for the Northwest to take employment with the Dominion Department of the Interior. In 1884, in an interview with the Winnipeg Times, he described his work in the Rocky Mountains in surveying a national park [Banff] for the Dominion Government: "Some time ago I received instructions from the Department of the Interior to proceed to the Rockies and survey a park in the Cochrane Ranch Co.’s timber limit, using my own judgment as to the best location. The spot I located is about 4 miles from East Padmore and about 64 miles from Calgary in the first range of the Rockies. The scenery is grand and beautiful in the extreme, rivalling everything I have ever seen. The surface of the park, which is traversed from one end to the other by the main line of the C.P.R. is heavily timbered and contains one large lake and several smaller ones. The surface is very rocky and broken and the hills are picturesque in the extreme. As the train service does not extend past Calgary the journey west of that point has to be made by hand car. On the return journey the pumping apparatus broke, and owing to the strong wind and the track being on the downgrade we ran the car at the rate of thirteen miles per hour for seven hours by standing up and holding our coats sail fashion to catch the wind." Robert Stuart, (1852–1926), born in Embro, raised in Ingersoll. Robert's extended family of origin comprised three Stuart brothers who emigrated to Canada from Banffshire, Scotland, and had businesses in Ingersoll John, a miller (1825–1899), Peter, a miller (1827–98), and Robert, a grocer (1834–1913). Robert's father, John Stuart, operated mills in Embro and Ayr during the early 1850s. In 1858 he bought Elisha Hall's sawmill in Ingersoll, which he converted into an oatmeal mill (named North Star Oatmeal Mills). In 1873 John sold North Star Oatmeal Mills to his brother, Peter; moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, with his son, Robert; and opened a second North Star Oatmeal Mills in Cedar Rapids. In 1874 John and Robert entered into partnership with a railroader, George Douglas Sr., of Cedar Rapids. In 1876 Robert married Maggie Shearer, a niece of George Douglas. In 1877 Robert Stuart & George Douglas of Cedar Rapids Iowa became co-partners with the father, John Stuart, and an Ingersoll miller, W.S. King, in founding new steam mill in Ingersoll, on north side of the River Thames. The father and son team, John and Robert, later opened a second mill in Chicago. There in 1899 Robert became a co-founder of the American Cereal Company, which was renamed the Quaker Oats Company in 1901. Robert's progeny did well with that company. His son, Robert Douglas Stuart (1886–1975), became CEO of Quaker Oats in 1922 and served as United States ambassador to Canada from 1953 to 1956. His grandson, Robert Douglas Stuart Jr. (1916–2014), was CEO of Quaker Oats from 1966 to 1981 and served as United States Ambassador to Norway from 1984 to 1989. Historical landmarks Elisha Hall House The first constructed of brick in the hamlet of Ingersoll in the 1830s and the centrepiece of a large property near to what is now Royal Roads Public School (210 King Street East), this was the home of Elisha Hall (1800-1868), rival to James Ingersoll for title of first child born in village, farmer and sawmill owner, local rebel leader in the Rebellion of 1837, confidant of William Lyon Mackenzie during his exile, W.M. of local Masonic lodge, advocate for emancipation of slaves and fair treatment of local black community, and figurehead of the Reform party in Oxford for the remainder of his years. His house was demolished in 2017 without public comment, a sad example of the lack of protection for heritage properties in Ingersoll. Rothwell House, 1835 Located on Cemetery Lane, this was the home of Rev. John Rothwell and family, and is one of the few heritage properties for which documentation survives describing its construction, being letters written at the time to family back in Ireland by Rothwell's wife. The Rothwells were landholders in County Meath, north of Dublin, and it may have been their promise of employment for tradesmen to construct their home which drew Edward Comiskey, a carpenter from their hometown who later had a hand in the construction of the first St. James Anglican Church. Elm Hurst Now the hub of the Elm Hurst Inn and Spa (Harris Street at 401), this was the home of James Harris (1824-1885), who operated the Maple Leaf Cheese Factory on the same property, where the world-famous Mammoth Cheese was manufactured in 1866. Christopher Brothers Residences Building contractors and operators of a steam saw mill and lumber export business in Ingersoll's boom years in the 1860s and 1870s, the four Christopher brothers built palatial residences for themselves, each distinguished with a central tower. Two still stand - one serves as the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 119 (211 Thames Street North) and the other as Oxford Manor (276 Oxford Street). The two which have been lost to the wrecker's hammer were nearby the Legion property on Thames Street North. Norsworthy House Norsworthy House (250 King St. E.) was home to the family of James Counter Norsworthy (1846–1936). James, native of Devonshire, England, had moved to the Thamesford area in 1852, entered the insurance business, and in 1876 removed to Ingersoll, where he became an inspector for the North British Mercantile Insurance Co. Norsworthy acquired his house in 1878, as part of a dowry from his marriage to Mary Jane Cuthbert (1853–91). James had four sons and a daughter by his first wife, Mary Jane. After her death in 1891, at the age of 38, he remarried to Mrs. John T. MacDonald of Sarnia in 1895. Today, the Norsworthy family is known for its family home, a stately Victorian mansion. styled "Norleigh." James enlarged the house to add an office and a separate entrance for clients and a large front porch; and he added ornate features such as stained glass windows and finely-carved fireplaces, and an upper-story tank to supply the house with water in a gravity system. The family is remembered for its outstanding contribution to Canada's war effort during the First World War. All four Norsworthy sons enlisted as officers, and two of them, Edward and Fred, were killed in action. After the loss of his sons, J.C. Norsworthy became an expert historian on the war and travelled extensively to speak on the subject. The house is rumoured to be haunted by the ghost of Norsworthy's first wife, Mary Jane, who died in 1891 after nursing her children back to health from diphtherias. Perhaps the ghostly Mary Jane's target was the second wife, the replacement mother for her children. That said, the current owners have never seen the Lady in Grey or anything else that could be considered ghostly. Neither have any of the guests who have stayed with them through the bed and breakfast they operate. Natural areas and parks Victoria Park Ingersoll's first park, established in 1869. It was known as the Town Park until 1882 when, on the occasion of the town's Queen's Birthday Celebration, it was named Victoria. This park lies adjacent to Centennial Park and is home to the Victoria Park Community Recreation Centre. Soldiers' Carroll Memorial Park Ingersoll's second oldest park and, unlike Victoria Park, located near the centre of the town (north of Canterbury Street and east of Thames Street). Formerly the site of Partlo's mill pond. The town established Soldiers' Carroll Memorial Park in 1919, using a bequest from Dr. D.W. Carroll (1838–1912), by purchasing and draining of Partlo's mill pond. Hall's Creek, which formerly flowed into the pond, continued, butits course was changed and widened; rustic bridges were erected and other improvements made, including the installation of a swimming pool for children. Also about 1920, the Lady Dufferin Chapter, Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, erected a Park Cenotaph to honour Ingersoll men who gave their lives and served the Empire in two World Wars and the Korean War. Thus, many townspeople have referred to Carroll's Park as Memorial Park. In 2006 a Town by-law renamed Memorial Park honour of Yvonne Holmes Mott (1934-2005) for "outstanding contributions to the Town and its people over her lifetime." Each July the Park serves as the main venue for the annual Canterbury Folk Festival, with the main stages, seating area, beverage tents, and craft vendors located there. Centennial Park This eight-acre park was created as a Canada Centennial project in 1967. The Ingersoll Cheese Factory Museum and the Creative Arts Centre are located at the upstream end of the former Stuart's Millpond (1822-1909). Centennial is a long and narrow, grass-lined park with a variety of young and older trees. There is a small cheese-themed playground with benches and a walking bridge over a small babbling brook. The playground and benches are constructed of natural wood and bright yellow 'cheese slices'. The backs of the benches look like pieces of Swiss Cheese with the requisite holes. Camping is allowed in the summer with basic toilet facilities at a cost of $15.00 per night. In the winter, there is a charming display of lights that runs the length of the park from the entrance on Harris Street to the exit on Wellington Street. John Lawson Park and Trail Located along the south bank of the Thames River, this park contains walking trails in a natural area. Accessed from Charles St. West, at the bottom of Wonham St. South. Smith's Pond Park This park is a natural area with walking trails, tall grass, and an annual fishing derby. Its location on the south side of Canterbury Street is the former site of Smith's mill pond. This pond vanished on 5 March 1976 when its swollen waters broke through the embankment supporting Smith's dam. The park was established in 2000. The park includes the ruins of the old cement dam and a new, much smaller pond, created by splitting the flow of Hall's Creek. One fork of the creek runs through the pond, the other fork alongside it. 19th-century millponds Early mills required water power, which was obtained by damming steams to create millponds and mill races. Thus, Ingersoll's first pond most likely dated from the years 1818-1819, when Thomas Ingersoll Jr. and James Ingersoll built a saw mill on the family farm, fulfilling their father's vision when he chose the site for his family in 1793. Construction of a dam, spillway, raceway and millwheel machinery and structures was a complex process, but the saw mill was finally put into operation by April 1819. This was followed by construction of a grist mill as the family ventures grew. By the 1850s Ingersoll had five ponds whose mill races delivered power to grist mills, flour mills, saw mills and a woollen mill. All five ponds were located south of the River Thames, four of them using water from two north-flowing tributaries of the Thames River and one using water from the Thames itself. Three mill ponds were located along Hall's Creek, which flowed swiftly northward from Elisha Hall's farm: Hall's Pond (later Stuart's Pond), Smith's Pond, and Smith's "lower pond" (later Partlo's Pond). To the west was Benson's Pond (later King's Pond) on Whiting Creek. Lastly, there was Carroll's pond, just south of the River Thames. To make this pond, Daniel Carroll diverted water from the west-flowing Thames to create an artificial, west-flowing creek; then he damned the creek to create the pond and mill race, which delivered power to two grist mills; the outflow of water from these mills returned the creek water to the River Thames.The last of the ponds, Smith's Pond, came to an end in 1976. The advent of steam power in the 1850s freed industries from dependence on water power and proximity to mill ponds. This allowed new industries to locate on the north side of the Thames and other hitherto neglected places. Historical churches From the earliest days, the people of the Oxford settlement were drawn to evangelicals and evangelism. The families brought in by Thomas Ingersoll were active in an era when Puritanism (Congregational Church) was still the official religion in most of New England, and a great many could not abide the extreme self-denial preached by such men as the pastor at Great Barrington, one of many who have been described by historians as "Puritans gone haywire". The Anglican, Methodist and Baptist forms of worship had become popular alternatives. Thomas Ingersoll's associate, Rev. Gideon Bostwick was so popular that the people of Great Barrington refused to make any further payments to support the Congregational pastor, although required by law. Bostwick's missionary circuit from Great Barrington grew to include parts of Vermont, Connecticut, New York state, and the whole western end of Massachusetts. In his journeys he preached in the same frontier towns as Baptist and Methodist missionaries. After Bostwick's unexpected death in 1793, at least five Baptist preachers were amongst the Thomas Ingersoll settlers, and Methodist missionaries won the hearts of two of Ingersoll's daughters. All of the churches established in the hamlet of Ingersoll had their origin in such missionary work. As the community grew, it raised its own missionaries who went out into the wider world, including the first mayor's daughter Dr. Belle Chone Oliver, and most famous of all, Aimee Semple McPherson. First Baptist Church Without any resident clergy, the Oxford settlement relied on visiting missionaries for spiritual guidance in its earliest years. Amongst the first of these to make the journey were sent by Baptist associations in the state of Vermont, where families such as the Canfields and Burdicks, who were headed by Baptist preachers, had spent time before their move to Canada in the 1790s. Ely Harris and his wife Lucretia Abigail Ransom with their family of three daughters and nine sons, four of whom were Baptist preachers, arrived in the Ingersoll area in 1802. Members of the first Baptist congregations joined in covenants to watch over each other. By the 1850s there were several such separate congregations in the Ingersoll area. A Baptist Meeting House opened "on the side of a hill in Albert Street, near the English [Anglican] Church" in June, 1858. This came from ongoing efforts to unite the separate congregations, which continued for the next four decades under pastors such as the Rev. John Dempsey(1822-1899). A graduate of the first Baptist College in Canada which operated in Montreal in the 1840s, Dempsey was appointed pastor in several communities in Quebec and Ontario (including Ingersoll) during his career, and after retiring to Ingersoll, he continued with efforts to develop a Baptist College in Oxford, at Woodstock (later moved to Toronto, then to Hamilton, as the nucleus of today's McMaster University). The fully united congregation in Ingersoll constructed a red brick church building in 1896, on what is now the northeast corner of Thames Street South and Canterbury Street. This building was destroyed by fire following a lightning strike in 1898, but was immediately re-built on the existing site. It is still an active, community-oriented, Christian Church. British Methodist Episcopal Church During the 1850s and 1860s a congregation of escaped slaves from the American south grew up in Ingersoll who were served by this church, which owned a building on Catherine Street from about 1860 to 1900. Its most famous pastor was the Rev. Solomon Peter Hale (1815–1903), whose flamboyant sermons drew the attention of newspapers in the area. Ingersoll Christian Reformed Church The church's original congregation came from the Netherlands in the mid-1850s. In 1955, a barn was renovated into a church on King Street. In 1973 the barn was sold and later burned in 1975. In 1976, the congregation decided to rebuild on 1.6 ha (4 ac) just west of the first church. Peoples Revival Centre In 1942, the congregation bought the collegiate gym and moved the complex to its present location. Princess Elizabeth Community Centre In 2012, Princess Elizabeth Public School was purchased by a charity named the Vedic Institute of Canada and has been converted to Vedic ashram or retreat centre. Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church The congregation was established in 1838, served by missionaries. The first church, a wooden building, was built on John Street in 1850. It was raised to parish status in 1864. The brick church building on the corner of Thames Street North and Bell Street was built in 1879, it is one of the tallest structures in the town, and its interior contains numerous oil paintings and large stained-glass windows. Salvation Army The congregation was established in 1884 and the church was built in 1935. St. James Anglican Church On granting the township of Oxford-on-the-Thames to Thomas Ingersoll's associates in 1793, Governor Simcoe had hoped the new settlement would be led by the Rev. Gideon Bostwick (1742–1793), who had been ordained by the Bishop of London at St. James Palace in 1770 and by 1793 had a large and well-known missionary circuit extending many miles north, south and east from St. James Episcopal (Anglican) Church in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. (He had presided over each of Thomas Ingersoll's marriages there). Bostwick was named first amongst Thomas Ingersoll's associates, and his "well known suffering" for the church caused Simcoe to note him just the type who should be encouraged to settle here. Bostwick made strenuous preparations for the move but died suddenly from pneumonia before seeing his new home in Upper Canada. His sons and daughters made the move a few years later, and son Henry Bostwick (1782–1816) was appointed by Isaac Brock to command the Oxford Militia in the War of 1812. The Oxford settlement later hamlet of Ingersoll did not have a resident Anglican priest until 40 years after Gideon's death, although it was included on the bishop's occasional circuits through the province until then. The congregation was formally established in 1834 with the arrival of the Rev. John Rothwell (1797–1866), ordained following his graduation from Trinity College, Dublin. Rather than appointed by the bishop, Rothwell himself chose the hamlet of Ingersoll as his new home, purchasing farm land for his family and volunteering his services for the first five years without asking compensation, encouraging the congregation to concentrate instead on building a suitable first church for the community, using land donated by the Ingersolls on its highest hill (now the site of the senior citizens apartment building on Earl Street), finally completed and consecrated in 1840. The present church building on Oxford Street near the town hall was erected in 1868. The contractors were the Christopher Brothers. St. Paul's Presbyterian Church The congregation was established in 1846. It was originally named Knox Presbyterian until the union of a number of parishes – Knox, Erskine and St. Andrews – at what became St. Paul's in 1889. A fascinating description (available online) of the early days of the Knox congregation and the interplay between the Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists and Anglicans in Ingersoll in the 1840s and 1850s was written by the son of the first pastor of Knox Church, Rev. Robert Wallace (1820–1897). The Presbyterian church sometimes drew followers who could not abide the "ranters" presiding at the other churches. Trinity United Church The United Church was formed in 1925 to complete the national movement underway for decades to unite Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregationalist churches across Canada. The Methodists were originally reformers in the Church of England (Anglican Church) in the 1700s who formed their own church movement when reforms were rejected. The earliest Methodist missionaries to the Oxford settlement came with permission from Thomas Ingersoll, who mourned the loss of Gideon Bostwick's evangelical powers, but saw the need for other forms of spiritual leadership. Two of his daughters eventually married Methodist missionaries. As the hamlet of Ingersoll grew in the 1820s, Methodists used the log schoolhouse on Oxford Street for worship, and shared it with the Anglicans when Rev. John Rothwell arrived in 1834. Two branches of the Methodists developed in the hamlet, each with its own church building by the 1850s (Episcopal Methodists on Charles Street at the foot of Oxford Street, and Wesleyan Methodists on Oxford Street across from the Town Hall). The original "Two Tower" church on King Street West was built in 1865 for the Wesleyans. With expansions over the years, it eventually became the home of both Methodist congregations along with some of the Presbyterians in the town. The three-portal entranceway that was added to it and the name Trinity were symbolic of the union. Sports history Baseball The New England settlers of Oxford-on-the-Thames brought with them an early version of the stick and ball game now known as baseball. This was played in the Great Barrington area in the 1790s, and was a part of the Queen's Birthday celebrations in pioneer Oxford, as immortalized in the writings of Dr. Ford which gave nearby Beachville its fame as the birthplace of baseball in Canada. By the 1860s a Canadian championship circuit had been developed from Oxford. Ingersoll's team took the title in 1868 and went on to display its prowess in matches against American teams in the 1870s. By the 1930s Ingersoll had a semi-pro team that recruited Oscar 'Lefty' Judd (1908–1995), a phenomenal pitcher from Nissouri township who helped propel the team to the provincial championship before launching his career as a professional player in the United States. Hockey The greatest year for organized hockey in Oxford was arguably the 1954-55 season, when Woodstock's Warriors recruited the sensational young Bobby Hull for its Junior B team and went on to win the provincial championship. The energy was infectious. Bobby was known to hang out at the pool hall in downtown Ingersoll and players in town as well as in Tillsonburg got stoked, carrying their own teams to new heights. Ingersoll's Reems captured the Junior C provincial championship that same year, while Tillsonburg topped the Intermediate A ranks. Cycling When bicycling exploded in popularity in the 1890s, the sign of prowess was to complete a 'century' during free time on the weekend, meaning completion of at least 100 miles of travel. The town's undisputed all-time great was Doug Carr (1910-1994), who made a round-the-world bicycle tour of over 60,000 miles from 1937 to 1939, followed by a speaking tour celebrating the feat, before settling into his career as a book and china store operator in Ingersoll. The physical artifacts he saved are housed at the Ingersoll Cheese and Agricultural Museum; his diaries, photographs and papers from his years of adventure are at the Ontario Archives. An online archive has been created from a presentation at the HASTAC 2013 conference at York University, Toronto, and numerous other online summaries are available. School athletics Through much of the last century, the elementary schools in Ingersoll joined each year in presenting a May Festival program of dancing and singing for entertainment of parents at the town arena, and a Field Day program when all the schools paraded to Victoria Park for a day of athletic competitions on the playing fields in front of the covered grandstands. At the high school level, the school boards collaborated in organizing competitions between teams from all the high schools in the county. In 1958 this was expanded to create tri-county athletics championship competitions amongst the high schools of Oxford, Elgin and Norfolk counties, as a preliminary to determining entry in the Western Ontario Secondary School Athletics Association (WOSSAA) championship. When the school boards were merged to form the current Thames Valley District School Board in 1998, the tri-county competition was modified to include Oxford, Elgin and Middlesex as the championship series preliminary to WOSSAA. Ingersoll earned its first tri-county championship in football with a string of IDCI Blue Bombers senior team victories in 1968. The IDCI girls hockey team has reached the WOSSAA championship level three years in a row as of 2018. Rankings, standings and championship holders are all provided on the Thames Valley Regional Athletics website. Plaques and monuments The Big Cheese Located south of Ingersoll, at the Elm Hurst Inn off Road 119; first exit north of Highway 401. This plaque marks the site of James Harris's co-operative cheese factory, in which was constructed a giant 7,300-pound "Big Cheese." The mammoth cheddar was made in eight days and cured in three months in a specially built shed. In August 1866, the "Big Cheese" was transported on a modified wagon by six horses to the train station in Ingersoll. It was exhibited at the New York State Fair in Saratoga and then shipped to England, where it was bought by a Liverpool merchant. First cheese factory Located at the Ingersoll Post Office, a historical plaque commemorates the establishment of the first cheese factory in Canada near the Oxford County village of Norwich in 1864. The rapid, widespread adoption of the co-operative factory system across Ontario marked the beginning of the modern dairy industry in Canada. The Canadian Dairymen's Association was founded in Ingersoll in 1867. Founders of Ingersoll Located on the south east corner of the Thames Street bridge. Commemorates Major Thomas Ingersoll and his son Charles who were responsible for the first major settlement of the Townships of East, West and North Oxford and who founded the community of Ingersoll in 1793. Site of Thomas Ingersoll's log cabin This plaque, situated on a pavilion, marks the former location of Thomas Ingersoll's log cabin, circa 1795. Located between 131 and 147 Thames Street, Ingersoll. The old town halls and the present-day one The original market house and town hall, constructed of wood in 1853 on the southeast corner of King and Oxford streets, was destroyed by fire in April 1856. The village council replaced it with a brick building in 1857, at a cost of £2,700, and paid £8 15s to have its image displayed on Tremaine's 1857 Map of Oxford County. The town demolished that building in 1990 and replaced it with the present-day town hall, on the southwest corner of King and Oxford streets. A Saturday-morning farmer's market operates seasonally on the town hall square, situated on original site of the town hall. An historical plaque marking the second building vanished with its demolition. Notable people Elizabeth 'Betty' Gardner Taylor, (1916–77), born in Ingersoll. A track and field specialist in the 80-metre hurdles. The bronze medalist at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Also competed in the 1932 Los Angeles games. A silver medalist at the 1934 British Empire Games and the 1934 Women's World Games. Aimee Semple McPherson, (1890–1944). Born Aimee Kennedy on a farm near Salford. Raised in the Salvation Army barracks, Ingersoll. Converted at a Pentecostal revival in Ingersoll, and at age 17 married Robert Semple, a Pentecostal exhorter. The couple left Ingersoll for the mission fields in China, where her husband died. Then she remarried to an American, Harold McPherson – whence her name, Aimee Semple McPherson. Based in Los Angeles, she prospered as a radio evangelist and founder of the Foursquare network of churches. The premier woman evangelist of her time, sensational in preaching, controversial in her family life. Alfred Lucking (1853–1925), James Thompson McCleary (1853–1925), and Frank McDonough (1846–1904) were "Ingersoll Old Boys" who made good in the United States. In 1904 Lucking was a Democratic Congressman for Detroit, Michigan; McCleary was a Republican Congressman for Minnesota, and McDonough was a Wisconsin State Senator. On meeting each other on the floor of Congress, Lucking and McCleary discovered that they had been born within two blocks of each other, in Ingersoll. "Forty years ago," recalled McCleary, who had been educated in the Ingersoll high school, "I knew and was known by nearly every person in Ingersoll … my native town." Lucking, not so much: his parents removed to Michigan when he was aged two. McDonough had removed to Wisconsin at age 17. David Manicom (1960), Canadian author Manicom's The Burning Eaves (2003) was a finalist for the 2004 Governor General's Awards for English Language Poetry, while "Progeny of Ghosts" (1998) won the Quebec Writer's Federation prize for non-fiction[4] and was short-listed for the National Writer's Trust Viacom award for non-fiction. Mark Hominick (b. 1982), mixed martial artist, former TKO Major League MMA Featherweight Champion, and retired UFC fighter Alanson Harris, b. Ingersoll, 1816. Worked on his father's bush farm and attended school. With his father, established a saw mill in Brant County, 1841, then bought a foundry and manufactured agricultural implements in Beamsville, 1857. Moved his business to Brantford, 1872. Continued to visit his family members in Ingersoll. Merged with three other companies to form the Massey-Harris Company, 1891. Died 1894. Ken Armstrong (1953–). Born Ingersoll 12 October 1953, son of Huck and Ruth Armstrong. Canadian Olympic diver at Montreal Olympics, 1976, and Moscow Olympics, 1980. Coach of Canadian national team, 1984, and US national team, Sydney 2000. Tom McKee (1936–2012). Born Ingersoll, son of Frederick "Brass" and Vera McKee. Sportscaster Brian Williams tribute: "Tom McKee was one of the first generation of major TV sportscasters in this country along with Don Chevrier, Ernie Afaganis, Don Wittman, and Ted Reynolds. They were the ‘big five’ for years." George Hayes (1914–87). Born in Montreal but grew up in Ingersoll. NHL linesman, 1945–65. The first linesman to work 1,000 games. Elected (posthumously) to the NHL Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. Retired in Ingersoll to a second career as local sports bard. Richard Pennefather Rothwell (1836–1901), civil, mechanical, mining engineer, famous as an author, editor, publisher and organizer who tirelessly promoted improved engineering standards in the mining industry. Born in Ingersoll, the son of Rev. John Rothwell. See also List of townships in Ontario References External links Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario Towns in Ontario	[ -0.6940668821334839, 1.1236770153045654, -0.022644873708486557, -0.20316490530967712, 0.29852575063705444, 0.7409016489982605, 0.291948527097702, 1.1032145023345947, -0.038367997854948044, -0.5445021986961365, -0.07461337000131607, -0.13663987815380096, 0.4704844057559967, 0.1441955417394638, -0.23677615821361542, 0.5964438915252686, -0.8954597115516663, 0.8422660231590271, 0.46904391050338745, -0.5160177946090698, 0.37952670454978943, -0.45317956805229187, -0.1926996111869812, 1.1990618705749512, 0.4173789322376251, 0.23126079142093658, 0.764298677444458, -0.5496050119400024, -0.31487175822257996, -0.06703643500804901, -0.16759973764419556, 0.702911913394928, 0.06148078292608261, -0.5385652184486389, 0.49607744812965393, -0.4007885754108429, 0.06089269369840622, -0.26566267013549805, -0.15476027131080627, -0.6279225945472717, -0.4681754410266876, -0.22036120295524597, 0.237632617354393, -0.37515851855278015, 0.5793843865394592, -0.7710238099098206, -1.5815130472183228, -0.3314850628376007, -0.9731957912445068, -0.21248504519462585, -0.7330628037452698, -0.030875258147716522, -0.12417585402727127, -0.09955734759569168, 0.619176983833313, 0.4405163824558258, -0.8159431219100952, 0.49303510785102844, 0.8872710466384888, 0.5580542087554932, 0.10599898546934128, 0.4583299160003662, -0.05983218550682068, 0.20403267443180084, 0.36028793454170227, 0.9076508283615112, 0.18761172890663147, 0.37671956419944763, -0.41670069098472595, -0.1826171576976776, -0.5930101871490479, -0.22314338386058807, 0.07471273094415665, 0.6728349328041077, 0.3108445405960083, -0.03586556017398834, 0.11952441930770874, -0.03896206617355347, 0.023408059030771255, 0.3054385185241699, 0.33041322231292725, 0.2012438178062439, 0.46353164315223694, 0.18214163184165955, 0.3278447091579437, 0.7454116344451904, -1.164061427116394, 0.39946579933166504, 0.21590770781040192, 0.06080321595072746, -1.060802698135376, -0.06959731131792068, 0.13998785614967346, -0.029586568474769592, -0.17848488688468933, -0.5881748199462891, 0.0028314862865954638, 0.38684532046318054, -0.09799852222204208, 0.5243478417396545, -0.33981162309646606, -0.04145863652229309, 1.0316129922866821, 0.14402826130390167, -0.7630862593650818, -0.11976093798875809, -0.9448826909065247, -0.21242322027683258, 0.4765057861804962, -0.6924439072608948, -0.4664621949195862, 0.2798204720020294, -0.3527315855026245, -0.30238595604896545, -0.3287614583969116, 0.11527906358242035, 0.161566823720932, -0.5331248044967651, -0.011583958752453327, 0.11627169698476791, 0.36939772963523865, 0.23201465606689453, -0.29139944911003113, -0.04848470538854599, -0.32403409481048584, -0.5132747888565063, -0.12753736972808838, -0.6630520224571228, -0.14676924049854279, 0.726358950138092, -0.3238520920276642, 0.7572836875915527, -0.24138225615024567, -0.10373754799365997, -0.05782924219965935, 0.4497235417366028, -0.348241925239563, 0.08575823903083801, 0.33282673358917236, 0.13997772336006165, -1.1079250574111938, -0.49859434366226196, -0.961839497089386, -0.6325691342353821, -0.09242422878742218, -0.3022395670413971, 0.14589573442935944, -0.678173840045929, 0.12477723509073257, -0.2208971083164215, 0.4453936219215393, 0.1967446357011795, -0.3363344371318817, -0.14162838459014893, -0.2488994151353836, 0.17800502479076385, 0.62237548828125, 0.26776379346847534, 0.5675404667854309, 0.5956359505653381, 0.09427829831838608, 0.3584468364715576, 0.8936551809310913, -0.4673151671886444, 0.42532476782798767, -0.021013570949435234, 0.17067746818065643, -0.9866015911102295, 0.6848644614219666, 0.7165201902389526, -0.3365565240383148, 0.3625015914440155, 1.1800942420959473, -0.945105791091919, 0.7005394101142883, -0.5460176467895508, 0.6923335790634155, 0.3705854117870331, 0.0040903775952756405, -0.12336108833551407, -0.8505906462669373, 0.36810165643692017, 0.5107430815696716, -0.0036711967550218105, -0.5105598568916321, 0.22343315184116364, -0.2024742066860199, 0.2324804663658142, -0.024931425228714943, 0.5869309306144714, 0.2743147611618042, -1.0123021602630615, 0.6634781360626221, -0.5892060399055481, 0.6507505774497986, 0.1095673143863678, -0.41936546564102173, 0.7314826250076294, -0.7678630948066711, 0.37075692415237427, -0.35244062542915344, -0.2205563634634018, 0.523408830165863, 0.009940437972545624, -1.0785787105560303, 0.7177857160568237, 0.15444020926952362, -0.3682510256767273, 0.13478820025920868, 0.5839565396308899, -0.006715754978358746, -0.5775076746940613, 0.03963097557425499, 1.053514838218689, -0.32008111476898193, -0.41249924898147583, -0.3401581943035126, -0.40047892928123474, -0.4642031490802765, -0.7130225896835327, 0.08102492243051529, 0.5545653104782104, -0.013309790752828121, 0.03287861868739128, -0.35225239396095276, 0.3884247839450836, 0.5610632300376892, 0.7415019273757935, 0.049945298582315445, -0.5155905485153198, 0.9260164499282837, 0.6652459502220154, 0.8133193850517273, -0.37476545572280884, -0.32435911893844604, -0.7643462419509888, 0.11867807805538177, -0.12129669636487961, 0.8977673649787903, -0.019567091017961502, -0.05151980742812157, 0.10689142346382141, -0.999608039855957, -0.11294369399547577, 0.555969774723053, 0.25196394324302673, 0.1388438642024994, 0.6710577607154846, 0.156640887260437, -0.5505330562591553, 0.3182927370071411, 0.09693057835102081, -0.05100683122873306, 0.05552258342504501, 0.5246022343635559, -0.23738250136375427, 0.26432281732559204, 0.5351462960243225, 0.1378268152475357, 0.3234635889530182, 0.019067708402872086, -0.45058929920196533, -0.5716240406036377, 0.21002519130706787, 0.03860917314887047, -0.6406172513961792, -0.4004610776901245, -0.35284489393234253, -0.1660839319229126, 0.4510679244995117, 0.3116209805011749, 0.10841052234172821, -0.6851568818092346, -0.22761018574237823, 0.7026116847991943, 0.6587573885917664, 0.031175674870610237, 0.29481133818626404, -0.7629432082176208, -0.11220936477184296, 0.4147067964076996, 1.2457754611968994, -0.4221862256526947, -0.41970765590667725, 0.512854278087616, 0.11152679473161697, 0.752989649772644, 0.07766761630773544, -0.3457317650318146, -0.1864553987979889, -0.48968079686164856, -0.04884415119886398, -0.40081194043159485, 0.8803465962409973, 0.36485201120376587, 0.01205146312713623, -0.13537204265594482, -0.4129508435726166, 0.7728495597839355, -0.6806765198707581, -0.06297043710947037, -0.1810140162706375, -0.46160688996315, 0.30157437920570374, -0.31923890113830566, -0.2399490624666214, 0.491913765668869, -0.8640604019165039, -4.451127052307129, 0.7486953139305115, -0.24092064797878265, -0.2370794415473938, 0.41073793172836304, -0.28195422887802124, 0.027105143293738365, -0.11701750010251999, -0.32331719994544983, 0.2877894341945648, -0.30443090200424194, -0.4200889468193054, 0.27328312397003174, 0.42660191655158997, 0.42736902832984924, 0.69354248046875, 0.4976483881473541, -0.3207324743270874, 0.25463709235191345, 0.05700354278087616, -0.2547007203102112, -0.30954602360725403, -0.2543691396713257, -0.03538661450147629, 0.9344288110733032, 0.457086443901062, 0.06776581704616547, -0.31802478432655334, -0.5752928256988525, -0.5928246974945068, 0.7244916558265686, 0.07072572410106659, -0.025516673922538757, -0.3402785658836365, -0.09462983161211014, -0.46801602840423584, 0.3762491047382355, 0.2895618677139282, 0.9781754612922668, -0.6508084535598755, 0.24822358787059784, 0.4609462320804596, -0.5760444402694702, -0.30522212386131287, 0.8028779625892639, -0.22889645397663116, -0.5461926460266113, 0.11206132918596268, -0.01714908331632614, 0.19366613030433655, 0.3262675106525421, -0.021272074431180954, 0.8372073769569397, 0.3684917688369751, 0.5278631448745728, -0.400876522064209, 0.3051225244998932, -0.459760844707489, 0.029430365189909935, 0.6220830082893372, 0.2718202471733093, -0.41126060485839844, -0.3614915609359741, 0.17718055844306946, -0.03823629766702652, -0.8408467769622803, 0.4735718369483948, 0.39357104897499084, 0.7987120151519775, 0.1468227207660675, -0.08055657148361206, -0.12724170088768005, 0.031027479097247124, -0.6958927512168884, -0.7102862596511841, -0.683640718460083, -0.7286608219146729, 0.5617977976799011, -0.4730222225189209, -0.15213482081890106, 0.30961230397224426, 0.1409485936164856, -0.15669217705726624, 0.9043530821800232, 0.24394316971302032, -0.21525469422340393, -0.47139185667037964, 0.40999504923820496, -0.16847862303256989, -0.4009179472923279, 0.46099749207496643, 0.6596070528030396, 0.20779947936534882, -0.41166067123413086, -0.3208565413951874, -0.8376520276069641, 0.6441059708595276, -0.24084968864917755, -0.2861717939376831, -0.8571491241455078, 0.4187127351760864, -0.18071246147155762, 0.40705356001853943, -0.5037304162979126, -0.8616401553153992, -0.5529182553291321, -0.03694116324186325, -0.2323872596025467, 0.6937123537063599, -0.6325078010559082, -0.5117347836494446, -0.23376652598381042, -0.8910937905311584, -0.4097883403301239, 0.43369215726852417, 0.19035065174102783, -0.6270774602890015, 0.3387901782989502, 0.6718205213546753, 0.11374974995851517, 0.3631778061389923, -0.2101648449897766, -0.3915775418281555, 0.2356860637664795, -0.16641747951507568, 0.02019377611577511, 1.046133279800415, -0.00028581402148120105, -0.5750144124031067, 0.14508800208568573, -0.24960583448410034, -0.0927475243806839, -0.8442205786705017, -0.43546342849731445, -0.821916401386261, -0.41516295075416565, -0.5574604272842407, -0.5150464773178101, 0.0761336088180542, 0.15271858870983124, 0.5118054747581482, 0.345727801322937, 0.19228710234165192, 0.2351517677307129, -0.5015409588813782, 0.2755698263645172, 0.5310450196266174, 0.36694085597991943, -0.7481502294540405, 0.46319958567619324, -0.6352656483650208, -0.19443729519844055, -0.08709190785884857, -0.9699578881263733, 0.26757529377937317, 0.15652206540107727, -0.27033454179763794, -0.03619011491537094, 0.2996220588684082, -0.3015311062335968, 0.8604643940925598, 0.46382203698158264, -0.0893235132098198, 0.43998414278030396, -0.33914804458618164, 0.25086498260498047, -0.6502721905708313, 0.003337544621899724, -0.7457008361816406, 0.4621467590332031, 0.14539135992527008, -0.38988152146339417, -0.6915203332901001, 0.04015779867768288, 0.6525616645812988, -0.24665136635303497, -0.2925322651863098, 0.3979789614677429, 0.4569338858127594, -0.562991738319397, -0.3559381663799286, -0.09311401844024658, -0.7171081304550171, 0.2498009204864502, 0.3911786675453186, -0.9016507267951965, -0.2542186975479126, -0.43691396713256836, -0.09915928542613983, -0.23768237233161926, 0.07518578320741653, -0.3224181830883026, 0.3597896099090576, 0.3999733626842499, -0.002196901710703969, -0.45904967188835144, 0.4507608115673065, -0.7917941212654114, -0.8868931531906128, -0.639262318611145, 0.13735570013523102, 0.5759999752044678, -0.3136864900588989, 0.7395726442337036, -0.12672343850135803, -1.0475586652755737, 0.39790087938308716, 0.26653873920440674, -0.9323911070823669, 1.3210477828979492, 0.14511694014072418, -0.30349722504615784, 1.0699801445007324, 0.7698595523834229, -0.4659697115421295, 0.0654938593506813, 0.3284516930580139, 0.13879039883613586, -0.7540645003318787, 0.22813060879707336, -0.666443407535553, 0.6299943327903748, 0.06665745377540588, -0.13988535106182098, -0.7631341218948364, 0.5948328375816345, 0.8650891780853271, -0.24446092545986176, 1.1875749826431274, -0.47228574752807617, 0.101687952876091, 0.01609036698937416, 0.3441331386566162, 0.545185387134552, 0.8824139833450317, 0.22928613424301147, -0.2688674032688141, -0.4285851716995239, -0.02121133543550968, 0.41696009039878845, 0.5552070140838623, 0.7181316018104553, 0.567256510257721, -0.7380578517913818, -0.20989856123924255, 0.26212427020072937, 1.351638674736023, 0.143690288066864, -1.0417017936706543, 0.5002374649047852, 0.6703957319259644, -0.7664076685905457, -0.5989648103713989, -0.15482765436172485, 1.2907686233520508, -0.5758846998214722, -0.05296920984983444, 0.9418849349021912, -0.19269797205924988, 0.520779013633728, 0.09716016054153442, 0.38889285922050476, 0.20278358459472656, 0.817473292350769, 0.5201998949050903, -0.49672290682792664, -0.5221826434135437, 0.01606956124305725, 0.269452840089798, -0.4870287775993347, -0.5533537268638611, -0.4099116027355194, -0.050730664283037186, -0.15386046469211578, -0.4507744312286377, -0.17565737664699554, 0.12014813721179962, -0.8915465474128723, 0.2232467383146286, -0.7364595532417297, -0.1741657555103302, 0.13260754942893982, 0.13060928881168365, -0.5992909669876099, 0.5327134132385254, -0.8645768761634827, -0.03400703892111778, 0.4603690207004547, -0.48346394300460815, 0.580896258354187, -0.37194710969924927, 0.017043370753526688, 0.00286247325129807, -0.39404597878456116, -0.24602928757667542, 0.39766260981559753, -0.12535233795642853, -0.1592101901769638, -0.09156788140535355, -0.25941091775894165, -1.5164655447006226, 1.2768646478652954, -0.6765264868736267, -0.246124267578125, -0.009371600113809109, 0.46903547644615173, -0.5790988206863403, -0.333641916513443, -0.155305877327919, 0.12282467633485794, 0.6046526432037354, -0.11773797869682312, 0.18171636760234833, 0.7505238056182861, -0.6734212040901184, 0.0001006120874080807, 0.03605898842215538, -0.7408265471458435, -0.21408002078533173, 0.7056501507759094, -0.9564289450645447, -0.13611671328544617, 0.5702601075172424, 0.5547249913215637, -0.008266007527709007, 0.9956095814704895, 0.3492880165576935, -0.1580323874950409, -0.4381018280982971, 0.5675048232078552, -0.1993483006954193, -0.4184180498123169, -1.1412174701690674, 0.937526524066925, -1.1816184520721436, -0.1770969182252884, -0.19500432908535004, -0.23823195695877075, -0.2737046480178833, 0.5644534230232239, 0.4022439122200012, 0.9106366634368896, -0.3567535877227783, -0.05013224110007286, 0.12145517021417618, -0.0692681297659874, 0.2482544332742691, 0.5296021103858948, -0.03475407510995865, -0.6403423547744751, -0.16083231568336487, -0.5796809196472168, 0.06769279390573502, -0.7028903961181641, -0.9393699169158936, 0.20754368603229523, -0.038419779390096664, -0.31584954261779785, -0.35597649216651917, -0.46548986434936523, -0.07385712116956711, -0.7856738567352295, 0.824779748916626, 0.32947564125061035, -0.17315703630447388, -0.5386533737182617, 0.7652633786201477, -0.1784386932849884, -0.5603190064430237, 0.6766104698181152, -0.08701866120100021, 0.19506193697452545, 0.47488850355148315, -0.4906562566757202, -0.16482262313365936, 0.6563211679458618, -0.5315603613853455, 0.5297877788543701, -0.32838621735572815, 0.6199830770492554, -0.16874656081199646, 0.5243035554885864, -0.27314066886901855, -0.14795614778995514, 0.29442840814590454, -0.8284231424331665, -0.30563482642173767, 0.47484803199768066, -0.21212425827980042, -0.24505002796649933, -0.5059177279472351, -0.3243931531906128, -0.4441974461078644, 0.788110613822937, -0.09957428276538849, -0.650163471698761, -0.24739158153533936, 0.35113948583602905, 0.7613964676856995, 0.728145182132721, 0.4143816828727722, 0.46675676107406616, -0.18997304141521454, -0.10058710724115372, -0.25579535961151123, 0.5152139067649841, -0.33248370885849, 0.5026211738586426, -0.8891751170158386, 0.396408349275589, -0.1113298237323761, 0.7196692228317261, -0.3818072974681854, 0.3483881950378418, -0.5832875967025757, -0.2078850418329239, 0.5610679388046265, -0.5919808149337769, -0.5165546536445618, 0.06935738772153854, 0.24734097719192505, -0.46877869963645935, 0.25391650199890137, 0.6703935265541077, -0.23586520552635193, -0.1192503347992897, -0.40482309460639954, -0.09823841601610184, -0.29589417576789856, 0.2596493363380432, 0.23932498693466187, -0.3677542507648468, -0.6709441542625427, 0.9135153889656067, -0.02480287291109562, -0.006337129510939121, -0.37303492426872253, 0.7474241852760315, 0.2834567725658417, -0.19403795897960663, 0.3113635778427124, -0.12931549549102783, 0.19870492815971375, -0.043929699808359146, -0.7244356870651245, 0.32575199007987976, -0.8705494403839111, -0.36708390712738037, -0.04742341488599777, 0.13835622370243073, 0.34123164415359497, -0.4118035137653351, 0.2723146080970764, 0.12508825957775116, 0.09100324660539627, -0.260007381439209, 0.40855395793914795, -0.6557449102401733, 0.6209697127342224, -0.21290159225463867 ]
249015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8A	Ê	Ê, ê (e-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Chinese, Persian, and Ukrainian. Usage in various languages Afrikaans Ê is not considered a separate letter in Afrikaans but a variation of "e". The circumflex changes the pronunciation of "e" to be (or if the succeeding consonant is either a dorsal or a liquid) Chinese In the Pinyin romanization of Standard Mandarin Chinese, ê represents . It corresponds to Zhuyin ㄝ. The circumflex occurs only if ê is the only letter in the syllable: ề (; "eh!"). Without the circumflex, e as, the only letter in the syllable, represents : è (; "hungry"). Elsewhere, is written as a (before n) or e (at the end of a syllable), with the appropriate tone mark,: xiān (; "first"), xuǎn (; "to choose"), xué (; "to learn"), xièxie (; "thanks"). In Pe̍h-ōe-jī, ê is the fifth tone of e: ê (; possessive, adjectival suffix). French Diacritics are not considered to be distinct letters of the French alphabet. In French, ê changes the pronunciation of e from /ə/ to /ɛ/. It is used instead of "è" for words that used to be written "es". Friulian Ê represents and . Italian Ê occasionally used to represent or in words like fêro (they did). Kurdish Ê is the 7th letter of the Kurdish Kurmanji alphabet and represents /eː/. Persian Ê is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ع‎. Portuguese In Portuguese, ê marks a stressed only in words whose stressed syllable is in an otherwise unpredictable location in the word: "pêssego" (peach). The letter, pronounced , can also contrast with é, pronounced , as in pé (foot). Tibetan Ê is used in Tibetan pinyin to represent , for example Gêrzê County. Ukrainian Ê is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration as the letter Є. Vietnamese Ê is the 9th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents . In Vietnamese phonology, diacritics can be added to form five forms to represent five tones of ê: Ề ề Ể ể Ễ ễ Ế ế Ệ ệ Welsh In Welsh, ê represents long stressed e if the vowel would otherwise be pronounced as short : llên "literature", as opposed to llen "curtain", or gêm "game", as opposed to gem "gem, jewel". That is useful for borrowed words with a final stress like apêl "appeal". Other In Popido, a fictitious dialect of Esperanto made by Manuel Halvelik for use in literature, ê represents . It is only used epenthetically to break consonant clusters, especially before grammatical suffixes. Character mappings Unicode encoded 5 pairs of precomposed characters (Ề / ề, Ể / ể, Ễ / ễ, Ế / ế, Ệ / ệ) for the five tones of ê in Vietnamese. Two pairs of the five (Ế / ế and Ề / ề) can also be used as the second and fourth tones of ê in Pinyin. The first and third tones of ê in Pinyin have to be represented by combining diacritical marks, like ê̄ (ê̄) and ê̌ (ê̌). See also Circumflex E-circumflex	[ 0.0800851583480835, 0.14124137163162231, 0.045660167932510376, -0.1194925457239151, -0.006300977431237698, 0.8537066578865051, 0.34000274538993835, 0.24699321389198303, 0.19195421040058136, -0.8253791332244873, 0.06833779066801071, 0.19366100430488586, -0.1928485482931137, -0.07721420377492905, 0.1301432102918625, 0.7062962651252747, 0.2105964720249176, 0.636038064956665, -0.5663003325462341, -0.3630310893058777, -0.34533751010894775, 0.055888280272483826, 0.4512765109539032, 0.07069273293018341, 0.3565143048763275, -0.22232066094875336, -0.37508946657180786, -0.3276807963848114, 0.5382102131843567, -0.03538212180137634, 0.5191593766212463, 0.8766655325889587, -0.3353646993637085, 0.4479605257511139, -0.11807262152433395, -0.5020872950553894, -0.31647583842277527, -0.0263565294444561, 0.08522384613752365, -0.3192733824253082, -0.3739311099052429, -0.4069007933139801, 0.3493747115135193, 0.17011994123458862, -0.5204449892044067, -0.8461235165596008, -1.70481538772583, 0.38819026947021484, -0.2812805771827698, 0.4816782474517822, -0.3075413405895233, 0.13067872822284698, 0.037862446159124374, 0.19334259629249573, -0.24582891166210175, 0.5380081534385681, -0.5861645936965942, -0.6225722432136536, 0.8881713151931763, -0.30678361654281616, 0.6154565811157227, -0.013598754070699215, -0.5229498744010925, 0.2336510866880417, 0.17331506311893463, 0.557246744632721, -0.5874150991439819, 0.288004994392395, -0.34509536623954773, -0.3765120804309845, -0.4075008034706116, -0.3380514979362488, -0.7586473226547241, -0.4561218023300171, -0.2984042465686798, 0.041676778346300125, -0.658366322517395, 0.19062407314777374, 0.23506969213485718, 0.5303446054458618, -0.0013580264057964087, 0.08651384711265564, 0.4467649757862091, -0.22561343014240265, 0.03786974400281906, 0.5006864666938782, -0.5616549253463745, -0.0760013535618782, -0.3598228693008423, 0.2835921049118042, 0.021718312054872513, -0.7348489165306091, -0.09287535399198532, 0.050668880343437195, -0.2532769739627838, -0.0019717670511454344, 0.14840847253799438, -0.20379556715488434, 0.42441967129707336, 0.23697513341903687, -0.21495741605758667, -0.5425803661346436, 0.40194258093833923, -0.2671286463737488, -1.1113187074661255, -0.1080806627869606, -0.43514320254325867, -0.289418488740921, 0.22034209966659546, -0.2516043186187744, -0.5131686329841614, -0.29957103729248047, -0.08959690481424332, -0.044012632220983505, -0.23462599515914917, -0.21394187211990356, 0.3463883399963379, 0.296629399061203, -0.28107723593711853, -0.21377553045749664, -0.32201772928237915, 0.30876749753952026, 0.4818156361579895, 0.33134421706199646, 0.371415913105011, 0.17258907854557037, 0.25285282731056213, -0.15653038024902344, -0.5460289716720581, -0.047622956335544586, 0.11702945828437805, 1.0098859071731567, 0.4757641553878784, -0.03188328817486763, 0.06744209676980972, -0.19680394232273102, -0.0028247875161468983, 0.27973076701164246, -0.08660705387592316, 0.09642689675092697, -0.7405756711959839, -0.2704528570175171, -0.4195733070373535, -0.03973964974284172, 0.3281485438346863, -0.07487030327320099, -0.6474424600601196, -0.006040983367711306, -0.12581531703472137, 0.29369616508483887, 0.3851070702075958, -0.519413411617279, -0.21704046428203583, 0.5565675497055054, -0.4423880875110626, -0.12629860639572144, -0.2018701285123825, 0.4319905638694763, -0.001875691581517458, -0.23022077977657318, 0.12476441264152527, 0.21934060752391815, 0.2935837209224701, 0.3404104709625244, 0.1823136955499649, -0.1523181051015854, -0.09041769057512283, 0.3047022223472595, -0.45885077118873596, 0.2583468556404114, 0.0656633973121643, -0.26734715700149536, 0.5752114653587341, 0.19042471051216125, -0.5962320566177368, -0.07427743077278137, 0.0324631929397583, -0.12947280704975128, 0.49207696318626404, 0.3019554316997528, -0.6243596076965332, 0.31118249893188477, 0.4296117126941681, 0.18377871811389923, -0.2702684998512268, 0.06178262084722519, 0.04802436754107475, -0.09875600039958954, 0.38700971007347107, 0.190810427069664, -0.5379320979118347, -0.39346787333488464, -0.3883839249610901, -0.6091106534004211, 0.41963991522789, -0.47703805565834045, -0.2896574139595032, 0.48551449179649353, 0.0668821930885315, 0.6067396402359009, -0.3944838345050812, -0.933220624923706, 0.7054876685142517, 0.012595249339938164, 0.07076913863420486, 0.43480685353279114, -0.019900191575288773, 0.3748079538345337, -0.07240977883338928, 0.25392699241638184, 0.16242913901805878, 0.004861354362219572, 0.6460754871368408, -0.13162380456924438, 0.37620487809181213, -0.23950175940990448, 0.10482762008905411, -0.7162739634513855, -0.7693909406661987, -0.27300432324409485, 0.7205308675765991, -0.8891929984092712, -0.33663037419319153, 0.1558651477098465, -0.22144022583961487, -0.03263790160417557, 0.5112743377685547, 0.11677519977092743, 0.44551971554756165, -0.39653927087783813, -0.10687511414289474, -0.6402455568313599, 0.6443356871604919, -0.02818840742111206, 0.0009188934927806258, 0.0007883175276219845, -0.26715412735939026, 0.005975051783025265, 0.32194849848747253, -0.4975522756576538, 0.1280098855495453, 0.4973964989185333, -0.3958617150783539, -0.06402206420898438, 0.4940265417098999, -0.3548884093761444, 0.3762566149234772, -0.099605031311512, -0.2213810831308365, 0.3695119619369507, -0.09052267670631409, -0.02526157535612583, -0.24253244698047638, -0.1768922358751297, -0.21078269183635712, -0.3392295837402344, 0.8459053039550781, 0.8950220942497253, 0.5759228467941284, 0.2866043150424957, -0.3672455847263336, 0.08583737164735794, 0.643351137638092, -0.00647344533354044, 0.20054376125335693, 0.1144748330116272, -0.4219718277454376, -0.5408036112785339, 0.6528576016426086, 0.30894821882247925, 0.08699552714824677, 0.5996508002281189, -0.2592211365699768, 0.025745989754796028, -0.6013345122337341, -0.5262970328330994, 0.5371611714363098, 0.189316064119339, -0.4475030303001404, -0.4660709500312805, -0.19531595706939697, 0.27803710103034973, 0.05865524709224701, -1.1731973886489868, 0.34123048186302185, -0.059404533356428146, 0.044824276119470596, -0.7434043884277344, -0.2952790856361389, -0.5944874286651611, 0.08182431757450104, 0.5166013240814209, -0.2308756709098816, -0.0402507558465004, 0.09985727071762085, -0.4779413938522339, 0.4104156494140625, 0.642733097076416, 0.31770527362823486, -0.5613922476768494, -0.09674771875143051, 0.22097788751125336, 0.07052753865718842, 0.2924913167953491, -0.06956285983324051, 0.030805980786681175, -0.19673657417297363, 0.6169388294219971, -5.698708534240723, 0.373672217130661, 0.07871899008750916, -0.24876563251018524, -0.22808590531349182, 0.19301027059555054, 0.6382506489753723, -0.06621844321489334, 0.40404388308525085, -0.4815085232257843, 0.3422834873199463, -0.007995272055268288, -0.3127332925796509, -0.31880027055740356, -0.35558944940567017, 0.196792870759964, 0.053112298250198364, 0.34705570340156555, 0.054961495101451874, 0.6485171914100647, 0.4188305139541626, 0.3248457610607147, 0.4937635064125061, 0.7163152098655701, 0.7327386736869812, -0.1880667507648468, -0.18114715814590454, 0.18361787497997284, 0.15109604597091675, -0.27169278264045715, 0.0433516651391983, -0.24586810171604156, 0.5403381586074829, -0.2741699516773224, 0.08916951715946198, -0.02190837822854519, 0.9639594554901123, -0.061401017010211945, 0.14382635056972504, 0.013651282526552677, -0.14507915079593658, 0.751375138759613, 0.26682528853416443, -0.6448357105255127, -0.4194788634777069, 0.1589997559785843, 0.06469472497701645, -0.220646470785141, -0.09322293847799301, 0.6939131617546082, -0.6913301944732666, 0.1500788778066635, 0.16681930422782898, 0.2043658047914505, 0.923405647277832, 0.4275638461112976, -0.44919878244400024, 0.21283937990665436, 0.039560288190841675, 0.0793856754899025, 0.4396790564060211, -0.5070800185203552, -1.031963586807251, -0.8806637525558472, 0.31161239743232727, -0.7213000655174255, -0.5584606528282166, 0.15018506348133087, 0.13800321519374847, 0.13875508308410645, -0.06344874948263168, -0.00611496577039361, 0.6897629499435425, -0.49210941791534424, -0.04802790656685829, -0.5951772332191467, 0.02508206106722355, -0.14985959231853485, -0.33705154061317444, 0.02995380572974682, -0.32880648970603943, -0.4092582166194916, -0.5508345365524292, 0.3447798490524292, 0.0909479409456253, -0.1150890439748764, -0.5327335596084595, -0.1223873570561409, 0.12742850184440613, -0.03190349414944649, 0.8696580529212952, -0.19298650324344635, 0.20310412347316742, 0.3463265597820282, 0.06773281842470169, 0.12625108659267426, 0.4715522229671478, -0.6187641620635986, 0.3997707962989807, -0.4620416760444641, 0.6895634531974792, -0.010262039490044117, 0.30311745405197144, 0.22458228468894958, 0.06755528599023819, -0.038894329220056534, -0.4392314851284027, -0.16289760172367096, 0.9561183452606201, -0.013885042630136013, -0.30665117502212524, 0.20906980335712433, -0.393680214881897, -0.24338766932487488, -0.3742988705635071, -0.3772216737270355, -0.22664804756641388, -0.1414528489112854, 0.3798190653324127, -0.08423049002885818, 0.11896057426929474, 0.7608899474143982, -0.9400727152824402, 0.021548425778746605, -0.3734064996242523, 0.31690138578414917, 0.0687447190284729, 0.10478326678276062, -0.13931232690811157, 0.1523449569940567, -0.0921199768781662, -0.20159345865249634, 0.035606030374765396, 0.22891315817832947, 0.4093778133392334, 0.2622332274913788, -0.1550734043121338, 0.07944139093160629, -0.11993522197008133, -0.3741104304790497, -0.1320492923259735, -0.6458752751350403, -0.07778500765562057, -0.30779799818992615, 0.8541892766952515, 0.15780134499073029, -0.07574907690286636, -0.8148046731948853, -0.5059957504272461, 0.6795663833618164, 0.7816401720046997, 0.15580274164676666, 0.3721191883087158, -0.2381550520658493, -0.3703208863735199, 0.2379060834646225, -0.2577904164791107, -0.09501444548368454, -0.3016996681690216, -0.3064590394496918, 0.4926718473434448, -0.03147280216217041, -0.4149528443813324, -0.06665610522031784, 0.7466624975204468, -0.27859196066856384, -0.006110417190939188, 0.19826048612594604, -0.7750527262687683, 0.3616452217102051, 0.23724088072776794, 0.16251470148563385, -0.4907926917076111, -0.4892193078994751, -0.004163889680057764, -0.17389927804470062, -0.27068546414375305, 0.48464062809944153, -0.00932502094656229, 0.15479378402233124, 0.5737018585205078, 0.06889122724533081, -0.28915706276893616, 0.7362378239631653, 0.03469673544168472, -0.8148819804191589, 0.07002881914377213, 0.10353841632604599, -0.5349656343460083, -0.3729672431945801, 0.37199166417121887, -0.6494356393814087, -0.10420837253332138, -0.09134499728679657, -0.5276092886924744, -0.009656215086579323, -0.6538012623786926, 0.4284633696079254, 0.07723457366228104, -0.3913050591945648, 0.2704462707042694, 0.08156289160251617, -0.29779571294784546, 0.07432519644498825, -0.3517370820045471, -0.18585136532783508, 0.3466717004776001, -0.6138485074043274, -0.4012347161769867, -0.11816233396530151, -0.119513139128685, -1.3394314050674438, -0.35829871892929077, 0.34560585021972656, 0.2214592546224594, 0.17447331547737122, 0.1761346459388733, -0.31059449911117554, -0.09836369007825851, -0.8415218591690063, 0.15975253283977509, -0.2800399959087372, -0.08018818497657776, 0.004564228467643261, 0.14925210177898407, 0.5857834219932556, -0.1638345569372177, -0.24380716681480408, 0.7473152875900269, -0.09889162331819534, -0.041835967451334, 0.09949232637882233, 0.5316514372825623, 0.6285242438316345, -0.23375511169433594, -0.23437528312206268, -0.5362501740455627, -0.3659290373325348, 0.018764803186058998, 0.3226694166660309, 0.6419766545295715, 0.28846603631973267, 0.02521674893796444, 0.21893662214279175, -0.2910584509372711, 0.3892659544944763, 0.20258983969688416, -0.4201153516769409, -0.6825883984565735, 0.4096691608428955, 0.11264725029468536, -0.307820588350296, -0.6602666974067688, -0.4202881157398224, 0.35862427949905396, -0.234952911734581, 0.6262476444244385, 0.10822570323944092, -0.1088138073682785, 0.17037931084632874, 0.3181028962135315, -0.7332752346992493, -0.29444417357444763, 0.7801073789596558, -0.349078893661499, 0.7808991074562073, -0.7479111552238464, 0.20610688626766205, 0.26907485723495483, -0.2340148389339447, -0.3512854278087616, -0.4269968271255493, 0.18236374855041504, 0.4648531973361969, 0.019040416926145554, 0.09689237177371979, -0.39555636048316956, 0.15144550800323486, -0.048759520053863525, 0.19436095654964447, -0.5844070315361023, -0.1102854460477829, 0.0843086838722229, 0.10420624166727066, -0.22768574953079224, -0.09967659413814545, -0.24493372440338135, 0.1472807377576828, 0.0015038579003885388, 0.025412725284695625, -0.31791451573371887, -0.14739300310611725, -0.46017539501190186, 0.3724258840084076, 0.023290682584047318, 0.061941977590322495, 0.115900419652462, 0.9360347390174866, 0.3253697454929352, 0.06517449021339417, -0.5627514123916626, 0.912081241607666, 0.6912505626678467, -0.13159453868865967, -0.2570784091949463, 0.40550848841667175, 0.27033838629722595, -0.16217857599258423, 0.06117771565914154, -0.27583953738212585, -0.12993352115154266, -0.03529403731226921, 0.4912184178829193, 1.0404659509658813, 0.2902393639087677, 0.1350349634885788, 0.2866072654724121, -0.25478971004486084, -0.24580712616443634, 0.09636266529560089, 0.21400336921215057, -0.23466458916664124, 0.8545970916748047, 0.0932246521115303, -0.8153488636016846, 0.7966599464416504, 0.12425591796636581, 0.048022616654634476, -0.37522321939468384, 0.5161533355712891, 0.7746309638023376, 0.10459387302398682, -0.5889753103256226, -0.23841442167758942, -0.474554181098938, -0.5730471611022949, -0.13155308365821838, -0.24889472126960754, 0.3963779807090759, 0.9331876635551453, 0.7912907600402832, 0.8927669525146484, 0.07920996844768524, 0.0027329595759510994, -0.11526546627283096, -0.20486803352832794, -0.050784606486558914, 0.0012580216862261295, -0.01725194789469242, -0.3759211599826813, 0.6422934532165527, -0.25112390518188477, 0.582347571849823, -0.14944137632846832, -0.2675354778766632, 0.15108177065849304, -0.5209677219390869, 0.17468714714050293, 0.28071466088294983, 0.32840314507484436, -0.16753336787223816, 0.428099662065506, 1.0858556032180786, -0.6385732293128967, -0.46863606572151184, -0.00019350142974872142, -0.29751232266426086, -0.5317134857177734, -0.445803701877594, -0.20444457232952118, 0.07679269462823868, 0.22190017998218536, -0.057404935359954834, -0.3142896890640259, 0.06804065406322479, 0.2785543203353882, 0.17004749178886414, 0.2737061679363251, -0.1891777366399765, -0.07072248309850693, -0.8440011739730835, -0.5155116319656372, -0.298761785030365, -0.5314017534255981, -0.030713649466633797, 0.0155588798224926, 0.12465012073516846, 0.01897030882537365, -0.2691134810447693, 0.5689889192581177, 0.12395026534795761, -0.4505408704280853, 0.2788230776786804, -1.0107688903808594, -0.1623995155096054, -0.3065210282802582, -0.404015451669693, 0.906046986579895, 0.06479980051517487, 0.18921343982219696, 0.4844031035900116, 0.24911823868751526, 0.2586457431316376, -0.5883961915969849, -0.152801513671875, 0.2473239153623581, 0.1185089573264122, 0.7586287260055542, -0.19085732102394104, 0.11431262642145157, 0.7699373364448547, -0.23404879868030548, 0.3817974925041199, 0.7265315055847168, 0.27544528245925903, -0.17102785408496857, 0.08262266218662262, -0.08712579309940338, -0.01950974203646183, -0.10104448348283768, -0.16939270496368408, 0.22695736587047577, -0.4645150601863861, 0.2871261537075043, -0.24045421183109283, 0.40299761295318604, 0.29436740279197693, 1.1185784339904785, -0.6950815916061401, 0.45160380005836487, -0.18904267251491547, 0.12574483454227448, -0.5278154015541077, 0.42372235655784607, -0.47075921297073364, -0.25262051820755005, -0.13662035763263702, 0.037250764667987823, -0.491653174161911, 0.19513361155986786, 0.24265380203723907, -0.09563519805669785, -0.30751916766166687, 0.6015384197235107, -0.45196256041526794, 0.03294958546757698, -0.40658995509147644, -0.33226245641708374, -0.567126452922821, 0.10166271775960922, 0.4093374013900757, -0.4670051634311676, 0.600416362285614, 0.46424582600593567, 0.2816671133041382, -0.5927695631980896, 0.35718104243278503, -0.33206045627593994, 0.5525351166725159, 0.40551379323005676 ]
249016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8B	Ë	Ë, ë (e-diaeresis) is a letter in the Albanian, Kashubian, Emilian-Romagnol, Ladin, and Lenape alphabets. As a variant of the letter e, it also appears in Acehnese, Afrikaans, Breton, Dutch, English, Filipino, French, Luxembourgish, Piedmontese language, the Abruzzese dialect of the Neapolitan language, and the Ascolano dialect. The letter is also used in Quenya, Seneca, Taiwanese Hokkien, Turoyo and Uyghur when written in Latin script. Usage in various languages Acehnese In Acehnese, ë is used to represent (schwa), a mid central vowel. Afrikaans In Afrikaans, the trema (Afrikaans: deelteken, ) is used mostly to indicate that the vowel should not be diphthongised: geër ("giver") is pronounced , and geer (a wedge-shaped piece of fabric) is pronounced . Sometimes, however, the deelteken does not change the pronunciation. For example, in reën ("rain"), which is pronounced . The nonexistent word *reen would have been pronounced identically, and the deelteken is only etymological since the archaic form of reën is regen. The deelteken indicates the removal of g, and some older people still pronounce reën in two syllables (). The deelteken does exactly what it means in Afrikaans ("separation mark") by marking the beginning of a new syllable and by separating it from the previous one. For example, voël ("bird") is pronounced in two syllables. Without the deelteken, the word would become voel ("feel"), which is pronounced in one syllable. Albanian Ë is the 8th letter of the Albanian alphabet and represents the vowel . It is the fourth most commonly used letter of the language, comprising 7.74 percent of all writings. Ascolano Ë is a phonetic symbol also used in the transcription of Abruzzese dialects and in the Province of Ascoli Piceno (the ascolano dialect). It is called "mute E" and sounds like a hummed é. It is important for the prosody of the dialect itself. Emilian-Romagnol Ë is used in Romagnol to represent [ɛː~ɛə], e.g. fradël [fraˈdɛəl~fraˈdɛːl] "brother". In some peripheral Emilian dialects, ë is used to represent [ə], e.g. strëtt [strətː] "narrow". English Use of the character Ë in the English language is relatively rare. Some publications, such as the American magazine The New Yorker, use it more often than others. It is used to indicate that the e is to be pronounced separately from the preceding vowel (e.g. in the word "reëntry", the feminine name "Chloë" or in the masculine name "Raphaël"), or at all - like in the name of the Brontë sisters, where without diaeresis the final e would be mute. Filipino Ë represents the schwa sound in loanwords from Maranao, Pangasinan, Ilocano, and other Cordillera languages in the Philippines. Dutch In Dutch, ë appears in the plural form of most words that end in -ie or -ee, like kolonie -> koloniën, zee -> zeeën, and knie -> knieën (note that Dutch language rules stipulate an extra e before the ë in plurals where the accent falls on the syllable containing the ë). This so-called trema is used to indicate that the vowel should not be monophthonged. For example, koloniën is pronounced , whilst kolonien would be pronounced . French Ë appears in words like French Noël. Like in Dutch, it is used to indicate that the vowel should not be monophthonged. For example, Noël is pronounced , whilst Noel would be pronounced . German Ë does not occur in the official German alphabet. However, a diaeresis above e in German occurs in a few proper names and ethnonyms, such as Ferdinand Piëch, Bernhard Hoëcker, Alëuten, Niuë. Occasionally, a diaeresis may be used in some well-known names, such as Italiën, which is usually written as Italien. Without a diaeresis, ie would be [iː] instead of [iə]; eu would be [ɔʏ] instead of [eu] and ae, oe, ue would be alternative representations of respectively ä, ö, ü. Hungarian Ë does not belong to the official Hungarian alphabet, but is usually applied in folklore notations and sometimes also in stylistic writing, e.g. is extensively used in the vocal oeuvre of Kodály. The reason is that open e (close to English hat, cat, cap) and closed ë (close to Spanish e) are distinguished in most spoken dialects, but is not indicated in writing because of the history of writing and due to little but observable areal variation. Kashubian Ë is the 9th letter of the Kashubian alphabet and represents . Ladin Although not used in standard Ladin, Ë is used in some local dialects. It represents . Latin In many editions of Latin texts, the diaeresis is used to indicate that ae and oe form a hiatus, not a diphthong (in the Classical pronunciation) or a monophthong (in traditional English pronunciations). Examples: aër "air", poëta "poet", coërcere "to coerce". Lenape In the Lenape language, the letter ë is used to represent the schwa vowel. An example of its use is the word mikwën, which means "feather". It can also be found in more complex words, such as ntëmpëm, which means "my brain". Luxembourgish In Luxembourgish, is used for stressed schwa like in the word ëmmer ("always"). It is also used to indicate a morphological plural ending after two such as in Eeër ("eggs") or leeën ("lay"). Mayan languages In the modern orthography of Mayan languages, the letter Ë represents . Quenya In constructed language Quenya diaeresis indicates that a vowel is not part of a diphthong, for example in ëa or ëo, while final ë is marked with a diaeresis to remind English-speakers that it is not silent. Russian In some Latin transliterations of Russian such as ISO 9, ë is used for its homoglyph ё, representing a , as in Potëmkin to render the Cyrillic Потёмкин. Other translations use yo, jo or (ambiguously) simply e. Syriac In the romanization of Syriac, the letter Ë gives a schwa. In some grammatical constructions, it is a replacement for the other, original vowels (a, o, e, i, u). Example words that have Ë: knoṭër ("he is waiting"), krëhṭi ("they are running"), krëqdo ("she is dancing"), ŝërla ("she has closed"), gfolëḥ ("he will work"), madënḥo ("east"), mën ("what"), ašër ("believe"). Turoyo and Assyrian languages may utilize this diacritic, albeit rarely. Seneca In Seneca, the letter Ë is used to represent , a close-mid front unrounded nasalized vowel. Tagalog In Tagalog and its standardized form Filipino, Ë is used to represent the schwa, particularly in words originating from other Philippine languages, for instance Maranao (Mëranaw), Pangasinan, Ilocano, and Ibaloi. Before introduction of this letter, schwa was ambiguously represented by A or E. Uyghur Ë is the 6th letter of the Uyghur Latin alphabet and represents close-mid front unrounded vowel . Character mappings See also Umlaut (diacritic) Yo, a Cyrillic homoglyph References E-umlaut	[ -0.012887591496109962, 0.0840756967663765, -0.16060605645179749, 0.028222599998116493, -0.17243368923664093, 0.7282767295837402, 0.5028098225593567, -0.21615257859230042, 0.2172907590866089, -0.9773668646812439, 0.0024409210309386253, 0.13731665909290314, -0.4659445583820343, 0.1655048429965973, -0.1817999929189682, 0.7054792046546936, 0.17259277403354645, 0.658341109752655, -0.4860064387321472, -0.5402255654335022, -0.3957095742225647, 0.3621913194656372, 0.24083831906318665, 0.06289967149496078, 0.11727232486009598, 0.0066373273730278015, -0.32933634519577026, -0.405417799949646, 0.8070240616798401, 0.18588529527187347, 0.49882325530052185, 1.0163588523864746, -0.20229358971118927, 0.2626800239086151, 0.06887629628181458, -0.378257155418396, -0.23192724585533142, -0.3511369824409485, -0.07392846047878265, -0.4464419186115265, -0.43908169865608215, -0.18358339369297028, 0.1685555875301361, 0.18319116532802582, -0.4693271815776825, -0.8601426482200623, -1.5571810007095337, 0.4531300365924835, -0.24856960773468018, 0.34091392159461975, -0.25627315044403076, -0.18478970229625702, -0.10907740890979767, 0.37698113918304443, -0.5066935420036316, 0.34367457032203674, -0.45224422216415405, -0.40539440512657166, 0.8976072669029236, -0.026507647708058357, 0.7134667038917542, -0.06016958877444267, -0.32368984818458557, 0.08116839826107025, 0.19631542265415192, 0.6163785457611084, -0.5611937642097473, 0.5145736932754517, -0.3793153762817383, -0.22525237500667572, -0.43303757905960083, -0.037295516580343246, -0.5735964179039001, -0.41126057505607605, -0.2666358947753906, 0.04183921217918396, -0.48325517773628235, -0.17428047955036163, 0.3681485652923584, 0.5843386054039001, -0.0822279155254364, -0.007803862448781729, 0.37885475158691406, -0.09275718033313751, -0.33951693773269653, 0.5513628125190735, -0.49313321709632874, 0.10170057415962219, -0.2938414514064789, 0.5028736591339111, 0.2871384918689728, -0.7817569375038147, 0.369172602891922, -0.10283360630273819, -0.44184911251068115, 0.060628801584243774, -0.3784465193748474, -0.3238614797592163, 0.4130772650241852, 0.14284321665763855, -0.24174617230892181, -0.1958383470773697, 0.13396131992340088, -0.17322197556495667, -0.9553273916244507, -0.1624041199684143, -0.48340192437171936, -0.25302058458328247, 0.24156929552555084, -0.031790103763341904, -0.6999678015708923, 0.02585776336491108, -0.43873563408851624, -0.08470506221055984, -0.14721301198005676, -0.15333521366119385, 0.5134532451629639, 0.17803147435188293, -0.3134691119194031, -0.105588898062706, -0.30158936977386475, 0.5051894187927246, 0.3641985058784485, 0.13998576998710632, 0.445466011762619, 0.11921322345733643, 0.4351764917373657, -0.1693815439939499, -0.6080134510993958, 0.009455078281462193, 0.030058998614549637, 0.7620697617530823, 0.10531406104564667, 0.21754297614097595, 0.15516050159931183, -0.1725683957338333, -0.2609628140926361, 0.3685033917427063, -0.032210636883974075, 0.09650655090808868, -0.8312053084373474, 0.0356246642768383, -0.6135212182998657, 0.017555933445692062, 0.21399693191051483, -0.1424756944179535, -0.5320726633071899, 0.22995959222316742, -0.04226066172122955, 0.32915255427360535, 0.20039963722229004, -0.6844969391822815, 0.0024116593413054943, 0.5980518460273743, -0.6740578413009644, -0.5079177618026733, -0.11937373876571655, 0.46802613139152527, 0.08166380226612091, -0.21257784962654114, 0.27372118830680847, 0.10209439694881439, 0.5199536085128784, 0.4766533672809601, 0.28163909912109375, 0.10095195472240448, 0.1084711104631424, 0.11677955836057663, -0.22791819274425507, 0.13725943863391876, -0.037239912897348404, -0.5233862400054932, 0.21487627923488617, 0.3740323483943939, -0.38818445801734924, 0.09268169105052948, 0.21410110592842102, -0.12967263162136078, 0.5296719670295715, -0.00273818033747375, -0.6607414484024048, -0.09411751478910446, 0.27766352891921997, -0.28742486238479614, -0.2848959267139435, 0.3619701862335205, -0.11589117348194122, 0.1149061769247055, 0.39075976610183716, 0.018177565187215805, -0.4548555612564087, -0.4285007417201996, -0.32572221755981445, -0.5528233647346497, 0.7416054606437683, -0.40690577030181885, -0.32386207580566406, 0.402314692735672, -0.05418644845485687, 0.3865787982940674, -0.19812160730361938, -0.9248529076576233, 0.44679075479507446, 0.0403880774974823, 0.19769860804080963, 0.5504785180091858, -0.053154416382312775, 0.5882918238639832, -0.23416763544082642, 0.10218968242406845, 0.09159977734088898, 0.1909579038619995, 0.8388068079948425, -0.05826374888420105, 0.5105783343315125, -0.16991187632083893, -0.06724347919225693, -0.4127923250198364, -0.6080484986305237, -0.15292419493198395, 0.8364996314048767, -1.0314587354660034, -0.33894699811935425, -0.019437095150351524, 0.037386469542980194, 0.1438753604888916, 0.6036472916603088, 0.012007293291389942, 0.3114749789237976, -0.45575517416000366, -0.42724817991256714, -0.6600959897041321, 0.5158312320709229, -0.19638343155384064, -0.0673687756061554, -0.004968105815351009, -0.22997914254665375, -0.4200948476791382, 0.6210613250732422, -0.8496488928794861, 0.15624499320983887, 0.37157225608825684, -0.3222375214099884, -0.17883239686489105, 0.7348487377166748, -0.3509697914123535, 0.041630819439888, -0.1406155377626419, -0.23220884799957275, 0.17269213497638702, -0.20783111453056335, -0.12830954790115356, -0.08861306309700012, -0.1109963208436966, -0.1238253265619278, -0.2449454963207245, 0.8969342708587646, 0.8776220679283142, 0.46119675040245056, 0.12049180269241333, -0.2621971070766449, 0.4151071012020111, 0.3965284824371338, -0.15739145874977112, 0.32095786929130554, 0.2968584895133972, -0.5087968707084656, -0.5466814041137695, 0.8239873051643372, 0.12434954941272736, 0.6755617260932922, 0.4226955473423004, -0.17211616039276123, 0.08241838961839676, -0.5406981706619263, -0.5524752736091614, 0.630279541015625, 0.3591199219226837, -0.6631826162338257, -0.6857086420059204, -0.17574246227741241, 0.23980014026165009, 0.23127365112304688, -0.7897998690605164, 0.194732204079628, -0.2800953984260559, 0.17600534856319427, -0.6400469541549683, -0.3193732500076294, -0.6414845585823059, 0.25522568821907043, 0.6202709674835205, -0.06780055910348892, 0.03174656257033348, 0.2163379043340683, -0.24017810821533203, 0.1499411016702652, 0.7336850166320801, 0.10411854833364487, -0.6244857907295227, -0.003493683645501733, 0.07507537305355072, 0.023811355233192444, 0.18595200777053833, -0.09739775210618973, -0.040161531418561935, 0.08492394536733627, 0.7738127112388611, -5.633203029632568, 0.569515585899353, -0.07859613746404648, -0.22549858689308167, -0.12095271050930023, 0.07648138701915741, 0.7274956703186035, -0.05621553584933281, 0.40553364157676697, -0.2703118920326233, 0.18731527030467987, 0.10276362299919128, -0.298875629901886, -0.31865566968917847, -0.5453199744224548, 0.12959985435009003, 0.2028336524963379, 0.4044516086578369, 0.12873150408267975, 0.5040597319602966, 0.4670621454715729, 0.618800163269043, 0.15159881114959717, 0.8813728094100952, 0.7127491235733032, -0.46204182505607605, -0.05458938702940941, 0.2270415723323822, 0.1293192207813263, -0.3356008231639862, 0.20690512657165527, -0.22827482223510742, 0.449270099401474, -0.2223687767982483, -0.025574248284101486, -0.10651038587093353, 1.0585112571716309, 0.14862582087516785, 0.01124672032892704, -0.10816315561532974, -0.22669856250286102, 0.6892056465148926, 0.11016543954610825, -0.6717310547828674, -0.29065239429473877, 0.2957952320575714, 0.18895991146564484, -0.320404976606369, -0.013873118907213211, 0.6571194529533386, -0.3270462155342102, -0.05799267068505287, 0.5032671093940735, -0.0291792880743742, 0.9158788323402405, 0.33422890305519104, -0.33738765120506287, 0.18464815616607666, -0.1581316739320755, 0.3452689051628113, 0.19496314227581024, -0.28875765204429626, -0.9783143401145935, -0.75889652967453, 0.23412582278251648, -0.6953036785125732, -0.4581856429576874, 0.017265645787119865, 0.015794867649674416, 0.49362340569496155, -0.31591174006462097, 0.2933175265789032, 0.40149012207984924, -0.6047288775444031, 0.20937636494636536, -0.48796990513801575, 0.1298152059316635, -0.17984387278556824, -0.3041074573993683, -0.0922604501247406, -0.3394194543361664, -0.6433300971984863, -0.28606685996055603, 0.4695235788822174, 0.08266311138868332, -0.06427232921123505, -0.43525585532188416, -0.15565219521522522, 0.02482691779732704, 0.0770714208483696, 0.8992853760719299, 0.012148179113864899, 0.06296545267105103, 0.45015475153923035, -0.025852134451270103, 0.2781684696674347, 0.5115830302238464, -0.6173348426818848, 0.40960538387298584, -0.29216405749320984, 0.4523920714855194, 0.2532171308994293, 0.4667299687862396, 0.2326335310935974, 0.1601739376783371, -0.005327928811311722, -0.4208599925041199, -0.4492124617099762, 1.29610013961792, -0.20088905096054077, -0.08588000386953354, 0.32988929748535156, -0.424949586391449, -0.6165034770965576, -0.1820511817932129, -0.4754634201526642, 0.20577150583267212, -0.027133282274007797, 0.4037937819957733, -0.1389002799987793, 0.13948172330856323, 0.5717064142227173, -0.7983747720718384, -0.12326382845640182, -0.8409436345100403, 0.3600887358188629, -0.07498988509178162, 0.12765350937843323, -0.12008985877037048, 0.17778421938419342, 0.0744231715798378, -0.18534965813159943, -0.19386309385299683, 0.163439080119133, 0.2400180548429489, 0.37914642691612244, -0.18766586482524872, -0.1737479716539383, -0.1125795766711235, -0.201240673661232, -0.18028144538402557, -0.690096914768219, -0.16884292662143707, -0.11573492735624313, 0.8706188201904297, 0.07101255655288696, -0.12761110067367554, -0.5027300119400024, -0.9281960725784302, 0.5632256269454956, 0.6641934514045715, 0.06944382935762405, 0.45791658759117126, -0.25918394327163696, -0.28476402163505554, 0.510136604309082, -0.09926318377256393, -0.27993059158325195, -0.42354145646095276, -0.2046235054731369, 0.5821084976196289, -0.13796694576740265, -0.6457793712615967, -0.07298427820205688, 0.7160846590995789, -0.10926245152950287, -0.2412547618150711, 0.1748305708169937, -0.3831000328063965, 0.3012573719024658, 0.30438902974128723, 0.017000408843159676, -0.4620085060596466, -0.806673526763916, 0.0033610889222472906, 0.034817274659872055, -0.4873186945915222, 0.7556527256965637, -0.358693391084671, 0.05017397925257683, 0.7260249257087708, 0.05320122838020325, -0.38692331314086914, 0.5872986912727356, 0.10961595177650452, -0.6747450232505798, 0.19489255547523499, 0.146699920296669, -0.7572476267814636, -0.27224230766296387, 0.20560593903064728, -0.7124308943748474, -0.34200751781463623, -0.30593371391296387, -0.4614829123020172, -0.172480970621109, -0.430512398481369, 0.19761015474796295, -0.13645058870315552, -0.5454527735710144, 0.3112698495388031, -0.02646191231906414, -0.1933932602405548, 0.09310464560985565, -0.6366292238235474, -0.1998721808195114, 0.2365495264530182, -0.34439516067504883, -0.5413116812705994, 0.006153293419629335, -0.008577846921980381, -1.474661946296692, -0.3769259452819824, 0.34129807353019714, 0.3193299174308777, 0.43488407135009766, 0.03287385031580925, -0.23851898312568665, 0.03893985599279404, -0.9517847299575806, 0.3581675589084625, -0.13916780054569244, -0.14045146107673645, -0.010575031861662865, 0.39202427864074707, 0.49306488037109375, -0.06949472427368164, -0.2304634153842926, 0.6276730895042419, -0.005888830404728651, -0.1950714886188507, 0.12284794449806213, 0.21806971728801727, 0.2983309030532837, -0.3741002380847931, -0.3457088768482208, -0.6243858933448792, -0.5219990015029907, 0.1497703641653061, 0.514054536819458, 0.39568257331848145, 0.18404696881771088, -0.01760016568005085, 0.20114676654338837, 0.03361792117357254, 0.43511006236076355, 0.1010393425822258, -0.3882221579551697, -0.6511821746826172, 0.5988517999649048, 0.04497947171330452, -0.031591083854436874, -0.49259278178215027, -0.48076146841049194, 0.4205760359764099, -0.3552558720111847, 0.5135270357131958, 0.21015311777591705, -0.118076853454113, 0.20920737087726593, 0.09168552607297897, -0.5045228600502014, -0.16300629079341888, 0.5606523156166077, -0.47331705689430237, 0.6113305687904358, -0.5935571193695068, 0.13839204609394073, 0.15630923211574554, -0.32964417338371277, -0.4387402832508087, -0.3067118525505066, 0.18265663087368011, 0.6138132810592651, -0.02860172837972641, 0.16118165850639343, -0.335385262966156, 0.04354275017976761, -0.1449437439441681, 0.5057744383811951, -0.6367546319961548, -0.3132227957248688, -0.10659521818161011, 0.47345441579818726, -0.3516950309276581, -0.007975318469107151, -0.16284404695034027, 0.1251482218503952, 0.015348032116889954, -0.17172111570835114, -0.3548869788646698, -0.1744624674320221, -0.7184435129165649, 0.14037875831127167, 0.0466228611767292, 0.03941649571061134, 0.04868873208761215, 0.8601184487342834, 0.3749830722808838, 0.04187577962875366, -0.7254011034965515, 0.7340685129165649, 0.578319251537323, 0.10111054033041, -0.315876841545105, 0.5779773592948914, 0.31762340664863586, -0.26132750511169434, 0.01532900333404541, -0.21339581906795502, -0.15533889830112457, -0.05029341205954552, 0.8120701313018799, 1.016711950302124, 0.17404276132583618, -0.11770564317703247, 0.41178378462791443, -0.012497537769377232, -0.3420948386192322, 0.07515396177768707, 0.3251236379146576, 0.057533662766218185, 0.63469398021698, 0.21841424703598022, -0.962852954864502, 0.5215761065483093, -0.16261006891727448, 0.037708647549152374, -0.3588104546070099, 0.6619811654090881, 1.1866106986999512, 0.04973161593079567, -0.49375078082084656, -0.036668963730335236, -0.17333635687828064, -0.40057164430618286, -0.36807408928871155, -0.5797328948974609, 0.24546074867248535, 1.0193687677383423, 0.7656449675559998, 0.9217559099197388, 0.353849858045578, 0.06638200581073761, -0.047267843037843704, -0.04066315293312073, -0.08091502636671066, 0.025487489998340607, -0.11053413152694702, -0.8348645567893982, 0.4466397762298584, -0.02731749787926674, 0.6031200885772705, -0.2718304693698883, -0.31428825855255127, 0.5944010019302368, -0.4473545551300049, 0.09537071734666824, 0.2326269894838333, 0.2901015281677246, -0.046716105192899704, 0.1771467924118042, 0.6825382709503174, -0.43807628750801086, -0.45604410767555237, -0.19524799287319183, -0.3319591283798218, -0.6009076833724976, -0.3598630726337433, -0.3189777731895447, 0.1614934206008911, 0.12276285141706467, -0.20238831639289856, -0.30238616466522217, -0.08679327368736267, 0.3659570515155792, 0.10966343432664871, 0.3903470039367676, -0.11203134804964066, -0.24933788180351257, -0.6513479948043823, -0.15868337452411652, -0.3252260684967041, -0.7879056334495544, -0.10642395168542862, -0.13963797688484192, 0.1596030294895172, -0.20243561267852783, -0.06558417528867722, 0.4446936249732971, 0.043537214398384094, -0.31553491950035095, 0.06551700830459595, -0.6694467663764954, 0.12537497282028198, 0.03892475366592407, -0.39975371956825256, 1.1537178754806519, 0.12048505246639252, 0.6456555128097534, 0.2950289249420166, 0.16723249852657318, 0.2852848768234253, -0.7022194266319275, -0.20912718772888184, 0.20351403951644897, 0.1939534693956375, 0.6293613910675049, -0.21361224353313446, 0.060395967215299606, 0.7219563126564026, -0.22342701256275177, 0.5930607914924622, 0.6880149841308594, 0.5364503860473633, -0.3691098690032959, 0.17269717156887054, -0.13932666182518005, -0.3070375323295593, -0.3496287763118744, 0.010502535849809647, 0.1716608703136444, -0.2132699340581894, 0.19456720352172852, -0.4434430003166199, 0.11004846543073654, 0.16481894254684448, 0.8196240067481995, -0.7158210873603821, 0.3456307351589203, -0.1677410900592804, 0.0466432124376297, -0.5584205985069275, 0.14718091487884521, -0.5533010363578796, -0.15014584362506866, -0.18723425269126892, 0.011566166765987873, 0.046004559844732285, 0.12974989414215088, 0.31494346261024475, -0.03203177824616432, -0.2847634255886078, 0.8112560510635376, -0.23235423862934113, 0.22982946038246155, -0.46141618490219116, -0.2581908106803894, -0.332560658454895, 0.07695011794567108, 0.2483762800693512, -0.4660257399082184, 0.810487687587738, 0.4553762674331665, 0.3701617121696472, -0.7667365670204163, 0.321092814207077, -0.4902504086494446, 0.7253692150115967, 0.4671347439289093 ]
249018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C	Ì	Ì is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration as the Cyrillic letter І. In the Pinyin system of Chinese romanization, ì is an i with a falling tone. This appears in Alcozauca Mixtec, Italian, Sardinian, Taos, Vietnamese, Welsh, Alsatian, Scottish Gaelic, Ojibwe, and also in the constructed language Na'vi. See also Grave accent Latin letters with diacritics	[ 0.15410712361335754, 0.4450281262397766, -0.10961753129959106, -0.36612117290496826, -0.40813782811164856, 0.5330715775489807, 0.5888437628746033, 0.07091478258371353, 0.31551462411880493, -0.5879985690116882, 0.2907539904117584, 0.2597457766532898, -0.14530976116657257, 0.4204925298690796, 0.21674561500549316, 0.4199702739715576, 0.20708788931369781, 0.8549215793609619, -0.6393505334854126, -0.15923526883125305, 0.27993613481521606, 0.32662877440452576, 0.29876723885536194, -0.204227477312088, 0.11269921064376831, -0.09201572835445404, 0.4614488184452057, -0.3742825388908386, -0.12832555174827576, 0.18610304594039917, 0.10745247453451157, 0.07438603788614273, 0.09163358807563782, 0.3449920415878296, -0.08171980828046799, -0.06922482699155807, -0.18820448219776154, -0.36228233575820923, -0.15659762918949127, -0.7693415880203247, 0.005464730318635702, -0.616744339466095, -0.14670611917972565, 0.3727729916572571, -0.30397647619247437, -0.842160701751709, -1.916085958480835, 0.24690012633800507, -0.27622538805007935, 0.16977477073669434, -0.13863348960876465, -0.1331641674041748, 0.18066243827342987, -0.22578535974025726, -0.25710707902908325, 0.41124120354652405, -0.3776843845844269, -0.4328383207321167, 0.44397419691085815, 0.5254029035568237, 0.8235141634941101, 0.1259078085422516, 0.184285506606102, 0.39994388818740845, 0.36782655119895935, 0.4557384252548218, -0.5018226504325867, 0.3683949112892151, -0.6051759719848633, -0.41965585947036743, -0.47203055024147034, 0.11048492044210434, -0.4209819436073303, -0.2511273920536041, -0.4710671305656433, -0.34970036149024963, -0.3183993399143219, 0.07889603823423386, 0.24612653255462646, 0.5943261981010437, -0.23305213451385498, 0.41121891140937805, 0.5553315281867981, 0.1980825513601303, 0.04780863597989082, -0.12166889756917953, -0.5864872932434082, 0.347499281167984, -0.0801045224070549, 0.011745858006179333, 0.31267547607421875, -0.4795222580432892, 0.29872047901153564, 0.02222323976457119, -0.0026731116231530905, 0.1771061271429062, -0.7801292538642883, 0.08347874134778976, 0.4232066571712494, -0.03706955909729004, -0.12109597027301788, 0.3737393915653229, 0.054652903228998184, 0.2225341796875, -0.8724527359008789, -0.5590459704399109, -0.6680775880813599, -0.11312271654605865, 0.19419948756694794, -0.2694196403026581, -0.48125123977661133, -0.19862206280231476, -0.23228977620601654, -0.16174505650997162, 0.19582587480545044, -0.1259031444787979, 0.368005633354187, -0.3089795410633087, 0.3230007588863373, 0.16978636384010315, 0.03638189285993576, 0.09447511285543442, -0.16810350120067596, 0.3015030324459076, 0.6884471774101257, 0.04719579219818115, 0.08119520545005798, 0.23494140803813934, -0.8995028138160706, -0.07052198797464371, -0.3385518491268158, 1.303844690322876, 0.29805827140808105, -0.2325430065393448, 0.16145822405815125, -0.031207498162984848, -0.212712362408638, -0.12565582990646362, -0.3702583312988281, -0.09949096292257309, -0.14380434155464172, -0.10409426689147949, -0.4558275043964386, 0.1086374893784523, 0.1617356389760971, 0.06796776503324509, -0.21606406569480896, 0.3090239465236664, 0.19187507033348083, -0.19316136837005615, 0.07467341423034668, -0.3561336398124695, 0.04307391867041588, 0.47341102361679077, -0.5921531915664673, -0.23824983835220337, 0.32470226287841797, 0.1972787231206894, 0.48768430948257446, 0.16824288666248322, -0.14652344584465027, 0.3770248293876648, -0.03293358162045479, -0.21526476740837097, -0.13957880437374115, -0.384759783744812, 0.2228955328464508, 0.16060535609722137, -0.03992331400513649, -0.32295194268226624, 0.1645587533712387, -0.5125250816345215, 0.03633284941315651, 0.6902642846107483, -0.043472807854413986, -0.6085959672927856, 0.5479292273521423, 0.409003347158432, 0.47488823533058167, -0.31678593158721924, -0.5339447855949402, -0.16018924117088318, -0.05950453132390976, 0.23431238532066345, 0.28364887833595276, 0.5918090343475342, -0.19811490178108215, 0.21805375814437866, 0.09414710849523544, -0.13189564645290375, 0.08138682693243027, -0.5294486284255981, -0.704231321811676, -0.7236206531524658, 0.7856460213661194, -0.155929297208786, -0.6720083355903625, 0.5395157337188721, -0.23803885281085968, 0.7084323167800903, 0.019514409825205803, -0.45411622524261475, 0.5084643363952637, 0.02478683739900589, 0.29498398303985596, 0.5117061138153076, 0.34652844071388245, 0.339068740606308, -0.5085601210594177, 0.40477949380874634, 0.2762603461742401, -0.03141292184591293, 0.5693848133087158, -0.2755480408668518, -0.21226127445697784, -0.06571929156780243, 0.05414379760622978, -0.15459786355495453, -0.29692837595939636, 0.49492374062538147, 0.9638463854789734, -0.6670267581939697, -0.39593222737312317, -0.2388821244239807, -0.2560715079307556, -0.05732464790344238, 0.1450377106666565, 0.1199873685836792, 0.1852927803993225, -0.5744816660881042, -0.818155825138092, -0.6761454939842224, 0.345348596572876, 0.3812445104122162, -0.42091047763824463, -0.26130953431129456, -0.0465724915266037, -0.25169068574905396, 0.5892030000686646, -0.14564248919487, 0.2955336570739746, 0.4859360158443451, 0.028842175379395485, 0.12525856494903564, 0.4500977694988251, -0.20687463879585266, 0.050407201051712036, -0.1589597910642624, -0.3993704915046692, 0.040016453713178635, 0.10415074229240417, 0.06227504834532738, -0.16859306395053864, -0.3914926052093506, -0.24622784554958344, -0.12010425329208374, 0.2805947959423065, 0.2677326798439026, 0.4304908514022827, 0.3291268050670624, -0.11020375043153763, 0.1455947756767273, -0.12924563884735107, 0.25053200125694275, 0.18067499995231628, 0.1514299511909485, -0.2407170534133911, -0.11832816153764725, 0.36065876483917236, -0.0023818500339984894, 0.4900333881378174, 0.3029678165912628, -0.0304961446672678, -0.1433635801076889, -0.6543663144111633, 0.10108356177806854, 0.19269277155399323, 0.41848164796829224, -0.8579779267311096, -0.6062428951263428, 0.00943761970847845, 0.34825894236564636, 0.4850180745124817, -0.5564188361167908, -0.30684348940849304, -0.3630773425102234, -0.24179302155971527, -1.1821587085723877, -0.34990018606185913, -0.9165658950805664, -0.24409417808055878, 0.5913882851600647, 0.21696290373802185, -0.2082229107618332, 0.006677194964140654, -0.04251209646463394, 0.084494449198246, 0.29545944929122925, 0.31628623604774475, -0.3432054817676544, -0.08193688094615936, 0.2317473590373993, -0.03089640475809574, 0.03922221437096596, -0.13878221809864044, 0.27298206090927124, 0.010697794146835804, 0.3710877001285553, -5.867798328399658, 0.07512129098176956, -0.2390172928571701, -0.1578752100467682, 0.010590964928269386, -0.20942436158657074, 0.3098052144050598, 0.17825055122375488, 0.054812464863061905, -0.052407510578632355, 0.21244236826896667, 0.6061357855796814, -0.19676613807678223, -0.4960765838623047, -0.41684046387672424, -0.0953422412276268, 0.46789121627807617, 0.018217381089925766, 0.2207074612379074, 0.23417939245700836, 0.3569674491882324, 0.3872162401676178, -0.0437777154147625, 0.6114838719367981, 0.7981950640678406, -0.18949711322784424, 0.07615719735622406, 0.3324020802974701, -0.11127855628728867, -0.3044227659702301, -0.07126174867153168, -0.5292561054229736, 0.3047134578227997, -0.17529018223285675, 0.09113199263811111, 0.23412121832370758, 0.8627658486366272, 0.21789982914924622, 0.33896782994270325, 0.05108791962265968, 0.10540994256734848, 0.20407825708389282, 0.26735782623291016, -0.8650324940681458, 0.2584611773490906, -0.36690378189086914, -0.43287569284439087, 0.0010349191725254059, -0.3259848654270172, 0.010757814161479473, -0.2894049286842346, -0.14466114342212677, 0.23747925460338593, 0.1810387372970581, 0.9349188208580017, -0.015800701454281807, 0.06719543784856796, 0.30413588881492615, -0.5160210132598877, 0.21335449814796448, 0.2005068063735962, -0.19157446920871735, -0.7124465107917786, -0.5557084679603577, -0.013558253645896912, -0.6427780985832214, -0.4770086705684662, -0.2285020798444748, -0.052832409739494324, 0.2827914357185364, -0.3390340209007263, 0.08454245328903198, 0.14280205965042114, -0.729732871055603, 0.2870296537876129, -0.17674989998340607, -0.1027248203754425, 0.2038649320602417, -0.6636865139007568, -0.08650890737771988, -0.4840320348739624, -0.4640858769416809, -0.3876425325870514, 0.5952747464179993, -0.005133995786309242, 0.4334160089492798, 0.15153105556964874, 0.36244523525238037, 0.5004267692565918, 0.03140820562839508, 1.1085045337677002, -0.20145176351070404, -0.2071191519498825, 0.0810333639383316, 0.07762723416090012, 0.06448506563901901, 0.7078108787536621, -0.5789574384689331, 0.3328973948955536, -0.09206396341323853, 0.4975403845310211, -0.222762793302536, -0.027966661378741264, -0.6142949461936951, 0.30988627672195435, -0.12737812101840973, -0.44528084993362427, -0.29668503999710083, 1.0859346389770508, -0.33207395672798157, -0.3562629222869873, -0.07242473214864731, -0.3374473452568054, -0.38469189405441284, -0.17296729981899261, -0.48199036717414856, -0.07747078686952591, -0.17662864923477173, -0.3433381915092468, 0.10812275856733322, -0.15377111732959747, 0.40015339851379395, -0.6326379776000977, -0.04975302517414093, -0.7086079716682434, 0.15533839166164398, -0.055147383362054825, 0.41816216707229614, -0.5967071056365967, -0.27700814604759216, 0.3031143546104431, 0.17173485457897186, -0.2154618203639984, 0.11128490418195724, -0.12463279813528061, 0.3943537175655365, -0.0601431280374527, 0.17789754271507263, -0.06756143271923065, -0.357560396194458, -0.27655401825904846, -0.3978530168533325, 0.10397409647703171, -0.32516616582870483, 0.9005904197692871, 0.3172617256641388, -0.11049896478652954, -0.43191033601760864, -0.8029782176017761, 0.3514220118522644, 0.3123832046985626, -0.20200784504413605, 0.6979585886001587, 0.46757233142852783, -0.04022843763232231, 0.7272211313247681, 0.38425248861312866, 0.1978950798511505, -0.35166510939598083, 0.11773576587438583, 0.5557188987731934, -0.15104597806930542, -0.29793161153793335, -0.0298792514950037, 1.0577863454818726, -0.04145722836256027, -0.07636471092700958, 0.031834982335567474, 0.2730165421962738, 0.7550005316734314, 0.4876241385936737, 0.15748631954193115, -0.6105984449386597, -0.31957903504371643, -0.06389100849628448, 0.5869165062904358, -0.21007363498210907, 0.3455842435359955, -0.02418423630297184, 0.013917122967541218, 0.7642214298248291, -0.2623644769191742, -0.03032524324953556, 0.8511947989463806, -0.09844989329576492, -0.3501427471637726, 0.18399246037006378, -0.17391499876976013, 0.0648159608244896, -0.39525851607322693, 0.1571323722600937, -0.6580061912536621, 0.3853608965873718, -0.6951069235801697, -0.44928207993507385, -0.11190203577280045, 0.24541352689266205, -0.009291176684200764, -0.31340864300727844, -0.501035749912262, 0.2953451871871948, 0.341976523399353, -0.49721449613571167, -0.20051313936710358, 0.10115065425634384, -0.7242677211761475, 0.16280768811702728, -0.20818571746349335, -0.18698051571846008, -0.32259324193000793, -0.2532862722873688, -1.1071735620498657, -0.5728570222854614, 0.2834344506263733, -0.059183210134506226, 0.22583535313606262, 0.14563865959644318, -0.24906828999519348, -0.3121368885040283, -0.9320283532142639, 0.26227322220802307, -0.1482028067111969, 0.2564185857772827, 0.21408922970294952, -0.06075454130768776, 0.43492937088012695, -0.07725359499454498, -0.09812136739492416, 0.20728720724582672, -0.30693519115448, 0.26388171315193176, -0.04067384824156761, 0.06835036724805832, 0.5714710354804993, -0.1982792764902115, -0.5598496198654175, -0.5779309868812561, -0.2770119309425354, -0.4908755123615265, 0.4017515480518341, -0.04321864992380142, 0.4933946430683136, 0.05392506718635559, -0.1851155161857605, -0.055256616324186325, -0.2451322078704834, -0.10376489162445068, -0.365548700094223, -0.644681453704834, 0.6381587386131287, -0.3654269278049469, -0.12078198045492172, -0.3606034219264984, -0.6018261313438416, 0.5294641256332397, -0.5274386405944824, 0.39518022537231445, -0.043088603764772415, 0.005850347690284252, 0.25509193539619446, -0.11176247149705887, -0.5267193913459778, -0.541923999786377, 0.4037186801433563, -0.26079902052879333, 0.8502647280693054, -0.43134960532188416, 0.2511151432991028, -0.029009001329541206, -0.25357553362846375, -0.8650115132331848, -0.6085966229438782, 0.3878677487373352, -0.11564045399427414, -0.5618337392807007, -0.42632195353507996, -0.4738047122955322, 0.4109836518764496, 0.22818078100681305, 0.3316417932510376, -0.12063384801149368, -0.08506675064563751, 0.4372921884059906, -0.08118283748626709, -0.03581574931740761, 0.00741295050829649, 0.15521594882011414, 0.1046663373708725, -0.4748185873031616, 0.12050018459558487, -0.6587592959403992, 0.33721455931663513, -0.6125437021255493, 0.22423326969146729, -0.2284783273935318, -0.27382922172546387, 0.03993045911192894, 0.700298547744751, 0.04340767115354538, 0.2570309042930603, 0.054911840707063675, 0.7117375135421753, 0.22730882465839386, 0.0019507227698341012, -0.07401715964078903, 0.1701117902994156, 0.10256282240152359, 0.010482927784323692, 0.01593742147088051, -0.10485268384218216, 0.1580241173505783, -0.015268337912857533, 1.088771104812622, 0.20736859738826752, 0.005849349312484264, 0.13493207097053528, 0.6049588918685913, -0.12474623322486877, -0.5153833031654358, -0.40770119428634644, 0.35071244835853577, 0.3053562343120575, 0.5927751064300537, 0.3024390637874603, -1.0866353511810303, 0.36718761920928955, -0.02505478635430336, -0.0288724172860384, -0.17479874193668365, 0.2408481389284134, 0.7220766544342041, -0.2746522128582001, -0.10855615884065628, 0.010972869582474232, -0.16589109599590302, -0.36439600586891174, -0.038293980062007904, -0.6872181296348572, -0.3453896939754486, 0.7721555233001709, 0.5497150421142578, 1.1227424144744873, -0.14843778312206268, -0.042946379631757736, 0.2621220052242279, 0.341225802898407, -0.2993675470352173, -0.03456805273890495, 0.08243854343891144, -0.09860897064208984, 0.2745884954929352, 0.14569683372974396, -0.14805740118026733, -0.4012509286403656, -0.7530224919319153, 0.0008055511862039566, -0.371970534324646, -0.5641741752624512, -0.013974132016301155, -0.23828335106372833, 0.08225718885660172, 0.4046417474746704, 0.589631974697113, -0.2991334795951843, -0.39438650012016296, 0.19327931106090546, 0.04129209369421005, -0.33571159839630127, 0.04563151299953461, -0.20500358939170837, 0.4571448266506195, 0.36174270510673523, -0.08774649351835251, 0.05578847602009773, 0.4178542494773865, 0.34105750918388367, 0.37873777747154236, -0.08623300492763519, -0.35061201453208923, -0.4555242359638214, -0.025080393999814987, 0.09133543074131012, -0.04525267705321312, -0.902411699295044, -0.054856762290000916, 0.029615329578518867, 0.42883414030075073, 0.28367140889167786, -0.15412026643753052, 0.13255912065505981, -0.19062618911266327, -0.42631787061691284, 0.1799822747707367, -0.32567280530929565, -0.3156699538230896, -0.49108394980430603, -0.4622863531112671, 0.702090322971344, 0.419820100069046, 0.8687736392021179, 0.34170591831207275, -0.21896564960479736, 0.48631390929222107, 0.3613038957118988, -0.4518428444862366, 0.46344390511512756, 0.08587073534727097, 0.5423949956893921, -0.5513594150543213, -0.24616968631744385, 0.9241243600845337, -0.06165531277656555, 0.3631385266780853, 0.06657411903142929, -0.16325227916240692, -0.2474837750196457, 0.6317116022109985, -0.15067946910858154, -0.12817037105560303, -0.2829727232456207, -0.37049466371536255, -0.6701452136039734, 0.4729718863964081, 0.950169563293457, -0.5334600210189819, 0.2304423749446869, 0.595479428768158, 0.43887317180633545, -0.14586767554283142, 0.16668282449245453, -0.36572760343551636, 0.0728994831442833, -0.13824623823165894, 0.5628237724304199, -0.04675525054335594, 0.2328629493713379, 0.1813005656003952, 0.36697641015052795, 0.27406758069992065, -0.39341649413108826, 0.5085037350654602, 0.20719337463378906, -0.20977799594402313, 0.667813777923584, -0.4198717474937439, 0.35491061210632324, -0.16835515201091766, -0.5186572670936584, -0.10664073377847672, 0.16290616989135742, 0.3208417594432831, -0.00358179840259254, 0.10359857231378555, 0.3616119921207428, 0.5282595753669739, -0.32404518127441406, 0.7911815047264099, -0.5842728614807129, 0.3246910572052002, 0.39025771617889404 ]
249019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D	Í	Í, í (i-acute) is a letter in the Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Czech, Slovak, and Tatar languages, where it often indicates a long /i/ vowel (ee in English word feel). This form also appears in Catalan, Irish, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Aragonese, Galician, Leonese, Navajo, and Vietnamese language as a variant of the letter "i". In Latin, the long i is used instead of for a long i-vowel. Usage in various languages Faroese Í is the 11th letter of the Faroese alphabet and represents . Hungarian, Icelandic, Irish, Czech and Slovak Í is the 16th letter of the Hungarian alphabet, the 12th letter of the Icelandic alphabet, the 16th letter of the Czech alphabet and the 18th letter of the Slovak alphabet. It represents . Tatar Í is the 14th letter of the Tatar alphabet (based on Zamanälif). It represents . Vietnamese In Vietnamese alphabet í is the sac tone (high-rising tone) of “i”. Chinese In Chinese pinyin í is the yángpíng tone (阳平, high-rising tone) of “i”. Ibero-Romance In Ibero-Romance languages, the "í" is not considered a letter, but the letter "i" with an accent. It is used to denote an "i" syllable with abnormal stress. Italian Í/í is a variant of I carrying an acute accent; it represents an /i/ carrying the tonic accent. It is used only if it is the last letter of the word except in dictionaries or when a different pronunciation may affect the meaning of a word: víola ("violates", ) and viòla ("violet", ). Character mappings See also Acute accent I-acute	[ -0.29024210572242737, 0.3307163715362549, 0.15301579236984253, -0.5745242238044739, -0.26844558119773865, 1.0980967283248901, 0.6045393347740173, 0.02609364502131939, 0.008600372821092606, -0.6278654336929321, 0.19723942875862122, 0.1849963217973709, 0.04248875379562378, -0.155680850148201, 0.23011904954910278, 0.4647808372974396, 0.5173811316490173, 0.6194899082183838, -0.685221254825592, 0.019164586439728737, 0.13454855978488922, -0.13105720281600952, 0.35213011503219604, 0.07251083850860596, 0.21778914332389832, -0.2143627554178238, -0.01701771654188633, -0.2675386369228363, 0.09482546895742416, -0.36881721019744873, -0.0781509056687355, 0.4918432831764221, -0.06497884541749954, -0.20661287009716034, -0.4759136438369751, -0.22851915657520294, -0.40411636233329773, -0.26902154088020325, -0.21086181700229645, -0.2275598645210266, -0.5312193036079407, -0.5057985186576843, 0.0719115361571312, 0.2944885194301605, -0.7575409412384033, -0.892124593257904, -1.98969304561615, 0.08800400793552399, -0.42479780316352844, 0.720553994178772, -0.2845657467842102, 0.02496679127216339, 0.15427425503730774, 0.07008358091115952, 0.09650620073080063, 0.25359177589416504, -0.46962082386016846, -0.5223617553710938, 0.7441309094429016, 0.0351540669798851, 0.3307332396507263, -0.2158038467168808, 0.20509052276611328, 0.03824688866734505, 0.12460348755121231, 0.9705473780632019, -0.7798988223075867, 0.10213037580251694, -0.8061639070510864, -0.27965396642684937, -0.4237157106399536, -0.47001180052757263, -0.7178639769554138, -0.17645758390426636, -0.16081717610359192, 0.007480204105377197, -0.41040658950805664, -0.06254034489393234, 0.14957295358181, 0.49606871604919434, -0.1542314738035202, 0.32171550393104553, 0.6771133542060852, -0.03148667886853218, -0.2619099020957947, 0.05534014850854874, -0.33427849411964417, 0.37787970900535583, -0.456670880317688, 0.19921033084392548, 0.7298589944839478, -0.6046984791755676, 0.30910512804985046, 0.0667840987443924, -0.12785027921199799, 0.2982892692089081, 0.21626439690589905, 0.17840397357940674, 0.5164855718612671, 0.12392566353082657, 0.015328582376241684, 0.4185730218887329, 0.5022336840629578, -0.1525871753692627, -0.9244019985198975, -0.2117415815591812, -0.34164008498191833, -0.20366297662258148, -0.2342763990163803, -0.14069758355617523, -0.8274486064910889, 0.04931621253490448, 0.04433956742286682, 0.0406356044113636, -0.2624373137950897, -0.14713247120380402, 0.08363385498523712, 0.022121399641036987, -0.08169771730899811, -0.14380955696105957, 0.03379647806286812, 0.26481133699417114, 0.3837619423866272, -0.02015109360218048, 0.6938241720199585, 0.04278276860713959, -0.00897219032049179, 0.13360930979251862, -0.460746169090271, 0.09225675463676453, 0.05560494586825371, 0.6470964550971985, 0.20887835323810577, 0.3342755138874054, 0.21127282083034515, -0.06991980224847794, 0.058656953275203705, 0.09874015301465988, 0.14653819799423218, -0.11996123194694519, -0.5895929932594299, -0.08731716126203537, -0.4432713985443115, -0.08024028688669205, 0.3780856132507324, -0.16152380406856537, -0.3897259533405304, 0.48746979236602783, -0.10576540231704712, 0.13191010057926178, 0.20919747650623322, -0.314805805683136, -0.0768473818898201, 0.28971487283706665, -0.28554391860961914, -0.011085448786616325, -0.17256295680999756, 0.37710830569267273, 0.4849196970462799, -0.10580810904502869, -0.053142696619033813, 0.7960929274559021, 0.08183572441339493, 0.2575226426124573, 0.37278345227241516, -0.3103177547454834, -0.2516542673110962, -0.07916802912950516, -0.22513477504253387, 0.23704256117343903, 0.3927615284919739, -0.08576036989688873, 0.7390487790107727, 0.5512847304344177, -0.23860399425029755, -0.44213318824768066, 0.1974065899848938, 0.10913584381341934, 0.40531593561172485, 0.18995971977710724, -0.6309915781021118, 0.30823850631713867, 0.30529433488845825, -0.13842596113681793, -0.3201156258583069, 0.2741325795650482, -0.40227261185646057, 0.31101417541503906, 0.2035536766052246, -0.14579854905605316, -0.06928146630525589, -0.3523866832256317, -0.4119223654270172, -0.623234212398529, 0.500099778175354, -0.39368635416030884, -0.6759486198425293, 0.7912300229072571, 0.04891476407647133, 0.7715350985527039, 0.30361974239349365, -1.150842308998108, 0.43992525339126587, 0.16054978966712952, 0.6262439489364624, 0.5755631923675537, 0.10781218111515045, 0.48576968908309937, -0.11991038173437119, 0.5692321062088013, 0.3776927888393402, -0.1644754409790039, 0.8101257085800171, 0.01918584667146206, -0.02727890945971012, -0.08848180621862411, 0.08472295105457306, -0.24214597046375275, -0.21071554720401764, 0.07953043282032013, 1.1166239976882935, -0.47231975197792053, -0.37633609771728516, 0.032329246401786804, -0.04743823781609535, 0.07123267650604248, 0.4194934666156769, -0.16685812175273895, 0.6330045461654663, -0.6791706681251526, -0.1637222021818161, -0.5893130302429199, 0.2865760326385498, -0.023493560031056404, 0.08704138547182083, -0.055019643157720566, -0.07327672839164734, -0.1268741488456726, 0.5401849746704102, -0.4608702063560486, -0.04968413710594177, -0.07802942395210266, -0.223816379904747, 0.15407052636146545, 0.5149950385093689, -0.3115915358066559, 0.31950095295906067, -0.21153786778450012, -0.6359891891479492, 0.31107035279273987, -0.14999008178710938, 0.06980548799037933, -0.4352951645851135, -0.0550411157310009, -0.2782064974308014, -0.46012815833091736, 0.23452116549015045, 0.740054190158844, 0.9415668845176697, 0.4497497081756592, -0.07793234288692474, 0.19563060998916626, 0.3209770917892456, -0.07675053179264069, 0.16574624180793762, 0.2710901200771332, -0.4936443269252777, -0.33937084674835205, 0.6559315919876099, 0.28729069232940674, 0.4775802791118622, 0.7439043521881104, -0.33790525794029236, 0.05194699391722679, -0.9985370635986328, -0.5609429478645325, 0.22836658358573914, 0.2147381454706192, -0.9747042655944824, -0.2044973224401474, 0.16880950331687927, 0.05008560046553612, 0.21620281040668488, -0.7916942238807678, 0.2243742197751999, -0.6856508851051331, -0.023715095594525337, -0.9557879567146301, -0.46875059604644775, -0.7491546869277954, -0.09413525462150574, 0.5506196022033691, -0.1857612282037735, -0.3688240349292755, 0.3036872148513794, -0.20084033906459808, 0.5142330527305603, 0.5360004305839539, 0.6037319898605347, -0.6986477375030518, 0.12048698216676712, 0.23604699969291687, -0.13046462833881378, 0.11966132372617722, -0.23519064486026764, 0.3755335211753845, 0.13632552325725555, 0.16850073635578156, -5.606245994567871, 0.15394377708435059, -0.07358954846858978, -0.30175742506980896, -0.20063748955726624, -0.06190019100904465, 0.6015300154685974, 0.08101771771907806, 0.18784286081790924, -0.30650418996810913, 0.36293989419937134, -0.1695367842912674, -0.1251782327890396, -0.2960576117038727, -0.4171852767467499, -0.13715478777885437, 0.02994508668780327, 0.6821044087409973, -0.03888368606567383, 0.48044106364250183, 0.11851480603218079, 0.31387993693351746, 0.2988787293434143, 0.9455165863037109, 0.42058685421943665, -0.10539025068283081, -0.011443108320236206, 0.19188490509986877, 0.0785338431596756, -0.5408967733383179, 0.18274901807308197, -0.3695022165775299, 0.5264729261398315, -0.45583873987197876, 0.12972982227802277, 0.27686887979507446, 0.9672939777374268, 0.21476265788078308, 0.49309831857681274, -0.09710662066936493, 0.14037355780601501, 0.5858578085899353, 0.3586830794811249, -0.7827636003494263, -0.28750768303871155, -0.33081716299057007, -0.32966679334640503, -0.4007211923599243, -0.09918578714132309, 0.17640981078147888, -0.2254895120859146, 0.06109995022416115, 0.1543084979057312, 0.34550562500953674, 1.019863486289978, 0.5229403972625732, -0.1877884417772293, 0.4102780818939209, -0.6569282412528992, 0.33658820390701294, 0.15709836781024933, -0.07980401813983917, -1.2589808702468872, -0.7847462296485901, 0.7102946043014526, -0.5948727130889893, -0.33533889055252075, 0.1678006649017334, 0.43131595849990845, -0.047264665365219116, -0.07423155009746552, -0.2456563413143158, 0.6729236245155334, -0.6077974438667297, 0.4504183232784271, -0.725148618221283, 0.0057261330075562, -0.29233065247535706, -0.4839644730091095, 0.005773487500846386, -0.24998964369297028, -0.1277107149362564, -0.050115715712308884, 0.389299213886261, 0.3218216598033905, 0.1641109734773636, 0.07355182617902756, -0.05569940805435181, 0.27304065227508545, 0.21536146104335785, 0.7341788411140442, -0.19147862493991852, 0.082643061876297, 0.1006980910897255, 0.061637651175260544, 0.05593429133296013, 0.37405869364738464, -0.38871604204177856, 0.63970947265625, -0.4206942021846771, 0.64638352394104, 0.14288394153118134, -0.012619785964488983, -0.09839878231287003, 0.07543597370386124, 0.08637925237417221, -0.7736419439315796, -0.2417173981666565, 1.5229865312576294, -0.48236873745918274, -0.020804615691304207, -0.08369479328393936, -0.3103739023208618, -0.45752301812171936, -0.31106406450271606, -0.38344380259513855, -0.4182307720184326, 0.5089417695999146, -0.030530085787177086, -0.05722114443778992, -0.31497666239738464, 0.1529400795698166, -0.5174567699432373, -0.15395039319992065, -0.43212416768074036, 0.48159128427505493, -0.3525773584842682, 0.4415828287601471, -0.43732765316963196, 0.055247049778699875, 0.11795618385076523, -0.13118958473205566, -0.09282418340444565, 0.3141584098339081, 0.13372042775154114, 0.2946116030216217, -0.09348323941230774, 0.4067138135433197, 0.10290956497192383, -0.25087565183639526, -0.24290700256824493, -0.7215836048126221, 0.18659940361976624, -0.3084278404712677, 0.8411543965339661, 0.13489283621311188, -0.39099299907684326, -0.5875893235206604, -0.8702881932258606, 0.29653608798980713, 0.4233560860157013, 0.24245299398899078, 0.5642544627189636, -0.09631365537643433, -0.46797671914100647, 0.45140063762664795, -0.26731622219085693, -0.02113494463264942, -0.5723093748092651, 0.014372818171977997, 0.399562269449234, -0.27833619713783264, -0.1423640251159668, -0.2067376971244812, 0.7411702871322632, -0.2867524027824402, -0.17308281362056732, 0.20576313138008118, -0.0031375745311379433, 0.30926549434661865, 0.2241513878107071, -0.005807306617498398, -0.5602544546127319, -0.5587777495384216, -0.1309833824634552, 0.057729993015527725, -0.45929306745529175, 0.48601967096328735, 0.0890989601612091, -0.06723426282405853, 0.7584629654884338, 0.012602681294083595, -0.04145754873752594, 0.7687085866928101, 0.14046379923820496, -0.7053553462028503, 0.23239246010780334, 0.07374276965856552, -0.5300151109695435, -0.5759561657905579, 0.18875254690647125, -0.6981616020202637, 0.3913326859474182, -0.3340732455253601, -0.4346671402454376, 0.05469656363129616, -0.27797040343284607, -0.18896377086639404, -0.39878955483436584, -0.13278335332870483, 0.4334002435207367, 0.18580196797847748, -0.5381684899330139, -0.23460786044597626, -0.31949156522750854, -0.54933762550354, 0.259050577878952, -0.12099958211183548, -0.18985357880592346, -0.09834113717079163, -0.32553407549858093, -1.3077672719955444, -0.48735225200653076, 0.5566455125808716, 0.3479726314544678, -0.13129106163978577, 0.0485963448882103, -0.41577404737472534, -0.17970390617847443, -0.963563084602356, 0.5524850487709045, -0.5501195192337036, -0.19789204001426697, 0.2430909126996994, -0.12381149083375931, 0.5666447877883911, -0.2802569568157196, -0.39282509684562683, 0.611040472984314, -0.2255508154630661, 0.47444143891334534, 0.18039360642433167, 0.36860430240631104, 0.7797064781188965, -0.24881726503372192, -0.35065147280693054, -0.6770530343055725, -0.6737727522850037, -0.026582766324281693, 0.646886944770813, 0.35080188512802124, 0.7744394540786743, -0.05736793205142021, 0.1807204633951187, -0.04393605887889862, 0.23642732203006744, 0.3158623278141022, -0.9008836150169373, -0.6342645883560181, 0.8585585951805115, -0.21064896881580353, -0.33594223856925964, -0.21152497828006744, -0.5596304535865784, 0.5116301774978638, -0.6589133739471436, 0.36769455671310425, -0.17500273883342743, -0.36196082830429077, 0.16721989214420319, 0.006481580901890993, -0.5895253419876099, 0.035358015447854996, 0.5484030246734619, -0.42381593585014343, 0.6833738088607788, -1.0913408994674683, 0.3767912685871124, 0.002939585829153657, -0.4205847978591919, -0.4942060708999634, -0.5796164274215698, 0.2827668786048889, -0.3096506595611572, -0.1329081803560257, 0.12186474353075027, -0.2943546772003174, 0.05872778594493866, 0.0813538059592247, 0.2023395299911499, -0.275165319442749, -0.3793129026889801, -0.029991313815116882, 0.077668197453022, -0.1275448203086853, -0.03937406465411186, -0.3085722029209137, 0.17916655540466309, -0.5255592465400696, -0.025044262409210205, -0.5981168150901794, 0.4869551360607147, -0.35178929567337036, 0.20492768287658691, -0.252942830324173, 0.3285725712776184, 0.1498958319425583, 1.1413991451263428, 0.2027706801891327, -0.03707242012023926, -0.07978354394435883, 0.4240901470184326, 0.12054487317800522, -0.22755546867847443, -0.2833942770957947, 0.23132696747779846, 0.1672394573688507, -0.5434703826904297, 0.1505708247423172, -0.24414752423763275, -0.10325472801923752, 0.2685515880584717, 0.7312418818473816, 0.8451674580574036, 0.3891730308532715, 0.27337178587913513, 0.5531544089317322, -0.5200509428977966, -0.47436508536338806, 0.20085889101028442, 0.3200241029262543, -0.14789006114006042, 0.36773744225502014, 0.163694366812706, -0.8094049692153931, 0.31622514128685, 0.3163517117500305, -0.051666319370269775, -0.6713745594024658, 1.026810884475708, 0.6868384480476379, -0.19738207757472992, -0.06995692104101181, -0.08340063691139221, -0.22453023493289948, -0.5055826902389526, -0.5017701387405396, -1.0139716863632202, -0.04151438921689987, 0.749362587928772, 0.6907973885536194, 1.3217389583587646, 0.21612945199012756, -0.08357173204421997, 0.4391813576221466, -0.45872583985328674, 0.20892333984375, 0.2881079912185669, 0.13955900073051453, -0.04254840314388275, 0.43141472339630127, 0.232286274433136, 0.592370867729187, -0.4854968786239624, -0.7476219534873962, 0.004458324983716011, -0.6120719909667969, -0.3894072473049164, 0.1074269562959671, 0.11045999079942703, -0.0855107232928276, 0.14275586605072021, 0.8276342749595642, -0.28001725673675537, -0.39067280292510986, -0.2970220148563385, -0.22149373590946198, -0.474818617105484, -0.14722096920013428, -0.3272213339805603, 0.19379206001758575, 0.4076383411884308, -0.49127107858657837, -0.18721064925193787, 0.08599592000246048, 0.7125087976455688, 0.38372892141342163, -0.08768836408853531, -0.3278310000896454, -0.22582189738750458, -0.6521463394165039, 0.07886122167110443, -0.06125891953706741, -0.3299059569835663, -0.20793713629245758, -0.18499791622161865, 0.1321861743927002, 0.305149644613266, -0.007450098171830177, 0.46729183197021484, -0.40898022055625916, 0.012873571366071701, 0.3492819666862488, -0.4431149661540985, -0.18217314779758453, -0.12988363206386566, -0.2655329704284668, 0.5438306927680969, 0.4060805141925812, 0.5007154941558838, 0.1747681349515915, 0.3129625618457794, 0.4240387976169586, -0.22351552546024323, -0.4385179877281189, 0.47708216309547424, 0.29553285241127014, 0.49813106656074524, -0.4692741632461548, -0.07421249151229858, 1.0179226398468018, 0.029424510896205902, 0.32011836767196655, 0.34253591299057007, -0.08343915641307831, -0.5395265221595764, 0.3862265348434448, 0.10461055487394333, -0.15560613572597504, -0.5704056024551392, -0.1164219081401825, -0.17537210881710052, 0.06465597450733185, 0.20318101346492767, 0.021651839837431908, 0.41314697265625, 0.4162810742855072, 0.756481945514679, -0.5493026971817017, 0.4072920083999634, -0.38725602626800537, -0.11750919371843338, -0.014807919971644878, 0.3391515910625458, -0.32389047741889954, 0.29803210496902466, -0.39976364374160767, -0.027107957750558853, 0.09067520499229431, -0.41277894377708435, 0.20471403002738953, -0.11292342096567154, -0.5226552486419678, 0.29675790667533875, -0.1402234435081482, 0.2677818536758423, -0.23268400132656097, -0.7503479719161987, -0.37148356437683105, 0.06182023510336876, 0.26864251494407654, -0.9150926470756531, 0.5640026330947876, 0.42447009682655334, 0.131358802318573, -0.28986895084381104, 0.6925454139709473, -0.230390265583992, 0.15595032274723053, 0.40571776032447815 ]
249020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Remarkables	The Remarkables	The Remarkables (Maori: Kawarau) are a mountain range and skifield in Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. Located on the southeastern shore of Lake Wakatipu, the range lives up to its name by rising sharply to create a remarkable backdrop for the waters. The range is clearly visible from the nearby town of Queenstown. The highest point in the range is Single Cone (2319 metres). The adjacent Hector Mountains southeast of the Remarkables culminate in Mount Tūwhakarōria (2307 m). There are a number of small lakes on the mountains including Lake Alta which forms part of the Remarkables Skifield. Name The original Ngāi Tahu inhabitants called the mountains , and gave the same name to the Kawarau River which starts beneath them. The mountains were named The Remarkables by Alexander Garvie in 1857-58, allegedly because they are one of only two mountain ranges in the world which run directly north to south. An alternate explanation for the name given by locals is that early Queenstown settlers, upon seeing the mountain range during sunset one evening, named them the Remarkables to describe the sight. Skifield During the winter months, the Remarkables skifield has skiing and other winter activities. The ski area has three mountain bowls covering 220 ha (540 acres) with seven lifts (4 chairlifts, 3 magic carpets). Terrain is rated as 30% beginners, 40% intermediate and 30% advanced. Average annual snowfall is 3.67 metres. In 2007 automated snowmaking was installed and a new snow groomer has also been acquired. There's also a snow tubing park and in 2008 a terrain park was developed. The Remarkables are part of NZSki, which incorporate Coronet Peak and Mt Hutt. In the 2014 winter season, a new lodge base building and a new 6-seater express detachable chairlift have been inaugurated. A second 6-seater express detachable chairlift has been installed in 2020 to replace an old chairlift. In the late future, there is plans to extend the terrain and improve the ski field. An independent operator have released his plans to build a gondola lift from the Remarkables Town Center to the ski field's base. References External links The Remarkables official website NZSki Ltd official website The Remarkables Webcams and Weather Report Ski Queenstown official website Ski areas and resorts in Otago Mountain ranges of Otago Queenstown-Lakes District Southern Alps Sport in Queenstown, New Zealand	[ -0.10398044437170029, 0.4220462441444397, -0.14632099866867065, -0.4718632102012634, 0.28855088353157043, 0.04637724161148071, 1.0820939540863037, 0.06479054689407349, -0.3709399104118347, 0.21207471191883087, -0.03876761719584465, 0.07207425683736801, 0.5013169050216675, 0.6349510550498962, -0.6936633586883545, 0.40462666749954224, 0.21912536025047302, -0.21426917612552643, 0.37466248869895935, -0.21656541526317596, 0.29937151074409485, -0.661723256111145, 0.15178282558918, -0.29935774207115173, 0.026794299483299255, 0.4095781743526459, 0.0008366038091480732, 0.5963519811630249, 0.6859628558158875, -0.11505326628684998, 0.0897257924079895, 0.7522898316383362, -0.2531040608882904, -0.4343697130680084, -0.09099599719047546, -0.023740854114294052, 0.4783552587032318, -0.3885721266269684, -0.5572787523269653, -0.3087207078933716, 0.4377085566520691, -0.7641122341156006, 0.3447950482368469, 0.5090787410736084, -0.4647170603275299, 0.2961243689060211, -1.153369426727295, 0.14176122844219208, -1.024682641029358, -0.018589040264487267, -0.6885296702384949, 0.7064085006713867, 0.48493117094039917, -0.27749311923980713, 0.39488163590431213, 0.6233366131782532, -0.586182713508606, 0.11377286911010742, 0.4451335072517395, -0.601709246635437, 0.06970909237861633, 0.8040667176246643, 0.0222180113196373, -0.46034690737724304, -0.4214111268520355, 0.015881797298789024, 0.002574350219219923, 0.3487868905067444, 0.46396562457084656, -0.5835703015327454, 0.3222382366657257, 0.06429119408130646, 0.475320965051651, 0.30644187331199646, -0.10874391347169876, 0.17759199440479279, -0.7401735186576843, -0.30694493651390076, 0.4531627893447876, -0.18686959147453308, -0.04325456544756889, -0.558803141117096, 0.4466102719306946, -0.2794734537601471, 0.054002102464437485, 0.44415685534477234, -0.30068323016166687, 0.02441883459687233, -0.5755910277366638, 0.39503172039985657, -0.4401482045650482, -0.031666647642850876, 0.2951101064682007, 0.02441374771296978, -0.2989625036716461, -0.5564776062965393, 0.2107253521680832, -0.4905983507633209, 0.1559785157442093, -0.31171926856040955, 0.19821207225322723, -0.4419090449810028, 0.41296181082725525, -0.39256998896598816, -0.30914556980133057, -0.02261516824364662, -0.40462279319763184, -0.2011137306690216, -0.0967683345079422, -0.614845335483551, -1.2204476594924927, -0.08272571861743927, -1.2094742059707642, 0.40313729643821716, -0.27945658564567566, 0.3066663444042206, 0.25683411955833435, -0.06295003741979599, -0.49162307381629944, -0.3562544882297516, 0.5398481488227844, 0.11799272149801254, -0.21018093824386597, -0.0401526540517807, -0.26851534843444824, 0.18066363036632538, 0.44897133111953735, 0.18157538771629333, -0.09123513102531433, 0.5893931984901428, -0.28980517387390137, 0.17826268076896667, 0.44906407594680786, -0.3393785059452057, 0.0371035598218441, -0.3505052626132965, -0.028612423688173294, -0.5991297364234924, -0.36176010966300964, 0.9050862193107605, -0.9903237819671631, 0.4595513939857483, -0.8554825782775879, -0.24340911209583282, 0.3398131728172302, -0.4002280831336975, -0.6111111640930176, -0.8033303022384644, -0.1364947259426117, -0.5121744275093079, 0.11282169818878174, 0.5103495717048645, 0.00892646238207817, 0.4793983995914459, 0.049061741679906845, 0.1600847840309143, 0.6425837278366089, -0.13052469491958618, 0.5136425495147705, -0.5176634788513184, -0.2583078145980835, 0.358777791261673, 0.3419255018234253, 0.28982359170913696, 0.3017849624156952, -0.007777064107358456, 0.5819796919822693, 0.33082133531570435, -0.3903168737888336, 0.29573169350624084, -0.5696960687637329, 0.44508442282676697, 0.5165711641311646, 0.5900368094444275, -0.5264817476272583, -0.3440028131008148, -0.13918212056159973, 0.515939474105835, 0.2048092633485794, 0.049713846296072006, -0.611070990562439, -0.06876327842473984, 0.3337770700454712, -0.36079171299934387, 0.5044047832489014, 0.5124056935310364, 0.6651110053062439, 0.2606177031993866, -0.12808522582054138, -0.28589513897895813, -0.2855989634990692, -0.4650227427482605, 0.5470685362815857, -0.20533092319965363, 0.8704929351806641, 0.06357601284980774, 0.32378920912742615, 0.3572068512439728, 0.20070165395736694, 0.9604504108428955, 0.3050163686275482, -0.1399351805448532, 0.6101163029670715, -0.09392432123422623, -0.5159185528755188, 0.35952839255332947, 0.20491331815719604, -0.2734741270542145, 0.20683404803276062, -0.3483916223049164, 0.14246569573879242, -0.5567176938056946, 0.1234787106513977, 0.46337631344795227, -0.07167042046785355, -0.04356159269809723, -0.2556654214859009, 0.30257007479667664, 0.4764505624771118, -0.4443426728248596, 0.8741661906242371, 0.6069533824920654, 0.15945154428482056, -0.6281207799911499, -0.36370983719825745, 0.7318723797798157, 0.4340823292732239, 0.12569482624530792, -0.11519443243741989, -0.3990117907524109, -0.3615833818912506, -0.3751336336135864, 0.3815966546535492, -0.4602769613265991, 0.5571791529655457, 0.20184938609600067, 0.24904011189937592, -0.5097166299819946, 1.1007217168807983, -0.7046594023704529, 0.16178812086582184, -0.03570551797747612, -0.05124112591147423, 0.48259609937667847, 0.8743314146995544, 0.642909049987793, 0.37246841192245483, 0.5617691874504089, -0.5385504961013794, -0.16493332386016846, -0.11844195425510406, 0.034167200326919556, 0.1693732887506485, 0.9096156358718872, 0.5781987905502319, -0.3699781596660614, 0.5239025354385376, 0.007717606145888567, 0.25885510444641113, 0.326537162065506, -0.19052334129810333, 0.054765623062849045, -0.27026358246803284, 0.3191431760787964, 0.6342829465866089, -0.4270034432411194, 0.12444642186164856, -0.8673637509346008, 0.5106316804885864, -0.13915029168128967, 0.2473759949207306, -0.48738154768943787, -0.38716214895248413, -0.12932828068733215, 0.08845872431993484, -0.2978357970714569, 0.0802096426486969, -0.24566525220870972, -0.5363032221794128, 0.21325798332691193, 0.3817324936389923, 0.5190086960792542, 0.21079064905643463, -0.06828849017620087, -0.1288716048002243, 0.21390193700790405, 0.2060481458902359, -0.04912223666906357, -0.4560020864009857, -0.25731492042541504, 0.041208263486623764, -0.02277601696550846, -0.27109479904174805, -0.014510690234601498, -0.42588621377944946, -0.09901098906993866, -0.04301237687468529, 0.28896939754486084, 0.3066321909427643, -0.3401985466480255, -0.5369228720664978, 0.6676724553108215, -0.6569316983222961, -0.5243389010429382, -0.3433735966682434, 0.1358114629983902, 0.0541476309299469, -0.7974432110786438, -5.302240371704102, 0.28312036395072937, -0.0019661718979477882, -0.2423384040594101, -0.02136426791548729, 0.20043949782848358, 0.565701961517334, -0.09950102865695953, -0.6674441695213318, -0.16052353382110596, 0.19825592637062073, -0.49838048219680786, -0.23836594820022583, 0.09313996136188507, 0.35881736874580383, 0.5566110014915466, -0.522998571395874, 0.5426127314567566, 0.1770494133234024, 0.38791048526763916, -0.02792528085410595, 0.4592066705226898, -0.1825769990682602, -0.38933494687080383, -0.13818001747131348, 0.9137936234474182, -0.42059019207954407, -0.44003236293792725, -1.06120765209198, 0.1171758696436882, -0.04043285921216011, 0.0008394915494136512, -0.5973209738731384, -0.08469625562429428, -0.3543564975261688, 0.30311208963394165, 0.5888460278511047, -0.33019596338272095, 0.8342801928520203, -0.5467896461486816, -0.06300941109657288, 0.08939826488494873, 0.13309712707996368, 0.15349052846431732, 0.675714910030365, -0.66957688331604, -0.41182854771614075, -0.236368328332901, -0.2208157330751419, 0.45198556780815125, 0.06526868790388107, 0.19823341071605682, 0.5897568464279175, -0.37570127844810486, -0.7276508808135986, 0.2742818295955658, 0.5687841176986694, 0.37351882457733154, -0.025999857112765312, 0.7993518710136414, 0.15485496819019318, -0.46192798018455505, -0.1402142494916916, -0.9154162406921387, 0.017619486898183823, -0.05520707741379738, 0.4361875355243683, 0.7878488302230835, -0.1707770675420761, -0.09264153987169266, 0.6229103803634644, 0.2591785192489624, -0.3121539056301117, -0.8558201193809509, -0.706700325012207, -1.1023268699645996, -0.05203919857740402, -0.11039293557405472, -0.2558637857437134, 0.5212305188179016, -0.3087477684020996, -0.2696869373321533, -0.341776967048645, 0.20242749154567719, 0.5236561298370361, -0.8901041746139526, -0.5337091684341431, 0.19441203773021698, 0.4035327434539795, -0.6073717474937439, 0.30996179580688477, -0.2405388206243515, 0.12505900859832764, 0.2052389234304428, 0.12709347903728485, 0.7000670433044434, 0.7398939728736877, 0.16159486770629883, 0.14735840260982513, 0.00827717687934637, -0.5674033761024475, -0.5331084132194519, 0.5822553634643555, 0.5543990731239319, -0.6811850666999817, -0.5709283947944641, 0.37661856412887573, 0.3176485598087311, 0.9085291028022766, -0.614824652671814, -0.2076692283153534, -0.208475723862648, -1.0045239925384521, 0.3079915940761566, 0.5248983502388, -0.17265698313713074, 0.1392563283443451, 0.3594268560409546, 0.7473313212394714, 0.008233809843659401, 0.03586485981941223, 0.2646309435367584, -0.1427130103111267, 0.16310305893421173, -0.5220730304718018, 0.10375648736953735, 0.21298295259475708, -0.20099768042564392, -0.16956911981105804, 0.4863680899143219, -0.4581705927848816, 0.16146504878997803, 0.48670172691345215, 0.12609615921974182, -0.008772219531238079, 0.43863996863365173, -0.08567004650831223, -0.7483570575714111, 0.1791890561580658, 0.12448190897703171, 0.42247894406318665, 0.06862468272447586, -0.3638761639595032, 1.4853609800338745, 0.4627154469490051, 0.7350515723228455, -0.44867050647735596, -0.21575972437858582, -0.6917505860328674, 0.10473024845123291, 0.18901625275611877, -0.33254703879356384, 0.18105965852737427, -0.6025017499923706, 0.18724685907363892, 0.5930666923522949, -0.2013515830039978, 0.16136635839939117, -0.015472480095922947, -0.17646262049674988, 0.4769713878631592, -0.06428168714046478, -1.3621153831481934, 0.026904592290520668, -0.012653457000851631, -0.39682629704475403, -0.3963335156440735, -0.051078975200653076, -0.7211143970489502, 0.13098809123039246, 0.34373441338539124, -0.6857499480247498, -0.07773630321025848, -0.4804196357727051, 0.13396558165550232, 0.2087717354297638, -0.36469194293022156, 0.6159830093383789, 0.18038608133792877, 0.24907614290714264, -0.09653181582689285, 0.4469664692878723, 0.16534732282161713, 0.35814550518989563, 0.07102521508932114, -0.11121487617492676, -0.5338393449783325, 0.5101914405822754, 0.5265968441963196, 0.383828341960907, 0.36920350790023804, -0.1370023638010025, 0.24843403697013855, 0.40124478936195374, 0.23779258131980896, -0.4710468649864197, -0.033172041177749634, -0.22700944542884827, -0.29455137252807617, -0.6842410564422607, -0.25192880630493164, -0.3554370403289795, -0.13109205663204193, 0.266480952501297, 0.2561943233013153, -0.44815388321876526, 0.6296641230583191, 0.34300824999809265, -0.7576358914375305, 0.1743704229593277, -0.6109699606895447, -1.0443116426467896, 0.6161459684371948, 0.465354323387146, -0.6277397274971008, -0.0026919052470475435, -0.1777927279472351, -0.12859445810317993, -0.09987195581197739, -0.18494589626789093, -0.08914201706647873, 0.04269495978951454, -0.3851812183856964, -0.8244014978408813, -0.6358054876327515, -0.2667904794216156, 0.2904871106147766, -0.19378282129764557, 0.16651861369609833, -0.9172097444534302, 0.02866906300187111, 0.1604669690132141, 0.6154897809028625, -0.10581544786691666, -0.3574069142341614, 0.6480035781860352, 0.23926682770252228, 0.4451350271701813, 1.1692709922790527, 0.3046607971191406, 0.3792724013328552, 1.2468163967132568, 0.3747239112854004, -0.20046287775039673, -0.27771756052970886, 0.3287349343299866, 0.1494850516319275, -0.20651821792125702, -0.20402587950229645, -0.13402241468429565, -0.06603758782148361, -0.06173001229763031, -0.3829178810119629, -0.5737419724464417, 1.0340455770492554, 0.10649793595075607, 0.8994161486625671, -0.2514911890029907, 0.2976452112197876, 0.011829139664769173, 0.47704407572746277, 0.08962154388427734, 0.3412401080131531, 0.22453022003173828, -0.1572272628545761, 0.06419136375188828, -0.5343198180198669, -0.6450101733207703, 0.25125670433044434, -0.48170235753059387, 0.31157490611076355, 0.12712350487709045, -0.019824914634227753, 0.33520615100860596, -0.32492607831954956, 0.3234643340110779, 0.34695670008659363, -0.8091442584991455, -0.2952231466770172, -0.11252515763044357, -0.19465839862823486, 0.19322027266025543, 0.26820138096809387, -0.1789286732673645, -0.21204662322998047, 0.039581816643476486, -0.59231036901474, -0.06026946008205414, -0.6755917072296143, 0.7117171883583069, -0.5095688700675964, -0.49285513162612915, 0.1594134420156479, -0.6933698058128357, 0.745595395565033, -0.2809717059135437, -0.10518669337034225, 0.168145552277565, -0.6935971975326538, -0.17820921540260315, -0.8658649325370789, 0.6073583960533142, -0.15498393774032593, -0.7331350445747375, 0.3444310426712036, 0.14147494733333588, -0.19876603782176971, -0.8213622570037842, 0.4810030162334442, -0.3846912980079651, -0.0778796449303627, 0.5812414288520813, 0.35179582238197327, 0.8027723431587219, -0.6871944069862366, 0.19219054281711578, 0.5699781775474548, -0.6294026970863342, -0.02132711187005043, 1.021097183227539, 0.028859103098511696, 0.4295133948326111, 0.8241257667541504, 0.12380456179380417, 0.11637721955776215, 0.9418681859970093, -0.25382354855537415, -0.4720369875431061, 0.37832358479499817, 0.6498903036117554, 0.1279803365468979, -0.4273611903190613, -0.24593448638916016, 0.5159906148910522, -0.5972367525100708, -0.6240989565849304, 0.012334302999079227, -0.23048701882362366, -0.09029193967580795, 0.12175380438566208, 0.24510574340820312, -0.1764889806509018, 0.46173498034477234, -0.0694703608751297, -0.42994946241378784, 0.282879114151001, 0.018477072939276695, 0.4528852701187134, 0.10410813242197037, -0.172505721449852, 0.2840596139431, -0.07369066029787064, 0.43509531021118164, -0.7568738460540771, -0.14289267361164093, 0.5231723785400391, 0.0012297469656914473, -0.19591279327869415, -0.22679908573627472, 0.05350406467914581, 0.5581064224243164, -0.1714998036623001, 0.43811649084091187, 0.0452878475189209, -0.5682740807533264, -0.44314467906951904, 0.017348626628518105, -0.31666839122772217, -0.20254406332969666, 0.4125109314918518, 0.0208244938403368, 0.18703818321228027, -0.0903664156794548, -0.02402961254119873, 0.06481114029884338, 0.2874242663383484, -0.43524762988090515, 0.8133134245872498, -0.39990004897117615, -0.09210895746946335, -0.17717953026294708, 0.20891915261745453, -0.45491307973861694, 0.09578452259302139, -0.009916569106280804, -0.23712633550167084, 0.020431024953722954, -0.5633648037910461, -0.6417959332466125, 0.17069683969020844, 0.41954243183135986, -0.3737689256668091, 0.143976628780365, -0.011618376709520817, -0.37200459837913513, -0.5731064677238464, -0.07749200612306595, 0.4210265576839447, 0.09362868219614029, -0.1478676199913025, -0.20064106583595276, -0.29009026288986206, 0.5769537687301636, -0.25617215037345886, -0.3746548593044281, 0.47531646490097046, -0.11954754590988159, 0.2401086837053299, -0.08581239730119705, 0.04578917846083641, -0.035352762788534164, 0.1642986685037613, 0.11702456325292587, 0.6981735229492188, -0.30592262744903564, 0.030382225289940834, -0.16832593083381653, 0.4618493914604187, 0.015790756791830063, -0.3375752866268158, -0.33217233419418335, -0.6920620799064636, 0.7124856114387512, 0.13234342634677887, -0.13033336400985718, 0.11694494634866714, -0.22771696746349335, -0.15070120990276337, -0.734863817691803, 0.49241703748703003, 0.3382784128189087, -0.37097594141960144, -0.17093071341514587, 0.0903593972325325, -1.0646641254425049, -0.973333477973938, 0.32754215598106384, 0.8592514991760254, 0.010317818261682987, -0.209713414311409, 0.26673588156700134, -0.37205269932746887, 0.23244239389896393, -0.02681318111717701, 0.054097577929496765, 0.4259832203388214, -0.7454985976219177, -0.8613823652267456, -0.8623021841049194, -0.15322628617286682, -0.1686413735151291, -0.3531593680381775, 0.700218677520752, -0.7989348769187927, 0.12038885802030563, -0.5377782583236694, 0.31236958503723145, -0.4160430133342743, 0.14687848091125488, -0.24356655776500702 ]
249021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20%28band%29	All (band)	All (stylized as ALL) is an American punk rock band originally from Los Angeles, currently based in Fort Collins, Colorado. The group was formed by three members of Descendents (Bill Stevenson, Karl Alvarez, and Stephen Egerton). History Formation and Cruz Records years All formed in suburban Los Angeles in 1987 when Milo Aukerman, the lead singer of the Descendents, left to pursue a graduate degree in biochemistry, forcing the band into a hiatus. The remaining members, guitarist Stephen Egerton, bassist Karl Alvarez, and drummer Bill Stevenson decided to carry on as a band, adopting the title of the Descendents’ last studio album, All, as their official moniker. Enlisting former Dag Nasty and DYS singer Dave Smalley on vocal duties, All released their first two albums in 1988: Allroy Sez and the EP Allroy for Prez (both distributed by Cruz Records) to critical acclaim. In 1989, Smalley left the band, and new vocalist Scott Reynolds joined. With Reynolds, All released four more albums: 1989's Allroy's Revenge (which included the single She's My Ex), 1990's Allroy Saves, 1992's Percolater, and the 1990 live album Trailblazer. Also during this time, the band recorded New Girl, Old Story, an album with former Descendents member Tony Lombardo under the band name Tonyall. The band lived in a small office complex (as referenced in the Scott Reynolds-penned song "Box"), and toured nearly nonstop. Following a brief stint in rural Brookfield, Missouri, the band eventually relocated to Fort Collins, Colorado: the centrally-located city made touring the west and east coasts of the country considerably easier. Reynolds left the band in 1993, and was replaced by vocalist Chad Price. The album Breaking Things was released in 1993 to generally positive reviews, and the songs Guilty and Shreen were released as singles. Interscope/Epitaph years All briefly joined major label Interscope Records for 1995's Pummel, but disputes over marketing and promotion of the album ended their relationship quickly. The song "Million Bucks" was released as a single and a video, but the album ultimately received rather mixed reviews from fans and critics alike. The band was signed by Epitaph Records shortly after. At this time, Milo Aukerman, now a full-time biochemist, returned to the Descendents and recorded their 1996 comeback album Everything Sucks, also on Epitaph. Stevenson, Alvarez, and Egerton continued to tour and record with both bands, eventually releasing All's critically acclaimed 1998 album Mass Nerder, 2000's Problematic, and the 2001 Descendents/All live split Live Plus One. According to a 2004 interview with Bill Stevenson, All is no longer under contract with Epitaph Records, and any new All material will be released on their own label, Owned & Operated Records Hiatus The band has previously talked about having two albums in the works, however there has not been any news on them in some time. One album, which was written and partially recorded in early 2002 while the band was recording the Descendents’ album Cool To Be You, is reported to consist of all new material with the familiar All sound, while the other is planned to be much more experimental, with a heavier emphasis on instrumental compositions. All went through a multi-year period of inactivity, with members working on other projects across the country. Bill Stevenson and Karl Alvarez both live in Fort Collins, Colorado; Stevenson is currently playing with Only Crime and The Lemonheads, and running his own recording studio, The Blasting Room, while Alvarez has contributed bass to The Lemonheads’ 2006 album, Underminer, and has toured with Gogol Bordello. Stephen Egerton currently lives in Tulsa, Oklahoma, with his family, running his own studio, Armstrong Records. Stephen has several music projects in the works. The first, 40Engine, is with former vocalist Scott Reynolds; another is an instrumental band named Slorder, and he also plays bass and drums with a guitarist named Jason Crowley under the name Crowley/Egerton. Chad Price is playing in the Colorado alt-country band Drag the River and tours playing bass for Rocky Votolato. Reunion On January 26, 2008, Egerton, Stevenson, and Alvarez reunited with Scott Reynolds to play a set of All songs as an opening act for Drag the River at the Aggie in Fort Collins. In mid-April of that year, the band announced that they would be reuniting once again with Reynolds for Chicago, Illinois's 'Riot Fest' on October 12. They performed at the Congress Theater in Chicago, playing for less than an hour before Chicago police shut down the show. Additionally, All performed two warm up shows; one in Japan in July 2008 and the other at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, on August 29, 2008. The DNC show was cut short and the band completed an additional set that evening at the 3 Kings Tavern in downtown Denver. In July 2009 the band completed a short tour with fellow Cruz Records alums Big Drill Car, going across Southern California. Former Descendents bandmate Tony Lombardo joined the band on stage July 18 and 19 of that tour for two songs, to a very welcoming crowd. In an interview with RiotFest.org, Scott Reynolds does not rule out the possibility of writing new material but sets three conditions that need to be present: People want to hear new music, he feels the need to create, and the "bro" factor between the bandmates needs to be there. ALL played a one-off performance in Portland, Oregon, at Dante's on October 3, 2009. In the beginning of 2010, the band was set to perform a short tour on the east coast, with Off with Their Heads and Shot Baker. However, the shows were postponed due to health issues with Bill Stevenson, but they were never rescheduled. At the 2011 punk Rock Bowling, the band played a set with all three of their singers, Dave Smalley, Scott Reynolds and Chad Price. From 2011 to 2014 the band played various shows around the U.S. On February 16, 2013, the band performed at The Mohawk in Austin, Texas, as part of a cancer benefit. On September 09, 2014, After a showing of Filmage at the Downtown Independent theater in Los Angeles, ALL played a dual set with both Chad and Scott, followed by A karaoke part where both Chad and Scott sang songs along with surprise guest vocalists, London May (Samhain), Phi Lo (The Last), members of the Filmage crew, James, Justin & Deedle, Jen Ravazi (The Bombpops), Marko DeSantis (Bad Astronaut) & Ken Stringfellow (Posies), Dennis Lyxzén (Refused), Davey Havoc (AFI), Jim Lindberg (Pennywise) & Matt Skiba (Alkaline Trio, Blink 182). Throughout The ' touring cycle from 2016 to 2018, both Chad and Scott have performed songs with the band at various shows. On August 3, 2018, during a show in Buffalo, New York, the band performed two songs after bringing out Scott Reynolds as a special guest. On November 18, 2018, ALL played a show to celebrate The ending their 2018 "Tourage" where they played a dual set with both Scott and Chad on vocals in Tulsa. Allroy All's mascot is Allroy, a yellow- or green-skinned cartoon character with spiked hair, whorls for eyes, and a large, toothy grin, often depicted engaged in conflict with an anthropomorphic musical note. Allroy was created by bassist Karl Alvarez, based on a caricature he had drawn of guitarist Stephen Egerton for the Descendents' 1987 "FinALL" tour posters. "When they go out on tour, Stephen likes to be the one that drives", said artist Chris Shary. "Well, he'd been up for a while, just pounding coffee, and Karl was in the back, and Stephen just turned back to look at him and it was this crazed [look], like almost the eyes spinning, and the big grin, and so Karl drew that out and that was the FinALL tour drawing. It just kind of went from there and got tweaked a little bit, and there was Allroy." Meant to be All's equivalent to the Descendents' Milo character, Allroy is "representative of all things Allular", said Alvarez, adding "I swear to God I'd never seen The Simpsons when I drew that design", noting the character's resemblance to Bart Simpson (the Simpson family characters debuted April 19, 1987, on The Tracey Ullman Show, while Allroy debuted a year later on the cover of All's debut album Allroy Sez). Allroy is the eponymous character of All's early releases Allroy Sez (1988), Allroy for Prez (1988), Allroy's Revenge (1989), and Allroy Saves (1990), and appears on the covers of these releases in illustrations done by Alvarez. Allroy was absent from the band's cover art for much of the 1990s before being revived for Mass Nerder (1998), as drawn by Chris Shary. Shary also drew Allroy for the cover of the compilation album All (1999), and he and Alvarez together illustrated the character for the cover of Problematic (2000). Band members Current members Karl Alvarez – bass (1987–present) Stephen Egerton – guitar (1987–present) Bill Stevenson – drums (1987–present) Chad Price – lead vocals (1993–present) Former members Dave Smalley – lead vocals (1987–1989) Scott Reynolds – lead vocals (1989–1993) Timeline Discography Studio albums Allroy Sez (1988) Allroy's Revenge (1989) Allroy Saves (1990) New Girl, Old Story (1991) Percolater (1992) Breaking Things (1993) Pummel (1995) Mass Nerder (1998) Problematic (2000) References External links Allcentral - The Official Website for All Epitaph Records artists Musical quartets Punk rock groups from Colorado Culture of Fort Collins, Colorado Musical groups established in 1987 1987 establishments in California Interscope Records artists Hardcore punk groups from California Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups from Los Angeles Musicians from Manhattan Beach, California People from Lomita, California Skate punk groups Pop punk groups from California	[ 0.813660740852356, 0.08108863234519958, -0.1544787585735321, 0.3405534327030182, -0.23804040253162384, 0.1467818170785904, 0.6505395770072937, -0.002081293845549226, -0.22743616998195648, -0.2559552490711212, -0.09773901104927063, 0.2691401541233063, -0.6005627512931824, -0.04863522946834564, -0.03498740866780281, 0.14429593086242676, 0.3217315971851349, 0.7852584719657898, -0.11170227825641632, -0.19239456951618195, -0.05419272556900978, 0.12170041352510452, 0.43774789571762085, -0.46642160415649414, -0.08147912472486496, 0.11090914160013199, -0.1469338834285736, -0.3091786801815033, 0.2679113745689392, 0.31546521186828613, 0.21079325675964355, 0.903161883354187, 0.1971481442451477, -0.34415337443351746, -0.015910562127828598, 0.10135482251644135, 0.03571832552552223, 0.23201730847358704, 0.1909000128507614, -0.13934554159641266, 0.2691887319087982, -0.6093694567680359, 0.025101490318775177, 0.20906609296798706, -0.14070791006088257, -0.5846091508865356, -1.344246506690979, 0.6633884310722351, -0.9570899605751038, 0.1926783174276352, -0.6096355319023132, -0.30598706007003784, -0.2498415857553482, 0.35989487171173096, -0.11680919677019119, 0.09166446328163147, -0.46626701951026917, -0.07213561981916428, -0.29347938299179077, -0.10195506364107132, 0.0008030250901356339, 0.06251659989356995, 0.2780878245830536, -0.3337312638759613, 0.43017634749412537, -0.023904206231236458, 0.3544594943523407, 0.5805412530899048, 0.15477873384952545, -0.5927586555480957, 0.21335172653198242, 0.03433576598763466, -0.4526004195213318, -0.18307602405548096, 0.3948112428188324, -0.18305982649326324, 0.1254841536283493, -0.07897048443555832, 0.30683067440986633, 0.48692312836647034, 0.12532010674476624, 0.7039484977722168, 0.9072954058647156, 0.6200117468833923, 0.017614038661122322, -0.17850878834724426, 0.030990801751613617, 0.2663915753364563, -0.25439566373825073, -0.11773267388343811, 0.06753316521644592, -0.15619656443595886, 0.7718265056610107, 0.21770401298999786, 0.44156959652900696, -0.4894941449165344, -0.08481110632419586, 0.23814618587493896, 0.0664830133318901, 0.0630771666765213, -0.28059306740760803, 0.2597992420196533, 0.0358688123524189, -0.5452166795730591, -0.5184836387634277, 0.24814285337924957, 0.10240081697702408, -0.3835233151912689, 0.03406655415892601, -0.32477378845214844, -0.0020649677608162165, 0.34027209877967834, -0.15778540074825287, -0.13075637817382812, -0.11139265447854996, 0.4988934099674225, 0.3709017038345337, -0.5034430623054504, -0.03426861763000488, -0.25774145126342773, 0.14608685672283173, 0.5729338526725769, 0.09677009284496307, 0.42332401871681213, 0.07831300050020218, 0.6937294602394104, 0.24992482364177704, 0.21536807715892792, -0.14997732639312744, 0.24261723458766937, -0.5097593665122986, 0.17728641629219055, 0.22866077721118927, -0.009925459511578083, 0.09429251402616501, -0.12241064757108688, 0.06734134256839752, -0.11702637374401093, 0.3645973205566406, 0.047000981867313385, -0.5821105241775513, -0.2803169786930084, -0.5392531156539917, -0.31001928448677063, 0.4725896716117859, 0.013046108186244965, -0.2269960343837738, -0.05005315691232681, -0.5583152174949646, 0.1373632848262787, -0.09481799602508545, -0.37738877534866333, -0.5044478178024292, -0.06225645914673805, -0.3137884736061096, 0.021994920447468758, 0.6261976361274719, -0.2513726055622101, 0.1388871669769287, 0.18073643743991852, 0.2296263873577118, 0.38658958673477173, 0.19077198207378387, 0.21064870059490204, -0.13072627782821655, -0.31586647033691406, -0.3850564658641815, -0.07374576479196548, -0.2014404833316803, 0.024971963837742805, -0.316254585981369, -0.273304283618927, 0.41370993852615356, 0.7761613726615906, 0.2909562587738037, -0.2418450117111206, 0.8803596496582031, 0.3170677721500397, -0.3501540422439575, 0.34437820315361023, -0.33297908306121826, 0.029161486774683, 0.5198718905448914, -0.1540950983762741, -0.1482974737882614, -0.18755562603473663, -0.32231515645980835, -0.0720168948173523, 0.3120001256465912, -0.05508209019899368, -0.23658323287963867, -0.5085155367851257, 0.2980463206768036, -0.07989605516195297, 0.6987230181694031, -0.28701168298721313, -0.8294700980186462, 0.5553973317146301, 0.562478244304657, 0.6424329280853271, 0.17172010242938995, -0.5040474534034729, 0.08868388831615448, -0.04714261367917061, -0.6783680319786072, 0.41368192434310913, 0.40922361612319946, -0.20617486536502838, -0.18707533180713654, 0.24970099329948425, 0.04528599604964256, -0.46087613701820374, 0.2581196129322052, 0.4590551555156708, -0.5761928558349609, -0.24381905794143677, -0.4584151804447174, 0.3135596513748169, 0.4005907475948334, -0.08453862369060516, 1.1566752195358276, -0.4326370358467102, 0.34858253598213196, -0.41254881024360657, 0.09894566237926483, 0.8461800813674927, -0.11644835025072098, 0.15413689613342285, 0.3855428099632263, -0.27618902921676636, 0.3380170464515686, 0.2229146808385849, -0.13241605460643768, -0.3023119568824768, 0.17407040297985077, 0.33304086327552795, 0.320894330739975, -0.07428891956806183, 0.36818385124206543, -0.4325695037841797, -0.07968628406524658, 0.7263022065162659, -0.044071946293115616, 0.21094560623168945, 0.03287576884031296, 0.2894473969936371, 0.398129940032959, -0.5440772175788879, -0.2108713835477829, 0.709243655204773, -0.49507394433021545, -0.7884162068367004, 0.04729432240128517, -0.03106572851538658, 0.1975831240415573, -0.05196930468082428, 0.5465605854988098, 0.12242678552865982, 0.04067524895071983, 0.3653775751590729, -0.5396364331245422, -0.3457803726196289, -0.05034033581614494, 0.19665396213531494, 0.028602058067917824, -1.0823795795440674, -0.043649040162563324, -0.3294338881969452, 0.4261492192745209, 0.2409924566745758, 0.6634961366653442, 0.5760585069656372, -0.26731008291244507, 0.5104936957359314, -0.5435361266136169, -0.42616960406303406, -0.24610301852226257, -0.08197064697742462, -0.29675719141960144, -0.9346973896026611, 0.2980502247810364, 0.9842419028282166, 0.5493912696838379, 0.06291334331035614, 0.008086862973868847, -0.29785478115081787, 0.7134188413619995, 0.09671477973461151, -0.22099629044532776, 0.16875067353248596, 0.017029404640197754, 0.07525307685136795, -0.08093056082725525, -0.27747535705566406, 0.2934924066066742, -0.13209502398967743, 0.5638325214385986, 0.28120914101600647, -0.3967840075492859, -0.0030043628066778183, -0.5891938209533691, 0.23829782009124756, -0.4810078740119934, -0.23293542861938477, 0.6747219562530518, -0.3734130561351776, 0.2182089239358902, -0.28255608677864075, -5.944687366485596, 0.15498431026935577, -0.192449688911438, -0.13609522581100464, 0.3971472680568695, -0.3484748601913452, 0.16649867594242096, -0.6289136409759521, -0.15223538875579834, -0.24024997651576996, -0.5949565172195435, 0.3585905134677887, 0.019938074052333832, 0.093905009329319, 0.5454063415527344, -0.3953876495361328, 0.0027624634094536304, 0.11508462578058243, 0.4263307750225067, 0.33628520369529724, -0.3616226017475128, -0.006666364148259163, 0.00322915380820632, 0.6911178231239319, 0.08911117911338806, 0.6807003021240234, -0.11628980934619904, 0.04318615049123764, 0.04526890441775322, -0.3269144594669342, -0.2518911361694336, 0.10688140243291855, -0.20501045882701874, -0.5675473213195801, -0.03451433405280113, -0.061608344316482544, 0.6323956847190857, -0.27366381883621216, -0.11435362696647644, -0.19908232986927032, 0.3403816521167755, 0.5969663262367249, 0.1468845009803772, -0.6831445097923279, 0.12467366456985474, 0.02013828232884407, -0.4887026846408844, 0.04931318014860153, -0.21367937326431274, 0.6433974504470825, 0.2314155548810959, -0.46765032410621643, 0.25161486864089966, -0.1782369315624237, 0.1339641958475113, -0.11897841840982437, 0.13819292187690735, 0.5956974625587463, 0.21099881827831268, 0.17154501378536224, 0.6200883984565735, -0.3791828453540802, -0.04561803117394447, -0.12434294074773788, -0.09069021046161652, -0.3446086645126343, 0.4975970387458801, 0.22966733574867249, 0.49476519227027893, 0.05588185787200928, 0.025531934574246407, 0.04950374737381935, -0.6360606551170349, -1.0938385725021362, -0.6895828247070312, -0.04668419063091278, -0.15324121713638306, -0.14228016138076782, -0.4405367076396942, 0.35682401061058044, -0.5530872344970703, 0.1746813803911209, 0.20783083140850067, 0.02086818963289261, -0.4105786383152008, -0.3344239890575409, -0.16925692558288574, 0.2559709846973419, -0.5732933282852173, 0.3702429234981537, 0.4588864743709564, -0.5782890915870667, 0.5827802419662476, 0.11759205162525177, 0.12720197439193726, 0.3820626139640808, 0.6224464178085327, 0.3234562277793884, 0.1283036172389984, 0.19587337970733643, 0.2797575891017914, 0.006760506425052881, 0.4044854938983917, -0.5700953602790833, -0.33751729130744934, -0.05553693696856499, 0.2896760106086731, 0.014244608581066132, 1.0859172344207764, -0.5712275505065918, 0.47306227684020996, -0.04245111718773842, 0.13301987946033478, -0.5303486585617065, 0.35738858580589294, -0.010003425180912018, -0.28550484776496887, -0.1231321394443512, 0.3533981144428253, 0.10149306058883667, -0.5495779514312744, 0.3830508291721344, -0.37342730164527893, 0.36876699328422546, -0.5948532223701477, 0.023533595725893974, -0.28084251284599304, -0.18633964657783508, 0.33547914028167725, 0.4364730715751648, -0.05271854251623154, -0.002689482644200325, 0.3358180820941925, 0.20613808929920197, -0.026553545147180557, -0.4085656702518463, 0.057830166071653366, 0.12157357484102249, 0.14553706347942352, -0.30043214559555054, 0.4765618145465851, -0.12608997523784637, -0.43260708451271057, 0.6386396288871765, 0.3410758078098297, 0.30801108479499817, -0.05248042196035385, -0.0694611519575119, -0.3759860694408417, 0.3990694284439087, 0.3305768668651581, -0.5621492862701416, 0.4798543453216553, -0.4232548773288727, 0.2839300036430359, 0.27791929244995117, -0.15729472041130066, -0.05007709562778473, -0.3422779440879822, -0.514267086982727, -0.09490731358528137, -0.18581056594848633, -0.9068580269813538, -0.45213860273361206, 0.6599822044372559, -0.6697693467140198, 0.048116739839315414, -0.5952895879745483, -0.7225704789161682, -0.17737096548080444, -0.21156172454357147, -0.4936707019805908, 0.511756181716919, -0.21916532516479492, 0.05338235944509506, 0.21345359086990356, 0.3581496775150299, -0.7613208293914795, -0.016536705195903778, -0.36543992161750793, -0.44564008712768555, 0.02845991961658001, -0.15241873264312744, 0.14302028715610504, 0.35776612162590027, -0.411303848028183, -0.736000657081604, -0.41743338108062744, 0.10029374063014984, 0.061861444264650345, -0.7346862554550171, -0.18565893173217773, -0.06564946472644806, -0.3240324854850769, -0.4569976031780243, -0.5097715854644775, -0.29797500371932983, 0.511854887008667, 0.06884758919477463, -0.37031206488609314, 0.47258564829826355, -0.047705188393592834, -0.17918983101844788, -0.31305480003356934, 0.06005124747753143, -0.6406001448631287, 0.6344466805458069, 0.007653221487998962, -0.3929276168346405, 0.1874123513698578, -0.14100484549999237, -0.6589823961257935, -0.22450745105743408, 0.21840210258960724, 0.22669197618961334, -0.316949725151062, 0.2705342173576355, -0.5733045339584351, -0.44785070419311523, -0.7193830013275146, 0.23545533418655396, 0.2866811156272888, 0.025247689336538315, 0.2840452492237091, -0.6789790987968445, -0.025448400527238846, 0.3264462947845459, 0.23915524780750275, 0.567159116268158, -0.1425938904285431, -0.10886762291193008, 0.806990385055542, -0.009556235745549202, 0.5742388963699341, -0.10469730943441391, 0.0032035449985414743, -0.16611583530902863, -0.06473925709724426, 0.1290254294872284, -0.5559751987457275, -0.3532286584377289, 0.16103097796440125, -0.5070306658744812, -0.028307167813181877, -0.3239966034889221, -0.03469344228506088, 0.2519848048686981, 0.12637704610824585, -0.4225118160247803, 0.1109718307852745, 0.30601489543914795, -0.36882254481315613, -0.310139536857605, -0.4320842921733856, 0.5574939846992493, -0.3103325664997101, -0.2197786122560501, -0.08212993294000626, -0.17434161901474, 0.09569253027439117, -0.049851737916469574, -0.3495367765426636, -0.1550193727016449, 0.35240137577056885, -0.3470359146595001, -0.025350164622068405, -0.39788365364074707, -0.979238748550415, -0.4665077030658722, -0.3391273319721222, -0.04352685064077377, 0.17980210483074188, 0.16559921205043793, -0.18918345868587494, -0.3393612205982208, -0.018071522936224937, 0.026311703026294708, -0.45250484347343445, -0.3987775444984436, 0.5247206687927246, -0.5756241679191589, 0.40372899174690247, 0.6049127578735352, -0.10051021724939346, -0.030533261597156525, -0.4668530225753784, 0.2558150589466095, -0.6721281409263611, -0.38851407170295715, -0.09318716824054718, 0.3257109522819519, 0.07347077876329422, 0.3680793046951294, -0.084907665848732, 0.37886884808540344, -0.008582659997045994, 0.09534668922424316, 0.05312433838844299, 0.050605252385139465, -0.2083287239074707, -0.7790203094482422, 0.18689483404159546, 0.20280377566814423, -0.2014332115650177, -0.25316351652145386, -0.0004767838690895587, 0.08361951261758804, -0.28596433997154236, -0.001589256222359836, 0.6403262615203857, 0.03658272698521614, -0.0450742281973362, 0.400032639503479, 0.7894198298454285, -1.0481163263320923, 0.389759361743927, 0.8369075059890747, -0.7477176785469055, 0.5645529627799988, 0.14730603992938995, -0.014213934540748596, -0.1731746643781662, 0.14509403705596924, 0.1779966950416565, 0.41391655802726746, 0.3311455547809601, 0.3456532061100006, 0.16073165833950043, 0.6659336686134338, 0.8750973343849182, 0.06855340301990509, -0.2876191735267639, 0.08135339617729187, 0.35112127661705017, -0.21285808086395264, -0.7846924662590027, 0.1267627626657486, -0.122610904276371, -0.7256553769111633, 0.5783933401107788, -0.17801782488822937, 0.2534843981266022, -0.40127137303352356, 0.0787704586982727, 0.20633719861507416, 0.08254117518663406, 0.2023070603609085, 0.1373688131570816, 0.5447097420692444, 0.05039021000266075, 0.030325932428240776, -0.4010164737701416, -0.5039911866188049, -0.3991342782974243, 0.348389595746994, -0.15682858228683472, 0.19290482997894287, -0.20821493864059448, -0.24658213555812836, 0.10950855165719986, 0.2155594378709793, 0.03050862066447735, 0.034495845437049866, -0.07777734845876694, -0.6200839281082153, -0.6486990451812744, 0.5539717674255371, -0.600724458694458, -0.4016014039516449, 0.19606918096542358, 0.33584123849868774, 0.3814138174057007, -0.17849518358707428, 0.16515299677848816, -0.49473872780799866, 0.2622043192386627, 0.8374038338661194, 0.39325377345085144, 0.03036048822104931, -0.08826813101768494, -0.13169555366039276, 0.00204619113355875, -0.31813380122184753, -0.2214866429567337, 0.50689697265625, 0.09153403341770172, -0.2610206604003906, 0.4516672194004059, -0.22211973369121552, -0.18729379773139954, 0.11836977303028107, -0.5232415795326233, -0.14772288501262665, -0.0477885864675045, 0.19520196318626404, -0.06992028653621674, 0.0845741257071495, 0.9095810055732727, 0.012603159993886948, 0.47212761640548706, 0.4210430085659027, -0.15393808484077454, 0.4926459491252899, 0.3221558928489685, 0.005600296426564455, -0.010711833834648132, -1.0046133995056152, -0.486802339553833, -0.8197600841522217, 0.4456366300582886, 0.48753681778907776, -0.25950756669044495, 0.24633383750915527, 0.5162891149520874, -0.01841018535196781, -0.47307658195495605, 0.7424988150596619, 0.04649626463651657, -0.2000996172428131, 0.13419459760189056, -0.11658770591020584, 0.2789704501628876, -0.019597506150603294, 0.632021427154541, -0.5753107666969299, 0.29012006521224976, 0.3187606930732727, -0.06706571578979492, -0.6168819069862366, 0.889329731464386, 0.11110998690128326, -0.34968069195747375, -0.33489787578582764, 0.21679653227329254, -0.5253704190254211, -0.8534449338912964, -0.27763569355010986, 0.34074312448501587, 0.2502721846103668, -0.2670743465423584, 0.18221880495548248, 0.11927206814289093, -0.1597273200750351, -0.04314187169075012, 0.3860330879688263, 0.24424785375595093, -0.53139728307724, -0.10943012684583664, -1.0118844509124756, 0.25444304943084717, -0.06550625711679459, -0.4934239983558655, 0.181375190615654, -0.17019322514533997, 0.1822528839111328, 0.330666720867157, 0.30456969141960144, 0.42068204283714294, 0.15409302711486816, -0.3170253336429596 ]
249023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E	Î	Î, î (i-circumflex) is a letter in the Friulian, Kurdish, Tupi alphabet, Persian Rumi script, Romanian alphabets and Phonetic Filipino. This letter also appears in French, Turkish, Italian, Welsh and Walloon languages as a variant of letter “i”. Afrikaans In Afrikaans, î is a punctuated form of i: , the plural of ('wedge'). French Î is a letter which appears in several French words, like (to be born), (abyss), (master), and more. Unlike Â, Ê, and Ô, the circumflex does not alter the pronunciation of î or û. The circumflex usually denotes the exclusion of a letter (usually an s) that was in a prior version of the word: became . became and then . became and then . The 1990 spelling reforms removed the accents if they are not required to distinguish between homonyms and so , , and no longer take the circumflex. , however, (meaning 'your one' as a pronoun) uses the circumflex to distinguish it from (meaning 'your' as a possessive determiner). Friulian Î is used to get a longer value of I, becoming . It can be found for example in all verbs of the fourth conjugation: , (to revel). Another use of Î (and also the other long vowels), is dued to Latin derivation. Instead of preserving the last vowel, in Friulian it was used to give a longer value to the penultimate vowel, ending the word with a consonant: gliru(m) < , (dormouse), where the ending u disappeared. Italian In Italian the circumflex accent is an optional accent. While the accent itself has many uses, with the letter "i" it is only used while forming the plural of male nouns ending in in order to minimize both ambiguity and the stressing of the wrong syllable: (principle) has the plural , and (prince) has as plural. In this situation it can be replaced with a double "i" (E.g. "principii" ), with an i followed by a j (E.g. "principij"), with a single j (E.g. "principj") or, more simply, with a single "i" (E.g. "principi"). In contemporary usage, the single "i" is mostly used and the other variants are seen as archaic and overly formal. Kurdish Î is the 12th letter of the Kurdish alphabet and represents : (, 'Kurdish language'). Persian Î is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ي. Romanian Î is the 12th letter of the Romanian alphabet and denotes . This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter â. The difference is that â is used in the middle of a word, as in , but î is used at the beginning or the end of a word: (understanding), (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î retains it, even if it is in the middle of the word: (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: (to hate), (hated). Turkish In Turkish, î can indicate the sound in Arabic loanwords where it is used as an adjectival suffix that makes an adjective from a noun: askerî (military), millî (national), dâhilî (internal) etc. Welsh In Welsh, î is used to represent long stressed i when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short ( , the mutated form of "team"), as opposed to "no, nought, nothing". Filipino In Tagalog and other Philippine languages, the circumflex, also called as 'Pakupyâ', is used to indicate a (stressed) Glottal stop 'ʔ'. It is however not used in casual text, but used in formal writing and to differentiate between Homographs. e.g.: 'Pinunò' means 'leader'. 'Pinunô' means 'filled'. Other usage In mathematics The letter is sometimes used to denote a unit vector in physics Character mappings See also Circumflex ^I References I-circumflex Romanian language Friulian language	[ -0.0047226278111338615, 0.20905877649784088, 0.12908349931240082, -0.14850527048110962, -0.36094290018081665, 0.7980141639709473, 0.2832944393157959, 0.10570085793733597, 0.014997377060353756, -0.6217540502548218, 0.2654893696308136, 0.22803908586502075, -0.10425668954849243, 0.10213636606931686, 0.3072013854980469, 0.5042174458503723, 0.3395383656024933, 0.5448728203773499, -0.5544784069061279, -0.13526786863803864, -0.007162765134125948, 0.18674325942993164, 0.39348331093788147, 0.08563234657049179, 0.20525896549224854, 0.03460679203271866, -0.09986580908298492, -0.002273896476253867, 0.19303344190120697, -0.1867120862007141, 0.09724167734384537, 0.599815845489502, -0.17037294805049896, 0.02616368792951107, -0.20971690118312836, -0.5572510361671448, -0.3477104604244232, -0.434148907661438, -0.10893014073371887, -0.36614084243774414, -0.22237053513526917, -0.5302832126617432, 0.01782134361565113, 0.3844940662384033, -0.4916241466999054, -0.8284173011779785, -1.6366461515426636, -0.05897656828165054, -0.3471802771091461, 0.2317463904619217, -0.35318008065223694, 0.043431367725133896, -0.0288896132260561, -0.1729256808757782, -0.0009192270808853209, 0.5141705274581909, -0.3932991623878479, -0.6256670355796814, 0.5077477693557739, 0.02131430059671402, 0.3691433370113373, 0.06728898733854294, -0.08507776260375977, 0.23689740896224976, 0.2975407540798187, 0.6585320234298706, -0.48637935519218445, -0.09437232464551926, -0.5454126000404358, -0.28660449385643005, -0.5944592952728271, 0.020624419674277306, -0.4979659914970398, -0.4245598316192627, -0.2716256082057953, -0.14905674755573273, -0.5232962965965271, 0.17190881073474884, 0.250060111284256, 0.45356428623199463, -0.316879004240036, 0.36890849471092224, 0.75243079662323, -0.0872366726398468, -0.0776216983795166, 0.240652933716774, -0.34244558215141296, 0.08918438851833344, -0.4028671383857727, 0.0658794716000557, 0.021065065637230873, -0.5819069147109985, 0.08026881515979767, -0.05430776998400688, -0.21958395838737488, -0.12495320290327072, -0.08965865522623062, 0.12673461437225342, 0.2989020049571991, 0.39515694975852966, -0.19671063125133514, 0.25535616278648376, 0.3008424639701843, 0.06270067393779755, -1.0080856084823608, -0.3038523197174072, -0.5595428943634033, -0.031562481075525284, -0.15776313841342926, -0.19159351289272308, -0.38161152601242065, -0.3151271641254425, 0.12843278050422668, -0.09641335159540176, -0.10131912678480148, -0.39230555295944214, 0.39927229285240173, 0.04299581050872803, -0.11579905450344086, -0.2586403787136078, -0.4185134470462799, 0.24494309723377228, 0.20964115858078003, 0.31670889258384705, 0.8016524314880371, 0.06599994003772736, 0.1421709805727005, -0.2974753677845001, -0.5699103474617004, 0.1166042760014534, 0.2844969928264618, 0.9229235053062439, 0.28338858485221863, 0.08437851071357727, 0.3834269344806671, -0.3188916742801666, -0.4877094030380249, 0.2539629638195038, -0.10551132261753082, -0.2058202624320984, -0.5143646597862244, 0.0021134079433977604, -0.4536324143409729, -0.12807954847812653, 0.42337653040885925, 0.12453343719244003, -0.44918128848075867, 0.24566921591758728, -0.30340561270713806, -0.015575177036225796, 0.11101120710372925, -0.32955095171928406, -0.21067558228969574, 0.5850131511688232, -0.46398037672042847, -0.19316813349723816, -0.08222237229347229, 0.4582488536834717, 0.33220216631889343, -0.13689666986465454, -0.30493685603141785, 0.4490167200565338, -0.003909393213689327, 0.10485312342643738, 0.08670660853385925, -0.2687978744506836, -0.031069861724972725, 0.4622436761856079, -0.16372893750667572, 0.08709483593702316, 0.12665176391601562, -0.044905491173267365, 0.21106672286987305, 0.25319984555244446, -0.3479033410549164, -0.8639729619026184, 0.15581437945365906, -0.12668584287166595, 0.26330333948135376, 0.058648623526096344, -0.6160552501678467, 0.22235152125358582, 0.00017082873091567308, 0.17223237454891205, -0.21412016451358795, 0.32338961958885193, -0.2443174570798874, 0.09103262424468994, 0.3285049796104431, -0.16523149609565735, 0.03667936846613884, -0.33935001492500305, -0.3184584379196167, -0.49418050050735474, 0.284309446811676, -0.16415879130363464, -0.6434163451194763, 0.6155537366867065, 0.2364833801984787, 0.6226266622543335, -0.17912901937961578, -0.8955544233322144, 0.45979011058807373, 0.04459517076611519, 0.17714373767375946, 0.289438396692276, 0.33669304847717285, 0.7018986940383911, -0.0865127295255661, 0.310070663690567, 0.3449815809726715, 0.04126786068081856, 0.4232313632965088, -0.28834015130996704, -0.10810096561908722, -0.4088376462459564, -0.007475101388990879, -0.3789428174495697, -0.07514972984790802, 0.13647189736366272, 0.9198905229568481, -0.652740478515625, -0.17453619837760925, 0.36587947607040405, -0.3302382528781891, 0.26030078530311584, 0.42073723673820496, -0.07989735901355743, 0.450325071811676, -0.36690348386764526, -0.16676901280879974, -0.8224158883094788, 0.3984253704547882, 0.028613653033971786, -0.1945745050907135, -0.004694307688623667, -0.26236608624458313, -0.22952628135681152, 0.33051934838294983, -0.15806461870670319, -0.03578930348157883, 0.3489563763141632, -0.2446167916059494, -0.16795596480369568, 0.549854576587677, -0.3671818673610687, 0.05947611853480339, -0.25163382291793823, -0.3564644753932953, 0.45750659704208374, -0.06254792958498001, 0.20143286883831024, -0.40410172939300537, -0.2563915550708771, -0.160447359085083, -0.23335102200508118, 0.30131015181541443, 0.6611843705177307, 0.8577508330345154, 0.24458231031894684, -0.27742746472358704, 0.2263302505016327, 0.2409607470035553, -0.10724980384111404, 0.06121480092406273, 0.1577136218547821, -0.35217776894569397, -0.18321792781352997, 0.43604063987731934, 0.29078689217567444, 0.3890179693698883, 0.41134747862815857, -0.33591657876968384, -0.10331963002681732, -0.8292693495750427, -0.36537960171699524, 0.27216339111328125, 0.19332683086395264, -0.9157657623291016, -0.6074263453483582, 0.07336430251598358, 0.11576516926288605, 0.377969890832901, -0.6635950803756714, -0.09546317160129547, -0.4155149757862091, -0.16275183856487274, -0.9021523594856262, -0.13379201292991638, -0.9147212505340576, -0.24501222372055054, 0.4617958962917328, -0.13051573932170868, -0.12196014821529388, 0.03967155143618584, -0.624610424041748, 0.2530791163444519, 0.4125575125217438, 0.47156742215156555, -0.820455014705658, -0.08588813245296478, 0.3936711251735687, -0.15967383980751038, 0.26979726552963257, -0.0885804295539856, 0.44119346141815186, -0.12763294577598572, 0.4156190752983093, -5.968410015106201, -0.004627034068107605, 0.04400067403912544, -0.3356408476829529, 0.09286569803953171, 0.26991012692451477, 0.34207683801651, -0.07085143774747849, 0.37694787979125977, -0.2267303317785263, 0.27359628677368164, 0.2098856419324875, -0.1898708939552307, -0.5397757887840271, -0.457196980714798, -0.040599215775728226, 0.020533934235572815, 0.5478503704071045, 0.14392414689064026, 0.5586184859275818, 0.22313858568668365, 0.47268638014793396, 0.3751378655433655, 0.8879269957542419, 0.40090444684028625, -0.050886016339063644, 0.07665476948022842, 0.16929298639297485, -0.2539234161376953, -0.22157129645347595, -0.28507718443870544, -0.34537774324417114, 0.3762863874435425, -0.17990775406360626, 0.0225586649030447, 0.23276257514953613, 1.0168167352676392, 0.28461092710494995, 0.40556609630584717, 0.18488527834415436, -0.0886162519454956, 0.4355418086051941, 0.2503242492675781, -0.8881158232688904, -0.17164255678653717, 0.12298257648944855, -0.48821496963500977, -0.4298611581325531, -0.3920776844024658, 0.28216686844825745, -0.18409161269664764, -0.10569919645786285, 0.19236132502555847, 0.10679321736097336, 1.102829933166504, 0.4427788257598877, -0.10022122412919998, 0.15043410658836365, -0.6509455442428589, 0.4395381510257721, 0.43744993209838867, -0.15211740136146545, -0.9967073202133179, -0.778782069683075, 0.27333784103393555, -0.551407516002655, -0.3347371220588684, 0.2785085439682007, 0.2640252113342285, 0.20176556706428528, -0.3063047528266907, -0.2774182856082916, 0.4988068640232086, -0.5308893322944641, 0.5813125967979431, -0.5866914391517639, -0.2003142088651657, 0.09319118410348892, -0.5806406736373901, 0.19646114110946655, -0.28000542521476746, -0.17202956974506378, -0.247092142701149, 0.43270009756088257, 0.13767950236797333, -0.02424536645412445, -0.02295302040874958, -0.14580175280570984, 0.5115476250648499, 0.19987231492996216, 0.7931724786758423, -0.21570461988449097, 0.2332831770181656, 0.08915851265192032, 0.1424393504858017, 0.2292024940252304, 0.3659725785255432, -0.39434266090393066, 0.5442936420440674, -0.2667321562767029, 0.8149266242980957, -0.18016019463539124, 0.055471524596214294, 0.027482952922582626, 0.04842454195022583, 0.08371396362781525, -0.43824124336242676, -0.19372455775737762, 1.021978497505188, -0.21191714704036713, -0.13564983010292053, -0.07165420055389404, -0.3164505958557129, -0.2436915934085846, -0.1816321164369583, -0.610422670841217, -0.36627981066703796, 0.05157817527651787, -0.23193415999412537, -0.1277780383825302, 0.008638286031782627, 0.46991899609565735, -0.49790892004966736, -0.04008425399661064, -0.5120274424552917, 0.4187394380569458, -0.22637109458446503, 0.5364217758178711, -0.231718972325325, -0.06464791297912598, 0.09025697410106659, -0.20792753994464874, 0.18589326739311218, 0.3948095738887787, -0.06955687701702118, 0.31148138642311096, -0.40737056732177734, 0.10702764987945557, 0.02115551196038723, -0.22909054160118103, -0.21244260668754578, -0.5129716992378235, -0.29773181676864624, -0.44683703780174255, 1.003745198249817, 0.12449013441801071, -0.30397823452949524, -0.7988342046737671, -0.7475124597549438, 0.4950701892375946, 0.7857307195663452, -0.13165932893753052, 0.5759453177452087, -0.1182299330830574, -0.42063644528388977, 0.4073846638202667, 0.012063111178576946, 0.3273441195487976, -0.24024219810962677, -0.05165158957242966, 0.5255813598632812, -0.326680064201355, -0.1460297554731369, 0.07297028601169586, 0.6101559400558472, -0.33037543296813965, 0.1759299635887146, 0.11204523593187332, -0.16945137083530426, 0.3912668824195862, 0.3804570734500885, 0.0774521678686142, -0.6435507535934448, -0.380094975233078, -0.171940878033638, -0.06954067200422287, -0.12292302399873734, 0.32454419136047363, -0.07869784533977509, 0.17372120916843414, 0.4536975622177124, -0.022446757182478905, -0.0804063007235527, 0.6779464483261108, -0.12021151185035706, -0.4805571436882019, 0.3400813043117523, -0.12466606497764587, -0.5800465941429138, -0.32162898778915405, 0.34165218472480774, -0.6469413638114929, 0.28403526544570923, -0.24950139224529266, -0.41514700651168823, 0.14663361012935638, -0.11077053844928741, 0.28982847929000854, -0.1860312670469284, -0.27196788787841797, 0.30249953269958496, 0.1783045083284378, -0.3054768145084381, -0.09700073301792145, -0.025751227512955666, -0.5370169878005981, 0.24951110780239105, -0.3794728219509125, -0.3590772747993469, -0.16904787719249725, -0.17708320915699005, -1.1389272212982178, -0.38922882080078125, 0.24702270328998566, 0.15654249489307404, -0.01920575462281704, 0.17186297476291656, -0.5088368654251099, -0.21478669345378876, -1.1372861862182617, 0.7026429772377014, -0.2837196886539459, 0.1906135082244873, 0.3008073568344116, -0.06435205042362213, 0.6873699426651001, -0.3100520372390747, -0.3684759736061096, 0.6628449559211731, -0.11467015743255615, 0.43691980838775635, -0.15085801482200623, 0.6301909685134888, 0.5892237424850464, -0.2121967226266861, -0.4529373049736023, -0.6613392233848572, -0.46371304988861084, -0.5430681109428406, 0.5261726975440979, 0.19618013501167297, 0.6203657984733582, 0.042506273835897446, -0.008667136542499065, -0.32253336906433105, 0.002613608492538333, 0.10483095049858093, -0.4464089274406433, -0.5767531394958496, 0.5977653861045837, -0.05518344044685364, -0.4321589171886444, -0.3254721462726593, -0.5108608603477478, 0.5041065216064453, -0.46252205967903137, 0.5142865777015686, -0.017599644139409065, 0.027024397626519203, 0.22692833840847015, 0.06354852765798569, -0.5658025741577148, -0.09882928431034088, 0.5077084302902222, -0.46381911635398865, 0.7221804261207581, -0.7749007344245911, 0.07902343571186066, 0.09195785969495773, -0.253738135099411, -0.35415515303611755, -0.47159215807914734, 0.1759825348854065, -0.11740591377019882, -0.16106735169887543, 0.06623953580856323, -0.40399420261383057, 0.276276171207428, 0.2311638593673706, 0.30826133489608765, -0.3514852225780487, -0.1991560012102127, -0.07003849744796753, 0.008319644257426262, -0.06577280908823013, 0.1396462619304657, -0.17709985375404358, 0.30449843406677246, -0.20265983045101166, 0.38021689653396606, -0.6768384575843811, 0.2973581850528717, -0.36299294233322144, 0.3849658668041229, -0.17945724725723267, 0.038695208728313446, 0.1460975706577301, 0.9590529799461365, 0.035268791019916534, 0.17306236922740936, 0.0077085960656404495, 0.3507019579410553, 0.4077316224575043, -0.16870343685150146, -0.22383733093738556, 0.09283183515071869, 0.3270866274833679, -0.2723185420036316, -0.08076608926057816, -0.2471359223127365, -0.11728756129741669, 0.3665662407875061, 1.010978102684021, 0.6004642248153687, 0.0436050146818161, 0.2530432343482971, 0.6125108599662781, -0.09415987879037857, -0.2602075934410095, 0.28032052516937256, 0.5178776979446411, -0.0864252895116806, 0.5623162388801575, -0.001082914532162249, -0.8172142505645752, 0.2824762761592865, 0.199492946267128, -0.29945653676986694, -0.1753665655851364, 0.7229176163673401, 0.6818339824676514, -0.4333069920539856, -0.3259553909301758, -0.3357676863670349, -0.10201805830001831, -0.4492446482181549, -0.2834765315055847, -0.7408063411712646, 0.018076328560709953, 0.6931099891662598, 0.8323519825935364, 1.1657707691192627, -0.006235477980226278, -0.1360367089509964, 0.4192452132701874, -0.15939883887767792, 0.06315616518259048, -0.0665760487318039, 0.17403237521648407, 0.02835351787507534, 0.6186429262161255, 0.2535194456577301, 0.477634072303772, -0.41722285747528076, -0.2647343873977661, 0.025410398840904236, -0.6116164326667786, 0.03281422331929207, 0.12947140634059906, -0.02391636185348034, -0.056251298636198044, 0.3419650197029114, 0.9317394495010376, -0.4268493950366974, -0.4004773795604706, 0.01724649779498577, -0.13363893330097198, -0.11523842066526413, -0.271110862493515, -0.14517971873283386, 0.1972426176071167, 0.4494827687740326, -0.45346689224243164, 0.03360547870397568, 0.2758883535861969, 0.33671966195106506, 0.20254693925380707, 0.2655373513698578, -0.25274720788002014, -0.1896892637014389, -0.23360514640808105, -0.15721070766448975, -0.13601112365722656, -0.5508230924606323, -0.23996692895889282, 0.10363880544900894, 0.3288441002368927, 0.2760416269302368, -0.039808716624975204, 0.29291263222694397, -0.13763770461082458, -0.23007813096046448, -0.03066354990005493, -0.5061742067337036, -0.21116521954536438, -0.2625676095485687, -0.5924829244613647, 0.5176870822906494, 0.5568119883537292, 0.322882741689682, 0.45917531847953796, 0.12692295014858246, 0.465909868478775, -0.2772523760795593, -0.36430633068084717, 0.11812718212604523, 0.14555758237838745, 0.6166239976882935, -0.3720187544822693, -0.18536034226417542, 0.8972089886665344, 0.18602751195430756, 0.3529568910598755, 0.4879488945007324, -0.12576445937156677, 0.012453241273760796, 0.43236044049263, 0.02981642819941044, -0.15628163516521454, -0.23304066061973572, -0.2827005386352539, -0.20843461155891418, -0.12736257910728455, 0.5803292989730835, 0.10286662727594376, 0.5759637355804443, 0.44793611764907837, 0.6207326054573059, -0.7723327875137329, 0.2922316789627075, -0.29505109786987305, -0.1613691747188568, -0.17487946152687073, 0.5835532546043396, -0.19463859498500824, 0.21087980270385742, -0.07942946255207062, 0.024688782170414925, 0.12296919524669647, -0.24432320892810822, 0.26784124970436096, 0.0748765766620636, -0.28535211086273193, 0.2829474210739136, -0.2673706114292145, 0.09892097860574722, -0.1782112866640091, -0.5192073583602905, -0.17709599435329437, 0.07789961248636246, 0.23175130784511566, -0.09172092378139496, 0.5190097093582153, 0.29001906514167786, 0.3884034752845764, -0.064813993871212, 0.41933903098106384, -0.43974849581718445, 0.08651566505432129, 0.24928078055381775 ]
249024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8F	Ï	Ï, lowercase ï, is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet; it can be read as the letter I with diaeresis or I-umlaut. Initially in French and also in Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, Galician, Southern Sami, Welsh, and occasionally English, is used when follows another vowel and indicates hiatus in the pronunciation of such a word. It indicates that the two vowels are pronounced in separate syllables, rather than together as a diphthong or digraph. For example, French maïs (, maize); without the diaeresis, the is part of the digraph : mais (, but). The letter is also used in the same context in Dutch, as in Oekraïne (, Ukraine), and English naïve ( or ). In German and Hungarian, ï or I-umlaut does not belong to the alphabet. In scholarly writing on Turkic languages, is sometimes used to write the close back unrounded vowel , which, in the standard modern Turkish alphabet, is written as the dotless i . The back neutral vowel reconstructed in Proto-Mongolic is sometimes written . In the transcription of Amazonian languages, ï is used to represent the high central vowel . It is also a transliteration of the rune ᛇ. Computing Lowercase ï occurs in the sequence ï»¿, which is the Unicode byte order mark in UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 (both common encodings in software configured for English-language users). Thus, it tends to indicate that any following mojibake can be corrected by reinterpreting the data as UTF-8. See also Umlaut (diacritic) Yi (Cyrillic) References Latin letters with diacritics	[ -0.09620658308267593, 0.30063584446907043, -0.20600812137126923, -0.2447769045829773, -0.24717332422733307, 0.9633998870849609, 0.2949539124965668, 0.23834024369716644, 0.15646739304065704, -0.7381658554077148, 0.14018380641937256, 0.32417061924934387, -0.0817926824092865, -0.0234257522970438, 0.2221386581659317, 0.4650426506996155, 0.4102191627025604, 0.48462310433387756, -0.4744167923927307, 0.06417649984359741, 0.09284137934446335, 0.19232043623924255, 0.12419760972261429, -0.35269731283187866, 0.30119118094444275, -0.15645012259483337, -0.1869674175977707, -0.521129846572876, 0.19694112241268158, -0.27909359335899353, 0.1537216603755951, 0.2572854161262512, 0.24502427875995636, 0.053632959723472595, -0.18428881466388702, -0.7546449899673462, -0.21407055854797363, -0.3804531395435333, -0.12678055465221405, -0.47009530663490295, -0.3021816909313202, -0.7987678647041321, 0.1299794465303421, 0.14561274647712708, -0.7120049595832825, -0.7954939007759094, -2.0331780910491943, -0.039699845016002655, -0.25263500213623047, 0.3982863426208496, -0.2302812784910202, 0.011273402720689774, 0.028000013902783394, 0.32039302587509155, 0.15162211656570435, 0.3712592124938965, -0.29271385073661804, -0.5601052045822144, 0.7698033452033997, 0.02395879663527012, 0.6461384296417236, 0.0866653174161911, 0.09093285351991653, 0.1775853931903839, 0.2027251422405243, 0.6728847622871399, -0.6270835399627686, -0.04832540079951286, -0.858867883682251, -0.5233111381530762, -0.6724817156791687, -0.2622980773448944, -0.4995546340942383, -0.2540002465248108, -0.28157898783683777, -0.27466678619384766, -0.45201757550239563, 0.2667628228664398, 0.2754042446613312, 0.285849004983902, -0.19473952054977417, 0.3869243264198303, 0.3936646580696106, 0.15688900649547577, -0.2383674532175064, 0.33081960678100586, -0.5064464211463928, 0.3373572826385498, -0.29115021228790283, 0.18935765326023102, 0.11969335377216339, -0.6597499847412109, 0.200339674949646, -0.09904815256595612, -0.22926588356494904, -0.18407367169857025, -0.061946120113134384, -0.12355615198612213, 0.5395268201828003, 0.0023869832511991262, -0.18563638627529144, -0.05230317264795303, 0.6173966526985168, 0.20478767156600952, -0.8800244927406311, -0.2747933566570282, -0.5574750304222107, -0.06447608023881912, -0.03055902011692524, -0.0892157256603241, -0.6022617220878601, -0.19899681210517883, -0.08830980956554413, -0.18146644532680511, -0.1611625999212265, -0.1929854452610016, 0.4090436100959778, 0.12270816415548325, -0.18264445662498474, -0.16632799804210663, -0.2365494817495346, -0.03578492999076843, 0.43655940890312195, -0.07433260977268219, 0.5196483731269836, -0.22475703060626984, 0.15600362420082092, 0.032220713794231415, -0.6534772515296936, 0.08298108726739883, 0.051373861730098724, 0.9653520584106445, 0.23861147463321686, 0.12317869812250137, 0.16468630731105804, -0.2573496401309967, -0.1908336877822876, 0.0399891659617424, -0.051648590713739395, -0.18145985901355743, -0.3912588953971863, 0.10165829956531525, -0.4605256915092468, -0.03245598077774048, 0.42530760169029236, -0.006582838948816061, -0.3518298268318176, 0.6643652319908142, -0.11614599823951721, 0.025406861677765846, 0.11501722782850266, -0.49961620569229126, -0.0009599939803592861, 0.405884712934494, -0.3872493803501129, -0.2453857809305191, -0.08604233711957932, 0.37986674904823303, 0.27017369866371155, -0.05289149284362793, -0.24123185873031616, 0.5361294746398926, 0.1572161465883255, 0.02183488942682743, 0.023192256689071655, -0.37173736095428467, 0.28809821605682373, 0.19853472709655762, -0.40511462092399597, 0.24217215180397034, 0.2578512728214264, -0.24295315146446228, 0.3612436354160309, 0.5164793729782104, -0.489284485578537, -0.47756990790367126, 0.5291925668716431, -0.012129551731050014, 0.8341625332832336, 0.17911557853221893, -0.5846080780029297, -0.09484970569610596, 0.2594309449195862, 0.24142424762248993, -0.10714436322450638, 0.1918177604675293, -0.23844729363918304, 0.1443021595478058, 0.1059209406375885, -0.11711543798446655, -0.09171038866043091, -0.36647719144821167, -0.41579362750053406, -0.495751291513443, 0.410176545381546, -0.3688528537750244, -0.6257286667823792, 0.7817661762237549, -0.10276204347610474, 0.551060676574707, -0.26363569498062134, -0.5348296165466309, 0.5527717471122742, 0.050359923392534256, 0.43951064348220825, 0.45742037892341614, 0.22017104923725128, 0.5958168506622314, -0.1720435619354248, 0.16712582111358643, 0.3003185987472534, 0.09871126711368561, 0.8740137815475464, -0.26063138246536255, 0.04065385088324547, -0.2676492929458618, -0.05806136131286621, -0.2202671766281128, -0.23544393479824066, 0.13404078781604767, 1.0347672700881958, -0.6290155649185181, -0.39656758308410645, -0.09330058097839355, -0.142892986536026, 0.15079694986343384, 0.423441618680954, -0.04426352679729462, 0.578823983669281, -0.5145548582077026, -0.5819942355155945, -0.8202426433563232, 0.42743831872940063, 0.10089751332998276, -0.29769840836524963, 0.09017180651426315, -0.04906478524208069, -0.3651289939880371, 0.5742502212524414, -0.24041444063186646, 0.16835762560367584, 0.24123737215995789, -0.5120902061462402, -0.08641435205936432, 0.6535897850990295, -0.33614581823349, 0.21998250484466553, -0.17720982432365417, -0.36542215943336487, 0.2514824867248535, -0.020653998479247093, 0.18477512896060944, -0.3831101953983307, -0.23406045138835907, -0.21912328898906708, -0.14677146077156067, 0.5316692590713501, 1.0005431175231934, 0.7120030522346497, 0.5571182370185852, -0.34744521975517273, 0.09743981063365936, 0.3858100175857544, -0.22906926274299622, 0.07220374792814255, 0.37369295954704285, -0.3882961571216583, 0.06226862221956253, 0.5669112801551819, 0.18643979728221893, 0.4422051012516022, 0.6341019868850708, -0.4296725392341614, 0.16412658989429474, -0.7927025556564331, -0.20842720568180084, 0.08908838033676147, 0.3221447467803955, -0.7884380221366882, -0.5613873600959778, 0.1284647136926651, 0.20373855531215668, 0.2816569209098816, -0.7687039971351624, 0.11077224463224411, -0.36719393730163574, -0.01292507816106081, -1.0249961614608765, -0.21629586815834045, -1.0769025087356567, -0.36410078406333923, 0.6624177098274231, -0.009279110468924046, -0.5238342881202698, 0.09660245478153229, -0.3606759011745453, 0.16205747425556183, 0.10850249975919724, 0.06060492992401123, -0.7208434343338013, -0.011884723789989948, 0.34576544165611267, 0.014233237132430077, 0.10411877185106277, 0.09094718098640442, 0.4689677655696869, 0.29691994190216064, 0.7101042866706848, -5.755279541015625, 0.3795575201511383, 0.3251500427722931, -0.0242221150547266, 0.10869002342224121, 0.0898037850856781, 0.40128636360168457, 0.09449104219675064, 0.12021661549806595, -0.5285846590995789, 0.42882591485977173, 0.20618462562561035, -0.19945435225963593, -0.4639710783958435, -0.5110983848571777, -0.03901929408311844, 0.3498990535736084, 0.4139130115509033, 0.18358822166919708, 0.6753381490707397, 0.17215773463249207, 0.3817766308784485, 0.43415918946266174, 0.9760521054267883, 0.3330821692943573, -0.30543017387390137, 0.039630476385354996, 0.47752729058265686, -0.11752782016992569, -0.12668490409851074, 0.26186317205429077, -0.18300208449363708, 0.3202877938747406, -0.4225480854511261, 0.03155481070280075, 0.2709985375404358, 0.9048904776573181, -0.08357398211956024, 0.6068651080131531, 0.22727952897548676, -0.05091966688632965, 0.5017487406730652, 0.1467699408531189, -0.9145327210426331, -0.29291224479675293, -0.02735224738717079, -0.4492473602294922, -0.3401026427745819, 0.06302141398191452, 0.1679673045873642, -0.2654215395450592, 0.08617458492517471, 0.15059927105903625, 0.08181484043598175, 1.1147273778915405, 0.42226049304008484, -0.05745590478181839, 0.313933789730072, -0.5498011708259583, 0.36799755692481995, 0.34003543853759766, -0.24415235221385956, -0.953326404094696, -0.566473662853241, 0.27083614468574524, -0.8294352293014526, -0.5375192761421204, 0.40597301721572876, 0.3491753041744232, 0.35018670558929443, -0.11193108558654785, -0.24457181990146637, 0.5073584914207458, -0.7032259702682495, 0.3380158245563507, -0.593755841255188, 0.11400476843118668, -0.3450240194797516, -0.5808727741241455, -0.0505780428647995, -0.24782350659370422, -0.34602636098861694, -0.3897877633571625, 0.5628308653831482, 0.191666379570961, -0.13185499608516693, 0.07383871078491211, 0.06949053704738617, 0.2670556306838989, 0.08783350139856339, 0.7966695427894592, -0.10763110220432281, 0.062036655843257904, 0.18136152625083923, 0.12218010425567627, -0.11791861057281494, 0.4148668944835663, -0.47679823637008667, 0.3997570872306824, -0.1553378850221634, 0.6213605999946594, -0.07667624205350876, 0.08611992001533508, -0.17739973962306976, 0.2698008418083191, -0.09223125129938126, -0.5129494071006775, -0.17805719375610352, 0.9789725542068481, -0.219453826546669, -0.15731890499591827, -0.008221926167607307, -0.23482473194599152, -0.50677889585495, -0.34686627984046936, -0.44088512659072876, -0.33743932843208313, 0.08611859381198883, 0.2538664638996124, -0.11828143894672394, -0.1314656287431717, 0.4197411835193634, -0.531535804271698, -0.17004762589931488, -0.2757725417613983, 0.5375598669052124, -0.1255294233560562, 0.23650585114955902, -0.2023448348045349, -0.09937817603349686, 0.26235830783843994, 0.0006098308367654681, -0.21221275627613068, 0.32660114765167236, -0.006498308852314949, 0.2219921499490738, -0.06951609253883362, 0.1676027774810791, -0.3377528786659241, -0.18298758566379547, -0.24418854713439941, -0.694418728351593, 0.06993144005537033, -0.4627557694911957, 1.004709243774414, 0.09574540704488754, -0.45428675413131714, -0.6467450857162476, -0.5587547421455383, 0.4400862157344818, 0.7663363814353943, -0.031833719462156296, 0.6556875705718994, 0.13270637392997742, -0.04810090735554695, 0.48314449191093445, 0.14062544703483582, 0.23304763436317444, -0.29438140988349915, -0.07055976241827011, 0.5406885147094727, -0.07659295946359634, -0.27336981892585754, -0.19429238140583038, 0.6965547204017639, 0.012806429527699947, 0.07910553365945816, 0.0213655736297369, 0.18015719950199127, 0.15064111351966858, 0.23959261178970337, 0.11346878111362457, -0.4883335828781128, -0.4172246754169464, -0.21506144106388092, 0.25981801748275757, -0.5101497173309326, 0.557388961315155, -0.2088797688484192, -0.04255048185586929, 0.3586537539958954, -0.05585598200559616, 0.06232871487736702, 0.5389774441719055, -0.06474591791629791, -0.5161914825439453, 0.20940227806568146, -0.027220625430345535, -0.5101239681243896, -0.598537802696228, 0.13439595699310303, -0.8334007859230042, 0.34015434980392456, -0.34926968812942505, -0.5279849767684937, 0.16079799830913544, -0.19559644162654877, 0.07554666697978973, -0.14856834709644318, -0.22333858907222748, 0.20993421971797943, 0.061879392713308334, -0.5995534062385559, 0.06775662302970886, -0.1598915308713913, -0.5565701723098755, 0.3523004949092865, -0.3599242866039276, -0.1319330483675003, 0.2031542956829071, -0.23349998891353607, -1.158563256263733, -0.5085718035697937, 0.4117344319820404, 0.1051705852150917, 0.12928369641304016, -0.06307975947856903, -0.5395932793617249, -0.07860253006219864, -1.1292085647583008, 0.41373270750045776, -0.14163003861904144, 0.06924225389957428, 0.18043740093708038, 0.07066920399665833, 0.5913742184638977, 0.00247863563708961, -0.25027918815612793, 0.5868768095970154, -0.1251075565814972, 0.3695603609085083, 0.04230155050754547, 0.2327963411808014, 0.6347792148590088, -0.39879468083381653, -0.5718106627464294, -0.5971280932426453, -0.4935923218727112, -0.5701631307601929, 0.23846043646335602, 0.3424634039402008, 0.5613635778427124, 0.010713494382798672, -0.026761494576931, -0.07536410540342331, -0.01865854114294052, -0.004913290962576866, -0.6482101678848267, -0.5147748589515686, 0.6858910322189331, -0.403221070766449, -0.24591252207756042, -0.17764531075954437, -0.625176191329956, 0.3335874080657959, -0.31616708636283875, 0.527937650680542, -0.32778531312942505, -0.07016944885253906, 0.2503770887851715, 0.23412275314331055, -0.8436113595962524, -0.21372850239276886, 0.5742999315261841, -0.6276834011077881, 0.617327868938446, -0.5696963667869568, 0.703441321849823, 0.3000791072845459, -0.5090730786323547, -0.4814763069152832, -0.4043193757534027, -0.031128183007240295, -0.1022304892539978, -0.35101571679115295, -0.04490864649415016, -0.2311738282442093, 0.018731674179434776, 0.27031293511390686, 0.2966044247150421, -0.4222511649131775, -0.21047933399677277, 0.13522492349147797, -0.09172908961772919, 0.055666614323854446, 0.07360934466123581, -0.08289368450641632, 0.44221457839012146, -0.24222566187381744, 0.2190115749835968, -0.7004304528236389, 0.28294336795806885, -0.3887612521648407, 0.31211617588996887, -0.2950575649738312, 0.18097928166389465, 0.07952576875686646, 1.1167621612548828, 0.1744624227285385, 0.012737746350467205, -0.17110635340213776, 0.43068698048591614, 0.6999409794807434, -0.00500019546598196, -0.20756348967552185, 0.19487830996513367, -0.0913747176527977, -0.23893561959266663, -0.12369535863399506, -0.24559153616428375, -0.036201927810907364, 0.03620826080441475, 0.8775917291641235, 0.6570534110069275, 0.12702782452106476, 0.16890646517276764, 0.5509603023529053, -0.14140820503234863, -0.41008588671684265, -0.13816383481025696, 0.16782104969024658, -0.15924184024333954, 0.5192501544952393, -0.3227473497390747, -1.0507402420043945, 0.17158924043178558, 0.2785390019416809, -0.043413858860731125, -0.32374897599220276, 0.674965500831604, 0.8098005652427673, -0.3604254126548767, -0.23233789205551147, -0.16081911325454712, -0.23487482964992523, -0.5688822269439697, -0.5777937769889832, -0.7237722873687744, -0.030329769477248192, 0.7055136561393738, 0.7521204352378845, 1.1568464040756226, 0.195303812623024, -0.0722917765378952, 0.14990873634815216, -0.08335290104150772, -0.19126321375370026, -0.1994076669216156, -0.08724803477525711, -0.12016258388757706, 0.2743205726146698, 0.19853052496910095, 0.4900120794773102, -0.14559891819953918, -0.45436954498291016, 0.04476303979754448, -0.2845609188079834, -0.1696404367685318, 0.0540265291929245, -0.117432601749897, -0.2906242311000824, 0.4933805465698242, 0.8897154331207275, -0.3969673812389374, -0.4434376060962677, 0.16063596308231354, 0.059824440628290176, -0.5203282237052917, -0.0426500029861927, -0.4262765944004059, 0.3441300094127655, 0.40971502661705017, -0.4199880063533783, -0.16333940625190735, 0.43374359607696533, 0.5442054271697998, 0.3676544725894928, 0.09315185993909836, -0.33968737721443176, -0.4815845787525177, -0.26336178183555603, -0.34850969910621643, -0.20961958169937134, -0.697358250617981, -0.1397479921579361, 0.21674607694149017, 0.35789376497268677, 0.4157567024230957, -0.2513483464717865, 0.44246286153793335, -0.14789225161075592, -0.20149977505207062, 0.30450639128685, -0.5171847939491272, -0.36910414695739746, -0.14501099288463593, -0.3870205879211426, 0.7913731336593628, 0.460175096988678, 0.4848480820655823, 0.35893404483795166, 0.22198927402496338, 0.4035452604293823, -0.31367453932762146, -0.6336184740066528, 0.2259519249200821, 0.4512631297111511, 0.5511044859886169, -0.8105831742286682, -0.21509480476379395, 1.0306178331375122, -0.1259211301803589, 0.3897474706172943, 0.44560039043426514, -0.14294923841953278, -0.26357224583625793, 0.5703047513961792, 0.16124960780143738, -0.2268942892551422, -0.041662272065877914, -0.06401145458221436, 0.052682675421237946, -0.18934118747711182, 0.6373997926712036, -0.16163621842861176, 0.442961186170578, 0.5139195322990417, 0.5900090336799622, -0.7206599116325378, 0.22390961647033691, -0.495917409658432, -0.0826960876584053, -0.3235979676246643, 0.5013757348060608, -0.1370852142572403, 0.19014394283294678, -0.027441557496786118, 0.372416228055954, -0.07426445931196213, -0.3026166558265686, 0.30229607224464417, 0.18979966640472412, -0.3640662431716919, 0.6073199510574341, -0.370010107755661, 0.18880288302898407, -0.25079581141471863, -0.5748750567436218, 0.07271365076303482, 0.07943078130483627, 0.3643840551376343, -0.15511120855808258, 0.5045267939567566, 0.4501797556877136, 0.30299174785614014, -0.2408471405506134, 0.6525503396987915, -0.38125380873680115, 0.16745580732822418, 0.5490940809249878 ]
249025	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames%20House	Eames House	The Eames House (also known as Case Study House No. 8) is a landmark of mid-20th century modern architecture located at 203 North Chautauqua Boulevard in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles. It was constructed in 1949, by husband-and-wife design pioneers Charles and Ray Eames, to serve as their home and studio. The house was commissioned by Arts & Architecture magazine as part of its Case Study House program, challenging architects to design progressive, but modest, homes in Southern California. Charles and Ray moved into the home on Christmas Eve in 1949 and never moved out (Charles died in August 1978 and Ray died in August 1988). Charles's daughter, Lucia Eames, inherited the home and created the non-profit organization, the Eames Foundation, in 2004. Still a historic house museum maintained by the Eames Foundation, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006 and serves as a pilgrimage site for nearly 20,000 visitors a year (reservations are required). Design and history In the early 1940s, John Entenza, the owner of Arts & Architecture magazine and Case Study Program founder, purchased 5 acres of land on a wooded bluff that was once part of Will Rogers' large estate. He sold 1.4 acres of this land to Charles and Ray in 1945. Their home's design was first sketched out by Charles Eames with fellow architect Eero Saarinen in 1945 as a raised steel and glass box projecting out of the slope and spanning the entrance drive before cantilevering dramatically over the front yard. The structure was to be constructed entirely from "off-the-shelf" parts available from steel fabricator catalogs. Immediately after the war, though, these parts were in very short supply. By the time the materials arrived three years later, much pre-construction time had been spent picnicking at and exploring the lot where the house would stand. After a period of intense collaboration between Charles and Ray, the scheme was radically changed to sit more quietly in the land and avoid impinging upon the pleasant meadow that fronted the house. Although Eero Saarinen did not have any contribution to the Eames House as built, he did co-design the Entenza House (Case Study House #9) with Charles Eames next door for John Entenza. The new Eames House design featured a residence building and a studio building tucked into the landscape's slope, with an 8-foot (2.4 m) tall by 200 foot (60 m) long concrete retaining wall. The lower level of the residence features a living room with alcove, hall with closets and spiral staircase, kitchen, and utility space. The upper level holds two bedrooms and overlooks the double-height living room in mezzanine fashion. The residence's second story also boasts two bathrooms, multiple hallways filled with aluminum closets, and a wire-embedded skylight. The studio building has a similar mezzanine, but is much shorter in length. The studio's ground floor features a utility sink, bathroom, dark room for processing photographs, and a large open space with double-volume height. The upper floor was primarily used as storage, but occasionally became guest quarters. A courtyard was also introduced, separating the residence from the studio space. This revised scheme required only one additional beam. The 17 foot (5.1 m) tall facade is broken down into a rigidly geometric composition of brightly colored and neutral-colored panels between thin steel columns and braces, painted "a warm grey". Over time, painting schemes allowed the grey to become black. The entry door is marked with a gold-leaf panel above. Planted in the 1880s by Abbot Kinney, an existing row of eucalyptus trees was preserved along the exposed wall of the house, providing some shading and a visual contrast with the house's bold facade. As for the interior design, the Eameses' collection includes, among others: an Isamu Noguchi floor lamps, folk and Abstract Expressionist art, Japanese kokeshi dolls, Chinese lacquered pillows, Native American baskets, Thonet chairs, and numerous Eames furniture designs (some of which never made it past the prototype stage). The maximalist interiors were grouped by the Eameses in idiosyncratic tableaux and the home's interior decorating has sparked conversation of the Eameses "humanizing" modernism. Of the twenty-five Case Study Houses built, the Eames house is considered the most successful both as an architectural statement and as a comfortable, functional living space. The brash sleekness of the design made it a favorite backdrop for fashion shoots in the 1950s and 1960s for publications such as Vogue. Perhaps the proof of its success in fulfilling its program is the fact that it remained at the center of the Eameses' life and work from the time they moved in (Christmas Eve 1949) until their deaths. Eames House is one prominent architectural example with the influence of the De Stijl Movement outside Europe. The sliding walls and windows give it the trademark versatility and openness of the De Stijl Movement. After the Eameses died, the house was largely unchanged. The Eames Foundation The Eames House is operated by The Eames Foundation, a non-profit foundation established in 2004 by Lucia Eames, Charles Eames's daughter from his first marriage. The Eames Foundation's corporate sponsors are the Eames Office, Herman Miller, and Vitra. On September 20, 2006, the Eames House was designated a National Historic Landmark (and administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day). In 2011, the contents of the living room were reassembled at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art as a centerpiece of the exhibition "California Design, 1930-1965: Living in a Modern Way". Also in 2011, the Eames Foundation hired Los Angeles architectural firm Escher GuneWardena to develop a plan for the house, one that would restore and preserve the house as it was in 1988. In 2012, the Getty Conservation Institute pledged about $250,000 to preservation-related research work at the Eames House. In 2013, the Eames Foundation teamed up with the digital marketing agency Nebo to produce limited-edition prints for auction with a goal of raising $150,000; every donation will be matched by an Authenticity Fund created by modern furniture manufacturers Herman Miller and Vitra. Lucia Eames died in 2014, leaving her five children as the Board of Directors of the Eames Foundation. Together, with the help of staff and docents, they oversee the ownership, conservation, and visitor services of the two structures, landscaping, and Charles and Ray's belongings. The Eames Foundation's 250 Year Project hopes to conserve and care for the home for 250 years into the future. The Eames House is open to the public five days a week for reservations, which include exterior self-guided visits, private interior tours, picnics, events, and more. Literature In February 2010 LAS Magazine posted an article about the building's history and current significance to the Eames Century Modern Collection, a typography project by design studio House Industries. In April 2019, the Getty Conservation Institute released the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) of the Eames House. This publication spanned over 200 pages and featured Eames House history, current use of the property, potential damage and ecological risks, and mitigations for conservation. This publication will aid the Eames Foundation's 250 Year Project for conservation and serves as a tool for other stewards of modern architecture around the globe. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in California List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments on the Westside References Further reading External links Official Eames Foundation website National Historic Landmarks Program: Eames House Arts & Architecture magazine A Designer's Home of His Own Life magazine. 11 September 1950. page 148. Works by Charles and Ray Eames Houses completed in 1949 Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles California Historical Landmarks Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments National Historic Landmarks in California Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles Modernist architecture in California Historic house museums in California Museums in Los Angeles	[ -0.23607192933559418, 0.7705110907554626, -0.4778129756450653, -0.3873884081840515, 0.2066480815410614, 0.2160891741514206, 0.6585617661476135, -0.15545989573001862, -0.6214443445205688, -0.5422981381416321, -0.12245716899633408, 0.11781454086303711, -0.27152734994888306, 0.33304980397224426, -0.6433736681938171, 0.06481929868459702, 0.30103203654289246, 0.5840768814086914, 0.40663018822669983, -0.7264887094497681, -0.17091189324855804, -0.15548014640808105, -0.12044117599725723, -0.5993970632553101, -0.04335842654109001, -0.10457760840654373, 0.4900011122226715, -0.2554616332054138, 0.2524809241294861, -0.16107586026191711, 0.15985055267810822, 0.5718080401420593, 0.2206658273935318, -0.7265239357948303, 0.12173239141702652, -0.1312170773744583, 0.0826115682721138, -0.3271597921848297, -0.26654329895973206, -0.380295068025589, -0.29623347520828247, -0.23854374885559082, -0.09021029621362686, 0.44054704904556274, -0.3172129988670349, 0.02054394967854023, -2.2225425243377686, -0.3624972403049469, -0.933645486831665, -0.17035257816314697, 0.07491225004196167, -0.048992451280355453, 0.886721134185791, 0.3726325035095215, -0.06604737043380737, 0.5655027627944946, -0.7754480242729187, 0.273830771446228, 0.8300377130508423, 0.22772228717803955, 0.15875139832496643, 0.26428279280662537, 0.11949183791875839, 0.5130371451377869, -0.2839886248111725, 0.44403040409088135, -0.10076869279146194, 0.4524516463279724, 0.14864349365234375, 0.5938816070556641, -0.06323246657848358, -0.44797199964523315, 0.4999227225780487, -0.11520060151815414, -0.227779358625412, 0.19876764714717865, 0.332345187664032, -0.012466342188417912, 0.2406388819217682, -0.22883976995944977, 0.2723707854747772, -0.3912295997142792, 0.2152717262506485, -0.18375737965106964, 0.14296966791152954, 0.4507388770580292, -0.9029318690299988, -0.15607719123363495, -0.02488797903060913, 0.21749521791934967, -0.31734442710876465, -0.36116957664489746, -0.36458897590637207, 0.5448073744773865, 0.11269926279783249, 0.3645327687263489, -0.013694936409592628, 0.13321873545646667, 0.09146550297737122, 0.9399825930595398, -0.07048589736223221, 0.7416422963142395, 0.6608330011367798, 0.1782258152961731, -0.10687799006700516, -0.3199414014816284, -0.2905447483062744, -0.5560142993927002, -0.05943334847688675, -1.72662353515625, -0.2660123407840729, 0.5355231165885925, -0.6084249019622803, 0.09430377930402756, -0.35724639892578125, 0.7206916213035583, 1.1733918190002441, 0.0918097198009491, -0.19886186718940735, 0.29638296365737915, 0.25103482604026794, 0.9300107955932617, -0.21944071352481842, 0.09150771796703339, -0.46056678891181946, 0.2177097648382187, 0.37468022108078003, 0.2742253243923187, 0.059541005641222, 0.438384085893631, -0.35394707322120667, 0.5148249268531799, 0.17734205722808838, -0.2407657355070114, -0.4933626055717468, -0.3250328600406647, 0.43728551268577576, 0.4424552321434021, 0.36331701278686523, 0.8039403557777405, -0.8414119482040405, -0.5141286253929138, -1.7726342678070068, 0.07430929690599442, 0.35744860768318176, 0.11173547059297562, -0.3575316071510315, 0.12571758031845093, -0.05444551259279251, 0.5538110733032227, 0.110063336789608, -0.4029000997543335, 0.41703397035598755, 0.5623677372932434, -0.434261292219162, -0.19655537605285645, 0.5534640550613403, -0.32653114199638367, 0.7263538241386414, 0.3488191068172455, -0.04707856476306915, 0.28280335664749146, 0.22546979784965515, 0.023623472079634666, 0.4026768207550049, 0.23944903910160065, 0.667063295841217, -0.1003517359495163, -0.024913836270570755, 0.3429120182991028, -0.48863741755485535, -0.30202731490135193, 0.2033068686723709, -0.9045671820640564, 0.29922160506248474, -0.28185996413230896, 0.6447927951812744, 0.2992706000804901, 0.4974346160888672, -0.44806331396102905, -0.5421245098114014, -0.33171793818473816, 0.3051231801509857, -0.6994682550430298, 0.4201676845550537, 0.4267185628414154, 0.23377126455307007, -0.2843553423881531, -0.39912375807762146, 0.1073826253414154, -0.008661039173603058, -0.9042274951934814, 0.47549745440483093, -0.12699837982654572, 0.9061803817749023, 0.34420284628868103, 0.2719738781452179, 0.5173735022544861, 0.43208688497543335, 0.4105585217475891, 0.279186874628067, -0.004070916213095188, 0.48327964544296265, 0.18352356553077698, -0.49649667739868164, 1.717638611793518, -0.07154957950115204, 0.08234374970197678, 0.3645245134830475, 0.3860337734222412, 0.715365469455719, -0.29282939434051514, 0.5121802091598511, 0.27638667821884155, 0.11024169623851776, -0.36445775628089905, 0.30048713088035583, 0.1423696130514145, 0.07702533900737762, -0.5601032972335815, 0.37204834818840027, -0.09308735281229019, 0.21454200148582458, 0.8784429430961609, -0.4454044997692108, 0.27542659640312195, 0.4379231929779053, -0.021793531253933907, 0.021322881802916527, -1.035960078239441, 0.4594588577747345, 0.014155466109514236, 0.16015972197055817, -0.39393240213394165, -0.17127791047096252, -0.32590728998184204, -0.2548747956752777, -0.3572487533092499, 0.20549900829792023, -0.5402505397796631, 0.08671419322490692, 0.10617917031049728, -0.32954534888267517, 0.2361455261707306, 0.0025630805175751448, 0.12377125769853592, 0.17061284184455872, 0.4406265616416931, 0.46158331632614136, -0.22928620874881744, 0.9182921648025513, 0.06228243187069893, 0.5851716995239258, -0.6658406853675842, 0.009152796119451523, 0.06220689415931702, -0.19806425273418427, -0.052664585411548615, -0.08431193232536316, -0.1654527187347412, -0.621745228767395, 0.7038561105728149, 0.4925234913825989, 0.5525368452072144, 0.2616874873638153, -0.637550950050354, -0.25657790899276733, -0.8955112099647522, 0.31799182295799255, 0.06163548678159714, 0.5021415948867798, -0.06693989038467407, -0.4701404869556427, -2.036818504333496, 0.06123245507478714, 0.4467224180698395, 0.01790733076632023, 0.17497678101062775, -0.9515864253044128, 0.0406799279153347, 0.3568462133407593, 0.9321313500404358, -0.1536761224269867, 0.15257905423641205, -0.29164236783981323, -0.1178804337978363, 0.22091679275035858, -0.2835300862789154, 0.03637474775314331, -0.014133334159851074, 0.04827619343996048, 0.0072323717176914215, 0.049523741006851196, 0.022481685504317284, 0.29024288058280945, 0.28526610136032104, -0.24228757619857788, -0.23041120171546936, 0.2442570924758911, 0.006638948805630207, -0.3021073639392853, 0.5022927522659302, -0.805786669254303, -0.05384737625718117, -0.04651852324604988, -0.25891080498695374, 0.10836268961429596, 0.0036589070223271847, -4.650130271911621, 0.023810677230358124, 0.08704181760549545, 0.036448363214731216, 0.16847224533557892, -0.26989567279815674, 0.7512617707252502, -0.3321469724178314, -0.46714237332344055, 0.25636643171310425, 0.055246517062187195, -0.47834593057632446, 0.310481458902359, 0.7498912811279297, 0.3224182724952698, 0.5614295601844788, 0.085183285176754, -0.17859815061092377, 0.3363089859485626, -0.031043430790305138, -0.14715565741062164, 0.4778578579425812, 0.085696741938591, 0.20557355880737305, 0.522853672504425, 0.17366378009319305, -0.1963542103767395, -0.10047690570354462, -0.8632417321205139, 0.2320842742919922, 0.16180768609046936, 0.07568684965372086, -0.05912283807992935, -0.3901605010032654, -0.6591088771820068, 0.010476899333298206, 0.6483588814735413, 0.5795277953147888, -0.0018377054948359728, -0.1015452966094017, 0.23673804104328156, 0.46128562092781067, -0.32306915521621704, 0.7238336205482483, 0.05150584131479263, -0.1402522623538971, -0.42349156737327576, -0.2527533769607544, 0.3833542764186859, 0.4121016561985016, -0.4433704614639282, 0.7682687640190125, 1.120560646057129, 0.3754013776779175, 0.11236635595560074, -0.05534273758530617, 0.42661041021347046, -0.46072709560394287, -0.146541565656662, -0.09013979136943817, 0.4245423674583435, -0.35163310170173645, 0.48340561985969543, -0.5251909494400024, 0.4255679249763489, -0.7328925132751465, 0.08006071299314499, 0.4218854606151581, -0.10449045896530151, -0.34430038928985596, 0.04112569987773895, 0.27027034759521484, 0.09332521259784698, -1.3204293251037598, 0.25933074951171875, 0.16594162583351135, -0.05910992994904518, 0.10148261487483978, 0.20985814929008484, -0.3865824043750763, 0.15063831210136414, -0.03822137042880058, -0.15097098052501678, 1.0647319555282593, -0.1471989005804062, -0.14034205675125122, -0.357803612947464, 0.3903748393058777, -1.061957836151123, -0.13234634697437286, 0.001141464919783175, 0.15747922658920288, -0.07512836158275604, 0.6113287210464478, 0.7420185804367065, 0.5097135305404663, 0.4631310999393463, -0.53233802318573, 0.739862322807312, -0.02717951312661171, -0.1705862581729889, -0.40578559041023254, -0.193013995885849, -0.42178136110305786, -0.15245185792446136, -0.4470074474811554, -0.31545546650886536, 0.5344555377960205, 0.6237009167671204, -0.004742918070405722, -0.055737510323524475, -0.5049245953559875, -0.39349865913391113, -0.18047785758972168, 0.531410276889801, -0.44938743114471436, -0.026289604604244232, 0.3457299768924713, 0.15980681777000427, 0.06466402113437653, -0.06796276569366455, 0.4526140093803406, -0.18659068644046783, 0.11954225599765778, -0.8435035943984985, -0.28963369131088257, 0.5782886743545532, -0.6733763813972473, -0.8469362258911133, -0.16823448240756989, -0.29052844643592834, -0.007773574907332659, -0.31518322229385376, -0.4276577830314636, -0.09386403858661652, -0.4830201268196106, 0.06738726049661636, -0.19206422567367554, 0.1554453819990158, -0.3851627707481384, -0.2885955274105072, -0.36027809977531433, -0.1622702181339264, 0.2397424727678299, 0.21281053125858307, 0.43796977400779724, 0.09788883477449417, 0.208030104637146, -1.0253663063049316, -0.2904588580131531, -0.28426292538642883, -0.813588559627533, 0.42929643392562866, -0.657436192035675, -0.05064480006694794, -0.26291516423225403, -0.20997533202171326, 0.13981474936008453, -0.4244753122329712, 0.24193330109119415, 0.2992117702960968, 0.2629069685935974, -0.8379136323928833, -0.03231734782457352, -0.01151683833450079, -0.11502447724342346, 0.006837037391960621, 0.22135315835475922, -0.967423677444458, 0.6990960836410522, 0.18482495844364166, -0.3449227511882782, -0.3295850455760956, -0.511848509311676, 0.6707172393798828, 0.1703890860080719, 0.08231053501367569, 0.4066201150417328, 0.5794314742088318, -0.3692648410797119, -0.4111979901790619, 0.05887142941355705, -0.44594109058380127, 0.622759222984314, 0.18097758293151855, -0.058261383324861526, -0.15181945264339447, -0.056190311908721924, -0.5112851858139038, -0.241423562169075, -0.10363056510686874, 0.035973552614450455, 0.31989535689353943, 0.14167867600917816, -0.6761051416397095, -0.5418916940689087, 0.24509894847869873, -0.10206283628940582, 0.02481137216091156, -0.6033740639686584, 0.46327248215675354, 0.32098817825317383, -0.44464436173439026, 0.612595796585083, 0.12503239512443542, -1.098419427871704, 0.3678685426712036, 0.20691177248954773, -0.5013290643692017, 1.333264946937561, 0.31032076478004456, -0.7000113725662231, 0.012144246138632298, 0.23107671737670898, -0.3040715754032135, -0.48808568716049194, 0.364311546087265, 0.21778307855129242, 0.20239508152008057, -0.03134971112012863, 0.02019442804157734, -0.22444474697113037, -0.16622187197208405, -0.31274572014808655, -0.7019617557525635, 0.3391481935977936, 0.24592289328575134, -0.7172117829322815, 0.7577806711196899, -0.7767624855041504, -0.3559360206127167, 0.5065646767616272, 0.36663132905960083, 0.5189632773399353, -0.2907034158706665, -0.43817269802093506, -0.23373696208000183, 0.3187235891819, 0.23965436220169067, 0.7625988125801086, 0.356233149766922, 0.656374454498291, 0.36000967025756836, -0.62324059009552, -0.1116068884730339, 0.31172963976860046, 0.102486751973629, -0.5843096375465393, -0.37833428382873535, 0.2909155786037445, 0.4316454529762268, -0.16419045627117157, -0.2574146091938019, -0.39446333050727844, 0.8387470245361328, -0.3496564030647278, 0.21285009384155273, 0.6301078200340271, 0.07724305242300034, 0.5408799648284912, -0.14032892882823944, 0.05214531347155571, -0.8348694443702698, 0.2536417245864868, 0.05308641865849495, 0.002613835269585252, 0.2813917398452759, -0.0358283706009388, 0.4686284065246582, -0.6831279397010803, -0.6216771602630615, -0.4109027683734894, 0.15631774067878723, 0.17196176946163177, 0.1404595971107483, -0.39969301223754883, 0.17121385037899017, -0.2711036503314972, 0.1973586529493332, -0.2986012101173401, 0.8117774724960327, -0.13172227144241333, 0.2271864414215088, -0.6440898180007935, 0.13442185521125793, -0.2756159007549286, -0.37114793062210083, -0.6511252522468567, -0.42141953110694885, -0.12597957253456116, -0.22546419501304626, -0.21735577285289764, -0.28725841641426086, 0.12131116539239883, 0.318918913602829, 0.5530964732170105, -0.6593289971351624, -0.04424857348203659, -0.020233623683452606, 0.16731272637844086, -0.9334388375282288, 0.757895827293396, -0.06803299486637115, 0.1781228482723236, 0.3494015634059906, 0.15905462205410004, 0.22449930012226105, -0.470456600189209, -0.5042648911476135, -0.013680609874427319, -0.3592735528945923, 0.05971910059452057, 0.3698887526988983, 0.45318374037742615, -0.20440484583377838, -0.21825221180915833, 0.5434326529502869, -0.7998090982437134, -0.09094813466072083, 0.1995738446712494, -0.24959081411361694, -0.26333266496658325, 0.8208601474761963, 0.4690442383289337, -0.527988851070404, 0.576280415058136, -0.42334097623825073, -0.030816620215773582, 0.06466202437877655, -0.38366156816482544, 0.3475066125392914, 0.22696733474731445, -0.23145297169685364, 0.8286481499671936, -0.46841850876808167, 0.14855441451072693, -0.4858725666999817, -0.8293485045433044, -0.0020068283192813396, 0.46568912267684937, 0.14911668002605438, 0.39838600158691406, 0.5790950059890747, -0.3573445677757263, -0.7543779015541077, -0.05772480368614197, -0.3230825960636139, 0.19738329946994781, -0.21158207952976227, -0.13027091324329376, -0.20243524014949799, 0.4048303961753845, 0.36258381605148315, -0.692773699760437, -0.47902271151542664, 0.032682713121175766, 0.26604676246643066, -0.2641904056072235, -0.08275694400072098, -1.5123822689056396, -0.35142096877098083, -0.24855530261993408, -0.03727317228913307, 0.042321786284446716, -0.21375007927417755, -0.42857271432876587, 0.31223800778388977, 0.009123735129833221, -0.23053722083568573, 0.48368319869041443, 0.46817612648010254, -0.14794133603572845, 0.4597660303115845, -0.17966249585151672, 0.46429863572120667, 0.30170533061027527, 0.12710031867027283, -0.19634899497032166, 0.16551333665847778, -0.5249614715576172, 0.4810849726200104, 0.0768435075879097, -0.4542829990386963, -0.3505952060222626, 0.17553721368312836, -0.5376953482627869, -0.590599775314331, 0.920503556728363, 0.10607469826936722, -0.1479910910129547, 0.2856353223323822, -0.1946246474981308, -0.26716169714927673, 0.235418438911438, -0.6538980603218079, 0.12498225271701813, -0.28275513648986816, 0.6701251268386841, 0.0975329801440239, 0.0401393361389637, -0.13746269047260284, 0.6429895758628845, -0.17336660623550415, -0.15305423736572266, -0.2711668610572815, 0.6115163564682007, -0.16114044189453125, 0.6676273941993713, -0.43844297528266907, 0.6866359114646912, -0.17140276730060577, -0.14225034415721893, -0.1184212937951088, 0.43828830122947693, 0.28522413969039917, -0.05664251744747162, -0.08164770156145096, -0.2103039175271988, -0.5594196319580078, 0.05420549213886261, 0.48996612429618835, 0.14179940521717072, 0.31155112385749817, -0.1870272308588028, -0.5401708483695984, -0.6176900267601013, -0.2424580305814743, -0.41694334149360657, 0.45111000537872314, 0.05147075653076172, 0.2657071053981781, -0.2516882121562958, -0.6071687936782837, -0.33684292435646057, -0.5694519877433777, 0.16214409470558167, 0.054649870842695236, 1.0953454971313477, 0.7777727842330933, -0.0640486627817154, 0.01755140908062458, -0.04442843794822693, 0.5741304755210876, 0.5929116010665894, -4.484628200531006, 0.2918458580970764, -0.029057536274194717, -1.0150526762008667, 0.5767565965652466, 0.3365992307662964, 0.6141083836555481, -0.3406521677970886, 0.12521128356456757, 0.2959820628166199, -0.3064272403717041, -0.44726788997650146, -0.03622383251786232, -0.6272435784339905, 0.18666458129882812, 0.3825589716434479 ]
249027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91	Ñ	Ñ, or ñ (, ), is a letter of the modern Latin alphabet, formed by placing a tilde (also referred to as a virgulilla in Spanish) on top of an upper- or lower-case N. It became part of the Spanish alphabet in the eighteenth century when it was first formally defined, but it has subsequently been used in other languages, such as Galician, Asturian, the Aragonese Grafía de Uesca, Basque, Chavacano, some Philippine languages (especially Filipino and Bisayan), Chamorro, Guarani, Quechua, Mapudungun, Mandinka, and Tetum alphabets, as well as in Latin transliteration of Tocharian and many Indian languages, where it represents or . It represents in Crimean Tatar, Kazakh, ALA-LC romanization for Turkic languages, the Common Turkic Alphabet, Nauruan and romanized Quenya. In Breton and in Rohingya, it denotes nasalization of the preceding vowel. Many Portuguese speakers use this letter in informal internet language to represent the word não (no). Unlike many other letters that use diacritic marks (such as Ü in Catalan and Spanish and Ç in Catalan, French, Portuguese and sometimes in Spanish), Ñ in Spanish, Galician, Basque, Asturian, Leonese, Guarani and Filipino is considered a letter in its own right, has its own name (in Spanish: ), and its own place in the alphabet (after N). Historically it came from a superscript abbreviation for a doubled N. Its alphabetical independence is similar to the Germanic W, which came from a doubled V. History Historically, ñ arose as a ligature of nn; the tilde was shorthand for the second n, written over the first; compare umlaut, of analogous origin. It is a letter in the Spanish alphabet that is used for many words—for example, the Spanish word año (anno in Old Spanish) meaning "year" and derived from Latin annus. Other languages used the macron over an n or m to indicate simple doubling. Already in medieval Latin palaeography, the sign that in Spanish came to be called virgulilla (meaning "little comma") was used over a vowel to indicate a following nasal consonant (n or m) that had been omitted, as in tãtus for tantus or quã for quam. This usage was passed on to other languages using the Latin alphabet although it was subsequently dropped by most. Spanish retained it, however, in some specific cases, particularly to indicate the palatal nasal, the sound that is now spelt as ñ. The word tilde comes from Spanish, derived by metathesis of the word título as tidlo, this originally from Latin TITVLVS "title" or "heading"; compare cabildo with Latin CAPITULUM. From spellings of anno abbreviated as año, as explained above, the tilde was thenceforth transferred to the n and kept as a useful expedient to indicate the new palatal nasal sound that Spanish had developed in that position: año. The sign was also adopted for the same palatal nasal in all other cases, even when it did not derive from an original nn, as in leña (from Latin ligna) or señor (from Latin SENIOR). Other Romance languages have different spellings for this sound: Italian and French use gn, a consonant cluster that had evolved from Latin, whereas Occitan and Portuguese chose nh and Catalan ny even though these digraphs had no etymological precedent. When Morse code was extended to cover languages other than English, a sequence ( — — · — — ) was allotted for this character. Although ñ is used by other languages whose spellings were influenced by Spanish, it has recently been chosen to represent the identity of the Spanish language, especially as a result of the battle against its obliteration from computer keyboards by an English-led industry. Cross-linguistic usage In Spanish it represents a palatal nasal. This is also the case of Philippine languages, Aymara, Quechua, Mapudungún, Guarani, Basque, Chamorro, Leonese, Yavapai, and Iñupiaq, whose orthographies have some basis in that of Spanish. Many languages of Senegal also use it in the same way. Senegal is unique among countries of West Africa in using this letter. It also represents a palatal nasal in Galician and Uruguayan Portuguese. In Tetum, it was adopted to represent the same sound in Portuguese loanwords represented by nh, although this is also used in Tetum, as is ny, influenced by Indonesian. In Tagalog, Visayan, and other Philippine languages, most Spanish terms that include ñ are respelled with ny. The conventional exceptions (with considerable variations) are proper names, which usually retain ñ and their original Spanish or Hispanicised spelling (Santo Niño, Parañaque, Mañalac, Malacañan). It is collated as the 15th letter of the Filipino alphabet. In old Filipino orthography, the letter was also used, along with g, to represent the velar nasal sound (except at the end of a word, when ng would be used) if appropriate instead of a tilde, which originally spanned a sequence of n and g (as in n͠g), such as pan͠galan ("name"). That is because the old orthography was based on Spanish, and without the tilde, pangalan would have been pronounced with the sequence (therefore pang-GAlan). The form ñg became a more common way to represent n͠g until the early 20th century, mainly because it was more readily available in typesets than the tilde spanning both letters. It is also used to represent the velar nasal in Crimean Tatar and Nauruan. In Malay, the Congress Spelling System (1957–1972) formerly used it for /ŋ/ before /g/. In Turkmen, it was used for /ŋ/ until 1999. In Latin-script writing of the Tatar language and Lule Sami language, ñ is sometimes used as a substitute for n with descender, which is not available on many computer systems. In addition to Tatar, ñ has the value of /ŋ/ in the Common Turkic Alphabet. In the Breton language, it nasalises the preceding vowel, as in Jañ , which corresponds to the French name Jean and has the same pronunciation. It is used in a number of English terms of Spanish origin, such as jalapeño, piña colada, piñata, and El Niño. The Spanish word cañón, however, became naturalized as canyon. Until the middle of the 20th century, adapting it as nn was more common in English, as in the phrase "Battle of Corunna". Now, it is almost always left unmodified. The Society for the Advancement of Spanish Letters in the Anglo Americas (SASLAA) is the preeminent organization focused on promoting the permanent adoption of ñ into the English language. In Gilbertese, ñ and ñg represents the geminated forms of n and ng. Cultural significance The letter Ñ has come to represent the identity of the Spanish language. Latin publisher Bill Teck labeled Hispanic culture and its influence on the United States "Generation Ñ" and later started a magazine with that name. Organizations such as the Instituto Cervantes and the National Association of Hispanic Journalists have adopted the letter as their mark for Hispanic heritage. It was used in the Spanish Republican Air Force for aircraft identification. The circumstances surrounding the crash of serial 'Ñ' Potez 540 plane that was shot down over the Sierra de Gúdar range of the Sistema Ibérico near Valdelinares inspired French writer André Malraux to write the novel L'Espoir (1937), translated into English as Man's Hope and made into the movie named Espoir: Sierra de Teruel. In 1991, a European Community report recommended the repeal of a regulation preventing the sale in Spain of computer products not supporting "all the characteristics of the Spanish writing system," claiming that it was a protectionist measure against the principles of the free market. This would have allowed the distribution of keyboards without an "Ñ" key. The Real Academia Española stated that the matter was a serious attack against the language. Nobel Prize winner in literature Gabriel García Márquez expressed his disdain over its elimination by saying: "The 'Ñ' is not an archaeological piece of junk, but just the opposite: a cultural leap of a Romance language that left the others behind in expressing with only one letter a sound that other languages continue to express with two." Among other forms of controversy are those pertaining to the anglicization of Spanish surnames. The replacement of ñ with another letter alters the pronunciation and meaning of a word or name, in the same manner that replacing any letter in a given word with another one would. For example, Peña is a common Spanish surname and a common noun that means "rocky hill"; it is often anglicized as Pena, changing the name to the Spanish word for "pity", often used in terms of sorrow. When Federico Peña was first running for mayor of Denver in 1983, the Denver Post printed his name without the tilde as "Pena." After he won the election, they began printing his name with the tilde. As Peña's administration had many critics, their objections were sometimes whimsically expressed as "ÑO." Since 2011, CNN's Spanish-language news channel incorporates a new logo wherein a tilde is placed over two Ns. Another news channel, TLN en Español, has "tlñ", with an ñ taking the place of the expected n, as its logo. The Google Doodle for 23 April 2021 celebrated Ñ as part of UN Spanish Language Day. Computer usage In Unicode Ñ has the code U+00D1 (decimal 209) while ñ has the code U+00F1 (decimal 241). Additionally, they can be generated by typing N or n followed by a combining tilde modifier, &#x303, U+0303, decimal 771. In HTML character entity reference, the codes for Ñ and ñ are Ñ and ñ or Ñ and ñ. Ñ and ñ have their own key in the Spanish and Latin American keyboard layouts (see the corresponding sections at keyboard layout and Tilde#Role of mechanical typewriters). The following instructions apply only to English-language keyboards. On Android devices, holding n or N down on the keyboard makes entry of ñ and Ñ possible. On Apple Macintosh operating systems (including Mac OS X), it can be typed by pressing and holding the Option key and then typing N, followed by typing either N or n. On the iPhone and iPad, which use the Apple iOS operating system, the ñ is accessed by holding down the "n" key, which opens a menu (on an English-language keyboard). Apple's Mac OS X 10.7 Lion operating system also made the "ñ" available in the same way. The lowercase ñ can be made in the Microsoft Windows operating system by typing or on the numeric keypad (with Num Lock turned on); the uppercase Ñ can be made with or . Character Map in Windows identifies the letter as "Latin Small/Capital Letter N With Tilde". A soft (not physical) Spanish-language keyboard is easily installed in Windows. In Microsoft Word, Ñ can be typed by pressing Control-Shift-Tilde (~) and then an N. On Linux it can be created by pressing Ctrl+Shift+U and then typing '00d1' or '00f1', followed by space or Ctrl to end the character code input. This produces Ñ or ñ. Another option (for any operating system) is to configure the system to use the US-International keyboard layout, with which ñ can be produced either by holding Alt Gr and then pressing N, or by typing the tilde (~) followed by n. Yet another option is to use a compose key (hardware-based or software-emulated). Pressing the compose key, then ~, and then n results in ñ. A capital N can be substituted to produce Ñ, and in most cases the order of ~ and n can be reversed. Use in URLs The letter Ñ may be used in internationalized domain names, but it will have to be converted from Unicode to ASCII using punycode during the registration process (i.e. from www.piñata.com to www.xn--piata-pta.com). In URLs (except for the domain name), Ñ may be replaced by %C3%91, and ñ by %C3%B1. This is not needed for newer browsers. The hex digits represent the UTF-8 encoding of the glyphs Ñ and ñ. This feature allows almost any Unicode character to be encoded, and it is considered important to support languages other than English. See also Tilde English terms with diacritical marks Other symbols for the palatal nasal Gn (digraph) Nh (digraph) Nj (letter) Ny (digraph) Ɲ Ń Њ Ň (IPA symbol) Other letters with a tilde Ã Ẽ G̃ Ĩ M̃ Õ P̃ Ũ Ṽ References External links Breton language Latin letters with diacritics Phonetic transcription symbols Spanish language	[ -0.0628352239727974, -0.19775962829589844, 0.13276222348213196, -0.06997258961200714, -0.3207286596298218, 0.626111626625061, 0.08367837965488434, 0.14806334674358368, -0.36415526270866394, -0.43562987446784973, 0.1077600046992302, 0.03487830609083176, -0.07732508331537247, 0.3195686936378479, -0.06638496369123459, 0.6813670992851257, 0.6636632680892944, 0.2126580774784088, -0.39437612891197205, -0.29247811436653137, -0.1046564131975174, 0.00014045902935322374, 0.1673797219991684, -0.28032371401786804, 0.6880130767822266, -0.0584695003926754, -0.5063644647598267, -0.2914474308490753, 0.526183009147644, 0.6623935103416443, -0.06430051475763321, 0.3828597664833069, 0.26749783754348755, 0.0016011357074603438, 0.167320117354393, -0.5339030027389526, -0.16796869039535522, -0.22068411111831665, -0.02645173668861389, -0.1852026879787445, -0.01925673894584179, -0.5767083168029785, 0.1202443316578865, 0.1895122081041336, -0.5621451735496521, -0.3055620789527893, -1.3490571975708008, 0.843805730342865, -0.003693025792017579, 0.10923612862825394, -0.7449563145637512, 0.04794759675860405, -0.2782633900642395, 0.07123882323503494, -0.00406168308109045, 0.3204837143421173, -0.451696515083313, -0.02040102332830429, 0.347548246383667, -0.42332881689071655, 0.027934569865465164, -0.05417758226394653, -0.010900372639298439, 0.3014400601387024, 0.10945680737495422, 0.3741445243358612, -0.08646149933338165, 0.5233952403068542, -0.6077052354812622, -0.22018495202064514, -0.4774538278579712, 0.0191698856651783, -0.44943201541900635, -0.4477635324001312, -0.3638565242290497, 0.14821501076221466, -0.5206541419029236, -0.029565440490841866, 0.05497535318136215, 0.5539684891700745, -0.5623523592948914, -0.032294388860464096, 0.35763096809387207, -0.2231353521347046, 0.32067859172821045, 0.16408121585845947, -0.7326266169548035, 0.051439493894577026, -0.4379608631134033, 0.0029081483371555805, 0.04522853344678879, -0.4409463405609131, 0.1717323660850525, 0.1360626220703125, -0.17796684801578522, 0.020376838743686676, -0.1262989342212677, -0.2110491842031479, 0.6145890355110168, 0.12087668478488922, -0.035893987864255905, -0.34498900175094604, 0.8294073939323425, -0.012234766036272049, -1.083591341972351, -0.4725041687488556, -0.3313978612422943, -0.3907765746116638, 0.45698168873786926, -0.19676576554775238, -0.40694788098335266, 0.0659584105014801, 0.1734662801027298, -0.05857956036925316, -0.2276214063167572, -0.4740069806575775, 0.19009274244308472, 0.3932574987411499, -0.2733086347579956, -0.3913542926311493, -0.35782551765441895, 0.24084371328353882, 0.34771737456321716, 0.15139968693256378, 0.4763943552970886, 0.10627821087837219, 0.3001370429992676, 0.04766524210572243, -0.5269199013710022, -0.16079622507095337, 0.003346575889736414, 0.7135148048400879, 0.46388036012649536, 0.32551273703575134, 0.3004545569419861, -0.9166850447654724, -0.319399356842041, 0.08483273535966873, 0.12002458423376083, -0.2072603404521942, -0.665989100933075, 0.3232766091823578, -0.029714668169617653, 0.10087491571903229, 0.9944395422935486, 0.057849377393722534, -0.3234136402606964, 0.11085972934961319, 0.15072140097618103, 0.040134113281965256, 0.4377365708351135, -0.33781397342681885, -0.12252379208803177, 0.33034732937812805, -0.3025710880756378, -0.40585947036743164, -0.40252193808555603, 0.3615507483482361, -0.1413768231868744, -0.19291530549526215, 0.018903685733675957, 0.2843930721282959, 0.41539904475212097, 0.4850129187107086, 0.07268396764993668, -0.42189186811447144, 0.16057482361793518, 0.096123605966568, -0.5207071900367737, 0.2995529770851135, 0.2442428171634674, -0.173624187707901, 0.3640040159225464, 0.2308407872915268, -0.5489582419395447, -0.38923707604408264, 0.12316922843456268, -0.35485580563545227, 0.9308134317398071, 0.10220207273960114, -0.5738601088523865, 0.016146084293723106, 0.24343128502368927, 0.10901983082294464, -0.48482343554496765, -0.029378831386566162, -0.066395603120327, -0.2012685388326645, 0.234003484249115, 0.13998441398143768, -0.33237358927726746, 0.0927690863609314, -0.6144533157348633, -0.8376563787460327, 0.5552121996879578, -0.1835242360830307, -0.7978694438934326, 0.5651506185531616, 0.09941215813159943, 0.7350112795829773, -0.31969577074050903, -0.36420631408691406, 0.7308650016784668, -0.005058766342699528, -0.0033360105007886887, 0.23050694167613983, 0.21276618540287018, 0.3983811140060425, 0.34581559896469116, 0.2796939015388489, -0.08260141313076019, 0.03956732526421547, 0.48262834548950195, -0.3406376242637634, 0.17043137550354004, -0.14120551943778992, 0.06141916289925575, 0.003705624956637621, -0.1766231507062912, 0.1527276486158371, 0.790170431137085, -0.6276916861534119, -0.30190879106521606, 0.025569235906004906, -0.15776292979717255, 0.7282326221466064, 0.20813684165477753, 0.005383061245083809, 0.4108136296272278, -0.16820694506168365, -0.15965433418750763, -0.4230044484138489, 0.35385391116142273, 0.630846381187439, -0.21185816824436188, 0.09758415073156357, 0.1739964634180069, 0.036357663571834564, 0.09710440784692764, -0.35376742482185364, 0.10627447813749313, 0.5650057196617126, -0.4838058352470398, 0.07966897636651993, 0.43596968054771423, 0.048370230942964554, 0.13128040730953217, -0.118899866938591, 0.21186894178390503, 0.3174489736557007, -0.13689523935317993, -0.15638498961925507, -0.07956334948539734, -0.21587412059307098, -0.6542540788650513, -0.17918477952480316, 0.3310111463069916, 0.5299327969551086, 0.9791683554649353, 0.44947269558906555, -0.5433738827705383, 0.21253475546836853, 0.041337769478559494, -0.07822352647781372, -0.6340827941894531, -0.029023505747318268, -0.3090071678161621, 0.13919879496097565, 0.9007082581520081, 0.11329568177461624, 0.24592100083827972, 0.20629560947418213, -0.4048546254634857, -0.08512765169143677, -0.6987123489379883, -0.9377803206443787, 0.3916194438934326, 0.30564644932746887, -0.5309788584709167, -0.6157782077789307, -0.3365005552768707, 0.2602021396160126, 0.15134218335151672, -0.622728168964386, 0.2667921185493469, -0.4995676875114441, 0.16827736794948578, -0.5814127922058105, -0.2681894302368164, -1.0990056991577148, -0.5479938387870789, 0.29313957691192627, -0.29486823081970215, -0.13861826062202454, 0.19936875998973846, -0.4304996728897095, 0.017270874232053757, 0.066738061606884, 0.27508753538131714, -0.21152092516422272, -0.382714182138443, -0.04782494530081749, 0.08549530059099197, 0.2097301036119461, -0.11355914920568466, 0.5836156606674194, 0.061345722526311874, 0.780010461807251, -5.899080753326416, 0.6704457998275757, -0.204627126455307, -0.441183865070343, -0.1695268601179123, 0.08701551705598831, 0.3570834696292877, 0.040464431047439575, 0.6771231293678284, -0.5874579548835754, -0.24386656284332275, 0.11381715536117554, -0.43964314460754395, 0.2710033059120178, -0.42690151929855347, -0.31330209970474243, 0.18299928307533264, -0.016583960503339767, 0.18287886679172516, 0.7721404433250427, 0.6201190948486328, 0.5774762630462646, 0.4892575740814209, 0.6947038173675537, 0.3045412302017212, 0.588138222694397, 0.12913811206817627, -0.037266772240400314, -0.329104483127594, -0.28602367639541626, -0.21758152544498444, -0.19549956917762756, 0.43386247754096985, -0.449971467256546, -0.11168251931667328, 0.088298499584198, 0.8936188220977783, -0.36706143617630005, 0.49668222665786743, 0.1011877954006195, -0.014961952343583107, 0.6138185858726501, 0.3063160181045532, -0.5708496570587158, 0.41479307413101196, 0.2286631464958191, -0.5086590647697449, -0.36251139640808105, 0.03161448612809181, 0.2723377048969269, -0.130249485373497, -0.02674122527241707, 0.11595063656568527, -0.5366079211235046, 0.5176048278808594, 0.26536205410957336, -0.3124887943267822, -0.2960137724876404, -0.5659646391868591, 0.27551671862602234, 0.4350816011428833, -0.26681721210479736, -0.5781286954879761, -0.6231407523155212, 0.11125671863555908, -0.678930938243866, -0.43316951394081116, 0.11786388605833054, 0.6484212279319763, 0.2915656268596649, -0.017598312348127365, 0.01453942060470581, 0.6865152716636658, -0.5254789590835571, 0.6414127349853516, -0.3555620014667511, -0.5337664484977722, -0.041080575436353683, -0.4483049213886261, -0.040802303701639175, -0.4139297902584076, -0.5007264018058777, -0.44380250573158264, 0.3019680976867676, -0.1373741775751114, 0.07600054144859314, -0.2612326443195343, 0.07654669135808945, 0.016268348321318626, -0.06238500401377678, 1.2259827852249146, -0.05395121872425079, 0.5184440016746521, -0.07025440782308578, -0.01915743201971054, 0.28870341181755066, 0.38200098276138306, -0.44634610414505005, 0.18870402872562408, -0.06351662427186966, 0.6918372511863708, -0.03981463611125946, 0.24249452352523804, -0.22716201841831207, -0.22892697155475616, -0.18842504918575287, -0.2551482319831848, 0.1910298615694046, 0.35471031069755554, -0.01852630265057087, -0.24034039676189423, 0.04424569010734558, -0.37025168538093567, -0.0023030750453472137, -0.1254095733165741, -0.3081195652484894, -0.1824585497379303, 0.1897699534893036, 0.44472652673721313, -0.13557153940200806, 0.16744130849838257, 0.8315544128417969, -0.45270437002182007, -0.07273413240909576, -0.31197813153266907, -0.27870944142341614, -0.06294893473386765, -0.12497251480817795, 0.4062093198299408, -0.13175316154956818, 0.03485219180583954, 0.16120398044586182, 0.22080469131469727, -0.03868985176086426, 0.17078208923339844, 0.3073079288005829, -0.08648540079593658, -0.00482420576736331, -0.11025109887123108, -0.27874284982681274, -0.13908563554286957, -0.07607884705066681, -0.23085565865039825, -0.43859875202178955, 0.4304787516593933, 0.1948835700750351, -0.24414469301700592, -0.6111053228378296, -0.33780065178871155, 0.8472650051116943, 0.4076407253742218, -0.07107368856668472, 0.17065171897411346, -0.3922329246997833, -0.0019949397537857294, 0.3089096248149872, -0.06102259084582329, -0.11878251284360886, -0.24523204565048218, 0.09787336736917496, 0.06410764157772064, -0.47319069504737854, -0.7189451456069946, -0.04391832649707794, 0.4066869616508484, -0.3547428548336029, -0.17543520033359528, -0.08259375393390656, 0.15012559294700623, 0.5015953779220581, -0.05966755375266075, 0.4064299166202545, -0.3084956705570221, 0.04937785118818283, -0.15426065027713776, 0.025921883061528206, 0.14602436125278473, 0.3890875279903412, 0.036280885338783264, 0.17848080396652222, 0.29651570320129395, 0.08079784363508224, 0.16172942519187927, 0.7577201128005981, 0.3246728479862213, -0.4767053723335266, -0.3455670177936554, 0.25397536158561707, -0.5066123604774475, -0.38229843974113464, 0.2506921589374542, -0.931647539138794, -0.30225488543510437, -0.42986902594566345, -0.29016929864883423, 0.39822959899902344, -0.5845127105712891, 0.5915713310241699, -0.05469560623168945, -0.09844732284545898, -0.32731229066848755, 0.2727465033531189, -0.7217854857444763, 0.17210863530635834, -0.08837354183197021, -0.3415053188800812, 0.34277209639549255, -0.17738983035087585, -0.3936842679977417, -0.010023542679846287, 0.1253310889005661, -0.5750623345375061, -0.5271292328834534, -0.17134322226047516, 0.3255389928817749, 0.2231208086013794, -0.15207704901695251, -0.34773194789886475, -0.25582224130630493, -0.7970141768455505, 0.31557202339172363, -0.5079612731933594, 0.4363352358341217, 0.08834490925073624, 0.35105931758880615, 0.4278275668621063, -0.2041090875864029, -0.1525336354970932, 0.725037693977356, -0.12763893604278564, 0.6997563242912292, -0.17534023523330688, 0.22428616881370544, 0.29840087890625, -0.37895509600639343, -0.4820665419101715, -0.4193788766860962, -0.09854653477668762, -0.23574738204479218, 0.4833560883998871, 0.6518846154212952, 0.16550512611865997, 0.00698886951431632, 0.20717276632785797, -0.3931563198566437, -0.2125595062971115, 0.5405791997909546, -0.13977506756782532, -0.13467583060264587, 0.30102893710136414, 0.272925466299057, -0.6585265398025513, -0.4686671197414398, -0.3048676550388336, 0.5527271628379822, -0.04377678781747818, 0.20011726021766663, -0.38073423504829407, 0.1664467751979828, 0.16672015190124512, 0.4576091766357422, -0.4462893307209015, -0.4054635763168335, 0.6122711300849915, -0.17678825557231903, 0.47538021206855774, -0.6132076978683472, 0.11060678213834763, 0.6930007338523865, -0.6145420074462891, -0.5934866070747375, -0.06118470057845116, -0.05391065031290054, 0.7002390027046204, 0.22433947026729584, 0.17383377254009247, -0.35497578978538513, 0.17256121337413788, 0.30350738763809204, 0.11120738834142685, -0.5847777724266052, 0.04606260731816292, 0.058808013796806335, -0.11604782938957214, -0.3068748414516449, -0.21800345182418823, 0.10173510015010834, 0.4621829390525818, 0.2136925309896469, 0.3122904598712921, -0.7471179366111755, 0.1366843581199646, -0.13610485196113586, -0.04406279698014259, -0.10835729539394379, -0.09403309226036072, 0.2021578997373581, 1.0363352298736572, 0.233964204788208, 0.11595523357391357, -0.7711741328239441, 0.3573943078517914, 0.4874413013458252, -0.1430526226758957, -0.1527157872915268, 0.5028471350669861, 0.42868027091026306, -0.21687862277030945, -0.4057565927505493, -0.09607908874750137, -0.48852112889289856, 0.04005175828933716, 0.4674582779407501, 0.2434341311454773, -0.08894937485456467, 0.30364081263542175, 0.7992622256278992, -0.40892884135246277, -0.1899815946817398, 0.00003469652438070625, 0.4299069046974182, -0.22467605769634247, 0.21432751417160034, 0.12350458651781082, -0.5195550322532654, 0.3041738271713257, -0.23277637362480164, -0.6038737297058105, -0.3458709716796875, -0.19961680471897125, 0.46784189343452454, 0.05541333556175232, -0.5520252585411072, -0.3341342508792877, -0.2676229476928711, -0.6240733861923218, -0.23693466186523438, -0.22867393493652344, 0.044195763766765594, 0.8923713564872742, 1.0207234621047974, 1.0325435400009155, -0.11097577959299088, -0.1381799578666687, 0.30072230100631714, 0.012534048408269882, 0.33584392070770264, -0.1708471029996872, -0.05814049392938614, -0.10286877304315567, 0.5650385022163391, -0.1711060106754303, 0.3900107741355896, -0.3266001045703888, -0.18664364516735077, 0.1536952704191208, 0.03538578376173973, -0.10207576304674149, -0.10394305735826492, 0.02793845720589161, -0.3919098973274231, 0.5703518986701965, 0.91789710521698, -0.5500929951667786, -0.7155401706695557, 0.2878301739692688, -0.04565229266881943, -0.10618650913238525, -0.20987443625926971, -0.07990457862615585, -0.04938922077417374, 0.2411191463470459, -0.4250786006450653, -0.205865740776062, 0.06552629917860031, 0.05553005635738373, 0.08348170667886734, 0.6857903003692627, -0.6741788983345032, 0.05941953882575035, -0.5181674957275391, -0.23333938419818878, -0.7718240022659302, -0.30319076776504517, -0.30553463101387024, -0.06573139131069183, -0.10660503059625626, -0.05683598667383194, -0.6832321882247925, 0.500534176826477, 0.7346889972686768, -0.27569523453712463, -0.13302770256996155, -0.17699237167835236, -0.1011902317404747, 0.4599837362766266, -0.15075556933879852, 1.1293070316314697, 0.37443915009498596, 0.3368300497531891, 0.34836557507514954, 0.19354361295700073, 0.6079709529876709, -0.21661321818828583, -0.3914536237716675, -0.22503487765789032, -0.011630474589765072, -0.0963030457496643, -0.19568032026290894, -0.33396443724632263, 1.0414596796035767, -0.1621726155281067, 0.12716275453567505, 0.7277159690856934, -0.09669077396392822, -0.5045703649520874, 0.6599487066268921, -0.07352790236473083, 0.007577205542474985, -0.24425239861011505, -0.13647203147411346, -0.04197950288653374, -0.25684112310409546, 0.9662405848503113, -0.08487534523010254, -0.21027836203575134, 0.7466026544570923, 0.2249215990304947, -0.45358380675315857, 0.05926403030753136, -0.26842933893203735, -0.021375253796577454, -0.3692820966243744, 0.27849656343460083, -0.6550949215888977, -0.17399701476097107, 0.42801880836486816, 0.22572177648544312, 0.034376081079244614, -0.13156470656394958, -0.09090477228164673, 0.1618833690881729, -0.08326933532953262, 0.30903780460357666, -0.2459762692451477, 0.14394479990005493, -0.2360023707151413, -0.24638690054416656, -0.3856092095375061, 0.08905323594808578, 0.005951291415840387, 0.378869891166687, 0.5505289435386658, 0.25800764560699463, 0.29498791694641113, -0.4380940794944763, 0.23073351383209229, -0.5939187407493591, 0.2473900467157364, 0.7105812430381775 ]
249029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92	Ò	Ò, ò (o-grave) is a letter of the Latin script. It is used in Catalan, Emilian-Romagnol, Lombard, Occitan, Kashubian, Sardinian, Scottish Gaelic, Taos, Vietnamese, Haitian Creole, Norwegian and Italian. Usage in various languages Kashubian Ò is the 28th letter of the Kashubian alphabet and represents . Vietnamese In the Vietnamese alphabet, ò is the huyền tone (falling tone) of "o". Chinese In Chinese pinyin, ò is the yángqù tone (阳去, falling tone) of "o". Italian In Italian, the grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress: Niccolò (equivalent of Nicholas and the forename of Machiavelli). It can also be used on the nonfinal vowels o and e to indicate that the vowel is stressed and that it is open: còrso, "Corsican", vs. córso, "course"/"run", the past participle of "correre". Ò represents the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ and È represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel /ɛ/. Emilian-Romagnol In Emilian, ò is used to represent [ɔː], e.g. òs [ɔːs] "bone". In Romagnol, it is used to represent [ɔ], e.g. piò [pjɔ] "more". Norwegian Ò can be found in the Norwegian word òg which is an alternative spelling of også, meaning "also". This word is found in both Nynorsk and Bokmål. Macedonian In Macedonian, ò is used to differentiate the word òд (eng. walk) from the more common од (eng. from). Both ò and о are pronounced as [o]. Character mappings O-grave Vowel letters	[ -0.4253092408180237, 0.3530259430408478, -0.08638287335634232, -0.2587417662143707, -0.2294567972421646, 1.1273187398910522, 0.10610349476337433, 0.27909114956855774, -0.0753922238945961, -0.8216868042945862, -0.12509334087371826, 0.11856435984373093, -0.17678938806056976, 0.046585533767938614, -0.037610795348882675, 0.621906042098999, 0.497743159532547, 0.3523193299770355, -0.4683212637901306, -0.5140699744224548, 0.0632345974445343, 0.07164211571216583, 0.02503161132335663, -0.15426170825958252, 0.4023520052433014, -0.09338691830635071, -0.5465958714485168, -0.15187954902648926, 0.3854059875011444, 0.037697453051805496, -0.1684548407793045, 0.6571347117424011, 0.2075526863336563, -0.09193690121173859, -0.3803389370441437, -0.7410609126091003, -0.2519932687282562, -0.5535282492637634, -0.23003865778446198, -0.0952141210436821, -0.2829377055168152, -0.6747912764549255, 0.35730376839637756, 0.3749343752861023, -0.687194287776947, -0.4159998893737793, -1.6893624067306519, 0.614153265953064, -0.5276739001274109, 0.7036064863204956, -0.23639875650405884, 0.13261233270168304, -0.24888014793395996, 0.1569110006093979, -0.24018579721450806, 0.7804141044616699, -0.6618660092353821, -0.31630951166152954, 0.6966721415519714, -0.5810869932174683, 0.20269644260406494, -0.28830766677856445, -0.16113080084323883, 0.3697335720062256, 0.22244775295257568, 0.5831993222236633, -0.4099317193031311, 0.3880644738674164, -0.583265483379364, -0.249395951628685, -0.2116200476884842, -0.4316934049129486, -0.5997668504714966, -0.16200725734233856, -0.4536002576351166, -0.49639326333999634, -0.6283867955207825, 0.06933523714542389, 0.20637348294258118, 0.5319487452507019, -0.1559387445449829, -0.2907458543777466, 0.25099417567253113, 0.32229503989219666, -0.03706182539463043, 0.24285711348056793, -0.44115281105041504, 0.1248573586344719, -0.5432432293891907, 0.21031875908374786, 0.1956830471754074, -0.7450313568115234, 0.23371495306491852, 0.10827851295471191, -0.04057154059410095, 0.08955614268779755, 0.006011893507093191, -0.17098189890384674, 0.6054229140281677, -0.1678318828344345, -0.3971720337867737, -0.056701820343732834, 0.5333876609802246, -0.2901618480682373, -0.9996660947799683, -0.3652495741844177, -0.35273846983909607, -0.3447704613208771, 0.5455151796340942, 0.11407530307769775, -0.5233860015869141, 0.2946722209453583, -0.23312442004680634, 0.046457212418317795, -0.24744902551174164, -0.2224234938621521, 0.11887054890394211, -0.01648085005581379, -0.39745208621025085, -0.252016544342041, -0.32897838950157166, 0.616905927658081, 0.4096830487251282, 0.28604182600975037, 0.4809751808643341, -0.15593236684799194, 0.1326686441898346, 0.09983085840940475, -0.7590310573577881, 0.20763489603996277, 0.22689774632453918, 0.9937757849693298, 0.28633663058280945, 0.4019688665866852, 0.32256317138671875, -0.21258080005645752, -0.14373569190502167, -0.11221882700920105, 0.015308630652725697, -0.10260035842657089, -0.9539616107940674, 0.053956810384988785, -0.4755227267742157, 0.2701109051704407, 0.7518218755722046, 0.3022618889808655, -0.38482609391212463, 0.32382932305336, -0.10738970339298248, 0.03217998147010803, 0.1912616342306137, -0.5679842829704285, -0.2317543625831604, 0.31261810660362244, -0.41238316893577576, 0.11015491187572479, 0.004404399544000626, 0.4198644161224365, 0.1699649691581726, -0.21895845234394073, -0.09764280915260315, 0.4919762909412384, 0.4695994257926941, 0.16065850853919983, 0.24567636847496033, -0.3860946297645569, 0.20885714888572693, 0.2812887132167816, -0.6521766185760498, 0.513611912727356, -0.06416823714971542, -0.36814361810684204, 0.9052636027336121, 0.15773950517177582, -0.3887837827205658, -0.4090931713581085, 0.38427191972732544, -0.5270040035247803, 0.7138996720314026, 0.28187474608421326, -0.6378975510597229, 0.19587452709674835, 0.2875622808933258, 0.15986458957195282, -0.330318808555603, 0.032838597893714905, -0.37253034114837646, -0.10055524110794067, 0.3792931139469147, 0.31404417753219604, -0.35369279980659485, -0.41755858063697815, -0.5282362103462219, -0.6011963486671448, 0.5964558124542236, -0.5015446543693542, -0.5831546187400818, 0.5269951224327087, 0.23200073838233948, 0.6995342373847961, -0.5902464389801025, -0.3192954361438751, 0.5842769145965576, 0.07851719111204147, 0.19785043597221375, 0.8139021396636963, 0.1008974090218544, 0.5560513734817505, 0.3516009747982025, 0.46738091111183167, 0.09503521025180817, 0.38915500044822693, 0.9243241548538208, -0.13380073010921478, 0.010034755803644657, -0.07975555211305618, 0.12969788908958435, -0.5131233930587769, -0.3643549084663391, -0.007909352891147137, 0.9031363129615784, -0.8367560505867004, -0.02083086408674717, 0.11473088711500168, -0.3217388391494751, 0.3711259663105011, 0.6536034345626831, 0.11568297445774078, 0.47403576970100403, -0.23905788362026215, 0.10266321152448654, -0.46580970287323, 0.17226389050483704, 0.18301863968372345, -0.0871632844209671, 0.18065369129180908, 0.13687925040721893, -0.36968302726745605, 0.5457459688186646, -0.31091010570526123, -0.010778121650218964, 0.16228128969669342, -0.032118845731019974, -0.20700198411941528, 0.34628167748451233, -0.5794690847396851, 0.42753034830093384, -0.03228692710399628, -0.1763099879026413, 0.3526577055454254, -0.34132441878318787, -0.2671670615673065, -0.5181682109832764, 0.016588324680924416, -0.32690924406051636, -0.4557587504386902, 0.5368881821632385, 0.8701291680335999, 0.6898952126502991, 0.10188698023557663, -0.09262173622846603, 0.31882157921791077, 0.37143298983573914, -0.5221465826034546, 0.12828822433948517, 0.1307993233203888, -0.22616691887378693, -0.26490387320518494, 0.8586967587471008, 0.5904640555381775, 0.026231227442622185, 0.7598727941513062, -0.425421804189682, 0.1206013411283493, -0.6799784302711487, -0.4453740417957306, 0.032151736319065094, 0.2677355110645294, -0.5967022776603699, -0.5009531378746033, -0.18940046429634094, 0.2849298417568207, 0.1691408008337021, -0.9876273274421692, 0.11464297771453857, -0.34298303723335266, 0.17290033400058746, -0.663914680480957, -0.6041726469993591, -1.0776948928833008, -0.36807531118392944, 0.02951517328619957, 0.1388748586177826, -0.10612807422876358, 0.6879785060882568, -0.600093424320221, 0.3450852930545807, 0.3163131773471832, 0.1166781634092331, -0.48090195655822754, -0.36287611722946167, -0.19922949373722076, 0.19574038684368134, -0.15446673333644867, -0.19327904284000397, 0.5591343641281128, 0.16985413432121277, 0.7732294201850891, -5.64411735534668, 0.4485938847064972, -0.33466508984565735, -0.027256762608885765, -0.21423213183879852, 0.05169183015823364, 0.4668745994567871, -0.15255723893642426, 0.43804654479026794, -0.6317683458328247, -0.09377768635749817, 0.2429896891117096, -0.1978737860918045, 0.12248799204826355, -0.537280797958374, -0.276459276676178, -0.00834107119590044, 0.7634127140045166, -0.21669259667396545, 0.6271499395370483, 0.09610564261674881, 0.6393029093742371, 0.15394946932792664, 0.5554234981536865, 0.2276795655488968, 0.12747713923454285, 0.049820054322481155, 0.30235159397125244, 0.01727406121790409, -0.4135377109050751, -0.027293864637613297, -0.20255127549171448, 0.3451104462146759, -0.47169312834739685, 0.06705766171216965, 0.11584365367889404, 0.9634208083152771, -0.025530129671096802, 0.5984103083610535, -0.030150441452860832, -0.25673308968544006, 0.11768940091133118, 0.1879732757806778, -0.7132983803749084, -0.14048567414283752, 0.036084096878767014, -0.4718690812587738, -0.09069622308015823, -0.04071861505508423, 0.31543800234794617, -0.17538902163505554, -0.16526183485984802, 0.25463220477104187, -0.12666575610637665, 1.0982837677001953, 0.5274540781974792, -0.15332798659801483, -0.2793552875518799, -0.07791217416524887, 0.012659018859267235, 0.3674556314945221, -0.6077749729156494, -0.6034989356994629, -0.8106560111045837, 0.2978610098361969, -0.47726792097091675, -0.299238383769989, 0.4838569462299347, 0.34562504291534424, 0.17100845277309418, -0.3003661036491394, 0.15270642936229706, 0.7724335193634033, -0.615519642829895, -0.05972180515527725, -0.6816951036453247, -0.07461105287075043, -0.29528990387916565, -1.033046007156372, -0.08579842746257782, -0.21836844086647034, -0.2975577116012573, -0.4669201970100403, 0.228192999958992, -0.12736152112483978, 0.1001412644982338, -0.013476857915520668, -0.011270022951066494, 0.17035835981369019, 0.32294097542762756, 1.1984139680862427, -0.05309357866644859, 0.19677874445915222, 0.10908249765634537, 0.038099028170108795, 0.3465268909931183, 0.41809025406837463, -0.6256198287010193, 0.415957510471344, 0.03713839128613472, 0.10064597427845001, -0.07372204214334488, 0.05982087925076485, 0.07894894480705261, -0.13961802423000336, -0.2776557505130768, -0.6374493837356567, 0.07417692989110947, 0.7665327787399292, 0.25335803627967834, 0.017304174602031708, -0.02042263187468052, -0.05195744335651398, -0.23802457749843597, 0.0904935821890831, 0.22494621574878693, -0.04550042003393173, -0.05172109603881836, 0.3590293824672699, 0.06387699395418167, 0.042247191071510315, 0.702393114566803, -0.599228024482727, 0.16219906508922577, -0.33096393942832947, 0.1466234177350998, -0.039079103618860245, 0.010536503978073597, -0.03174993768334389, 0.2313641756772995, -0.07941701263189316, 0.12594209611415863, 0.14808160066604614, 0.32292670011520386, 0.14395280182361603, 0.5111210942268372, -0.3112397789955139, 0.19326980412006378, 0.16053365170955658, -0.14226433634757996, -0.12346456199884415, -0.72898268699646, -0.3353039026260376, -0.3709251880645752, 0.6365594863891602, 0.25842803716659546, -0.4608117938041687, -0.42829301953315735, -0.526154637336731, 0.6871440410614014, 0.4018263518810272, -0.28629541397094727, 0.4220178425312042, -0.37371423840522766, -0.06613710522651672, 0.11199308931827545, -0.4608626067638397, 0.039897821843624115, -0.6891398429870605, 0.2540644109249115, 0.2990592420101166, -0.40502816438674927, -0.3183800280094147, -0.4161122739315033, 0.27423566579818726, -0.6298825144767761, 0.1351189762353897, -0.12697476148605347, -0.5327410101890564, 0.5216549038887024, -0.1855248063802719, 0.3559306859970093, -0.21571117639541626, -0.9944051504135132, 0.25448885560035706, -0.2049255520105362, -0.08708570152521133, 0.7053129076957703, -0.024992365390062332, 0.07236313074827194, 0.4686987102031708, -0.1811893880367279, -0.039662908762693405, 0.5791420936584473, 0.26521173119544983, -0.5711767077445984, 0.07517983764410019, -0.1529022455215454, -0.33360084891319275, -0.2627045214176178, -0.18933580815792084, -0.7684748768806458, 0.1645163595676422, -0.15425437688827515, -0.269328236579895, -0.049498554319143295, -0.42278486490249634, 0.30403903126716614, -0.41830897331237793, -0.24195359647274017, 0.17930011451244354, 0.304149329662323, -0.6029107570648193, -0.039124201983213425, -0.35467347502708435, -0.5916215181350708, 0.7652178406715393, -0.18320143222808838, -0.35759589076042175, 0.25023549795150757, -0.1157320886850357, -1.2065799236297607, -0.5566707253456116, 0.2378835678100586, 0.3194485008716583, 0.33973076939582825, -0.014766644686460495, -0.17726728320121765, -0.35982513427734375, -0.9707346558570862, 0.47187718749046326, -0.23332013189792633, -0.0653916671872139, 0.1677137166261673, 0.22100067138671875, 0.4485320746898651, -0.35037389397621155, 0.059189096093177795, 0.6003937125205994, -0.09599010646343231, 0.6135520339012146, -0.09734918922185898, 0.33123958110809326, 0.2720750868320465, -0.03462851792573929, -0.636368989944458, -0.24529947340488434, -0.49648022651672363, -0.47667330503463745, 0.23115158081054688, 0.8574578762054443, 0.32652416825294495, 0.29922014474868774, 0.12883001565933228, -0.35445091128349304, -0.31432223320007324, 0.07748600095510483, -0.43336209654808044, -0.40144532918930054, 0.8420028686523438, 0.6413672566413879, -0.27871784567832947, -0.6903391480445862, -0.4596901535987854, 0.4917229115962982, -0.39692366123199463, 0.33844679594039917, -0.19995056092739105, -0.33242473006248474, 0.5193815231323242, 0.3988681435585022, -0.5579605102539062, 0.13733913004398346, 0.6178606748580933, -0.22714385390281677, 0.7113459706306458, -0.6411943435668945, 0.1443692296743393, 0.16649717092514038, -0.6204914450645447, -0.20054298639297485, -0.020023565739393234, 0.1729072481393814, 0.444714218378067, 0.13520637154579163, 0.48534101247787476, -0.11153657734394073, -0.0879998654127121, 0.11691953986883163, 0.09577306360006332, -0.4599587917327881, 0.1876072883605957, -0.16898900270462036, -0.001319558941759169, -0.3579242527484894, -0.19131028652191162, 0.06175635755062103, 0.36296558380126953, -0.13705642521381378, 0.17842382192611694, -0.4717959463596344, 0.1431199312210083, -0.2900516986846924, 0.5795943140983582, 0.10777103155851364, -0.05057566240429878, 0.08346506953239441, 1.2409576177597046, 0.5097456574440002, -0.041742660105228424, -0.8766840100288391, 0.7596853375434875, 0.343298077583313, -0.30671587586402893, -0.019034581258893013, 0.5529263615608215, 0.40204381942749023, -0.1307155042886734, -0.12306477874517441, 0.0011297340970486403, -0.056713540107011795, 0.11231312900781631, 0.4778422713279724, 0.8525674939155579, 0.40835151076316833, 0.42694947123527527, 0.23211543262004852, -0.6050815582275391, -0.7067421674728394, -0.030933158472180367, 0.32368260622024536, -0.11510542780160904, 0.28652849793434143, -0.015964334830641747, -0.5396630167961121, 0.43771302700042725, -0.2772803008556366, -0.04950027912855148, -0.3470862805843353, 0.3428366780281067, 0.8295197486877441, -0.11044734716415405, -0.28340280055999756, -0.6580924987792969, -0.27633294463157654, -0.38891783356666565, -0.5954611897468567, -0.451278418302536, 0.14939098060131073, 0.7988638281822205, 0.604072093963623, 0.9984887838363647, -0.14167413115501404, 0.03408794105052948, 0.23665422201156616, -0.021357817575335503, -0.0989142507314682, -0.1990162432193756, -0.025497835129499435, 0.05571988224983215, 0.4427334666252136, -0.11445490270853043, 0.4483594298362732, -0.3768468499183655, -0.353001207113266, 0.36511385440826416, -0.42966175079345703, -0.005939927883446217, 0.17815221846103668, 0.2806871235370636, -0.056367237120866776, 0.2924838662147522, 0.9066997766494751, -0.31331494450569153, -0.42769095301628113, -0.08272207528352737, 0.06763670593500137, -0.5740153193473816, -0.38178110122680664, -0.1654309332370758, -0.18071788549423218, 0.5471736788749695, -0.11227495968341827, 0.05931912362575531, 0.26759621500968933, 0.45557349920272827, 0.15135982632637024, 0.27038487792015076, -0.5535938143730164, -0.4552624523639679, -0.8136139512062073, -0.264797568321228, -0.5560091137886047, -0.4123144745826721, -0.13420522212982178, -0.23422527313232422, -0.1069076806306839, -0.04480333998799324, -0.06177329644560814, 0.25669825077056885, 0.027340227738022804, -0.5734595060348511, 0.1901770532131195, -0.26247483491897583, -0.16229279339313507, -0.1371081918478012, -0.1191064864397049, 0.622126042842865, 0.6623746752738953, 0.3849959075450897, 0.32224491238594055, 0.18916378915309906, 0.6138079166412354, -0.46981313824653625, -0.5045983195304871, 0.016625724732875824, -0.06837587803602219, -0.023160342127084732, -0.2639631927013397, 0.02020644024014473, 0.7986016869544983, -0.01870587281882763, 0.3176981806755066, 1.1807522773742676, 0.0820232406258583, -0.23263530433177948, 0.5456706285476685, 0.04083453491330147, 0.258599191904068, -0.27515631914138794, -0.04334120824933052, -0.16203343868255615, -0.4734140634536743, 0.6812661290168762, -0.16400296986103058, 0.1994960904121399, 0.38333195447921753, 0.5333144068717957, -0.22535131871700287, 0.21254341304302216, -0.48157522082328796, 0.40810713171958923, -0.48988762497901917, 0.5330175161361694, -0.35750365257263184, 0.07579316198825836, -0.06288205832242966, 0.1801801174879074, -0.16229264438152313, -0.3143615424633026, -0.00045389283332042396, -0.1410922259092331, -0.2252098023891449, 0.38601067662239075, -0.5386726260185242, 0.15825724601745605, -0.6025744080543518, -0.36198899149894714, -0.4975660741329193, -0.26581090688705444, 0.332855224609375, -0.09012215584516525, 1.0059640407562256, 0.8349158763885498, 0.05810436233878136, -0.4029954671859741, 0.15939801931381226, -0.5562576651573181, 0.1475529670715332, 0.8216320276260376 ]
249030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93	Ó	Ó, ó (o-acute) is a letter in the Czech, Emilian-Romagnol, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, Kashubian, Kazakh, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian languages. This letter also appears in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, Irish, Nynorsk, Bokmål, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian and Galician languages as a variant of letter "o". It is sometimes also used in English for loanwords. Usage in various languages Chinese In Chinese pinyin ó is the yángpíng tone (阳平, high-rising tone) of "o". Czech and Slovak Ó is the 24th letter of the Czech alphabet and the 28th letter of the Slovak alphabet. It represents . Dutch In Dutch, the acute Ó accent is used to mark different meanings for words, for example voor/vóór ("for" / "before"), or vóórkomen/voorkómen ("to occur" / "to prevent"). Emilian-Romagnol In Emilian, ó is used to represent [o], e.g. sótt [sotː] "dry". In Romagnol, ó is used to represent [oː], e.g. alóra [aˈloːra] "then". Faroese Ó is the 18th letter of the Faroese alphabet and represents or . Icelandic Ó is the 19th letter of the Icelandic alphabet and represents . Irish Ó is widely used in Irish where it has various meanings: the preposition ó "from" the patronymic term Ó "grandson, (usually male) descendant, first or second cousin" (variants: Ua, Uí, Í Uaí). When Irish names were anglicized, the Ó commonly was either dropped or written as O'''. the interjection ó "oh" Italian In Italian, ó is an optional symbol (especially used in dictionaries) sometimes used to indicate that a stressed o should be pronounced with a close sound: córso , "course", as opposed to còrso , "Corsican" (but both are commonly written with no accent marks when the context is clear). A similar process may occur with é and è, as in pésca, "fishing", and pèsca "peach", in which the accent mark is not written (both are written as pesca). Kashubian Ó is the 23rd letter of the Kashubian alphabet and represents . It also represents in southern dialects. Hungarian Ó is the 25th letter of the Hungarian alphabet. It represents . Kazakh It was proposed in 2018 that Ó should be one of their Latin alphabet to replace Ө and represents (or ). The proposal was modified to Ö in late 2019. Polish Ó is the 21st letter of the Polish alphabet, and represents . Portuguese In Portuguese, ó is used to mark a stressed in words whose stressed syllable is in an unpredictable location within the word, as in "pó" (dust) and "óculos" (glasses). If the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, the acute accent is not used. Ó contrasts with ô . Scottish Gaelic Ó was once widely used in Scottish, but it has now been largely superseded by "ò". It can still be seen in certain writings but is no longer used in standard orthography. Spanish Ó is used in the Spanish language to denote an 'o' vowel with abnormal stress. Sorbian Ó represents in Upper Sorbian and represents or in, especially, Lower Sorbian. Vietnamese In Vietnamese alphabet ó is the sắc tone (high-rising tone) of "o". Character mappings Key strokes Microsoft Windows users can type an "ó" by pressing on the numeric pad of the keyboard. "Ó" can be typed by pressing In Microsoft Word, pressing , then will produce the character ó. Pressing , then will produce the character Ó. Remember to not press shift before'' apostrophe, as that will not type this character. See also Acute accent References O-acute Vowel letters O-acute	[ -0.5229631662368774, 0.4578220248222351, 0.12221112102270126, -0.46620193123817444, -0.4082043468952179, 1.2654075622558594, 0.35543614625930786, 0.4015713334083557, -0.037037238478660583, -0.5476387143135071, -0.1071765124797821, -0.016642708331346512, -0.1792026162147522, -0.040707651525735855, 0.14484915137290955, 0.54842609167099, 0.6101173758506775, 0.6565819978713989, -0.7446255087852478, -0.3757539689540863, 0.14801457524299622, 0.042146723717451096, 0.25022080540657043, 0.09308886528015137, 0.4147956967353821, -0.259391725063324, -0.44863221049308777, -0.4159401059150696, 0.41076114773750305, 0.053120192140340805, -0.2841215431690216, 1.183548927307129, 0.03117316961288452, -0.06414252519607544, -0.4890925884246826, -0.5264471173286438, -0.27131950855255127, -0.5935544967651367, -0.2165282666683197, -0.09638474136590958, -0.30106204748153687, -0.5796138644218445, 0.5613493919372559, 0.2187531292438507, -0.5773653984069824, -0.6588285565376282, -1.760087251663208, 0.5017768144607544, -0.42755061388015747, 0.8471455574035645, -0.27515658736228943, -0.033697910606861115, -0.0690954402089119, -0.06378311663866043, -0.34006720781326294, 0.5580106973648071, -0.6258115768432617, -0.39837321639060974, 0.8702102899551392, -0.31442171335220337, 0.25159040093421936, -0.07960177212953568, -0.028235243633389473, 0.054423339664936066, 0.30702269077301025, 0.6609593629837036, -0.4896124303340912, 0.5543630719184875, -0.7168546915054321, -0.22326591610908508, -0.3184047341346741, -0.527707040309906, -0.639099657535553, -0.013946308754384518, -0.3282047510147095, -0.5772660970687866, -0.44768059253692627, 0.05380718782544136, 0.23457123339176178, 0.4659453332424164, 0.08815416693687439, -0.0435531921684742, 0.5096497535705566, 0.16228312253952026, -0.132844939827919, 0.07544014602899551, -0.5368109345436096, 0.12964875996112823, -0.5304040908813477, 0.1353140026330948, 0.4294458031654358, -0.5405179858207703, 0.3714244067668915, 0.22892212867736816, 0.02399415709078312, 0.3314366340637207, 0.12490995228290558, -0.0772944912314415, 0.450662225484848, -0.15928508341312408, -0.3169655203819275, 0.11310786008834839, 0.48720306158065796, -0.3276994526386261, -1.1250382661819458, -0.3679235577583313, -0.14298997819423676, -0.30539828538894653, 0.3661467730998993, 0.16577811539173126, -0.9958685040473938, 0.3366678059101105, 0.05545251816511154, 0.10961687564849854, -0.29699593782424927, -0.31521105766296387, 0.03311270475387573, -0.034739259630441666, -0.34545865654945374, -0.3149963617324829, -0.15425358712673187, 0.5710934996604919, 0.2702150344848633, 0.15905985236167908, 0.5591536164283752, -0.06795785576105118, 0.15351010859012604, 0.05076700076460838, -0.5501723885536194, 0.2763558626174927, -0.06945261359214783, 0.8577353358268738, 0.21149079501628876, 0.19917571544647217, 0.19916032254695892, 0.14599114656448364, -0.15828576683998108, -0.2742365300655365, 0.04459519311785698, 0.07679613679647446, -0.8321923017501831, 0.08275160938501358, -0.5359711050987244, 0.1348721981048584, 0.8733327388763428, 0.24062202870845795, -0.532556414604187, 0.29988566040992737, 0.022853663191199303, -0.050910916179418564, 0.16228660941123962, -0.6610152125358582, -0.3287183344364166, 0.18077796697616577, -0.18721100687980652, 0.060159169137477875, -0.01668175496160984, 0.1164272129535675, 0.38760805130004883, -0.11405868083238602, 0.2744111716747284, 0.5172008872032166, 0.31820133328437805, 0.23155489563941956, 0.13161122798919678, -0.47995200753211975, 0.030029231682419777, 0.08852806687355042, -0.4270651936531067, 0.6090121269226074, 0.10909157991409302, -0.06674869358539581, 1.134397268295288, 0.48000282049179077, -0.2960166931152344, -0.3470979928970337, 0.5501390695571899, -0.2016027718782425, 0.6387848854064941, 0.28501296043395996, -0.6632589101791382, 0.37894997000694275, 0.3137701749801636, 0.11885307729244232, -0.2506786584854126, 0.2651519477367401, -0.25648266077041626, 0.10172805935144424, 0.5508652925491333, 0.24291661381721497, -0.28017497062683105, -0.5720980167388916, -0.5929098725318909, -0.45223599672317505, 0.713028073310852, -0.45903950929641724, -0.8864299654960632, 0.5446889996528625, 0.3830934464931488, 0.9091928005218506, -0.22387836873531342, -0.7620744705200195, 0.465392142534256, 0.21628601849079132, 0.4016967713832855, 0.7030560374259949, 0.055565059185028076, 0.2637771666049957, 0.23231512308120728, 0.6855529546737671, 0.028649214655160904, 0.11875773221254349, 1.0544124841690063, -0.2601833641529083, -0.13811790943145752, 0.11403139680624008, 0.16237135231494904, -0.2678629457950592, -0.716935396194458, 0.021027814596891403, 1.0342530012130737, -0.898489236831665, -0.029122745618224144, -0.05429442971944809, -0.25286874175071716, 0.1385030895471573, 0.743394136428833, 0.058830566704273224, 0.3681168556213379, -0.38714081048965454, 0.24773336946964264, -0.4046691656112671, 0.24446265399456024, 0.1795378178358078, -0.1275908499956131, 0.09356425702571869, -0.035834621638059616, -0.11656038463115692, 0.6074710488319397, -0.3131423890590668, -0.18852172791957855, 0.3314734995365143, -0.04411023110151291, -0.028884632512927055, 0.3555947244167328, -0.5466969609260559, 0.23064938187599182, -0.11667927354574203, -0.3207077085971832, 0.3823772072792053, -0.6696961522102356, -0.32649460434913635, -0.6104386448860168, 0.0028352304361760616, -0.17281900346279144, -0.6025403141975403, 0.6765886545181274, 0.7005296349525452, 0.7327450513839722, 0.12884467840194702, -0.02843358740210533, 0.3188242018222809, 0.29432377219200134, -0.25600937008857727, 0.11251923441886902, 0.16717246174812317, -0.1929636001586914, -0.3329440951347351, 0.6921626925468445, 0.4382323622703552, 0.1475711464881897, 0.6616706252098083, -0.52564537525177, 0.26712197065353394, -0.6257092952728271, -0.5601508617401123, -0.03266458213329315, 0.2245474010705948, -0.7123723030090332, -0.4397461712360382, -0.20383355021476746, 0.1868884414434433, -0.08693315833806992, -0.7746355533599854, 0.27669331431388855, -0.43164756894111633, 0.07570604234933853, -0.7551450133323669, -0.5404531955718994, -0.8044441342353821, -0.1975085586309433, 0.07688592374324799, -0.00529356999322772, -0.24679692089557648, 0.505325198173523, -0.2893016040325165, 0.3431814908981323, 0.650221049785614, 0.3770529329776764, -0.5633350014686584, -0.4062279164791107, -0.19497381150722504, 0.09916478395462036, -0.03928632289171219, -0.15942636132240295, 0.4638881981372833, 0.1615656018257141, 0.5942136645317078, -5.479317665100098, 0.254795640707016, -0.4426997900009155, -0.17625729739665985, -0.3089785575866699, 0.06794451922178268, 0.3948969841003418, -0.14451563358306885, 0.24075962603092194, -0.27757197618484497, -0.017373139038681984, 0.06665755063295364, -0.14899799227714539, 0.17928431928157806, -0.6879396438598633, -0.31338897347450256, -0.17122717201709747, 0.6575387716293335, -0.21602344512939453, 0.5747750997543335, 0.29952651262283325, 0.41582706570625305, 0.10853470116853714, 0.8400653600692749, 0.38488107919692993, 0.050131961703300476, 0.021735381335020065, 0.35505062341690063, 0.15251079201698303, -0.8481590747833252, -0.06366711109876633, -0.48954373598098755, 0.6519795656204224, -0.37416213750839233, 0.18874086439609528, 0.20129768550395966, 0.8131595253944397, 0.2567761540412903, 0.6583128571510315, -0.23710189759731293, -0.06575604528188705, 0.10168957710266113, 0.4174516201019287, -0.5619544982910156, -0.13042262196540833, -0.20949459075927734, -0.22359031438827515, 0.0876542329788208, -0.2446555346250534, 0.16002173721790314, -0.1492457240819931, -0.03900129720568657, 0.019813863560557365, 0.08601588755846024, 0.8780900835990906, 0.5402690172195435, -0.04234829172492027, 0.14314769208431244, 0.048307012766599655, 0.21916091442108154, 0.3826494514942169, -0.3098430335521698, -0.7987958788871765, -0.7056283950805664, 0.4087664783000946, -0.5840132832527161, -0.24332116544246674, 0.538669228553772, 0.4341675043106079, -0.0844741016626358, -0.18718093633651733, 0.2507340610027313, 0.4787042438983917, -0.6405543088912964, 0.08767180144786835, -0.8027166724205017, -0.04647679626941681, -0.234408438205719, -0.9969850182533264, 0.15248191356658936, -0.4715222418308258, -0.18247351050376892, -0.383781373500824, 0.39848792552948, 0.2146308869123459, 0.20622095465660095, -0.26668113470077515, 0.2595730125904083, 0.1507532000541687, 0.3261415660381317, 1.215875267982483, -0.17107512056827545, 0.13599185645580292, 0.19636929035186768, -0.1194450855255127, 0.16794683039188385, 0.36182963848114014, -0.49948421120643616, 0.46841195225715637, 0.011324608698487282, 0.10144351422786713, 0.008665894158184528, 0.11319710314273834, 0.015791241079568863, 0.015378142707049847, -0.007849988527595997, -0.6999676823616028, -0.26351967453956604, 1.198643445968628, 0.004627417307347059, -0.004332791548222303, -0.041419219225645065, -0.15263743698596954, -0.3665967583656311, -0.0102365268394351, 0.04293030872941017, -0.028267763555049896, 0.20264291763305664, 0.2229875773191452, 0.09088602662086487, -0.14692683517932892, 0.30712002515792847, -0.5902776122093201, 0.0020197643898427486, -0.548005223274231, 0.21964111924171448, -0.15858685970306396, 0.11402768641710281, -0.21851874887943268, 0.3255534768104553, -0.11037156730890274, 0.03747330605983734, 0.10659820586442947, 0.5183848738670349, 0.18988321721553802, 0.44411808252334595, -0.23027528822422028, 0.22344383597373962, 0.2998082637786865, -0.18055064976215363, -0.13393399119377136, -0.6880183219909668, -0.21706758439540863, -0.2203671634197235, 0.4666272699832916, 0.24182192981243134, -0.15425142645835876, -0.5269874930381775, -0.7713826894760132, 0.7002004981040955, 0.10844138264656067, 0.11343004554510117, 0.3551565110683441, -0.2585225999355316, -0.15867263078689575, 0.29790639877319336, -0.6465473771095276, 0.11491037160158157, -0.7999493479728699, 0.4415898025035858, 0.5307886004447937, -0.5350439548492432, -0.1853872835636139, -0.5673183798789978, 0.6181666851043701, -0.6164640784263611, -0.25332796573638916, -0.052652548998594284, -0.24579355120658875, 0.6853950619697571, -0.12310036271810532, 0.34502843022346497, -0.18875788152217865, -0.9208607077598572, 0.21273739635944366, -0.30649080872535706, -0.29568663239479065, 0.5906106233596802, -0.11118050664663315, -0.2858295142650604, 0.7900654077529907, -0.16667190194129944, -0.23572927713394165, 0.521581768989563, 0.3703540563583374, -0.5776493549346924, -0.050680048763751984, 0.1287776529788971, -0.10581830888986588, -0.5290713310241699, -0.5809670090675354, -0.7891910076141357, 0.11447876691818237, -0.265133261680603, -0.37568262219429016, 0.045480214059352875, -0.4634121060371399, 0.16095007956027985, -0.41619381308555603, -0.43117228150367737, 0.21629808843135834, -0.04403011128306389, -0.6128221750259399, -0.343565970659256, -0.36173516511917114, -0.4381948709487915, 0.5906817317008972, -0.24429666996002197, -0.1747303605079651, 0.10603832453489304, -0.2941756844520569, -1.3220144510269165, -0.3893558382987976, 0.5000917315483093, 0.4205458164215088, 0.45755553245544434, -0.13536709547042847, -0.37578853964805603, -0.7074829339981079, -0.9859415292739868, 0.558954119682312, -0.3406100571155548, -0.06898927688598633, 0.2373105138540268, -0.01749027706682682, 0.2946279048919678, -0.32242563366889954, 0.09083613008260727, 0.8511300086975098, -0.2587195336818695, 0.663147509098053, 0.1981620043516159, 0.10638999938964844, 0.4933459460735321, -0.03485678508877754, -0.5359394550323486, -0.44853004813194275, -0.5864145159721375, -0.43075186014175415, 0.3561553657054901, 0.717183530330658, 0.4740954041481018, 0.35640421509742737, 0.36294063925743103, -0.24620358645915985, -0.2096957266330719, 0.33003056049346924, -0.5048582553863525, -0.571857213973999, 0.8217623233795166, 0.5112496018409729, -0.35682743787765503, -0.5618995428085327, -0.49293068051338196, 0.4340280592441559, -0.5721149444580078, 0.3126504719257355, -0.10142069309949875, -0.5110580921173096, 0.5786807537078857, 0.37257063388824463, -0.6221489310264587, 0.056084707379341125, 0.7997246980667114, -0.45199814438819885, 0.5959818959236145, -0.7806933522224426, 0.08105703443288803, -0.054295238107442856, -0.488472044467926, -0.26902511715888977, -0.20112857222557068, 0.35016101598739624, 0.06711991876363754, -0.09946262091398239, 0.3510529100894928, -0.03156749904155731, -0.054311398416757584, 0.10390902310609818, 0.1287597268819809, -0.5008611679077148, 0.32484501600265503, -0.1300237476825714, -0.050570935010910034, -0.38751909136772156, -0.3867931067943573, 0.02720622904598713, 0.1217450201511383, -0.3307777941226959, 0.24807287752628326, -0.5757474303245544, 0.41967594623565674, -0.3833360970020294, 0.38867393136024475, 0.11422016471624374, -0.24231600761413574, 0.1475716531276703, 0.9944543838500977, 0.5353502035140991, -0.03821589797735214, -0.8335050344467163, 0.7727972269058228, 0.24627076089382172, -0.25207987427711487, -0.3058910369873047, 0.8480753302574158, 0.04575755447149277, -0.28631284832954407, -0.2185838371515274, 0.011868982575833797, -0.043976884335279465, 0.057045478373765945, 0.4183571934700012, 0.8449390530586243, 0.43927982449531555, 0.4638901650905609, 0.17343565821647644, -0.6670460104942322, -0.6169947981834412, 0.29805412888526917, 0.2964501678943634, 0.04194578528404236, 0.23127268254756927, -0.017229333519935608, -0.6450328230857849, 0.41297388076782227, -0.08367770165205002, -0.0345328226685524, -0.5139464139938354, 0.8372215032577515, 0.7272205948829651, -0.16580970585346222, -0.3690589964389801, -0.4650350511074066, -0.1632484346628189, -0.49466872215270996, -0.5421292781829834, -0.732208251953125, 0.23925887048244476, 0.755893886089325, 0.5670551657676697, 0.9643807411193848, -0.24048082530498505, -0.004608554299920797, 0.3831383287906647, 0.0018546187784522772, 0.0858260989189148, -0.1231870949268341, -0.10760379582643509, 0.019047725945711136, 0.45433712005615234, -0.06503985822200775, 0.3394702672958374, -0.6719421148300171, -0.4967346787452698, 0.5172737240791321, -0.6559162139892578, -0.18204255402088165, 0.07935772091150284, 0.39158231019973755, -0.06357267498970032, 0.1265794187784195, 0.7783566117286682, -0.4462675154209137, -0.4539211392402649, -0.17408612370491028, 0.023385263979434967, -0.5493193864822388, -0.20954583585262299, -0.3303834795951843, 0.07843584567308426, 0.394562304019928, -0.28266704082489014, -0.005033970344811678, 0.23120799660682678, 0.583362877368927, 0.40956833958625793, 0.11796952784061432, -0.346621036529541, -0.44485363364219666, -1.0129876136779785, -0.31809350848197937, -0.23812048137187958, -0.3279554843902588, -0.1886472851037979, -0.37082967162132263, 0.000590493087656796, -0.12901391088962555, 0.06860806792974472, 0.37204596400260925, -0.2818540334701538, -0.4006645381450653, 0.3541215658187866, -0.28189268708229065, -0.11163847148418427, -0.1966504454612732, -0.16742202639579773, 0.6280748844146729, 0.5766637921333313, 0.6777222752571106, 0.35726821422576904, 0.2436675727367401, 0.5101019144058228, -0.31250637769699097, -0.41756024956703186, 0.20738686621189117, -0.004431427922099829, -0.17418763041496277, -0.07791457325220108, -0.09852175414562225, 0.9410766959190369, 0.05134126543998718, 0.40419960021972656, 0.922546923160553, 0.16761480271816254, -0.2772546410560608, 0.5460389256477356, 0.007821952924132347, 0.20957322418689728, -0.6160070300102234, 0.10388518869876862, -0.3231453597545624, -0.21550968289375305, 0.46197807788848877, -0.33353328704833984, 0.32516467571258545, 0.3606027662754059, 0.6749086976051331, -0.2734949290752411, 0.24928365647792816, -0.7850583791732788, 0.5378313660621643, -0.43019136786460876, 0.4594898819923401, -0.5522075891494751, -0.08819463104009628, -0.09566976875066757, 0.06803597509860992, 0.011109283193945885, -0.3613227605819702, -0.14252574741840363, 0.002761415671557188, -0.20000196993350983, 0.5450225472450256, -0.14874112606048584, 0.3356010317802429, -0.6368775367736816, -0.4841059744358063, -0.36047250032424927, -0.14374962449073792, 0.228435218334198, -0.4759121239185333, 1.0065805912017822, 0.6891991496086121, 0.1277400106191635, -0.49857816100120544, 0.31236353516578674, -0.49434947967529297, 0.13905741274356842, 0.4850356876850128 ]
249033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication%20sign	Multiplication sign	The multiplication sign, also known as the times sign or the dimension sign, is the symbol , used in mathematics to denote the multiplication operation and its resulting product. While similar to a lowercase X (), the form is properly a four-fold rotationally symmetric saltire. History The earliest known use of the symbol to represent multiplication appears in an anonymous appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier's . This appendix has been attributed to William Oughtred, who used the same symbol in his 1631 algebra text, , stating:"Multiplication of species [i.e. unknowns] connects both proposed magnitudes with the symbol 'in' or : or ordinarily without the symbol if the magnitudes be denoted with one letter." Two earlier uses of a notation have been identified, but do not stand critical examination. Uses In mathematics, the symbol × has a number of uses, including Multiplication of two numbers, where it is read as "times" or "multiplied by" Cross product of two vectors, where it is usually read as "cross" Cartesian product of two sets, where it is usually read as "cross" Geometric dimension of an object, such as noting that a room is 10 feet × 12 feet in area, where it is usually read as "by" (e.g., "10 feet by 12 feet") Screen resolution in pixels, such as 1920 pixels across × 1080 pixels down. Read as "by". Dimensions of a matrix, where it is usually read as "by" A statistical interaction between two explanatory variables, where it is usually read as "by" In biology, the multiplication sign is used in a botanical hybrid name, for instance Ceanothus papillosus × impressus (a hybrid between C. papillosus and C. impressus) or Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (a hybrid between two other species of Crocosmia). However, the communication of these hybrid names with a Latin letter "x" is common, when the actual "×" symbol is not readily available. The multiplication sign is also used by historians for an event between two dates. When employed between two dates for example 1225 and 1232 the expression "1225×1232" means "no earlier than 1225 and no later than 1232". A monadic symbol is used by the APL programming language to denote the sign function. Similar notations The lower-case Latin letter is sometimes used in place of the multiplication sign. This is considered incorrect in mathematical writing. In algebraic notation, widely used in mathematics, a multiplication symbol is usually omitted wherever it would not cause confusion: " multiplied by " can be written as or . Other symbols can also be used to denote multiplication, often to reduce confusion between the multiplication sign × and the common variable . In some countries, such as Germany, the primary symbol for multiplication is the "dot operator" (as in ). This symbol is also used in algebraic notation to resolve ambiguity (for instance, "b times 2" may be written as , to avoid being confused with a value called ). This notation is used wherever multiplication should be written explicitly, such as in " for "; this usage is also seen in English-language texts. In some languages, the use of full stop as a multiplication symbol, such as , is common when the symbol for decimal point is comma. Historically, computer language syntax was restricted to the ASCII character set, and the asterisk became the de facto symbol for the multiplication operator. This selection is reflected in the standard numeric keypad, where the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are represented by the keys , , and , respectively. Typing the character Unicode and HTML entities Other variants and related characters: (a zero-width space indicating multiplication) (the interpunct, may be easier to type than the dot operator) (intended to explicitly denote the cross product of two vectors) See also Division sign List of mathematical symbols Plus and minus signs Reference mark X mark References External links Mathematical symbols Multiplication	[ 0.16978199779987335, -0.0020821846555918455, 0.11483490467071533, -0.263611376285553, 0.0007384481723420322, 0.5100489258766174, -0.29693132638931274, 0.22691158950328827, -0.500075101852417, -0.7339475750923157, -0.22871649265289307, 0.23750843107700348, 0.023690560832619667, 0.3122574985027313, -0.2718883156776428, 0.4665079712867737, 0.6292492151260376, 0.2854781448841095, -0.451863169670105, -0.2684440314769745, 0.14491501450538635, 0.3851303458213806, 0.5831490755081177, -0.49898549914360046, 0.2462845742702484, 0.011082924902439117, -0.554810643196106, -0.5575680136680603, 0.08336161077022552, 0.22425577044487, -0.1628623753786087, 0.41318419575691223, 0.2889254689216614, 0.1894765943288803, -0.1613084077835083, -0.09700777381658554, -0.0657147541642189, -0.20961108803749084, -0.013571358285844326, -0.1097826212644577, 0.15570484101772308, -0.49731627106666565, 0.3898083567619324, 0.2817002832889557, -0.409775048494339, -0.36492475867271423, -1.537880778312683, 0.23816128075122833, -0.7505699396133423, 0.11929385364055634, -0.27293479442596436, -0.19969938695430756, 0.008968173526227474, 0.33319729566574097, -0.03850169479846954, 0.7868918180465698, -0.5658389329910278, -0.0008673967677168548, 0.6315940022468567, -0.22803716361522675, 0.32893311977386475, -0.1001024842262268, -0.17045840620994568, 0.1658640056848526, 0.12466200441122055, 0.17469090223312378, 0.2579299211502075, 0.2842486500740051, -0.5335131883621216, -1.0078318119049072, -0.499678373336792, 0.11072998493909836, -0.26804545521736145, 0.4640549421310425, -0.3159938156604767, -0.4242238700389862, -0.3071087896823883, -0.1252918541431427, -0.17677061259746552, -0.054856427013874054, 0.07966728508472443, 0.6287907958030701, 0.5519335865974426, -0.33641284704208374, -0.11837506294250488, -0.0894775316119194, -0.7250924706459045, 0.13671357929706573, -0.4187641441822052, 0.45367422699928284, 0.3167964518070221, -0.180328831076622, 0.38324466347694397, 0.27247872948646545, -0.3412139415740967, 0.1794097125530243, 0.15976206958293915, -0.4632411003112793, 0.5247692465782166, 0.048874229192733765, -0.26798728108406067, -0.2870253324508667, 0.3194091320037842, -0.15030619502067566, -0.19535332918167114, -0.4251956343650818, -0.054521095007658005, -0.04878736287355423, 0.4501510262489319, -0.01183496043086052, -1.1364809274673462, 0.1743144541978836, -0.1223166286945343, 0.29176801443099976, 0.17459790408611298, 0.06545574963092804, 0.014709495939314365, -0.2303040772676468, -0.14615054428577423, -0.023007500916719437, -0.09771827608346939, 0.7205569744110107, 0.07110654562711716, 0.301232248544693, 0.21007947623729706, 0.1009998694062233, -0.03610270842909813, 0.7844405174255371, -0.5418750047683716, -0.5357125997543335, 0.22259537875652313, 1.025485873222351, 0.47778961062431335, -0.2643481194972992, -0.13012133538722992, -0.5762804746627808, 0.13084764778614044, -0.4070478081703186, -0.41871410608291626, 0.3080376088619232, -0.2822698652744293, -0.3314288854598999, -0.1317542940378189, -0.3790667653083801, 0.6091412901878357, -0.4570270776748657, 0.3688204288482666, -0.22027838230133057, 0.18698394298553467, 0.2773069441318512, 0.4047676622867584, -0.19161665439605713, -0.4285508692264557, 0.12548981606960297, -0.13561812043190002, -0.5461558699607849, 0.021209020167589188, 0.27267369627952576, -0.41870591044425964, 0.2958400249481201, -0.20094136893749237, -0.1043495163321495, -0.1139906495809555, -0.43353766202926636, -0.22680988907814026, -0.3254592716693878, 0.9821840524673462, 0.27012497186660767, -0.508245587348938, -0.056552983820438385, -0.4676390290260315, -0.059347935020923615, 0.15269635617733002, 0.7205072045326233, -0.5627233386039734, 0.08252064883708954, 0.38677194714546204, -0.21530461311340332, 0.9606575965881348, 0.08609138429164886, -0.5803426504135132, 0.16970425844192505, 0.09237987548112869, -0.2824336886405945, 0.33341777324676514, -0.01912984624505043, 0.2513662278652191, -0.15746250748634338, 0.1490866243839264, -0.1667589247226715, -0.15124675631523132, 0.21263208985328674, -0.19531914591789246, -0.5424013733863831, 0.5476720333099365, -0.19997864961624146, -0.8942734599113464, 0.15496931970119476, -0.7228718400001526, 0.39385783672332764, -0.5757227540016174, 0.1213100254535675, 0.32831984758377075, 0.33880311250686646, 0.09040392190217972, 0.11664851754903793, 0.3772593140602112, 0.3297032117843628, 0.11645655333995819, 0.5277702808380127, 0.6911494135856628, -0.06376628577709198, 0.3334983289241791, -0.05151377618312836, 0.15860581398010254, 0.005736870691180229, -0.2710227370262146, 0.06680899113416672, -0.32358264923095703, 0.46004948019981384, 1.1654016971588135, -0.13906437158584595, -0.02939671277999878, 0.20376770198345184, -0.22652114927768707, 0.15453019738197327, 0.31206566095352173, 0.46639782190322876, 0.19512294232845306, -0.4436711370944977, -0.3365132510662079, -0.2780301570892334, 0.4369598627090454, 0.1330914944410324, -0.20241329073905945, 0.4011286497116089, 0.28335726261138916, -0.14169709384441376, 0.48902803659439087, -0.7851775884628296, -0.05659550055861473, 0.0776425302028656, -0.30621206760406494, -0.17480354011058807, 0.004840030334889889, 0.3834891617298126, -0.4109726846218109, -0.2709726095199585, -0.3505033254623413, -0.0056958976201713085, 0.2178286612033844, -0.19346439838409424, 0.2696123719215393, -0.1391509473323822, -0.30643460154533386, -0.37549376487731934, 0.1013430580496788, -0.044472046196460724, 0.7450402975082397, 0.8466686010360718, -0.15996110439300537, -0.44119158387184143, 0.48298412561416626, -0.6657644510269165, -0.6929993629455566, -0.20408469438552856, -0.7680259346961975, 0.34444862604141235, 0.5980834364891052, 0.06725934892892838, 0.10012014955282211, 0.5328258872032166, -0.598731279373169, -0.09819355607032776, -0.5040960907936096, -0.492251992225647, -0.30924278497695923, -0.10532277822494507, -0.852404773235321, -0.1784413754940033, 0.22103989124298096, 0.7383683323860168, 0.2622767984867096, -0.4625582993030548, 0.11268284916877747, -0.903592586517334, -0.1404368132352829, -0.823108434677124, -0.15399408340454102, -0.9287909865379333, -0.771602988243103, 0.5726540088653564, -0.1099868044257164, -0.13864396512508392, 0.14494115114212036, -0.016429666429758072, 0.0937497615814209, -0.1542830914258957, 0.26296764612197876, -0.43758442997932434, 0.24726898968219757, 0.14241908490657806, 0.21342408657073975, -0.12736161053180695, -0.14342498779296875, -0.40873217582702637, -0.263923704624176, 0.26202526688575745, -5.751291751861572, 0.17987024784088135, -0.1271558552980423, -0.04299915209412575, -0.17882493138313293, -0.1618720442056656, 0.4520246684551239, 0.4351462423801422, -0.0288279689848423, -0.5382422804832458, -0.18301524221897125, -0.517602264881134, -0.6873703598976135, 0.20602688193321228, -0.12668278813362122, 0.0017376197502017021, 0.6395033597946167, 0.21444931626319885, 0.2689906656742096, 0.9654598236083984, -0.01998676173388958, -0.40046948194503784, 0.23304399847984314, 0.4089532792568207, 0.1613527536392212, 0.2608757019042969, 0.0818832516670227, 0.14214619994163513, -0.37050533294677734, -0.1333663910627365, -0.5382988452911377, 0.03031034581363201, 0.09750691801309586, -0.9134937524795532, 0.13369634747505188, 0.32699841260910034, 0.4824914038181305, -0.6751530170440674, 0.5213940739631653, -0.6091399192810059, 0.20058497786521912, 0.8098173141479492, 0.11365853250026703, -0.5893108248710632, 0.5043518543243408, 0.3029213845729828, -0.043510306626558304, 0.12542371451854706, -0.5277479290962219, 0.42014750838279724, -0.2868460714817047, 0.2742748558521271, 0.08012145757675171, -0.8167785406112671, -0.027034461498260498, -0.2776637673377991, -0.005422831047326326, -0.1392902135848999, -0.632217288017273, 0.12352701276540756, 0.08756017684936523, -0.50202876329422, -0.09038244932889938, -0.2633180618286133, -0.10745339095592499, -0.592343807220459, -0.5370453000068665, 0.08708024770021439, 0.6578959226608276, 0.14056047797203064, -0.045221567153930664, 0.3561347424983978, 0.30865347385406494, -0.6130498051643372, -0.07625836133956909, -0.08448847383260727, 0.14303746819496155, -0.001729272771626711, 0.2309281826019287, 0.5423794984817505, -0.4597699046134949, -0.3247697055339813, -0.2964155972003937, 0.6028533577919006, -0.010059400461614132, 0.007949757389724255, -0.3040941655635834, 0.20906536281108856, -0.7040849924087524, 0.49506327509880066, 0.7794409990310669, -0.07003016769886017, 0.26856356859207153, 0.14414602518081665, 0.1864302009344101, 0.001323881559073925, 0.5617446899414062, 0.037260208278894424, 0.21072307229042053, -0.24193938076496124, 0.9301836490631104, -0.18431267142295837, 0.7757023572921753, -0.31408995389938354, 0.06008436903357506, -0.09629521518945694, -0.3695574998855591, 0.4536842107772827, 0.36514902114868164, 0.08763805776834488, -0.41463133692741394, 0.12773415446281433, -0.3998992443084717, -0.21441085636615753, 0.3344963788986206, 0.04497525095939636, -0.32837575674057007, 0.2541475296020508, 0.6043346524238586, -0.2286277711391449, -0.3082217872142792, 0.31483960151672363, -0.5045518279075623, -0.5412654280662537, -0.8474317789077759, -0.3334554433822632, -0.44853436946868896, 0.4602794349193573, 0.38314101099967957, 0.051811132580041885, -0.0029484268743544817, 0.8216215968132019, -0.18843673169612885, 0.1438618302345276, 0.014775552786886692, -0.0473674051463604, -0.27191996574401855, 0.18913933634757996, -0.3557400703430176, -0.4708195924758911, 0.7835116982460022, -0.05341991409659386, -0.019908074289560318, -0.644287109375, 0.47130143642425537, 0.12769751250743866, -0.207736998796463, -0.17952974140644073, -0.16697685420513153, 0.5615345239639282, 0.33441969752311707, -0.15343275666236877, 0.3089127838611603, 0.026858948171138763, 0.516048789024353, 0.060406412929296494, -0.4325980544090271, 0.30194348096847534, 0.01864352822303772, -0.5344427824020386, 0.31579864025115967, 0.2649421989917755, -0.10063901543617249, -0.7552662491798401, 0.3785087764263153, -0.10324594378471375, -0.1816103756427765, -0.2045879364013672, 0.1966952085494995, 1.1214505434036255, 0.2191523313522339, 0.21957318484783173, -0.5526441931724548, -0.45819297432899475, -0.03145879879593849, 0.05845724046230316, -0.23882097005844116, -0.5027592182159424, 0.3088523745536804, -0.2857488989830017, 0.24832971394062042, -0.021400850266218185, -0.36882901191711426, 0.6684749126434326, 0.7221630215644836, -0.6325042843818665, 0.12737934291362762, -0.549735426902771, -0.4599223732948303, -0.18691764771938324, 0.3915103077888489, -0.7632471919059753, -0.4215887188911438, -0.4404579699039459, -0.38410869240760803, 0.0635504201054573, -0.2397148311138153, 1.005064845085144, 0.06749642640352249, -0.5025858879089355, -0.0831335186958313, 0.9989035725593567, -0.5579216480255127, 0.20706485211849213, 0.42925772070884705, -0.7065067887306213, 0.3097350299358368, 0.10396799445152283, -0.23872362077236176, 0.26921334862709045, -0.5048950910568237, -0.5187278985977173, -0.6791917681694031, -0.38570189476013184, 0.28261345624923706, 0.2723335027694702, 0.06662652641534805, -0.5614940524101257, -0.22186487913131714, -1.0950579643249512, 0.5684836506843567, -0.15172530710697174, -0.25433793663978577, 0.31288594007492065, 0.4635828137397766, -0.2210286557674408, 0.3243878185749054, -0.07345326989889145, 0.8918080925941467, -0.08081454783678055, 0.2210061252117157, 0.0331081859767437, 0.03433353081345558, 0.24822045862674713, 0.07266811281442642, -0.7137652635574341, -0.23566225171089172, -0.029110951349139214, -0.10096776485443115, -0.024232354015111923, -0.05247309058904648, 0.4006726145744324, -0.04351543262600899, -0.16533973813056946, 0.2630196511745453, -0.2107793241739273, 0.5169982314109802, -0.7076606750488281, -0.039125729352235794, 0.3395226001739502, -0.10030937939882278, -0.2844013273715973, -0.16839437186717987, -0.6349244713783264, 0.2847197651863098, -0.20752257108688354, 0.29569584131240845, -0.3611755073070526, 0.4733999967575073, 0.2788807153701782, 0.0050229779444634914, -0.2156362384557724, 0.039018210023641586, 0.52854984998703, 0.13821789622306824, 0.799772322177887, -0.15191636979579926, 0.032570868730545044, 0.4911715090274811, -0.11180931329727173, 0.3074289858341217, -0.4109369218349457, 0.04734878987073898, 0.3676510453224182, 0.47007277607917786, 0.07990938425064087, -0.045911755412817, 0.17713521420955658, 0.0503130666911602, 0.08720682561397552, -0.08947018533945084, 0.42810699343681335, 0.114372618496418, -0.29950442910194397, 0.2701883018016815, -0.39755749702453613, 0.12428421527147293, 0.49390700459480286, 0.4702305197715759, 0.3669375479221344, -0.49501121044158936, 0.07634750753641129, 0.37013161182403564, -0.19255508482456207, -0.2633872330188751, 0.4783304035663605, 0.4622052311897278, 0.4397027790546417, 0.1745051145553589, -0.5427280068397522, -0.5075993537902832, -0.00014158392150420696, -0.06076965481042862, -0.5330372452735901, -0.34623387455940247, 0.3497801721096039, -0.016354717314243317, 0.15539899468421936, -0.8156144022941589, 0.025072729215025902, 0.2221987545490265, -0.20240038633346558, -0.18732400238513947, 0.25541847944259644, -0.013220892287790775, -0.14103637635707855, 0.8404314517974854, -0.2142556756734848, -0.5833855867385864, 0.4784923195838928, -0.296597421169281, 0.2879348397254944, 0.37366390228271484, -0.9319648146629333, -0.6801152229309082, 0.3961634933948517, -0.3009622395038605, -0.012472451664507389, -0.6681308150291443, 0.3911609947681427, 0.36737561225891113, 0.5345317125320435, -0.617496907711029, 0.2294289767742157, -0.11521134525537491, -0.7458480596542358, 0.35973137617111206, -0.34892261028289795, 0.1989942491054535, 0.5511490106582642, 0.08068203181028366, 1.098522663116455, 0.11484672129154205, 0.3728281259536743, 0.19659705460071564, 0.027990469709038734, -0.0034167219419032335, -0.5654357671737671, -0.2108607292175293, 0.22747023403644562, 0.6622985601425171, -0.5553054809570312, -0.229965940117836, 0.029557185247540474, -0.17941564321517944, -0.20511852204799652, 0.08631359040737152, -0.02614431083202362, 0.1445614993572235, 0.17242661118507385, 0.010516086593270302, 0.6601835489273071, 0.5514512658119202, -0.6158443689346313, -0.37398576736450195, 0.30342623591423035, 1.0236114263534546, -0.058277592062950134, -0.11298081278800964, -0.264032244682312, 0.07515417784452438, 0.26191580295562744, -0.36807799339294434, -0.11979494243860245, 0.5349811911582947, 0.012287044897675514, 0.7483080625534058, 0.5519049763679504, -0.649793267250061, -0.09255784749984741, 0.10771223902702332, 0.11228609085083008, -0.5488173961639404, -0.8249574899673462, -0.5132167339324951, -0.04194297268986702, 0.3985958397388458, 0.1881697177886963, -0.18860451877117157, 0.12938810884952545, 0.6409596800804138, -0.4861002266407013, -0.3614945411682129, -0.6079206466674805, -0.048263099044561386, 0.03179239109158516, -0.5196521282196045, 1.467889666557312, 0.5389978885650635, 0.37707751989364624, 0.16871613264083862, -0.6611039638519287, 0.31222158670425415, -0.1979961395263672, -0.33755263686180115, 0.13046573102474213, 0.0788920596241951, 0.3523736000061035, -0.13288433849811554, 0.42740651965141296, 0.1256500780582428, -0.17116326093673706, 0.1027078926563263, 0.5388418436050415, -0.7913740277290344, 0.09405606240034103, 0.5141634345054626, 0.049953412264585495, 0.052300840616226196, -0.5333261489868164, -0.2733098864555359, 0.4963954985141754, 0.2638964056968689, 0.5304223299026489, -0.14443379640579224, -0.06320152431726456, 0.37403175234794617, 0.26196083426475525, 0.08606632798910141, 0.26917764544487, -0.671229362487793, 0.4653497040271759, -0.107464499771595, 0.299752414226532, -0.918211817741394, -0.6194608807563782, 0.5609845519065857, -0.052588362246751785, 0.47609198093414307, -0.7772548794746399, -0.06992342323064804, 0.04007801041007042, 0.0007845851359888911, 0.5226889252662659, 0.17814205586910248, 0.3300841152667999, -0.5970760583877563, -0.15772715210914612, 0.2144748866558075, 0.15361957252025604, 0.34128811955451965, -0.20392891764640808, 0.33622467517852783, 0.7524595260620117, 0.24920929968357086, 0.1483418494462967, 0.08928078413009644, -0.486857146024704, 0.089246965944767, 0.32730939984321594 ]
249036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A	Ú	Ú or ú (U with acute) is a Latin letter used in the Czech, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, and Slovak writing systems. This letter also appears in Dutch, Frisian, Irish, Occitan, Pinyin, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Galician, and Vietnamese as a variant of the letter "U". Usage in various languages Czech Ú/ú is the 34th letter of the Czech alphabet and represents a sound. It is always the first letter of the word except in compound words, such as "trojúhelník" triangle, which is composed of two words: "troj", which is derived from "tři" three, and "úhel", which means angle. If this sound is in the middle of the word, letter Ů is used instead. Faroese Ú/ú is the 24th letter of the Faroese alphabet, and may represent the following sounds: Short in such words as krúss ("mug", "coffee cup") Short before in such words as kúgv ("cow"), but also in brúdleyp ("bridal") Long diphthong in úti ("out"), hús ("house"), jú ("but"), Hungarian Ú/ú is the 36th letter of the Hungarian alphabet and represents a sound. Icelandic Ú/ú is the 25th letter of the Icelandic alphabet, and represents a sound. Kazakh It was proposed in 2018 that Ú/ú should be one of its Latin script, it should represent the near-close front rounded vowel () and is used to replace Cyrillic Ү. The replacement is modified to be Ü ü in 2020. Slovak Ú/ú is the 39th letter of the Slovak alphabet and represents a sound. Portuguese/Spanish In Portuguese and Spanish, the "ú" is not a letter but the letter "u" with an accent. It is used to denote an "u" syllable with abnormal stress. Italian Ú/ú is a variant of U carrying an acute accent; it represents an /u/ carrying the tonic accent. It is used only if it is the last letter of the word except in dictionaries. Character encoding See also Acute accent U-acute	[ -0.3973807990550995, 0.24213793873786926, 0.30488815903663635, -0.4628821313381195, -0.6923884153366089, 1.1365926265716553, 0.4882239103317261, 0.13265755772590637, 0.016384394839406013, -0.5587836503982544, -0.22148586809635162, 0.22636565566062927, -0.12404792010784149, 0.10191351175308228, 0.2612720727920532, 0.5509768724441528, 0.518231213092804, 0.6599124670028687, -0.6158723831176758, -0.09680557250976562, 0.1912943422794342, 0.145215705037117, 0.24513396620750427, -0.09986226260662079, 0.26174992322921753, -0.4854062497615814, -0.21668791770935059, -0.4931577742099762, 0.03559250757098198, 0.18149612843990326, -0.2644749581813812, 0.9114900827407837, -0.18747901916503906, 0.2713605463504791, -0.15247371792793274, -0.31783178448677063, -0.08446921408176422, -0.27779728174209595, -0.09008842706680298, -0.15043936669826508, -0.21710868179798126, -0.7341184020042419, 0.16159725189208984, 0.18801894783973694, -0.4850260019302368, -0.6121509671211243, -1.4416409730911255, 0.3299855887889862, -0.41986897587776184, 0.8078919649124146, -0.47448113560676575, -0.18660905957221985, 0.08139436691999435, 0.08236201852560043, -0.13212254643440247, 0.4787178337574005, -0.5464708209037781, -0.26931506395339966, 0.5754681825637817, -0.30210280418395996, 0.2801527678966522, -0.06497329473495483, -0.22737188637256622, 0.18928994238376617, 0.09665104001760483, 0.4870825707912445, -0.5734773874282837, 0.34364116191864014, -0.8946778774261475, -0.9012492299079895, -0.5848273634910583, -0.5182321071624756, -0.6874861121177673, 0.010110144503414631, -0.3059596121311188, -0.23779945075511932, -0.3536328673362732, 0.039229873567819595, 0.13467524945735931, 0.4516918957233429, 0.009795981459319592, 0.14736419916152954, 0.684275209903717, 0.21574190258979797, -0.037229280918836594, -0.04194507747888565, -0.28826338052749634, 0.07568474858999252, -0.2775777578353882, 0.23841266334056854, 0.36100390553474426, -0.3457401990890503, 0.30322957038879395, 0.16487589478492737, 0.01323044952005148, 0.1586242914199829, 0.0964166596531868, 0.004414437338709831, 0.4331519603729248, -0.10857114940881729, -0.3489050567150116, 0.1284576654434204, 0.6596013307571411, -0.3360908031463623, -0.9823791980743408, -0.3582620918750763, -0.3984956741333008, -0.5030303001403809, 0.02474960684776306, 0.0688316598534584, -0.9840905070304871, 0.10286533087491989, 0.21509607136249542, 0.14264307916164398, -0.20181414484977722, -0.1919127106666565, -0.011675766669213772, -0.1800553947687149, -0.11592359840869904, -0.016083350405097008, -0.1931661069393158, 0.4659259021282196, 0.29142487049102783, 0.245984748005867, 0.6472415924072266, -0.08721289038658142, 0.41827741265296936, 0.019424356520175934, -0.7146313190460205, -0.07017924636602402, -0.09699424356222153, 0.946282684803009, 0.3357257544994354, 0.4982545077800751, 0.11545713245868683, 0.0585138238966465, 0.3009435534477234, -0.4151267111301422, 0.1284574717283249, -0.026318596675992012, -0.5188568830490112, -0.13300500810146332, -0.48158377408981323, -0.13357244431972504, 0.6358229517936707, 0.11921358853578568, -0.2745933532714844, 0.23106656968593597, -0.21930795907974243, -0.004027524497359991, 0.0438058115541935, -0.44520220160484314, 0.05386513099074364, 0.19806239008903503, -0.24652162194252014, 0.15488532185554504, 0.17289391160011292, 0.21665194630622864, 0.3109789192676544, -0.09311944991350174, 0.04271497204899788, 0.5928475856781006, 0.16925078630447388, 0.19087138772010803, 0.0010527500417083502, -0.2912205755710602, 0.10755889117717743, 0.19621029496192932, -0.624075174331665, 0.26195448637008667, 0.09689702838659286, -0.040076691657304764, 0.9883893728256226, 0.5195382237434387, -0.4087193012237549, -0.2812274992465973, 0.41581961512565613, -0.174639031291008, 0.7232288122177124, 0.267535001039505, -0.4682445824146271, 0.3729917109012604, 0.41235587000846863, 0.3784483075141907, -0.21771946549415588, 0.1868816316127777, -0.19865787029266357, 0.04997530207037926, 0.47609543800354004, 0.04147239029407501, -0.24938203394412994, -0.19397132098674774, -0.7834702134132385, -0.3974791169166565, 0.4658206105232239, -0.5950717329978943, -0.9121569395065308, 0.8801429867744446, 0.023692963644862175, 0.8401471376419067, -0.30976685881614685, -0.9193497896194458, 0.30602192878723145, 0.26395896077156067, 0.4628993272781372, 0.3971256911754608, -0.14653021097183228, 0.3049434423446655, 0.00025106064276769757, 0.5585504770278931, 0.1329040825366974, 0.09946275502443314, 0.860831081867218, -0.037498243153095245, -0.22404131293296814, 0.006859789602458477, -0.15916478633880615, -0.1579570472240448, -0.4905725419521332, 0.04763578996062279, 1.2915332317352295, -0.7900482416152954, -0.22070248425006866, 0.12035966664552689, -0.44918087124824524, 0.018587496131658554, 0.20774228870868683, 0.07588169723749161, 0.41000303626060486, -0.5429815053939819, 0.11707977205514908, -0.4752299189567566, 0.2767865061759949, 0.3835901916027069, -0.31560736894607544, 0.11863519996404648, 0.02140994742512703, 0.09047282487154007, 0.47596386075019836, -0.6535159945487976, 0.04444011673331261, 0.29965272545814514, -0.06061694398522377, -0.03494880348443985, 0.1278662532567978, -0.416368693113327, 0.4427826404571533, -0.20128314197063446, -0.596200704574585, 0.17505784332752228, -0.3272630274295807, -0.16687890887260437, -0.8674625158309937, 0.14144499599933624, -0.31732916831970215, -0.278700590133667, 0.5058685541152954, 0.6829854846000671, 0.8420860171318054, 0.17082764208316803, 0.15423491597175598, 0.3830709159374237, 0.245941162109375, -0.40570470690727234, -0.03698204085230827, -0.021907731890678406, -0.3350343108177185, -0.2014910876750946, 0.5634530782699585, 0.3612443208694458, -0.22496016323566437, 0.7634727954864502, -0.6312463283538818, 0.23811748623847961, -0.8961684107780457, -0.6145613193511963, 0.20672237873077393, 0.18620716035366058, -0.5903952717781067, -0.3783268630504608, -0.18469753861427307, -0.09856761991977692, 0.31822848320007324, -0.5962444543838501, -0.03057769499719143, -0.6487526297569275, 0.11698473244905472, -0.7054635882377625, -0.3173113465309143, -0.7419797778129578, -0.42249834537506104, 0.35400334000587463, -0.12973125278949738, -0.421494722366333, 0.12440237402915955, -0.07818594574928284, 0.5410881042480469, 0.49029508233070374, 0.5321992039680481, -0.2702028751373291, -0.41544169187545776, -0.05448555201292038, 0.19052428007125854, -0.19587182998657227, -0.2265792340040207, 0.19831712543964386, 0.1036766767501831, 0.4741155505180359, -5.578453063964844, 0.26776570081710815, -0.3667738735675812, -0.25689107179641724, -0.1901308298110962, -0.08139476925134659, 0.3960266411304474, -0.08795694261789322, 0.08021163195371628, -0.6572726368904114, 0.1190885454416275, 0.0032226648181676865, -0.2757279574871063, -0.16442237794399261, -0.38809770345687866, -0.11281418055295944, 0.27227044105529785, 0.7365140914916992, -0.26713088154792786, 0.5257720947265625, 0.3496392071247101, 0.3887985050678253, 0.34981170296669006, 0.8529930114746094, 0.5979918241500854, 0.07182303816080093, -0.21276544034481049, 0.26284879446029663, 0.024545127525925636, -0.723702609539032, 0.1817370355129242, -0.24304638803005219, 0.6167119145393372, -0.2881879508495331, 0.25931376218795776, 0.33905109763145447, 0.7018235325813293, 0.06329768896102905, 0.6819067597389221, -0.12464480847120285, 0.1858769655227661, 0.4370623528957367, 0.3717678487300873, -0.901250958442688, -0.09830453246831894, -0.2423848956823349, -0.43872785568237305, 0.10180387645959854, -0.48401468992233276, 0.093455970287323, -0.2646884024143219, 0.1291574090719223, 0.0009304230916313827, 0.20630188286304474, 0.7642554044723511, 0.4161292314529419, -0.03479371219873428, 0.37427136301994324, -0.22252021729946136, 0.00565603980794549, 0.33459463715553284, -0.5524550080299377, -0.8838381767272949, -0.7794778943061829, 0.12357333302497864, -0.9372994899749756, -0.36210906505584717, 0.32731762528419495, 0.4389270544052124, 0.24849635362625122, -0.08544150739908218, 0.2630985379219055, 0.6942391395568848, -0.5240389108657837, 0.19517123699188232, -0.9091984033584595, 0.008122444152832031, -0.3613084852695465, -0.7337992191314697, 0.25431492924690247, -0.33560889959335327, -0.24285799264907837, -0.36304008960723877, 0.3564985990524292, 0.15242266654968262, 0.060170408338308334, 0.05021616071462631, 0.1599363088607788, -0.01150028221309185, 0.3633270561695099, 1.1465704441070557, -0.6477206349372864, -0.0507739819586277, 0.017638085409998894, -0.1851615607738495, 0.006855783984065056, 0.45862671732902527, -0.7293224334716797, 0.31452104449272156, -0.08762013912200928, 0.49143433570861816, 0.08576827496290207, 0.19027002155780792, -0.13839417695999146, -0.09408142417669296, 0.2054670751094818, -0.6251287460327148, -0.2718302309513092, 1.4114240407943726, 0.03370323032140732, 0.0877903401851654, -0.018313288688659668, 0.09928779304027557, -0.3060327470302582, -0.23491929471492767, -0.16189880669116974, -0.32958725094795227, 0.3491169214248657, 0.12460458278656006, 0.03527386859059334, -0.08990318328142166, 0.07692659646272659, -0.7676894068717957, -0.10028441995382309, -0.40253210067749023, 0.3738301694393158, -0.1346634477376938, -0.0017877932405099273, -0.348597913980484, 0.34358862042427063, -0.006875039078295231, -0.17241737246513367, 0.22244170308113098, 0.16414660215377808, 0.20928913354873657, 0.5620439052581787, -0.050024885684251785, 0.37093132734298706, 0.08596718311309814, -0.20361857116222382, -0.2701568901538849, -0.6126006841659546, 0.08992563188076019, -0.36962413787841797, 0.735795259475708, 0.10980801284313202, -0.22100555896759033, -0.5000997185707092, -0.7105808258056641, 0.5872605443000793, 0.33667197823524475, 0.19356568157672882, 0.3700684905052185, -0.035882096737623215, -0.12307339906692505, -0.05045326426625252, -0.5249177813529968, 0.18984508514404297, -0.325642853975296, 0.4823063910007477, 0.368124783039093, -0.6210851669311523, -0.15441927313804626, -0.5323980450630188, 0.6917019486427307, -0.27003058791160583, 0.024956509470939636, -0.19734980165958405, -0.20374153554439545, 0.5400211215019226, 0.0334278829395771, 0.38827332854270935, -0.49822893738746643, -0.7470594644546509, 0.05565342679619789, -0.09722796827554703, -0.29340049624443054, 0.6591517925262451, -0.06972137838602066, 0.0748322606086731, 0.9900314211845398, 0.05310967564582825, -0.14088983833789825, 0.5340480208396912, 0.13078369200229645, -0.6312986016273499, 0.12247106432914734, 0.014739913865923882, -0.06433162838220596, -0.36645403504371643, -0.5327335596084595, -0.6707768440246582, 0.20754526555538177, -0.5085164308547974, -0.7815990447998047, 0.022071732208132744, -0.8564111590385437, 0.5071520209312439, -0.07252063602209091, -0.33302825689315796, 0.22741787135601044, 0.4264693856239319, -0.6448984146118164, -0.06662597507238388, -0.33111369609832764, -0.31644710898399353, 0.5506558418273926, -0.15918439626693726, 0.17065687477588654, -0.019076701253652573, -0.3919256031513214, -1.2308659553527832, -0.5553625822067261, 0.3440047800540924, 0.2944352924823761, 0.15913362801074982, -0.05548793822526932, -0.5220253467559814, -0.6176465153694153, -1.2798495292663574, 0.76390540599823, -0.32891911268234253, -0.24547560513019562, 0.49613651633262634, 0.06864280253648758, 0.022200295701622963, -0.3406485915184021, 0.01802377961575985, 0.6335967183113098, -0.10209298133850098, 0.8239662647247314, 0.10952849686145782, 0.24018487334251404, 0.48960039019584656, 0.003915388602763414, -0.511012077331543, -0.41657620668411255, -0.5124742388725281, -0.37375396490097046, 0.2602747678756714, 0.7511100172996521, 0.6953029036521912, 0.05984796583652496, 0.008451498113572598, -0.10557204484939575, -0.05022561550140381, 0.3484351336956024, -0.3551144003868103, -0.6703876852989197, 0.745760440826416, 0.27249690890312195, -0.42341703176498413, -0.4859768748283386, -0.6862913370132446, 0.3925172984600067, -0.4554561674594879, 0.4617212116718292, -0.03584953397512436, -0.2762989103794098, 0.3212728798389435, 0.5015817284584045, -0.6443936824798584, -0.16766424477100372, 0.755888819694519, -0.46292731165885925, 0.8055235743522644, -0.729214608669281, 0.20251867175102234, -0.027086004614830017, -0.6164732575416565, -0.290229856967926, -0.13980965316295624, 0.09305751323699951, -0.11894597858190536, -0.12072776257991791, 0.23177754878997803, -0.21832755208015442, 0.28613489866256714, 0.3273395895957947, -0.007075808942317963, -0.30492815375328064, 0.19502712786197662, 0.057143814861774445, 0.02549741417169571, -0.36361661553382874, -0.18907558917999268, 0.09965944290161133, 0.35952186584472656, -0.21271982789039612, 0.014251223765313625, -0.7078689336776733, 0.5142757892608643, -0.30676698684692383, 0.5909607410430908, -0.09782227873802185, -0.005939027760177851, 0.34224143624305725, 0.9594125747680664, 0.6747642755508423, -0.1598903089761734, -0.46508169174194336, 0.5152378082275391, 0.456421434879303, -0.18985873460769653, -0.26329389214515686, 0.3405895233154297, 0.09980601817369461, -0.2979697287082672, -0.24891024827957153, -0.09176896512508392, 0.0176616869866848, 0.0942048579454422, 0.7980552911758423, 0.7529464364051819, 0.39609378576278687, 0.39554259181022644, 0.24864578247070312, -0.3497805595397949, -0.4493650794029236, 0.08318491280078888, 0.37349095940589905, 0.026310453191399574, 0.44105029106140137, -0.4300733506679535, -0.7081390023231506, 0.4115945100784302, -0.1649618148803711, 0.00517525477334857, -0.5558385848999023, 0.6327106356620789, 0.42721301317214966, -0.2948094308376312, -0.4439908266067505, -0.09210437536239624, -0.19134525954723358, -0.7160314917564392, -0.4311373233795166, -0.8912384510040283, 0.17610721290111542, 0.7282337546348572, 0.7472628951072693, 1.0668057203292847, -0.013424482196569443, -0.13484229147434235, 0.28695687651634216, -0.2285931408405304, -0.030879303812980652, -0.10513116419315338, 0.06224684789776802, 0.10672076046466827, 0.6032440066337585, -0.16564105451107025, 0.27662694454193115, -0.05330460146069527, -0.41867178678512573, -0.007956848479807377, -0.26196587085723877, -0.24648933112621307, -0.29088735580444336, 0.11204106360673904, -0.3054964244365692, 0.04592375457286835, 0.7035714387893677, -0.47943422198295593, -0.24228569865226746, 0.020813845098018646, 0.05583929270505905, -0.42374199628829956, -0.3934152126312256, -0.3483634293079376, 0.24974527955055237, 0.5872928500175476, -0.08909567445516586, 0.025175174698233604, 0.33754763007164, 0.3556769788265228, 0.699421226978302, 0.11095249652862549, -0.4208209216594696, -0.6355722546577454, -0.9936297535896301, -0.16705423593521118, -0.021030616015195847, -0.2621542811393738, -0.35198384523391724, -0.27191832661628723, 0.09303795546293259, -0.10484064370393753, 0.01698380522429943, 0.30791714787483215, -0.06469270586967468, -0.3824063837528229, 0.409773051738739, -0.4254694879055023, -0.29076385498046875, -0.09683949500322342, -0.1417342573404312, 0.8421928882598877, 0.46097031235694885, 0.8400577306747437, 0.2580702006816864, 0.08796984702348709, 0.4774717092514038, -0.10114774852991104, -0.4968762695789337, -0.030606146901845932, 0.007044899743050337, 0.10832367092370987, -0.09065771847963333, 0.08738887310028076, 0.8876237869262695, -0.18885958194732666, 0.3468399941921234, 0.813534677028656, -0.19707514345645905, -0.06970273703336716, 0.7878560423851013, 0.01555740088224411, 0.17201241850852966, -0.4787444770336151, -0.1764201521873474, 0.18786436319351196, 0.079286128282547, 0.4863380491733551, -0.3061593174934387, 0.2143981009721756, 0.5731422305107117, 0.8937088847160339, -0.58144211769104, 0.21728606522083282, -0.7739737629890442, 0.2460281401872635, -0.19647356867790222, 0.39967861771583557, -0.5218315720558167, -0.020945383235812187, -0.23782019317150116, 0.28864583373069763, -0.1126781702041626, -0.6407928466796875, -0.050529785454273224, -0.03332779183983803, -0.17598921060562134, 0.5864681005477905, -0.0013310230569913983, 0.4310605823993683, -0.3902750313282013, -0.3967561721801758, -0.4281393885612488, 0.0052529447712004185, 0.17311957478523254, -0.429666131734848, 0.9676728248596191, 0.4991620182991028, 0.21357722580432892, -0.3998549282550812, 0.5323574542999268, -0.3871315121650696, 0.17526398599147797, 0.5917470455169678 ]
249037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9B	Û	Û, û (u-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin script. Usage Romanization Romanization from Cyrillic This letter is used in some standards of Cyrillic transliteration as the letter Ю: GOST 16876-71 table 1 ISO 9 (ISO 9:1986 and ISO 9:1995) Romanization from Chinese It is used in Wade-Giles (one of the romanization systems in Chinese) for apical dental unrounded vowel as in tzû, tz'û, ssû, corresponds to present zi, ci, si in Pinyin respectively. Romanization from Japanese û represents うう in both Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanization systems. General writing systems Afrikaans In Afrikaans, û is a punctuated form of u and a usage example includes "brûe". plural of "brug" (= bridge). Emilian-Romagnol Û represents [uː] in Emilian dialects: in the Bolognese dialect, anvûd [aŋˈvuːd] means "nephews". French In French, û does not change the pronunciation of the letter u except in jeune "young", which is still often pronounced differently from jeûne "a fast". In some other words like mû, the circumflex has no disambiguating value; attempts have been made to abolish it in such words. See Circumflex in French. Û also often appears in words that used to have an "s" after the "u": the French word for August, août, used to be written aoust. Friulian Û represents the sound . Italian Û is occasionally used to represent the sound in words like fûrono (they were). Kurdish Û is used in Kurdish Kurmanji alphabet in the to represent a long close back rounded vowel , and in some dialects, a long close central rounded vowel, . Polish In the Masovian dialect, û represents /ju:/. Turkish Û indicates palatalization of the preceding consonant: "sükûnet" (quietness) is pronounced . Welsh In Welsh, û is used to represent a long stressed u or when, without the circumflex, it would be pronounced as a short or : cytûn "agreed", bûm "I was" as opposed to bum "five" (soft-mutated prenominal form). Character mappings See also Circumflex U-circumflex	[ -0.15211500227451324, 0.058961883187294006, 0.09909125417470932, -0.12865903973579407, -0.4648362696170807, 1.0146470069885254, 0.2308327555656433, 0.1528516411781311, -0.036416102200746536, -0.8591787219047546, -0.15524549782276154, 0.24173517525196075, -0.2639075517654419, 0.23399046063423157, 0.14976374804973602, 0.6718090176582336, 0.2871606647968292, 0.35373398661613464, -0.3180185556411743, -0.22902992367744446, 0.051671139895915985, 0.34436723589897156, 0.11285634338855743, -0.37846609950065613, 0.3618534505367279, -0.3641646206378937, -0.4611060619354248, -0.2386627495288849, 0.35727202892303467, 0.08579090237617493, -0.12992726266384125, 0.590566098690033, -0.2761742174625397, 0.24023376405239105, 0.13712163269519806, -0.503722071647644, -0.08669142425060272, -0.06375589221715927, -0.058536455035209656, -0.17380714416503906, -0.10957664996385574, -0.60219806432724, 0.05511144548654556, 0.2725115716457367, -0.4929988980293274, -0.43821629881858826, -1.3896046876907349, 0.29319459199905396, -0.3064688444137573, 0.2961808145046234, -0.2699674963951111, -0.019711220636963844, -0.006639082916080952, -0.1332603245973587, 0.0006346087902784348, 0.7033864855766296, -0.42820286750793457, -0.2507033050060272, 0.5330285429954529, -0.5315114259719849, 0.21088926494121552, -0.07187310606241226, -0.5747456550598145, 0.4703966975212097, 0.25569722056388855, 0.30909499526023865, -0.3892709016799927, 0.24729208648204803, -0.6237035393714905, -0.7344584465026855, -0.39550212025642395, -0.19465166330337524, -0.552008330821991, -0.21868355572223663, -0.24368074536323547, -0.23383615911006927, -0.6237526535987854, 0.1462429314851761, 0.09691932052373886, 0.48618096113204956, -0.23416092991828918, 0.2440364956855774, 0.44896283745765686, 0.30786705017089844, 0.0005616575363092124, 0.19099117815494537, -0.33416563272476196, 0.07761584222316742, -0.529471218585968, 0.49396637082099915, 0.01806339994072914, -0.501246988773346, 0.06650207191705704, -0.11271673440933228, -0.015472100116312504, -0.2949713468551636, -0.0910884216427803, 0.031221691519021988, 0.38037779927253723, -0.06354475021362305, -0.6389022469520569, -0.31707412004470825, 0.6837120056152344, -0.17908227443695068, -0.9270517230033875, -0.20488086342811584, -0.7046892046928406, -0.32932737469673157, 0.014014829881489277, 0.1019965410232544, -0.5247697830200195, -0.09483024477958679, -0.09744112938642502, 0.0028911333065479994, -0.3273233473300934, -0.4278876781463623, 0.22517944872379303, -0.2986280918121338, -0.27960216999053955, -0.2872249186038971, -0.4408246874809265, 0.48138538002967834, 0.5075213313102722, 0.24617603421211243, 0.6391799449920654, -0.19893884658813477, 0.492831289768219, -0.15917843580245972, -0.8243666291236877, -0.42436733841896057, 0.20577585697174072, 1.3408013582229614, 0.327465683221817, 0.5874378681182861, 0.15141561627388, -0.13455624878406525, 0.03026425652205944, -0.055031757801771164, 0.09180056303739548, -0.16613484919071198, -0.4625287353992462, -0.023776663467288017, -0.6417558789253235, -0.16223479807376862, 0.48364967107772827, 0.30397602915763855, -0.38198140263557434, 0.25245970487594604, -0.5467300415039062, 0.020828528329730034, 0.012610076926648617, -0.35610899329185486, 0.2229762226343155, 0.5730723738670349, -0.32273975014686584, 0.020007560029625893, 0.2874529957771301, 0.6913090944290161, 0.1398514062166214, -0.36136147379875183, -0.2607828974723816, 0.3771209716796875, 0.0683300569653511, 0.17272526025772095, 0.10925134271383286, -0.19106754660606384, 0.016194423660635948, 0.45394954085350037, -0.8837807178497314, 0.10792745649814606, 0.04922129586338997, -0.09101394563913345, 0.7763462066650391, 0.14899472892284393, -0.6657936573028564, -0.5836350321769714, 0.0912066400051117, -0.18018686771392822, 0.7757235765457153, 0.35702231526374817, -0.5674023032188416, 0.21902361512184143, 0.22767385840415955, 0.359654039144516, -0.2527502775192261, -0.0644126608967781, -0.18799260258674622, -0.08616720139980316, 0.2264939695596695, -0.09952328354120255, -0.3133036494255066, 0.05855686962604523, -0.7542677521705627, -0.5178244709968567, 0.250725120306015, -0.5388774275779724, -0.8670660853385925, 0.583106517791748, 0.10073237121105194, 0.6935549378395081, -0.8537830710411072, -0.6305509805679321, 0.3184446692466736, 0.23342198133468628, 0.3572009205818176, 0.2661285996437073, 0.19082912802696228, 0.5820006728172302, 0.1538260132074356, 0.422258198261261, 0.13962234556674957, 0.25589719414711, 0.5854261517524719, -0.13022667169570923, -0.14090120792388916, -0.36715957522392273, -0.254800409078598, -0.3068488538265228, -0.16382914781570435, -0.0044713993556797504, 1.1093372106552124, -0.8382095694541931, -0.16505123674869537, 0.5495220422744751, -0.5842803120613098, 0.18781518936157227, 0.371128648519516, 0.252641886472702, 0.492805540561676, -0.41777634620666504, -0.018597103655338287, -0.677814781665802, 0.35908448696136475, 0.1988414227962494, -0.37409985065460205, 0.17052584886550903, 0.08004909753799438, -0.20248709619045258, 0.328526109457016, -0.6506064534187317, 0.2098059356212616, 0.2666129469871521, -0.17239387333393097, -0.12279124557971954, 0.2293693870306015, -0.5062987208366394, 0.4192807078361511, -0.0019999423529952765, -0.27439993619918823, 0.2320602834224701, -0.18376190960407257, 0.004113124683499336, -0.6961629986763, -0.2678050696849823, -0.1966266930103302, -0.05466417595744133, 0.573945164680481, 0.7477880716323853, 0.7402268648147583, 0.3184102475643158, 0.20784308016300201, 0.4195280969142914, 0.273482084274292, -0.49201515316963196, -0.21778519451618195, -0.0391397625207901, -0.22294306755065918, -0.2077079564332962, 0.7402875423431396, 0.5936024188995361, -0.2057100236415863, 0.786199688911438, -0.46557897329330444, 0.1647452414035797, -0.9331836700439453, -0.49748682975769043, 0.4012793302536011, 0.3326205611228943, -0.29730722308158875, -0.5935879945755005, -0.15103109180927277, 0.0027748208958655596, 0.5661169290542603, -0.6344133615493774, -0.14998623728752136, -0.2540425956249237, 0.08841770142316818, -0.6900883913040161, -0.4053041636943817, -1.1533533334732056, -0.6589386463165283, 0.37999606132507324, -0.049719758331775665, 0.04833819717168808, -0.08072999864816666, -0.4086921513080597, 0.4965929687023163, 0.11490951478481293, 0.31960588693618774, -0.439544677734375, -0.6001781821250916, -0.12061353027820587, 0.3078625202178955, -0.07831274718046188, -0.18698997795581818, 0.3534976840019226, 0.05147668346762657, 0.5904879570007324, -5.543164253234863, 0.2691422402858734, -0.21637572348117828, -0.2072995901107788, -0.0726885199546814, -0.018686838448047638, 0.3814992904663086, -0.2177988588809967, 0.3012819290161133, -0.7259555459022522, -0.05446944758296013, 0.3427455425262451, -0.34220415353775024, -0.2918455898761749, -0.1970968097448349, -0.17467747628688812, 0.37791940569877625, 0.6289624571800232, -0.2301982343196869, 0.6035183072090149, 0.4311755299568176, 0.5950120091438293, 0.5807514786720276, 0.7144734859466553, 0.4439351558685303, -0.04471142217516899, 0.013173156417906284, -0.05346455052495003, -0.08148431032896042, -0.4836779236793518, -0.054721809923648834, -0.027782399207353592, 0.3356013894081116, -0.11846013367176056, 0.2761840224266052, 0.32058462500572205, 1.065842628479004, -0.09862100332975388, 0.5688446164131165, 0.09664162993431091, 0.13048355281352997, 0.44211140275001526, 0.3410453498363495, -0.7963503003120422, -0.1873038411140442, 0.08295320719480515, -0.6037884950637817, -0.13166497647762299, -0.4241088330745697, 0.47207459807395935, -0.3006380796432495, 0.029979832470417023, 0.19353850185871124, 0.12640875577926636, 0.9908553957939148, 0.44043877720832825, -0.16684825718402863, -0.0810055136680603, -0.4724894165992737, -0.17767074704170227, 0.27874407172203064, -0.8360700011253357, -0.8688558340072632, -1.0844111442565918, -0.05314525589346886, -0.7491474151611328, -0.4917050004005432, 0.37175559997558594, 0.357327938079834, 0.5688626170158386, -0.23697862029075623, -0.03802112489938736, 0.8235441446304321, -0.427889347076416, 0.22402125597000122, -0.7810487747192383, -0.12506039440631866, -0.2672354578971863, -0.8657169938087463, 0.12542840838432312, -0.3140246868133545, -0.31855231523513794, -0.5901944637298584, 0.24062123894691467, -0.09442713111639023, -0.01378648355603218, 0.08215384930372238, -0.06659946590662003, 0.2451423853635788, 0.34979957342147827, 1.224096655845642, -0.463836669921875, 0.10337130725383759, 0.08458614349365234, -0.11829888820648193, 0.06391812860965729, 0.45174261927604675, -0.6261529326438904, 0.4110817313194275, -0.27353960275650024, 0.6823177933692932, -0.15710702538490295, 0.07170578092336655, 0.10553382337093353, -0.28724390268325806, -0.09475089609622955, -0.5167428255081177, -0.3031023442745209, 1.2260653972625732, 0.45737114548683167, 0.013725750148296356, 0.20282083749771118, 0.11983847618103027, -0.09071958065032959, -0.38820207118988037, -0.17564542591571808, -0.25907284021377563, 0.23111410439014435, 0.061552342027425766, -0.17431199550628662, 0.22075951099395752, 0.5976554155349731, -1.080003261566162, 0.2026175856590271, -0.29674747586250305, 0.40437546372413635, -0.048632629215717316, -0.021130705252289772, -0.008755549788475037, 0.3137208819389343, 0.11443940550088882, -0.31187671422958374, 0.34525805711746216, 0.3157345652580261, 0.13187377154827118, 0.7298110723495483, -0.22414442896842957, 0.14286145567893982, -0.09490806609392166, -0.1837092489004135, -0.22114907205104828, -0.3997013568878174, -0.08983799070119858, -0.5152679681777954, 0.7899374961853027, -0.007507979404181242, -0.3674117624759674, -0.3721911907196045, -0.48978736996650696, 0.6882118582725525, 0.5137619972229004, -0.03263039141893387, 0.221332848072052, -0.08916378021240234, 0.07281655818223953, -0.12574823200702667, -0.32979336380958557, 0.24697083234786987, 0.020395373925566673, 0.22386351227760315, 0.034907568246126175, -0.31825608015060425, -0.2972509264945984, -0.3876340687274933, 0.5396435260772705, -0.4961998164653778, 0.3612755239009857, -0.1822228580713272, -0.5527753233909607, 0.3444131314754486, -0.06532590836286545, 0.5132082104682922, -0.4216903746128082, -0.7762138247489929, -0.09164741635322571, 0.1932983547449112, 0.015755927190184593, 0.6954326033592224, -0.13778600096702576, 0.366728812456131, 0.5181775689125061, 0.08063935488462448, -0.07261300832033157, 0.476118266582489, -0.098562091588974, -0.5957865715026855, 0.09310011565685272, -0.2995098829269409, -0.2687084972858429, -0.1726226806640625, -0.09234753251075745, -0.7500348091125488, 0.21332494914531708, -0.4379010796546936, -0.5450064539909363, -0.062498774379491806, -0.7965939044952393, 0.8840832114219666, 0.03990280255675316, -0.29322922229766846, 0.19098757207393646, 0.7143417000770569, -0.6178036332130432, 0.13018715381622314, -0.23280742764472961, -0.40873679518699646, 0.7879469990730286, -0.23238100111484528, 0.05169196054339409, 0.06037932261824608, -0.2921662926673889, -1.1601160764694214, -0.5566348433494568, 0.09233982861042023, 0.3806699216365814, 0.1356380730867386, 0.004118737764656544, -0.37896624207496643, -0.27548229694366455, -1.1868844032287598, 0.7422283291816711, -0.13907600939273834, -0.18414923548698425, 0.3022332191467285, 0.16882488131523132, 0.15438617765903473, -0.44231513142585754, -0.11626929044723511, 0.47458982467651367, -0.09288812428712845, 0.8768552541732788, -0.23839683830738068, 0.4277474582195282, 0.29527056217193604, 0.03964240849018097, -0.7485213875770569, -0.33453190326690674, -0.5013232827186584, -0.48142609000205994, 0.05595313012599945, 0.9066442251205444, 0.6364341974258423, 0.08435803651809692, 0.0557396300137043, -0.38952258229255676, -0.05892085283994675, 0.3798626661300659, -0.029469668865203857, -0.5642256140708923, 0.771210789680481, 0.4787611961364746, -0.24724571406841278, -0.7294403910636902, -0.5792106986045837, 0.4229075610637665, -0.03465905040502548, 0.5105553269386292, -0.05376245081424713, -0.12344615161418915, 0.3139902949333191, 0.5091870427131653, -0.5599726438522339, -0.18631088733673096, 0.42142051458358765, -0.35219311714172363, 0.8805081248283386, -0.6589022278785706, 0.15893979370594025, 0.2636071443557739, -0.647436261177063, -0.04764699563384056, 0.08809544891119003, -0.04214336350560188, 0.2541758120059967, -0.027688954025506973, 0.4109460413455963, -0.2975488007068634, 0.34935691952705383, 0.4490339756011963, 0.22541265189647675, -0.44316911697387695, 0.06675668805837631, -0.08432639390230179, 0.05192446708679199, -0.22330637276172638, 0.005952385254204273, 0.18554352223873138, 0.6066458225250244, -0.042410168796777725, 0.06746302545070648, -0.6081827878952026, 0.1787596493959427, -0.3029894232749939, 0.560793399810791, -0.1529068797826767, 0.010643805377185345, 0.2993859052658081, 1.2388617992401123, 0.3380059599876404, 0.10463343560695648, -0.6546005010604858, 0.3291838765144348, 0.752578854560852, -0.37289437651634216, -0.08570703119039536, 0.08371179550886154, 0.3018168807029724, -0.1985173523426056, -0.30829864740371704, -0.24274559319019318, -0.015393235720694065, 0.1520850509405136, 0.8375414609909058, 0.3769955635070801, 0.3397365212440491, 0.41665467619895935, 0.47106024622917175, -0.13042518496513367, -0.5152097940444946, -0.07637756317853928, 0.5024632811546326, -0.014045147225260735, 0.4479652941226959, -0.5220911502838135, -0.7164074182510376, 0.5383273959159851, -0.3744972348213196, -0.039749473333358765, -0.29697468876838684, 0.2677190899848938, 0.6554914116859436, -0.26228344440460205, -0.480638325214386, -0.4599362015724182, -0.1826288402080536, -0.6950501203536987, -0.2828792333602905, -0.34458500146865845, 0.06735819578170776, 0.6152945160865784, 0.6841530203819275, 1.1838065385818481, -0.03193649277091026, -0.12869885563850403, 0.19059346616268158, -0.15992915630340576, -0.16718967258930206, -0.20095376670360565, 0.05501582846045494, 0.09666714817285538, 0.8619751334190369, -0.2892460823059082, 0.3750060796737671, 0.2643936574459076, 0.009607966057956219, -0.21503132581710815, 0.1318657547235489, 0.0021235060412436724, -0.09598168730735779, 0.23896147310733795, -0.3611825108528137, 0.4620274007320404, 0.927335262298584, -0.37624627351760864, -0.40664342045783997, 0.12696199119091034, -0.08466286212205887, -0.4026539623737335, -0.5843110680580139, -0.3190831243991852, -0.11601211875677109, 0.5826597213745117, 0.025133276358246803, 0.07335437089204788, 0.3415684700012207, 0.11631671339273453, 0.3810923397541046, 0.2174740433692932, -0.5507137179374695, -0.5435397624969482, -0.9191252589225769, -0.2267211526632309, -0.44561201333999634, -0.3872181475162506, -0.22678080201148987, -0.00818144716322422, -0.043238814920186996, -0.0053017884492874146, -0.1904027909040451, 0.10490041226148605, 0.20064714550971985, -0.49874845147132874, 0.06103641539812088, -0.7082009315490723, -0.39039602875709534, -0.09279630333185196, -0.26138144731521606, 0.6616566181182861, 0.49401405453681946, 0.3645206391811371, 0.44375160336494446, 0.06292613595724106, 0.4884263873100281, -0.2551499307155609, -0.534728467464447, -0.1642652302980423, 0.05269956216216087, 0.43672576546669006, -0.15838797390460968, 0.12257309257984161, 0.4959920346736908, -0.19313372671604156, 0.3552739918231964, 1.2290785312652588, -0.23148642480373383, 0.042807936668395996, 0.7545045018196106, -0.11840390413999557, 0.3396068215370178, -0.08044915646314621, -0.43646037578582764, 0.08214649558067322, -0.22684334218502045, 0.6843230128288269, 0.16150465607643127, 0.21028561890125275, 0.4839547872543335, 0.913402259349823, -0.8776476979255676, 0.16811998188495636, -0.41246649622917175, -0.03598552569746971, -0.3463286757469177, 0.781451404094696, -0.3360004127025604, -0.11184296756982803, -0.19569997489452362, 0.42014697194099426, -0.2444647252559662, -0.3902827501296997, 0.16736488044261932, 0.04619181901216507, -0.17258772253990173, 0.5097687244415283, -0.2552016079425812, 0.23828433454036713, -0.3671010732650757, -0.36683645844459534, -0.3949190378189087, -0.004274879582226276, 0.27832913398742676, -0.015148165635764599, 0.9112577438354492, 0.568156361579895, 0.1399042159318924, -0.1274423450231552, 0.3154909014701843, -0.334994912147522, -0.05328056588768959, 0.9810805916786194 ]
249039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1	Niš	Niš (; , ; names in other languages) is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District. It is located in southern part of Serbia. , the city proper has a population of 183,164, while its administrative area (City of Niš) has a population of 260,237 inhabitants. Several Roman emperors were born in Niš or used it as a residence: Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor and the founder of Constantinople, Constantius III, Constans, Vetranio, Julian, Valentinian I, Valens; and Justin I. Emperor Claudius Gothicus decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus (present-day Niš). Later playing a prominent role in the history of the Byzantine Empire, the city's past would earn it the nickname Imperial City. After about 400 years of Ottoman rule, the city was liberated in 1878 and became part of the Principality of Serbia, though not without great bloodshed—remnants of which can be found throughout the city. Today, Niš is one of the most important economic centers in Serbia, especially in the electronics, mechanical engineering, textile, and tobacco industries. Constantine the Great Airport is Niš's international airport. The city is also the seat of the University of Niš, the Eparchy of Niš and the Command of Serbian Army. In 2013, the city was host to the celebration of 1700 years of Constantine's Edict of Milan. Name The town was named after the Nišava River, which flows through the city. It was first named Navissos by Celtic tribes in the 3rd century BC. From this term comes the Latin Naissus, the Greek Nysos and the Slavic Niš. Other variations include: Νάϊσσος, Ναϊσσός (Naissos), Naessus, urbs Naisitana, Navissus, Navissum, Ναϊσσούπολις (Naissoupolis). In Old Serbian, the town was known as Niš (written Нишь and Ньшь). The name is historically rendered as Nish or Nissa in English. Niš evolved from the toponym attested in Ancient Greek as ΝΑΙΣΣΟΣ (Naissos), which achieved its present form via phonetic changes in Proto-Albanian and thereafter the placename entered Slavic. Nish might indicate that Proto-Albanian was spoken in the region in pre-Slavic antiquity. According to Ismajli (2015), when this settlement happened is a matter of debate, as Proto-Albanians might have moved relatively late in antiquity in the area which might have been an eastern expansion of Proto-Albanian settlement as no other toponyms known in antiquity in the area presuppose an Albanian development. The development of Nish < Naiss- may also represent a regional development in late antiquity Balkans which while related may not be identical with Albanian. History Early history Niš may have been first founded as a Celtic settlement in the pre-Roman era. There is very little archaeological evidence however which can be used to reconstruct a pre-Roman history of Niš . The city became known in the Roman as one large urban centers of the central Balkans. During the Roman conquest of the Balkans between 168 and 75 BC, the city, known as Naissus in Latin, was used as a base of operations. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of the 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in the Geography of Ptolemy of Alexandria. The Romans occupied the town during the Dardanian campaign (75–73 BC), and set up a legionary camp in the city. The city, called refugia and vici in pre-Roman relation, as a result of its strategic position (the Thracians were based to the south) developed as an important garrison and market town in the province of Moesia Superior. In 272 AD, the future Emperor Constantine the Great was born in Naissus. Constantine created the Dacia Mediterranea province, of which Naissus was the capital, which also included Remesiana on the Via Militaris and the towns of Pautalia and Germania. He lived in Naissus briefly from 316 to 322. The city was of great importance for the Constantinian dynasty. It is the birthplace of Constantine the Great who turned it from a middle-sized town to a large city with many public buildings. The city flourished greatly in the Constantinian period. A bronze bust of Constantine decorated city. It was his temporary residence and the city where he promulgated many laws, preserved in the Theodosian code. In Constantinian narratives, Naissus was the city where the usurper Vetranio abdicated to Constantius II after a powerful speech he gave to the rebel armies. Julian, the last Constantinian emperor, used Naissus, which had arms factories as his base in the civil war and recruited Illyrians and others as soldiers for his campaign. In 364 AD, the imperial Villa Mediana was the site where emperors Valentinian and Valens met and divided the Roman Empire into halves which they would rule as co-emperors It was besieged by the Huns in 441 and devastated in 448, and again in 480 when the partially-rebuilt town was demolished by the Barbarians. Byzantine Emperor Justinian I restored the town but it was destroyed by the Avars once again. The Slavs, in their campaign against Byzantium, conquered Niš and settled here in 540. Middle Ages In 805, the town and its surroundings were taken by Bulgarian Emperor Krum. In the 11th century Byzantium reclaimed control over Naissus and the surrounding area. During the People's Crusade, on 3 July 1096, Peter the Hermit clashed with Byzantine forces at Naissus. Manuel I fortified the town, but under his successor Andronikos I it was seized by the Hungarian king Béla III. Byzantine control was eventually reestablished, but in 1185 it fell under Serbian control. By 1188, Niš became the capital of Serbian king Stefan Nemanja. On 27 July 1189, Nemanja received German emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his 100,000 crusaders at Niš. Niš is mentioned in descriptions of Serbia under Vukan in 1202, highlighting its special status. In 1203, Kaloyan of Bulgaria annexed Niš. Stefan Nemanjić later regained the region. Ottoman period The fall of the Serbian Empire, which was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Murad I in 1385, decided the fate of Niš as well. After a 25-day-long siege the city fell to the Ottomans. It was returned to Serbian rule in 1443. Niš again fell under Ottoman rule in 1448, and remained thusly for 241 years. During Ottoman rule Niš was a seat of the empire's military and civil administration. A Silesian traveler stated in 1596 that the route from Sofia to Niš was littered with corpses and described the gates of Niš as bedecked with the freshly-severed heads of poor Bulgarian peasants. In 1689, Niš was seized by the Austrian army during the Great Turkish War, but the Ottomans regained it in 1690. In 1737, Niš was again seized by the Austrians, who attempted to rebuild the fortifications around the city. The same year, the Ottomans reclaimed the city without resistance. During the First Serbian uprising in 1809, Serbian revolutionaries attempted to liberate Niš in the Battle of Čegar. After the defeat of the Serbian forces, the Ottoman commander of Niš ordered the heads of the slain Serbs mounted on a tower to serve as a warning. The structure became known as Skull Tower (). In 1821, the Ottomans arrested the Bishop of Niš, Milentija, as well as 200 Serbian patriots, on charges of preparing an uprising in the Niš area in support of the Greek War of Independence. On June 13 of that year, Bishop Milentija and other Serbian leaders were hanged in public. In the 19th century Niš was an important town, but populated by Bulgarians in the 19th century, when the Niš rebellion broke out in 1841. According to Ottoman statistics during the Tanzimat the population of Sanjak of Niš was treated as Bulgarian, and according to French travelers such as Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui and Ami Boue in 1837/1841. According to all authors between 1840-72 the delineation between Bulgarians and Serbs is undisputed and ran north of Nis, although one author Cyprien Robert claims that half of the population of the town was made up by Serbians. Serbian cartographers of the time (such as Dimitrije Davidović in 1828 and Milan Savić in 1878) also accepted South Morava river as such delineation and added Niš outside the borders of the Serbian people. The urban Muslim population of Niš consisted mainly of Turks, of which a part were of Albanian origin, and the rest were Muslim Albanians and Muslim Romani. In 1870, Niš was included in the Bulgarian Exarchate. Before the area had been under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. The city was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference in 1876. Niš was finally liberated during the Serbo–Ottoman War of 1876–1878. The battle for the liberation of Niš started on December 29, 1877, and the Serbian Army entered Niš on January 11, 1878, and it became a part of Serbia. The Albanian quarter was burned and some of the town's Muslim population fled to the Ottoman vilayet of Kosovo, resettling in Pristina, while others went to Skopje. The number of remaining Muslims counted were 1,168, with many being Muslim Romani, out of the pre-war ca. 8,500. The demographics of Niš underwent change whereby Serbs who formed half the urban population prior to 1878 became 80 percent in 1884. Independent Serbia In the following years, the city saw rapid development. The city library was founded in 1879 and the famous Serbian writer Stevan Sremac, a native of Niš, was its first clerk. The first hotel, Europe, was built in 1879; shortly after the first district hospital and the first bank started operating in 1881. In 1878, the first Grammar School (Gimnazija), in 1882 the Teacher Training College, and in 1894, the Girls' College were founded in Niš. The City Hall was built from 1882 to 1887. In 1883, Kosta Čendaš established the first printing house. In 1884, the first newspaper in the city Niški Vesnik was started. In 1884, Jovan Apel built a brewery. A railway line to Niš was built in 1884, as well as the city's railway station; on August 8, 1884, the first train arrived from Belgrade. In 1885, Niš became the last station of the Orient Express, until the railroad was built between Niš and Sofia in 1888. In 1887, the Niš Theatre Sinđelić was built. In 1897 Mita Ristić founded the Nitex textile factory. In 1905 the female painter Nadežda Petrović established the Sićevo art colony. The first film was screened in 1897, and the first permanent cinema started operating in 1906. The hydroelectric dam in Sićevo Gorge on the Nišava was built in 1908; at the time, it was the largest in Serbia. The airfield was built in 1912 on the Trupale field, and the first aeroplane arrived on December 29, 1912. The city's museum was founded in 1913. During the First Balkan War, Niš was the seat of The Main Headquarters of the Serbian Army, which led military operations against the Ottoman Empire. In World War I, Niš was the wartime capital of Serbia, hosting the Government and the National Assembly, until Central Powers conquered Serbia in November 1915, when the city was ceded to Bulgaria. After the breakthrough of the Salonika Front, the First Serbian Army commanded by general Petar Bojović liberated Niš on October 12, 1918. During the age and breakup of Yugoslavia In the first few years after the war, Niš was recovering from the damage. In 1921, Niš became the centre of the Region (oblast), governed by a grand-župan, appointed by royal decree. From 1929 to 1941, Niš was the capital of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The tram system in Niš started to run in November 1930. The national airline Aeroput included Niš as a regular destination for the route Belgrade—Niš—Skopje—Thessaloniki in 1930. During the time of German occupation in World War II, the first Nazi concentration camp in Yugoslavia was in Niš. About 30,000 people passed through this camp, of whom over 10,000 were shot on nearby Bubanj hill. On February 12, 1942, 147 prisoners staged a mass escape. In 1944, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies. On October 14, 1944, after a long and exhausting battle, the 7th German SS Division 'Prinz Eugen' was defeated and Niš was liberated by Bulgarian Army, and Partisans. The city was also the site of a unique and accidental friendly fire air war on November 7, 1944 between the air forces of the United States and Soviet Union. On June 23, 1948, Niš was the site of a catastrophic flood during which the Nišava river's water level raised by an unprecedented 5.5 meters. After World War II, the University of Niš was founded on June 15, 1965. Over the course of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Niš was subject to airstrikes on 40 occasions. On May 7, 1999, the city was the site of a NATO cluster bomb raid which killed up to 16 civilians. By the end of the NATO bombing campaign, a total of 56 people in Niš had been killed from airstrikes. 2000–present In April 2012, the Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center was established in the city of Niš. In December 2017, a new building of Clinical Centre of Niš spreading over 45,000 square meters was opened. Geography The road running from the North, from Western and Central Europe and Belgrade down to the Morava River valley, forks into two major lines at Niš: the southern line, leading to Thessalonica and Athens, and the eastern one leading towards Sofia and Istanbul. Niš is situated at the 43°19' latitude north and 21°54' longitude east, in the Nišava valley, near the spot where it joins the South Morava. The main city square, the city's central part, is at above sea level. The highest point in the city area is "Sokolov kamen" (Falcon's rock) on the Suva Planina (Dry Mountain) () while the lowest spot is at Trupale, near the mouth of the Nišava (). The city covers of five municipalities. Below Niska Banja and Nis, under the ground is a natural source of hot water, unique potential of clean and renewable geothermal energy at the surface of up to 65 square kilometers. The natural reservoir is at a depth of 500 to 800 meters, and the estimated capacity is about 400 million cubic meters of thermal mineral water. Climate Niš has a humid subtropical climate, but with continental influences. Average annual temperature in the area of Niš is . July is the warmest month of the year, with an average of . The coldest month is January, averaging at . The average of the annual rainfall is . The average barometer value is 992.74 mb. On average, there are 134 days with rain and snow cover lasts for 41 days. Demographics According to the final results from the 2011 census, the population of city proper of Niš was 183,164, while its administrative area had a population of 260,237. The city of Niš has 87,975 households with 2,96 members on average, while the number of homes is 119,196. Religion structure in the city of Niš is predominantly Serbian Orthodox (240,765), with minorities like Muslims (2,486), Catholics (809), Protestants (258), Atheists (109) and others. Most of the population speaks Serbian language (249,949). The composition of population by sex and average age: Male – 126,645 (40.90 years) and Female – 133,592 (42.81 years). A total of 120,562 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (53.81%), while the 51,471 citizens have higher education (23.0%). Of those with higher education, 34,409 (15.4%) have university education. Ethnic composition The ethnic composition of the city of Niš: Administrative divisions Economy The city of Niš is the administrative, industrial, commercial, financial and cultural center of the south-eastern part of Republic of Serbia. The position of Niš is strategically important, at the intersection of European highway and railway networks connecting Europe with Asia. Niš is easily accessible, having an airport – Niš Constantine the Great Airport and being a point of intersection of numerous railroad and highway lines. It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines: the south one, leading to Thessalonica and Athens, along the Vardar River valley, and the east one, running along the Nišava and the Marica, leading towards Sofia and Istanbul, and further on, towards the Near East. These roads have been widely known from ancient times, because they represented the beaten tracks along which peoples, goods and armies moved. Known as 'Via Militaris' in Roman and Byzantine periods, or 'Constantinople road' in Middle Ages, these roads still represent major European traffic arteries. Niš thus stands at a point of intersection of the roads connecting Asia Minor to Europe, and the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Nis had been a relatively developed city in the former Yugoslavia. In 1981, its GDP per capita was 110% of the Yugoslav average. As of September 2017, Niš has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia. Economic preview The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2019): Companies Niš is one of the most important industrial centers in Serbia, well known for its tobacco, electronics, construction, mechanical-engineering, textile, nonferrous-metal, food-processing and rubber-goods industries. Among the manufacturing companies which had a huge impact during the second half of the 20th century on Niš's development are: EI Niš (electronics industry), Mechanical Industry Niš, "Građevinar" (construction company), Niš Tobacco Factory, "Nitex – Niš" (textile industry), "Niš Brewery" (beverages) and "Žitopek" (bakery). Other prominent companies which went bankrupt during the 1990s and 2000s are: "Vulkan" (rubber-goods manufacturer), "NISSAL" (nonferrous-metal industry). Prominent tobacco manufacturer "Niš Tobacco Factory" was sold to Philip Morris in August 2003 for 518 million euros, while Nitex was sold to Benetton Group. In recent years, Integrated Micro-Electronics, Inc., Yura Corporation, Zumtobel Group, Johnson Electric and Shinwon opened their plants in Niš. Currently, Chinese manufacturer, Xingyu automotive systems, is building its factory. In former Electronic and Mechanical Industry complexes, many smaller manufacturers opened their plants. In 2019, companies with highest operating income were Philip Morris International, with over 190,000,000 Euros and Johnson Electric with over 140,000,000 Euros. Transportation Niš is strategically between the Morava river valley in North and the Vardar river valley in the south, on the main route between Greece and Central Europe. In the Niš area, this major transportation and communication route is linked with the natural corridor formed by the Nišava river valley, which runs Eastwards in the direction of Sofia and Istanbul. The city has been a passing station for the Orient Express. The first highways date back to the 1950s when Niš was linked with capital Belgrade through the Brotherhood and Unity Highway, the first in Southeastern Europe. Historically, because of its location, the city had always great importance in the region. The first to take advantage of it was the Roman Empire that built the important road Via Militaris, linking the city with Singidunum (current Belgrade) to the North and Constantinople (current Istanbul) to the southeast. Nowadays, the city is connected by the highway E75 with Belgrade and Central Europe in north, and Skopje, Thessaloniki and Athens in the south. The road E80 connects Niš with Sofia, Istanbul towards the Middle East, and Pristina, Montenegro and the Adriatic Sea to the West. The road E771 connects the city with Zaječar, Kladovo and Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania. The city is also a major regional railway junction linking Serbia to Sofia and Istanbul. The Niš Constantine the Great Airport is the second most important airport in Serbia. The first airfield serving the city of Niš was established in 1910, near the village of Donje Međurovo. In the 1930s then-national airline company Aeroput used the airport for civil service. In 1935 Aeroput included a stop in Niš in its route linking Belgrade with Skoplje. The city public transportation consists nowadays of 13 bus lines. A tram system existed in Niš between 1930 and 1958. Niš Bus Station is the city's largest and main bus station which offers both local urban and intercity transport to international destinations. The largest intercity bus carrier based in the city is Niš-Ekspres, which operates to various cities and villages in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Culture Theatre Niš is a home of the National Theatre in Niš, that was founded as "Sinđelić" Theatre in 1889. Music From 1981 Niš is the host of Nišville International Jazz music festival which begins in mid-August and lasts for 4 days. Galija, Kerber and Eyot are considered the most notable music bands to have originated from Niš. Other notable Niš music acts include Daltoni, Dobri Isak, Lutajuća Srca, Mama Rock, Hazari, Novembar, Trivalia and others. Tourism Tourist sites Čegar – The place where Battle on Čegar Hill took place on May 19, 1809. Crveni Krst concentration camp – One of the few preserved Nazi concentration camps in Europe. It is on February 12 Boulevard. Memorial to Constantine the Great – built in the city centre in 2013, in commemoration to Constantine the Great who was born in the city, on the anniversary of the Edict of Milan. Bubanj – Monument to fallen Yugoslav World War II fighters, forming the shape of three clenched fists. The place where 10,000 civilian hostages from Niš and south Serbia were brutally murdered by German Nazis. Kalča, City passage and Gorča – Trade centers situated in Milana Obrenovića Street. Memorial Chapel in the memory of NATO bombing victims – The chapel was built by local authorities while the monument was built by the State government in 1999. They are situated in Sumatovacka street near Niš Fortress. Niš Fortress – The remaining fortification was built by the Turks, and dates from the first decades of the 18th century (1719–23). It is situated in the city center. The fortress-cafes – They are situated near Stambol gate (the main gate of the fortress). Mediana – Archeological site, an Imperial villa, from the late Roman period on the road leading to Sofia, Bulgaria, near EI Nis. Niška Banja (Niš spa) – A very popular spa during the summer season. It is from city center on the road leading to Sofia, in the bottom of Suva Planina Mountain. Tinkers Alley – An old urban downtown zone in today's Kopitareva Street, built in the first half of the 18th century. It was a street full of tinkers and other craftsmen, but today it is packed with cafes and restaurants. Skull Tower (Ćele Kula) – A monument to the Serbian revolutionaries (1804–13); a tower made out of skulls of Serbian uprisers, killed and decapitated by the Ottomans. It is situated on Zoran Đinđić Boulevard, on the old Constantinople road leading to Sofia. Sultans Trail Long distance hiking and biking route from Vienna to İstanbul runs through Niš. Architecture and monuments Buildings in Niš are constantly being built. Niš is the second city in Serbia after Belgrade by number of high-rises. The Ambassador Hotel is one of the tallest buildings in Niš, but there are also other buildings like TV5 Tower. Sport The city of Niš is home to numerous sport clubs including Radnički Niš, RK Železničar 1949, Mašinac, ŽRK Naisa, OK Niš, Mašinac, Sinđelić Niš etc. The biggest stadium in Niš is the Stadion Čair, with a total seating-capacity of 18,151 after renovations. The stadium is part of the Čair Sports Complex that also includes an indoor swimming pool and an indoor arena. Niš was one of four towns which hosting the 2012 European Men's Handball Championship. Notable residents The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Niš, and its surrounding metropolitan area. Constantius I, Roman Emperor, father of Constantine I Constantine I, the great, (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) – ruled 306 to 337 Constantius III, (Flavius Constantius) – ruled 421 Justin I, (Flavius Iustinus) – ruled 518 to 527 Nikephoros Lyakon protospatharios c. 1050 Stevan Sinđelić, war leader (vojvoda), died in 1809 in the Battle of Čegar. Stevan Sremac (1855–1906), writer, came to Niš shortly after its liberation from the Turkish rule; wrote about life in old Niš (Ivkova slava, Zona Zamfirova). Nikola Uzunović, (b. 1873), prime minister of Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1926 to 1927. Dragiša Cvetković, (1893–1969), prime minister of Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1939 to 1941. Svetislav Milosavljević, (1882–1960), a Yugoslav army general and first Ban of Vrbas Banovina. Dušan Radović, (1922–84), journalist and writer. Dušan Čkrebić, (b. 1927), President(1984–1986) and Prime Minister(1978–1982) of SR Serbia. Spiridon, (?–1389), Patriarch of Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. Irinej (1930–2020), Serbian patriarch (2010–2020) and Bishop of Niš (1975–2010) Nadja Regin, (1931–2019), Serbian and British actress. Predrag Antonijević, (b. 1959), film director. Branko Miljković (1934–61), poet. Bratislav Anastasijević (1936–1992), musician, conductor Šaban Bajramović (1936–2008), Romani singer and composer. Kornelije Kovač (b. 1942), rock musician and composer. Goran Paskaljević (1947–2020), movie director; raised by his grandparents in Niš 1949–63, after the divorce of his parents. Dragan Pantelić (b. 1951), former football goalkeeper, president of Radnički Niš. Eva Haljecka Petković (1870–1947), doctor. Predrag Miletić (b. 1952), actor. Miki Manojlović (b. 1950), actor. Zoran Živković (b. 1954), handball player and coach, Olympic champion Aki Rahimovski (b. 1954), rock musician. Nenad Milosavljević (b. 1954), rock musician. Biljana Krstić (b. 1959), rock and traditional music singer and songwriter. Ana Stanić (b.1975), Serbian pop-rock singer Zoran Živković (b. 1960), politician, a former Prime Minister of Serbia. Zoran Ćirić (b. 1962), writer. Aleksandar Šoštar (b. 1964), water polo goalkeeper, Olympic, World and European champion. Dragan Stojković (b. 1965), football player, Olympic bronze medalist. Lidija Mihajlović (b. 1968), shooting champion. Branislava Ilić (b. 1970), playwright, screenwriter, prose writer, essayist. Ivan Miljković (b. 1979), volleyball player, Olympic and European champion. Bojana Popović (b. 1979), Montenegrin handball player, Olympic silver medalist. Nikola Karabatić (b. 1984), French handball player, Olympic, World and European champion. Nemanja Radulović (b. 1985), violinist. Ivan Kostic (b. 1989), footballer. Stefan Jović (b. 1990), basketball player, Olympic, World Cup, and EuroBasket silver medalist. Sava Ranđelović (b. 1993), water polo player, Olympic, World and European champion. Andrija Živković (b. 1996), footballer, U-20 World champion. Staša Gejo (b. 1997), sport climber, World and European champion. Nemanja Radonjić (b. 1996), footballer, Serbian champion. Diplomatic missions The city of Niš, after Belgrade, has the largest diplomatic corps in Serbia. Bulgaria has General Consulate in Niš. Until 2010, there was also a Consulate General of Greece. Diplomatic agreements were given to five prominent citizens of Niš, who acquired the title of honorary consul. The United Kingdom, Hungary, France, Slovakia and Austria have chosen Nis as their honorary consuls, appreciating their commitment and contribution to strengthening ties and cooperation in various fields with these countries. General Consulates: Bulgaria Turkey (to be opened) Honorary Consulates: Local media Online newspaper Narodne novine "Народне новине" Južne vesti (Southern news) Online radio stations Internet.Radio.Magazin Super radio Radio stations Baltazar radio (90.5) (renamed to Radio Jat (90.5)) Banker radio (98.3) City radio (99.9) Radio Nišava (104.0) (in Romany) Radio Belle Amie (95.6) Radio Belle Amie Folk Kanal (98.7/100.7) (closed) Radio Seven (88.8) TV stations Banker TV TV 5 (closed) BelleAmie TV TV Nais RTV Nišava (in Romany) Čair (in Romany) (closed) NTV Media Niš Art TV Puls TV (closed) Kopernikus Televizija International relations Twin towns – sister cities Niš is twinned with the following cities, according to their City Hall website: Other forms of cooperation and city friendship See also Islam-aga's Mosque References Bibliography External links Regional Chamber of Economy Niš official website Municipalities and cities of Southern and Eastern Serbia Populated places in Nišava District Illyrian Serbia Cities in ancient Illyria Roman towns and cities in Serbia Former capitals of Serbia Dacia Mediterranea	[ -0.13438427448272705, -0.12294226139783859, 0.07692526280879974, 0.03381819278001785, -0.23082420229911804, 0.6357332468032837, 0.22727471590042114, 0.04230013117194176, -0.23020118474960327, -0.40691331028938293, -0.0550195649266243, -0.27516916394233704, -0.006804936565458775, 0.3660687208175659, 0.22425305843353271, 0.36911988258361816, 0.492593914270401, 0.202101469039917, 0.7056076526641846, 0.021033523604273796, 0.056676801294088364, 0.4929545819759369, 0.35233941674232483, 0.3159366548061371, 0.40880659222602844, -0.16866381466388702, -0.07145799696445465, 0.15762130916118622, -0.2696189284324646, 0.3475421369075775, -0.48191899061203003, 0.4681074023246765, -0.7963096499443054, -0.13388200104236603, 0.20845501124858856, 0.17645147442817688, -0.3578264117240906, -0.7347683906555176, -0.3667726516723633, -0.9235506057739258, -0.2213880717754364, -0.09427713602781296, -0.10958966612815857, 0.32916319370269775, 0.10573822259902954, -0.5210972428321838, -0.5926124453544617, 0.7931640148162842, -0.4254097044467926, 0.47876453399658203, -0.5178081393241882, 0.1987168788909912, 0.013476584106683731, 0.3534906208515167, -0.23977984488010406, -0.30142083764076233, -0.570094108581543, -0.044321730732917786, 0.22981277108192444, 0.2104097604751587, 0.3486388027667999, 0.40531665086746216, -0.1813337504863739, 0.11978977918624878, 0.6001719236373901, 0.21754029393196106, -0.050274159759283066, 0.2707369327545166, -0.08289797604084015, -0.042446158826351166, -0.2856230139732361, 0.16889889538288116, -0.2868358790874481, -0.12428413331508636, -0.41520532965660095, -0.08236748725175858, -0.27985626459121704, 0.0758076012134552, -0.19440080225467682, 0.6821974515914917, -0.10617301613092422, -0.30422908067703247, 1.0146484375, -0.15441088378429413, 0.7155892252922058, -0.6878552436828613, -0.3067174255847931, -0.061446890234947205, -0.8108802437782288, -0.12490427494049072, 0.2562692165374756, -0.1232176423072815, 0.8131126165390015, -0.6580213308334351, -0.28088876605033875, 0.05096360296010971, -0.31192538142204285, 0.4425334930419922, 0.05310394987463951, 0.14596723020076752, -0.43074169754981995, 0.19023540616035461, 0.15387503802776337, 0.32209375500679016, -0.16250298917293549, -0.4657118022441864, -0.2679288685321808, 0.1615547090768814, 0.7592613697052002, -0.0009458124404773116, 0.05886298790574074, 0.07538193464279175, 0.2976064383983612, -0.0350336879491806, 0.033593252301216125, 0.27409157156944275, -0.10007546097040176, 0.26697418093681335, -0.14805865287780762, -0.4197545349597931, -0.0814073234796524, 0.26610812544822693, 0.09007643908262253, 0.15654462575912476, 0.23829562962055206, -0.025991978123784065, 0.47493651509284973, -0.06176719442009926, -0.391647607088089, 0.24798886477947235, 0.044793978333473206, 0.8306777477264404, -0.13862477242946625, 0.551369845867157, 0.06182063743472099, -0.20657357573509216, -0.40008026361465454, 0.3113608956336975, 0.8078455924987793, 0.37082725763320923, -0.4219227135181427, 0.4698430895805359, -0.3020389676094055, 0.26410821080207825, 0.619503915309906, -0.4939979910850525, -0.17568491399288177, -0.4028685986995697, 0.08188626915216446, -0.7436937689781189, -0.00687504792585969, 0.3708118796348572, -0.30496978759765625, 0.35426390171051025, -0.08945053070783615, -0.17931702733039856, 0.06461532413959503, 0.19503524899482727, 0.6375216841697693, 0.18821513652801514, 0.026943527162075043, 0.20723792910575867, 0.8631949424743652, 0.2772423028945923, -0.017727885395288467, -0.3217270076274872, 0.2150929719209671, -0.07681265473365784, 0.5142083168029785, 0.04117192327976227, -0.030705822631716728, -0.36436396837234497, 0.42637506127357483, -0.159742072224617, -0.1394173800945282, -0.20419856905937195, 0.307279109954834, 0.2652795910835266, 0.11518529802560806, -0.28690069913864136, -0.45584362745285034, 0.2999308705329895, -0.6311930418014526, 0.3593251705169678, -0.32503455877304077, 0.007138422224670649, 0.12179519981145859, 0.22726236283779144, -0.2796092927455902, -0.06343831866979599, 0.6576520800590515, -0.4578793942928314, -0.14197807013988495, 0.15949195623397827, 1.0908935070037842, 0.4291207492351532, -0.24743638932704926, 0.3299194872379303, -0.1714167445898056, 0.4861561059951782, -0.34998396039009094, -0.5866762399673462, 0.5047012567520142, -0.3493472933769226, -0.05695129930973053, 0.24917802214622498, 0.25472161173820496, -0.2497498095035553, 0.3008960783481598, 0.22962641716003418, 0.28024858236312866, -0.4875597059726715, 0.24983429908752441, -0.6044888496398926, -0.188195139169693, -0.8410438299179077, 0.4123607575893402, 0.27877429127693176, 0.10831984132528305, 0.16245949268341064, 1.116998314857483, 0.00661969929933548, 0.15582051873207092, -0.023438870906829834, 0.27747657895088196, -0.043654557317495346, -0.00043756328523159027, 0.06586766242980957, -0.2661147713661194, -0.32778307795524597, -0.42017531394958496, 0.18556514382362366, 0.29600468277931213, 0.04461689665913582, -0.5355289578437805, -0.3250522017478943, 0.14287890493869781, -0.24093277752399445, 0.5526159405708313, -0.24607929587364197, -0.31567689776420593, 0.6025859117507935, -0.2912111282348633, 0.15705996751785278, 0.5291285514831543, 0.2545856535434723, 0.07180994749069214, -0.2701626718044281, -0.478963166475296, -0.12741462886333466, -0.6469539403915405, 0.19358226656913757, -0.2132076621055603, -0.2970324754714966, 0.19676975905895233, -0.3187568783760071, 0.5206528306007385, 0.2730984687805176, 0.4518073797225952, 0.15622776746749878, -0.3492949903011322, -0.3881089985370636, 0.032736387103796005, 0.43115025758743286, -0.1611361801624298, 0.42813482880592346, -0.042456578463315964, -0.5650908946990967, 0.4951031506061554, 0.21228906512260437, 0.599968433380127, -0.5709443688392639, -0.05761507898569107, -0.16535593569278717, -0.17824256420135498, -0.18599051237106323, -0.14097647368907928, -0.14397522807121277, -0.31904181838035583, 0.07845377922058105, 0.2851048409938812, 0.5445700883865356, 0.18086320161819458, -0.9627034068107605, -0.34825974702835083, -0.41714444756507874, -0.048252664506435394, -0.31956371665000916, -0.153240367770195, 0.09538763761520386, -0.42108669877052307, -0.11583186686038971, -0.0807989090681076, 0.1308143585920334, 0.017311949282884598, -0.15532590448856354, 0.1997567117214203, 0.2881156802177429, 0.24663397669792175, -0.7670530676841736, -1.0801732540130615, 0.3197273313999176, -0.3610883951187134, 0.10483713448047638, 0.6830308437347412, -0.06405386328697205, -0.1327156126499176, 0.5118061304092407, -5.8336501121521, -0.06765656173229218, -0.3542361259460449, -0.04917467013001442, 0.15929050743579865, -0.3390285074710846, 0.36093518137931824, -0.10966994613409042, 0.05472589656710625, -0.05177507549524307, 0.03569452837109566, 0.22141487896442413, -0.5411444306373596, 0.48518696427345276, 0.13977545499801636, 0.11071595549583435, 0.2603592574596405, 0.4324003756046295, 0.1463451385498047, 0.12532572448253632, -0.5169105529785156, 0.16057497262954712, -0.1864093542098999, 0.45188990235328674, 0.4098771810531616, 0.4142439663410187, -0.24616338312625885, -0.14847707748413086, -0.5972827076911926, -0.7865408062934875, -0.36558201909065247, -0.46710342168807983, 0.4227207601070404, -0.03861936926841736, 0.6611523032188416, 0.012824120000004768, 0.35867470502853394, 0.29120129346847534, 0.4685819447040558, -0.1133042424917221, -0.10958067327737808, 0.5073089003562927, 0.3929842710494995, -0.2763964831829071, 0.5494142770767212, -0.388593852519989, -0.45641186833381653, -0.018551312386989594, -0.32081323862075806, 0.2794838845729828, 0.49951836466789246, -0.35417625308036804, 0.13986125588417053, -0.025700729340314865, 0.13737626373767853, -0.15127411484718323, 0.3225630223751068, -0.24736766517162323, -0.6948634386062622, 0.7585015296936035, -0.024208519607782364, 0.02715305984020233, -0.2579626441001892, -0.2286791354417801, 0.28028085827827454, -0.4134116768836975, -0.4243794083595276, -0.23799866437911987, -0.034068215638399124, 0.40635475516319275, -0.06458723545074463, 0.0653885155916214, -0.6732884645462036, -0.9206451773643494, 0.02323758229613304, -0.6958001852035522, -0.7874722480773926, 0.09017357230186462, -0.37808239459991455, 0.3975646197795868, -0.8990145921707153, 0.1926022320985794, -0.4190788269042969, 0.4980519413948059, 0.2806658148765564, 0.1288999617099762, 0.1503654420375824, -0.113180011510849, -0.13750186562538147, -0.5808812975883484, 0.55594801902771, -0.5827443599700928, 0.7113153338432312, -0.06385456770658493, -0.6807740926742554, 0.3283117711544037, -0.5974064469337463, -0.022692620754241943, 0.1255544275045395, -0.30404168367385864, 0.7881184816360474, 0.06948636472225189, -0.007832147181034088, -0.3309171199798584, -0.23823562264442444, -0.1270248293876648, 0.07526832818984985, 0.562282919883728, 0.7423853278160095, -0.534274697303772, -0.38642939925193787, 0.09486018121242523, -0.32715487480163574, -0.5563905835151672, 0.24861982464790344, -0.3082212209701538, -0.7525925040245056, 0.8722084760665894, -0.024732794612646103, 0.039131391793489456, 0.1505356729030609, 0.058068014681339264, -0.06178268790245056, 0.3396475613117218, -0.20424197614192963, -0.0007176429498940706, -0.7629916071891785, 0.03712053969502449, 0.03858724609017372, 0.2153642177581787, 0.6263467669487, 0.18001897633075714, -0.1950261890888214, -0.1031322106719017, 0.38024675846099854, 0.47763028740882874, -0.3996768891811371, -0.5151121616363525, 0.2601725161075592, 0.05289280787110329, 0.37606552243232727, 0.20455114543437958, 0.437843382358551, 0.060288961976766586, 0.47079771757125854, 0.2562384307384491, -0.3336702585220337, -0.20083624124526978, -0.6732951998710632, 0.031382735818624496, -0.20045262575149536, -0.04605455696582794, -0.20129218697547913, -0.19267676770687103, -0.33557310700416565, 0.005540257319808006, 0.4565247595310211, 0.9315672516822815, 0.05841415748000145, 0.5759274959564209, -0.06940393149852753, -1.329601764678955, -0.5334588289260864, -0.04575660824775696, 0.2694135308265686, -0.7804227471351624, -0.6714944839477539, -0.07199039310216904, -0.3062651753425598, 0.3739376664161682, 0.28606924414634705, -0.6017276048660278, -0.6847885847091675, -0.5972470641136169, -0.10852028429508209, -0.5205867886543274, -0.10948426276445389, 0.8971041440963745, -0.33646368980407715, 0.03832447901368141, 0.28403544425964355, 0.156253844499588, -0.1871335357427597, 0.7539101839065552, 0.46522700786590576, -0.07761947810649872, -0.20811617374420166, 0.3757321238517761, 0.2168990969657898, -0.29200828075408936, 0.5501578450202942, -0.9046654105186462, -0.29877907037734985, -0.05280042439699173, 0.158997043967247, -0.9922778606414795, 0.19855260848999023, 0.4645553529262543, -0.5758100152015686, 0.20534977316856384, 0.3754846155643463, -0.11316157132387161, -0.4740482568740845, 0.3193219006061554, -0.23664025962352753, -0.04028358682990074, 0.3176664113998413, 0.3532388508319855, -0.6443881392478943, -0.4576690196990967, -0.6735427379608154, -0.7253915071487427, -0.08259498327970505, 0.5490106344223022, -0.6481522917747498, 0.38937824964523315, 0.1747814118862152, -0.5754646062850952, -0.8032809495925903, -0.3520961105823517, -0.18211446702480316, 0.046705178916454315, 0.4903106391429901, -0.33033016324043274, 0.04350164532661438, 0.2985149919986725, -0.08015542477369308, -0.39615926146507263, 0.051259662955999374, -0.5782857537269592, 0.3124372363090515, -0.00404505105689168, 0.1336078941822052, 0.24644392728805542, 0.26114538311958313, -0.29632067680358887, -0.04586316645145416, -0.2196127325296402, 0.009834513068199158, 0.49224868416786194, -0.04560825601220131, 0.11344628781080246, 0.09827335923910141, 0.009271345101296902, 0.1104467511177063, -0.02390805073082447, 0.26310819387435913, -0.15537410974502563, -0.5160020589828491, 0.5131906270980835, 0.23427796363830566, -0.16919651627540588, -0.9329538941383362, -0.1936308741569519, 0.8608992695808411, 0.00039972085505723953, 0.17089244723320007, 0.13630172610282898, -0.2887042164802551, 0.2519742548465729, -0.2500225603580475, -0.46932584047317505, 0.29810139536857605, 0.24203075468540192, 0.06798753142356873, -0.508679986000061, -0.4914451539516449, -0.16492412984371185, 0.32567861676216125, -0.6206682324409485, -0.46932145953178406, -0.2652774453163147, 0.41672706604003906, -0.32896631956100464, -0.14649851620197296, 0.186595156788826, -0.09317592531442642, 0.3974155783653259, 0.36471793055534363, 0.11795786768198013, -0.4768940508365631, 0.11903109401464462, -0.18950164318084717, 0.1522022783756256, 0.17370709776878357, -0.19486530125141144, -0.125745490193367, 0.15170523524284363, -0.3104132413864136, 0.5071114897727966, -0.11871110647916794, -0.7092180252075195, -0.09622418880462646, 0.35075199604034424, -0.06614784151315689, -0.37763309478759766, 0.32010704278945923, 0.7509058713912964, -0.19255989789962769, 0.5759844779968262, -0.962659478187561, 0.3713401257991791, 0.18075986206531525, -0.1143481582403183, -0.12378697097301483, 0.4710804224014282, -0.18358398973941803, -0.5046201944351196, 0.08461910486221313, -0.31736060976982117, 0.17938561737537384, 0.30247846245765686, 0.6932153701782227, 0.6729683876037598, -0.48151853680610657, 0.4068203568458557, 0.8228470683097839, -0.2500360310077667, 0.3624483346939087, 0.1975199282169342, 0.12814530730247498, -0.6389797329902649, 0.15284597873687744, 0.3756486475467682, 0.3878251910209656, 0.7946369051933289, 0.5174831748008728, -0.39285972714424133, -0.046904418617486954, 0.5803137421607971, 0.42991313338279724, -0.28413277864456177, -0.3294290602207184, -0.07370234280824661, -0.35235467553138733, -0.34194743633270264, -0.06897789239883423, -0.2340356856584549, -0.5373037457466125, 0.5676876306533813, 1.1769158840179443, 0.42280352115631104, -0.42101970314979553, 0.47345495223999023, 0.4449743330478668, 0.26055094599723816, 0.8545379042625427, -0.2541793882846832, 0.07809795439243317, -0.2495208978652954, 0.23841944336891174, 0.02600238472223282, -0.36380621790885925, 0.216814786195755, -0.20023323595523834, 0.12351283431053162, -0.04768341779708862, -0.5701944828033447, -0.23459507524967194, 0.12690648436546326, 0.1397763341665268, 0.01648998074233532, 0.5354158282279968, 0.11407707631587982, -0.19060663878917694, -0.25099653005599976, 0.02317064255475998, -0.4041639566421509, -0.16208946704864502, 0.08971081674098969, 0.1454552710056305, 0.5059008002281189, -0.5886505246162415, -0.5691670775413513, 0.09823104739189148, 0.2563651502132416, -0.01743783988058567, 0.46014729142189026, -0.37196052074432373, 0.2709431052207947, -0.3122452199459076, 0.1132713332772255, -0.09011209011077881, -0.5285155177116394, 0.08859295397996902, -0.05335703864693642, 0.18001164495944977, -0.5120111107826233, -0.6787152290344238, 0.34623822569847107, -0.08747405558824539, 0.07124991714954376, 0.09952644258737564, 0.24228349328041077, -0.5195096135139465, -0.5455977916717529, 0.18915341794490814, 0.6781079173088074, 0.3035241961479187, 0.7339909672737122, 0.3968375027179718, 0.07384230196475983, -0.1198129951953888, 0.19942109286785126, -0.3972027599811554, 0.7078232765197754, -0.1957685351371765, -0.402666300535202, -0.13270467519760132, 0.0776812806725502, 0.25875023007392883, 0.020526496693491936, 0.3391188383102417, 0.5021681189537048, -0.5091472268104553, 0.42662712931632996, 0.45748835802078247, 0.016482645645737648, 0.33428695797920227, -0.2418881505727768, 0.1087946742773056, -0.5041908025741577, -0.05491446703672409, 0.3216038644313812, -0.04614141210913658, -0.4791005551815033, 0.36452677845954895, 0.35009217262268066, -0.7244664430618286, -0.0743124857544899, -0.08380226790904999, 0.11704399436712265, -0.3403262495994568, 0.23711076378822327, -0.421242356300354, 0.2845717966556549, -0.10044144839048386, 0.1498163938522339, 0.09111560136079788, -0.23304010927677155, 0.09305362403392792, 0.6849155426025391, -0.209259495139122, 0.35977792739868164, -0.0952242910861969, 0.4692153334617615, -1.1697640419006348, -0.3898290693759918, -0.6776124238967896, -0.1118844524025917, 0.2162785530090332, 0.013649233616888523, 0.4471811354160309, -0.10930407792329788, 0.07804203778505325, -0.43066808581352234, 0.3682537078857422, -0.8391483426094055, 0.6558054089546204, 0.10866167396306992 ]
249040	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiner%20Knizia	Reiner Knizia	Reiner Knizia () is a prolific German-style board game designer. Early life and education Born in Germany, he developed his first game at the age of eight. He gained a Master of Science from Syracuse University in the United States and a doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Ulm in Germany. He went on to manage a two-billion-dollar financial company. Career Knizia has been a full-time game designer since 1997, when he quit his job from the board of a large international bank. Knizia has been living in England since 1993. In addition to having designed over 600 published games, Knizia is highly acclaimed as a designer, having won the Deutscher Spiele Preis four times, a Spiel des Jahres (in addition to a Kinderspiel des Jahres and a special award), and numerous other national and international awards. At the Origins Game Fair in 2002 he was inducted into the Gaming Hall of Fame. His games frequently make appearances on various "top games" lists, including the GAMES 100 list, the BoardGameGeek top 100, and the Internet Top 100 Games List. Several gaming conventions host "Kniziathons", which are tournaments dedicated to celebrating Knizia-designed games. Reiner Knizia started developing games for his play-by-mail game zine Postspillion, founded in 1985. The zine still exists, and the game Bretton Woods (also a Reiner Knizia design), which was started in 1987, is still going. One of Knizia's best selling games is Lord of the Rings, published in 17 languages with over one million copies sold. His dice game Pickomino has also reached 1 million copies sold and his Keltis sold over 600,000 copies. His game Ingenious has been published in over 20 languages. In 2011, Knizia designed a Star Trek-themed game for NECA/WizKids, based on the 2009 film that 'reset' the Star Trek universe. In 2015 Ravensburger released Star Wars VII - Galaxy Rebellion based on the popular movie franchise. A number of Knizia designs have been redeveloped for the electronic gaming & console markets. Ingenious (aka Einfach Genial) and Keltis have both appeared in CD-ROM versions; Lost Cities was adapted for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade. An original game for the Nintendo DS, Dr. Reiner Knizia's Brainbenders was published in 2008; Keltis for the NDS followed in 2009. Other mobile implementations of Knizia titles include Lost Cities, Battle Line, Kingdoms, Medici, Ra, Through the Desert, Samurai and Tigris and Euphrates. Knizia has also designed various game applications specifically for the iPhone, including Robot Master, Dice Monster, Labyrinth and Pipes. Over several years Knizia has developed a number of hybrid boardgames with electronic components, most notably with German publisher Ravensburger. The first of these was the King Arthur adventure game in 2003, later updated for use with the iPhone in 2014. Other titles include Die Insel, the award-winning Wer War's?, Der Drei ??? and in 2015 Captain Black (notable for a talking ghost pirate captain and a 90 cm - 3 feet - 3D ship). Game characteristics Knizia's games cover many board game genres. He has designed small two-player card games, children's games, simple games, sophisticated games, and even a live-action roleplaying game. One element of modern game design that Reiner Knizia has pioneered is abstract theme. Older themed games like Monopoly have traditionally developed their themes by trying to model or emulate the environment or situation they are thematically tied to. So Monopoly has players buying and developing properties as a real estate developer might. Knizia's thematic game designs tend not to try to model a specific environment, but instead try to invoke the thought and decision-making processes that are key to the theme. For example, Knizia's game Medici has a fairly abstract game system of drawing and buying cards that does not try to model any particular environment, but in the game-world, the players are always attempting to price risk, the key success factor in the investment banking business in which the Medicis made their fortune. A further example of this can be found in Knizia's game, Tigris and Euphrates. The players each take control of one of four different dynasties of Mesopotamia around 3,000 B.C. Each dynasty has priests, farmers, traders, and kings who are placed strategically on the board. The players take turns expanding their dynasties, controlling rivers, building temples, and attacking the other players' dynasties. Instead of Tigris and Euphrates having many complicated rules, the game is relatively simple and has very streamlined rules that does not attempt to emulate the real-life conflicts but rather abstracts this out, allowing for the players to focus on strategic decision making. This approach has allowed Knizia to develop games that are comparatively simple but require thoughtful game-play, while still retaining strongly thematic elements. Using his understanding of principles in mathematics to full effect, pricing and evaluating risk are frequently recurring elements in Reiner Knizia games. Many of his most successful designs use auctions as a vehicle to price risk, as in Ra, Medici, and Modern Art. Games Some of Knizia's games are: Abandon Ship Age of War/Risk Express Amun-Re Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 2003 Nominee, International Gamers Awards—General Strategy; Multiplayer Amphipolis Auf Heller und Pfennig (released in English as Kingdoms) Winner, Origins Award for Best Abstract Board Game of 2002 Battle Line (released as Schotten-Totten in Germany) Beowulf: The Legend Blue Moon/Blue Moon Legends Blue Moon City Clickbait (released by Big Potato Games) Drahtseilakt (released as Tightrope and Relationship Tightrope in the US) Dream Factory (released as Traumfabrik in Germany and Hollywood Blockbuster) Winner, Arets Spel for Best Adult Game Einfach Genial (released as Ingenious in the US and Mensa Connections in the UK) Winner, Schweizer Spielepreis Best Strategy Game 2004 High Society (card game) Indigo (board game) Ivanhoe Keltis Winner, Spiel des Jahres 2008 LEGO Ramses Pyramid Loot Looting London (card game) Lord of the Rings Winner, Spiel des Jahres 2001 special prize for best use of literature in a game Lord of the Rings: The Confrontation Lost Cities Winner, International Gamers Award 2000 for Best 2-player strategy game Medici Modern Art Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 1993 Winner, Finnish Game of the Year 2008 My City (board game) My Word! Orongo Pickomino/Heckmeck Prosperity Co-designed with Sebastian Bleasdale Qin (board game) Ra Nominee, 2000 International Gamers Awards—General Strategy; Multi-player Samurai (Do You Know) Shakespeare? Star Trek: Expeditions Star Wars VII - Galaxy Rebellion Taj Mahal Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 2000 Winner, Essen Feather 2000 Through the Desert Tigris and Euphrates Winner, Deutscher Spiele Preis 1998 for Best Family/Adult Game Recommended, Spiel des Jahres 1998 Tower of Babel Winner, Schweizer Spielepreis best strategy game 2005 Vampire Wer war's/Who Was It? Winner, Kinderspiel des Jahres 2008 Winner, Deutscher Kinderspiele Preis 2008 Wettlauf nach El Dorado/The Quest for El Dorado Nominee, Spiel des Jahres 2017 Winner's Circle (board game) See also Going Cardboard (Documentary, includes an interview with Reiner Knizia) References External links Knizia Games Reiner Knizia video interview at Submarine Channel, 15 November 2011 Postspillion (includes complete list of games) Reiner Knizia at Math Genealogy Project Reiner Knizia by the Numbers, interview with Reiner Knizia, 12 April 2006 Living people Board game designers 1957 births People from Illertissen	[ -0.13786622881889343, 1.041736364364624, -0.1369657963514328, -0.04449688270688057, -0.2863430082798004, 0.25976139307022095, 0.6851277351379395, 0.2297767549753189, -0.5455832481384277, -0.12726186215877533, -0.2020697146654129, -0.0007484142552129924, 0.05501775071024895, 0.4032600522041321, -0.17038823664188385, 0.3999142646789551, -0.1808035969734192, 0.5119791030883789, -0.4512862265110016, -0.45028156042099, -0.19611391425132751, -0.40790024399757385, 0.8744248151779175, -0.09059260785579681, -0.6280127167701721, -0.24317306280136108, 0.2439497858285904, 0.3204127848148346, -0.28471440076828003, 0.1961527317762375, 0.1626170426607132, 1.0998625755310059, 0.02053222618997097, -0.5548146963119507, -0.02551683969795704, -0.14679239690303802, 0.2364577203989029, -0.16394618153572083, 0.2738901972770691, -0.32725417613983154, 0.27761974930763245, 0.6672497987747192, 0.18949370086193085, 0.2365810126066208, 0.6058496236801147, -0.8405917882919312, -2.1604831218719482, 0.2915557026863098, -0.734349250793457, -0.4541223347187042, 0.2766481637954712, -0.053671788424253464, 0.5804014205932617, 0.6800118684768677, -0.029660627245903015, 0.433958500623703, -0.9847227334976196, 0.1143416166305542, 0.7456651926040649, 0.3823987543582916, 0.4274462163448334, 0.1754852831363678, -0.1524578481912613, 0.029814552515745163, 0.6467356085777283, 0.2789875268936157, 0.07939255237579346, 0.47184866666793823, -0.09953255206346512, -0.08584839850664139, -0.43127205967903137, -0.23442667722702026, 0.46233853697776794, -0.4801475405693054, 0.010843148455023766, -0.22832979261875153, 0.20424549281597137, -0.03176311030983925, 0.40343570709228516, -0.11166863888502121, 0.22529366612434387, 0.08530228585004807, 0.9329322576522827, 0.11548309028148651, 0.624344527721405, 0.2114092856645584, -0.5821902751922607, -0.13424713909626007, -0.5624662637710571, 0.3016749918460846, 0.07299377024173737, -0.570322573184967, 0.3032457232475281, 0.23133166134357452, 0.027019010856747627, 0.1989654004573822, -0.2510645091533661, 0.7779895663261414, 0.3119702637195587, 0.6775504350662231, 0.35933956503868103, 0.43965810537338257, -0.14437153935432434, -0.104655422270298, -0.28864946961402893, -0.03266112133860588, -0.5247831344604492, -0.22411993145942688, 0.14844821393489838, -0.8093624114990234, -0.407367080450058, 0.3100385069847107, -0.12417403608560562, -0.036773599684238434, -0.16805920004844666, 0.5486901998519897, 0.5689921975135803, -0.3026883900165558, -0.15898583829402924, 0.6502177715301514, -0.019947437569499016, 0.9889870882034302, -0.523476243019104, 0.33673521876335144, -0.3759240508079529, 0.5653554201126099, -0.3262478709220886, 0.5825971961021423, -0.21678213775157928, 0.2083706557750702, 0.4786633551120758, 0.8438088893890381, -0.2968286871910095, 0.021149391308426857, -0.258699893951416, -0.19285443425178528, 0.6772857308387756, 0.07303859293460846, -0.3267846405506134, 0.5444309115409851, -0.5345472097396851, -0.3381684124469757, -1.908812403678894, 0.0005377194611355662, 0.3433353304862976, 0.024074608460068703, -0.2551298141479492, -0.35378298163414, 0.08551143854856491, 0.36436960101127625, 0.127916157245636, -0.4691845178604126, -0.19899587333202362, -0.11322259157896042, -0.30474773049354553, 0.6288091540336609, 0.23452253639698029, -0.45378565788269043, 0.5621638894081116, 0.1138058751821518, 0.45182016491889954, 0.03137926012277603, -0.6168916821479797, 0.34487926959991455, -0.08898533880710602, -0.42427587509155273, 0.4801240861415863, 0.2858610451221466, -0.007341763470321894, -0.19501321017742157, -0.7658097743988037, 0.2551098167896271, -0.4905564486980438, -0.6093271970748901, 0.28558287024497986, 0.07882505655288696, 0.15822802484035492, 0.4214121103286743, 0.361551970243454, -0.5913578271865845, -0.6408683657646179, -0.27699118852615356, -0.024932613596320152, 0.010607151314616203, 0.5222283005714417, 0.11221920698881149, 0.10956859588623047, -0.3604520261287689, 0.2861367166042328, -0.1697363257408142, -0.23643440008163452, -0.6633130311965942, 0.6931066513061523, -0.15026511251926422, 1.0960745811462402, 0.7266319394111633, -0.5649244785308838, 0.4966721534729004, -0.05953655019402504, 0.7592004537582397, -0.18499687314033508, -0.7430164813995361, -0.48139500617980957, -0.05322303995490074, -0.3884585201740265, 1.6756577491760254, 0.31583258509635925, -0.12508481740951538, 0.03821074590086937, 0.5567755699157715, 0.3946230709552765, -0.5768259167671204, 0.488643079996109, -0.31797030568122864, 0.12189917266368866, 0.057546526193618774, -0.00008680170139996335, 0.12726975977420807, -0.11037152260541916, 0.01513910386711359, 0.6338680386543274, -0.06238538771867752, 0.10122431069612503, 0.5571613311767578, 0.09570065140724182, 0.48562029004096985, -0.04360919073224068, 0.06908153742551804, 0.1255808025598526, -0.9976377487182617, 0.07359309494495392, 0.5187690854072571, 0.1264447569847107, -0.5407390594482422, -0.19388723373413086, -0.41943201422691345, -0.2252446711063385, -0.29840558767318726, 0.15871907770633698, 0.499679833650589, 0.34283310174942017, 0.7265609502792358, -0.019775375723838806, 0.11256048083305359, 0.23133575916290283, 0.021058330312371254, -0.7343692779541016, 0.14305540919303894, -0.3717566132545471, -0.4100055396556854, 0.6885952353477478, 0.17632678151130676, 0.14141494035720825, -0.6543104648590088, -0.22279736399650574, 0.7196040749549866, 0.10674219578504562, -0.15571138262748718, 0.17759856581687927, -0.247612863779068, -0.17130933701992035, -0.064028799533844, 0.08826304227113724, -0.16266284883022308, -0.1779385656118393, -0.7073044180870056, 0.13498298823833466, -0.49010270833969116, 0.1320541352033615, -0.09795840084552765, 0.30352893471717834, -0.031764913350343704, -0.33257368206977844, -1.9438645839691162, 0.3821347951889038, -0.27455323934555054, -0.7514501810073853, 0.19001352787017822, -0.7385119199752808, -0.3929630219936371, 0.2059800624847412, 1.001431941986084, 0.09039290249347687, 0.06881377846002579, -0.5576093792915344, 0.19743287563323975, -0.19495031237602234, -0.0860535129904747, 0.12646135687828064, -0.17818164825439453, 0.15522253513336182, 0.597800612449646, -0.6662553548812866, 0.35078665614128113, 0.2669377028942108, 0.7919431924819946, -0.5830042958259583, -0.44558554887771606, 0.2985357344150543, -0.32466816902160645, -0.4512856900691986, 0.7500415444374084, -0.5530847907066345, -0.26360782980918884, 0.19890451431274414, -0.11619337648153305, -0.49163544178009033, -0.1938711404800415, -5.060184478759766, -0.2753310203552246, -0.43462955951690674, -0.024345606565475464, 0.04708866402506828, -0.23236726224422455, 0.960144579410553, -0.2390650361776352, 0.01927287131547928, 0.14498648047447205, -0.009268910624086857, 0.10136508196592331, -0.28889137506484985, 1.0569040775299072, 0.7167490720748901, 0.8744800090789795, 0.8883976936340332, 0.18173383176326752, 0.2340162843465805, -0.17219221591949463, -0.18027110397815704, 0.24810349941253662, -0.426712304353714, 0.3516165614128113, 0.570906937122345, 0.7380503416061401, 0.0008828823920339346, -0.12435365468263626, -0.9024158716201782, -0.019981499761343002, -0.015754977241158485, -0.6303327083587646, -0.3047615885734558, -0.22760456800460815, 0.16048532724380493, -0.1483743041753769, 0.5039361119270325, 0.8735098242759705, 0.3310084044933319, 0.10620173811912537, -0.0383620485663414, 1.0743733644485474, -0.36798322200775146, 0.3388354778289795, 0.5808379650115967, -0.24487845599651337, -1.0141915082931519, 0.11778776347637177, -0.7432557344436646, 0.5139601826667786, 0.2341645210981369, -0.8943485617637634, 0.658420979976654, 0.6049233675003052, 0.10589808970689774, -0.4477110803127289, 0.7851473093032837, -0.22588162124156952, -0.41003507375717163, 0.08752170950174332, 0.20518524944782257, -0.3919485807418823, 0.3931112289428711, -0.6113258004188538, -0.03207845985889435, -0.38795721530914307, 0.0018628316465765238, -0.6556001901626587, -0.12608857452869415, -0.0014246063074097037, -0.6130481958389282, 0.2176947295665741, -0.2533555030822754, -0.7411985993385315, 0.33769726753234863, 0.12179049104452133, -0.41287797689437866, 0.17552533745765686, -0.0251813642680645, -0.0561184398829937, 0.010791357606649399, -0.5588743686676025, -0.8573277592658997, 0.5976088643074036, 0.3728611171245575, 0.16230233013629913, -0.22812962532043457, 0.1278506964445114, -0.17739509046077728, 0.19352620840072632, -0.04024834558367729, -0.08106154203414917, 0.2860269546508789, 0.5719244480133057, -0.14636990427970886, 0.3317123353481293, 0.09006080031394958, -0.5483150482177734, 0.5188246369361877, -0.2845768332481384, 0.27307185530662537, -0.900401771068573, -0.0202028825879097, -0.22046150267124176, 0.2541305422782898, 0.037775468081235886, 0.2239944189786911, 0.08158103376626968, 0.5418675541877747, 0.43720686435699463, 0.1057770699262619, 0.12832710146903992, -0.23378588259220123, -0.25339439511299133, 0.675777792930603, -0.42575299739837646, 0.30465492606163025, 0.5691227912902832, 0.022121941670775414, 0.2604379653930664, 0.2195299118757248, -0.06248694285750389, 0.45741841197013855, -0.41120338439941406, -0.03998679667711258, -0.10905570536851883, 0.11196406930685043, 0.14789435267448425, -0.45341429114341736, 0.18466462194919586, -0.5801470279693604, 0.6016352772712708, -0.21111290156841278, -0.7439679503440857, 0.3298816382884979, 0.02618524618446827, -0.28649282455444336, -0.3965906798839569, 0.09410706162452698, -0.49072492122650146, 0.5254629850387573, -0.24273300170898438, 0.11723260581493378, 0.78226238489151, -0.05635690316557884, 0.37630826234817505, 0.3621909022331238, 0.11259046941995621, -0.7426034212112427, 0.1740570068359375, -0.5456398725509644, -0.7181529402732849, 0.5613986849784851, -0.32794448733329773, -0.041027676314115524, 0.394583135843277, -0.04646363481879234, 0.387076735496521, -0.1872309297323227, -0.09420081973075867, 0.5344440937042236, 0.20584440231323242, -1.024911880493164, 0.5290988087654114, 0.6391100883483887, -0.4119912087917328, -0.38690412044525146, -0.2819165885448456, -0.6406055688858032, 0.9322263598442078, 0.3381039798259735, -0.05142202600836754, -0.7894558310508728, -0.2540323734283447, 0.17598401010036469, -0.2531020939350128, 0.06372476369142532, 0.1599763184785843, 0.058974869549274445, -0.4383101165294647, 0.12396768480539322, 0.5620409846305847, -0.27650782465934753, 0.6101216673851013, -0.007833804935216904, -0.3044431209564209, -0.21593840420246124, 0.032047417014837265, -0.8614549040794373, -0.1850610077381134, -0.016123590990900993, 0.43698281049728394, 0.6455099582672119, 0.10717849433422089, 0.04118255898356438, -0.7770812511444092, 0.00830028671771288, -0.10928919166326523, -0.19271281361579895, -0.42871546745300293, 0.5057451725006104, 0.5416212677955627, -0.21156953275203705, 0.4926025867462158, 0.5398980379104614, -0.9348527789115906, 0.32460999488830566, 0.45293930172920227, -0.07557620853185654, 0.46869683265686035, -0.5629706382751465, -0.5772932767868042, -0.09323877841234207, 0.3927314281463623, -0.7860251665115356, -0.555004358291626, 1.0561498403549194, -0.12942296266555786, -0.5858097076416016, 0.2683483362197876, -0.5241419672966003, -0.39774706959724426, -0.8293318152427673, -0.5512957572937012, -0.799753725528717, 0.20877811312675476, 0.44555380940437317, -0.5816053152084351, 0.5589068531990051, -0.33694925904273987, 0.044216081500053406, -0.1706186980009079, 0.4554142653942108, -0.2819882333278656, -0.44788193702697754, 0.3887413442134857, 0.045219745486974716, 0.6824576258659363, 0.03561951592564583, -0.11405501514673233, 0.16825132071971893, 0.24621190130710602, 0.11046517640352249, -0.35015904903411865, 0.11960717290639877, -0.08087033033370972, -0.20219574868679047, -0.07717883586883545, -0.5987693667411804, 0.03321751207113266, -0.2460799515247345, -0.2596261203289032, -0.28588488698005676, -0.473023921251297, 0.9666986465454102, -0.35434630513191223, 0.04905594140291214, 0.351380854845047, 0.16970130801200867, -0.03462721034884453, -0.334096223115921, -0.07069849222898483, -0.3609485626220703, 0.2162218689918518, -0.24508710205554962, 0.5251805782318115, -0.1387517750263214, -0.1305765062570572, 0.08203503489494324, -0.1314610093832016, -0.3080682158470154, -0.4278908967971802, 0.36579999327659607, 0.3102721869945526, 0.010294225066900253, 0.0055367411114275455, 0.26309096813201904, -0.6515906453132629, 0.06298825144767761, -0.3801087737083435, 0.4656852185726166, 0.11504176259040833, 0.08513283729553223, -0.22803816199302673, -0.04757171869277954, -0.14598608016967773, -0.6040007472038269, 0.025097666308283806, -0.08525821566581726, 0.12983615696430206, -0.5321730971336365, -0.2354505956172943, -0.5469547510147095, 0.6164161562919617, 0.09108158946037292, 0.3409862816333771, -0.1458720713853836, -0.5875471234321594, 0.16675855219364166, 0.06770380586385727, -0.39621657133102417, 0.8641424775123596, 0.01731380820274353, 0.17427164316177368, 0.647291898727417, 0.5226494669914246, -0.29948487877845764, 0.24320261180400848, -0.0009304098784923553, 0.2143774926662445, -0.3971627354621887, 0.2048642486333847, 0.02770223654806614, 0.4122195541858673, 0.04252249747514725, -0.2595047056674957, 0.46036261320114136, -0.4655610918998718, 0.32816293835639954, -0.06528794765472412, 0.24339120090007782, -0.4492626190185547, 0.8533771634101868, 0.1248185858130455, -0.30146849155426025, 0.7658137083053589, 0.1379941701889038, -0.20440520346164703, 0.3161757290363312, -0.19141291081905365, 0.16208821535110474, 0.2128090113401413, -0.9118898510932922, 0.12717808783054352, 0.20671769976615906, 0.3339427411556244, 0.04385700076818466, -0.5699858665466309, -0.17587918043136597, 0.40374091267585754, 0.155849426984787, 0.5949420928955078, -0.3142649531364441, -0.11589488387107849, -0.2895932197570801, -0.3614965081214905, -0.08547865599393845, 0.07244984805583954, -0.45023366808891296, -0.1611725091934204, 0.4517359435558319, -0.0848698541522026, 0.04641614854335785, -0.7226437330245972, -0.20201751589775085, -0.33564358949661255, 0.11112917214632034, -0.48582369089126587, -0.2165900319814682, -1.1218128204345703, 0.42759716510772705, -0.6268188953399658, -0.11960962414741516, -0.059403177350759506, 0.12531155347824097, -0.11340421438217163, -0.0017513727070763707, -0.4207720160484314, 0.22671252489089966, -0.10715067386627197, 0.07071469724178314, -0.5248808264732361, 0.06217041611671448, 0.758120059967041, 0.1894836127758026, 0.07762367278337479, 0.5262755751609802, -0.11824803054332733, -0.14546139538288116, 0.18298251926898956, -0.27266746759414673, 0.4136044681072235, 0.05700795724987984, 0.14310868084430695, 0.3336370587348938, -0.5274145007133484, -0.05122324079275131, 0.15251991152763367, 0.5199242830276489, -0.16858598589897156, 0.2163226306438446, 0.12011557817459106, -0.2513236999511719, 0.2833169102668762, -0.5799919962882996, 0.009026598185300827, -0.9287313222885132, 0.758922815322876, -0.15113437175750732, -0.04771502688527107, -0.1858614683151245, -0.047729864716529846, 0.24189141392707825, 0.123761847615242, -0.4108007848262787, -0.1279824823141098, -0.7193176746368408, 0.5422006249427795, -0.44422438740730286, 0.46085304021835327, -0.009155668318271637, -0.046004876494407654, -0.09499549120664597, 0.12747442722320557, 0.2360086441040039, -0.033478979021310806, 0.3870280385017395, -0.5941966772079468, -0.24017547070980072, -0.11939316242933273, 0.08268862962722778, -0.19904540479183197, 0.3863123059272766, 0.005656446795910597, -0.06342743337154388, -0.2113351970911026, -0.10540114343166351, 0.013128113001585007, -0.0769014060497284, -0.19296817481517792, -0.22361262142658234, 0.17605823278427124, -0.42680254578590393, 0.130770742893219, -0.3089180290699005, -0.10378734022378922, 0.6034392714500427, 0.612572193145752, 0.9325795769691467, -0.5879258513450623, -0.11236035823822021, -0.24032066762447357, 0.5840124487876892, 0.39342960715293884, -3.2546424865722656, 0.34163689613342285, -0.4555357098579407, -0.3111684322357178, 0.6029754877090454, 0.47455039620399475, -0.10379606485366821, -0.2582222521305084, 0.2170603722333908, 0.1695084273815155, -0.04901087284088135, 0.38026970624923706, -0.08355943858623505, -1.0540622472763062, 0.5050770044326782, -0.15906603634357452 ]
249043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ghost%20towns%20by%20country	List of ghost towns by country	The following is a list of ghost towns, listed by continent, then by country. Africa Angola The settlement of Saint Martin of the Tigers (in Portuguese: São Martinho dos Tigres), situated on a peninsula now known as the Tigres Island (in Portuguese: Ilha dos Tigres), was originally a small but well-established fishing village. It was supplied with water from the nearby town of Foz do Cunene, at the mouth of the Cunene River. In the 1970s, Saint Martin of the Tigers was cut off from the mainland by the rising sea levels, and its water supply line was severed; both Tigres and Foz do Cunene were subsequently abandoned. The island, bound by the South Atlantic Ocean and the Tigres Strait, lies in a zone that is ideally suited for ecological projects. The island was mentioned in the BBC documentary "Unknown Africa: Angola". Central African Republic Goroumo, Beogombo Deux, and Paoua are among the many deserted villages created by the actions of government forces and killings by armed gangs from the years 2005 to 2008. Lere, Central African Republic. Ethiopia Dallol is a former mining town located in the Dallol crater, where the temperature can rise as high as 104° Fahrenheit (40 °C). Ivory Coast Grand Bassam was the French Colonial capital of Côte d'Ivoire until 1896 when it was abandoned by the French Colonial Government. Commercial activity gradually weakened until the city became a virtual ghost town in 1960, the same year Côte d'Ivoire became independent. Today the city has revived somewhat as a tourist center, but it still has the aura of a ghost town. Mauritania Chinguetti is a former medieval trading center on the Adrar Plateau. Morocco (Western Sahara) La Güera is a ghost town on the Atlantic coast at the southern tip of Western Sahara. It is Western Sahara's southernmost town. It has been uninhabited and partly buried by drifting sand since 2002. Namibia From 1884 to 1915, Namibia was under the rule of the German Empire and was known as German South-West Africa. When diamonds were discovered in 1908, German miners flocked to the area, and several new settlements were established, only to be abandoned once the supply of diamonds dried up. The ghost towns that were left behind include: Elizabeth Bay Kolmanskop Pomona South Africa Millwood is an abandoned mining town near Knysna. Leydsdorp is an abandoned mining town near Tzaneen in Limpopo province. Schoemansdal, Limpopo sacked and burned to the ground. Eureka City is an abandoned mining town in Mpumalanga. It is now a historical site. Sudan In the northeast of Sudan lies the old city of Sawakin. It is now in ruins. It is said to be in restoration now and will reopen as a tourist attraction. South Sudan Lukangol was destroyed during the 2011 South Sudan clashes. Before its destruction, it had a population of 20,000. Antarctica and sub-Antarctic islands The islands of Antarctica, particularly South Georgia, were popular with whalers during the first half of the 20th century, and many of the settlements on these islands are former whaling stations. Most of them were closed down during the Great Depression, when whaling became unprofitable, and are now abandoned. These settlements include: Deception Island Whaler's Bay South Georgia Grytviken Husvik Leith Harbour Ocean Harbour Prince Olav Harbour Stromness Asia Azerbaijan Agdam, the capital of Agdam Rayon, is a ghost town in the southwestern part of Azerbaijan. In July 1993, after heavy fighting, Agdam was captured by Armenian forces during their 1993 summer offensives. As the town fell, its entire population was forced to flee eastwards. Many Azerbaijanis were killed by Armenian soldiers. In the immediate aftermath of the fighting, the Armenian forces decided to destroy parts of Agdam to prevent its recapture by Azerbaijan. More damage occurred in the following decades when the deserted town was looted for building materials. Agdam is currently a ruinous, uninhabited ghost town. The town's large mosque survives in poor condition. Fuzuli Jabrayil Bangladesh Panam City in Sonargaon was established in the late 19th century as a trading center of cotton fabrics during British rule. Here the Hindu cloth merchants built their residential houses. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Muslim-Hindu riot, Panam City has reduced into a vacant community. Today this area is protected under the department of archaeology of Bangladesh. Panam city area was linked with the main city area by three brick bridges – Panam Bridge, Dalalpur Bridge, and Panam Nagar Bridge – during the Mughal period. The bridges are still in use. British Indian Ocean Territory East Point was a settlement in the atoll of Diego Garcia, and it has been abandoned after the depopulation of the territory, it is restricted to visitors. Cambodia Bokor Hill Station was a resort town built by colonial French settlers in 1921. China Kangbashi New Area, a district of Ordos City, was intended to house one million people, but soaring property prices and lack of infrastructure deterred residents of Ordos from relocating to the newly built-up area, and it now stands largely deserted. In 2010, the population of Kangbashi was around 20,000 to 30,000, a fraction of its total capacity. Niya, in the Tarim Basin, was once a major commercial center dating back to around 500–1000 AD. Cyprus Varosha was once the modern tourist area of the city of Famagusta. It was fenced off by the Turkish army following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and is now under TRNC rule. United Nations Security Council Resolution 550 forbids any attempt "to settle any part of Varosha by people other than its inhabitants", so the area had remained abandoned since 1974, but the Turkish government – due to economic problems – reopened the city to visitors. Georgia Armazi, the original capital of the country, was destroyed in AD 736 by the Arab invader Marwan ibn Muhammad and never rebuilt, apart from a church, built in the 12th century but later abandoned. The ruins are now protected. Ochamchire was a city of 18,700 people in 1978 but was left largely abandoned by the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in 1992–1993. Tkvarcheli is a coal mining town that suffered a drastic population decline as a result of the war in Abkhazia. India Dhanushkodi, on Pamban Island, was a flourishing tourist town until it was wiped out by the 1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone. Fatehpur Sikri was briefly the capital of the Mughal Empire, but was abandoned soon after its completion, and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mandu is a fortress town in Madhya Pradesh, dating back at least as far as 555 AD. Old Goa was once the center of Christianization in the east, but it became largely abandoned in the 17th century, due to an outbreak of malaria and cholera. Ross Island was the administrative center of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands until the 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake, leaving the settlement in ruins. Vijaynagara was possibly the second-largest city in the world in 1500, with around 500,000 inhabitants. It was captured and destroyed by Muslim armies in 1565, and has been abandoned ever since. Hampi is a World Heritage Site within this town. Lakhpat was once a bustling port town at the mouth of Kori creek of Kutch. After the earthquake of 1819, the Indus river changed its course of flow resulting in the abandonment of the port by people. The town surrounded by a fort wall now houses only a few hundred people and a large number of ruined buildings. Bhangarh Fort, a 17th-century fort built by King Sawai Madho Singh in Rajasthan was abandoned following a curse, according to legends. Kuldhara is an abandoned town near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Prabalgad, a hill fort near Matheran, Maharashtra which was abandoned due to its difficult access and scarcity of water. Madh Fort near Mumbai is a small fort that is in disuse following a decline in its importance. Golkonda Fort near Hyderabad was a fort city and the seat of the Qutb Shahi dynasty was destroyed after defeating by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Iran Soltaniyeh was the 14th century capital of the Mongol Ilkhanid rulers of Persia, but is now "a deserted, crumbling spread of ruins". Japan Hashima Island was a Japanese mining town from 1887 to 1974. Once known for having the world's highest population density (in 1959 at ), the island was abandoned when the coal mines were closed down. Ōkuma, Fukushima was a large Japanese town with a population of 11,515 people. It was completely evacuated along with the ( voluntarily) zone surrounding the nuclear plant in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Kazakhstan Chagan, former Soviet air base and urban settlement. Malaysia Bukit Kutu is a former hill station that was abandoned after being bombed by the Japanese army during World War II. Bukit Besi is a former mining town in Terengganu, Malaysia. The population dropped drastically after 1971 when the Eastern Mining and Metal Corporation (EMMCO) closed their operation because the iron ore there was exhausted. Kampung Kepayang, in Perak, is almost uninhabited, with only two or three shophouses being in use. This is a result of the widening of the main road, which made it difficult to park a vehicle and resulted in the shops losing business. However, there are still Malays who reside in the village houses behind the shophouses, and the addresses in Simpang Pulai are still written as "Kampung Kepayang". Sungai Lembing, Pahang, Malaysia. Pekan Papan was once-thriving mining town in Pusing, Perak. Oman Sap Bani Khamis is an abandoned village halfway up a canyon, accessible only by a narrow path. Qatar Al-ʽArish is an old fishing village on the Northern coast of Qatar in the Middle East. Situated on the Persian Gulf, it was abandoned in the early 1970s and has since become a ghost town. Russia Butugychag is a former Gulag forced labor camp, and one of the few camps in which prisoners mined uranium. Gamsutl, one of the oldest settlements in Dagestan, abandoned in 2015. Khalmer-Yu is a former urban-type settlement in the Komi Republic, disestablished in 1995. In 1993 it was decided to shut down mining operations and to liquidate the settlement by 1995. Mologa is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast that was flooded to create the Rybinsk Reservoir. Neftegorsk is a former town in Sakhalin Oblast that was almost destroyed in a 1995 earthquake and never rebuilt. Kadykchan is a former mining town in Magadan Oblast. Kyubyume in Yakutia. Saudi Arabia Old Town, AlUla, or al-Deera as it is locally called, is now all but a ghost town. It consists of a walled village of about 800 dwellings around the perimeter of the more ancient castle with narrow winding alleys, many of which are covered to shield the people from the heat of the sun. Most of the foundations of the buildings are stone, but the upper floors are made from mud bricks, while palm leaves and wood are used for the ceilings. Although many of these houses were probably rebuilt over time, their foundation is likely to be from the original construction of the town in the 13th century AD. above historic al-Ula, the town's Castle commands strategic views over the entire valley. It is sometimes referred to as the Castle of Musa bin Nusayr, the Umayyad-era army general who ruled over North Africa and was involved in conquering Andalusia in the early 8th century AD. He is said to have died in this castle on his way from Damascus to a pilgrimage in Mecca in 715 AD. Although the castle was rebuilt more than once during its long history, its origins date back to the 6th century BC. In fact, some of the foundation stones are from the original 2,600-year-old construction (according to signs posted). The castle is currently more of a bastion or watchtower once used to protect the town. Albaten Tharmida Singapore A few blocks of HDB flats (apartment flats) located in the Lim Chu Kang area of the island is known to be the only ghost town in Singapore. Named the Neo Tiew Estate (or officially the Lim Chu Kang Rural Centre), it used to house residents before they were moved out of the vicinity in 2002 as part of an En-bloc scheme. Since then the Singapore government has declared it state land and nothing was done to demolish or renovate the flats. The area was used by the Singapore Army as a training facility from 2005–2009 until a newer training facility was built nearby in 2008. The facility was used most recently in 2012 when it was used to shoot scenes for the film Ah Boys to Men. As of today, its fate remains unknown. Syria The city of Quneitra became a ghost town after the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequent Yom Kippur War in 1973. The ruins were left in place, and a museum has been built to memorialize the destruction. Billboards are maintained at the ruins of many buildings and the town is effectively preserved in the condition that the wars left it in. Taiwan The Sanzhi UFO houses in Taiwan were a set of abandoned pod-shaped buildings built in New Taipei as a vacation resort. They stood abandoned for thirty years before being demolished in 2010. Thailand The city of Old Ayutthaya was the capital of the country from its foundation in 1350 until it was sacked and destroyed by the Burmese in 1767. The site is now Ayutthaya Historical Park. Turkey Ani, in Kars Province, was once the capital of the Armenian Bagratuni kingdom. It has been abandoned since the eighteenth century and is now a museum town. Çökene in Büyükorhan district was a village until 2008. It is a site of empty houses after immigration to big cities due to money shortage and unemployment. Kayaköy was abandoned as a result of the 1923 population exchange between Turkey and Greece and is now preserved as a museum village. Sazak near Karaburun, a district of İzmir Province on the Aegean (western) coast of Turkey, was also inhabited by Greeks, which left the area according to the population exchange treaty. Nowadays Sazak is a total ghost town. Europe Albania Qeparo Austria The village of Döllersheim was evicted and demolished due to the construction of a Wehrmacht training ground. Belarus Many Belarusian villages were abandoned as a result of the Chernobyl Disaster in 1986. Most lie inside the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve, Including: Aravichy Dzernavichy Belgium Doel is a village in Beveren that was partly abandoned and demolished to make way for the expanding of the Port of Antwerp. Bulgaria Chamla is an abandoned village in Smolyan Municipality Dragostin is an abandoned village in Gotse Delchev that was erased from the registers in 2008. Sredna is an abandoned village in Gotse Delchev that was erased from the registers in 2008. Zaim Chiflik Bosnia and Herzegovina Baljci, Tomislavgrad, is a village that became abandoned after the Bosnian War. Milodraž, a medieval village that is today located in Pobrđe Milodraž, Kiseljak. Vranduk, a village in Doboj that faced a similar fate as Baljci. Ledići, an almost abandoned village with only two people, Obren Miovćić, and his wife Dragana. The village had a similar fate as Vranduk and Baljci. Croatia Czech Republic , sometimes referred to as Boží Dar, is an abandoned military town near Milovice, northeast of Prague. It was abandoned following the Velvet Revolution in 1989, and ownership of the town transferred to the Czech government in 1992. It remained uninhabited until March 2014 when work was started to demolish it. Estonia Viivikonna and Sirgala are former mining towns that started to lose their population after local oil shale reserves were depleted and the industry moved eastwards. By the 21st century, both towns had only a handful of people left, struggling to find a new place to live. Faroe Islands Blankskáli, Kalsoy, after an avalanche hit the village in 1809, the entire village resettled in the new settlement Syðradalur on the same island. The village was finally abandoned cca. 1815. Fossá, Borðoy, abandoned since 1945. Múli, a town on Borðoy, has been considered abandoned since 2002. Skarð, on Kunoy, was steadily depopulated from 1913 to 1919, after all the men of the village drowned while out fishing. Skarvanes is a village on Sandoy, that has been abandoned since the last permanent resident died in 2000. Skálatoftir is the northwesternmost village on Borðoy. Slættanes is a town on Vágar that was abandoned in 1965. Strond, located north of Ánir, has been abandoned since 1930. Víkar, a town on Vágar, has been abandoned since 1910. Víkarbyrgi, on Suðuroy, was abandoned in 2003. Finland Jussarö is an old village near the Jussarö mines. France Six of the French villages destroyed in World War I have never been rebuilt. All are found in the département of Meuse, and were destroyed during the Battle of Verdun in 1916: Beaumont-en-Verdunois Bezonvaux Cumières-le-Mort-Homme Fleury-devant-Douaumont Haumont-près-Samogneux Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre Oradour-sur-Glane was destroyed by a Waffen-SS battalion during World War II and its population massacred. The village was subsequently rebuilt nearby, but the ruins of the old village have been preserved. Germany Open-pit coal mining in several areas of Germany creates ghost towns in preparation for the coal mining. Towns are evacuated several years in advance and turned into ghost towns. When the pit reaches the towns they are finally torn down. Bonnland, Gruorn, Lopau, Wollseifen and others are ghost towns created as part of the creation of military training areas. Greece The island of Spinalonga is considered by some to be a ghost town. Serving as a leper colony for the first half of the 20th century, the island was abandoned when all its inhabitants were cured. By 1962 there were no permanent residents left. In recent years Spinalonga has become a tourist attraction as one of the last leper colonies to be closed down in Europe. Gavros, Kranionas and Ano Kraniounas are all abandoned villages located near Kastoria and Lake Prespa. The castle of Kato Chora is located near the village of Mylopotamos, Kythera. Old Perithia (or Palea Perithia) is a ghost village on the northern side of Corfu on the slopes of Mount Pantokrator. The village was originally established in the 14th century, during Byzantine times due to the need of people to move from the coastal side and protect themselves from pirate and enemy attacks. Moreover, the diseases caused by mosquitoes on the coast drove residents to the mountain. When piracy was confronted from the Mediterranean Sea in the late 19th century, some inhabitants started to gradually move to the coasts where tourism had also started to develop. Hungary Béndekpuszta Derenk, was destroyed by the government, so that the area could be used for hunting. Gyertyánvölgy was one of the four settlements created by the workers of the glass huts founded in the 18th century. The other three settlements were Óhuta (today Bükkszentlászló), Újhuta (today Bükkszentkereszt) and Répáshuta (which still exists). The last glass hut operated here until 1897; the village was still inhabited at the beginning of the 20th century. In its cemetery, the first burial was in 1843, and the last in 1926. Gyűrűfű was repopulated in the form of an eco-village. Hertelendyújhely Iharkút: its fate was sealed by the discovery of the bauxite wealth below. The extraction started in 1979. The village's last inhabitants were moved to Bakonyjákó, Németbánya, Herend and Pápa. Jásztelekpuszta: its fate is similar to Kápolnapuszta. Kakpuszta: the inhabitants were moved because of the lack of road construction and electrification. Kápolnapuszta: the 2nd Ukrainian Reconnaissance Front of the Red Army exterminated nearly the entire population on March 16, 1945. Márcadópuszta Mónosokor Nagyecsér, the most famous ghost town in Hungary. It was abandoned following school closure, an aging population, and the population leaving; the road to Mezőnagymihály was never built. Nagygéc, was totally destroyed by the 1970s Szamos flooding; there is now a memorial park for the town. Révfalu, an isolated village, nowadays a popular tourist destination. Somogyszentimre Vágotpuszta Zelemér, the Tatars ravaged whole of Northern Hungary including this village, which failed to revive. Zsörk, the second-most famous ghost town in the country. Iceland The former village of Súðavík, in the Westfjords, a remote region of NW Iceland. In 1995, an avalanche fell on the small village, resulting in 14 fatalities. It was later decided that the location of the town was unsafe for year-round occupation. It has been forbidden ever since to live in the old town permanently. A new village was built from the ground up a few miles away from the old site in a safer location. Ireland Miners' Village, Glendalough, County Wicklow was a small village based around a galena mine. The village was largely inhabited from 1825 to 1957 when the mine closed permanently. Great Blasket Island, County Kerry, was evacuated in 1953 after being repeatedly cut off from the mainland due to poor weather. Its 160 residents were relocated to the mainland by the government. Innisfallen Island is the site of Innisfallen Abbey, once home to Finian Lobhar. Rindoon, County Roscommon, was deserted by the 14th century. Slievemore is a deserted village on Achill Island. Scattery Island is the site of a former village and monastery, and was once the home of Saint Senan. Italy is a village in Aliano municipality, evacuated after the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. Argentiera is a former mining town in Sassari that suffered a population decline after World War II. Avi, Piedmont. Balestrino, a town and municipality in Liguria whose old town was abandoned in 1953. Bussana Vecchia is a town in Liguria that was abandoned following an earthquake in 1887. Campomaggiore is a town in Potenza. Cirella vecchia is the old town of Cirella. Civita di Bagnoregio is a town in Lazio that declined over the 16th and 17th centuries. Connio Vecchio (Old Connio), Piedmont. Consonno, Olginate. Craco, in the province of Matera, was depopulated in the middle of the 20th century, due to a landslide and the subsequent emigration. The abandonment has made Craco a popular filming location for movies such as The Nativity Story, The Passion of the Christ and Quantum of Solace. Herculaneum was mostly destroyed and buried under of ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Melito Vecchio (Old Melito), Avellino. Monteruga, Apulia. Pentedattilo, in Calabria, was severely damaged by the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes, and was completely abandoned by the 1960s. Poggioreale is a town in Sicily that was destroyed by the 1968 Belice earthquake. Pompeii was mostly destroyed and buried under of ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Poveglia is an abandoned island that was once a quarantine station for Plague Victims and other victims of several diseases up until the 20th Century. Roghudi Vecchio (Old Roghudi), Calabria. Roveraia, ghost village situated near , in the municipality of Loro Ciuffenna, in province of Arezzo, in Tuscany. During World War II it was an important partisan base and it was definitively abandoned in the 1980s, when the last family who lived here, left the village. Two projects have been proposed for the recovery of the village: in 2011 the proposal of Movimento Libero Perseo Roveraia eco - lab, based on sustainability and in 2019 there was a proposal aiming to recover the village with a mix of functions called Ecomuseum of Pratomagno. San Martino Monteneve in the province of Bolzano was a mining town at above sea level between the Ridanna Valley and the Passirio Valley. It sits atop of mining tunnels running from one valley to the other. It is now part of the Monteneve mining museum. Tocco Caudio, in Benevento, was abandoned following the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. Leri Cavour is an abandoned village in Piedmont, situated next to a defunct nuclear reactor. Its most impressive building is the mansion of Camillo Cavour, who is famous for his efforts in creating a united Italy. Latvia Skrunda-1, the site of a former Soviet Hen House radar installation, is a ghost town that was auctioned off in its entirety in early 2010. Irbene, the site of a former Soviet secret radar center "Звезда". Netherlands Many villages in the Netherlands were lost to the sea, see List of settlements lost to floods in the Netherlands for the complete list. Schokland, this was a very large island in the Middle Ages, but due to the rising sea level in the Zuiderzee, the island became smaller and smaller. Until the island was demolished by a storm in 1825. The three villages on the island: Emmeloord, Molenbuurt and Middelbuurt were abandoned. When the Noordoostpolder was created, this piece of land became visible again. Emmeloord was rebuilt on a different location in the Noordoostpolder. Waterdunen, this town was lost to the North Sea in 1357. Later when the land was reclaimed the town was rebuilt, only to be lost again a century later. One of many Dutch villages to be lost to the North Sea, list of flooded villages in Zeeland. Bommenede, the village was flooded on January 26, 1682. The destruction was so great, that the Estates of Holland decided not to rebuild the village, and the last inhabitants left in 1684. Some remains of the village (now sometimes referred to as Oud-Bommenede) still remain visible. Nowadays, there is still some overgrown debris in the waters of the Grevelingen. Norway Pyramiden ("The Pyramid") was a Russian settlement and coal mining community on the archipelago of Svalbard. It was founded by Sweden in 1910, and sold to the Soviet Union in 1927. The settlement, with a onetime population of 1,000 inhabitants, was abandoned in the late 1990s by its owner, the state-owned Soviet company Trust Artikugol, and is now a ghost town. Poland Czerwona Woda ("Red Water") in Kłodzko Valley was established by German immigrants before WWII. Most of the abandoned houses are found in the mountains of Klodzko Valley. Kłomino, near Borne Sulinowo in the northwest part of the country, was established as a place of residence for Soviet troops stationed in Poland with their families. The population was about 5,000. It was completely depopulated by 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. Only a few families live there now, but there are plans to repopulate the city. Bieszczady National Park is home to several abandoned settlements: Beniowa Bukowiec Dydiowa Dźwiniacz Górny Krywka Łokieć Sianki Sokoliki Górskie Tarnawa Wyżna Portugal Picões, in the freguesia of Bouçoães, Valpaços, Vila Real District Vilarinho das Furnas, Terras de Bouro, at Braga District was a village with unique rules and way of life. It was abandoned and submerged in 1972 due to the building of Vilarinho das Furnas hydroelectric dam. When the lagoon water level is low the remains of the buildings can be seen. Aldeia de Broas , at Mafra Municipality, was officially considered abandoned when the last inhabitant died in late 1960 after being populated for centuries. Romania 126 localities in Romania are "fictitious". They either have no inhabitants according to the last census, or they are actually in the bottom of an accumulation lake or have completely disappeared from the face of the earth. Some villages have no construction, no access roads, but they continue to remain in the official data bases of the Romanian state. Some of the localities that did not have any inhabitants at the 2011 census are: Baștea Bezidou Nou, flooded, the symbol of the Systematization Bold, flooded during the construction of Stânca-Costești Dam Bunești Cucu, destroyed during the floods of 14 May 1970 Eteni, had the same fate as Cucu Ganaș Geamăna, flooded in 1978 by the Valea Șesii decant pond Gherdeal Giurcuța de Jos, flooded during the construction of Fântânele Dam Grabicina de Sus, moved in the second half of the 20th century due to landslides Incești Lindenfeld, depopulated since 1998, with the death of its last resident, Paul Schwirzenbeck Loțu Văgaș Spain Belchite, in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, is one of the most well-known ghost towns in Spain. Before the 1930s, Belchite was a growing city, with many services. As a consequence of the Battle of Belchite, during the Spanish Civil War, the city was totally destroyed. Instead of a reconstruction, Franco decided to keep the ruins of the old town of Belchite intact as a memorial of the battle. As of 1964, the town was totally deserted, the inhabitants having been removed to Belchite Nuevo, on the side of the old town. The ruins, which are not accommodated for tourism, are visited by more than 10,000 tourists annually. It is also a well-known meeting point for Francoist nostalgics, especially Falangists. Granadilla, Extremadura Aldealcardo, Soria La Cornudilla, Valencia Erillcastell, near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia Esperan, near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia Jánovas, Fiscal Lacort, Fiscal Llombai in the Vall de Gallinera, Alacant Ochate, Condado de Treviño, Burgos, Castille and Leon Peranera, near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia Pernui in Sort, Lleida, Catalonia Viuet, near El Pont de Suert, Catalonia Sweden Laver Såtenäs villa-city Messaure Harsprånget Tacketorp Old Grängesberg Folkesta in Eskilstuna Ukraine After the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, hundreds of settlements within the exclusion zone were evacuated. Some have remained abandoned ever since, including: Chernobyl Kopachi Opachychi Pripyat Poliske Tarasy Velyki Klishchi Yaniv United Kingdom Also see List of lost settlements in the United Kingdom England Birchinlee in Derbyshire was a village built by the Derwent Valley Water Board for the workers (and their families) who constructed the Derwent and Howden Dams between 1902 and 1916. Derwent in Derbyshire was demolished in the 1940s to make way for the Ladybower Reservoir. Cuddington was a hamlet in Surrey that was demolished in the sixteenth century so that Nonsuch Palace (itself later demolished) could be built. Dunwich, a once-thriving town on the Suffolk coast, began to decline in 1286 when a storm swept much of it into the sea. Subsequent storms and coastal erosion have since claimed all but a few of the remaining buildings. Ewden Village in the Civil Parish of Stocksbridge was a timber-built village, completed in 1929 to house workers working on the Morehall and Broomhead reservoirs. Hallsands is a coastal village in Devon that was destroyed by a storm in 1917. Hambleton, in Rutland, is a civil parish that once included the settlements of Middle Hambleton and Nether Hambleton, which were both flooded in 1975 to create Rutland Water. Heathrow, a small village in Middlesex, was demolished in 1944 so that London Heathrow Airport could be built. Mardale Green in the Lake District was demolished and flooded in 1935 to create Haweswater Reservoir. Martinsthorpe, in Rutland, is one of the few civil parishes in England to have a population of zero. Ravenser Odd is a village on the coast of the East Riding of Yorkshire, that was swept away in the Grote Mandrenke storm of 1362. Ravenspurn, also on the coast of the East Riding of Yorkshire, south of Ravenser Odd, and near Spurn Head, was abandoned in the 19th century and was swept into the North Sea. Samson is a remote island of the Isles of Scilly that has been deserted since 1855. Shipden, in Norfolk, was washed into the sea in the 14th century. Tide Mills in East Sussex was condemned as unfit for habitation and abandoned in 1939. Wyck, a deserted medieval village in West Tisbury, abandoned in the 14th century. In 1942 and 1943, in preparation for the Allied assault on Normandy, several villages were evacuated to be used as training grounds for the British Army and U.S. forces. This was intended to be a temporary arrangement, but many of the villages remained abandoned, and are used for military training to this day. Some of these villages are listed below; most of them are located within the Stanford Battle Area in Norfolk. Buckenham Tofts, Norfolk Imber, Wiltshire Langford, Norfolk Stanford, Norfolk Sturston, Norfolk Tottington, Norfolk Tyneham, Dorset West Tofts, Norfolk Scotland Boreraig, on the Isle of Skye, was one of many villages that were forcibly evacuated by Scottish aristocrats in the 18th and 19th centuries. Bothwellhaugh, in North Lanarkshire, is a former coal mining town that now lies under Strathclyde Loch. Hallaig, on the island of Raasay, depopulated as part of the Highland Clearances and subject of a famous Gaelic poem by Sorley MacLean. Mingulay, an island at the southern end of the Outer Hebrides, depopulated as part of the ongoing effects of the Highland Clearances, the village on the island finally abandoned in 1912. The Monach Islands, also known as Heisker, in the Outer Hebrides; the village abandoned in 1932 and depopulated in 1942 with the closure of the lighthouse. North Rona is a remote Scottish island that has been deserted since 1844. Scarp, whose last permanent inhabitants left for nearby Harris in 1971. Site of Gerhard Zucker's experiments with rocket mail. Saint Kilda is an archipelago in the Outer Hebrides that was abandoned in 1930, and is now a World Heritage Site. Wales Capel Celyn in Gwynedd was flooded in 1965 to create the reservoir Llyn Celyn. Nant Gwrtheyrn in Gwynedd is a former quarry town that became abandoned during World War II, but is now the site of a Welsh language learning centre. North America Antigua and Barbuda Codrington was a town on the island of Barbuda, it has since been abandoned following Hurricane Irma. Canada Costa Rica Cinchona (Sarapiquí, Alajuela) was destroyed by the 2009 Costa Rica earthquake, which left 25 people dead and five missing. Greenland Mexico San Juan Parangaricutiro is a village in Michoacán that was buried by ash and lava in 1943, during the formative eruption of Parícutin. Ojuela, a mining town near Durango, was abandoned when the area's ore supply was exhausted. Quiahuiztlan. Real de Catorce was once a flourishing silver mining town in northern Mexico. Its dramatic landscapes and buildings have been used by Hollywood for movies such as The Mexican (2001) with Brad Pitt and Julia Roberts. Recent efforts to adapt the town to tourism have created a mixture of ghost town and heritage tourist site adapted to visitors in search of interesting history in the country. San Antonio de la Iguana, Nuevo León Thompson's Landing was a port at the mouth of the Colorado River. During the early settlement of Arizona, shallow-draft steamboats plied the lower reaches of the river. Montserrat Plymouth was once the seat of government in Montserrat, and home to around 4,000 people, until it was almost completely destroyed by the Soufrière Hills volcano in 1997. The entire southern half of the island is now off-limits, leaving over 30 villages and towns abandoned. Saint Pierre and Miquelon L'Île-aux-Marins ("Sailor's Island") is a ghost town/island located a few miles away from the island of Saint-Pierre. Once inhabited by over 600 fishermen, families and tradesmen, the island was progressively abandoned until the last inhabitant left in 1965. The island is now a tourist attraction. United States Oceania Australia Old Adaminaby drowned by new lake of Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric scheme. Town relocated. Ballara is an abandoned copper mining town in Queensland. Betoota, in Queensland, is the smallest designated town in Australia; its last permanent resident died in 2004. Big Bell is a former mining town in Western Australia. Boydtown, in New South Wales, was originally settled and then abandoned in the 1840s. It remained abandoned until the 1930s. It is now a growing town with commercial and residential developments. Broad Arrow was a gold rush town in Western Australia that had been abandoned by the 1920s. Calcifer was a mining town established on the Atherton Tablelands in 1894, abandoned by 1907. Cassilis was a gold rush town in Victoria that declined during the First World War. Collingwood in Queensland was established in 1878, but abandoned about 1900 when it was outcompeted as a regional centre by nearby Winton. There is a commemorative marker at the old graveyard listing eight persons known to be buried there. Cook is an isolated town in South Australia built around a railway station, which was closed down in 1997. Copperfield is a former copper mining town in Queensland. Cossack in Western Australia was a flourishing port town in the 1800s, and profited greatly from the pearling industry. It began to decline during the 20th century. Crotty in Western Tasmania was abandoned when the nearby mine closed down. It is now submerged beneath Lake Burbury. Cudgegong was a small town in central western New South Wales. Windamere dam now exists where the town once stood, but ruins can be seen in times of drought when the dam dries up. Denison Town in New South Wales. Farina in South Australia was abandoned when its settlers found that the climate was unsuitable for arable farming. Glen Davis in New South Wales was the centre of an oil shale industry during the Second World War; the mine was closed down in 1952. Goldsworthy is a former iron ore mining town in Western Australia. Gwalia in Western Australia was abandoned when its gold mine closed down in 1963. Hill End in New South Wales was never fully abandoned and is now a popular tourist town. Iron Baron is a former mining town in South Australia. Jay Creek in the Northern Territory was a government settlement for Indigenous Australians in the 1920s and 30s. Joadja is a former mining town in New South Wales that had become abandoned by 1911. Kanowna is a town in Western Australia that flourished during a gold rush in the late 19th century, and declined during the Great Depression. Kiandra is a former gold mining town in New South Wales. Linda is a former mining town in Tasmania. Malcolm is a former gold mining town in Western Australia. Mary Kathleen is a former mining town in Queensland that was deserted after the mine closed down in 1982. Maytown is a former mining town in the Palmer River goldfields of Queensland. Moliagul is a former gold mining town in Victoria; it was here that the world's largest gold nugget, known as the "Welcome Stranger", was discovered in 1869. Mount Britton is a former gold mining town in Queensland. Mount Cuthbert is a former copper mining town in Queensland. Mount Mulligan is a former coal mining town in Queensland that closed down in 1957. Nannine is a former gold mining town in Western Australia. Newnes is a former oil shale mining site in New South Wales. Old Tallangatta, in Victoria, was abandoned when most of the township was moved west due to the enlargement of Lake Hume. The current township of Tallangatta has approximately 1,000 residents. Ophir is a former gold mining town in New South Wales. Ora Banda is a former gold mining town in Western Australia. Whilst not a town, Parramatta Road in Sydney has over 100 abandoned and boarded-up stores on its strip. The most affected suburbs on the road are Concord and Leichhardt, which would feature empty and derelict shops here and there. Pillinger was a port town established in Tasmania to ship ore from the nearby mines. Ravenswood in north-eastern Queensland was a ghost town for many years, due to the declining gold rushes, but new gold discoveries in the area and improved mineral processing technologies have boosted the economy of the area and revived the town. Selwyn in the Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, is a former copper mining town. Shay Gap in Western Australia's Pilbara region was a company town that existed for roughly 20 years until the iron ore mining ceased in 1993. Silverton is a former silver mining town in New South Wales that was deserted when more lucrative silver-lead-zinc ore was discovered at nearby Broken Hill. Tarcoon, New South Wales Walhalla, in Victoria, was never fully abandoned and has now become a popular tourist town. Western Tyers, a timber community in Victoria, was abandoned after the timber mill closed in 1969. Whroo, a former mining town in Victoria. Wittenoom in Western Australia was the country's only source of blue asbestos (crocidolite) in the 1950s and 60s. The mine was shut down in 1966, and the residents of the town were gradually relocated, due to concerns that the asbestos in the air posed a danger to their health. Yerranderie is a former silver mine in New South Wales. New Zealand Kelso was abandoned after severe and repeated flooding in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Lyell was a gold mining town in the Buller Gorge in the South Island of New Zealand. Macetown was a gold rush town in Central Otago that started to decline during the 20th century. Te Wairoa, also called "The Buried Village", was a small Māori village that was destroyed by the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera. Venture, a small beech bark processing settlement in the Awaroa Inlet of the Abel Tasman National Park, was abandoned as the value of the bark declined and the cost of transport increased into the remote area. The remains of the foundations of the school house and assorted buildings remain in the bush today, although fire, time and the encroachment of the bush has rendered the ruins little more than a collection of stones and bricks. The settlement can only be reached by walking up a rarely used and poorly maintained track at low tide. The settlement and track are on the estate administered by the Department of Conservation. Waiuta was a gold mining town on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand until 1951. Nenthorn was an Otago gold mining town from 1888 until the 1890s, abandoned when its mining efforts collapsed. Only two ruined buildings and the remains of a battery remain. South America Argentina The small lakeside resort town of Villa Epecuén was abandoned on 10 November 1985, after a series of heavy rains caused the lake water levels to rise and flood the town. The remains of the town re-emerged on 11 May 2013, when the waters of the lake receded. Brazil The small village of Caraíbas, in the municipality of Itacarambi, suffered a rare earthquake in the early morning of 9 December 2007. It measured 4.9 on the Richter scale. Located over a geological fault, the village of 76 families was evacuated and has been abandoned ever since. Fordlândia was established by American industrialist Henry Ford in 1928 near Santarém. This was done to mass-produce natural rubber. Built in inadequate terrain, designed with no knowledge of tropical agriculture, and managed with little regard for local culture, the enterprise was an absolute failure; in 1934, the Ford factory was relocated to Belterra, but ultimately closed down in 1945. Chile Chaitén is a small city in southern Chile that was heavily damaged by a volcanic eruption. Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works are two former saltpeter refineries that have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Port Famine () is possibly Chile's oldest ghost town. It was founded in the Strait of Magellan in 1584 by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Starvation and the cold climate killed all of the inhabitants. The English navigator Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site in 1587. He found only ruins of the settlement, and renamed the place "Port Famine". Sewell is a former mining town that was once home to at least 14,000 people. Colombia Armero was left in ruins by a volcanic eruption in 1985 that killed over 20,000 inhabitants. Survivors of the tragedy left for other towns, and Armero is currently unpopulated. Bojayá is a small town in the Chocó department, that was attacked by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) on May 2, 2002. Most of the inhabitants hid in the church; A FARC mortar bomb landed in the building, killing approximately 140 people, including 40 children. Today, Bojayá is a ghost town and though plans have been made to rebuild it, it will not be on the exact location of the massacre. French Guiana Guisanbourg was the former administrative centre of what is now Régina. The discovery of gold in 1855, lead to its demise, and in the mid-1980s, the last citizen left the town. Guyana Jonestown was established in the 1970s by members of the People's Temple, led by Jim Jones. On November 18, 1978, Jones orchestrated a mass suicide, resulting in the death of 913 of Jonestown's 1,110 inhabitants. The town now stands in ruins, and is being slowly reclaimed by the jungle. Peru Machu Picchu was built during the Inca empire and is now a popular tourist site. Venezuela Potosí was a Venezuelan town in the western state of Táchira. The town was deliberately flooded by the Venezuelan government in 1985 to build a hydroelectric dam. In 2010, the town was uncovered for the first time since its flooding due to a drought caused by the weather phenomenon El Niño. See also Deadwood, South Dakota – an example of a historic town that almost became a ghost town in the 1960s, but revived as a tourist attraction. :Category:Ghost towns Ghost town References External links GhostTowns.com Coloradopast.com – Colorado ghost town and historic pictures GhostTownsCanada.ca Many pictures of Canadian ghost towns	[ -0.10634613782167435, 0.9867725372314453, -0.26337817311286926, -0.0026012801099568605, 0.015426510013639927, -0.013672661036252975, 1.6784594058990479, 0.883166491985321, -0.9971672296524048, 0.20246191322803497, -0.36589357256889343, -0.27747204899787903, -0.3237045109272003, 1.0119526386260986, -0.1644190549850464, 0.8314187526702881, -0.41274493932724, 0.8603940606117249, -0.04689457640051842, -0.3902277946472168, -0.09987146407365799, -0.2766391634941101, 0.48831671476364136, -0.1200486496090889, -0.7319393754005432, 0.37375742197036743, 0.41944557428359985, 0.05966830253601074, -0.6934396028518677, -0.16065947711467743, -0.17285168170928955, 1.0819263458251953, 0.1178366094827652, 0.28889065980911255, 0.2429932951927185, -0.22070373594760895, 0.43240758776664734, -0.4151356816291809, 0.02661425992846489, -0.33587899804115295, -0.06426076591014862, -0.3882918655872345, 0.18889860808849335, 0.7263475060462952, -0.005637744907289743, 0.0743696540594101, -1.4816739559173584, -0.1762179136276245, -0.15988437831401825, -0.1984110027551651, -0.3848378658294678, 0.33387520909309387, 1.1713932752609253, 0.5812832713127136, 0.15980234742164612, 0.5024775862693787, -0.5315601229667664, 0.03935851901769638, 0.27996760606765747, 0.19055970013141632, 0.1256144791841507, 0.10608814656734467, -0.060221415013074875, 0.09488126635551453, -0.397600382566452, 0.1055976152420044, -0.18965458869934082, 1.141845464706421, 0.34259551763534546, -0.2994786500930786, -0.11261709779500961, -0.631808876991272, 0.6707925200462341, 0.12880700826644897, -0.05937858670949936, 0.17998823523521423, 0.30118700861930847, -0.19733184576034546, -0.11975748091936111, -0.7403081059455872, -0.07958323508501053, -0.08273961395025253, 0.42718392610549927, -0.6463584303855896, 0.10825134813785553, -0.055145543068647385, -0.4129912257194519, -0.324314683675766, -0.3060052692890167, 0.7734260559082031, -0.040455371141433716, -0.10632933676242828, 0.2657967209815979, 0.44623827934265137, -0.302633136510849, -0.5078556537628174, -0.20123915374279022, -0.2635587453842163, 0.22176137566566467, 0.6895264983177185, 0.4013923704624176, 0.25529804825782776, 0.7289815545082092, 0.059269897639751434, -0.2776222825050354, -0.44740068912506104, -0.3562597334384918, 0.34955641627311707, -0.0037865731865167618, -1.8048548698425293, -0.7347214221954346, 0.4728096127510071, -0.150343656539917, 0.00023795696324668825, -0.057552628219127655, 0.24961085617542267, 0.33640256524086, -0.4020663797855377, -0.24203890562057495, 0.008643783628940582, 0.09343123435974121, 0.8944098949432373, -0.35730358958244324, -0.4558615982532501, -0.0008601992740295827, 1.1922448873519897, 0.6420440077781677, -0.1661728322505951, -0.1523125022649765, 0.9265226125717163, -0.05219554528594017, 0.6438858509063721, -0.4401783347129822, -0.4755503833293915, 0.5265637040138245, -0.14884360134601593, 0.15667040646076202, 0.4634973704814911, 0.6276857256889343, 0.3403676748275757, -1.085487961769104, -0.14423495531082153, -1.9577537775039673, 0.3894883692264557, 0.815915584564209, 0.20151767134666443, -0.5599290132522583, -0.6992775201797485, -0.04387820512056351, 0.4400392770767212, -0.2944383919239044, -0.28506171703338623, -0.004119432531297207, 0.37383386492729187, -0.2771400809288025, 0.34602493047714233, 0.15033112466335297, -0.9398155808448792, 0.9371867775917053, -0.09551142156124115, 0.3779665231704712, 0.5000038743019104, 0.17903722822666168, 0.23955439031124115, 0.08298511058092117, 0.2124795764684677, 0.40675729513168335, 0.22568117082118988, -0.35771551728248596, 0.18541087210178375, -0.7167696356773376, 0.27292025089263916, 0.38866332173347473, -0.6158022284507751, -0.4432810842990875, 0.08333062380552292, 0.7376826405525208, 0.5673214197158813, 0.2932059168815613, 0.3301889896392822, -0.7315399050712585, -0.18077288568019867, 0.28520652651786804, -0.5296087265014648, -0.016890618950128555, -0.0022427639923989773, 0.4305925667285919, 0.39687424898147583, -0.27781715989112854, 0.03738384693861008, -0.2710767090320587, -0.17382973432540894, 0.8260875344276428, -0.6244258880615234, 0.8646522760391235, -0.008816245943307877, -0.4031118154525757, 0.19365912675857544, 0.1444295197725296, 0.467695027589798, -0.09021961688995361, -0.5291422009468079, 0.07904760539531708, 0.516242504119873, -0.3986187279224396, 2.002182960510254, 0.01283689308911562, 0.32462388277053833, 0.4316820204257965, -0.1471264511346817, 0.95151686668396, -0.7311590909957886, 0.0787598118185997, 0.527603268623352, -0.10039658099412918, 0.04823810234665871, -0.21738746762275696, -0.059277042746543884, 0.15995851159095764, -0.8247564435005188, 0.3620888888835907, -0.01158548891544342, -0.19467155635356903, -0.0654924213886261, -0.36827361583709717, 0.6885708570480347, 0.06815638393163681, 0.08654073625802994, 0.7962587475776672, -1.1234118938446045, 0.49766138195991516, 0.4421948790550232, -0.1478535234928131, -0.15133166313171387, -0.5106765627861023, -0.08981215208768845, -0.05335446819663048, -0.22170647978782654, -0.35135287046432495, -0.07128657400608063, 0.09508276730775833, 0.4385899603366852, -0.24908900260925293, 0.34003520011901855, -0.10390455275774002, 0.2714841961860657, -0.2882702946662903, -0.27375930547714233, -0.39937663078308105, -0.009534522891044617, 0.7176850438117981, 0.2008100003004074, 0.4370982348918915, -0.1382947564125061, 0.45736637711524963, 0.00973507110029459, -0.5010592937469482, -0.20027965307235718, 0.20109538733959198, -0.205987349152565, -0.19801990687847137, 0.22110988199710846, -0.030257416889071465, 0.4513891339302063, -0.1904996782541275, -0.994707465171814, -0.6018509268760681, -0.7789779901504517, 0.18760128319263458, 0.4060092568397522, -0.36834633350372314, 0.15568028390407562, -0.2419406771659851, -1.7170605659484863, 0.39472657442092896, 0.1086357906460762, -0.4697165787220001, 0.5321980118751526, -0.913089394569397, 0.4535978436470032, -0.12010186910629272, 0.8736774325370789, 0.21667134761810303, -0.6009953618049622, -0.8084579706192017, -0.4113812744617462, 0.6308104991912842, -0.10542840510606766, -0.38262075185775757, 0.4050188362598419, -0.51180100440979, -0.2599152624607086, 0.10749191045761108, 0.36436209082603455, -0.5558091402053833, -0.05269124358892441, -0.0383930467069149, 0.3156124949455261, 0.09532566368579865, 0.16002798080444336, -0.7394676208496094, 0.0867941603064537, -1.1151832342147827, -0.3227081298828125, -0.3258458077907562, 0.4654856026172638, -0.24716123938560486, -0.025828488171100616, -4.479883670806885, 0.26181113719940186, -0.32530397176742554, -0.6163487434387207, -0.2607603371143341, 0.3417525291442871, 0.6721925139427185, -0.2619611918926239, -0.17114517092704773, 0.44961458444595337, 0.3741542398929596, 0.1110784113407135, 0.23637191951274872, 0.6451578140258789, 0.40596121549606323, 0.2760631740093231, 0.5421792268753052, 0.21154706180095673, -0.01752038486301899, -0.24893063306808472, 0.3965469300746918, 0.7814874649047852, 0.13113872706890106, 0.24391160905361176, 0.006687341257929802, 1.5179942846298218, -0.5545133948326111, 0.3908647298812866, -0.25960710644721985, 0.31593984365463257, 0.1669401079416275, 0.1860038787126541, -0.3481215834617615, -0.3508857786655426, -0.6250029802322388, 0.5276535153388977, 0.167536661028862, 0.5673505067825317, -0.17847226560115814, -0.5647507905960083, -0.6122734546661377, 0.4065810739994049, -0.42017269134521484, 0.5643832683563232, 0.8372979164123535, -0.4239189922809601, -0.6417729258537292, -0.10281374305486679, -0.03910001367330551, 0.5436716675758362, -0.4117586016654968, -0.10506686568260193, 1.5651341676712036, 0.42501458525657654, 0.00612297561019659, -0.2859366238117218, 0.1995350420475006, -0.1482941210269928, -0.052689287811517715, 0.2853679955005646, 0.5817914009094238, -0.020511550828814507, 0.28687480092048645, -0.5746972560882568, 0.27709197998046875, -0.32308757305145264, -0.49751994013786316, -0.22644786536693573, 0.34769782423973083, -0.30838948488235474, -0.3286873698234558, -0.20555634796619415, -0.441685289144516, -0.7443587183952332, -0.03100614994764328, -0.5939416885375977, -0.23602266609668732, -0.027877621352672577, -0.38234394788742065, -0.03431570529937744, -0.42108282446861267, 0.36780601739883423, -0.6165862679481506, -0.0796746090054512, -0.15352654457092285, -0.4629284739494324, -0.14600352942943573, 0.07828923314809799, -0.47996535897254944, -0.4983399212360382, 0.18608887493610382, -0.09106545895338058, 0.4021841883659363, 0.22550232708454132, 0.39455145597457886, 1.2856035232543945, 0.9409480690956116, -0.7444074153900146, 0.3341304659843445, -0.4670184552669525, 0.13370484113693237, -0.7568128705024719, 0.5226191878318787, -0.5188379883766174, -0.27779924869537354, -0.2667393088340759, -0.2852869927883148, 0.8363876938819885, 0.1345590054988861, 0.09239985793828964, -0.038365546613931656, 0.051052019000053406, -0.5166935920715332, -0.17284519970417023, 0.4451584219932556, -0.11286657303571701, 0.3145895004272461, 0.7680835127830505, 0.614827573299408, 0.4248782992362976, 0.249921515583992, -0.21419741213321686, 0.34116530418395996, -0.09848247468471527, 0.4133719503879547, -0.4566285014152527, -0.1583440899848938, -0.04671893268823624, -0.03136379271745682, 0.15426501631736755, -0.17796054482460022, 0.443097859621048, 0.28987208008766174, -0.12712161242961884, -0.004046285524964333, -0.5564587116241455, -0.05463792011141777, 0.10854174196720123, 0.12115254253149033, -0.7336284518241882, 0.08454424142837524, -0.33511513471603394, -0.9109276533126831, 0.7190438508987427, -0.03153243660926819, 0.3987143635749817, 0.1925661563873291, -0.12350723147392273, -0.09230150282382965, 0.5403541326522827, -0.2841850817203522, -0.27757561206817627, 0.20179307460784912, -0.5489417910575867, -0.0187480878084898, -0.08906396478414536, 0.3378157317638397, 0.4535450041294098, -0.16482475399971008, -0.5565773248672485, -0.004057866521179676, -0.17008237540721893, -0.8138143420219421, 0.5933840274810791, 0.329760879278183, -0.8170503973960876, -0.0682501494884491, -0.20412513613700867, -0.11990012228488922, 1.2158048152923584, 0.22668160498142242, -0.28400614857673645, -0.7558714151382446, 0.21498556435108185, 0.6360798478126526, -0.729171872138977, -0.4999273121356964, 0.2140357792377472, 0.12030531466007233, -0.12235135585069656, -0.37041136622428894, -0.19955945014953613, -0.30017104744911194, 0.5657897591590881, 0.1343725025653839, 0.11824730783700943, -0.24525785446166992, 0.004670154768973589, 0.19085687398910522, -0.30468374490737915, 0.4106977880001068, 0.4348808228969574, 0.11685135960578918, 0.3783501088619232, -0.6707985997200012, -1.062361717224121, -0.2013614922761917, 0.29993703961372375, 0.23111073672771454, -0.560060441493988, 0.8150519132614136, 0.11904321610927582, -0.6558950543403625, 0.4451023042201996, 0.7173574566841125, -0.8170309066772461, 0.32915979623794556, -0.12462729960680008, -0.7682269811630249, 0.10433101654052734, -0.1058211624622345, -0.5052058100700378, -0.03244085609912872, 0.9045502543449402, -0.22100673615932465, -0.24764132499694824, 0.08833267539739609, -0.26362666487693787, -0.39120563864707947, 0.08964710682630539, 0.0519622303545475, -0.20879395306110382, -0.05399281904101372, -0.4424822926521301, -0.5229987502098083, 0.7330236434936523, 0.30933573842048645, -0.8730149865150452, 0.11177761852741241, -0.5347219109535217, 0.07919855415821075, 0.0819532573223114, -0.07172967493534088, -0.4595015347003937, -0.19510026276111603, 0.19663579761981964, -0.10709349066019058, -0.3021393120288849, 0.18423154950141907, 0.3060021996498108, 0.1696474403142929, 0.9505347013473511, 0.5045586228370667, -1.2502062320709229, -0.4340255558490753, 0.05829163268208504, 0.015846149995923042, -0.9068557620048523, -0.18760539591312408, 0.08923564851284027, -0.029902257025241852, -0.4743729531764984, -0.7823090553283691, -0.4202689528465271, 0.8793938755989075, 0.06190892308950424, -0.13818812370300293, 0.09174376726150513, 0.4302181899547577, -0.09784851223230362, 0.14827485382556915, 0.41492122411727905, 0.02710472233593464, 0.15412892401218414, -0.00013909518020227551, 0.2497822642326355, -0.20372788608074188, 0.08509205281734467, 0.18952210247516632, -0.6040153503417969, -0.4102877378463745, 0.17809593677520752, 0.6094281673431396, 0.20212702453136444, -0.11425025761127472, -0.11542697250843048, 0.3088380992412567, -0.7247161865234375, -0.24657098948955536, -0.0011508566094562411, 0.32047271728515625, -0.024100614711642265, 0.19845427572727203, -0.05832371488213539, 0.6592321395874023, -0.8731375336647034, -0.0594700388610363, -0.22978027164936066, -0.4862641394138336, -0.2728208005428314, -0.6730870008468628, -0.11572184413671494, -0.44877392053604126, 0.4381001591682434, 0.3979435861110687, 0.3997156322002411, -0.4449576437473297, 0.08621305972337723, -0.25179213285446167, -0.09299103915691376, -0.5737383961677551, 1.3948055505752563, -0.008209636434912682, -0.5646732449531555, 0.5730635523796082, -0.5212411284446716, 0.2731635570526123, -0.09863746911287308, 0.21304427087306976, 0.12136847525835037, 0.24005410075187683, 0.2772681415081024, 0.16751351952552795, 1.2129873037338257, 0.3959856331348419, 0.11755810678005219, 0.0815054401755333, -0.9270327091217041, 0.22258946299552917, 0.5086094737052917, 0.27851876616477966, 0.05170575901865959, 0.49630099534988403, -0.07357769459486008, 0.21442385017871857, 0.898359477519989, -0.25723305344581604, -0.5138837695121765, 0.41614729166030884, 0.43615099787712097, 0.5034732222557068, -0.33669447898864746, -0.16697248816490173, 0.20802292227745056, -1.040244698524475, -0.025478899478912354, 0.34523648023605347, -0.23881232738494873, -0.804658830165863, 0.14785979688167572, -0.08014554530382156, 0.18117080628871918, -0.4141315817832947, -0.28442540764808655, -0.40119612216949463, -0.39128461480140686, -0.3214018642902374, 0.13695701956748962, 0.6781144738197327, -0.8183498382568359, -0.14001856744289398, 0.3184305727481842, -0.17776617407798767, 0.25888925790786743, -0.062382448464632034, -0.45342594385147095, -0.03176858648657799, -0.44071975350379944, -0.3002156913280487, -1.2117193937301636, 0.5375608205795288, -0.08431662619113922, -0.17573034763336182, 0.5514012575149536, 0.932558000087738, -0.36032527685165405, 0.3488486111164093, -0.21317049860954285, -0.22566667199134827, 0.6690806746482849, 0.6310706734657288, 0.4215851426124573, 0.4091545641422272, 0.437916100025177, 0.1630389541387558, 0.15368136763572693, 0.21992336213588715, 0.10628566145896912, 0.37150636315345764, -0.45194903016090393, -0.6642754077911377, 0.05764182284474373, 0.2040003538131714, -0.4842727482318878, 0.6225597262382507, -0.4811376929283142, -0.5812082886695862, 0.7132723927497864, 0.3918173611164093, -0.0006876200786791742, 0.24833238124847412, -0.23546671867370605, -0.060621052980422974, 0.0376007966697216, -0.41113629937171936, -0.44974371790885925, -0.022987646982073784, 0.38011401891708374, -0.3136725425720215, -0.27134090662002563, -0.009278406389057636, -0.1258755773305893, 0.27228859066963196, 0.5608906745910645, -0.533553421497345, 0.5199908018112183, -0.48712873458862305, 0.44320404529571533, -0.35377728939056396, 1.1962316036224365, -0.3308364152908325, -0.08412357419729233, -0.0789182111620903, 0.01979140192270279, -0.2946859896183014, -0.013699420727789402, 0.30551549792289734, -0.5064740180969238, -0.21103493869304657, -0.5664418935775757, 0.3517186939716339, -0.7972370982170105, 0.12423545867204666, 0.5889047980308533, -0.6324769854545593, -1.229382872581482, 0.18871819972991943, -0.3513352870941162, -0.6210383772850037, 0.606891393661499, 0.18395207822322845, -0.08818276971578598, 0.139704167842865, -0.2538779377937317, -0.2668883204460144, -0.34805548191070557, 0.6754645705223083, 1.028071641921997, 0.49517202377319336, -0.027555903419852257, -0.43804991245269775, -0.30925196409225464, 0.3295145034790039, 0.40229567885398865, -3.3819448947906494, 0.004854496568441391, -0.10424207895994186, -0.4276489317417145, -0.6720925569534302, 0.34332364797592163, -0.06157250329852104, 0.05547284334897995, -0.12051132321357727, -0.4363238513469696, 0.2315826267004013, 0.08588947355747223, 0.2264101803302765, -0.7126151919364929, 0.36596614122390747, 0.0026536895893514156 ]
249084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Paycheck	Johnny Paycheck	Johnny Paycheck (born Donald Eugene Lytle; May 31, 1938 – February 19, 2003) was an American country music singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and Grand Ole Opry member notable for recording the David Allan Coe song "Take This Job and Shove It". He achieved his greatest success in the 1970s as a force in country music's "outlaw movement" popularized by artists Hank Williams Jr., Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Billy Joe Shaver, and Merle Haggard. In the 1980s, his music career slowed due to drug, alcohol and legal problems. He served a prison sentence in the early 1990s and his declining health effectively ended his career in early 2000. In 1980, Paycheck appeared on the PBS music program Austin City Limits (season 5). Early career Johnny Paycheck was born Donald Eugene Lytle on May 31, 1938, in Greenfield, Ohio. By age 9, Lytle was already playing in talent contests. In the early 1960s he convinced country music legend George Jones to hire him. Paycheck provided harmony vocals as well as bass and steel guitar for Jones. He later co-wrote Jones's hit song "Once You've Had the Best." Paycheck was a tenor harmony singer with numerous hard country performers in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including Ray Price. He worked along with Willie Nelson in Price's band the Cherokee Cowboys. He was featured as a tenor singer on recordings by Faron Young, Roger Miller, and Skeets McDonald. In 1960, he reached Top 35 status in Cashbox magazine's country charts as Donny Young with the tune "Miracle Of Love". From the early to mid 1960s, he also enjoyed some success as a songwriter for others, with his biggest songwriting hit being "Apartment No. 9", which served as Tammy Wynette's first chart hit in December 1966. In 1964, he changed his name legally to Johnny Paycheck, taking the name from Johnny Paychek, a top-ranked boxer from Chicago who once fought Joe Louis for the heavyweight title (and not directly as a humorous alternative to Johnny Cash, as is commonly believed). He first charted under his new name with "A-11" in 1965. His best-selling single from this period was "She's All I Got", which reached No. 2 on the U.S. country singles charts in 1971 and made it onto the Billboard Hot 100. His "Mr. Lovemaker" also reached No. 2 on the U.S. country singles chart in 1973. But with the popularity of Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings in the mid-1970s, Paycheck changed his image to that of outlaw, with which he was to have his largest financial success. His producer Billy Sherrill helped revive his career by significantly changing his sound and image. Sherrill was best known for carefully choreographing his records and infusing them with considerable pop feel. The Paycheck records were clearly based on Sherrill's take on the bands backing Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson on records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry, Paycheck is best remembered for his 1977 hit single, "Take This Job and Shove It", written by David Allan Coe, which sold over two million copies and inspired a motion picture of the same name. "Colorado Kool-Aid", "Me and the IRS", "Friend, Lover, Wife", "Slide Off of Your Satin Sheets", and "I'm the Only Hell (Mama Ever Raised)" were other hits for Paycheck during this period. He received an Academy of Country Music Career Achievement award in 1977. Later life and criminal convictions In 1981, Paycheck was arrested for statutory rape of a 12-year-old girl in Wyoming. Members of Paycheck's band told police that the singer had numerous problems with allegations because of his celebrity status. He was released on bond. In 1982, he pled no contest in order to continue his touring and not go to trial. The prosecutors witnesses were reluctant to testify. He pled down to a misdemeanor and received a $1,000 fine. A $3 million civil suit resulted from the incident but the case never made it to a court. In December 1985, Paycheck was convicted and sentenced to seven years in jail for shooting a man at the North High Lounge in Hillsboro, Ohio; he fired a .22 pistol and the bullet grazed the man's head. Paycheck claimed the act was self-defense. After several years spent fighting the sentence, he began serving his sentence in 1989, spending 22 months in prison before being pardoned by Ohio Governor Richard Celeste. The most successful of his later singles, released during his appeal, was "Old Violin", which reached No. 21 on the country chart in 1986. His last album to chart was "Modern Times" in 1987. He continued to release albums, the last of which, Remembering, appeared in 2002. In 1990, he filed for bankruptcy after tax problems with the IRS. Although Paycheck was addicted to drugs and alcohol during his career, he later was said to have "put his life in order" after his prison stay. He continued to perform and tour until the late 1990s. Shortly before his retirement, in 1997, he was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry; in a rare exception to protocol, Opry general manager Bob Whittaker personally invited Paycheck to join instead of having another member do the invitation. Illness and death After 2000, his health would only allow for short appearances. Contracting emphysema and asthma after a lengthy illness, Paycheck died at Nashville's Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2003, aged 64. He was buried in Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Nashville, in a plot donated by George Jones. Little Darlin' Records With his producer, Aubrey Mayhew, Paycheck co-owned his record company, Little Darlin' Records. Paycheck's Little Darlin' recordings featured the pedal steel guitar work of Lloyd Green. By the end of the 1960s, Little Darlin' Records folded. Mayhew and Paycheck soon set up shop under the name Certron Records, the newly formed recording company owned by Certron (a manufacturer of audio and video tape). The label was able to sign Bobby Helms, Ronnie Dove, Clint Eastwood, Pozo-Seco Singers (as Pozo Seco), and Paycheck. After the move to Certron the label was unable to make a profit and closed by 1972. In the late 1990s, after taking them for granted for years, country music historians began to recognize the distinctive and sharp-edged sound of the Little Darlin' recordings as unique in their time, Paycheck's in particular. Legacy A tribute album, Touch My Heart: a Tribute to Johnny Paycheck, was released in 2004 on the Sugar Hill Label. Produced by Robbie Fulks, the album features George Jones, Marshall Crenshaw, Hank Williams III, Al Anderson, Dallas Wayne, Neko Case, Gail Davies and Fulks himself covering some of Paycheck's best-known songs. In his song "Grand Ole Opry (Ain't So Grand Anymore)", Hank Williams III praises Paycheck (along with Waylon Jennings, Johnny Cash, and Hank Williams Jr.) as a "real rebel" the Grand Ole Opry only reluctantly inducted. His song "It Won't Be Long (And I'll Be Hating You)" appears in the open-world action-adventure video game Grand Theft Auto V. His song "(Pardon Me) I've Got Someone to Kill" is covered on the album All the Way by Diamanda Galás. Discography References External links CBS News – Country singer Johnny PayCheck dead at 64 [ Allmusic] 1938 births 2003 deaths American country singer-songwriters Deaths from asthma Deaths from emphysema Epic Records artists Mercury Records artists Grand Ole Opry members Singer-songwriters from Ohio People from Greenfield, Ohio American people convicted of assault Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons 20th-century American singers Country musicians from Ohio Prisoners and detainees of Ohio	[ -0.2381485104560852, 0.13775375485420227, -0.3401077091693878, -0.06622333824634552, 0.4065784513950348, 0.7175629734992981, 0.5039680600166321, 0.2237604409456253, 0.10597248375415802, -0.3026837706565857, 0.2085990160703659, 0.7146082520484924, -0.41608259081840515, 0.15388606488704681, -0.44118139147758484, -0.008992408402264118, 0.14111123979091644, -0.31850311160087585, -0.34491148591041565, -0.18672753870487213, -0.10696619004011154, 0.22041431069374084, 0.20646768808364868, -0.0021871947683393955, -0.39418062567710876, 0.599764883518219, -1.0142533779144287, -0.5773972868919373, -0.5815940499305725, 0.08701244741678238, -0.039747487753629684, -0.09271088242530823, 0.7365115880966187, -0.3756973445415497, -0.7401720285415649, 0.5247674584388733, 0.11703009903430939, 0.12309049069881439, 0.18281316757202148, -0.36518344283103943, 0.2562589943408966, -0.3533408045768738, 0.4932383894920349, -0.3475804328918457, -0.8775725364685059, -0.5385951995849609, -0.630827009677887, 0.22405590116977692, -0.7248290181159973, -0.959748387336731, -0.20433001220226288, 0.6187225580215454, -0.5314605832099915, 0.24279621243476868, 0.38249146938323975, -0.44619929790496826, 0.38918161392211914, -0.1632310152053833, -0.46818283200263977, -0.5764567255973816, 0.02774869091808796, -0.07853442430496216, 0.460828959941864, -0.30304625630378723, 0.16824458539485931, 0.39150840044021606, -0.0639386996626854, 0.8080236911773682, -0.40032264590263367, -0.49034664034843445, -0.11438469588756561, 0.13387170433998108, -0.02169366180896759, -0.17881405353546143, 0.08961058408021927, -0.4705413281917572, 0.7090175747871399, 0.44539809226989746, -0.1691746711730957, 0.7074756026268005, -0.21024805307388306, 0.021562378853559494, 0.7980685830116272, 0.25281408429145813, -0.10391999781131744, -0.10607610642910004, -0.11579851061105728, 0.18689754605293274, -0.527543306350708, -0.2137448638677597, -0.24400481581687927, -0.48908939957618713, -0.3145052194595337, -0.01802312210202217, -0.6590025424957275, -0.6033017039299011, 0.4081112742424011, 0.5754570364952087, 0.15943418443202972, -0.06941992044448853, 0.5513349175453186, -0.7374911904335022, 0.6305537819862366, -0.13199514150619507, -0.1259496659040451, 0.47844985127449036, 0.3704761862754822, -0.42646968364715576, 0.01117850374430418, -0.2455778867006302, -0.30412521958351135, -0.19228127598762512, 0.43703433871269226, -0.19750675559043884, 0.286490797996521, 0.3695119023323059, -0.49723783135414124, -0.7520180940628052, -0.51224684715271, 0.023624256253242493, 0.0028825141489505768, 0.17159533500671387, -0.2531715929508209, 0.08250121027231216, -0.3436129093170166, -0.07264392822980881, 0.056828491389751434, 0.5517277717590332, 0.05052750185132027, 0.019060678780078888, 0.4187655448913574, 0.5846894383430481, 0.322740375995636, -0.13350218534469604, -0.343369722366333, -0.16176427900791168, 0.1719919592142105, 0.18984754383563995, -0.2698565125465393, -0.12985855340957642, -0.3084740936756134, 0.32260212302207947, -0.6666232347488403, -0.6569626927375793, 0.17810015380382538, -0.21887323260307312, -0.10087595880031586, 0.10735008865594864, 0.33107438683509827, -0.031215181574225426, 0.4934444725513458, -0.23516345024108887, 0.48934125900268555, -0.4314998388290405, -0.3581893742084503, -0.2026464194059372, -0.04142725467681885, -0.13323046267032623, 0.08569053560495377, -0.1111464574933052, 0.20723193883895874, 0.29284828901290894, 0.1983271837234497, -0.07810881733894348, 0.0076033989898860455, 0.13515135645866394, 0.21934743225574493, -0.6026641726493835, -0.8902065753936768, -0.0951022133231163, 0.2158690094947815, 0.24991463124752045, 0.5518277883529663, -0.28778448700904846, -0.3598645031452179, 0.7877330183982849, 0.7085990309715271, 0.6906446814537048, 0.3169475793838501, -0.025274675339460373, -0.6961460709571838, 0.1584085375070572, 0.3482031226158142, 0.04473507031798363, 0.015263155102729797, -0.0378253236413002, 0.32024019956588745, -0.07312015444040298, 0.4225298762321472, -0.382556289434433, -0.8675441145896912, -0.6243441700935364, 0.025469398126006126, -0.01783999614417553, 0.6076105833053589, 0.07431474328041077, -0.22902575135231018, -0.01287732645869255, 0.4203626811504364, 0.40766802430152893, -0.40017426013946533, -0.5739625692367554, 0.5186876654624939, -0.45534443855285645, -0.20231033861637115, 0.5862215757369995, 0.12922467291355133, 0.08328574150800705, 0.5769146084785461, 0.28701525926589966, 0.41799697279930115, -0.8319289684295654, 0.183324933052063, 0.07262568920850754, -0.8370799422264099, -0.2449742555618286, -0.17245687544345856, -0.150058314204216, 0.40680521726608276, -0.44766998291015625, 0.318728506565094, 0.7962031960487366, 0.012610726058483124, 0.8815891146659851, -0.388572096824646, 0.7691888809204102, -0.25406426191329956, -0.06460761278867722, 0.13465644419193268, -0.49366703629493713, 0.2554281949996948, -0.030101627111434937, 0.06822636723518372, -0.21486486494541168, 0.17833250761032104, 0.12866763770580292, 0.4003680944442749, -0.3012676537036896, 0.030339250341057777, -0.1270645558834076, 0.18732254207134247, 0.10498281568288803, -0.7400500774383545, 0.4801022410392761, -0.3890494704246521, -0.07408753782510757, -0.32095813751220703, 0.13390783965587616, -0.1093277782201767, 0.5021142959594727, 0.5018229484558105, 0.8842670917510986, 0.11528875678777695, 0.21890093386173248, -0.19277235865592957, 0.15191389620304108, -0.10282503068447113, 0.24558457732200623, -0.011038100346922874, -0.19387631118297577, -0.12556247413158417, 0.029419364407658577, 0.206618070602417, 0.3337298631668091, -0.10027609765529633, -0.17336130142211914, -0.41344285011291504, 0.32925766706466675, -0.2879772186279297, -0.27737709879875183, 0.10087758302688599, 0.5282967686653137, -0.10473538935184479, 0.7209107279777527, 0.2709641754627228, 0.3779812455177307, -0.11578145623207092, 0.020052582025527954, -0.653774082660675, -1.436028003692627, 0.8081643581390381, 0.6612849831581116, -0.19775699079036713, -0.9691045880317688, 0.718865692615509, -0.26305270195007324, -0.12228314578533173, -0.12030988186597824, -0.2887769043445587, 0.1403065174818039, -0.39174798130989075, 0.32814186811447144, -0.6230720281600952, 0.3840228021144867, 0.3352041244506836, 0.0434279590845108, 0.861792802810669, 0.010505778715014458, 0.390160471200943, -0.13899710774421692, 0.008474351838231087, -0.44300466775894165, 0.006850463803857565, 0.18038307130336761, 0.5518153309822083, -0.6157997250556946, -0.015659987926483154, -0.7565698623657227, -5.456022262573242, 0.6950432658195496, -0.20191898941993713, -0.747532308101654, 1.122761607170105, -0.036235079169273376, 0.14363965392112732, -0.24538399279117584, -0.005732882302254438, -0.1932985782623291, -0.37255650758743286, -0.006559385918080807, -0.11957511305809021, 0.3061535954475403, 0.3768618404865265, 0.015852687880396843, 0.7040480971336365, -0.5725911259651184, 0.025934046134352684, 0.04468649625778198, -0.03285583481192589, -0.5531927347183228, 0.24652090668678284, 0.5752331614494324, -0.18754081428050995, 0.7367730140686035, -0.5184582471847534, 0.2383958399295807, -0.37027493119239807, 0.1116047278046608, -0.16241228580474854, -0.25194674730300903, -0.2553578317165375, -0.5566830039024353, -0.3647199273109436, -0.47255364060401917, 0.2898876965045929, 0.09848573803901672, 0.11953713744878769, -0.3274311423301697, -0.3131604492664337, 0.24340088665485382, -0.13957668840885162, 0.09547135978937149, 0.2825109362602234, 0.13808417320251465, -0.29379695653915405, -0.6560142040252686, -0.2585768699645996, 0.23089194297790527, 0.24644184112548828, 0.26383209228515625, 0.27729925513267517, -0.14271128177642822, 0.2496955692768097, -0.3676975667476654, 0.1664581298828125, 0.49099719524383545, -0.3081088960170746, 0.8427659273147583, 0.33943992853164673, -0.30916666984558105, -0.30188485980033875, -0.12702448666095734, 0.045464999973773956, -0.5698348879814148, 0.3962864577770233, 0.10555104166269302, 0.4951707720756531, -0.040862224996089935, 0.4229271709918976, 0.275226891040802, 0.8124864101409912, -1.3259910345077515, 0.5767761468887329, -0.24299222230911255, 0.2041446566581726, 0.6272938847541809, -0.7073195576667786, 0.38903170824050903, -0.058132171630859375, 0.07637524604797363, 0.4265807569026947, -0.3510117828845978, -0.04072271287441254, 0.1975778341293335, -0.5435988306999207, 0.3186034560203552, -0.13590750098228455, 0.4303692579269409, 0.24400968849658966, -0.24484218657016754, -0.10515202581882477, -0.0014368690317496657, -0.02349628321826458, 0.5421372056007385, -0.08615774661302567, 1.028658151626587, -0.5081267356872559, 0.40169423818588257, 0.06763122975826263, -0.4853982925415039, 0.32077789306640625, -0.8262187838554382, 0.3225168287754059, -0.667319118976593, -0.17479436099529266, 0.03031974844634533, 0.5338656306266785, 0.3381248712539673, -0.32693034410476685, 0.35612744092941284, -0.23735783994197845, -0.29594072699546814, -0.10871237516403198, -0.4508531391620636, -0.5018678307533264, 0.38393035531044006, 0.14999882876873016, -0.08944027870893478, 0.6823062896728516, 0.08651290833950043, -0.3076939880847931, -0.8118477463722229, -0.2967621982097626, 0.05049858242273331, -0.19869427382946014, -0.07627573609352112, 0.2313101887702942, 0.33050504326820374, -0.4687493145465851, 0.2637143135070801, -0.6318144202232361, 0.41832590103149414, -0.4451335668563843, -0.3582755923271179, -0.06728779524564743, -0.22295759618282318, -0.22525028884410858, 0.1978493183851242, -0.051207516342401505, -0.5939918160438538, 0.19921711087226868, 0.14504146575927734, 0.7709614634513855, -0.048855144530534744, -0.605953574180603, -0.18347185850143433, -0.39492321014404297, 0.37080827355384827, -0.11209443211555481, -0.5355788469314575, 0.20986150205135345, -0.9402036070823669, -0.0988674908876419, 0.1708364337682724, -1.0082906484603882, -0.5411714315414429, 0.19346961379051208, 0.2010195106267929, 0.04750891774892807, -0.42490044236183167, -0.930875301361084, 0.22870300710201263, -0.2265978902578354, 0.5124803185462952, -0.2275334745645523, -0.5290848016738892, -0.4551349878311157, 0.8996918797492981, 0.3032153844833374, 0.21863767504692078, 0.15300795435905457, 0.0727543830871582, 0.22455810010433197, 0.37400445342063904, 0.1894349604845047, -0.5014155507087708, 0.725169837474823, -0.00900264736264944, -0.3210661709308624, -0.19771724939346313, -0.7213656902313232, 0.10505757480859756, 0.4040707051753998, -0.9220795035362244, -0.43640774488449097, 0.08553555607795715, -0.027830149978399277, 0.1314968466758728, -0.17112420499324799, -0.4819687604904175, 0.12402176111936569, 0.417208731174469, -0.11523519456386566, -0.4444771111011505, 0.14840878546237946, 0.6413464546203613, -0.4344734847545624, -0.402441143989563, -0.140910804271698, -0.28155553340911865, 0.2236795425415039, -0.3388776183128357, 0.4700305163860321, -0.9598818421363831, 0.2839199900627136, 0.16702331602573395, -0.30894240736961365, 0.8012346029281616, -0.3624817430973053, -0.022435639053583145, -0.2447521686553955, 0.36036416888237, 0.2587484121322632, -0.34519097208976746, 0.39761045575141907, -0.5117957592010498, -0.42804914712905884, -0.6665500998497009, -0.20226140320301056, 0.07422161847352982, -0.7409563660621643, 0.3964238464832306, -0.4329632520675659, -0.09288296103477478, -0.5780918598175049, -0.689596951007843, 0.5710999369621277, -0.6111177802085876, -0.23617364466190338, -0.2542112469673157, 0.04631951451301575, 0.7954138517379761, 0.15666049718856812, 0.07310672104358673, 0.42210379242897034, 0.6166191101074219, -0.4700714349746704, 0.09958557784557343, 0.6749256253242493, 0.5271254181861877, 0.37179723381996155, -0.3414405882358551, 0.0676688551902771, 0.10960739105939865, 0.7588316798210144, -0.1578088253736496, -0.32407429814338684, 0.4168684184551239, 0.6670846939086914, 0.0821305587887764, -0.7564254403114319, 0.2677857577800751, 0.6436482667922974, -0.9666379690170288, -0.270854651927948, 0.09205877780914307, 0.27581465244293213, 0.3797203600406647, 0.1498015820980072, 0.4982284605503082, 0.02823222242295742, 0.1685856580734253, -0.17031191289424896, 0.2957704961299896, -0.24672932922840118, -0.367613285779953, 0.0451585091650486, -0.7134106159210205, -0.13089466094970703, -0.23033688962459564, -0.008032348938286304, -0.24160388112068176, -0.43989506363868713, 0.2982572317123413, 0.4603878855705261, 0.032098449766635895, 0.2270534634590149, -0.14298135042190552, -0.8208096623420715, 0.4411487877368927, -0.3274514675140381, -0.5931856632232666, 0.47556251287460327, -0.784227728843689, 0.17742525041103363, 0.057849012315273285, -0.22784854471683502, -0.20586587488651276, -0.9009387493133545, 0.9166527986526489, 0.41629743576049805, 0.5108999013900757, -0.4288230836391449, 0.687774121761322, 0.2433129847049713, 0.07358279824256897, -0.23908236622810364, 0.24905486404895782, 0.16765069961547852, 0.1402004212141037, 0.47546523809432983, 0.19448606669902802, -0.31700608134269714, 0.03591616451740265, 0.2236575037240982, -0.31788358092308044, -0.6854159832000732, 0.07181543111801147, 0.0835377424955368, 0.0018017528345808387, 0.20000045001506805, 0.17765700817108154, -0.0007149752345867455, -0.4917573928833008, 1.2086907625198364, -0.27661412954330444, -0.4568353295326233, 0.4042870104312897, -0.3281766176223755, -0.30437323451042175, 0.9068434238433838, 0.17766883969306946, 0.9591626524925232, 0.53679358959198, -0.3415917754173279, -0.09221537411212921, 0.20418420433998108, 0.2754736542701721, 0.07476120442152023, -0.10912260413169861, 0.16486528515815735, -0.015010959468781948, 0.04627728462219238, -0.5998861789703369, 0.4903104603290558, -0.6467036604881287, 0.4598041772842407, 0.1291378140449524, -0.6651140451431274, 0.5526407957077026, 0.14066988229751587, 0.29034674167633057, 0.6039934158325195, -0.012323345057666302, -0.05790938436985016, -0.004349278286099434, 0.1643858402967453, -0.15124396979808807, 0.3732432425022125, 0.04457559809088707, -0.4155454933643341, -0.6482628583908081, 1.0610233545303345, -0.3674977123737335, 0.4427996277809143, 0.5107380747795105, -0.06822606176137924, 0.5473007559776306, -0.08834823966026306, -0.3526444435119629, 0.5517518520355225, -0.2013639360666275, -0.5523069500923157, -0.25222864747047424, -0.5167686343193054, -0.411196768283844, -0.2783204913139343, 0.1272592395544052, 0.33567631244659424, 0.4318780303001404, 0.23678871989250183, 0.16189439594745636, 0.15226979553699493, 0.201945960521698, 0.6782179474830627, 0.3132995665073395, 0.22673994302749634, 0.4460497498512268, -0.05101365968585014, -0.2210066020488739, -0.3167945444583893, 0.16350190341472626, 0.5435513854026794, -0.27697405219078064, -0.3857053220272064, -0.12319739907979965, 0.004620297346264124, -0.18635058403015137, 0.25963467359542847, -1.141858696937561, -1.1084709167480469, 0.09040144085884094, 0.21795295178890228, -0.6160816550254822, 0.18840055167675018, 0.7718828916549683, 0.04148903861641884, 0.664801299571991, 0.0399169884622097, 0.07542946934700012, 0.21440385282039642, 0.0999910831451416, 0.008283213712275028, 0.39076337218284607, -0.16216513514518738, 0.2745266854763031, -0.38027623295783997, 0.9593571424484253, -0.23887814581394196, 0.4716378152370453, -0.55634605884552, 0.40337318181991577, -0.4371987581253052, -0.723905622959137, 0.9346008896827698, 0.2774994969367981, 0.037906188517808914, -0.7673965692520142, 0.07359583675861359, 0.020237460732460022, 0.319902628660202, 0.7658669352531433, -0.3559354245662689, 0.8056991100311279, -0.24649496376514435, -0.3559083044528961, -0.27574774622917175, 0.9194533824920654, 0.09665048867464066, -0.8704674243927002, 0.11876323819160461, -0.5603665709495544, 0.06978762894868851, -0.30730870366096497, 0.44716402888298035, 0.29459983110427856, -0.1323283612728119, -0.5209120512008667, 0.8540101051330566, -0.13414840400218964, -0.3502960503101349, 0.008564679883420467, -0.36926519870758057, 0.49030110239982605, 0.06134588271379471, -0.3696747422218323, -0.20266252756118774, 1.0725243091583252, -0.17173242568969727, -0.7741422057151794, 0.31953978538513184, -0.6696892380714417, 0.3838610351085663, -0.1749992072582245, -0.1290881484746933, 0.31531479954719543, -0.044967371970415115, -0.4840751886367798 ]
249085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Wye	River Wye	The River Wye () is the fourth-longest river in the UK, stretching some from its source on Plynlimon in mid Wales to the Severn estuary. For much of its length the river forms part of the border between England and Wales. The Wye Valley (lower part) is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation, but is severely impacted by pollution. Etymology The meaning of the river's name is not clear. Possibly the earliest reference to the name is Guoy in Nennius' early 9th Century Historia Brittonum and the modern Welsh name is Gwy. The Wye was much later given a Latin name, Vaga, an adjective meaning 'wandering'. The Tithe map references a Vagas Field in both Whitchurch and Chepstow. Philologists such as Edward Lye and Joseph Bosworth in the 18th and early 19th centuries suggested an Old English derivation from wæg, "wave". Description The source of the Wye is in the Welsh mountains at Plynlimon. It flows through or past several towns and villages, including Rhayader, Builth Wells, Hay-on-Wye, Hereford (the only city on the River Wye), Ross-on-Wye, Symonds Yat, Monmouth and Tintern, meeting the Severn estuary just below Chepstow. The lower of the river from Redbrook to Chepstow forms the border between England and Wales. Conservation The River Wye is protected by two Sites of Special Scientific Interest, one covering the Upper Wye (Gwy Uchaf) above Hay-on-Wye, and one covering the Lower Wye (Gwy Isaf) downstream to Chepstow. The criteria for inclusion of the river as an SSSI include geology, topography, flora, mammals, invertebrates, fish and birdlife, as the river and its tributaries constitute a large linear ecosystem. The Lower Wye SSSI is itself divided into seven units of assessment set by Natural England, and administrative responsibilities are shared between the councils of Powys, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Monmouthshire. The Wye abuts a range of other SSSIs in England and Wales, including the Upper Wye Gorge and Lower Wye Gorge. It is also a Special Area of Conservation and one of the most important rivers in the UK for nature conservation. It is an important migration route and wildlife corridor, as well as a key breeding area for many nationally and internationally important species. The river supports a range of species and habitats covered by European Directives and those listed under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. In Powys the river lies within the Radnorshire Environmentally Sensitive Area. Much of the lower valley is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Salmon The Lower Wye has been designated as a salmonid fishery under the EC Freshwater Fish Directive. The Wye used to be considered one of the best rivers for salmon fishing in the United Kingdom, outside Scotland. In the 1980s and 1990s salmon in the Wye declined dramatically. In 1967 the Wye rod catch was 7,864, and as recently as 1988 it was 6,401; but by 2002 it was only 357. Attempts are being made to help the river recover from this low, such as the extensive habitat improvement work carried out by the Wye and Usk Foundation, set up to restore the spring salmon runs, however results have been largely disappointing. In 2015 the five-year average once again climbed above 1,000 and it is now the third best salmon river in England and Wales, surpassed only by the Tyne and Wear. The Wye was particularly famous for its large "spring" salmon that had spent three or more years at sea before returning to spawn. They used to enter the river between January and June and sometimes reached weights of over , the largest recorded being landed after a long fight by Miss Doreen Davey from the Cowpond Pool at Winforton on 13 March 1923. The last recorded rod-caught salmon from the Wye was taken in 1963 by Donald Parrish and weighed . Since the early 2000s the spring catch has been steadily recovering and salmon of over have been reported every year since 2011. Pollution Pollution has severely impacted the river; the Wye does not meet European and national standards on river health. This has been happening for some time; a Nutrient Management Board (NMB) was established in 2014 to address the issues. Pollution from chicken and dairy farms has become so bad the Wye has been used as an example of river pollution in the UK on Countryfile and in several national newspapers. This pollution causes algal blooms several times a year with increasing frequency and length, depleting the oxygen in the water causing fish like brown trout, chubb and barbel as well as aquatic invertebrates and plants to suffocate to death. Fish and aquatic invertebrates are the main food source for otters, kingfishers, herons, eels and other protected species. Along with many other rivers the Wye is being heavily polluted by manure from the 10 million free range chickens for eggs and meat in intensive poultry units (IPUs) in Powys and Herefordshire, contaminating the Wye's tributaries. As of April 2020, there were over 110 registered IPUs in Powys, each with over 40,000 birds (smaller IPUs need not be registered). In addition, runoff from dairy farms, farm slurry and silage liquor are entering the Wye. A study by the Welsh Government found that only 1% of farm slurry stores in Wales met regulations and that farms were purposely spreading slurry on fields before high rainfall, leading to increased run off into waterways. An investigation by Greenpeace found that Environment Agency staff cuts from austerity had reduced pollution inspections by up to one third. An internal report by the Environment Agency showed that the use of a “voluntary approach” by government was leading to increased levels of river pollution across the UK. Powys County Council approved the construction of 20 new free-range chicken sheds in 2019 and as of February 2022 continues to license new chicken farms. In addition to problems with the riverine environment, this is causing air quality issues. In February 2022, it was declared at a meeting of the River Wye Nutrient Management Board that History The Romans constructed a bridge of wood and stone just upstream of present-day Chepstow, some remains of which were found in the river bed during an archaeological dig in 1911. The River Wye is tidal from its junction with the River Severn for about to Bigsweir, where a band of hard rock forms a natural weir across the river. The tidal range on this lower section is huge, with water levels rising by up to on some spring tides, but despite the risks of navigating such a river, it has been used since Roman times to transport coal from the Forest of Dean, cider from Hereford, together with Italian wine, iron, stone and timber. When compared to many of the long rivers in Britain, the Wye is quite steep, with a rise of 1.93 feet per mile (0.365 m per km) between its junction with the River Severn and Monmouth, and a rise of 2.4 feet per mile (0.455 m per km) between there and Hereford. In the summer months, the river level at Hereford is above ordnance datum (AOD), and Hereford is about from the river mouth. For navigation to occur, some form of management of river levels was required. Early records are fragmentary, but it appears that the river was used to transport iron from the Forest of Dean for Edward the Confessor's ships in the 11th century, and in 1171 and 1172, iron was supplied to Henry II for his invasion of Ireland. From the 13th century, the records are clearer, and iron from forges at Bicknor, Lydbrook, Monmouth and Carey Mills was transported by river. During the reign of Edward I, a common right of navigation on the Wye was recorded, with the channel to be kept free of weirs and other obstructions. Where these already existed, they were to be demolished at the owner's expense. Documents from 1561 and 1571 concerning water mills and weirs show that the river was used for navigation at the time. In 1622, a petition was raised by the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, together with the city of Hereford, that the river should be cleared of obstructions that made fishing and navigation difficult. A Commission of Sewers was appointed, but seems to have done very little, since most of the weirs belonged to the king. There were seven weirs on the river in 1641, to provide water power for mills and forges. During Cromwell's Commonwealth period, proposals were made to improve the river for navigation by building flash locks at the weirs, and dredging the channel to make it deeper. Although there were arguments for and against the proposals, Sir William Sandys was appointed in 1662 to oversee making the Wye and the River Lugg navigable. He had previously worked on the Warwickshire Avon to make that navigable. Some £1,300 had already been raised in the country, but it is unclear what he did with the money. He was assisted by Henry and Windsor Sandys, and they were given powers to construct a towing path, wide on both sides of the river, to allow boats to be hauled upstream. Although tolls could be charged, they also had to maintain the right of free passage which was long established on the river. Twenty Commissioners were appointed, ten from Hereford, five from Gloucester and five from Hereford. All weirs were to include an opening, so that salmon and other fish could migrate along the river. The scheme involved the construction of flash locks in channels cut to bypass the weirs, a system which Sandys had used with success on the Avon, but the Wye was a much faster flowing river, which meant that the solution was impracticable and very costly. It had been abandoned by 1668, as maintenance costs made the operation of boats unprofitable, and a new scheme, proposed by Lord Coningsby of Hampton Court, Herefordshire was to be implemented. All fishing weirs and mill weirs would be bought and demolished, while Sandys locks would be abandoned. The river bed would also be deepened where necessary. The cost of buying the weirs would be raised by a tax on the county, and it was estimated that the river would be navigable for about 200 days per year. At the time there were weirs supplying six fulling mills and three corn mills at Hereford, and another nine elsewhere, at Fownhope, Hancox, Carey, Foy and Wilton. There were another nine derelict weirs above Monmouth, and five below the town. Lord Coningsby's proposals were enshrined in an Act of Parliament obtained in 1695, which authorised the County of Hereford to buy up and demolish the mills on the Wye and Lugg. All locks and weirs were to be removed, except that at New Weir forge below Goodrich, which survived until about 1815. By 1727, around £18,000 had been raised to carry out the work, and thirteen weirs in Herefordshire had been bought and removed. Some work had also been carried out on the Lugg, but much of it was damaged by flooding soon afterwards. One unexpected consequence of removing the weirs was that water levels dropped, resulting in there being a number of shoals that boats now had to negotiate. Another Act of Parliament was obtained in 1727, which appointed new trustees, and allowed them to authorise the construction of mills and weirs at locations which would assist navigation. In 1763, James Taylor proposed the construction of 22 weirs, each with an associated pound lock, to make the river fully navigable, but the scheme was not implemented. When it looked likely that the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal would not reach Hereford, there were calls to further improve the Wye. At the time, boats were hauled by gangs of ten or eleven men, but men were in short supply, and a towing path for horses was suggested. William Jessop carried out a survey, and the towing path was authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1809. A company was formed to build of path from Lydbrook to Hereford, and to maintain ferries at five points where the path crossed from one side of the river to the other. Evidence given in Parliament during the passage of the bill stated that some 10,000 tons of coal were moved along the river to Hereford each year, with 3,000 tons of other commodities. Another 4,000 tons of lime and other goods were delivered to various points along the river. Progress on the project was rapid, and local newspapers announced the arrival of two barges in Hereford on 23 January 1811, each towed by two horses. Carriage of coal to Hereford became easier following the opening of the Severn and Wye Tramroad in 1813, which brought coal to the river bank at Bishop's Wood. A steam tug was trialled on the river in 1825, but although it proved to be successful, it was sold due to the difficulty of finding suitable barges for it to tow. Passenger services became a feature of the river from 1835, with boats running between Ross, Monmouth and Chepstow, later extended to include Goodrich and Tintern. The river was also navigable above Hereford, as far as Hay-on-Wye, although only when there was sufficient water, and a system of ropes and pulleys were used to allow boats to negotiate the rapids at Monnington. Money was spent several times improving the River Lugg from Leominster to its confluence with the Wye at Mordiford, but its navigation is likely to have been difficult. The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal reached Hereford in 1845, providing an alternative way to supply the town with coal, and trade tailed off with the opening of the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway in 1854, and the Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway in the following year. After the Wye Valley Railway opened in 1876, the river ceased to be navigable above Brockweir, and as the river silted up, Tintern became the normal upper limit for navigation. The river is still used by pleasure craft. The river was unusual in that it was a Free Navigation from its source to Hay-on-Wye, a distance of . It ceased to be free after the modifications by Sandys in the 17th century, but this right was re-established by the 1695 Act, which stated: Therefore be it enacted that the rivers Wye and Lugg may be henceforth accounted, deemed and taken to be free and common rivers for all to make use of for carrying and conveying of all passenger goods, wares and commodities by boats, barges, lighters and other vessels whatsoever. The National Rivers Authority brought a case before the High Court in 1995, to enable them to impose bylaws on the river. Shortly afterwards, they were replaced by the Environment Agency, and in 2002, the Wye Navigation Order was enacted. This confirmed the right of navigation on both the Wye and the Lugg, but established the Environment Agency as the navigation authority for the rivers. It also banned the construction of locks and weirs, so neither river is likely to be navigable by motor boats under normal circumstances. Despite this, in 1989, Frank Barton and Pat Hucket successfully navigated a 230-ton barge up the river to Hereford. Travelling time on the river was 20 hours, but this was spread over six months, as they had to wait for just the right water levels. The vessel was renamed Wye Invader during the journey. In March 2019, Barton returned to the river, navigating a narrowboat called Wye Invader Two from Sharpness to Monmouth Rowing Club and back again. The trip was possible because there was about of flood water in the river, enabling the boat to pass over the weirs and obstructions. Navigation and sport The Environment Agency is the navigation authority for the river. The normal tidal limit (NTL) of the river is Bigsweir and navigation below this point is under the control of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees as Competent Harbour Authority. There is a public right of navigation up to Hay-on-Wye, and canoes are generally permitted on the next up to Glasbury, so long as they do not disturb anglers. The River Wye provides for canoeing and kayaking as it has sections suitable for all ranges of skills and free access all the way downstream from Hay to Hereford and Monmouth, and the tidal Wye to Chepstow and the Severn Estuary. There are a wide range of canoe hire and supervised trips, as well as campsites at key points on the river. Symonds Yat has a particularly popular series of rapids that was purchased by the British Canoe Union in 2003 to preserve the rapids for recreational use, canoe trips through the rapids stop next at Monmouth. There are three rowing clubs on the river at Hereford, Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth. Annual regattas are held at Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth for rowers and scullers of all abilities, next to the local rowing club. In 2017 more than 600 people took to the River Wye in inflatables ranging from dinghies to paddling pools during the event WYE FLOAT, opened by former Olympic ski jumper Eddie the Eagle. Walkers can enjoy the Wye Valley Walk which follows the route of the River Wye from Coed Hafren, near Plynlimon, to Chepstow along a series of well-maintained way-marked paths. A viewpoint near The Biblins on the Wye is known as 'Three Counties View', the meeting place of the counties of Herefordshire, Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire. Tributaries The Wye's tributaries include the river Lugg, Elan, Dulas, Irfon, Marteg, Monnow, Trothy, Ithon, Llynfi, Letton Lake, Tarennig (the Wye's first tributary) and Bidno. A fuller list is available at the relevant section of the list of rivers of Wales 2020 floods In February 2020, Wales and parts of England endured extremely heavy rainfall from Storm Dennis, following shortly after Storm Ciara. The central part of South Wales was particularly affected. The river over-topped its banks and caused flooding in several areas, including Hay-on-Wye, Hereford, Ross-on-Wye and Monmouth. Much of Hereford was flooded, with homes inundated. Churches and leisure centres were opened to accommodate evacuated residents. The river at Monmouth reached its highest level ever recorded. 2021 floods In January 2021, the Wye catchment suffered flooding as a result of Storm Christoph. Cultural references The Romantic poet William Wordsworth includes an apostrophe to the Wye in his famous poem "Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey", published in 1798 in Lyrical Ballads: How oft, in spirit, have I turned to thee, O sylvan Wye! thou wanderer thro' the woods, How often has my spirit turned to thee! Nelson travelled down the Wye in 1802, along with Lady Hamilton and her husband, Sir William Hamilton. They sailed from Ross-on-Wye to Monmouth, to be greeted by a cannonade and the band of the Monmouthshire Militia playing See, the Conquering Hero Comes. Nelson expressed surprise that he was known at "such a little gut of a river as the Wye". Views of the river Bridges on the river See also Wye Valley Walk Wye Valley Railway List of rivers of England List of rivers of Wales List of bridges in Wales South Herefordshire and Over Severn References Sources Further reading Cohen, I. "The non-tidal Wye and its navigation", Trans. Woolhope Nat. Fld. Club, 34 (1955), pp. 83–101. Stockinger, V. (1996) The Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation: A Documentary History 1555–1951, Logaston Press, King, P. "The River Teme and Other Midlands River Navigations", Journal of Railway and Canal Historical Society, 35, 50 (July 2006), pp. 350–1. External links Natural England (SSSI information) The Wye and Usk Foundation conservation charity Canoeists' guide to the River Wye River Wye Preservation Trust Tributaries of the River Severn Rivers of Gloucestershire Rivers of Herefordshire Rivers of Monmouthshire Rivers of Powys Rivers of the Brecon Beacons National Park Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Herefordshire Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Monmouthshire Elenydd Forest of Dean River Wye River navigations in the United Kingdom	[ 0.24270491302013397, -0.20854564011096954, 0.7030327320098877, -0.5877902507781982, -0.288724809885025, 0.8424267768859863, 0.7511835694313049, 0.37737807631492615, -0.3626480996608734, -0.3014330565929413, -0.13027188181877136, 0.43045589327812195, 0.06472840905189514, 0.787587583065033, -0.038486700505018234, 0.2498219907283783, 0.4480832517147064, 0.5439452528953552, 0.22769281268119812, -0.7380292415618896, 0.007495867554098368, 0.07534121721982956, 0.5140870809555054, 0.18034771084785461, 0.16065822541713715, -0.2865457236766815, 0.43564578890800476, -0.12338670343160629, 0.4253600537776947, 0.011445601470768452, 0.0777951329946518, 0.613021969795227, 0.42063459753990173, -0.10986916720867157, 0.23304483294487, -0.46219074726104736, -0.34135645627975464, -0.09443788230419159, -0.8588789105415344, -0.36337289214134216, -0.35792234539985657, -0.014634354040026665, -0.249823197722435, 0.09095778316259384, -0.007320524659007788, 0.2523649036884308, -0.6860359311103821, 0.024071909487247467, -0.4509113132953644, 0.20512567460536957, -0.5767015814781189, 0.7647902965545654, 0.04063236340880394, 0.0341721847653389, 0.6000365614891052, 0.08443670719861984, -0.5825125575065613, 0.17340786755084991, 0.5427905917167664, 0.7023698091506958, 0.4198092818260193, 0.11862555891275406, -0.42915934324264526, 0.6285443305969238, -0.49856895208358765, -0.0884384736418724, -0.02124159224331379, 0.7893418669700623, -0.7760143876075745, -0.14346899092197418, -0.08193361759185791, -0.4359743893146515, -0.25451409816741943, 0.25512778759002686, -0.6974430084228516, -0.21351388096809387, -0.3282507061958313, 0.12358015030622482, 0.12983402609825134, 0.06044502183794975, 0.4460221529006958, 0.8586591482162476, 0.711290180683136, 0.41149911284446716, 0.4973379373550415, 0.41216841340065, -0.2875998318195343, 0.5403653979301453, -0.5221162438392639, 0.6316041946411133, 0.02858048491179943, -0.015087832696735859, -0.20766004920005798, -0.683038055896759, 0.1891658455133438, -0.048520639538764954, -0.05261579155921936, 0.22480477392673492, 0.4188386797904968, 0.059633515775203705, -0.09698906540870667, 0.04697861149907112, 0.2887037992477417, 0.1435999721288681, -0.49488458037376404, -0.06580692529678345, -0.5326694250106812, -0.47228485345840454, 0.3864450752735138, -0.1538315862417221, -0.17684637010097504, 0.027373850345611572, -0.012543132528662682, 0.19098204374313354, 0.24331144988536835, 0.21255680918693542, 0.23534752428531647, -0.3042009472846985, -0.07226424664258957, -0.2772114872932434, 0.28385069966316223, -0.05317624658346176, 0.3105895221233368, -0.010825632140040398, 0.2704700231552124, -0.06018370762467384, 0.06091543287038803, -0.09546171873807907, -0.5066974759101868, -0.4657760262489319, 0.8925214409828186, 1.0101820230484009, 0.04115030914545059, -0.39139819145202637, -0.3048069477081299, -0.39269623160362244, 0.5105662941932678, 0.37383997440338135, 0.3994487226009369, 0.5163922309875488, -0.7873250246047974, 0.2346491813659668, -0.517486035823822, -0.04721096530556679, 0.30012768507003784, 0.20100881159305573, -0.24342645704746246, -0.8883244395256042, -0.44131743907928467, -0.2456374317407608, 0.7204200029373169, 0.3832961618900299, -0.33077472448349, -0.07207758724689484, -0.3725624084472656, 0.30204111337661743, 0.24404318630695343, -0.015596317127346992, 0.009137329645454884, 0.14436233043670654, -0.1202707290649414, 0.0493570975959301, 0.7603343725204468, -0.17970311641693115, -0.21410706639289856, -0.178887277841568, 0.05517563223838806, -0.4990865886211395, -0.35766878724098206, 0.34875473380088806, 0.13389931619167328, -0.04980773478746414, 0.9224363565444946, -0.6691776514053345, -0.36607906222343445, -0.8149333000183105, 0.8811516165733337, 0.7390425205230713, 0.3299608528614044, -0.02298414334654808, -0.7273897528648376, 0.31997179985046387, 0.23672771453857422, -0.13204383850097656, -0.10734564810991287, 0.3283776342868805, 0.6231922507286072, 0.38705137372016907, -0.1159510612487793, 0.06929320842027664, 0.22938698530197144, -0.1833653301000595, -0.0796000137925148, -0.4527589678764343, 0.6836632490158081, 0.3619132339954376, 0.18691547214984894, -0.073210708796978, -0.18516921997070312, 0.5655778646469116, -0.07056643813848495, -0.35042425990104675, 0.42273208498954773, -0.6272401809692383, -1.1300824880599976, -0.18947164714336395, 0.32224705815315247, -0.5615735650062561, -0.0602504163980484, 0.04366162046790123, -0.33175021409988403, -0.4160376191139221, -0.036429792642593384, -0.5294785499572754, 0.2563982903957367, -0.19841638207435608, 0.5311042070388794, -0.5060939192771912, 0.6688266396522522, -0.48840439319610596, 0.852357029914856, 0.2549992501735687, 0.04707227274775505, -0.18147012591362, -0.17781096696853638, -0.03348764404654503, -0.08632486313581467, 0.03193110600113869, 0.041772522032260895, -0.5974769592285156, -0.8653529286384583, 0.21432165801525116, -0.15259207785129547, 0.04813574627041817, 0.3186821937561035, -0.7656396627426147, -0.19058416783809662, 0.09727786481380463, 0.12951971590518951, -0.23456765711307526, 0.5179746747016907, -0.1398399919271469, -0.7425834536552429, 0.25133347511291504, -0.10604743659496307, 0.2741064429283142, 0.9039551019668579, -0.017824210226535797, -0.4136911630630493, -0.22155943512916565, 0.3149357736110687, 0.5561801791191101, 0.4183039367198944, 0.15523211658000946, -0.13108734786510468, -0.2733035981655121, 0.09523104131221771, 0.02847791090607643, 0.40026572346687317, 0.7035754323005676, -0.14591315388679504, -0.30376091599464417, -0.10352706164121628, 0.0018033439991995692, -0.18982993066310883, -0.3171007037162781, -0.6539454460144043, -0.85252445936203, 0.41859933733940125, -0.17554818093776703, 0.7083237171173096, 0.1498742699623108, 0.07176626473665237, 0.07419227808713913, 0.10146500170230865, 0.14287026226520538, 1.1783528327941895, -0.46579116582870483, -0.36247578263282776, -0.4476405382156372, 0.3258041441440582, 1.0990835428237915, 0.027623148635029793, -0.8958451747894287, 0.4457489252090454, -0.12009776383638382, 0.2984798848628998, 0.08367990702390671, -0.012072904035449028, 0.17598487436771393, -0.31863436102867126, -0.12734967470169067, -0.09836307913064957, -0.22656933963298798, -0.2976142168045044, 0.022011568769812584, -0.05102519690990448, 0.02934531681239605, 0.4900987148284912, -0.15571066737174988, -0.2792871296405792, 0.5621021389961243, -0.09605828672647476, 0.16828753054141998, 0.6716198921203613, -0.4788602888584137, -0.07571284472942352, 0.24127773940563202, -5.571971416473389, 0.22148312628269196, -0.2265871912240982, 0.25938281416893005, 0.3962364196777344, -0.0013332138769328594, -0.19189506769180298, 0.12463515996932983, -0.1380702257156372, -0.8853951096534729, -0.13232585787773132, -0.034018442034721375, -0.5089622735977173, 0.31186816096305847, 0.3667708933353424, -0.09214116632938385, 0.5269109010696411, 0.08508884161710739, 0.2057783007621765, -0.03718854859471321, -0.2919764518737793, 0.0016298822592943907, -0.08701787143945694, 0.2870018482208252, -0.16491635143756866, 0.07270413637161255, -0.30531084537506104, -0.8660165667533875, -1.0307585000991821, -0.3390088975429535, -0.15497197210788727, -0.5302125811576843, 0.21489228308200836, 0.04433230683207512, -0.2533927857875824, -0.2754634916782379, 0.1820569783449173, 0.35396721959114075, 0.6387779116630554, -0.7027037739753723, -0.3283405601978302, 0.45085597038269043, -0.07806136459112167, -0.21875201165676117, 0.372769832611084, -0.6285457611083984, -0.644702672958374, -0.21380269527435303, 0.05492324009537697, 0.9001238942146301, -0.1259673833847046, 0.45881763100624084, 0.4020829498767853, -0.5428805947303772, 0.30477380752563477, -0.15268400311470032, -0.1775403767824173, 0.06539047509431839, 0.26991957426071167, 0.20163479447364807, 0.03571823239326477, -0.0819350928068161, -0.046327028423547745, 0.07917158305644989, -0.11607309430837631, -0.6611417531967163, -0.8446518182754517, -0.0030169186647981405, 0.4397662281990051, 0.038128264248371124, -0.3697127401828766, 0.23564039170742035, -0.14551272988319397, -0.4516257345676422, 0.16822771728038788, -0.5871656537055969, -0.48620668053627014, 0.11576979607343674, 0.48698607087135315, -0.04184459149837494, -0.4880678057670593, -0.16951929032802582, 0.12203773856163025, 0.44567129015922546, -0.43194010853767395, -1.050196647644043, -0.06208508834242821, 0.1636042445898056, -0.09120617806911469, -0.7275919318199158, -0.18050044775009155, -0.6236165165901184, 0.48293110728263855, 0.24257680773735046, 0.268649160861969, 0.28150033950805664, -0.12782402336597443, 0.37577560544013977, 0.28777411580085754, -0.26757723093032837, 0.8606754541397095, -0.05086195841431618, -0.06160852685570717, -0.18132108449935913, 0.21247103810310364, 0.06049729138612747, -0.3743668794631958, 0.0041907248087227345, 0.5826862454414368, 0.14530639350414276, -0.05295120179653168, -0.4884166121482849, -0.3417373299598694, -0.30574169754981995, -0.3103812336921692, -0.4948190748691559, -0.8028210401535034, 0.4026707112789154, 0.34247034788131714, 0.4658423066139221, -0.18682879209518433, 0.766534686088562, -0.33430153131484985, -0.0267177764326334, 0.1973251849412918, -0.1471034437417984, 0.29329317808151245, 0.3591504991054535, -0.4668322503566742, 0.3734544515609741, -0.19716249406337738, -0.3412187695503235, 0.1735639125108719, -0.5205448269844055, 0.12048060446977615, -0.17320916056632996, -0.023703159764409065, -0.10560005158185959, 0.00721665658056736, 0.031051969155669212, 0.31698426604270935, 0.22952575981616974, 0.3099666237831116, -0.011547022499144077, 0.15197543799877167, 0.3108752369880676, -0.318190336227417, 0.13783465325832367, -0.3303792178630829, 0.6108207702636719, -0.0011238104198127985, 0.059383001178503036, -0.6329424977302551, -0.5538056492805481, 0.0736125260591507, -0.596855640411377, -0.22412599623203278, 0.538134753704071, -0.1079542338848114, -0.3576037287712097, 0.025770872831344604, -0.3280078172683716, -0.8127762675285339, 0.2562013268470764, 0.28887248039245605, 0.28537607192993164, -0.24100108444690704, 0.035349611192941666, 0.4030352532863617, 0.44023966789245605, 0.1685604751110077, 0.15285725891590118, -0.21034325659275055, 0.0747259184718132, -0.13375389575958252, 0.6526792049407959, -0.24379374086856842, 0.5259405970573425, -0.1119251474738121, 0.10499582439661026, -0.3299066722393036, 0.14207607507705688, 0.0637059360742569, 0.43410545587539673, 0.08077060431241989, -0.5506048798561096, -0.26728805899620056, 0.11382454633712769, -0.20455771684646606, 0.12441063672304153, 0.338214248418808, -0.07369959354400635, 0.12513676285743713, 0.47049471735954285, -0.3530106544494629, 0.051175281405448914, 0.5128466486930847, 0.4045080840587616, -0.0768476203083992, -0.3361891508102417, -0.14691437780857086, 0.5433939099311829, -0.5599873661994934, 0.19899791479110718, 0.19442935287952423, -0.9522770047187805, -0.2247779816389084, 0.20398259162902832, -0.29909050464630127, 0.34767141938209534, -0.06447001546621323, -0.7363356351852417, -0.3745832145214081, 0.5765969157218933, -0.5654721856117249, -0.3307151198387146, 0.16335897147655487, -0.2998751997947693, 0.3509507477283478, -0.49259278178215027, -0.5060325860977173, -0.6996690630912781, -0.26577726006507874, -0.014970455318689346, -0.20402035117149353, 0.43609127402305603, 0.046085238456726074, -0.030417563393712044, 0.4404977262020111, -0.8735755681991577, -0.4795582592487335, 0.007695801090449095, 0.29694437980651855, 0.5989863872528076, 0.2910936176776886, -0.08650652319192886, 0.12372783571481705, -0.4523111879825592, 0.359800785779953, 0.2844243347644806, 0.30483120679855347, 1.0675857067108154, 0.02457551285624504, -0.9989768266677856, 0.2306128740310669, 0.17745590209960938, 0.30779072642326355, -0.7000935673713684, -0.5730261206626892, -0.3779243528842926, 0.3559095561504364, -0.05435141548514366, -0.2528086304664612, -0.47357699275016785, 0.8429484367370605, -0.5433852076530457, 0.18881067633628845, -0.498096764087677, 0.03740629553794861, 0.023334790021181107, 0.13619886338710785, -0.10283967852592468, -0.48489612340927124, 0.46119409799575806, 0.7689842581748962, -0.6922638416290283, -0.30007344484329224, -0.029723698273301125, 0.025092583149671555, -0.2807726263999939, 0.2578830420970917, -0.12101515382528305, -0.5148143768310547, 0.14441633224487305, 0.757581889629364, -0.014445126987993717, 0.055301375687122345, -0.46969836950302124, 0.906798779964447, -0.04574820399284363, -0.647361159324646, -0.12693090736865997, 0.24040751159191132, -0.2938748300075531, 0.23072482645511627, 0.3670627474784851, -0.07279206812381744, -0.38517311215400696, -0.05866019055247307, -0.5667322278022766, 0.35670197010040283, -0.16255100071430206, -0.3177889585494995, 0.061953362077474594, -0.061069510877132416, -0.017717238515615463, 0.18455025553703308, 0.6018286943435669, 0.17411181330680847, -0.01624605804681778, -0.7779143452644348, 0.460584819316864, -0.3275073766708374, -0.4468514025211334, 0.12445566058158875, 0.3574349284172058, -0.22081942856311798, -0.15633520483970642, 0.5184428095817566, 0.13229043781757355, 0.30958908796310425, 0.43450552225112915, 0.08254436403512955, 0.89937424659729, -0.2608197033405304, -0.026058875024318695, 0.08707521855831146, -0.39132505655288696, 0.7535160183906555, 0.2599664628505707, 0.2891520857810974, -0.37272220849990845, 0.020912334322929382, 0.5327321887016296, -0.5515761971473694, 0.757900059223175, -0.5086358785629272, -0.478491872549057, -0.07087871432304382, 0.6921926736831665, 0.08706354349851608, -0.11700406670570374, -0.5743485689163208, 0.1678919792175293, -0.19339901208877563, -0.7640524506568909, -0.39234259724617004, -0.25859490036964417, -0.468969464302063, 0.5173333883285522, 0.5704298615455627, 0.15757295489311218, 0.01332056988030672, 0.3407946527004242, 0.3267762362957001, 0.2004910260438919, 0.18194988369941711, -0.28652307391166687, -0.04771982505917549, -0.08334188163280487, 1.086793065071106, -0.006705470848828554, 0.7095432877540588, 0.16882413625717163, 0.49971312284469604, 0.38060155510902405, 0.33244526386260986, -0.12889942526817322, -0.2642233967781067, -0.15856432914733887, 0.353396475315094, 0.5949879884719849, -0.2805125117301941, -0.6280405521392822, -0.4392271637916565, -0.15195000171661377, -0.23405103385448456, -0.9136966466903687, -0.2894965410232544, 0.19297073781490326, 0.944601833820343, 0.36597388982772827, -0.7953485250473022, -0.10589637607336044, 0.14941023290157318, 0.5693991780281067, -0.22183482348918915, 0.1945192962884903, 0.047221846878528595, -0.5688555836677551, -0.2738949954509735, 0.555584728717804, -0.02676370181143284, -0.5904124975204468, -0.24213162064552307, -0.14537502825260162, -0.2653580904006958, -0.2021615356206894, -0.690338134765625, -0.21837358176708221, 0.10424207150936127, -0.2862396240234375, -0.4927901327610016, -0.5797003507614136, -0.8590273261070251, -0.5212655067443848, 0.030665913596749306, 1.1420366764068604, 0.17845363914966583, 0.22521133720874786, 0.5957658290863037, 0.3785439431667328, -0.43735453486442566, 0.9988022446632385, -0.5037134885787964, 0.640248715877533, -0.4010255038738251, -0.21711237728595734, -0.2842969298362732, 0.7656267285346985, 0.9947267770767212, -0.23412449657917023, -0.3039349317550659, 0.5313128232955933, -0.35695499181747437, 0.02795363776385784, 1.051395058631897, -0.24877282977104187, 0.43560242652893066, -0.7885124087333679, 0.16257566213607788, 0.15117724239826202, -0.8885172605514526, 0.31277862191200256, 0.030947916209697723, 0.05331113189458847, 0.07737592607736588, 0.0380941778421402, -0.4904029369354248, 0.458530068397522, -0.7297778725624084, 0.1013249009847641, -0.8008142709732056, 0.6526557803153992, -0.507003664970398, -0.06383096426725388, 0.6444259285926819, 0.789520263671875, -0.3826214671134949, -0.20202499628067017, -0.630028247833252, -0.38931235671043396, 0.34615421295166016, -0.20503336191177368, -0.10336693376302719, -0.7326629757881165, 0.27538833022117615, -0.3337087631225586, -1.0223643779754639, 0.48929786682128906, 1.193061113357544, 0.11445590853691101, -0.43322983384132385, 0.38240668177604675, 0.09097056090831757, -0.1490572839975357, 0.5047624707221985, -0.5676103234291077, 0.015649888664484024, 0.13556958734989166 ]
249093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Thames	Battle of the Thames	The Battle of the Thames , also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was an American victory in the War of 1812 against Tecumseh's Confederacy and their British allies. It took place on October 5, 1813, in Upper Canada, near Chatham. The British lost control of Southwestern Ontario as a result of the battle; Tecumseh was killed, and his confederacy largely fell apart. British troops under Major General Henry Procter had occupied Detroit until the United States Navy gained control of Lake Erie, cutting them off from their supplies. Procter was forced to retreat north up the Thames River to Moraviantown, followed by the tribal confederacy under Shawnee leader Tecumseh who were his allies. American infantry and cavalry under Major General William Henry Harrison drove off the British and then defeated the Indigenous peoples, who were demoralized by the death of Tecumseh in action. American control was re-established in the Detroit area, the tribal confederacy collapsed, and Procter was court-martialled for his poor leadership. Background The American Army of the Northwest under William Henry Harrison was attempting to recover Fort Detroit and capture Fort Malden at Amherstburg, Ontario during the last months of 1812 and for much of 1813 from the Right Division of the British Army in Upper Canada, which was commanded by Major General Henry Procter. The British position depended on maintaining command of Lake Erie, as the sparsely populated region produced insufficient crops and cattle to feed Procter's troops, the sailors of the British ships on the lake, and the large number of Indians and their families gathered at Amherstburg under Tecumseh. Supplies could effectively be brought to them only by water, usually from Long Point near the eastern end of Lake Erie. Also, if naval command of Lake Erie passed to the Americans, they would be able to land an army on the north shore, cutting off Procter from reinforcement from the east. British armed vessels had maintained control of the lake from the start of the war to the end of July 1813. The United States Navy was constructing its own squadron at Presque Isle Bay commanded by Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry. During July, the British under Commander Robert Heriot Barclay kept the Americans pinned down in Presque Isle, but they had to lift the blockade for two days in order to receive supplies. Perry was able to move his ships across the sandbar at the entrance to the harbor and into the lake, and Barclay failed to attack them. Perry's superior squadron instituted a counter-blockade of Amherstburg as soon as his vessels were armed and manned, and supplies of food rapidly ran short. Finally, with supplies almost exhausted, Barclay put out to seek battle with Perry on September 10, but Perry gained a complete victory in the Battle of Lake Erie. Perry hastily wrote a note to General Harrison stating: "We have met the enemy and they are ours". Harrison knew that Procter would be forced to retreat, so he ordered an advance. One thousand mounted troops began advancing along the lake shore to Detroit, and 2,500 foot soldiers were carried there and to Amherstburg by Perry's ships once they had repaired any damage received during the battle. Procter's retreat Procter had made preparations to fall back to the British position at Burlington Heights at the western end of Lake Ontario even before he received news of Barclay's defeat, and Tecumseh knew that this would remove all protection from the confederation tribes whose lands lay to the west of Detroit. He attempted to dissuade Procter: Our fleet has gone out, we know they have fought; we have heard the great guns but know nothing of what has happened to our Father with one Arm [Barclay had lost an arm in 1809]. Our ships have gone one way, and we are much astonished to see our Father [Procter] tying up everything and preparing to run the other, without letting his red children know what his intentions are.... We must compare our Father's conduct to a fat animal that carries its tail upon its back; but when affrighted, it drops it between its legs and runs off. Nevertheless, Procter could not defend Fort Amherstburg, as there was no food and the guns had been removed from the fort to be mounted on Barclay's ships. He began to retreat up the Thames River on September 27. Tecumseh had no option but to go with him. Procter apparently agreed to a compromise to retreat only as far as Moraviantown, a settlement of Lenape Indians who had migrated from the United States. This was the highest navigable point of the river, so it was safe from outflanking moves by water. Also, some supplies could be brought there overland from Burlington Heights, although the roads were very poor. However, Procter made no attempt to fortify this position. The British retreat was badly managed, and the soldiers had been reduced to half rations. Procter allegedly left the main body of his army under command of Colonel Augustus Warburton of the 41st Regiment, without orders, while he led the retreat accompanied by his wife and family, the other women and dependents, and his personal baggage. The British soldiers were becoming increasingly demoralized, and Tecumseh's warriors grew ever more impatient with Procter for his unwillingness to stop and fight. The Americans left a brigade under Duncan McArthur to garrison Detroit and another under Lewis Cass to garrison Sandwich, Ontario. Harrison led the main body from Sandwich in pursuit of Procter on October 2. As they advanced, Harrison's men captured several abandoned boats and a steady stream of British stragglers. They caught up with the retreating British and Indians late on October 4. Tecumseh skirmished with the Americans near Chatham, Ontario to slow their advance, but the Indians were quickly overwhelmed. The boats carrying Warburton's reserve ammunition and the last of the food ran aground and were left behind to be captured by an American raiding party. Forces William Henry Harrison's force numbered at least 3,500 infantry and cavalry. He had a small detachment of regulars from the 27th U.S. Infantry and five brigades of Kentucky militia led by Isaac Shelby, the 63 year-old governor of Kentucky and a hero of the American Revolutionary War. He also had 1,000 volunteer cavalry under Colonel Richard Mentor Johnson. Most of Johnson's men were from Kentucky, but some were from the River Raisin area of Michigan, all of them spurred on by the slogan "Remember the River Raisin." Procter had about 800 soldiers, mainly from the 41st Regiment. The veterans of the regiment's 1st Battalion had been serving in Canada since 1803 and had suffered heavy casualties in several engagements in 1813, including the Battle of Lake Erie, where more than 150 of its men had served aboard Barclay's ships. They had been reinforced by the young soldiers of the 2nd Battalion. Most of the regiment's officers were dissatisfied with Procter's leadership, but Colonel Warburton, the next in seniority, refused to countenance any move to remove him from command. Tecumseh led about 500 Indians. Battle Procter ordered his troops to abandon their half-cooked breakfast and retreat a further two miles shortly after daybreak on October 5, then formed them into line of battle with a single 6-pounder cannon. He planned to trap Harrison on the banks of the Thames, driving the Americans off the road with cannon fire, but he had made no attempt to fortify the position by creating abatis or throwing up earthworks, and the ground presented no obstacle to the American horsemen, while scattered trees masked the British fire. Tecumseh's men formed a line in a black ash swamp on the British right to flank the Americans. Tecumseh rode along the British line, shaking hands with each officer before rejoining his warriors. General Harrison surveyed the battlefield and ordered James Johnson (brother of Richard Mentor Johnson) to make a frontal attack on the British regulars with his mounted riflemen. Despite the Indians' flanking fire, Johnson's Kentuckians broke through, the British cannon not having fired. The exhausted, dispirited, and half-starved British regulars fired a single ragged fusillade before retreating in disorder. Procter and about 250 of his men fled from the battlefield, while the rest of his soldiers threw down their weapons and surrendered. (Most of the British soldiers, including Lieutenant Richard Bullock's grenadier company, who escaped the battlefield were on the right of the British line, where the ground was marshy and more thickly wooded.) Tecumseh and his followers remained and carried on fighting. Johnson charged into the Indian position at the head of about 20 horsemen to draw attention away from the main American force, but Tecumseh and his men answered with a volley of musket fire that stopped the cavalry charge. Fifteen of Johnson's men were killed or wounded (Johnson himself was hit five times), and his main force became bogged down in the swamp mud. Tecumseh is believed to have been killed during this fighting. The main force finally made its way through the swamp, and James Johnson's troops were freed from their attack on the British. The American reinforcements were converging as news spread of the death of Tecumseh, and Indian resistance dissolved. Richard Mentor Johnson claimed to have shot Tecumseh, though the evidence is unclear; William Whitley was a Revolutionary War veteran who is also credited with killing him. James A Drain, Sr. published an autobiography, Single Handed (1927), in which he recounts Whitley's granddaughter telling their family tradition that Whitley and Tecumseh killed each other simultaneously. Casualties Harrison reported that the British regulars had 72 killed and 22 wounded prisoners. Lieutenant Richard Bullock of the 41st Regiment, however, said that there were 12 killed and 36 wounded prisoners. More than a year after the battle, British Colonel Augustus Warburton and Lieutenant Colonel William Evans both reported that 18 were killed and 25 wounded. Harrison reported 601 British troops captured, a figure that included the prisoners taken during the retreat leading up to the battle and stragglers captured after it. The Indians recorded their own casualties as 16 killed, including Tecumseh, although Harrison claimed that 33 dead Indians were found in the woods after the battle. General Procter wrote in a letter dated October 23, 1813, "The Indian cause and ours experienced a serious loss in the death of Round Head." American soldiers scalped and skinned some of the dead Indians in order to acquire souvenirs. There are conflicting versions of the American loss in the battle. Harrison stated that 7 were killed outright, 5 died of wounds, and 17 more were wounded. Major Isaac Shelby said that 7 or 8 were killed outright, 4 died of their wounds, and about 20 more were wounded. Participant Robert McAfee gave 10 killed and 35 wounded, while Peter Trisler Jr. said that there were 14 killed and 20 wounded. Historian Samuel R. Brown states that there were 25 killed or fatally injured and 50 wounded in Johnson's regiment, and 2 killed and 6–7 wounded in the infantry, for a total of 27 killed and 56 or 57 wounded. Harrison informed Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. that the only casualties inflicted by the British were three men wounded; all of the rest were caused by the Indians. Aftermath The enlistments were about to expire for the militia component of Harrison's army, so the Americans retired to Detroit. The American victory led to re-established American control over the Northwest frontier, and the Detroit area remained comparatively quiet for the rest of the war, apart from skirmishes such as the Battle of Longwoods and an American mounted raid near the end of 1814 which resulted in the Battle of Malcolm's Mills. American victory at the Thames failed to translate into recapture of Illinois, Wisconsin, and other Midwestern territories, which the British and Indians held until the war's end; efforts also failed to regain control of the Old Northwest and of fur trade routes after the British victory at the subsequent Engagements on Lake Huron. The death of Tecumseh was a crushing blow to the Indian alliance which he created, and it dissolved following the battle. Harrison signed an armistice at Detroit with the chiefs or representatives of several tribes, although others fought on until the end of the war and beyond. He then transferred most of his regulars east to the Niagara River and went himself to Washington where he was acclaimed a hero. However, a comparatively petty dispute with President James Madison and John Armstrong resulted in him resigning his commission as major general. Harrison's popularity grew, and he was eventually elected president. Richard Mentor Johnson eventually became vice president to President Martin Van Buren, based partly on the belief that he had personally killed Tecumseh. A few days after the battle, Procter rallied 246 men of the 41st Regiment at the Grand River, reinforced by some young soldiers of the 2nd battalion who had not been present at the battle. The two battalions were reorganized and merged, as the regiment was severely understrength at this point, and the survivors of the 1st Battalion were placed in the grenadier and light infantry companies. The soldiers of the 41st who were taken prisoner at Moraviantown and the Battle of Lake Erie were exchanged or released towards the end of 1814. They had been held in encampments near Sandusky, Ohio, and had suffered severely from sickness during their captivity. In May 1814, Procter was charged with negligence and improper conduct, though a court martial could not be held until December, when campaigning had ceased for the winter and a senior board of officers could be assembled. They judged that Procter had managed the retreat badly, failing to secure his stores, and also disposed the troops ineffectively at Moraviantown. He was sentenced to be suspended from rank and pay for six months. Legacy Three modern battalions of the United States Army perpetuate the lineage of the old 27th Infantry Regiment, elements of which were at the Battle of the Thames. Order of battle The following units and commanders of the American, British, and Native American armed forces Battle of the Thames: Abbreviations used MG = Major General BG = Brigadier General Col = Colonel Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel Maj = Major Cpt = Captain Lt = 1st Lieutenant w = wounded k = killed m = missing American Forces Army of the Northwest: MG William Henry Harrison General Staff Inspector-General: Col George Walker Military Secretary: Maj William T. Barry Judge Advocate General: Maj Thomas Barr Adjutant General: Joseph McDowell Aide-de-Camp: Oliver Hazard Perry Aide-de-Camp: BG Lewis Cass Kentucky Militia Governor Isaac Shelby General Staff 1st Aide de Camp: BG John Adair 2nd Aide de Camp: Maj John J. Crittenden Quartermaster General: BG John Payne British and Native forces Major General Henry Procter British 41st (Welsh) Regiment of Foot: Col Augustus Warburton Local militia (composition unknown) Tecumseh's confederacy Tecumseh † Shawnee: Tecumseh Odawa: Naiwash Ojibwe: Oshawahnah Notes References Sources Carter-Edwards, Dennis. "The War of 1812 Along the Detroit Frontier: A Canadian Perspective," in The Michigan Historical Review, 13:2 (Fall 1987), pp. 25–50. Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner, 1939. (1990 reissue). Edmunds, R. David. "Forgotten Allies: The Loyal Shawnees and the War of 1812" in David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds., The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814, pp. 337–351. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001. . Elting, John R. Amateurs, To Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin, 1991. (hardcover); (1995 Da Capo Press paperback). Forester, C.S. The Age of Fighting Sail, New English Library, Hitsman, J. Mackay and Graves, Donald. The Incredible War of 1812, Robin Brass Studios, Toronto, 1999. Latimer, Jon. 1812: War with America. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2007. Sugden, John. Tecumseh's Last Stand. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. . Sugden, John. Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Holt, 1997. (hardcover); (1999 paperback). Zaslow, Morris (ed) The Defended Border, Macmillan of Canada, 1964, Conflicts in 1813 Thames William Henry Harrison Tecumseh 1813 in North America October 1813 events Thames	[ -1.0024021863937378, -0.19610895216464996, -0.6542171239852905, 0.5205776691436768, 0.28304994106292725, 0.5333361029624939, 0.6053130626678467, 0.29251033067703247, -0.2693135440349579, -0.6974751353263855, 0.20034943521022797, 0.4210928678512573, -0.0020660622976720333, 0.4055887460708618, -0.5698778629302979, -0.07544912397861481, 0.2672361433506012, -0.7677435278892517, 1.2492201328277588, -0.4183903634548187, -0.10609139502048492, 0.2290988713502884, 0.30161550641059875, 0.6456032395362854, 0.6120005249977112, -0.2051592618227005, 0.29017573595046997, -0.6337240934371948, -0.010566037148237228, 0.08749816566705704, 0.3060641288757324, 0.5148271322250366, 0.10044171661138535, -0.4909786581993103, -0.4316660463809967, -0.11888101696968079, -0.903753399848938, 0.2923293709754944, -0.40121158957481384, -0.8218120336532593, -0.2695467174053192, -0.12333688884973526, -0.08850948512554169, -0.04370509460568428, 0.2074114978313446, 0.4250820577144623, -0.9297145009040833, -0.3709023594856262, -0.976500391960144, -0.7437145709991455, -0.5069255828857422, 0.8871418237686157, 0.08531928807497025, 0.8619773387908936, 0.09378041326999664, -0.06443709880113602, -0.6308477520942688, -0.5674326419830322, 0.17060934007167816, -0.14424651861190796, 0.91889888048172, 0.17604318261146545, -0.1848618984222412, -0.39812976121902466, -0.06049666553735733, -0.5758719444274902, 0.6728484630584717, 0.1786782294511795, -0.12423517554998398, -0.19900771975517273, 0.46626898646354675, -0.23717403411865234, 0.025314299389719963, 0.2017804980278015, 0.04030035436153412, -0.39883822202682495, -0.02036607824265957, 0.2845432162284851, -0.25616246461868286, 0.3801025450229645, -0.15514647960662842, -0.4041217565536499, 0.5872530341148376, 0.12692373991012573, -0.1747746467590332, 0.36057788133621216, -0.06772767752408981, 0.14355017244815826, -0.5292027592658997, 0.23177286982536316, -0.5744256377220154, 0.11600256711244583, 0.27089154720306396, -0.1473262757062912, -0.15995804965496063, -0.2963545620441437, -0.3831546902656555, -0.056511614471673965, 0.051351964473724365, 0.04750397056341171, -0.2398284673690796, -0.34806933999061584, 1.4899221658706665, 0.3993125557899475, -0.32119670510292053, -0.408631831407547, 0.09140696376562119, -0.17198078334331512, 0.3656345009803772, -0.5559468865394592, 0.5295727252960205, 0.25909310579299927, -0.1459241360425949, -0.0911528691649437, -0.05513525754213333, 0.3325088620185852, 0.15495994687080383, -0.380656898021698, 0.09644848853349686, -0.023312365636229515, -0.04358917474746704, 0.21328596770763397, 0.002423939760774374, 0.03328707441687584, 0.06175610050559044, -0.03958338126540184, 0.6212059259414673, -0.13418595492839813, -0.4322889447212219, -0.008238410577178001, -0.2525390684604645, 1.1711492538452148, -0.4294143319129944, -0.26164767146110535, -0.3787061274051666, 0.37012794613838196, 0.45637816190719604, 0.38511747121810913, -0.15134243667125702, -0.09422697126865387, -0.5204489231109619, -0.6677454113960266, 0.39397525787353516, -0.2008994072675705, -0.042394980788230896, -0.1893865019083023, 0.03241949900984764, -0.3515322506427765, 0.22547590732574463, -0.32649359107017517, 0.31163784861564636, -0.03433231636881828, -0.1336236149072647, -0.23612336814403534, 0.30335909128189087, 0.6962589025497437, 0.951694667339325, -0.01163975615054369, 0.04460207000374794, 0.7109882235527039, -0.06434968113899231, 0.23723818361759186, 0.8094719052314758, -0.37465545535087585, 0.05378144979476929, 0.1395583301782608, 0.5329222679138184, -0.35842323303222656, 0.03808297961950302, -0.12442690134048462, 0.0405399389564991, -0.2470760941505432, 0.22528889775276184, -0.413906067609787, 0.13960275053977966, -0.060023676604032516, 0.7515623569488525, 0.3665894865989685, 0.29501739144325256, -0.10930059850215912, -0.2695823609828949, 0.8002057671546936, 0.3342696726322174, -0.10213682800531387, -0.0008490582113154233, 0.5600882172584534, 0.30083292722702026, 0.09125955402851105, -0.15484382212162018, 0.5952547192573547, 0.5946295857429504, -0.044928014278411865, -0.10271859169006348, -0.06358213722705841, 1.003792643547058, 0.005287535954266787, -0.7044298052787781, 0.3366238474845886, 0.12671726942062378, 0.48100152611732483, 0.04911530390381813, -0.032547853887081146, 0.8241013884544373, -0.3771595358848572, -0.5836936831474304, -0.4367661774158478, -0.3525955379009247, 0.34274545311927795, 0.45532092452049255, 0.269878625869751, 0.044377174228429794, -0.25870081782341003, -0.6818522214889526, 0.1964108943939209, 0.5761231780052185, -0.5485963821411133, -0.2048080712556839, -0.17734116315841675, 0.27571091055870056, -0.39934486150741577, 0.12051722407341003, -0.19277708232402802, 0.6661251187324524, 0.4871010184288025, 0.42946764826774597, 0.24361971020698547, -0.7553455233573914, 0.2816469371318817, 0.054153937846422195, -0.9761853218078613, -0.039209216833114624, 0.25275111198425293, -0.20034651458263397, -0.08008509874343872, 0.4354427456855774, -0.9709135890007019, -0.23910203576087952, -0.3471148908138275, 0.9705613851547241, 0.21029351651668549, -0.04305116832256317, -0.02870982140302658, -0.5719990730285645, 0.36358514428138733, 0.19589169323444366, -0.4821876287460327, 0.4224233329296112, -0.2848537266254425, 0.012669973075389862, -0.8364124894142151, -0.1628451645374298, 0.5097413063049316, 0.30989325046539307, 0.20497442781925201, 0.3245846629142761, -0.3680938482284546, 0.2560994327068329, 0.028345203027129173, 0.3159284293651581, 0.31367847323417664, 0.14086885750293732, 0.16201138496398926, -0.0062103853560984135, 0.2973189949989319, 0.07340958714485168, -0.31828272342681885, -0.6254684925079346, -0.04352881759405136, 0.1073252335190773, 0.05816937983036041, 0.6550300717353821, -0.2397868037223816, 0.48619478940963745, -0.2561633288860321, 0.8065327405929565, -0.4578555226325989, -0.12940546870231628, 0.45022210478782654, 0.07574863731861115, -0.48979687690734863, 0.22438552975654602, 0.7380415201187134, -0.357319712638855, -0.9980978965759277, 0.318436861038208, -0.2621786594390869, -0.29861971735954285, 0.03720972314476967, 0.33167070150375366, 0.41100215911865234, 0.1387956142425537, -0.19186370074748993, -0.1369088739156723, -0.10817612707614899, 0.667082667350769, 0.5351601839065552, -0.20969392359256744, 0.4222722351551056, 0.08894791454076767, 0.4665692150592804, -0.5909885764122009, 0.6674520373344421, -0.4542044401168823, -0.19861482083797455, 0.15611861646175385, -0.6990771293640137, -0.0047697159461677074, 0.4598817229270935, -5.482287883758545, 0.17645873129367828, 0.20380601286888123, -0.07420897483825684, -0.30802491307258606, -0.2694242596626282, 0.3701212704181671, 0.1284395307302475, 0.30233287811279297, 0.3730529844760895, 0.9013791680335999, -0.13542440533638, -0.6202576756477356, -0.3447997272014618, 0.2754800319671631, -0.5330820679664612, 0.6984732747077942, -0.2095334678888321, 0.10045576095581055, 0.39159417152404785, 0.3299691081047058, -0.1493884027004242, 0.3151908814907074, -0.0572974719107151, -0.14293575286865234, -0.09298097342252731, 0.45841288566589355, 0.19973506033420563, -0.5716239213943481, 0.3448881506919861, -0.06407053768634796, 0.06440157443284988, 0.5888903737068176, -0.7679263353347778, 0.22989465296268463, -0.5588772296905518, 0.5468359589576721, 0.8193256855010986, 0.5780802965164185, -0.5838889479637146, 0.08293730020523071, -0.27266791462898254, 0.05807850882411003, -0.3026687800884247, 0.691411018371582, 0.14474233984947205, 0.15357504785060883, 0.4840444326400757, 0.0035971563775092363, 0.2804132103919983, 0.6660249829292297, 0.3055029511451721, 0.3882632255554199, 0.17813406884670258, 0.38618215918540955, -0.09001898020505905, 0.1128227710723877, -0.5774587988853455, -0.1940264105796814, -0.1341843605041504, -0.087466299533844, -0.389908105134964, -0.1269361823797226, -0.20206044614315033, 0.6462597250938416, -1.188005805015564, -0.21913522481918335, 0.2950059771537781, 0.5282604098320007, 0.0532042533159256, 0.6682730913162231, 0.11657934635877609, 0.05739154666662216, -0.9570472836494446, 0.029525136575102806, -0.3320561945438385, -0.0486181266605854, 0.027564173564314842, 0.3823430836200714, -0.6072002649307251, -0.36806830763816833, -0.044267911463975906, 0.09591691941022873, 0.01695146970450878, 0.6127361059188843, 0.1468939334154129, -0.9250054359436035, 0.24849052727222443, -0.6879826784133911, -0.32021263241767883, 0.3098335266113281, 0.133354052901268, -0.5883071422576904, -0.12040450423955917, 0.31295260787010193, -0.6774833798408508, -0.44043904542922974, 0.3657204806804657, 0.6595577597618103, 0.20735864341259003, 0.19715671241283417, 0.09804672747850418, 0.19652396440505981, -0.9414446949958801, -0.2882060110569, 0.16224010288715363, -0.9889020323753357, 0.03191054239869118, 0.7016922831535339, -0.29289379715919495, -0.6338843107223511, -0.6141916513442993, 0.10271196812391281, -0.7534763216972351, 0.052858445793390274, -0.11308695375919342, 0.30592525005340576, 0.32982054352760315, 0.5557360649108887, 0.01737460121512413, -0.012665333226323128, 0.5657927989959717, -0.7626341581344604, 0.33794647455215454, 0.9491881132125854, -0.15215621888637543, -0.12714892625808716, 0.01705939508974552, -0.7358232140541077, 0.3223523497581482, 0.0473070926964283, -0.5903735756874084, -0.19026032090187073, 0.5936729907989502, 0.14682774245738983, 0.05491313710808754, -0.1707790642976761, -0.5752236843109131, -0.1573513001203537, 0.25755736231803894, 0.009615082293748856, -0.359310507774353, 0.415859192609787, -0.15257248282432556, 0.6779711246490479, 0.12347234040498734, -0.20592492818832397, -0.2317829430103302, -0.29823628067970276, 0.7901501655578613, -0.3569321930408478, -0.2203383892774582, -0.01329113356769085, -0.019414953887462616, 0.11284136027097702, 0.0429912693798542, 0.20079460740089417, 0.07926418632268906, -0.19138284027576447, -0.023801611736416817, 0.4984450042247772, 0.07152997702360153, -0.4431210458278656, -0.6077006459236145, -0.10327349603176117, 0.3665696978569031, -0.4253481328487396, -0.10675057023763657, -0.651589572429657, -0.30827510356903076, 0.5317187309265137, -0.11665799468755722, -0.6455627083778381, 0.6901097297668457, 0.3863530457019806, 0.30906757712364197, -0.5572075843811035, 0.34910160303115845, 0.3925534784793854, 0.22383125126361847, -0.2752093970775604, -0.16923783719539642, -0.05474425107240677, 0.5066388249397278, 0.28850188851356506, -0.15935581922531128, -0.020077021792531013, 0.19046331942081451, -0.24856087565422058, 0.09702716767787933, 0.10635402053594589, -0.4919183552265167, -0.03078651614487171, 0.18554896116256714, -0.4553057849407196, 0.17609772086143494, 0.10134388506412506, 0.07476397603750229, -0.5892803072929382, 0.10314452648162842, 0.07486342638731003, 0.13785922527313232, -0.4613737463951111, -0.007801590021699667, -0.42023810744285583, -0.8511504530906677, -0.019081993028521538, 0.45876654982566833, -0.42769908905029297, 0.8167092204093933, 0.22250722348690033, -0.7634389996528625, 0.12159635871648788, 0.753413736820221, -0.12234275043010712, -0.45718318223953247, 0.2842574417591095, 0.2196090817451477, 0.43761393427848816, -0.11784699559211731, -0.23336228728294373, 0.3436947464942932, -0.28836652636528015, -0.8135481476783752, -0.42417556047439575, 0.6441613435745239, -0.018614890053868294, -0.1774500012397766, 0.3496502637863159, -0.22219440340995789, -0.4418463706970215, -0.659725546836853, -0.16353507339954376, 0.35034966468811035, 0.8451659083366394, -0.25919243693351746, 0.4325384497642517, -0.40237146615982056, -0.4521472752094269, 0.6354981064796448, 0.22219985723495483, 0.7587261199951172, 0.6082267165184021, -0.24113138020038605, 0.21093542873859406, 0.6859363317489624, 0.3234730660915375, -0.048074837774038315, -0.32712212204933167, 0.10352561622858047, 0.3374181389808655, 0.319915771484375, -0.6747265458106995, -0.11176984012126923, 1.00331711769104, -0.6442878842353821, 0.32186293601989746, 0.011847630143165588, -0.3205515444278717, 0.06403407454490662, -0.24750584363937378, 0.030041996389627457, -0.799590528011322, -0.23333100974559784, 0.3746181130409241, -0.5124552249908447, -0.43503811955451965, 0.24059464037418365, -0.6230106949806213, -0.19172489643096924, 0.3644237518310547, -0.8285130262374878, -0.2297898679971695, -0.035768844187259674, 0.005649613682180643, 0.3620271384716034, 0.024909107014536858, -0.5629551410675049, 0.9457054734230042, 0.19800584018230438, -0.4163352847099304, -0.16337738931179047, -0.9564527869224548, -0.34690093994140625, 0.14893345534801483, -0.34948915243148804, -0.26856327056884766, 0.2167239785194397, 0.7815834283828735, 0.1235380619764328, -0.5911649465560913, 0.2698236107826233, -0.5541364550590515, 0.24635742604732513, 0.04601489007472992, -0.08778434991836548, -0.08889008313417435, 1.1590375900268555, -0.17236849665641785, 0.712868332862854, -1.1275157928466797, 0.5706163048744202, 0.029160762205719948, -0.2654213607311249, -0.0009132688282988966, 0.09524479508399963, -0.29620447754859924, -0.19568504393100739, 0.1710847169160843, 0.03048880025744438, 0.10753531008958817, -0.3506282866001129, 0.10666992515325546, 0.09481644630432129, -0.17240481078624725, -0.10197344422340393, 0.684083878993988, -0.4889005720615387, 0.2112419605255127, -0.20416834950447083, -0.024765130132436752, -0.42097342014312744, 0.2702973186969757, 0.21247589588165283, 0.3421614468097687, 0.7553004026412964, -0.3227621614933014, -0.7289552092552185, -0.0764119029045105, 0.5019997954368591, 0.5214681625366211, -0.019616657868027687, -1.1846051216125488, -0.26399004459381104, -0.4785007834434509, -0.09064488857984543, -0.5946764349937439, -0.3424569368362427, -0.8324695825576782, 0.07220227271318436, 0.3472614586353302, 0.1993926614522934, -0.26296770572662354, -0.03661482408642769, -0.17173577845096588, -0.058900948613882065, 0.7467187643051147, 0.024701764807105064, 0.1284562647342682, -0.17412863671779633, 0.4834687113761902, -0.4745270311832428, 0.4298847019672394, -0.5894891619682312, 0.8357831835746765, 0.005326603539288044, 0.24483497440814972, -0.11256852000951767, 0.2738100290298462, -0.07750524580478668, -0.3353583514690399, -0.3221340775489807, 0.4175754189491272, -0.3386813700199127, -0.10711757093667984, 0.12244687229394913, -0.021986976265907288, 0.19776277244091034, -0.16229771077632904, 0.12397521734237671, 0.14623719453811646, -0.030345981940627098, -0.2802606523036957, -0.7079984545707703, 0.15585078299045563, 0.2663626968860626, -0.37028032541275024, 0.03217752277851105, 0.030503833666443825, 0.028293374925851822, -0.3092046082019806, -0.5831407308578491, -0.05663597211241722, -0.4929892420768738, -0.19545449316501617, -0.3182404041290283, 0.014196664094924927, -0.25671854615211487, -1.1605935096740723, -0.6203065514564514, 0.1365484595298767, -0.6298160552978516, -0.37407708168029785, 0.6328751444816589, -0.5787724256515503, -0.20848847925662994, 0.08904412388801575, 0.866969883441925, -0.2188282310962677, 0.9140574932098389, -0.10522598773241043, 0.09144949913024902, 0.08627746254205704, -0.013194181025028229, -0.32471412420272827, 1.0457130670547485, -0.5206724405288696, -0.3225116729736328, -0.48242121934890747, 0.6115037202835083, 0.014117431826889515, -0.03346056118607521, -0.28477776050567627, 0.5339322090148926, -1.380622386932373, -0.6453753113746643, 0.4263404309749603, -0.523591160774231, 0.030375612899661064, -0.3200104236602783, 0.18591299653053284, -0.1702990084886551, -0.04583057016134262, -0.3065543472766876, -0.025718463584780693, -0.6336935758590698, 0.531131386756897, -0.28237396478652954, -0.29444947838783264, 0.44980132579803467, -0.1260281652212143, -0.47084254026412964, -0.23488183319568634, 0.2816910147666931, -0.10113853216171265, -0.5196900963783264, 0.5179184675216675, 0.5121926069259644, 0.08854829519987106, -0.39665767550468445, 0.7650930881500244, -0.008713163435459137, 0.6653721928596497, 0.05736418813467026, 0.1835431456565857, -0.7808603644371033, 0.1523904651403427, -0.359711617231369, 0.005344165023416281, 0.5876534581184387, 0.40254735946655273, 0.2564816176891327, 0.6181089282035828, -0.5365557074546814, 0.3010338544845581, -0.12151724845170975, -0.199258953332901, -0.4902316629886627, -0.20399922132492065, 0.20165011286735535 ]
249099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysm	Cataclysm	Cataclysm is derived from the Greek (), 'down, against', and (), 'wash over, surge'. It may refer to: Common meanings Generally, any large-scale disaster Deluge (mythology) Doomsday event, see hypothetical risks to civilization, humans, and planet Earth A catastrophic natural event: List of geological phenomena earthquake, the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves volcanic eruption Video games World of Warcraft: Cataclysm, an expansion pack of Blizzard Entertainment's World of Warcraft Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead, an open-source cross-platform roguelike video game Homeworld: Cataclysm, a stand-alone expansion, of the Homeworld space-based RTS franchise Books and comics Cataclysm (Dragonlance), a fictional event in the Dragonlance novels Batman: Cataclysm, a DC Comics crossover story arc featuring Batman Cataclysm: The Ultimates' Last Stand a 2013-2014 crossover storyline appearing in the Ultimate Marvel line of books Godzilla: Cataclysm - see Godzilla (comics)#IDW Publishing Other uses A special ability used by Cat Noir, a character in Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir See also Cataclysmic variable star, which irregularly increase in brightness by a large factor, then drop back down to a quiescent state (initially called novae) Ekpyrosis, a conflagration Eschatology	[ -0.22788317501544952, 0.4110635221004486, -0.3150196671485901, -0.10234179347753525, -0.7569880485534668, 0.3162640631198883, 0.7981553673744202, 0.18453411757946014, -0.04954582452774048, -0.386125773191452, -0.6988335847854614, 0.25656139850616455, -0.5598901510238647, 0.6913320422172546, 0.05136300250887871, 0.8117362856864929, -0.004410151857882738, 0.673862099647522, -0.5015956163406372, 0.1292029470205307, -0.23905499279499054, 0.005199809558689594, 0.37504976987838745, 0.03193684667348862, 0.6502985954284668, -0.04593830928206444, -0.1452980488538742, -0.15430855751037598, 0.021884005516767502, 0.11876426637172699, 0.4757980406284332, 0.8456658124923706, -0.149208664894104, -0.5251020193099976, -0.049713682383298874, 0.2373517006635666, 0.08331313729286194, -0.36645275354385376, -0.5207013487815857, -0.9013405442237854, 0.17154598236083984, -0.38683071732521057, 0.5995771884918213, -0.17957091331481934, -0.24196217954158783, -0.14801909029483795, -1.5814034938812256, 0.49165037274360657, -0.7937221527099609, -0.15562081336975098, -0.13219112157821655, 0.2207265943288803, 0.12473852932453156, 0.14848043024539948, -0.4463314116001129, 0.8831217288970947, -0.840437114238739, 0.4177009165287018, 0.5232217311859131, -0.9612933397293091, 0.6749399304389954, 0.24592867493629456, 0.21063828468322754, 0.41763728857040405, 0.13947434723377228, 0.35633140802383423, -0.205335795879364, 0.3622170388698578, -0.4825194478034973, -0.6492598056793213, -0.2320520132780075, 0.1754167675971985, -0.11112837493419647, 0.16469064354896545, -0.9024901986122131, -0.12330703437328339, -0.37443697452545166, -0.5411351323127747, 0.2698686122894287, -0.1683448851108551, -0.34522882103919983, 0.45746928453445435, 0.10749511420726776, -0.07017029821872711, 0.07433748245239258, -0.27668076753616333, -0.07580919563770294, 0.73749840259552, -0.2551688551902771, 0.5526047945022583, 0.416435182094574, -0.10474027693271637, 0.3489581048488617, 0.07620824128389359, -0.03573394566774368, -0.028895732015371323, 0.799665093421936, -0.4426176846027374, -0.287275105714798, -0.6168510317802429, 0.026335515081882477, -0.20042681694030762, -0.10637828707695007, -0.3845173120498657, 0.22840897738933563, -0.2821299135684967, -0.10872196406126022, -0.5271289944648743, 0.35582560300827026, -0.047425299882888794, -0.5929268002510071, 0.17938807606697083, -0.1548124998807907, -0.09274319559335709, -1.0642164945602417, -0.6745150685310364, 0.20046938955783844, 0.067286416888237, 0.4427219331264496, -0.3247796893119812, 0.08281927555799484, -0.017131205648183823, 0.10220937430858612, -0.1029272973537445, -0.2507157325744629, -0.16360844671726227, -0.034995805472135544, 0.4415046274662018, -0.8819547891616821, 0.061774421483278275, 0.2549043595790863, 0.36982861161231995, 0.16276168823242188, -0.08697457611560822, 0.24217574298381805, 0.01986018940806389, 0.5304943323135376, -0.23669172823429108, 0.3419325053691864, 0.6020627617835999, -0.28054115176200867, -0.526285707950592, -0.42803993821144104, 0.0450982004404068, 0.4181607663631439, -0.47614991664886475, 0.27537500858306885, 0.05507941171526909, -0.0556778721511364, -0.09602585434913635, -0.18544726073741913, 0.3420754373073578, -0.11469682306051254, 0.3588469624519348, 0.14602172374725342, 0.3420465886592865, 0.5623207092285156, -0.2178160846233368, -0.05451096594333649, 0.26434752345085144, -0.0376853384077549, -0.06443198770284653, 0.017991261556744576, -0.4258551001548767, -0.08504519611597061, -0.4423200190067291, 0.16890758275985718, 0.6187661290168762, -0.498938649892807, 0.07516211271286011, -0.3208513557910919, 0.19289946556091309, 0.2952885925769806, 0.26842406392097473, 0.33220717310905457, 0.032752349972724915, 0.5415709614753723, -0.15869079530239105, 0.7079777121543884, 0.19397832453250885, -0.6853393912315369, 0.6362987160682678, -0.28167790174484253, -0.0662468820810318, 0.7725083231925964, 0.17053012549877167, 0.2512322664260864, -0.3250269889831543, -0.0042029679752886295, -0.10505053400993347, -0.5421123504638672, -0.7593175768852234, -0.3268636465072632, -0.47020310163497925, 1.072529911994934, -0.5731622576713562, -0.6080822944641113, 0.3410106897354126, 0.03557674586772919, 0.3411811292171478, 0.06242198497056961, 0.03771774470806122, 0.08173111826181412, -0.17055220901966095, -0.27633845806121826, 0.19873012602329254, -0.1199149563908577, 0.3393562138080597, -0.06325023621320724, 0.32801786065101624, 0.3061977028846741, -0.4793093502521515, -0.029270676895976067, -0.17051097750663757, 0.11380574107170105, 0.00699809892103076, -0.7238162755966187, 0.286133736371994, 0.11233267188072205, -0.0010625661816447973, 0.18503040075302124, -0.6099459528923035, -0.41247934103012085, 0.04357130080461502, 0.1260758638381958, 0.43411916494369507, -0.022418705746531487, 0.4242993891239166, 0.4158199727535248, -0.7707159519195557, 0.4921264350414276, 0.19155968725681305, 0.18920281529426575, -0.22427403926849365, -0.41887134313583374, -0.1579473316669464, 0.3874014914035797, -0.11092793941497803, 0.7538814544677734, -0.6085105538368225, -0.4288695752620697, 0.43401584029197693, -0.07773273438215256, 0.5853292346000671, -0.03152172639966011, -0.393811970949173, -0.20619918406009674, -0.19401802122592926, -0.272447794675827, 0.6368094682693481, -0.044861242175102234, 0.3011864721775055, 0.14307749271392822, -0.21515312790870667, 0.23861142992973328, -0.13773193955421448, 0.04851779714226723, 0.07072636485099792, -0.10216935724020004, 0.22847223281860352, -0.5941503047943115, -0.17857937514781952, 0.1413263976573944, -0.21336773037910461, 0.1120883896946907, -0.7593193054199219, -0.4021349847316742, 0.26112672686576843, 0.13009075820446014, 0.0251708272844553, 0.7514211535453796, -0.15251442790031433, -0.04214276000857353, 0.32505151629447937, -0.7225137948989868, -0.386490136384964, 0.540177047252655, 0.02024727500975132, -0.28808775544166565, -0.4360145628452301, -0.40239688754081726, 0.7188454866409302, 0.19784028828144073, -0.6384979486465454, 0.3145633041858673, 0.01075313426554203, 0.14260327816009521, -0.3006040155887604, -0.08881842344999313, 0.025184474885463715, -0.10620670765638351, -0.24741815030574799, 0.34346845746040344, -0.46526578068733215, 0.22700326144695282, 0.1913178712129593, 0.40669307112693787, 0.46434035897254944, -0.2508911192417145, -0.06002410501241684, -0.4631877839565277, 0.08465427160263062, -0.3277405798435211, 0.022599952295422554, 0.5145677328109741, -0.338693231344223, -0.26891738176345825, 0.8642712831497192, -5.7928056716918945, -0.20983408391475677, 0.18334230780601501, -0.08374292403459549, 0.12903188169002533, 0.4760005474090576, 0.500531792640686, 0.1957327276468277, -0.731932520866394, -0.04579389467835426, -0.29891857504844666, -0.17332813143730164, 0.06934790313243866, 0.3795450031757355, 0.3815646171569824, -0.36932042241096497, 0.0289229154586792, -0.28865882754325867, -0.2570961117744446, 0.23773552477359772, 0.05976494029164314, 0.040664151310920715, -0.1467929631471634, 0.79285728931427, 0.019033383578062057, -0.3651019334793091, 0.1113068237900734, 0.34611776471138, -0.11014284938573837, 0.7375959753990173, 0.3585521876811981, 0.06123698875308037, 0.09857223182916641, 0.24978695809841156, -0.05751888081431389, 0.04869677126407623, 0.25608742237091064, -0.5844541788101196, -0.030744632706046104, -0.22769388556480408, -0.6153746843338013, -0.0264369398355484, 0.18739992380142212, -0.25784361362457275, 0.1729697585105896, -0.6659890413284302, 0.1268928050994873, 0.29131460189819336, -0.32544785737991333, 0.47408902645111084, -0.44983574748039246, 0.09876774996519089, 0.06197669729590416, -0.2919093668460846, 0.2610408663749695, 0.29531046748161316, 0.9141180515289307, -0.449125736951828, -0.18523834645748138, -0.1287461370229721, 0.5649209022521973, -0.35073360800743103, 0.14688163995742798, -0.19465164840221405, 0.4230685830116272, -0.11048096418380737, -0.5908129215240479, -0.6492414474487305, 0.8923557996749878, 0.0057401456870138645, -0.2745216488838196, 0.1157439574599266, -0.051917705684900284, -0.7935827374458313, 0.1182488426566124, -0.3341529369354248, 0.1813599318265915, 0.04242551699280739, 0.8612467646598816, 0.1745908409357071, -0.5391409993171692, -0.22544339299201965, -0.6432391405105591, -0.24345631897449493, 0.13539358973503113, -0.15292008221149445, -0.01547070313245058, 0.13101738691329956, -0.051061127334833145, 0.1557873636484146, 0.8569003939628601, 0.11468899250030518, 0.33603134751319885, 0.1206071674823761, 0.21097804605960846, 0.7468905448913574, -0.43334367871284485, 0.18086490035057068, 0.7817980051040649, -0.30404406785964966, 0.032515645027160645, -0.6792435050010681, 0.15970765054225922, 0.35364794731140137, 0.19912214577198029, -0.24726088345050812, -0.20954692363739014, 0.28834328055381775, 0.8676774501800537, -0.1800127476453781, 0.11078544706106186, 0.3914004862308502, 0.2931802570819855, -0.3686010241508484, 0.16012828052043915, 0.26807504892349243, -0.2738445997238159, 0.407784104347229, 0.33717671036720276, 0.19815242290496826, 0.2424851655960083, 0.3260313868522644, -1.1405335664749146, 0.15307918190956116, 0.16428101062774658, 0.008848179131746292, 0.04735501855611801, -0.12483541667461395, 0.26453736424446106, -0.22841623425483704, 0.5639564990997314, -0.25619539618492126, 0.7730280160903931, -0.05741339176893234, -0.061576493084430695, -0.4363996386528015, 0.3711152970790863, 0.13133995234966278, -0.6070963144302368, -0.9025857448577881, 0.27899599075317383, -0.3155515491962433, -0.4962911307811737, -0.08351841568946838, 0.6094514727592468, 0.3032672107219696, -0.13568644225597382, 0.20490367710590363, 0.4240325093269348, 0.7194377183914185, -0.04977910593152046, 0.22664150595664978, 0.07392632216215134, -0.46690306067466736, -0.5206608176231384, 0.07256137579679489, 0.03645222261548042, 0.4163113534450531, -0.04483196884393692, -0.6998903751373291, -0.5560646653175354, -0.12076933681964874, -1.3246372938156128, -0.9090360999107361, -0.2494482398033142, -0.44544821977615356, -0.5314241647720337, -0.49741798639297485, 0.0631915032863617, 0.233632892370224, -0.2500101327896118, -0.18158447742462158, -0.4135107398033142, -0.08112236857414246, 0.16570934653282166, 0.07768160104751587, -0.04295055940747261, 0.2008894383907318, 0.29981666803359985, -0.004898766055703163, -0.0692436546087265, -0.1611516773700714, 0.049268536269664764, 0.2210884988307953, 0.4163479506969452, -0.5386402606964111, -0.46005260944366455, 0.12834034860134125, -0.5459940433502197, 0.022388987243175507, 0.3481883406639099, 0.2899121344089508, -0.09326568990945816, -0.12052442878484726, 0.10589782893657684, 0.252446711063385, -0.6715022325515747, 0.3140510618686676, 0.08503848314285278, -0.2827635109424591, 0.2736525535583496, 0.7755358815193176, -0.2913263440132141, -0.14699742197990417, 0.04721831530332565, -0.7892200350761414, 0.8482829928398132, -0.3177207112312317, -0.3000982701778412, 0.16027532517910004, -0.0330255851149559, 0.050771314650774, -0.42710229754447937, 0.6834865808486938, -0.19309523701667786, 0.10503382235765457, 0.371324747800827, -0.5606616735458374, -0.10389646142721176, -0.7328939437866211, 0.40915775299072266, -0.22663123905658722, 0.2175138145685196, 0.329702228307724, -0.23826679587364197, -0.2799796760082245, 0.33179038763046265, -0.4397434890270233, 1.150935411453247, 0.14778168499469757, -0.10867403447628021, 0.5062384009361267, -0.3219548761844635, 0.13196568191051483, -0.0114569291472435, -0.5819070339202881, -0.18709462881088257, -0.08318426460027695, -0.3150554299354553, -0.8916851878166199, 0.0536169707775116, 0.3943135142326355, 0.6301734447479248, 0.04523961618542671, -0.03962162137031555, 0.4347132742404938, 0.1890612244606018, -0.8222642540931702, 0.09898988157510757, -0.10557544231414795, 0.41770997643470764, 0.08221091330051422, -0.429797887802124, -0.5736042857170105, 0.46178439259529114, 0.028509221971035004, -0.003049461869522929, -0.33166900277137756, 0.1760350912809372, 0.5202369093894958, 0.016093123704195023, -0.12225203216075897, -0.49109047651290894, 0.17941443622112274, -0.13187678158283234, 0.180029958486557, -0.2654915750026703, 0.09179307520389557, 0.17322289943695068, -0.6508703827857971, 0.41009047627449036, 0.09811674803495407, 0.14839141070842743, 0.006584593094885349, 0.676764190196991, 0.12390945106744766, -0.3774222731590271, -0.817768394947052, 0.008348348550498486, 0.1792430430650711, -0.06122690811753273, -0.3752014935016632, -0.5640707612037659, -0.1514364629983902, 0.3564600646495819, -0.611083984375, 0.541188657283783, -0.6632282733917236, -0.6826705932617188, -0.2995173931121826, -0.5902174115180969, 0.03726990893483162, 0.4136582016944885, -0.012863618321716785, -0.11936574429273605, -0.0376567542552948, -0.024898601695895195, 0.5531402230262756, -0.15550754964351654, -0.21958893537521362, -1.157355546951294, 0.35433754324913025, -0.07321951538324356, -0.9094329476356506, 0.0013345318147912621, -0.0414995513856411, 0.17368511855602264, -0.6009936928749084, 0.1932673454284668, 0.1866549551486969, 0.3526684641838074, 0.12426578253507614, 0.02435184270143509, 0.5079849362373352, -0.14007915556430817, -0.08024302870035172, 0.38873133063316345, -0.425369530916214, 0.7321913242340088, 0.7583094239234924, 0.2876818776130676, -0.1587473452091217, 0.5564563870429993, -0.509644091129303, 0.07087860256433487, -0.053252313286066055, -0.372886598110199, 0.3283367156982422, -0.10428395867347717, 0.7410464882850647, 0.6443786025047302, 0.419391393661499, -0.42184919118881226, 0.5422290563583374, -0.12721116840839386, -0.6059234738349915, 0.11466949433088303, -0.3324570953845978, -0.7867916822433472, 0.3213901221752167, 0.25055715441703796, 0.20494575798511505, -0.013845164328813553, 0.33428525924682617, -0.23513004183769226, 0.2035011500120163, 0.3694343566894531, 0.3037489950656891, -0.4072464108467102, -0.11094144731760025, 0.2553039491176605, -0.30373838543891907, 0.7241171598434448, -0.6128513216972351, 0.3875235915184021, -0.22892481088638306, 0.6811884045600891, 0.025649050250649452, -0.41817739605903625, 0.013926910236477852, -0.047797154635190964, 0.19885453581809998, 0.7949003577232361, -0.020663099363446236, 0.47523680329322815, -0.044490132480859756, 0.03207585588097572, -0.44227346777915955, 0.09879526495933533, 0.1100962832570076, 0.05950668826699257, 0.030090007930994034, -0.585838794708252, 0.8357816338539124, 0.43395304679870605, -0.10249300301074982, 0.5655837059020996, 0.4292912781238556, 0.1063096895813942, -0.2841590642929077, -0.31055977940559387, 0.29351556301116943, -0.42150118947029114, -0.40180066227912903, 0.5119127631187439, 0.1815604865550995, 0.6410018801689148, 0.16601724922657013, -0.3510016202926636, 0.5661246180534363, 0.5061064958572388, 0.34843355417251587, 0.09985454380512238, -0.019918860867619514, 0.22001835703849792, -0.05435865744948387, 0.005414902698248625, 0.6135528683662415, 0.15638549625873566, -0.4442407786846161, -0.23502928018569946, 0.3297276794910431, 0.02660861238837242, -0.0355600081384182, -0.6209787726402283, -0.41834408044815063, 0.06284822523593903, 0.07265433669090271, -0.7617962956428528, 0.20229843258857727, -0.10974980145692825, -0.2562154233455658, -0.039774369448423386, 0.41962239146232605, -0.19178654253482819, -0.5933860540390015, 0.4275447130203247, -0.5759250521659851, 0.6039891839027405, -0.5180399417877197, -0.027075422927737236, 0.22512182593345642, 0.20164477825164795, 0.2408599555492401, -0.5306357741355896, -0.2662445902824402, 0.4431702196598053, 0.05204223096370697, -0.26607561111450195, 0.33313804864883423, -0.5054987072944641, 0.8067753314971924, -0.5640380382537842, 0.5912748575210571, -0.07256697863340378, -0.569142758846283, 0.02408464252948761, -0.08152822405099869, -0.10079018026590347, -0.03727348521351814, 0.2971227169036865, -0.4476720988750458, -0.3702608644962311, -0.16220615804195404, 0.10595592111349106, -0.10997412353754044, -0.17749902606010437, 0.007500353269279003, 0.31232017278671265, 0.1181081011891365, 0.7694256901741028, -0.21165457367897034, -0.05684136226773262, 0.06847342103719711, 0.19783632457256317, 0.0503668487071991, -0.04606739059090614, -0.7291032671928406, 0.014881803654134274, 0.5378512740135193 ]
249103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Meredith	George Meredith	George Meredith (12 February 1828 – 18 May 1909) was an English novelist and poet of the Victorian era. At first his focus was poetry, influenced by John Keats among others, but he gradually established a reputation as a novelist. The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859) briefly scandalized Victorian literary circles. Of his later novels, the most enduring is The Egoist (1879), though in his lifetime his greatest success was Diana of the Crossways (1885). His novels were innovative in their attention to characters' psychology, and also took a close interest in social change. His style, in both poetry and prose, was noted for its syntactic complexity; Oscar Wilde likened it to "chaos illumined by brilliant flashes of lightning". He was an encourager of other novelists, as well as an influence on them; among those to benefit were Robert Louis Stevenson and George Gissing. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times. Life Early years, education and first marriage Meredith was born at 73 High Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, the only child of Augustus Urmston Meredith and his wife Jane Eliza (née Macnamara). The name Meredith is Welsh, and he would describe himself as "half Irish and half Welsh" (on his mother's and father's sides, respectively). He was proud of his Welsh origins, and such pride is evident in his novels. His biographer Lionel Stevenson explains that Meredith's paternal grandfather, Melchizedek, would sometimes "boast eloquently of his princely forebears", but "between his immediate forebears and the legendary Welsh princes of seven centuries before, the history of the family remains obscure." Augustus Meredith was, as Melchizedek Meredith had been before him, a naval outfitter, and among his employees was James Watson Gieve. Jane died when her son was five, and the outfitting business failed, with Augustus declared bankrupt in November 1838. He moved to London and in July 1839 remarried – his second wife being the family's former housekeeper, Matilda Buckett. George Meredith was educated in Southsea until 1840, when a legacy from his mother's sister, Anna, made it possible for him to attend a boarding school in Lowestoft, Suffolk. In August 1842 he was sent to the Moravian School in Neuwied, near Coblenz, where he remained until the spring of 1844; Lionel Stevenson argues that the experience instilled his "impatience towards sham and servility, contempt for conceit, admiration for courage, and devotion to candid and rational forthrightness". By 1845 it was planned that he would be articled to a solicitor, Richard Charnock of Paternoster Row, and he was duly articled in February 1846, shortly before his eighteenth birthday. But he abandoned the legal profession for journalism and poetry, taking lodgings in Pimlico. Drawn to literary circles, Meredith collaborated with Edward Gryffydh Peacock, son of Thomas Love Peacock, in publishing a privately circulated literary magazine, the Monthly Observer. One of the contributors was Edward Peacock's sister Mary Ellen Nicolls. Described by the artist William Holman Hunt as "a dashing type of horsewoman who attracted much notice", Mary was the widow of a naval officer, Lieutenant Edward Nicolls, who in 1844 had drowned while attempting to rescue a man under his command. In August 1849 Meredith married Mary, at St George's, Hanover Square. At the time of the marriage, Meredith was twenty-one years old; she was twenty-eight and had a five-year-old daughter by Lieutenant Nicolls (born after his death). Augustus Meredith was not present at the wedding, having emigrated to South Africa in April of that year. First books Meredith collected his early writings, first published in periodicals, in an 1851 volume, Poems. Dedicated to his father-in-law Thomas Love Peacock, "with the profound admiration and affectionate respect of his son-in-law", it attracted the interest of Tennyson, who wrote Meredith an admiring letter, expressing the desire to meet, though their first encounter was awkward and left Meredith convinced of the elder poet's "conceit". A review by William Michael Rossetti likened Meredith to "a kind of limited Keats", "a seeing or sensuous poet" possessing "warmth of emotion". The Merediths' circumstances were precarious, and Mary had more than one miscarriage before in 1853 giving birth to a son, Arthur Gryffydh. At the time the couple were living with her father in Lower Halliford (today part of Shepperton). Following the birth, Peacock rented a house for them, across the village green from his home. Fatherhood heightened Meredith's belief that he must press ahead with his writing career, resulting in what would eventually be his first substantial work of prose fiction, The Shaving of Shagpat. An allegorical Arabian fantasy, it was written in imitation of "the style and manner of the Oriental story-tellers", but sprang "from no Eastern source". The book attracted little notice when published, in 1856, though it was praised by George Eliot for its "poetical genius". The following year he published Farina, subtitled "A Legend of Cologne", a work in the comic-grotesque vein that was described by The Athenaeum'''s critic as "a full-blooded specimen of the nonsense of Genius" and a "lively, audacious piece of extravaganza". George Eliot, in The Westminster Review, called it "an original and an entertaining book", but it inevitably suffered from her reviewing it alongside Madame Bovary and Barchester Towers. End of first marriage In 1856 was exhibited The Death of Chatterton, a notable painting by the English Pre-Raphaelite painter Henry Wallis (1830–1916), for which Meredith served as the model. Mary and Wallis grew close; she was pregnant by him in 1857 and in April 1858 gave birth to a son, Harold, who was later known as Felix Wallis. The relationship with Wallis did not last; having spent some of 1858 with him in Capri, she returned to England with Harold, and from then on moved frequently. She died three years later, of kidney failure, a few months after moving to Grotto Cottage, Oatlands Park, Weybridge. Meredith was by this time living in Chelsea, where he kept rooms in Hobury Street and often had Arthur in his care. He did not attend Mary's funeral; neither did Henry Wallis or her father. Meredith's first major novel, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, emerged from his experience of the collapse of his marriage and shocked many readers with its sexual frankness. The collection of sonnets entitled Modern Love (1862) also traces the decline of a marriage and has been described by Dorothy Mermin as "a curiosity of Victorian literature" and "a point of intersection between Victorian poetry and the Victorian novel"; "in a very real sense novelistic", it is notable for its "psychological realism" and "extreme subjectivity". In 1861 he published Evan Harrington, a novel which deals with class, manners and mimicry. It upset his father, living at the time in Cape Town, who complained, "I am pained beyond expression, as I consider it aimed at myself." The novel, according to the critic Richard Cronin, "recklessly betrays family confidences" and constituted a "treacherous burlesque of his own family's history, but also ... [a] love letter to his family". Second marriage In 1863 Meredith met Marie Vulliamy, a young woman of Anglo-French stock whose father, Justin, was the successful, recently retired proprietor of a wool business in Normandy. Attraction was immediate, and by 1864 Meredith was writing to his friend Frederick Maxse that "She has done me the honour to love me for some time". But from Mr Vulliamy's perspective, the 36-year-old Meredith, a widower with an 11-year-old son, was not the ideal suitor for his 24-year-old daughter, and Meredith had to provide character references, among whom were Edward Peacock, Sir Alexander Duff-Gordon and John Chapman. Mr Vulliamy was especially keen to understand the details of Meredith's previous marriage, to establish both his character and standing. In the end, his investigations "revealed nothing really discreditable, and though the financial outlook was not bright, it was not, with the £200 per annum that he would settle upon Marie, altogether dark. And outweighing all objections was the simple fact that his daughter was in love with Meredith. The only possible answer was yes, and he gave it." The couple duly married in September 1864 and settled in Surrey, first in Norbiton and then, at the end of 1867, at Flint Cottage near Box Hill. Development of literary career Meredith continued to write poetry, often inspired by nature, but his most notable publications following his second marriage were novels. Emilia in England (1864) was a comedy at the expense of English social climbers. Rhoda Fleming (1865), which bore a resemblance to George Eliot's novels, portrayed a country girl seduced by a callous gentleman. Vittoria (1867) was a sequel of sorts to Emilia in England, though not comic. None of these met with success, but he gained more recognition with The Adventures of Harry Richmond (1871) and the politically charged Beauchamp's Career (1876). Three novellas followed: The House on the Beach (1877), The Case of General Ople and Lady Camper (also 1877), and The Tale of Chloe (1879). He also attempted to complete a play, entitled The Sentimentalists, which he had begun in 1862. He would never finish it, but after his death J. M. Barrie chose to weave together the various drafts to create a one-act comedy. This was performed alongside two short pieces of Barrie's during a season of work at the Duke of York's Theatre in 1910 – a project driven by Harley Granville-Barker. Meredith's keen understanding of comedy was articulated in his Essay on Comedy (1877). Originally delivered as a lecture at the London Institution, it remains a reference work in the history of comic theory, having influenced analysts of comedy such as Joseph Wood Krutch. The essay was in effect preparation for The Egoist, published in 1879, which applies some of his theories, in particular his idea of comedy as "the ultimate civiliser". He followed it with The Tragic Comedians (1880), which was written quickly and without great conviction. Popular success did not come easily to Meredith. The Egoist was a turning point inasmuch it brought him widespread critical recognition. One of several of his works which highlight the subjugation of women during the Victorian period, it was considered by W. E. Henley, who reviewed it in at least four publications and possibly as many as seven, to make him "a companion for Balzac and Richardson, an intimate for Fielding and Cervantes". The critic for the New Quarterly Magazine commented, "We pay Mr Meredith a high compliment when we say he enables the reader to understand what is meant by Comedy, in the best and fullest sense of the word." His most commercially rewarding novel was Diana of the Crossways, published in 1885, which attracted notice because of its relationship to real-life events involving Caroline Norton and Lord Melbourne. Margaret Harris explains that "like many of Meredith's novels, Diana contains commentary on the aims and techniques of fiction, made particularly potent by Diana's being herself a novelist dedicated to 'reading the inner as well as exhibiting the outer'". George Gissing wrote to his brother, "By hook or crook, get hold of Diana of the Crossways. The book is right glorious. Shakespeare in modern English", and William Cosmo Monkhouse wrote in the Saturday Review that "amongst all his intellectual and literary feats, Mr Meredith has, perhaps, never accomplished one more striking". Diana was his first book to make an impression in America. Influence in literary circles Meredith supplemented his often uncertain writer's income with a job as a publisher's reader. His advice to Chapman & Hall made him influential in the world of letters, and he was capable of reading as many as ten manuscripts a week, though his judgement was not always reliable; Ellen Wood's novel East Lynne was rejected by Chapman & Hall on his say-so yet went on, when published by Richard Bentley, to be a bestseller. His friends in the literary world included, at different times, William and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Cotter Morison, Leslie Stephen, Robert Louis Stevenson, George Gissing and J. M. Barrie. Gissing wrote in a letter to his brother Algernon that Meredith's novels were "of the superlatively tough species". His contemporary Sir Arthur Conan Doyle paid tribute to him in the short story "The Boscombe Valley Mystery", in which Sherlock Holmes says to Dr. Watson, during the discussion of the case, "And now let us talk about George Meredith, if you please, and we shall leave all minor matters until to-morrow." Oscar Wilde in "The Art of Novel-Writing" reflected, "Ah, Meredith! Who can define him? ... As a writer he has mastered everything, except language ... Too strange to be popular, too individual to have imitators, ... [he] stands absolutely alone." In 1868 Meredith was introduced to Thomas Hardy by Frederic Chapman of Chapman & Hall. Hardy had submitted his first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady. Meredith advised Hardy not to publish his book as it would be attacked by reviewers and destroy his hopes of becoming a novelist. Meredith felt the book was too bitter a satire on the rich, and counselled Hardy to put it aside and write another "with a purely artistic purpose" and more of a plot. Meredith spoke from experience; his own first big novel, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, was judged so shocking that Mudie's circulating library had cancelled an order of 300 copies. Hardy continued in his attempts to publish the novel, without success, though he clearly took Meredith's advice seriously. His books were translated into Japanese and influenced authors like Natsume Sōseki. Politics Meredith's politics were those of a Radical Liberal, and he was friends with other Radicals such as Frederick Maxse, whom he met around 1860, and John Morley, whom he first encountered in print, as the Literary Gazette's enraptured reviewer of Evan Harrington. Another politically active friend was W. T. Stead, who replaced Morley as editor of the Pall Mall Gazette and was renowned for his campaigning journalism, in particular a crusade against child prostitution. Stead shared with Meredith an aversion to war, a loathing of the "foul fury of Jingoism" and "jingo-Imperialism" periodically evident in the British press, a hostility to the Russophobia then prevalent in Britain, and an appetite for greater democracy. Later life Beginning in the 1880s, Meredith's interest in writing poetry intensified again, and he was of the opinion that his poems would prove more durable than his prose. In 1883 he published Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth, which contained substantial new pieces such as "Melampus", "The Day of the Daughter of Hades", "Earth and Man" and "The Woods of Westermain", along with pieces that had previously appeared in periodicals, including "The Lark Ascending" and an expanded version of his earlier "Love in the Valley". Admirers of the volumes included Alice Meynell, W. P. Ker and Mark Pattison. Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life (1887) brought together many of his previously uncollected poems. Its poor reception, especially by W. E. Henley, cemented Meredith's belief that there was a critical conspiracy against him. Nine of his novels were republished in 1885–6, priced at six shillings each, which made them accessible to a wider audience, and from 1889 they appeared in an edition priced 3s. 6d.. Meredith was moved to joke to James Payn, editor of the Cornhill Magazine, that his "submerged head [was] strangely appearing above the waters in England". He continued to publish new novels, including One of our Conquerors (1891), an experimental portrait of a troubled marriage, and Lord Ormont and his Aminta (1894), which depicts a woman breaking free from a humiliating marriage and re-establishing her self-worth through a new relationship. The latter contains a sketch of a school that resembles the one he attended in Neuwied. The Amazing Marriage (1895), melodramatic yet closely concerned with modern questions of psychology and gender, was the last of his novels to be published in his lifetime; Celt and Saxon, an unfinished early work which took a keen interest in the relationship between race and ideology, appeared posthumously in 1910. Marie died of throat cancer in 1885, lauded by Meredith as "the most unpretending, brave and steadfast friend ever given for a mate". In later life he was troubled by ailments which restricted his mobility. Explanations for this have included locomotor ataxia and osteoarthritis. Before his death, Meredith was honoured from many quarters: in 1892 he succeeded Tennyson as president of the Society of Authors; that year there was an honorary doctorate from the University of St Andrews; and at a dinner in his honour in 1895 Thomas Hardy and George Gissing paid tribute to his achievements and his influence on them. Max Beerbohm's caricature for Vanity Fair, published in 1896 and captioned "Our First Novelist", was an indication of Meredith's standing at that time; Beerbohm thought him, Shakespeare apart, the greatest English literary figure. In 1905 he was appointed to the Order of Merit, which had recently been established by King Edward VII. He was invested with the Order at Flint Cottage in December of that year, at a small ceremony performed by the King's representative, Sir Arthur Ellis. In 1909, he died at home in Box Hill. His ashes were buried alongside Marie's in the cemetery at Dorking, Surrey. Family Augustus Meredith died in 1876, aged seventy-nine, and his second wife Matilda in 1885, aged sixty-seven. Both were buried in Southsea, having returned to England from South Africa around 1863. In Augustus's final years, George visited him from time to time, though only out of a sense of duty. By his two wives George Meredith had three children, outliving both wives and one child. His relationship with Arthur, his son by Mary, was at first affectionate, and they made a memorable trip to the Alps and Venice in 1861. In 1862 Arthur was enrolled at Norwich School, which was run by a friend of Meredith's, Augustus Jessopp. Arthur would later be sent to school in Switzerland, before continuing his studies in Stuttgart. For most of Arthur's adult life, father and son were estranged. Arthur found work in a linseed warehouse in France, but health problems curtailed this, and he spent several years on Lake Garda, producing a little journalism and attempting to write a book. His health collapsed in 1886, and he relocated to Australia. He died of tuberculosis, not long after returning from Australia, in September 1890. With his second wife, Marie, he had two children. Their son, William Maxse (1865–1937), would edit Meredith's letters and achieve note in the world of publishing. Their daughter, Marie Eveleen (1871–1933), known as Mariette, married Henry Parkman Sturgis, an American-born banker and politician twenty-four years her senior, who by his first wife Mary (d. 1886) had six children. His stepdaughter Edith Nicolls, later Clarke, for more than forty years ran The National Training School Of Cookery. A pioneer of what came to be known as "domestic science", she published several cookbooks and received the MBE. She died in 1926. The first biography of Meredith was published in 1920 by Stewart Marsh Ellis, his second cousin. Works Novels Poetry Essays Essay on Comedy (1877) Literary style Meredith's style has attracted a great deal of comment, both favourable and disapproving. His novels, far from being action-packed, are instead driven by what he called "action of the mind", and the large amounts of dialogue have led to their being dismissed as "talky". Critic Neil Roberts describes "the often irritating but profoundly original world of Meredith's novelistic art", noting that these are two sides of "the sense of the new" in his work and that this is "still felt by readers encountering Meredith today". Roberts argues that Meredith's use of dialogue and multiple voices make him "a Bakhtinian novelist par excellence". His prose, aphoristic and allusive, has often been seen as a barrier to comprehension, with some critics arguing that the style, rather than being a means to an end, serves as an end in itself. Oscar Wilde's description of "chaos illumined by brilliant flashes of lightning" has been echoed by many others. A recurring objection is the mental effort required to decipher his meaning. "Readers," writes Vanessa L. Ryan, "complained that Meredith made too constant an appeal to thoughtfulness ... [and] charged his writing with too many ideas and mental abstractions." However, admirers since George Eliot have applauded the poetic qualities of Meredith's prose. For Max Beerbohm, he "packs tight all his pages with wit, philosophy, poetry, and psychological analysis". Yet even an enthusiast as fervent as Beerbohm can concede that "His obscurity, like that of Carlyle and Browning, is due less to extreme subtlety than to the plethoric abundance of his ideas". In a thesis published in Meredith's lifetime, Leah Durand Jones commented that his style is "generally conceded to be more subtle and abstruse, more complex and intricate than that of any other modern writer": he "usually avoids the conventional", achieves "independence of thought and expression" through the "brilliancy of his epigrams", finds "analogies in the most unexpected places", and possesses a "power of compression" which can disconcert readers, not least through a "constant omission of pronouns, relatives, or even nouns and verbs" that demands "swiftness of comprehension". As a poet, Meredith has drawn both praise and criticism for his innovation in metrical and stanzaic forms, along with his unorthodox syntax and metaphors. But his poetry is more varied than many assessments recognise; noting the tendency to overlook the pessimistic poetry Meredith produced after Modern Love and until the 1880s, Arthur L. Simpson explains that "The contrast between the derivative Romanticism of the early poems and the evolutionary naturalism of those published after 1880 is striking", and notes, of Meredith's work in the 1860s and 1870s, that "The tensions and polarities of the poems of this period bear comparison to those in the poetry of the early Tennyson, of Arnold, and of the Hopkins of the terrible sonnets." Notes References Further reading Clodd, Edward. "George Meredith (1828–1909)", in Clodd's Memories (London: Chapman and Hall, 1916), on p. 138–164. Dawson, William James. "George Meredith", in Dawson's The Makers of English Fiction, 2nd ed., (New York: F.H. Revell Co., 1905), on p. 191–212. Ellis, Stewart Marsh. George Meredith: His Life and Friends in Relation to his Work (Grant Richards Ltd, London 1920). read here Ellis, Stewart Marsh. A Mid-Victorian Pepys. The Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, M.A., F.R.G.S. (Cecil Palmer, London 1923). Sassoon, Siegfried. Meredith (Constable, London 1948). Stevenson, Lionel. The Ordeal of George Meredith (New York: Scribners, 1953). External links Portal for articles on George Meredith Biography of George Meredith by Elvira Casal W.E. Henley on George Meredith "George Meredith: A Study", by Leonie Gilman, National Magazine'', December 1905 Meredith index entry at Poets' Corner Poems by George Meredith Modern Love The Works of George Meredith at The University of Adelaide Library Archival material at George Meredith Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 1828 births 1909 deaths Writers from Portsmouth 19th-century English novelists 19th-century English poets Burials in Surrey English male novelists English male poets Members of the Order of Merit Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models Victorian novelists	[ -0.07460024952888489, 0.23756657540798187, -0.5353327393531799, -0.3573590815067291, 0.26983943581581116, 0.8949910998344421, 0.9208663702011108, -0.010760528966784477, -0.11489763855934143, -0.46587300300598145, -0.20192839205265045, -0.05165611207485199, -0.08742280304431915, 0.18681460618972778, -0.07800742983818054, 0.28208112716674805, -0.7493709921836853, -0.17153654992580414, 0.17940504848957062, -0.17188280820846558, -0.555156946182251, -0.0361139178276062, 0.39461347460746765, -0.31068339943885803, 0.10094679147005081, -0.3249160647392273, 0.40352627635002136, -0.1787952184677124, 0.48739659786224365, -0.1854543536901474, 0.30915457010269165, 0.41065454483032227, 0.3863469362258911, 0.14604592323303223, -0.5098076462745667, -0.30381932854652405, -0.9850836396217346, -0.054324183613061905, -0.3695078194141388, 0.030573643743991852, -0.46629950404167175, -0.01764662005007267, 0.5358888506889343, -0.5674453973770142, 0.030054772272706032, -0.10746373981237411, -2.255967855453491, 0.32040858268737793, -0.22349359095096588, -0.1251678615808487, 0.03854256495833397, 0.5829044580459595, 1.2043402194976807, -0.20027358829975128, -0.5721823573112488, 0.44671788811683655, -0.34048858284950256, -0.4611097574234009, 0.04285180941224098, -0.5119315981864929, 0.030494296923279762, -0.0819803848862648, 0.3750458359718323, 0.24999208748340607, 0.46713533997535706, 0.325599730014801, -0.5710260272026062, -0.2958662807941437, -0.11845005303621292, 0.27082449197769165, 0.5075610876083374, 0.2790662944316864, 0.2479187548160553, 0.6280614137649536, -0.1360187828540802, -0.14866118133068085, 0.1586177796125412, -0.21888092160224915, 0.4518093466758728, 0.13199059665203094, -0.3062635064125061, -0.09922261536121368, 0.7855242490768433, 0.587750256061554, -0.03009846992790699, 0.08526203036308289, 0.25594961643218994, 0.4980635344982147, -0.4673618972301483, -0.3510964810848236, -0.3364071846008301, -0.2598224878311157, -0.24567075073719025, -0.13712787628173828, 0.19987702369689941, -0.008976602926850319, -0.16901248693466187, 0.7112582921981812, -0.7531534433364868, -0.4427427351474762, -0.3190831243991852, 0.35341447591781616, 0.05452905595302582, 0.12834399938583374, -0.8954018354415894, 0.1493573784828186, -0.33205100893974304, -0.035510096698999405, 0.43294966220855713, 0.21040213108062744, -0.2845624089241028, 0.10493474453687668, -0.5148425102233887, 0.3115253448486328, 0.15039195120334625, 0.38217151165008545, 0.28080567717552185, -0.41939860582351685, -0.6441939473152161, -0.2410108745098114, -0.34831351041793823, -0.2514934539794922, 0.1429513841867447, 0.1935226172208786, -0.849608838558197, -0.24900446832180023, -0.10892940312623978, -0.05002271384000778, -0.21268734335899353, 0.38145092129707336, 0.3635629117488861, 1.0769842863082886, -0.4070928394794464, -0.547381579875946, -0.08311477303504944, 0.17701229453086853, -0.06109290197491646, -0.06485351175069809, 0.08092908561229706, 0.35189875960350037, -0.04901327192783356, 0.17521712183952332, -1.0644853115081787, -0.13489218056201935, 0.1384926736354828, -0.3182549476623535, 0.02021203376352787, -0.24209532141685486, -0.24163730442523956, -0.5243303179740906, -0.23374100029468536, 0.4280812740325928, -0.26334425806999207, -0.0033718342892825603, 0.1102859303355217, 0.18203423917293549, 0.6359716057777405, 0.5579559206962585, 0.46807119250297546, 0.06925859302282333, -0.0698174461722374, 0.5664700269699097, 0.04456784948706627, -0.2254047393798828, 0.0954015776515007, -0.40594911575317383, 0.320726603269577, -0.3126384913921356, -0.28816914558410645, -0.3370979428291321, -0.2836824953556061, 0.02524513751268387, 0.5677734613418579, -0.17357046902179718, 0.036444175988435745, -0.09090346097946167, 0.7595143914222717, 0.5318400859832764, 0.39785662293434143, -0.09456930309534073, -0.9936184883117676, 0.25081026554107666, -0.09356807172298431, 0.08046884834766388, 0.17692337930202484, 0.23869647085666656, 0.5538011193275452, 0.07029843330383301, 0.555034339427948, -0.4110248386859894, -0.7379560470581055, -0.6857344508171082, 0.03781058266758919, -0.00658309506252408, 0.7361514568328857, 0.2988187372684479, -0.25387802720069885, 0.986682116985321, 0.4434641897678375, 0.5316800475120544, 0.2104959934949875, -0.21385549008846283, -0.38161468505859375, -0.5851821303367615, 0.16271227598190308, 0.30095863342285156, 0.004360533319413662, 0.22952893376350403, 0.029678188264369965, 0.2675580680370331, 0.22705386579036713, -0.6132957935333252, 0.015197246335446835, 0.299340158700943, -0.5838960409164429, -0.8434363603591919, -0.26353761553764343, -0.24143359065055847, 0.6973218321800232, -0.48468467593193054, 0.2890089750289917, -0.04921162500977516, 0.5531561374664307, 0.4447859525680542, 0.21088486909866333, 0.7509109973907471, -0.0838664323091507, -0.09109344333410263, -0.18637531995773315, -0.8245512843132019, -0.8725517392158508, 0.32866743206977844, 0.12915442883968353, -0.5682998299598694, 0.3935183584690094, 0.3644622564315796, 0.14801833033561707, -0.061973463743925095, 0.2041252851486206, -0.34096696972846985, 0.23711459338665009, -0.014520968310534954, 0.14400731027126312, 0.326541543006897, 0.20922289788722992, 0.34132686257362366, -0.09300894290208817, -0.3551718592643738, -0.08788356930017471, 0.25479573011398315, 0.3646667003631592, 0.5516083836555481, 0.031068313866853714, 0.6264011263847351, -0.37357228994369507, -0.12995339930057526, 0.13183002173900604, -0.1936398148536682, 0.30432698130607605, 0.21294936537742615, -0.3495713770389557, 0.18492425978183746, 0.058278393000364304, 0.077816903591156, 0.35777509212493896, -0.21084630489349365, 0.21397535502910614, -1.292353868484497, 0.12754829227924347, -0.18993069231510162, 0.4347465932369232, -0.04339002072811127, -0.19934993982315063, 0.6073310375213623, 0.5732654929161072, 0.058325354009866714, 0.47929146885871887, -0.2594188153743744, -0.3168368339538574, -0.538576602935791, 0.10168389230966568, 0.7323210835456848, 0.12184224277734756, -0.30176374316215515, -0.20692874491214752, -0.625824511051178, 0.009067881852388382, -0.02465025894343853, -0.07228127121925354, 0.11309918016195297, -0.6186633110046387, 0.7444708347320557, -0.12850028276443481, 0.058704882860183716, -0.5413722395896912, 0.3645382821559906, -0.4673832952976227, -0.46851229667663574, -0.4685238301753998, -0.04728827625513077, -0.3778771162033081, -0.028605276718735695, -0.06591930240392685, 0.5730952024459839, 0.5478897094726562, 0.44041264057159424, -0.3498343229293823, 0.20302250981330872, -5.695830345153809, -0.14931538701057434, -0.15150466561317444, -0.5660538077354431, 0.1365896463394165, 0.31044378876686096, 0.3388160765171051, -0.004867954179644585, -0.1693071573972702, -0.34557461738586426, 0.49668940901756287, 0.28638511896133423, 0.2326933741569519, 0.27066171169281006, 0.647545337677002, 0.0573277622461319, 0.05964703485369682, -0.08676280826330185, -0.12312200665473938, 0.5115602612495422, 0.04380352050065994, 0.33384689688682556, -0.12150609493255615, -0.11600475758314133, 0.4572452902793884, 0.06549843400716782, -0.14338083565235138, 0.040153149515390396, -0.3066157400608063, 0.1486157327890396, 0.3836323022842407, 0.3072205185890198, 0.1821240931749344, -0.14310209453105927, 0.008016644045710564, -0.17426247894763947, 0.0831550806760788, 0.5562467575073242, 0.23279394209384918, 0.4533306360244751, -0.2145828902721405, -0.11436715722084045, -0.7404669523239136, 0.016389742493629456, -0.4523352384567261, -0.3008386194705963, -0.37685999274253845, 0.3989482820034027, -0.06599095463752747, 0.672512412071228, 0.07372310757637024, 0.04361967742443085, 0.35247302055358887, 0.348151296377182, -0.23888219892978668, 0.3294549584388733, 0.09333911538124084, -0.7121503949165344, -0.6251845359802246, -0.15927261114120483, 0.19481611251831055, -0.058237913995981216, 0.18084554374217987, -0.32568466663360596, -0.21659621596336365, -0.33582213521003723, 0.28505536913871765, 0.13207599520683289, -0.18682990968227386, -0.19204001128673553, -0.18216417729854584, 0.44868004322052, 0.14931249618530273, -1.18038010597229, -0.8156745433807373, -0.4209882915019989, 0.08115912228822708, -0.18339771032333374, -0.5160399675369263, -0.26576727628707886, 0.037061501294374466, -0.7557656764984131, -0.23524709045886993, 0.7532881498336792, 0.40283676981925964, -0.42337703704833984, -0.314494252204895, 0.17790500819683075, -0.5457847714424133, -0.7001042366027832, -0.001184685854241252, 0.20069436728954315, -0.30464696884155273, -0.018165504559874535, 0.5400018095970154, 0.19162456691265106, -0.06737947463989258, 0.22442032396793365, 0.2494562566280365, 0.11595799028873444, -0.4794345200061798, 0.15411320328712463, 0.23769071698188782, 0.11415435373783112, 0.4291100800037384, -0.14630837738513947, -0.5428127646446228, 0.11881197243928909, 0.5795069336891174, -0.30969274044036865, 0.13148042559623718, 0.255488783121109, -0.5015815496444702, 0.05879458039999008, -0.40936556458473206, -0.2563905715942383, 0.7721762657165527, 0.25687429308891296, 0.271528959274292, 0.5443565249443054, -0.3910924792289734, 0.6455153226852417, -0.16355454921722412, 0.07280129194259644, 0.09701523929834366, -0.21448466181755066, 0.2118225246667862, -0.6569270491600037, -0.3016568124294281, 0.16584952175617218, 0.4345583915710449, 0.1251835972070694, 0.2116955667734146, -0.10809019207954407, -0.7374268174171448, -0.15916550159454346, -0.6239997148513794, -0.1797758787870407, -0.24675869941711426, -0.08913328498601913, -0.08028597384691238, -0.12980695068836212, -0.14495544135570526, 0.077474445104599, 0.6935566663742065, -0.5944900512695312, -0.25978684425354004, -0.06097950041294098, -0.33541786670684814, 0.23959766328334808, -0.09685076028108597, 0.32645878195762634, 0.48606449365615845, -0.5106930732727051, -0.11078242212533951, -0.018289601430296898, -0.7516582012176514, 0.25723931193351746, -0.4058789312839508, -0.12413869053125381, -0.6474785804748535, -0.13710714876651764, -0.9811855554580688, -0.30309367179870605, -0.17925234138965607, 0.06445570290088654, -0.32385146617889404, -0.11333627253770828, 0.04756690561771393, -0.0021226804237812757, -0.11893570423126221, -0.5035300254821777, -0.13110333681106567, 0.08840987086296082, 0.4376336336135864, 0.04809464141726494, -0.6075304746627808, -0.1738344430923462, 0.016723930835723877, 0.08124122768640518, -0.2726762592792511, -0.07294660061597824, -0.6122902631759644, -0.07115629315376282, 0.655855119228363, 0.2192719578742981, -0.2509761452674866, -0.856192946434021, -0.17500180006027222, 0.15210193395614624, -0.11101072281599045, -0.1395043283700943, 0.390438973903656, 1.081741452217102, -0.2942441701889038, 0.021195579320192337, 0.45497629046440125, 0.03138197213411331, 0.013112332671880722, -0.39380401372909546, 0.22861675918102264, 0.02779129520058632, -0.67677903175354, -0.46551162004470825, -0.08674732595682144, -1.236295223236084, 0.09792055934667587, -0.5706696510314941, -0.2195434719324112, 1.0034685134887695, -0.08418750017881393, -0.32934099435806274, -0.09209486097097397, 0.4696991741657257, 0.11079377681016922, 0.12191697210073471, 0.03444581851363182, 0.09514053910970688, -0.1961560845375061, -0.48685529828071594, -0.18051059544086456, -0.5499557852745056, -0.5135266780853271, 0.01440843753516674, -0.055140070617198944, 0.06354440748691559, 0.07239067554473877, -0.332960307598114, 0.5206958055496216, 0.10663755983114243, 0.11974785476922989, 0.03794923052191734, 0.07573002576828003, 0.36160600185394287, -0.051714878529310226, -0.06274180859327316, 0.3380746841430664, -0.25592780113220215, 0.12944163382053375, 0.266420841217041, 0.8657666444778442, 1.3217111825942993, 0.09689269214868546, 0.06235659122467041, 0.07080160081386566, 0.2531388998031616, 0.12744027376174927, -0.3145110607147217, -0.4278709292411804, 0.4593344032764435, 0.3903745114803314, -0.21283367276191711, 0.2099951058626175, -0.25683850049972534, 0.9107773303985596, -0.20368002355098724, -0.20138591527938843, 0.28635504841804504, 0.18149755895137787, 0.2585481107234955, 0.3541334271430969, 0.16251519322395325, 0.5272589325904846, 0.26439180970191956, 0.08352278918027878, 0.0015708974096924067, 0.35662218928337097, 0.0797092542052269, 0.30984824895858765, -0.27455785870552063, -0.5345588326454163, -0.32464084029197693, -0.6382520794868469, 0.4427354633808136, 0.06125478446483612, 0.0016771088121458888, 0.20060046017169952, -0.3242523968219757, 0.4789469540119171, -0.0927538350224495, -0.36855190992355347, 0.1846245378255844, -0.387015700340271, -0.5876709222793579, -0.8095810413360596, -0.26864251494407654, 0.2917608320713043, -0.22783102095127106, -0.1954602301120758, -0.15494856238365173, -0.08844324946403503, -0.054063789546489716, 0.13968713581562042, 0.12276087701320648, 0.16944721341133118, 0.32125532627105713, -0.5972026586532593, 0.36807140707969666, -0.21484236419200897, -0.30957409739494324, -0.34366849064826965, 0.5668392777442932, 0.5033413171768188, -0.14151279628276825, 0.5947471857070923, -0.3125738501548767, -0.21317113935947418, -0.10634715110063553, -0.08559852838516235, 0.17366300523281097, 0.6230363845825195, 0.08472667634487152, 0.4357740879058838, 0.6595694422721863, -0.44267967343330383, -0.3539976179599762, 0.15565888583660126, -0.2433604896068573, 0.04904912784695625, 0.24200595915317535, 0.27138569951057434, -0.025373587384819984, 0.47282496094703674, -0.5528864860534668, -0.2947816550731659, 0.4693318009376526, -0.17528997361660004, 0.40856605768203735, -0.36800408363342285, 0.5295637249946594, 0.16267631947994232, -0.7661007046699524, -0.33121076226234436, 0.9552063345909119, 0.0214343573898077, -0.5625618696212769, 0.334298700094223, 0.06588144600391388, -0.2032959759235382, -0.38740113377571106, 0.24555183947086334, -0.14461049437522888, 0.3284338414669037, 0.545917272567749, 0.101095050573349, -0.1210520789027214, 0.12611979246139526, 0.3866939842700958, -0.4415053129196167, -0.037966903299093246, 0.715874969959259, 0.9006675481796265, 0.5065321326255798, -0.6042340397834778, 0.3426346778869629, -0.03188326209783554, 0.5132553577423096, -0.4472512900829315, -0.3413523733615875, 0.04136260971426964, -0.22938314080238342, 0.10342829674482346, 0.8574668169021606, -0.6967392563819885, -0.19685180485248566, 0.0010116267949342728, 0.6027013063430786, -0.442013680934906, 0.004101788159459829, 0.6064010262489319, 0.36782506108283997, -0.34800922870635986, -0.328407347202301, 0.569746732711792, 0.31443318724632263, 0.5706543326377869, 0.8427807688713074, 0.2943344712257385, 0.1887689083814621, -0.06171953305602074, -0.7113139033317566, 0.17268426716327667, 0.2272230088710785, -0.16130706667900085, 0.05008769407868385, -0.4334234297275543, -0.08356215059757233, 0.027052557095885277, -0.2026103436946869, -0.5986271500587463, 0.12276867032051086, -0.1686953902244568, -0.40676307678222656, -0.26376259326934814, -0.987561821937561, 0.3866209089756012, -0.17135849595069885, 1.5430421829223633, -0.08376156538724899, -0.6634689569473267, -0.21739523112773895, 0.10521671921014786, -0.01979713886976242, 0.0037843140307813883, -0.47374191880226135, 0.44432002305984497, -0.41146790981292725, 0.39468321204185486, -1.0468518733978271, 0.163328617811203, 0.1811436116695404, 0.5197014808654785, -0.22878479957580566, 0.3342117369174957, -0.6847322583198547, 0.050673726946115494, 0.32245028018951416, 0.07284852862358093, 0.15552464127540588, -0.29738983511924744, 0.5694068670272827, 0.7427217960357666, 0.042611539363861084, -0.5489967465400696, -0.35114285349845886, 0.4433014690876007, 0.1538669914007187, 0.3176840543746948, -0.07800854742527008, 0.4761110544204712, -0.2952932119369507, -0.04941749572753906, -0.5110781192779541, 0.10509280860424042, -0.3119538426399231, 0.14537402987480164, 0.04820026084780693, 0.5943825840950012, 0.03198893740773201, -0.4735630750656128, 0.5275230407714844, 0.06569582968950272, -0.004088969901204109, -0.10841705650091171, 0.07157406210899353, -0.028906334191560745, -0.09117688983678818, 0.09011214971542358, -0.13281911611557007, 0.39391425251960754, 0.2702658176422119, -0.3656729757785797, -0.024339832365512848, -0.4258388578891754, 0.7116755247116089, -0.20908084511756897, -0.08422711491584778, -0.3784717321395874, 0.6904633045196533, -0.033564530313014984 ]
249107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston%20Julia	Gaston Julia	Gaston Maurice Julia (3 February 1893 – 19 March 1978) was a French mathematician who devised the formula for the Julia set. His works were popularized by French mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot; the Julia and Mandelbrot fractals are closely related. Military service Julia was born in the Algerian town of Sidi Bel Abbes, at the time governed by the French. During his youth, he had an interest in mathematics and music. His studies were interrupted at the age of 21, when France became involved in World War I and Julia was conscripted to serve with the army. During an attack he suffered a severe injury, losing his nose. His many operations to remedy the situation were all unsuccessful, and for the rest of his life he resigned himself to wearing a leather strap around the area where his nose had been. Career in mathematics Julia gained attention for his mathematical work at the age of 25, in 1918, when his 199-page Mémoire sur l'itération des fonctions rationnelles ("Memoir on the Iteration of Rational Functions") was featured in the Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. This article gained immense popularity among mathematicians and earned him the Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques of the French Academy of Sciences in 1918. But after this brief moment of fame, his works were mostly forgotten until the day Benoit Mandelbrot mentioned them in his works on fractals. On 19 March 1978, Julia died in Paris at the age of 85. Julia was also father to Marc Julia, the French organic chemist who invented the Julia olefination. Books Oeuvres, 6 vols., Paris, Gauthier-Villars 1968-1970 (eds. Jacques Dixmier, Michel Hervé, with foreword by Julia) Leçons sur les Fonctions Uniformes à Point Singulier Essentiel Isolé, Gauthier-Villars 1924 (rédigées par P. Flamant) Eléments de géométrie infinitésimale, Gauthier-Villars 1927 Cours de Cinématique, Gauthier-Villars 1928, 2nd edition 1936 Exercices d'Analyse, 4 vols., Gauthier-Villars, 1928 - 1938, 2nd edition 1944, 1950 Principes Géométriques d'Analyse, 2 vols., Gauthier-Villars, 1930, 1932 Essai sur le Développment de la Théorie des Fonctions de Variables Complexes, Gauthier-Villars 1933 Introduction Mathématique aux Theories Quantiques, 2 vols., Gauthier-Villars 1936, 1938, 2nd edition 1949, 1955 Eléments d'algèbre, Gauthier-Villars 1959 Cours de Géométrie, Gauthier-Villars 1941 Cours de géométrie infinitésimale, Gauthier-Villars, 2nd edition 1953 Exercices de géométrie, 2 vols., Gauthier-Villars 1944, 1952 Leçons sur la représentation conforme des aires simplement connexes, Gauthier-Villars 1931, 2nd edition 1950 Leçons sur la représentation conforme des aires multiplement connexes, Gauthier-Villars 1934 Traité de Théorie de Fonctions, Gauthier-Villars 1953 Leçons sur les fonctions monogènes uniformes d'une variable complexe, Gauthier-Villars 1917 Étude sur les formes binaires non quadratiques à indéterminées réelles ou complexes, ou à indéterminées conjuguées, Gauthier-Villars 1917 See also Mandelbrot set References External links Memoir on iteration of rational functions, English translation in parts: 1/7,2/7, 3/7,4/7,5/7,6/7,7/7. Downloadable articles at Numdam. Christoph Dötsch, Dynamik meromorpher Funktionen auf der Riemannschen Zahlenkugel, Diplomica GmbH Hamburg (2008) 1893 births 1978 deaths École Normale Supérieure alumni 20th-century French mathematicians University of Paris alumni University of Paris faculty Members of the French Academy of Sciences People from Sidi Bel Abbès French military personnel of World War I Pieds-Noirs	[ -0.44909441471099854, 0.24207013845443726, -0.6619065999984741, 0.3449534475803375, -0.41159167885780334, 1.0692771673202515, 0.5249871015548706, -0.47741055488586426, 0.00994547177106142, -0.5057505369186401, -0.032394055277109146, -0.14651337265968323, -0.20645621418952942, 0.5762915015220642, -0.07200194895267487, 0.19142867624759674, 0.24519924819469452, -0.5186280608177185, -0.6963908076286316, -0.3315582275390625, 0.02185426652431488, 0.011122693307697773, -0.06324043869972229, -0.21996843814849854, -0.3402238190174103, 0.10494473576545715, 0.12345165759325027, 0.05703356862068176, 0.7477138042449951, 0.1477438360452652, -0.12644806504249573, 0.42301127314567566, 0.17435407638549805, -0.14321200549602509, -0.5011371374130249, 0.21881921589374542, 0.16675877571105957, 0.0804687961935997, -0.35701215267181396, 0.010901151224970818, 0.08825302869081497, -0.030654150992631912, 0.30437543988227844, -0.21944640576839447, -0.3299385905265808, -0.2504672408103943, -1.6723631620407104, 0.03522667661309242, -0.4217633008956909, -0.9919967651367188, -0.0880189761519432, 0.19353753328323364, 0.47599416971206665, 0.9477905035018921, -0.46818798780441284, 0.39184603095054626, -0.5555686950683594, -0.18119947612285614, -0.24739114940166473, -0.1396060585975647, 0.39369481801986694, 0.5159217119216919, 0.6939949989318848, 0.15011794865131378, 0.8044369220733643, 0.28822624683380127, -0.20636123418807983, 0.12569746375083923, -0.09485674649477005, -0.2512703239917755, -0.061136793345212936, 0.4106459319591522, 0.4579628109931946, -0.13378079235553741, -0.26369717717170715, -0.18877562880516052, -0.1659938246011734, 0.2302829772233963, 0.03314227610826492, -0.01177583821117878, -0.6437532305717468, -0.24656786024570465, 0.839145839214325, 0.128469318151474, -0.13281646370887756, 0.28378957509994507, -0.2276400327682495, 0.47784245014190674, -0.7456665635108948, 0.29176291823387146, -0.7952240705490112, -0.3788316547870636, 0.11862538009881973, -0.3284326493740082, -0.08573911339044571, 0.3302757740020752, 0.30684131383895874, 0.14286714792251587, 0.07167742401361465, 0.17737506330013275, -0.11347213387489319, -0.09774719178676605, 0.18500745296478271, -0.7193988561630249, -0.09028302133083344, -0.3695758283138275, -0.27905339002609253, -0.3825424015522003, 0.037992384284734726, -0.1207614317536354, -0.938523530960083, 0.6276026368141174, 0.22418126463890076, -0.0885612741112709, 0.09849000722169876, 0.16106387972831726, 0.01588570699095726, 0.12907099723815918, -0.00822425540536642, 0.1365395039319992, 0.1809295415878296, -0.07698344439268112, -0.029030200093984604, 0.07417050749063492, -0.643805205821991, 0.23751607537269592, 0.5226181149482727, 0.6257490515708923, -0.06171773374080658, 0.2548494338989258, 0.5132429599761963, 0.4839905798435211, 0.20853127539157867, 0.08562630414962769, -0.21073397994041443, -0.34345152974128723, -0.41328415274620056, -0.12441275268793106, -0.4696921706199646, 0.3725389540195465, -0.7503434419631958, 0.4677586853504181, -0.17540834844112396, -0.11740247905254364, 0.14144623279571533, 0.5449315905570984, -0.019415399059653282, 0.07070042192935944, 0.20456452667713165, 0.07223385572433472, -0.22424885630607605, 0.018467361107468605, -0.07941325008869171, -0.4979853332042694, -0.3723599314689636, 0.2049836963415146, 0.18005792796611786, 0.394912451505661, 0.16242237389087677, 0.04600759223103523, 0.2560422420501709, -0.10989043116569519, -0.2610988914966583, 0.2535080313682556, 0.6595023274421692, -0.5900126099586487, 0.521588146686554, 0.35679149627685547, -0.08363217860460281, 0.6060731410980225, -0.36997658014297485, -0.10842601954936981, 0.30577266216278076, 0.11582547426223755, -0.5484161972999573, -0.06351292133331299, 0.24466818571090698, 0.3307019770145416, 0.3813037574291229, -0.306857705116272, -0.8248979449272156, -0.2819001078605652, -0.09347997605800629, 0.11196193844079971, 0.8049024939537048, 0.5892727971076965, 0.8298994302749634, 0.2051120400428772, 0.6125909686088562, -0.4736193120479584, -0.8762164115905762, -0.10954756289720535, -0.32098647952079773, -0.5456065535545349, 1.0866211652755737, 0.3703233599662781, -0.8785502910614014, 0.6584852933883667, -0.3149774372577667, 0.3543192148208618, -0.7865108251571655, -0.27015653252601624, 0.4757848083972931, 0.29850271344184875, 0.48951494693756104, 0.5978677272796631, -0.14183004200458527, 0.15198491513729095, 0.02699626050889492, 0.9537703394889832, 0.004873847588896751, -0.21238887310028076, 0.20049309730529785, 0.41469940543174744, -0.7332152128219604, -0.09285429865121841, -0.521784245967865, -0.1922065168619156, 0.28781986236572266, 0.07286068797111511, 0.5918861031532288, 0.045261040329933167, -0.38944655656814575, 0.5699057579040527, 0.09540588408708572, 1.134446144104004, 0.42421793937683105, 0.4793819785118103, 0.4295888841152191, -0.6256928443908691, -0.651885449886322, 0.2978859841823578, 0.7401231527328491, -0.0641990602016449, 0.3994882106781006, 0.010230890475213528, 0.497660368680954, -0.8287931084632874, -0.07986944168806076, -0.5564139485359192, 0.28675398230552673, 0.6128844618797302, 0.24365031719207764, 0.11626306921243668, -0.09600439667701721, 0.29531699419021606, -0.3010548949241638, 0.41507163643836975, -0.023809976875782013, 0.10988547652959824, -0.11829698830842972, 0.8371151089668274, -0.0011210873490199447, -0.15968173742294312, -0.670574426651001, 0.18680556118488312, 0.3230403661727905, 0.024195488542318344, 1.051764726638794, 0.5138153433799744, 0.469146728515625, 0.11894801259040833, -0.12873873114585876, -0.11865808069705963, 0.16483855247497559, -0.49822935461997986, -0.6414968967437744, -0.28326883912086487, 0.5991441011428833, 0.18820643424987793, 0.6827378273010254, -0.822330892086029, -0.4083927571773529, 0.15149784088134766, -0.06580344587564468, -0.2763134241104126, -0.6595713496208191, -0.2753371000289917, -0.8868913054466248, -0.07100773602724075, 0.27542227506637573, 0.6734498143196106, -0.47192397713661194, 0.614278256893158, -0.011569337919354439, 0.29755493998527527, -0.056045956909656525, -0.7169280648231506, 0.5447317957878113, -0.15147745609283447, -0.19981086254119873, 0.6863123178482056, -0.5448067784309387, -0.448801726102829, -0.19640721380710602, 0.364624559879303, -0.926863968372345, -0.9178982377052307, -0.11671239882707596, -0.2784111797809601, -0.8924771547317505, -0.02197735384106636, 0.06081594154238701, 0.07140704989433289, 0.3555373549461365, 0.1871122419834137, 0.2997646927833557, 0.3704860210418701, -5.156514644622803, 0.4583205580711365, -0.3331930935382843, 0.009496727026998997, -0.20124538242816925, 0.4478531777858734, -0.10531580448150635, 0.016098547726869583, -0.43358325958251953, -0.28117772936820984, -0.33251824975013733, -0.8353167176246643, -0.6097433567047119, 1.1072884798049927, 0.789746880531311, 0.7078062891960144, -0.04821543022990227, -0.5478047132492065, 0.7984355092048645, 0.7373993396759033, -0.24404123425483704, -0.14719976484775543, -0.2194325029850006, 0.24236461520195007, -0.12142322212457657, -0.11733321845531464, 0.1012529507279396, -0.09969235956668854, -0.8533887267112732, -0.6575497984886169, 0.02588566765189171, -0.14938154816627502, -0.7544519901275635, 0.11744994670152664, 0.012406539171934128, 0.18232619762420654, 0.5518889427185059, 0.49419671297073364, 0.07138905674219131, -0.12388058751821518, -0.4137499928474426, 0.5290114283561707, -0.18692265450954437, 0.3521629273891449, 0.0585247203707695, -0.06130267307162285, -0.555198609828949, 0.7153124213218689, -0.7311559915542603, 0.30855435132980347, 0.3115560710430145, -0.1566147655248642, 0.19472406804561615, -0.2887493371963501, -0.5701812505722046, 0.29262086749076843, 0.01661655679345131, -0.29517698287963867, -0.8521690368652344, 0.9348440170288086, 0.5437676906585693, -0.8741053938865662, 0.5295261144638062, -0.3980371057987213, -0.10597924143075943, -0.2125265896320343, -0.3582051396369934, -0.0516945943236351, -0.03341233730316162, -0.22903907299041748, -0.19453732669353485, 0.5102964043617249, -0.13546739518642426, -1.29109787940979, -0.24982713162899017, -0.2302064448595047, -0.1373073160648346, -0.18281787633895874, -0.08886627852916718, 0.5661057829856873, 0.1750275194644928, -0.8866686820983887, -0.38090142607688904, 0.3137948513031006, 0.7037649750709534, 0.2808408737182617, -0.48559463024139404, 0.4749678671360016, -0.5765014290809631, -0.4072986841201782, 0.27754440903663635, -0.10177676379680634, 0.8512799739837646, 0.00006376853707479313, 0.21906597912311554, 0.5027692914009094, 0.27002081274986267, -0.14344559609889984, 0.5196429491043091, 0.2938312590122223, -1.3713834285736084, -0.21380554139614105, 0.8163607120513916, -0.06676723062992096, 0.4720778167247772, -0.45179131627082825, -0.430960088968277, 0.5253451466560364, 0.7173064947128296, 0.6209589838981628, -0.09121130406856537, 0.9944828152656555, -0.7457563877105713, -0.09497480094432831, 0.48405715823173523, -0.012764967978000641, -0.32529518008232117, 0.13427916169166565, 0.17695823311805725, -0.07271035015583038, -0.2853197455406189, 0.2438228577375412, -0.49895772337913513, -0.13533590734004974, 0.4728039801120758, -0.5761857628822327, 0.1455225646495819, 0.2561841607093811, -0.13845983147621155, -0.07520405948162079, -0.5854660272598267, 0.9260299205780029, 0.10828400403261185, 0.10571165382862091, 0.36732402443885803, -0.5821956396102905, -0.5667667984962463, -0.6007512211799622, 0.19351917505264282, -0.32505083084106445, 0.4727317690849304, 0.07895082980394363, -0.25001847743988037, 0.453854501247406, 0.7887086868286133, 0.025704400613904, -0.01461042184382677, -0.5205631852149963, -0.338288277387619, 0.2234869748353958, 0.06220027431845665, -0.5846672058105469, 0.7245243787765503, -0.20523300766944885, -0.41921040415763855, 0.3665978014469147, -0.4536234438419342, 0.22422662377357483, 0.026484232395887375, -0.2628578841686249, 0.015944644808769226, -0.5804986953735352, -1.2780282497406006, 0.07894494384527206, 0.2621837854385376, 0.4203941822052002, -0.37486329674720764, -0.1831369400024414, -0.16510076820850372, 0.6065211892127991, -0.12437345087528229, -0.4081055521965027, 0.3106127083301544, -0.34023961424827576, -0.19676025211811066, 0.5443564653396606, 0.8796276450157166, 0.1183711513876915, -0.14176003634929657, -0.6547131538391113, 0.12337274849414825, -0.007378631737083197, -0.6426653861999512, 0.6035448312759399, 0.4950069487094879, 0.27746936678886414, -0.3091609477996826, 0.08077142387628555, -0.3575390577316284, -0.17258191108703613, 0.10692570358514786, 0.11366264522075653, -0.05238503962755203, 0.33563560247421265, -0.5735811591148376, -0.21286043524742126, 0.22492258250713348, 0.12216377258300781, -0.6377370357513428, -0.5903292894363403, -0.39422380924224854, -0.09122610837221146, -0.15359856188297272, 0.05440022796392441, 0.49487975239753723, -1.4932678937911987, -0.41566330194473267, 0.20539060235023499, -0.46208733320236206, 0.382544606924057, -0.5954763889312744, -0.30948328971862793, -0.3518770635128021, 0.048756856471300125, -0.42549657821655273, 0.550935685634613, 0.40923526883125305, 0.10540972650051117, -0.6693367958068848, -0.7203280329704285, 0.047529254108667374, -0.0793805718421936, 0.015552345663309097, -0.3411884605884552, -0.18682904541492462, -0.6432845592498779, 0.4378659725189209, -0.38802042603492737, 0.8943367600440979, 0.3643532991409302, -0.2716345489025116, -0.010608741082251072, -0.5437971353530884, -0.17788337171077728, -0.7223625183105469, -0.9772627949714661, 0.5438125133514404, 0.4888369143009186, -0.785666286945343, -0.5269218683242798, 0.15130586922168732, 0.4191834032535553, 0.631146252155304, -0.36493855714797974, 0.3026624023914337, 0.2932724356651306, 0.18840442597866058, -0.5786071419715881, 0.0031859958544373512, 0.3137294352054596, 0.1458781361579895, 0.28776389360427856, -0.8074842691421509, -0.31360796093940735, 0.8054000735282898, 0.46956318616867065, -0.3728424906730652, -0.17844167351722717, 0.5289658308029175, 0.6004698872566223, 0.01765744760632515, 0.11145094037055969, 0.17238445580005646, -0.074931301176548, -0.40083250403404236, 0.5433197617530823, 0.506945788860321, -0.14871196448802948, 0.1113455668091774, -0.16444745659828186, 0.5365493893623352, -0.7172631025314331, -0.7976250052452087, 0.850508451461792, -0.15304644405841827, 0.32108286023139954, 0.33673781156539917, 0.029138654470443726, 0.29404398798942566, -0.23149041831493378, -0.9536291360855103, -0.003860567696392536, 0.1873476505279541, -0.12989681959152222, -0.704115092754364, -0.297199547290802, -0.1888440102338791, 0.36986082792282104, -0.4288451671600342, 1.0191893577575684, -0.9608100652694702, 0.1434973180294037, 0.15318278968334198, -0.13469988107681274, -0.3166588544845581, -0.005645436234772205, -0.2767467498779297, 0.8726138472557068, 0.06903919577598572, -0.4151422381401062, -0.32361462712287903, 0.12912461161613464, 0.5784758925437927, 0.531033456325531, -0.11730188131332397, 0.4653864800930023, 0.3047519028186798, -0.1796937733888626, -0.321831077337265, 0.16843488812446594, 0.3594326376914978, -0.04145007207989693, -0.14791984856128693, -0.06478849798440933, -0.7725543975830078, 0.162462517619133, 0.8928235173225403, -0.44846343994140625, -0.03333810716867447, 0.38521116971969604, 0.37888842821121216, -0.11778092384338379, 0.36096251010894775, -1.0201352834701538, -0.39071494340896606, 0.4708649814128876, 0.14787717163562775, -0.1774950921535492, -0.2200208455324173, -0.33775243163108826, 0.36685362458229065, -0.04400619864463806, -0.48768705129623413, 0.5750805139541626, 0.2616719603538513, -0.37855347990989685, -0.36835622787475586, -0.882676362991333, 0.26719436049461365, -0.5031887292861938, 0.6199085712432861, 1.683975100517273, -0.09998301416635513, 0.27987974882125854, -0.03355804830789566, 0.31749576330184937, -0.5924027562141418, 0.7261465787887573, -0.7206695675849915, 0.06650598347187042, 0.40187397599220276, 0.22529473900794983, -0.24009568989276886, -0.48161524534225464, 0.06031130254268646, 0.32184821367263794, 0.6259998679161072, -0.06231614202260971, 0.21155576407909393, 0.7959079146385193, 0.0441029891371727, 0.0243398267775774, 0.11254299432039261, 0.09912225604057312, -0.02954070456326008, 0.12048325687646866, 0.004531313665211201, -0.45554956793785095, 0.21609093248844147, -0.08479499816894531, -0.2364373356103897, -0.28548333048820496, -0.28042250871658325, 0.7881501317024231, 0.35296812653541565, 0.10205088555812836, -0.17053236067295074, -0.07221019268035889, -0.6027154326438904, -0.1970386654138565, 0.3046940267086029, 0.15379184484481812, -0.2668412923812866, 0.1954534649848938, -0.3255902826786041, -0.31243452429771423, -0.19971677660942078, -0.23297807574272156, 0.01175591442734003, 0.11691389232873917, 0.06259526312351227, -0.413360059261322, 0.0943358987569809, 0.012288162484765053, -0.058774683624506, 0.5137262940406799, -0.6990427374839783, 0.9326987266540527, 0.814298152923584, -0.8486140370368958, -0.06622256338596344, -0.017664974555373192, 0.2716861367225647, -0.47183072566986084, -0.16361431777477264, 0.058898087590932846, -0.13022351264953613, 0.44163942337036133, -0.8720525503158569, 0.6424424648284912, 0.3113570809364319, -0.025708962231874466, -1.013867735862732, 0.3404625952243805, -0.14739345014095306, 0.13931050896644592, 0.43387091159820557, 0.05071067437529564, -0.09249313920736313, 0.11409147828817368, -0.09136881679296494, -0.3852357566356659, -0.054122671484947205, 0.6662699580192566, -0.08068400621414185, 0.19295866787433624, 0.3843742609024048, -0.38720983266830444, 0.07602235674858093, -0.027234045788645744, 0.591198205947876, 0.08389348536729813, -0.7943588495254517, 0.365755170583725, 0.08871008455753326, -0.6651319861412048, 0.9243658781051636, 0.06067277118563652, 0.13730493187904358, -0.2698875367641449, -0.13039782643318176, 0.501430094242096, -0.6020613312721252, 0.006618146318942308, -0.4697997272014618, 0.4906942546367645, -0.7163121104240417, -0.47048982977867126, -0.4949032664299011, 0.445019394159317, 0.08967962116003036, 0.3641422688961029, 0.23514682054519653, -0.9741536974906921, 0.13083933293819427, 0.3219764530658722, 0.2007470428943634, -0.7740813493728638, 0.1757173389196396, 0.3183627426624298 ]
249108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Gibb	Andy Gibb	Andrew Roy Gibb (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He was the younger brother of the Bee Gees: Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb. Gibb came to prominence in the late 1970s through the early 1980s with eight singles reaching the Top 20 of the US Hot 100, three of which went to number-one; "I Just Want to Be Your Everything" (1977), "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water" (1977), and "Shadow Dancing" (1978). In the early 1980s, he co-hosted the American music television series Solid Gold. He also performed in a production of The Pirates of Penzance and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Gibb would later have issues with drug addiction and depression. He died in 1988, five days after his 30th birthday. Life and career 1958–1975: Early life and first recordings Andrew Roy Gibb was born on 5 March 1958 at Stretford Memorial Hospital in Stretford, Lancashire. He was the youngest of five children born to Barbara and Hugh Gibb. His mother was of Irish and English descent, and his father was of Scottish and English descent. He had four siblings: his sister, Lesley Evans; and three brothers—Barry and fraternal twins Robin and Maurice. At the age of six months, Andy Gibb emigrated with his family to Queensland, Australia, settling on Cribb Island just north of Brisbane. After moving several times between Brisbane and Sydney, Andy returned to the United Kingdom in January 1967 as his three older brothers began to gain international fame as the Bee Gees. In his childhood, his mother, Barbara, described Andy as "A little devil, a little monster. I'd send him off to school, but he'd sneak off to the stable and sleep with his two horses all day. He'd wander back home around lunchtime smelling of horse manure, yet he'd swear he had been at school. Oh, he was a little monkey!" Producer and film director Tom Kennedy described Andy's personality in his childhood: He quit school at the age of 13, and with an acoustic guitar given to him by his older brother Barry, he began playing at tourist clubs around Ibiza, Spain (when his parents moved there), and later on the Isle of Man, his brothers' birthplace, where his parents were living at the time. In June 1974, Gibb formed his first group, Melody Fayre (named after a Bee Gees song), which included Isle of Man musicians John Alderson on guitar, Stan Hughes on bass, and John Stringer on drums. The group was managed by Andy's mother, Barbara, and had regular bookings on the small island's hotel circuit. Gibb's first recording, in August 1973, was a Maurice Gibb composition, "My Father Was a Rebel", which Maurice also produced and played on. It was not released. Another track on the session performed by him was "Windows of My World," co-written by him and Maurice. At the urging of his brother Barry, Gibb returned to Australia in 1974. Barry believed that, because Australia had been a good training ground for the Bee Gees, it would also help his youngest brother. Lesley Gibb had remained in Australia, where she raised a family with her husband. Both Alderson and Stringer followed Andy to Australia with the hope of forming a band there. With Col Joye producing, Andy, Alderson, and Stringer recorded a number of Andy's compositions. The first song was a demo called "To a Girl" (with his brother Maurice playing organ), which he later performed on his television debut in Australia on The Ernie Sigley Show. Sigley later informed the audience that it was from Gibb's forthcoming album, but it was never released. In November of the same year, he recorded six demos—again produced by Joye—including "Words and Music", "Westfield Mansions", and "Flowing Rivers" (which was later released). What may have detracted from the "training ground" aspect of Australia for Andy compared with his brothers was that Andy was relatively independent financially, mainly because of his brothers' support and their largesse; hence, the group's sporadic work rate. Andy would disappear for periods of time, leaving Alderson and Stringer out of work with no income. Despondent, Alderson and Stringer returned to the UK. Gibb later joined the band Zenta, consisting of Gibb on vocals, Rick Alford on guitar, Paddy Lelliot on bass, Glen Greenhalgh on vocals, and Trevor Norton on drums. Zenta supported international artists Sweet and the Bay City Rollers on the Sydney leg of their Australian tours. "Can't Stop Dancing" (which was a Ray Stevens song and was later a US hit for duo Captain and Tennille in May 1977) was mooted for release, but didn't happen, although Gibb did perform it on television at least once on the revitalised Bandstand show hosted by Daryl Somers. Zenta would appear later as a backing band for Gibb, but did not participate on Gibb's recording sessions around 1975, which featured Australian jazz fusion group Crossfire. "Words and Music" was released on the ATA label, only in Australia and New Zealand, owned by Joye. It was his first single, the song, backed by another Andy Gibb composition "Westfield Mansions". The single would eventually reach the Top Twenty on the Sydney music charts in 1976; the ballad was one of his well-known hits. 1976–1980: International success Gibb married his girlfriend, Kim Reeder, on 11 July 1976, and in 1977 they moved to West Hollywood. Reeder recalled, "He became ensconced in the drug scene. Cocaine became his first love. He became depressed and paranoid." After they split up, Reeder moved back to Australia, where she gave birth to their daughter, Peta, who was born on 25 January 1978, and they divorced later that year. Robert Stigwood, who at the time was the Bee Gees' manager, signed Andy to his label, RSO Records in early 1976, after he heard some of Andy's demo tapes. Andy soon moved to Miami Beach, Florida, to begin working on songs with his brother Barry and co-producers Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson. In late 1976 in Miami, Andy, with older brother Barry producing and recording in the famed Criteria Studios, set about making his first album Flowing Rivers. Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh played on two songs on the album. The first release from the album, and Gibb's first single released outside Australia, was "I Just Want to Be Your Everything" which was written by Barry, who also provided backup vocals. It reached number-one in the United States and Australia and was the most played record of the year. In Britain it was a lesser hit, just scraping into the Top 30. Eight of the ten tracks on the album were Andy Gibb compositions, mostly songs written during his time in Australia. These included a re-recording of his previous single, "Words and Music". In September 1977 Flowing Rivers, with another number-one single "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water" (also co-written by Gibb and his brother Barry) to support it, quickly became a million-selling album. That single broke in early 1978 during the time that the Bee Gees' contributions to the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack were dominating the world charts. In the United States it replaced "Stayin' Alive" at the top of the Hot 100 on the day before Andy's 20th birthday, only to be surpassed by "Night Fever" at number-one there two weeks later. Andy then began work with the Gibb-Galuten-Richardson production team on his second album, Shadow Dancing, which was released in April 1978 and was his highest-charting album in America and Canada. The title track, written by all four Gibb brothers, was released as a single in the United States in April 1978. In mid-June it began a seven-week run at number-one, achieving platinum status and the honour of being Billboard's number-one song of 1978. In the United States, Gibb became the first male solo artist to have three consecutive number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, with all of the weeks at the top of the chart happening in less than year, from 30 July 1977 through 29 July 1978. Two further Top Ten singles, "An Everlasting Love" (which reached number 5) and "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away" (which reached number 9), were released from the album, which became another million seller. In 1979, Gibb performed along with the Bee Gees, ABBA and Olivia Newton-John (duet with "Rest Your Love on Me") at the Music for UNICEF Concert at the United Nations General Assembly, which was broadcast worldwide. He returned to the studio to begin recording sessions for his final full studio album After Dark. In March 1980, the last of Gibb's Top Ten singles charted just ahead of the album's release. "Desire" was recorded for the Bee Gees' 1979 album Spirits Having Flown and featured their original track, complete with Andy's original "guest vocal" track. A second single, "I Can't Help It", a duet with family friend and fellow British and Australian expat Olivia Newton-John, reached the top 20. Later in the year, Andy Gibb's Greatest Hits was released as a finale to his contract with RSO Records, with two new songs: "Time Is Time" (number 15 in January 1981) and "Me (Without You)" (Gibb's last top-40 chart entry) shipped as singles, before RSO founder Robert Stigwood let him go due to his cocaine addiction and behavioural problems. "After Dark" and "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" were non-single songs added to the album, the latter of which was a duet with P. P. Arnold, who had previously worked with Barry Gibb, including singing uncredited backups on "Bury Me Down by the River" from Cucumber Castle. Around the same time, Gibb was invited to sing the first verse on Queen's "Play the Game", and lead singer Freddie Mercury apparently was amazed with Gibb's abilities. According to some sources, the tape was found in 1990 in a search of Queen archives for bonus tracks for a CD but was not used. Since it has not been heard by any Queen collectors, its existence is somewhat doubtful, although record producer Mack has also confirmed that the version did exist. 1981–1986: Decline and live performances While taping The John Davidson Show in January 1981, Gibb met actress Victoria Principal. During their high-profile relationship, Gibb began working on several projects outside the recording studio. He co-hosted the television music show Solid Gold from 1981 to 1982 with Marilyn McCoo. He also performed in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance in Los Angeles and Andrew Lloyd Webber's Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat on Broadway. Gibb was ultimately fired from both Joseph and Solid Gold because of absenteeism caused by cocaine binges. Said Zev Buffman, a Broadway producer and financier for Joseph, "When Andy was at the theater, he was a joy. But he wasn't there enough", adding that of the five people to play Joseph up to that point, Gibb was the best actor. He also said after Gibb's death, "We'd lose him over long weekends. He'd come back on Tuesday, and he'd look beat. He was like a little puppy—so ashamed when he did something wrong. He was all heart, but he didn't have enough muscle to carry through." An unnamed co-star in Joseph was quoted as saying, "I hear he spent most of his time in his hotel room in front of the TV. I guess he was frightened and insecure. That's what happens when you're the baby brother of the Bee Gees." Commenting after Gibb's death, Solid Gold producer Brad Lachman stated, "...[Andy] was a very charming, vulnerable and charismatic performer. He clearly meant well. He wasn't being difficult. He was going through problems he couldn't deal with. He wanted everyone to love him. He had so much going for him, and he just couldn't believe it." In August 1981, Gibb and Principal released a duet of the Everly Brothers' "All I Have to Do Is Dream". He reportedly heard her singing in the shower and convinced her to go into the studio with him. This would be Gibb's last official single, and his last US chart entry, peaking at number 51. Their romance ended shortly thereafter when she gave him an ultimatum to choose between her or drugs. After this, Gibb began dating Kari Michaelsen of the NBC television sitcom Gimme a Break! on which he guest starred. In 1984 and 1985, Gibb did finish two successful contracts at the Riviera hotel in Las Vegas. His family convinced him to seek treatment for his drug addiction, which included a stay at the Betty Ford Center in 1985. It was during this time that Gibb began touring small venues with a stage show featuring his hits as well as covers. He also appeared in guest-starring roles on television sitcom Punky Brewster besides Gimme a Break! Following an extensive tour of East Asia, he regularly performed shows in Las Vegas and Lake Tahoe. In 1984, he was the headline performer at the Viña del Mar Festival in Chile, performing two nights in a row. He also held a two-week engagement at San Francisco's historic Fairmont Hotel in March 1986. 1987–1988: Attempted comeback and final days In the spring of 1987, Gibb went through another drug rehabilitation program and thought he had finally beaten his habits. Gibb now aimed to get a recording contract for release of a new album in 1988. He returned to the studio in June 1987 recording four songs; one of them, "Man on Fire", was released posthumously in 1991 on a Polydor Records anthology. Another track, "Arrow Through the Heart", was the final song Andy would ever record and was featured on an episode of VH1's series, Behind the Music, and released on the Bee Gees' Mythology 4-disc box set in November 2010. The songs are co-written by Gibb with his brothers Barry and Maurice. Their demo recordings with engineer Scott Glasel were heard by Clive Banks from the UK branch of Island Records. Gibb never formally signed a contract but the record label planned to release a single in Europe that spring, followed by another single that summer with the album to follow. In early March 1988, Barry arranged for Island in England to sign Andy, but when he arrived in England in January 1988, he panicked. Andy missed meetings with the record company and blamed himself for his trouble writing songs. The deal was never signed. Death By late January to early February in 1988, Gibb had seemingly beaten his drug addiction, regained his health, and was ready to begin recording a new album. However, he still battled depression over his breakup with Victoria Principal. According to Robin Gibb, his brother "just went downhill so fast... he was in a terrible state of depression". On 5 March 1988, Gibb celebrated his 30th birthday in London while working on the new album. Two days after celebrating his birthday, he entered John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford complaining of chest pains. At around 8:30 am on 10 March 1988, Gibb's doctor informed him more tests were needed to determine the cause of his chest pains. Shortly afterward, Gibb slumped into unconsciousness and died as a result of myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle caused by years of cocaine abuse that fatally weakened his heart. This diagnosis was supported by William Shell, a cardiologist who previously treated Gibb. With the announcement of Gibb's death, his ex-wife, Kim Reeder, was not surprised. "I always knew that one day I'd get a call with news like this. It was only a matter of time." Gibb's family said the cause of death was not an overdose, as some media reports suggested, but natural causes after years of substance abuse. Gibb's body was returned to the United States, where he was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles. The headstone reads "Andy Gibb / March 5, 1958 – March 10, 1988 / An Everlasting Love", after one of his hit singles. Legacy The Andy Gibb Memorial Foundation was established to keep his name and memory alive by contributing to the charities that Gibb supported, such as the American Heart Association, the American Cancer Society, and the Diabetes Research Institute. Following the 2003 death of their brother Maurice Gibb at Mount Sinai Medical Center & Miami Heart Institute in Miami Beach, Florida, the family asked that donations be made to the Andy Gibb Memorial Foundation in lieu of flowers. Awards and nominations Gibb was nominated for two Grammy Awards at the 20th Annual Grammy Awards. He was also nominated for two American Music Awards. Grammy Awards \|- \| 1978 \| Andy Gibb \| Best New Artist \| \|- \| 1978 \| "I Just Want to Be Your Everything" \| Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male \| American Music Awards \|- \| 1978 \|"I Just Want To Be Your Everything" \| Favorite Pop/Rock Song \| \|- \| 1979 \| Andy Gibb \| Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist \| Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles Filmography Television See also Bee Gees References External links 1958 births 1988 deaths 20th-century English male actors 20th-century English singers 20th-century British male singers Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Deaths from myocarditis English expatriates in Australia English expatriates in Spain English expatriates in the United States English male singers English male television actors English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English pop singers English songwriters Andy Musicians from Manchester RSO Records artists Singers from Manchester English male musical theatre actors British male songwriters	[ -0.16345813870429993, 0.1270199567079544, -0.4525397717952728, -0.7284408807754517, 0.0420604906976223, 1.1639703512191772, 0.2538832426071167, 0.09923584759235382, -0.47214317321777344, 0.45434167981147766, -0.5997760891914368, 0.33893534541130066, -0.4525994658470154, -0.25270408391952515, -0.2750641703605652, 0.36573633551597595, -0.2787768542766571, 0.4079930782318115, 0.08113668113946915, -0.3097589612007141, -0.27656683325767517, 0.2970127463340759, -0.11676785349845886, 0.8697931170463562, -0.1870267540216446, 0.7973926067352295, 0.2379375696182251, -0.2567140758037567, -0.0673520416021347, -0.22345612943172455, -0.03488549590110779, 0.12547366321086884, 0.9889363050460815, -0.24502786993980408, -0.13639238476753235, 0.22864650189876556, -0.7127411365509033, -0.1758185476064682, -0.3562087118625641, 0.09054622799158096, 0.10162823647260666, -0.12280454486608505, 0.5294912457466125, -0.07121650874614716, -0.44809669256210327, -0.31286171078681946, -1.8605246543884277, 0.824001133441925, -0.46225711703300476, -0.7290962934494019, -0.16701120138168335, 0.3495277166366577, 0.30505794286727905, -0.3142354190349579, 0.5222081542015076, -0.045873261988162994, -0.04469234123826027, 0.03158797323703766, 0.12847456336021423, 0.046117570251226425, 0.22167524695396423, -0.5314958095550537, -0.10826008021831512, -0.7695660591125488, 0.05243401601910591, 0.2666206359863281, -0.12808746099472046, 0.7760779857635498, -0.1945464164018631, -0.25500160455703735, 0.11894410103559494, 0.39800021052360535, 0.13463476300239563, -0.3659983277320862, -0.008173658512532711, -0.5114841461181641, 0.6530886292457581, -0.14001816511154175, -0.2295229136943817, 0.046590372920036316, 0.45647764205932617, -0.03996012732386589, 0.30005964636802673, 0.9320318102836609, -0.04382576793432236, -0.59775310754776, -0.3502092957496643, 0.5524503588676453, -0.4795890748500824, 0.11242193728685379, -0.8278500437736511, -0.3390503525733948, -0.1385248750448227, 0.7031489610671997, -0.2458038330078125, -0.2743357717990875, -0.687234103679657, -0.23308581113815308, 0.3570173680782318, -0.335321843624115, -0.137994647026062, -0.27984899282455444, 0.13305822014808655, -0.8847137093544006, -0.4734717607498169, -0.10547623038291931, 0.13626259565353394, -0.647074282169342, -0.03892149776220322, 0.3535601496696472, -0.6329317688941956, 0.1379447728395462, -0.012644781731069088, -0.017431406304240227, 0.6746771335601807, 0.5981171727180481, -0.1529221087694168, -0.5981466174125671, -0.8737667202949524, 0.4670127332210541, 0.6433457732200623, -0.07946468889713287, -0.6933440566062927, 0.49107468128204346, -0.8287461996078491, -0.340465247631073, -0.3373779058456421, -0.002656025579199195, -0.5097449421882629, 0.02407657913863659, -0.08481296896934509, 0.61221843957901, -0.46366921067237854, -0.4728637933731079, -0.5279271602630615, 0.09227914363145828, 0.32154741883277893, 0.29454725980758667, -0.3815232515335083, -0.27671438455581665, 0.14741294085979462, 0.35886919498443604, -0.8599061369895935, -0.08595316112041473, 0.2738344073295593, -0.15892639756202698, -0.21479393541812897, 0.015321250073611736, 0.2407720386981964, -0.5009885430335999, -0.05352583900094032, 0.03931311145424843, 0.20318031311035156, -0.6904668211936951, -0.482429176568985, 0.19579578936100006, 0.3688795268535614, -0.3302142322063446, 0.019826052710413933, -0.49322381615638733, 0.5016185641288757, -0.29889097809791565, -0.15515343844890594, -0.050490107387304306, 0.2582428753376007, -0.6216362714767456, 0.10087521374225616, -0.6578327417373657, -0.3757020831108093, 0.27984943985939026, -0.12338773906230927, 0.024645524099469185, 0.5708336234092712, 0.527018666267395, -0.0652088075876236, -0.22057825326919556, 0.6444904208183289, 0.49199193716049194, 0.09520385414361954, -0.22381345927715302, -0.5876309275627136, -0.21928715705871582, 0.11688736826181412, 0.2093726247549057, 0.7436347007751465, 0.657512366771698, 0.3926343023777008, -0.17547081410884857, 1.251464605331421, 0.40855804085731506, -0.6159955859184265, -0.7613064050674438, -0.04026060923933983, 0.020699728280305862, 0.026392007246613503, -0.06868140399456024, -0.39443135261535645, -0.24920690059661865, 0.5022135972976685, 0.6134710311889648, -0.35326889157295227, -0.3615955710411072, 0.4859194755554199, 0.019342517480254173, 0.6034339666366577, 0.19777558743953705, 0.44315242767333984, -0.01841697283089161, 0.24360141158103943, 0.6828649640083313, 0.007930412888526917, -0.6626182198524475, 0.05233852192759514, 0.1813613921403885, -0.1256745457649231, -0.5531096458435059, -0.37782052159309387, -0.16971580684185028, -0.23253731429576874, -0.3667076528072357, 0.026552584022283554, 0.8919171094894409, -0.6230096220970154, -0.2355765849351883, 0.46590420603752136, 1.0553982257843018, 0.059367381036281586, -0.34115657210350037, 0.4952608644962311, -0.5289291143417358, -0.15887810289859772, 0.38211968541145325, -0.07459347695112228, 0.02158123068511486, -0.32876646518707275, -0.17206697165966034, 0.33134758472442627, -0.36335280537605286, -0.38548606634140015, -0.7277202606201172, 0.32443228363990784, -0.2831805348396301, -1.0791847705841064, 0.11568113416433334, 0.15885479748249054, -0.07730153203010559, 0.054688844829797745, 0.341569721698761, -0.220029816031456, 0.3467414677143097, 0.41914600133895874, -0.0006333749042823911, 0.7035697102546692, 0.42807573080062866, 0.06193612143397331, 0.1479691118001938, 0.12311456352472305, 0.17098882794380188, 0.5826494693756104, 0.5649073123931885, -0.16021573543548584, -0.49344074726104736, 0.4857032597064972, -0.3079714775085449, -0.42219358682632446, -0.2759109139442444, -0.40421923995018005, -0.26672911643981934, 0.11748059093952179, -0.4419625699520111, 0.20265792310237885, 0.19781097769737244, 0.1288454830646515, 0.1366254985332489, 0.4307330250740051, 0.1487932801246643, 0.2609975337982178, -0.2941875755786896, 0.07614848762750626, -0.8286982178688049, 0.8234676122665405, 1.0764129161834717, -0.8443643450737, 0.04318835586309433, -0.43875306844711304, 0.5482178330421448, -0.46458810567855835, 0.00954787153750658, -0.08815283328294754, 0.07875856757164001, -0.2248864322900772, 1.0658668279647827, -0.1456807255744934, 0.45627161860466003, 0.007466048933565617, 0.4237707257270813, -0.04972435534000397, -0.33323934674263, -0.15391850471496582, 0.12054894864559174, 0.44193318486213684, 0.7461425065994263, -0.15846103429794312, -0.05996130779385567, 0.46391549706459045, -0.13109326362609863, -0.6756923794746399, -0.6291389465332031, -5.2881879806518555, 0.22334881126880646, 0.2504146099090576, 0.13658443093299866, 0.950351893901825, -0.013638335280120373, 0.3274492919445038, 0.04959017038345337, 0.14582732319831848, -0.3484524190425873, -0.6176654100418091, -0.3732399642467499, -0.1349562108516693, 1.0338538885116577, 0.6556952595710754, 0.17998646199703217, 0.5354205369949341, -0.46985504031181335, 0.7276583313941956, 0.5334912538528442, 0.29364892840385437, -0.7798835635185242, -0.6554537415504456, 0.24047330021858215, -0.2924586534500122, 0.017253311350941658, -0.2532450556755066, 0.0020212738309055567, -1.0064095258712769, -0.24228990077972412, -0.24763141572475433, -0.2209973782300949, -0.741912305355072, -0.25927048921585083, 0.03067457489669323, -0.0980978012084961, 0.3750459551811218, -0.16402453184127808, 0.4880819320678711, -0.7411314845085144, 0.10686245560646057, -0.012364441528916359, -0.5712746381759644, 0.3940412402153015, 0.23561076819896698, -0.03171146288514137, -0.5916326642036438, -0.7995116114616394, 0.030652949586510658, 0.5700956583023071, 0.5341813564300537, 0.4868699312210083, 0.3041827380657196, -0.5837854743003845, 0.2574930191040039, -0.039865776896476746, -0.008572258055210114, 0.5271157026290894, -0.14589253067970276, 0.19566284120082855, 0.08289134502410889, 0.23744671046733856, 0.1384556144475937, 0.11028478294610977, 0.048799507319927216, 0.011764244176447392, 0.41266724467277527, -0.39597287774086, 0.6052340269088745, -0.5227968692779541, 0.011953102424740791, 0.09724889695644379, -0.13406315445899963, -1.2826159000396729, -0.4325900673866272, -0.18211445212364197, 0.8059826493263245, 0.07364176213741302, -0.45657357573509216, -0.37976381182670593, -0.18832428753376007, -0.4954851567745209, -0.11533621698617935, 0.7945799827575684, -0.04084843769669533, -0.17907431721687317, -0.8208989500999451, 0.5358695387840271, -0.09538194537162781, -0.3159690797328949, 0.1644873172044754, -0.30536648631095886, -0.43791916966438293, 0.27946874499320984, 0.7799375653266907, 0.0676223635673523, 0.17316590249538422, 0.2293177843093872, 0.1779879629611969, 0.3672196567058563, -0.5082971453666687, -0.3795245587825775, 0.1353752613067627, -0.815708577632904, 0.4936937689781189, -0.02405834011733532, 0.1370549350976944, -0.25999537110328674, 0.7344791889190674, 0.1595088094472885, 0.39414599537849426, 0.04991672560572624, -0.14185620844364166, -0.21117156744003296, 0.18287108838558197, -0.14430025219917297, 0.5161160826683044, -0.005788517650216818, 0.34152331948280334, 0.9817362427711487, -0.030530378222465515, 0.5498877763748169, 0.08067286759614944, -0.13252823054790497, 0.04671202972531319, 0.08027062565088272, 0.08938799798488617, -0.2591986358165741, 0.22406646609306335, -0.6586491465568542, -0.21009069681167603, 0.4924001097679138, 0.047340862452983856, 0.3701136112213135, 0.19563686847686768, -0.4663415253162384, -0.10535256564617157, -0.35800856351852417, 0.20351555943489075, -0.06851811707019806, -0.14965738356113434, -0.2952013313770294, 0.505555272102356, 0.44141530990600586, 0.03530462086200714, -0.2539525628089905, 0.4467840790748596, 0.12771019339561462, 0.2447967380285263, 0.19814777374267578, 0.5635284185409546, 0.1922374665737152, 0.415404736995697, -0.9510030150413513, -0.40055379271507263, 0.1212044209241867, -0.8109791874885559, -0.536516547203064, 0.5785131454467773, -0.43290606141090393, 0.2540546953678131, -0.29980164766311646, -1.0306504964828491, 0.06497754901647568, -0.0325988344848156, 0.23384617269039154, 0.13918311893939972, -0.49538126587867737, -0.16344062983989716, 0.56538987159729, -0.40256524085998535, -0.04599606618285179, -0.22958673536777496, 0.3426321744918823, 0.5905858874320984, 0.21847577393054962, -0.29494643211364746, -0.6222125291824341, 0.19209690392017365, -0.10670492798089981, 0.09639699012041092, 0.3184960186481476, -1.249599814414978, 0.20095841586589813, 0.011602099053561687, 0.026354309171438217, -0.8390879034996033, -0.5974881052970886, 0.07852620631456375, -0.5424273014068604, -0.3268819749355316, -0.18572451174259186, 0.8386642336845398, 0.3403661847114563, -0.6660758256912231, 0.37885990738868713, 0.17541728913784027, -0.4346757233142853, 0.24580635130405426, -0.3918920159339905, -0.29233258962631226, 0.30426540970802307, -0.6048259735107422, -0.4116181433200836, 0.30955085158348083, -1.0715664625167847, -0.32450395822525024, 0.20998923480510712, -0.3336904048919678, 0.7713440656661987, 0.07223554700613022, -0.31028884649276733, -0.47931793332099915, 0.3489747643470764, -0.7204232811927795, 0.7242237329483032, 0.1206124797463417, 0.36563003063201904, 0.01084170863032341, -0.627127468585968, -0.9435213208198547, -0.4511776864528656, 0.03512866050004959, 0.35136017203330994, -0.615855872631073, -0.6022887825965881, 0.2145087867975235, -0.35307878255844116, 0.42510786652565, -0.28623706102371216, -0.04978789761662483, 0.1483251452445984, 0.37967371940612793, 0.5231151580810547, -0.45863524079322815, 0.032332152128219604, -0.033082589507102966, 0.2676309049129486, 0.16656503081321716, 0.2959740161895752, 0.741341233253479, 1.1060717105865479, -0.08415283262729645, -0.1024973914027214, 0.4868101477622986, 0.3479926288127899, 0.5189874172210693, -0.5060038566589355, -0.09348653256893158, -0.05797848105430603, 0.5263775587081909, 0.17467008531093597, -0.14600224792957306, 0.3727015554904938, 0.1958509385585785, -0.6105212569236755, 0.15164701640605927, -0.5278588533401489, 0.012967602349817753, 0.018450960516929626, 0.6180043816566467, 0.2540718615055084, 0.08877039700746536, -0.32494014501571655, 0.003866646671667695, 0.21364669501781464, 0.021758276969194412, 0.04048324003815651, 0.44692206382751465, -0.46956881880760193, -0.07449334114789963, 0.19664353132247925, -0.47794151306152344, 0.6592336297035217, 0.21137720346450806, 0.21281275153160095, 0.5411599278450012, -0.8470091819763184, 0.26681703329086304, 0.21215355396270752, -0.19380290806293488, 0.4713847041130066, 0.3631119132041931, -1.1126682758331299, -0.3435518145561218, -0.5350025296211243, 0.029780877754092216, 0.1794910430908203, 0.007793258409947157, 0.035898156464099884, -0.36016973853111267, 0.5115402936935425, -0.43545377254486084, -0.06118755415081978, -0.5450851321220398, -0.48022139072418213, -0.4851315915584564, 0.5503756999969482, -0.4028940796852112, -0.761452317237854, -0.21942660212516785, 0.6258285641670227, 0.6181492209434509, 0.2609288990497589, 0.2150147259235382, 0.13147109746932983, 0.060009174048900604, -0.6488903760910034, -0.3558025062084198, 0.22948133945465088, 0.25529471039772034, -0.5823042392730713, 0.18893015384674072, 0.5767329335212708, -0.4871615469455719, -0.16046102344989777, 0.7295085191726685, -0.5608181953430176, 0.3576076030731201, 0.374496191740036, -0.3314432203769684, -0.5970491170883179, 0.09060253202915192, -0.2874923348426819, 0.024001331999897957, 0.443448543548584, 0.16720864176750183, 0.33798572421073914, 0.36443883180618286, 0.541276216506958, -0.4099362790584564, -0.6981734037399292, 0.6542301774024963, 0.6025129556655884, -0.1526777595281601, -0.709276556968689, 0.7361527681350708, 0.04676424339413643, 0.13275037705898285, 0.5551817417144775, -0.4767499566078186, 0.3513125479221344, 0.10447974503040314, 0.12519483268260956, 0.06147736310958862, 0.06538167595863342, 0.010844486765563488, 0.5188882946968079, -0.8231276273727417, -0.011281331069767475, -0.003599999938160181, 0.1096847727894783, -0.08375028520822525, -0.5180827379226685, 0.6696923971176147, -0.026076797395944595, 0.8541949987411499, -0.6929945945739746, 0.1079634353518486, 0.5754907727241516, 0.12099746614694595, 0.01355849951505661, 0.7096188068389893, 0.3156200647354126, -0.23196181654930115, 0.07419280707836151, -0.20376133918762207, -0.8086816072463989, 0.5347927808761597, 0.8651820421218872, 0.2141880840063095, 0.15784712135791779, -0.38059207797050476, 0.5657852292060852, 0.5499219298362732, -0.20027568936347961, 0.4737497866153717, -0.4039783775806427, -0.6887872815132141, 0.4071918725967407, -0.015515408478677273, 0.5081971287727356, -0.37018242478370667, -0.6385776996612549, 0.23764055967330933, -0.3209899067878723, -0.19776198267936707, 0.1795596331357956, -0.017887109890580177, 0.08861222118139267, 0.17352253198623657, -0.7057592272758484, -0.4308788478374481, 0.06102987751364708, -0.4292479157447815, -0.3713701665401459, -0.6832342743873596, 1.1797027587890625, 0.6366373300552368, -0.2443539947271347, 0.4704720675945282, 0.5922266244888306, 0.042983148247003555, 0.33712446689605713, -0.09095653891563416, -0.04062720760703087, -0.2873269021511078, -0.1948353797197342, -0.7392839789390564, 0.8262659907341003, 0.28595489263534546, -0.02316994220018387, -0.32815366983413696, 0.08369913697242737, -0.4700722098350525, -0.0692143365740776, 0.4684157371520996, -0.44058093428611755, -0.11963893473148346, -0.12039292603731155, 0.4625602960586548, 0.6251408457756042, 0.023070741444826126, -0.2467937022447586, -0.20297135412693024, 0.7006669044494629, -0.05782470852136612, -0.2481078803539276, -0.7181490063667297, 0.5052697062492371, -0.44926080107688904, 0.2680932879447937, -0.2674264907836914, -0.1343415379524231, -0.2866513431072235, -0.46357765793800354, 1.0602182149887085, 0.579563558101654, 0.3225286900997162, -0.5369977951049805, 0.6008336544036865, -0.06313789635896683, 0.6549518704414368, 0.15665660798549652, -0.416877418756485, -0.6627126336097717, 0.35307666659355164, -0.22716327011585236, -0.19228243827819824, 0.3184175491333008, 0.0476362407207489, -0.23557493090629578, 0.3533554673194885, -0.32061728835105896, 0.08642783015966415, 0.12515603005886078, -0.07742737978696823, 0.16583134233951569, 0.44236689805984497, -0.36489611864089966 ]
249109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Wonder%20Records	Little Wonder Records	Little Wonder Records was a United States children's record label from 1914 through 1923. The label was known for producing one-sided records with abbreviated versions of songs at a very low price. History Little Wonders were manufactured by the Columbia Phonograph Company, and were distributed exclusively by music publisher Henry Waterson (the business partner of Irving Berlin) in their early years (1914–1916) – an arrangement that has only recently been discovered as the original contract stipulated that both parties were to keep this relationship a secret. Artists are generally uncredited on Little Wonder labels, which simply give recordings general attributions such as "band", "tenor", "quartette", or "accordion solo". Little Wonders were lateral-cut single sided inch gramophone records. The records contained only about to 2 minutes of music. The small size of the discs (together with the cherubic face on later versions of the label) has led some record collectors to incorrectly assume that Little Wonders were made as children's records; they were actually made for the general audience looking for low-priced recordings. The records retailed for ten cents each, some of the lowest priced recordings available at the time. This price point revolutionized popular recorded music, significantly expanding the market. The audio fidelity is average to slightly above average for the time, with rather narrow grooves (best played with a smaller stylus than contemporary discs). An estimated forty million of these records were sold, principally through the sheet music counters of many five and ten cent store chains of the time and through Sears Roebuck catalogs, rather than in record stores. All known Little Wonders were made by artists who also recorded for Columbia. One account says that recording artists would visit the Little Wonder recording studio on one floor of the Woolworth Building before or after making records at the Columbia studio on a higher floor of the same building. There has been some speculation that the masters for Little Wonders were actually warm-up balance checks recorded as tests at the beginning of Columbia recording sessions; if such tests happened to record a usable performance, they would be leased to Little Wonder. However, court papers from an early lawsuit between Waterson and Victor Emerson indicate that performers were paid separately and specifically to record for Little Wonder records. Little Wonder #1 was "Ben Bolt", sung by Henry Burr, who would make more recordings for the label than any other artist. The vaudevillian Sam Ash made the most recordings as a solo artist, beginning with Little Wonder #98, a version of "Chinatown, My Chinatown". Al Jolson recorded a version of "Back to the Carolina You Love" (1914) on the label; Jolson was a Columbia artist, but this was his only Little Wonder recording. Other noted artists of the day whose performances were released (uncredited) on Little Wonder include Gene Greene, Wilbur Sweatman, Billy Murray, Vernon Dalhart, Frank Crumit, the Louisiana Five and the California Ramblers. Beginning in 1916 Columbia took full control of Little Wonder, and in 1917 it began issuing small illustrated children's books called "Bubble Books", and were also best sellers. Much later Columbia also issued various promotional discs in the same "small disc" numerical series, but these should not be confused with the Little Wonder label. Little Wonder #339, "The Camp Meeting Jubilee" by a male vocal "quartette", issued in 1916, contains the lyrics "We've been rockin' an' rolling in your arms / Rockin' and rolling in your arms / In the arms of Moses." This is believed to be one of the earliest uses in an audio recording of the phrase "rock ... and roll", albeit in the context of a religious spiritual. See also List of record labels Notes References Further reading Brooks, Tim, with Merle Sprinzen, Little Wonder Records and Bubble Books, An Illustrated History and Discography, Denver: Mainspring Press, 2011. A comprehensive history and discography. External links Little Wonder Records site Defunct record labels of the United States Record labels established in 1914 Record labels disestablished in 1923	[ -0.1847485899925232, 0.2484862357378006, -0.5344157218933105, 0.45623621344566345, -0.04468401521444321, 0.006926864385604858, 0.2616402804851532, 0.34178128838539124, -0.5533753633499146, 0.10082715004682541, 0.05779733508825302, -0.08954604715108871, 0.019470101222395897, 0.9613590836524963, -0.7369837164878845, -0.2609268128871918, -0.024103421717882156, 0.6088078022003174, 0.0831555500626564, -0.5743844509124756, -0.5024065971374512, -0.5700741410255432, 0.3782093822956085, -0.2665412127971649, -0.6508582830429077, -0.09646513313055038, 0.031242523342370987, 0.33609500527381897, 0.02252115122973919, -0.031381722539663315, -0.031460486352443695, 0.3068716526031494, 0.2658618986606598, 0.22807785868644714, -0.7736342549324036, 0.1611040234565735, -0.4751989245414734, -0.7749902009963989, -0.6031383275985718, -0.7449856400489807, -0.04331424459815025, -0.0821743905544281, -0.06785911321640015, 0.1964598000049591, -0.23128968477249146, -0.2842704653739929, -1.5612348318099976, 0.34000304341316223, -0.7177574038505554, -0.11126615852117538, -0.5469861030578613, 0.7131479382514954, 0.34174832701683044, 0.24883286654949188, -0.027877869084477425, 0.39827898144721985, -0.09119956195354462, 0.2954915165901184, -0.426044762134552, -0.36820217967033386, 0.06754133850336075, 0.0785103365778923, 0.7328138947486877, -0.17766538262367249, 0.2593086063861847, -0.1453213095664978, 0.20349526405334473, 0.7860589027404785, -0.193870410323143, -0.3649332523345947, -0.24411647021770477, 0.012487002648413181, 0.40537476539611816, -0.20608530938625336, 0.4387519061565399, -0.384202241897583, 0.5490123629570007, -0.7813767194747925, 0.3864257335662842, 0.44183820486068726, -0.05473484471440315, -0.22615282237529755, 0.9671005010604858, -0.15609110891819, -0.10762553662061691, 0.16513842344284058, -0.5467658042907715, 0.035050660371780396, -0.3832048177719116, 0.32864296436309814, -0.4321841895580292, -0.19128789007663727, 0.4302669167518616, -0.1478279083967209, -0.878822922706604, -0.21156109869480133, -0.1293204128742218, -0.15282054245471954, 0.0011699089081957936, 0.5185526609420776, 0.3840957581996918, -0.27900218963623047, 0.01159624569118023, -0.25109031796455383, -0.8348163962364197, 0.1278044581413269, 0.7622961401939392, -0.5777676701545715, -0.09649273753166199, -0.0013834636192768812, -0.030150441452860832, -0.05597534775733948, -0.3237017095088959, 0.2559317946434021, -0.07210131734609604, 0.6574764847755432, 0.44452574849128723, 0.05606338754296303, -1.004813551902771, 0.24008303880691528, 0.10194655507802963, 0.13453149795532227, 0.10063697397708893, -0.38259902596473694, -0.07396287471055984, 0.7413020730018616, -0.024054234847426414, 0.3027997612953186, 0.6570154428482056, 0.019503746181726456, 0.12139114737510681, 0.1617754101753235, 0.1513506919145584, -0.7847558856010437, 0.06687980890274048, 0.023762531578540802, 0.5037009119987488, -0.20597228407859802, -0.2592565715312958, -0.03343333676457405, -0.19234424829483032, 0.31923744082450867, -1.3321341276168823, -0.4213346242904663, 0.4213135540485382, -0.11924733966588974, -0.33412933349609375, 0.03940322622656822, -0.692204475402832, -0.4413846731185913, 0.43714386224746704, -0.2217082530260086, 0.28695446252822876, -0.18078437447547913, -0.1376270204782486, -0.2542353868484497, -0.11724300682544708, 0.2664286196231842, 0.5231066346168518, -0.1657823920249939, -0.15462444722652435, 0.5573006272315979, -0.3471624255180359, 0.24805916845798492, -0.2653330862522125, -0.2650107741355896, 0.32963746786117554, -0.11693335324525833, -0.31941959261894226, 0.5626168847084045, 0.11125718057155609, 0.09215234965085983, -0.2399866282939911, 0.6475191712379456, -0.17353710532188416, -0.3736356198787689, 0.966159462928772, 0.1692223846912384, 0.08922360092401505, -0.5539693236351013, -0.45599016547203064, 0.39496544003486633, 0.5414299368858337, -0.21379151940345764, 0.5310062766075134, 0.2216542363166809, 0.4138331711292267, -0.4928107261657715, -0.23248335719108582, -0.7179060578346252, -0.18213507533073425, 0.2144775390625, 0.7513254880905151, -0.5160731673240662, 1.0685044527053833, 0.31966498494148254, -0.5919486880302429, 0.44504931569099426, -0.4821450114250183, -0.299748033285141, 0.06465807557106018, 0.10442258417606354, -0.21440495550632477, -0.028692828491330147, -0.5942410230636597, 0.026920605450868607, 0.12334494292736053, -0.09939558058977127, 0.8572540283203125, 0.5974729061126709, -0.0971447005867958, -0.40338727831840515, 0.8307428956031799, 0.28116363286972046, -0.04349030181765556, -0.31448686122894287, -0.4821755588054657, 0.0009405393502674997, 0.2577652633190155, -0.1594552844762802, 0.4038788080215454, -0.05488639324903488, -0.1191788837313652, -0.011933711357414722, 0.1420937031507492, 0.41198259592056274, 0.20459935069084167, -0.38021335005760193, 0.018316224217414856, 0.19353298842906952, -0.16748304665088654, 0.2770160734653473, 0.7350620627403259, -0.7470290660858154, 0.2373434156179428, 0.538388192653656, -0.15742817521095276, -0.6282262802124023, 0.04643832892179489, 0.005578458774834871, -0.14627417922019958, -0.23034465312957764, -0.6965621113777161, 0.3325066566467285, 0.5929856300354004, -0.016691140830516815, -0.2401961088180542, -0.02625204436480999, -0.0866757184267044, -0.7144649624824524, 0.07257209718227386, 0.7626206874847412, 0.4443889260292053, -0.0034356366377323866, 0.3902139365673065, -0.0027948329225182533, 0.12311883270740509, -0.7032954692840576, 0.7833899855613708, 0.6178926825523376, 0.36677616834640503, 0.17637604475021362, 0.3466818332672119, -0.21896587312221527, 0.2299700826406479, -0.3859214782714844, -0.2681449353694916, 0.21413935720920563, -0.26175254583358765, -0.03766994550824165, 0.15275496244430542, 0.46016058325767517, -0.4821072518825531, 0.111575186252594, 0.5927443504333496, 0.2202552855014801, -0.6870982050895691, -0.24305546283721924, -0.18636897206306458, -0.21115362644195557, 0.5289570093154907, 0.4058946371078491, 0.3414067327976227, -0.44021570682525635, -0.393236368894577, 0.4101613461971283, 0.5260620713233948, -0.4788256287574768, 0.10559047013521194, -0.1384710669517517, -0.20344217121601105, 0.6209256052970886, -0.7183300256729126, 0.09197141975164413, -0.24489958584308624, 0.3409111201763153, -0.45169562101364136, 0.3134576678276062, -0.0665799155831337, -0.41844427585601807, -0.19145038723945618, 0.15524522960186005, -0.20574207603931427, -0.34959647059440613, -0.021922631189227104, 0.11491952836513519, 0.26620689034461975, -0.7957470417022705, -5.578586101531982, -0.30494943261146545, -0.4137367010116577, -0.3665257692337036, -0.1585276573896408, -0.15075483918190002, 0.46359995007514954, -0.4755440652370453, 0.35230913758277893, 0.37659111618995667, 0.13731636106967926, -0.22716280817985535, -0.5473756194114685, 0.11665812879800797, 0.6212090253829956, 0.30578485131263733, 0.2825598418712616, 0.07817969471216202, -0.28084737062454224, -0.08808539807796478, 0.2547265589237213, -0.610698938369751, 0.12274012714624405, 0.30974164605140686, 0.5058376789093018, -0.048335593193769455, 0.2619306147098541, -0.05947597324848175, -1.0207252502441406, -0.03441563993692398, -0.040052901953458786, -0.5256547927856445, -0.2813245952129364, -0.9029631614685059, 0.370953768491745, 0.6170282363891602, 0.6971452236175537, 0.29597359895706177, 0.48949843645095825, 0.02012718841433525, -0.3723852038383484, -0.07960771769285202, 0.033509261906147, -0.26265111565589905, 0.13606062531471252, 0.21711322665214539, -0.5281595587730408, -0.29934680461883545, -0.30251583456993103, 1.1807031631469727, 0.6673997640609741, 0.06575904786586761, -0.020972399041056633, -0.37013718485832214, -0.23669646680355072, -0.05499834194779396, 0.038408853113651276, -0.3566729724407196, -0.5098922252655029, 0.27992090582847595, 1.4559398889541626, 0.16397787630558014, -0.017568988725543022, -0.42145755887031555, -0.22832366824150085, -0.8284562826156616, -0.545104444026947, 0.21475614607334137, 0.31591665744781494, 0.5399596691131592, 0.5610705018043518, 0.07006467878818512, -0.23037628829479218, -1.1095781326293945, -0.201431006193161, -0.09698943793773651, 0.2738102376461029, -0.10053282231092453, -0.1016196683049202, 0.29679664969444275, -0.06087242811918259, -0.3179921507835388, 0.058991238474845886, 1.0647252798080444, -0.04671912640333176, -0.582607090473175, -0.6449384093284607, 0.18011917173862457, -1.1679320335388184, 0.16525426506996155, 0.7240670323371887, -0.07599331438541412, 0.2352883368730545, 0.6543275713920593, -0.275623619556427, -0.16471746563911438, 0.47220247983932495, 0.4209171533584595, -0.13358967006206512, -0.11210833489894867, -0.896390974521637, 0.27423739433288574, 0.41430696845054626, -0.5681407451629639, -0.2917378544807434, -0.561267614364624, -0.5868558883666992, -0.17127808928489685, 0.39928433299064636, -0.6447860598564148, -0.1541537344455719, -0.29303672909736633, -0.7805079221725464, -0.715650737285614, 0.8695703744888306, -0.14332161843776703, 0.5307475924491882, 1.0218921899795532, 0.07288827002048492, -0.1712060272693634, 0.25093358755111694, 0.43914395570755005, 0.09821366518735886, -0.3207000494003296, -0.871108889579773, 0.0601608008146286, 0.4772569239139557, 0.29694291949272156, 0.11859986186027527, 0.36505913734436035, -0.37925776839256287, 0.02202112227678299, 0.28932780027389526, 0.1733405888080597, -0.3212393820285797, -0.2127929925918579, -0.677847683429718, 0.16788141429424286, -0.2709992825984955, -0.4020328223705292, 0.28214311599731445, -0.0372995063662529, 0.25163769721984863, 0.8619584441184998, 0.8415789604187012, 0.3187743127346039, 0.4880562424659729, -0.5078179240226746, -0.008750919252634048, -0.3649362623691559, -0.223262757062912, -0.25497424602508545, 0.9440433979034424, -0.08814789354801178, -0.31486138701438904, 0.17303615808486938, 0.19989731907844543, -0.2360178679227829, -0.1555091291666031, -0.4655008614063263, -0.29359233379364014, -0.4503735601902008, -0.40722405910491943, -0.25013718008995056, 0.23401159048080444, 0.4577620327472687, -0.1036386489868164, -0.3854120969772339, 0.3289515972137451, 0.3125346601009369, 0.18501494824886322, 0.055563654750585556, 0.29974114894866943, -0.21487408876419067, 0.24016784131526947, 0.8525189161300659, 0.15631002187728882, -0.26232999563217163, -0.2443658411502838, -0.5263399481773376, -0.32696738839149475, -0.5053238868713379, -0.597573459148407, -0.3152773678302765, 0.11792318522930145, -0.3716270625591278, -0.6412028074264526, -0.23562248051166534, -0.6594447493553162, -0.06487764418125153, -0.13633431494235992, -0.021661406382918358, 0.45908695459365845, 0.37774398922920227, -0.587768018245697, -0.24503889679908752, -0.05936181917786598, 0.34225767850875854, -0.2517407238483429, -0.235385462641716, -0.5999857187271118, -0.1692989319562912, -0.27311912178993225, -0.1531154215335846, 0.15803088247776031, -1.0775221586227417, 0.3563412129878998, 0.5059563517570496, -0.9252414703369141, 0.7953322529792786, -0.6187651753425598, -0.4252658784389496, 0.34301677346229553, -0.04605155438184738, 0.06498873978853226, -0.15154312551021576, 0.3789364695549011, 0.02492198906838894, 0.30070263147354126, -0.3264358937740326, -0.519275963306427, 0.0733819305896759, -0.7792001366615295, -0.06527590751647949, -0.4729922413825989, 0.040159303694963455, -0.0994689017534256, -0.014243558049201965, 0.23327115178108215, -0.21059365570545197, -0.14358606934547424, 0.23153172433376312, -0.3843301236629486, -0.5117800235748291, -0.4858386814594269, -0.04476112499833107, 0.2539798617362976, 0.623639702796936, 0.7498533129692078, 0.2190374881029129, 0.4401620328426361, 0.31704866886138916, -0.3100503385066986, 0.09440961480140686, 0.5144761800765991, -0.1800447255373001, 0.36526310443878174, -0.517544686794281, -0.2855963408946991, 0.4831385314464569, 0.047661587595939636, -0.4687589108943939, -0.6836279034614563, 0.14289590716362, 0.7725669145584106, 0.28305283188819885, -0.563993513584137, 0.415634423494339, -0.2849266827106476, 0.05669244006276131, -0.06600918620824814, 0.5659975409507751, -0.4123343825340271, -0.02758951298892498, 0.1464240700006485, 0.7556267380714417, 0.09535779803991318, -0.0948902815580368, 0.34992972016334534, 0.010590345598757267, 0.4942771792411804, 0.3705924451351166, -0.0013864642241969705, 0.28027576208114624, 0.011070613749325275, 0.2727968990802765, -0.2317090630531311, -0.9143688678741455, 0.1352817565202713, -0.033315058797597885, -0.1628502607345581, 0.07199154049158096, 0.40421950817108154, 0.08292468637228012, 0.2695535123348236, -0.26285430788993835, -0.5119686722755432, -0.2646050751209259, -0.06435949355363846, 0.33473077416419983, 0.16073547303676605, 0.5267203450202942, 0.11039756238460541, -0.023761803284287453, -0.00528922863304615, -0.16051864624023438, 0.452948659658432, 0.030153589323163033, -0.1382637619972229, -0.3985813558101654, 0.00746071245521307, 0.4346047341823578, 0.00004149647429585457, -0.6623179912567139, 0.04250461608171463, 0.16367441415786743, 0.12940514087677002, 0.10166488587856293, -0.7799777388572693, 0.25810977816581726, 0.023732895031571388, -0.5061895847320557, 0.1761849969625473, 0.6271143555641174, -0.7161980271339417, 0.352056086063385, 0.7137861251831055, -0.1620481312274933, -0.2435351461172104, 0.2912577986717224, 0.023434117436408997, 0.3045329749584198, 0.06235220655798912, -0.17153963446617126, -0.866452157497406, -0.006139037664979696, -0.22091223299503326, 0.07185522466897964, 0.9484375715255737, 0.3174925446510315, 1.0046430826187134, -0.5305926203727722, 0.37597185373306274, 0.7019871473312378, -0.21269257366657257, -0.4556465744972229, -0.3512905538082123, -0.18202009797096252, -0.3381911516189575, 0.6992077827453613, -0.015058654360473156, -0.3868016302585602, 0.31167465448379517, -0.024155160412192345, 0.12235774844884872, 0.42540284991264343, 0.02019788697361946, 0.023490391671657562, 0.30146345496177673, -0.3875936269760132, 0.35824713110923767, 0.018032021820545197, -0.07851922512054443, 0.20872199535369873, 0.7075117230415344, 0.22711479663848877, 0.42045387625694275, 0.06724723428487778, 0.6726118922233582, -0.01794850081205368, -0.23612333834171295, 0.138163223862648, 0.6357707381248474, -0.013812363147735596, 0.20140480995178223, 0.35653921961784363, 0.5943037271499634, 0.026311984285712242, 0.08108604699373245, 0.025126831606030464, 0.2795047461986542, -0.15771996974945068, -0.19397948682308197, 0.44912874698638916, -0.039130013436079025, 0.2821269631385803, 0.26306214928627014, 0.24490053951740265, -0.09003112465143204, 0.09936712682247162, 0.17915666103363037, 0.6358804106712341, -0.48383161425590515, -0.24193277955055237, -0.018764466047286987, -0.26624399423599243, -0.13901641964912415, -0.052796151489019394, 0.380446195602417, -0.48286116123199463, 0.028419723734259605, -0.8763259649276733, -0.0272798053920269, -0.4818604290485382, -0.25845181941986084, -0.12826302647590637, 0.092739537358284, 0.29239514470100403, -0.2859492897987366, 0.0603092722594738, -0.16491326689720154, -0.35699403285980225, 0.3090360164642334, 0.2646339237689972, 0.2749508023262024, 0.7829821109771729, -0.09319090843200684, -0.07382642477750778, -0.43415018916130066, 0.680977463722229, -0.40123334527015686, 0.6544509530067444, 0.06754754483699799, 0.7362632155418396, -0.030208049342036247, -0.1085907444357872, 0.8472011685371399, 0.41210517287254333, -0.5850824117660522, -0.7132251858711243, 0.17775402963161469, -0.4899541735649109, -0.3915628492832184, 0.1717803180217743, 0.07199297845363617, 0.22505056858062744, 0.018447378650307655, -0.5895541906356812, -0.2704579532146454, 0.17149797081947327, 0.0282147079706192, -0.2066326141357422, 0.20764538645744324, -0.12758491933345795, -0.7966004610061646, -0.15984584391117096, -0.1475757509469986, 0.32553091645240784, 0.9294408559799194, -0.5380304455757141, 0.44728997349739075, 0.10284437984228134, 0.4201544225215912, -0.12698031961917877, 0.6695743799209595, -0.3246868848800659, 0.256570041179657, -0.2995128035545349, -0.8109334707260132, 0.48984524607658386, -0.5596548318862915, 0.2776407301425934, 0.03567788749933243, -0.4879760444164276, 0.06411401182413101, -0.5333403944969177, 0.5447834730148315, 0.2999131679534912, 0.7151069641113281, -0.1165628731250763 ]
249110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Hood	Tom Hood	Tom Hood (19 January 183520 November 1874) was an English humorist and playwright, and son of the poet and author Thomas Hood. A prolific author, in 1865 he was appointed editor of the magazine Fun. He founded Tom Hood's Comic Annual in 1867. Biography Hood was born at Lake House, Leytonstone, England, the son of the poet Thomas Hood and his wife Jane (née Reynolds) (1791–1846). His older sister was the children's writer, Frances Freeling Broderip. After attending University College School and Louth Grammar School, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1853. There he studied for the Church and passed all the examinations for the degree of BA, but did not graduate. At Oxford he wrote his Farewell to the Swallows (1853) and Pen and Pencil Pictures (1854). He began to write for the Liskeard Gazette in 1856, and edited that paper in 1858 and 1859. In 1861 he wrote Quips and Cranks, and Daughters of King Daher, and other Poems. The next year, he published Loves of Tom Tucker and Little Bo-Peep, a Rhyming Rigmarole, followed in 1864 by Vere Vereker's Vengeance, a Sensation, and in 1865 by Jingles and Jokes for the Little Folks. His novels included A Disputed Inheritance (1863), A Golden Heart (1867), The Lost Link (1868), Captain Masters's Children (1865), and Love and Valour (1872). In 1866 he translated Ernest L'Épine's La Légende de Croquemitaine. He also wrote two books on English verse composition, several children's books (in conjunction with his sister, Frances Freeling Broderip), and a body of magazine and journal articles. Hood drew with considerable facility, and illustrated several of his father's comic verses, some of which were collected in his father's book, Precocious Piggy. Meanwhile, in 1860, the younger Hood obtained a position in the War Office, which he served for five years. In 1865 he left when selected as editor of Fun, the comic paper, which became very popular under his direction, and in 1867 he first issued Tom Hood's Comic Annual. In private life, Hood's geniality and sincere friendliness secured him the affection and esteem of a wide circle of acquaintance. Some of these friends became contributors to his publications. For example, he befriended the dramatist W. S. Gilbert and the American journalist Ambrose Bierce, both frequent contributors to Fun. Hood wrote the burlesque, Robinson Crusoe; or, The Injun Bride and the Injured Wife (1867), together with Gilbert, H. J. Byron, H. S. Leigh and Arthur Sketchley. Hood's Fun gang also included playwright Thomas W. Robertson, among others. Hood's first wife, Susan, (on occasion called "Mrs Tom"), died in 1873, at the age of only thirty-seven. He married Justine Rudolphine Charotton (b. 1844/5) on 15 August 1874, only a few months before his own death. Hood died suddenly in his cottage at Peckham Rye, Surrey on 20 November 1874 and was buried in Nunhead cemetery. Controversy over Alice in Wonderland In 1887 the literary critic Edward Salmon suggested that Lewis Carroll had plagiarised Hood's From Nowhere to the North Pole (1875) when writing Alice: Carroll replied a month later, in a terse letter to editor of The Nineteenth Century: In 1889 Carroll even inserted an announcement in the back of The Nursery "Alice", correcting his previous explanation and further denying Tom Hood's influence: Legacy and honours British dramatist Thomas W. Robertson dedicated his play Society (1864) to Hood — "To my dear friend Tom Hood this play is dedicated." His sister, Frances Freeling Broderip, wrote a memoir of him that was published with an 1877 edition of his poems. Ambrose Bierce's short story "The Damned Thing" was inspired by an alleged encounter with Tom Hood's spirit. In 1925, Tom Hood School in Leytonstone was renamed after Hood. Notes References External links 1835 births 1874 deaths Children's fantasy novels English fantasy writers English illustrators English male poets People educated at University College School English male short story writers English short story writers English male novelists 19th-century British short story writers	[ -0.06785205006599426, 0.2266124188899994, -0.23184092342853546, -0.13338685035705566, 0.19637151062488556, 0.9145941734313965, 1.0405597686767578, 0.2214561104774475, -0.2642577886581421, -0.0018772633047774434, -0.18203307688236237, 0.6013143658638, -0.23266957700252533, -0.049464937299489975, -0.6869843006134033, 0.24454303085803986, -0.1391744464635849, -0.36849382519721985, -0.18314595520496368, 0.02973775379359722, -0.3307788074016571, -0.7416478395462036, 0.33879899978637695, -0.5848024487495422, 0.02649196982383728, 0.15766866505146027, 0.2385483980178833, 0.24245502054691315, -0.35672861337661743, 0.3121321499347687, 0.08984460681676865, 0.48475611209869385, 0.30941927433013916, -0.4933600425720215, -0.9962807297706604, -0.1033942699432373, -0.9960702061653137, -0.38629648089408875, -0.3074829876422882, -0.08001586049795151, -0.14423224329948425, 0.10216408222913742, -0.09244758635759354, -0.5387425422668457, -0.16277864575386047, -0.4634998142719269, -1.8363286256790161, 0.27297088503837585, -0.7648671865463257, -0.15096299350261688, 0.22830286622047424, 0.14697062969207764, -0.44726836681365967, 0.22368021309375763, -0.2569604814052582, -0.006763700861483812, -0.2945729196071625, -0.5436080098152161, 0.21190966665744781, 0.22286689281463623, 0.12145807594060898, 0.07766324281692505, 0.6815683841705322, 0.33483484387397766, -0.3347151577472687, 0.6899229288101196, -0.39229661226272583, 0.34725433588027954, -0.29065823554992676, 0.7418044805526733, 0.5018351674079895, 0.7534178495407104, -0.021824978291988373, 0.7705026268959045, 0.25370287895202637, -0.46134448051452637, 0.3467789590358734, 0.06222247704863548, 0.07960980385541916, 0.32318809628486633, 0.15399999916553497, -0.49156782031059265, 0.94291752576828, 0.8003078103065491, -0.010036599822342396, 0.10889003425836563, -0.010949833318591118, 0.305697500705719, -0.463791161775589, -0.5534226298332214, -0.15683017671108246, 0.20757140219211578, -0.5196139812469482, -0.14168301224708557, 0.08747053146362305, 0.2589951157569885, 0.13066180050373077, 0.24269506335258484, -0.46898868680000305, -0.18302254378795624, 0.06589595228433609, 0.8595902323722839, 0.6400472521781921, -0.08263502269983292, -0.37587085366249084, 0.02616656757891178, 0.4952515959739685, -0.404815673828125, 0.348072350025177, 0.8094341158866882, -0.31983381509780884, 0.3098812997341156, 0.4122767150402069, 0.30755317211151123, 0.06031416729092598, 0.454069584608078, 0.3996009826660156, -0.37226566672325134, -0.5181260108947754, -0.17120367288589478, -0.6878379583358765, 0.1745482236146927, 0.2879325747489929, 0.48212817311286926, -0.5163715481758118, 0.027909982949495316, -0.41045236587524414, 0.1892826408147812, 0.0031315649393945932, 0.5019998550415039, 0.5559608936309814, 1.022874355316162, -0.2228957563638687, -0.5697123408317566, -0.1852857917547226, 0.5751962661743164, 0.11523018032312393, 0.2714731991291046, -0.10389908403158188, 0.42187678813934326, -0.4970676302909851, -0.18551234900951385, -0.4795229434967041, -0.007324456237256527, 0.021051080897450447, -0.20307475328445435, -0.4004456102848053, 0.06199716404080391, -0.5957541465759277, 0.05375397577881813, -0.49299484491348267, 0.2201421558856964, -0.22090615332126617, -0.3822629153728485, 0.12378396838903427, 0.26140400767326355, 0.2974996566772461, 0.3828679323196411, 0.44827261567115784, -0.03271191567182541, -0.1827174425125122, 0.5547662973403931, -0.08498380333185196, -0.42180871963500977, -0.06334935128688812, -0.3782970607280731, 0.3685890734195709, -0.6839027404785156, -0.4979115128517151, -0.2279796302318573, -0.3112722933292389, -0.14263109862804413, 0.7239776849746704, 0.06007052958011627, 0.7338824272155762, 0.2718007266521454, 0.9333623051643372, 0.41184282302856445, 0.1992422193288803, -0.2296525090932846, -0.793876051902771, 0.1036902666091919, 0.030832257121801376, -0.06725946813821793, 0.34649357199668884, 0.10682113468647003, 0.6116262674331665, -0.6050141453742981, 0.2404239922761917, -0.22971419990062714, -0.7633669376373291, -0.46942126750946045, 0.1757962852716446, 0.2634337544441223, 0.9618448615074158, 0.48325005173683167, -0.1240602433681488, 0.34539341926574707, 0.37502241134643555, 1.051656723022461, 0.011250337585806847, -0.2726438343524933, 0.19075201451778412, 0.17173874378204346, -0.10070974379777908, 0.08321645110845566, -0.062073081731796265, 0.3605530858039856, 0.8547441363334656, 0.32807686924934387, 0.4528696835041046, -0.5944636464118958, -0.09928102791309357, -0.032310426235198975, -0.9331379532814026, -0.8481584191322327, 0.3037877380847931, -0.13828013837337494, 0.5760178565979004, -0.40665581822395325, 0.485534131526947, -0.29781466722488403, 0.08718132972717285, 0.24989919364452362, 0.05781644582748413, 0.9082187414169312, -0.3618643581867218, 0.25939232110977173, -0.18190239369869232, -0.765457272529602, -0.5055248141288757, 0.4079355299472809, 0.07014868408441544, -0.3522367775440216, 0.11613569408655167, 0.05018899217247963, 0.11782478541135788, -0.44085177779197693, 0.0710006132721901, -0.3706713020801544, -0.21279747784137726, 0.4148120582103729, -0.48435893654823303, 0.43326064944267273, 0.11819522082805634, -0.2964146137237549, -0.35328686237335205, 0.18228252232074738, -0.13645078241825104, -0.2317209094762802, 0.015383370220661163, 0.4552673101425171, 0.42639783024787903, 0.27264419198036194, -0.15622489154338837, -0.12488041073083878, 0.10346050560474396, -0.0854446291923523, -0.0027612720150500536, 0.36512017250061035, -0.5123447775840759, 0.6554437875747681, -0.29652154445648193, 0.0767335295677185, -0.2779834270477295, -0.13932429254055023, 0.06747200340032578, -0.13691675662994385, -0.49083060026168823, -0.10019446164369583, 0.9840297102928162, -0.2899130880832672, -0.06681638211011887, 0.19620265066623688, 0.36710113286972046, 0.35851237177848816, 0.615429699420929, -0.24963656067848206, -0.30499809980392456, -0.9398765563964844, -0.5377306342124939, 0.9067310690879822, -0.2805435359477997, -0.26605337858200073, -0.20511506497859955, -0.18952061235904694, -0.4348130226135254, -0.28135913610458374, -0.24035830795764923, 0.03255225718021393, -0.2600569427013397, 0.9413180351257324, -0.2265973836183548, 0.5607046484947205, -0.6449235081672668, 0.1772979497909546, -0.30685433745384216, -0.40475746989250183, -0.2535712420940399, -0.12912839651107788, -0.5177441835403442, 0.06498014181852341, -0.32881960272789, 0.35704657435417175, 0.5081483721733093, 0.22144559025764465, -0.6243035197257996, 0.39329811930656433, -5.466232776641846, -0.2376943975687027, -0.22666504979133606, -0.21112823486328125, 0.901185929775238, 0.2619984745979309, 0.3663400709629059, -0.4892778694629669, -0.05077794939279556, 0.05790602043271065, 0.23131126165390015, 0.1354156732559204, 0.14133329689502716, 0.7356971502304077, 0.7964181303977966, -0.4708499312400818, -0.06400231271982193, -0.040937721729278564, 0.19363602995872498, 0.38333621621131897, 0.14313188195228577, -0.42514175176620483, -0.38896995782852173, -0.040221672505140305, 0.1240796148777008, -0.06100707873702049, -0.0753440111875534, 0.08247704058885574, -0.5936400890350342, -0.32836031913757324, 0.07541695982217789, -0.16972142457962036, -0.018787620589137077, -0.06525079160928726, 0.06031840667128563, -0.6507181525230408, 0.0946040078997612, 0.4957958459854126, 0.12313739210367203, 0.3631317913532257, -0.06765078753232956, -0.41360998153686523, -0.3190819025039673, 0.19055432081222534, 0.15065163373947144, -0.011813070625066757, -0.37417811155319214, -0.010555626824498177, 0.12077421694993973, 0.5395846962928772, 0.7113651633262634, 0.04416710138320923, 0.1600661277770996, -0.07193189859390259, -0.002070116810500622, -0.13664071261882782, 0.3354213833808899, -0.7016292810440063, -0.7704691886901855, 0.14705470204353333, 0.38103824853897095, -0.7295511960983276, -0.09746547043323517, -0.14537444710731506, -0.13827534019947052, -0.23230673372745514, 0.35205480456352234, -0.017320213839411736, 0.30590951442718506, -0.4405699670314789, -0.1489332616329193, 0.5012161731719971, 0.007182006258517504, -1.364821195602417, 0.2772209942340851, 0.06721808761358261, -0.20083339512348175, 0.019790515303611755, -0.2501840591430664, -0.8037365078926086, -0.11924172937870026, -1.0213543176651, -0.341636598110199, 0.6371597647666931, 0.24811874330043793, -0.0980466902256012, -0.3860301971435547, -0.0753043070435524, -0.2521343231201172, -0.5673190355300903, 0.20472818613052368, -0.3605451285839081, -0.12283846735954285, 0.26678624749183655, 0.5830954909324646, 0.21016739308834076, -0.39485594630241394, 0.4182724356651306, -0.11783117800951004, 0.33139586448669434, -0.816064178943634, -0.2948342263698578, 0.20686224102973938, 0.014122248627245426, 0.26457518339157104, -0.11718302965164185, -0.12438102066516876, 0.39651668071746826, 0.7782562375068665, -0.16062548756599426, 0.46623802185058594, 0.10104849934577942, -0.606633722782135, -0.0071764676831662655, -0.6421947479248047, -0.21749913692474365, 0.7536929845809937, 0.23886802792549133, 0.5405890941619873, 0.6245023012161255, -0.7438368201255798, 0.9361768364906311, -0.2021288126707077, 0.014787578023970127, -0.00046512886183336377, -0.560547411441803, 0.5938299894332886, -0.40578693151474, 0.13168567419052124, 0.0810306966304779, 0.1060105711221695, 0.435321182012558, -0.01083898264914751, 0.04233274236321449, -0.5604437589645386, -0.32658568024635315, -0.5461522936820984, -0.20364613831043243, 0.07778508961200714, -0.12539860606193542, 0.04120884835720062, -0.3865601420402527, 0.24991104006767273, 0.18946129083633423, 0.5050923824310303, -0.5138357877731323, 0.031749311834573746, 0.19404198229312897, -0.4043119251728058, 0.18169590830802917, -0.22824855148792267, -0.04339710623025894, 0.19418363273143768, -0.314195841550827, -0.1431046575307846, -0.1744391769170761, -0.6442681550979614, 0.23893234133720398, -0.23857933282852173, 0.09017206728458405, -0.6894325017929077, -0.16195884346961975, -0.48792344331741333, -0.3556850254535675, -0.1397124081850052, 0.09983525425195694, -0.5671942234039307, -0.4090902507305145, -0.09247045964002609, 0.0852244421839714, -0.38064277172088623, -0.5551159381866455, -0.12787027657032013, -0.004867815412580967, 0.493791401386261, -0.34324410557746887, -0.04643000662326813, -0.2871452867984772, -0.2742617726325989, -0.16445183753967285, -0.1337912231683731, 0.23658548295497894, -0.5822662115097046, -0.19827258586883545, 1.2788933515548706, -0.48316654562950134, -0.31622037291526794, -0.7450213432312012, -0.11910740286111832, 0.08897466212511063, 0.04040635749697685, -0.03970734402537346, 0.187587171792984, 1.056571364402771, -0.28676483035087585, 0.16566058993339539, 0.2613532543182373, -0.12512288987636566, 0.0617532916367054, -0.07457415759563446, -0.06323105841875076, -0.052653659135103226, -0.19222241640090942, -0.5027756094932556, -0.2600366175174713, -1.1006227731704712, -0.17600128054618835, -0.30473265051841736, -0.3024681508541107, 0.743344247341156, 0.2466912567615509, -0.7411503195762634, -0.2248229682445526, 0.4202086627483368, -0.3316965401172638, -0.13493502140045166, 0.19837971031665802, 0.3546845018863678, -0.025450974702835083, -0.301346093416214, -0.11517214775085449, -0.813884437084198, -0.5421192049980164, 0.16255629062652588, -0.6103721857070923, -0.19214418530464172, -0.05266200378537178, -0.7439057230949402, 1.0371448993682861, -0.22990907728672028, 0.29916536808013916, 0.20016466081142426, 0.29558753967285156, 1.1971226930618286, -0.5406380295753479, -0.4342226982116699, 0.2883959412574768, 0.08748454600572586, -0.5033557415008545, 0.17758719623088837, 0.9762220978736877, 1.3988043069839478, 0.21652750670909882, -0.04784948378801346, -0.0304014440625906, -0.32180851697921753, 0.315768837928772, -0.09001117199659348, -0.18672288954257965, 0.2368319034576416, 0.7091697454452515, -0.008203358389437199, -0.36354947090148926, 0.39428332448005676, 0.5843287706375122, -0.1535952240228653, -0.20422841608524323, 0.1397695243358612, 0.057932205498218536, 0.35463419556617737, 0.007618559990078211, 0.44539016485214233, 0.025913916528224945, 0.0338272899389267, -0.10737621784210205, 0.1867840737104416, 0.016328850761055946, -0.24288412928581238, 0.3613286316394806, -0.27500292658805847, -0.711103081703186, -0.5353968739509583, -0.03271990641951561, 0.902995228767395, 0.04018362984061241, 0.08417611569166183, 0.4133009910583496, -0.6220651865005493, 0.7558111548423767, -0.010305984877049923, -0.022813795134425163, 0.3206104338169098, -0.6019386053085327, -0.6388920545578003, -0.8319438695907593, 0.2478848546743393, 0.48965075612068176, -0.40456339716911316, 0.2367778867483139, 0.5835520029067993, -0.0651974007487297, 0.477777361869812, 0.49417221546173096, 0.24035292863845825, 0.13693316280841827, 0.2525169849395752, 0.00045945390593260527, 0.47518014907836914, -0.26986777782440186, -0.3273550868034363, -0.550858736038208, 0.44624051451683044, 0.9168020486831665, -0.1639786958694458, 0.6733116507530212, -0.0592595636844635, -0.23760288953781128, -0.4602672755718231, -0.7470748424530029, 0.31493982672691345, 0.6543407440185547, 0.14839746057987213, -0.006820174399763346, 0.698558509349823, -0.5640670657157898, -0.5885517001152039, 0.862770676612854, -0.5834413766860962, -0.21997737884521484, 0.34769201278686523, 0.06028258800506592, -0.11207118630409241, 0.19795919954776764, -0.5354704856872559, 0.15710124373435974, 0.34525975584983826, -0.09440422803163528, 0.07567679136991501, -0.3528781831264496, 0.3004288673400879, -0.14586083590984344, -0.6557691693305969, -0.16578161716461182, 0.6505959033966064, 0.15047751367092133, -0.2865380048751831, 0.26864734292030334, -0.28296247124671936, -0.18287056684494019, 0.31781989336013794, 0.2547471821308136, 0.20849207043647766, 0.3097977340221405, 0.6461024284362793, 0.05935664474964142, 0.08637890219688416, 0.4155571460723877, -0.0388641431927681, -0.5303789377212524, 0.336310476064682, 0.32740867137908936, 0.17876410484313965, 0.4982220530509949, -1.319010615348816, 0.5056962370872498, 0.07260425388813019, 0.16866454482078552, -0.05575336143374443, -0.8611878156661987, 0.23961853981018066, 0.2939539849758148, -0.10248900204896927, 0.6902648210525513, -0.3629070818424225, -0.20521515607833862, 0.43532153964042664, 0.5603703856468201, -0.36462634801864624, 0.1273389458656311, 0.8188862800598145, 0.22712615132331848, -0.420884370803833, -0.6104366183280945, 0.4787244498729706, 0.3748336732387543, 0.4479827284812927, 1.2216720581054688, 0.1106887012720108, 0.2104463130235672, -0.2590179443359375, -0.7300449013710022, 0.25644412636756897, -0.04885101690888405, -0.4965054988861084, 0.5990096926689148, -0.0726766586303711, -0.4816249907016754, 0.24550235271453857, -0.6481045484542847, -0.8879712224006653, -0.3618907034397125, -0.6200447678565979, 0.2996408939361572, 0.06602592766284943, -0.7572028636932373, -0.013511021621525288, -0.02606145851314068, 0.642792284488678, 0.27424681186676025, -0.6647294163703918, 0.200455442070961, 0.47481176257133484, -0.2377340942621231, -0.12137811630964279, -0.45029059052467346, 0.4857497215270996, -0.20832376182079315, -0.14124810695648193, -0.902796745300293, 0.35278287529945374, 0.07312566787004471, 0.5914362668991089, -0.47139692306518555, -0.03861361742019653, -0.6153483390808105, -0.6229677200317383, 0.31019023060798645, -0.08509713411331177, 0.11180201917886734, -0.5000643134117126, 0.32576003670692444, 0.10352692008018494, 0.047492336481809616, -0.41011571884155273, -0.5729997158050537, -0.011191414669156075, 0.45614612102508545, -0.03100266121327877, -0.4554096758365631, 0.22527433931827545, -0.1472606211900711, 0.10015777498483658, -0.5268152356147766, -0.3406243920326233, -0.11270493268966675, -0.07784909009933472, 0.6468081474304199, 0.9015280604362488, 0.03795899823307991, -0.4380449056625366, 0.5700981020927429, 0.2127418965101242, 0.1772724688053131, -0.07179713249206543, 0.03186547011137009, 0.004479956813156605, -0.1068633645772934, 0.37268203496932983, -0.2741328775882721, 0.4803449511528015, 0.5820286273956299, -0.10825721174478531, -0.07347238808870316, -0.6481967568397522, 0.8401786088943481, -0.41508203744888306, -0.3414938449859619, 0.01190298330038786, 0.39034363627433777, -0.03936111927032471 ]
249111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns%20of%20Court	Inns of Court	The Inns of Court in London are the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales. There are four Inns of Court – Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, Inner Temple and Middle Temple. All barristers must belong to one of them. They have supervisory and disciplinary functions over their members. The Inns also provide libraries, dining facilities and professional accommodation. Each also has a church or chapel attached to it and is a self-contained precinct where barristers traditionally train and practise, although growth in the legal profession, together with a desire to practise from more modern accommodations and buildings with lower rents, caused many barristers' chambers to move outside the precincts of the Inns of Court in the late 20th century. History During the 12th and early 13th centuries the law was taught in the City of London, primarily by the clergy. But a papal bull in 1218 prohibited the clergy from practising in the secular courts (where the English common law system operated, as opposed to the Roman civil law favoured by the Church). As a result, law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of by clerics. To protect their schools from competition, first Henry II and later Henry III issued proclamations prohibiting the teaching of the civil law within the City of London. The common law lawyers worked in guilds of law, modelled on trade guilds, which in time became the inns of court. In the earliest centuries of their existence, beginning with the 14th century, the Inns were any of a sizeable number of buildings or precincts where lawyers traditionally lodged, trained and carried on their profession. Over the centuries, the four Inns of Court became where barristers were trained, while the more numerous Inns of Chancery – which were affiliated to the Inns of Court – were responsible for the training of solicitors. The four Inns of Court are: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn There have been lawyers in the Temple since 1320. In 1337 the premises were divided into Inner Temple, where the lawyers resided, and Middle Temple, which was also occupied by lawyers by 1346. Lincoln's Inn, the largest, is able to trace its official records to 1422. The records of Gray's Inn begin in 1569, but teaching is thought to have begun there in the late fourteenth century. In 1620 it was decided at a meeting of senior judges that all four inns would be equal in order of precedence. In the 16th century and earlier, students or apprentices learned their craft primarily by attending court and sharing both accommodations and education during the legal terms. Prior to the English Civil War in 1642, this training lasted at least seven years; subsequently, the Inns focused their residency requirements on dining together in the company of experienced barristers, to enable learning through contact and networking with experts. In the mid-18th century, the common law was first recognised as a subject for study in the universities, and by 1872, bar examinations became compulsory for entry into the profession of law. Importance in English Renaissance theatre The Inns played an important role in the history of the English Renaissance theatre. Notable literary figures and playwrights who resided in the Inns of Court include John Donne, Francis Beaumont, John Marston, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Campion, Abraham Fraunce, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Thomas More, Sir Francis Bacon, and George Gascoigne. Plays written and performed in the Inns of Court include Gorboduc, Gismund of Salerne, and The Misfortunes of Arthur. An example of a famous masque put on by the Inns was James Shirley’s The Triumph of Peace. Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors and Twelfth Night were also performed at the Inns, although written for commercial theatre. Military tradition Since at least 1584, members of the Inns of Court have rallied to the defence of the realm during times of crisis. That tradition continues to the present, in that 10 Stone Buildings in Lincoln's Inn has been the permanent home of the Inns of Court & City Yeomanry since the building was freed up by the abolition of the Clerks of Chancery in 1842. Membership and governance Each of the four Inns of Court has three ordinary grades of membership: students, barristers, and masters of the bench or "benchers". The benchers constitute the governing body for each Inn and appoint new members from among existing barrister members. As a rule, any barrister member of the inn is eligible for appointment. In practice, appointments are made of senior members of the Bar, usually QCs, or High Court judges or those who carry out work on behalf of the Inn, be it on committees or through the training of students and other junior members. The senior bencher of each Inn is the Treasurer, a position which is held for one year only. Each Inn usually also has at least one royal bencher. They may also appoint honorary benchers, from academics, the world of politics and overseas judiciary. The Inns of Court no longer provide all the education and training needed by prospective barristers, who must pass the Bar Professional Training Course, but do provide supplementary education during the 'Bar School' year, pupillage and the early years of practice. All prospective Bar School students must be a member of one of the four Inns, and must attend ten (formerly twelve) 'qualifying sessions' before being eligible to qualify as a barrister. Qualifying sessions traditionally comprise formal dinners followed by law-related talks, but increasingly the inns offer training weekends that may count for several sessions' worth of attendance. The Inns still retain the sole right to call qualified students to the bar, which is associated with a graduation ceremony ('Call Day'). Prospective students may choose which Inn to apply to for membership, but can only apply to one Inn for scholarships. It makes no long-term difference which Inn a barrister joins; an applicant might, for example, choose a particular inn because he or she knows someone already a member, or it has a student association at their university. The inns' disciplinary functions are carried out by a joint Council of the Inns of Court, which administers the disciplinary tribunals. Barristers are prosecuted by the Bar Standards Board. Location and layout The four inns are located near one another in central London, near the western boundary of the City of London. Nearby are the Royal Courts of Justice, which were moved for convenience from Westminster Hall to the legal quarter of London in 1882. Middle Temple and Inner Temple are liberties of the City of London, which means they are within the historic boundaries of the City but are not subject to its jurisdiction. They operate as their own local authorities. These two Inns neighbour each other and occupy the core of the Temple area. The closest Tube station is Temple. Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn are in the London Borough of Camden (formerly in the Borough of Holborn) near the boundary with the City of London. They do not have the status of a local authority. The nearest Tube station is Chancery Lane. Each Inn is a substantial complex with a great hall, chapel, libraries, sets of chambers for many hundreds of barristers, and gardens, and covers several acres. The layout is similar to that of an Oxbridge college. The chambers were originally used as residences as well as business premises by many of the barristers, but today they serve as offices with only a small number of apartments. Historically related Inns Serjeants' Inn Another important inn, Serjeants' Inn, was dissolved in 1877 and its assets were, controversially, distributed amongst the existing members. The membership of the Inn had consisted of a small class of senior barristers called serjeants-at-law, who were selected from the members of the other four inns and had exclusive rights of audience in certain Courts. Their pre-eminence was affected by the new rank of Queen's Counsel, which was granted to barristers who were not serjeants. The serjeant's privileges were withdrawn by the government in the 19th century, no more serjeants were appointed, and they eventually died out. The area now known as Serjeants' Inn, one of two sites formerly occupied by the Serjeants, the other being in Chancery Lane, was purchased by the Inner Temple in 2002. It was formerly the custom for senior judges to join Serjeants' Inn, thereby leaving the Inn in which they had practised as barristers. This meant that the Masters of the Bench of the four barristers' Inns of Court were mostly themselves barristers. Since there is now no Serjeants' Inn, judges remain in the Inns which they joined as students and belonged to as barristers. This has had the effect of making the majority of the Masters of the Bench senior judges, either because they become benchers when appointed as judges, or because they become judges after being appointed as benchers. Inns of Chancery There were also Inns of Chancery, including Clement's Inn, Clifford's Inn and Lyon's Inn (attached to the Inner Temple); Strand Inn and New Inn (attached to the Middle Temple); Furnival's Inn and Thavie's Inn (attached to Lincoln's Inn); and Staple Inn and Barnard's Inn (attached to Gray's Inn). There were and are only four Inns of Court, which have a special and historic status including, for example, the authority to call members to the Bar and therefore confer on them rights of audience in the High Court. The other Inns (none of which continues to function) were not Inns of Court. Irish Inns of Court There is also an Inn of Court of Northern Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland, there is only one Inn of Court, the Honorable Society of King's Inns. American Inns of Court From the late 1970s, U.S. Chief Justice Warren Burger led a movement to create Inns of Court in the United States, loosely modelled after the traditional English Inns. In 1985, he and others established the American Inns of Court Foundation to promote and formally charter local Inns of Court across the United States. Each local Inn is devoted to promoting professionalism, civility, ethics, and legal skills amongst the American bench and bar, in a collegial setting, through continuing education and mentoring. At present, each major American city has more than one Inn of Court; for example, one Inn may be affiliated with a local law school, and another may be associated with a specific field of legal practice. American Inns of Court do not possess any real property. They are groups of judges, practising attorneys, law professors and students who meet regularly (usually monthly) to discuss and debate issues relating to legal ethics and professionalism. American Inn of Court meetings typically consist of a shared meal and a programme presented by one of the Inn's pupillage teams. The U.S. does not require attorneys to be members of an Inn of Court, and many of the equivalent functions are performed by state bar associations. Some states require attorneys to belong to the official bar association, e.g., the State Bar of Michigan, while other states, such as Illinois, do not make membership of an official bar association a compulsory condition of licensure. Neither voluntary professional associations (including the American Inns of Court) nor mandatory bar associations typically have any role in training or licensing of law students that would be comparable to that function of the four English Inns of Court in selection and training of new barristers. While the American Inns of Court share a collegial relationship with the English Inns, there is no formal or legal relationship. A Declaration of Friendship was signed by the English and American Inns of Court, establishing visitation procedures under which American Inn members can acquire a letter of introduction that will officially introduce them to the Inns in England and Ireland, with reciprocal procedures available for English and Irish barristers. An annual six-week exchange program, known as the Pegasus Scholarships, was created to provide for young English barristers to travel to the United States, and young American Inn of Court members to travel to London, to learn about the legal system of the other jurisdiction. See also Faculty of Advocates, the rough equivalent in Scotland to the English Inns of Court Doctors' Commons The Inns of Court & City Yeomanry City Law School, formerly the Inns of Court School of Law References Notes External links Gray's Inn's website Inner Temple's website Lincoln's Inn's website Middle Temple's website Inns of Court comparison table Bar of England and Wales Legal organisations based in the United Kingdom	[ 0.25416454672813416, 0.44232386350631714, 0.03505426645278931, -0.6241955757141113, -0.00778611097484827, 0.8255693912506104, 0.564609706401825, 0.41984203457832336, -0.6287937760353088, -0.7561249136924744, -0.419536292552948, 0.7416137456893921, 0.10587939620018005, -0.12475116550922394, -0.0926004946231842, -0.052827779203653336, 0.4167506992816925, -0.46577349305152893, 0.3406725823879242, -0.7864355444908142, 0.00909353606402874, 0.34893953800201416, -0.023906772956252098, -0.1161307767033577, 0.41718217730522156, -0.3065028488636017, 0.1526011824607849, 0.28383779525756836, -0.34849628806114197, 0.0018582743359729648, 0.412392795085907, 0.63896244764328, -0.09029809385538101, -0.16400161385536194, -0.01707369275391102, -0.39698848128318787, 0.2156972736120224, -0.3467353582382202, -0.09347277134656906, -0.2821429669857025, -0.0032754603307694197, -0.2548239529132843, 0.19865627586841583, 0.03384124115109444, 0.06018320098519325, -0.3432426154613495, -1.5072047710418701, 0.31468021869659424, -0.4089462459087372, 0.30355343222618103, -0.10430040955543518, 0.6363750100135803, -0.0847686305642128, 0.2718067467212677, 0.49905186891555786, 0.48538148403167725, -0.5598637461662292, -0.2508193850517273, 0.21894843876361847, 0.21776950359344482, 0.5522794723510742, 0.3515002131462097, 0.1544256955385208, 0.2363942563533783, -0.012191674672067165, 0.23760361969470978, 0.29095253348350525, -0.4487597644329071, -0.23646853864192963, 0.4631875157356262, -0.6145476698875427, -0.3698226511478424, 0.002666308544576168, 0.5922349095344543, -0.6170097589492798, -0.27973297238349915, 0.170231431722641, -0.102592833340168, 0.22372622787952423, -0.41744139790534973, 0.7974552512168884, 0.4865058362483978, 0.49574872851371765, 0.6585366129875183, -0.3142499327659607, 0.00006096828292356804, -0.819221019744873, -0.6471602916717529, -0.14515461027622223, 0.48491594195365906, -0.190968319773674, 0.556073009967804, 0.12300095707178116, 0.2481354922056198, -0.06625932455062866, 0.2817937731742859, 0.528846800327301, -0.2834121584892273, 0.5378593802452087, 0.1564709097146988, -0.11890772730112076, 0.17716407775878906, 0.8606051206588745, 0.03816062584519386, 0.12391884624958038, 0.28879281878471375, -0.3793797492980957, -0.389009565114975, -0.19788740575313568, 0.35803139209747314, -0.25603121519088745, -0.2234961837530136, -0.08250297605991364, 0.7238930463790894, -0.35854965448379517, 0.1848486214876175, 0.23845918476581573, -0.33954930305480957, -0.0036173714324831963, -0.38622796535491943, -0.10147612541913986, -0.084877148270607, 0.37305888533592224, 0.40101227164268494, 0.17312350869178772, -0.2763175666332245, 0.18640390038490295, 0.4930042624473572, -0.1711079478263855, -0.2732551693916321, -0.3481808602809906, 0.6411307454109192, -0.11232652515172958, -0.3614524006843567, -0.1632152944803238, 0.6276408433914185, 0.18159911036491394, -0.06716948002576828, 0.6682753562927246, 0.1663525551557541, -0.5634886622428894, -0.5562993288040161, -0.11254826933145523, 0.18811224400997162, 0.6131684184074402, -0.9249339699745178, 0.0017848506104201078, -0.5307751893997192, -0.6388680338859558, -0.2591278851032257, -0.13218289613723755, 0.25745564699172974, 0.10862711817026138, -0.1772610992193222, 0.4995177090167999, 0.4249889552593231, 0.7435178756713867, -0.12453067302703857, -0.38217782974243164, 0.2799161970615387, -0.4775066673755646, -0.34730517864227295, 0.4770469069480896, -0.3485461473464966, -0.07604788988828659, -0.30790218710899353, 0.17934751510620117, -0.24197211861610413, -0.5239590406417847, 0.2244953215122223, -0.8198761343955994, -0.06618016213178635, 0.44516098499298096, 0.0057180277071893215, -0.35928046703338623, -0.1535150110721588, 0.9126456379890442, 0.22849632799625397, 0.6300564408302307, -0.33973631262779236, -0.06606476753950119, 0.30755528807640076, 0.195373073220253, 0.3173481225967407, 0.35013461112976074, -0.2225213348865509, 0.09571859985589981, -0.04000106081366539, -0.00949555542320013, -0.032625339925289154, -0.33879324793815613, 0.4783015847206116, 0.26360753178596497, -0.13075517117977142, 0.7052748799324036, 0.017726540565490723, -0.2263774871826172, 0.5443785786628723, -0.2775048017501831, 0.9184028506278992, 0.1546943485736847, 0.562980592250824, 0.04234502092003822, 0.058637604117393494, -0.6174421906471252, 0.3546360433101654, 0.023196201771497726, 0.1358019858598709, 0.37071692943573, 0.05211510509252548, 0.16045579314231873, -0.3369237780570984, -0.2591420114040375, -0.22885850071907043, 0.031112583354115486, -0.3200368285179138, 0.012071463279426098, 0.08842949569225311, -0.07603996992111206, -0.5856183171272278, 1.131438136100769, -0.062412288039922714, 0.6052096486091614, 0.2688422203063965, -0.4097796380519867, 0.17064744234085083, -0.39878156781196594, 0.5096573233604431, -0.08617348223924637, -0.4435672163963318, 0.20604072511196136, 0.17728698253631592, 0.35084593296051025, -0.4027674198150635, 0.06844136863946915, -0.7013962268829346, -0.5051394104957581, -0.19639918208122253, 0.05283889174461365, 0.34522536396980286, 0.3422889709472656, -0.032740943133831024, -0.31963789463043213, 0.1981789916753769, -0.46906158328056335, 0.003967525903135538, -0.40479379892349243, 0.09124571830034256, -0.006813247688114643, 0.1798040121793747, 0.32597145438194275, -0.37790215015411377, 0.2361014485359192, -0.15259960293769836, -0.03902290388941765, 0.11309052258729935, -0.003761662170290947, 0.3739734888076782, -0.07344704866409302, 0.09528128802776337, -0.600254476070404, 0.25730857253074646, 0.585497260093689, -0.04841424524784088, -0.612959086894989, -0.8255122900009155, -0.2741456627845764, -0.4923783242702484, 0.4774928092956543, 0.07111932337284088, 0.6288434863090515, -0.1535930335521698, -0.5729457139968872, -0.317167729139328, 0.16211502254009247, 0.02579846978187561, 0.2182973176240921, 0.10595188289880753, -0.14886289834976196, -0.060402948409318924, 0.1461915224790573, -0.031861286610364914, 0.17833097279071808, -0.4037512540817261, 0.09800802916288376, -0.01006125658750534, -0.11685852706432343, -0.6975159049034119, -0.39884763956069946, 0.8198697566986084, 0.153567835688591, 0.5857925415039062, 0.02896825224161148, -0.24162164330482483, 0.6203734874725342, 0.2939384877681732, -0.00223092595115304, 0.3237361013889313, -0.6533094644546509, -0.7909202575683594, 0.23314101994037628, 0.3133734166622162, 0.04085184633731842, 0.08847572654485703, 0.47327542304992676, -0.3396291434764862, -0.6119851469993591, 0.18316039443016052, -5.7626543045043945, -0.17630413174629211, -0.49471917748451233, -0.2842298746109009, 0.305494487285614, -0.19721285998821259, 0.6217985153198242, -0.6504696011543274, 0.2350572645664215, -0.12570630013942719, 0.19818063080310822, -0.1655302345752716, 0.37844279408454895, 0.19295860826969147, 0.1488034427165985, 0.5132176280021667, 0.07752663642168045, -0.4449765682220459, 0.2637723982334137, 0.03163018077611923, 0.6539092063903809, -0.38614898920059204, 0.3033624291419983, -0.10204682499170303, -0.2742266058921814, 0.4407651126384735, -0.03238009288907051, -0.05633806064724922, -0.1404627561569214, -0.457546591758728, -0.03697820007801056, -0.30812743306159973, -0.29597967863082886, -0.3625616729259491, 0.23305684328079224, -0.021168960258364677, 0.5420231819152832, -0.2411746233701706, -0.232660174369812, -0.1830366849899292, 0.01224422175437212, 0.11001146584749222, 0.32041558623313904, 0.4179076850414276, 0.17339041829109192, -0.4320145547389984, -0.3751634657382965, 0.17174074053764343, -0.17732229828834534, 0.5620460510253906, -0.183822900056839, 0.49400025606155396, 0.0058403098955750465, 0.2476664036512375, -0.364913672208786, -0.01040439773350954, 0.34508398175239563, -0.49536824226379395, -0.000744205666705966, -0.10717486590147018, 0.3122396767139435, -1.0014511346817017, 0.07783593982458115, -0.3552447557449341, 0.14021261036396027, -0.6065539717674255, -0.44689491391181946, -0.0718117207288742, 1.1391313076019287, 0.22009123861789703, 0.24753285944461823, -0.020201316103339195, -0.06664631515741348, -0.8653208017349243, 0.08665454387664795, -0.06972156465053558, 0.688946545124054, -0.35093653202056885, 0.6407888531684875, 0.058450330048799515, 0.22728639841079712, -0.12632228434085846, -0.7320110201835632, -0.3296233117580414, -0.2566749155521393, -0.6957051753997803, -0.37854841351509094, 0.9842586517333984, -0.6947254538536072, -0.3597319424152374, 0.324645072221756, -0.30395567417144775, -0.21038104593753815, 0.7555192708969116, 0.5042967796325684, 0.4364180564880371, 0.018182363361120224, -0.27248722314834595, 0.10502292960882187, 0.08193503320217133, -0.03298165276646614, -0.16881312429904938, 0.05745659023523331, -0.8914828896522522, -0.20975074172019958, -0.012409930117428303, -0.6440308690071106, 0.4192008376121521, 0.13196296989917755, -0.1943863481283188, -0.49347639083862305, -0.213453009724617, 0.09826035052537918, -0.06802830100059509, -0.2541499733924866, -0.5303899049758911, -0.35216638445854187, 0.34293070435523987, -0.09141680598258972, 0.25234562158584595, -0.31935355067253113, 0.3532673418521881, -0.08151568472385406, 0.21868544816970825, -0.7333158850669861, 0.04707786440849304, 0.18855704367160797, -0.011470277793705463, -0.38914060592651367, 0.08685125410556793, 0.169438436627388, -0.2519839107990265, -0.030721910297870636, 0.5006183385848999, -0.2663445472717285, -0.27178797125816345, -0.17247270047664642, 0.33781272172927856, 0.03098992258310318, 0.07666793465614319, 0.09985937178134918, -0.3126044273376465, 0.7072525024414062, 0.11120127141475677, 0.7018740773200989, -0.029021400958299637, -0.09070204943418503, 0.09461819380521774, -0.05947238206863403, 1.0624803304672241, -0.19059070944786072, -0.03693043068051338, -0.03884156793355942, -0.15591919422149658, -0.015502014197409153, -0.600323498249054, -0.11376403272151947, 0.3547215759754181, -0.3428851068019867, -0.48065221309661865, -0.06865627318620682, -0.11011159420013428, -0.4419488310813904, -0.4668219983577728, 0.6589598059654236, -0.7090079188346863, -0.5464980602264404, 0.2016582190990448, -0.44422146677970886, 0.17873848974704742, -0.43772485852241516, -0.5186322331428528, -0.22899973392486572, -0.12974022328853607, 0.5410715341567993, 0.396053671836853, 0.251643568277359, 0.4071360230445862, -0.38060930371284485, 0.09147617220878601, 0.08976620435714722, -0.23073476552963257, -0.07768408209085464, 0.43374568223953247, 0.42954015731811523, -0.281338095664978, 0.1286792904138565, -0.4375745356082916, 0.36755144596099854, -0.4629349708557129, 0.6500937342643738, -0.14316998422145844, 0.4710994362831116, -0.0002495289663784206, -0.2572799324989319, -0.4193839430809021, 0.44748249650001526, 0.05710109695792198, -0.5344517230987549, -0.3727969229221344, 0.4358139634132385, 0.44501617550849915, -0.6062940955162048, -0.13973858952522278, 0.25351983308792114, -1.0015316009521484, 0.1695542186498642, -0.49578505754470825, -0.04887164384126663, 0.4160442352294922, -0.21096409857273102, -0.14681123197078705, 0.40011200308799744, 1.14584481716156, -0.9723547101020813, -0.7744061350822449, 0.4956357479095459, 0.005991470534354448, -0.26232457160949707, -0.19875088334083557, 0.3325713574886322, -0.8855832815170288, -0.44843387603759766, 0.33246544003486633, -1.0905390977859497, 0.7286580801010132, 0.27548515796661377, -0.3776785433292389, 0.8138378858566284, -0.34319552779197693, -0.346590131521225, -0.05848674476146698, 0.012139672413468361, 0.47121262550354004, 0.184328094124794, -0.18211881816387177, -0.3065698444843292, -0.19312141835689545, -0.06659969687461853, 0.3969327211380005, 0.29518961906433105, 1.426234483718872, 0.12400359660387039, -0.10900424420833588, 0.034854765981435776, 0.5332297682762146, 0.5188416838645935, -0.24128808081150055, -0.35847464203834534, 0.4307175278663635, 0.48124799132347107, 0.04737847298383713, 0.17152850329875946, 0.14805784821510315, 0.026951469480991364, -0.06412774324417114, -0.05570199713110924, 0.18360655009746552, -0.2206192910671234, 0.09648005664348602, 0.1449366807937622, -0.5222839117050171, -0.2462947964668274, -0.5242435932159424, 0.17652279138565063, 0.18991805613040924, -0.30286043882369995, -0.36573997139930725, 0.08625048398971558, -0.16227683424949646, 0.24785499274730682, -0.5037811994552612, -0.08794153481721878, 0.10260502249002457, 0.4575698971748352, 0.18464858829975128, -0.16001096367835999, -0.5278391242027283, 0.8575360178947449, 0.1313009262084961, -0.31249725818634033, -0.12553556263446808, 0.22550617158412933, -0.6755874156951904, 0.47044140100479126, -0.4915221035480499, 0.3861444890499115, 0.313815712928772, -0.4674653708934784, -0.41962048411369324, 0.1608465313911438, -0.6366066932678223, -0.31593894958496094, 0.9860925674438477, -0.3307141959667206, -0.5169885158538818, 0.4550665616989136, 0.18538206815719604, 0.1765546053647995, 0.38644009828567505, -0.6957986354827881, 0.688687264919281, 0.10896844416856766, -0.3817417323589325, 0.33548468351364136, 0.11333417147397995, -0.545166552066803, -0.43678659200668335, -0.10505049675703049, -0.09828484058380127, -0.11854877322912216, -0.5938199758529663, 0.4628836214542389, 0.5349236130714417, -0.4643265902996063, -0.10033923387527466, 0.09147557616233826, -0.8726263046264648, 0.2364104986190796, 0.2900250256061554, 0.07214780151844025, -0.005862612277269363, 0.4839456081390381, -0.5406184196472168, 0.4034503400325775, 0.435737282037735, 0.13313904404640198, -0.056495800614356995, -0.11742792278528214, 0.20415863394737244, 0.7520577907562256, -0.04573581740260124, -0.20544995367527008, -0.1220816895365715, -0.09180768579244614, -0.5229042172431946, -0.2738485336303711, -0.3162417411804199, -0.15135793387889862, 0.048672452569007874, 1.13538658618927, -0.13504022359848022, -0.7568421959877014, -0.04492168128490448, -0.2029891163110733, 0.501817524433136, 0.6221314668655396, -0.03152738884091377, 0.028336452320218086, 0.03199302777647972, 0.37835073471069336, -0.2089870125055313, 1.1960529088974, 0.26606181263923645, 0.5728134512901306, 0.5239394903182983, -0.26505938172340393, 0.08847499638795853, -0.45616450905799866, -0.05716303363442421, -0.04248877242207527, 0.07100522518157959, 0.0791872963309288, -0.3360036015510559, -0.44782474637031555, 0.41810283064842224, 0.7325214743614197, -0.2503705322742462, 0.29478153586387634, -0.10760870575904846, -0.1776920109987259, 0.16749434173107147, -0.24275657534599304, 0.12551593780517578, -0.32125455141067505, -0.4190363585948944, 0.24715620279312134, -0.37020549178123474, 0.7166860699653625, -0.2621922194957733, 0.26343294978141785, -0.7557705044746399, -0.4311372637748718, -1.0709625482559204, 0.018856076523661613, 0.11136133968830109, -0.6914897561073303, 0.3336220979690552, -0.6809774041175842, -0.14975494146347046, -0.9363517165184021, -0.3195149004459381, 0.1886524260044098, -0.009374487213790417, -0.3578183650970459, 0.031388670206069946, 0.0077500371262431145, 0.6317214965820312, 0.19845981895923615, -0.31887340545654297, 0.256391316652298, 0.14513444900512695, -0.4201214611530304, -0.23294827342033386, -0.20532621443271637, 0.6607491374015808, -0.2885918617248535, -0.12363505363464355, -0.1894049495458603, -0.043695252388715744, 0.3915373980998993, -0.20752674341201782, 0.0773133710026741, 0.33659130334854126, -0.2921925485134125, 0.7974587678909302, 0.9732866287231445, 0.15539124608039856, 0.1952323168516159, -0.3646400570869446, -0.11153234541416168, 0.21539218723773956, 0.12946243584156036, 0.08994728326797485, 0.07270550727844238, -0.42891111969947815, 0.5594795346260071, 0.04162251204252243, -0.5838099122047424, 1.0369606018066406, -0.43956926465034485, 0.1787400245666504, -0.7012341022491455, 0.24952231347560883, 0.10290111601352692, 0.18098551034927368, 0.3730674684047699, 1.0448987483978271, 0.11732930690050125, -0.1838558167219162, -0.1722400188446045, -0.3158853054046631, 0.33915549516677856, 0.04517995938658714, -0.3579724431037903, -0.3588436543941498, -0.5980393886566162, -0.3404931426048279, -0.5580053329467773, 0.33852726221084595, 0.3973276913166046, -0.4845247268676758, 0.30726107954978943, -0.44201236963272095, 0.36246630549430847, -0.2834525406360626, -0.13747918605804443, -0.14420728385448456, 0.18981830775737762, -0.03249810263514519 ]
249114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hood	Thomas Hood	Thomas Hood (23 May 1799 – 3 May 1845) was an English poet, author and humorist, best known for poems such as "The Bridge of Sighs" and "The Song of the Shirt". Hood wrote regularly for The London Magazine, Athenaeum, and Punch. He later published a magazine largely consisting of his own works. Hood, never robust, had lapsed into invalidism by the age of 41 and died at the age of 45. William Michael Rossetti in 1903 called him "the finest English poet" between the generations of Shelley and Tennyson. Hood was the father of the playwright and humorist Tom Hood (1835–1874) and the children's writer Frances Freeling Broderip (1830–1878). Early life Thomas Hood was born in London to his parents, Thomas Hood and Elizabeth Sands, in the Poultry (Cheapside) above his father's bookshop. His father's family had been Scottish farmers from the village of Errol near Dundee. The elder Hood was a partner in the business of Vernor, Hood and Sharp, a member of the Associated Booksellers. Hood's son, Tom Hood, claimed that his grandfather had been the first to open up the book trade with America and had had great success with new editions of old books. "Next to being a citizen of the world," writes Thomas Hood in his Literary Reminiscences, "it must be the best thing to be born a citizen of the world's greatest city." On the death of her husband in 1811, Hood's mother moved to Islington, where he had a schoolmaster who in appreciating his talents, "made him feel it impossible not to take an interest in learning while he seemed so interested in teaching." Under the care of this "decayed dominie", he earned a few guineas – his first literary fee – by revising for the press a new edition of the 1788 novel Paul and Virginia. Hood left his private schoolmaster at 14 years of age and was admitted soon after into the counting house of a friend of his family, where he "turned his stool into a Pegasus on three legs, every foot, of course, being a dactyl or a spondee." However, the uncongenial profession affected his health, which was never strong, and he began to study engraving. The exact nature and course of his study is unclear: various sources tell different stories. Reid emphasizes his work under his maternal uncle Robert Sands, but no deeds of apprenticeship exist and his letters show he studied with a Mr Harris. Hood's daughter in her Memorials mentions her father's association with the Le Keux brothers, who were successful engravers in the City. The labour of engraving was no better for his health than the counting house had been, and Hood was sent to his father's relations at Dundee, Scotland. There he stayed in the house of his maternal aunt, Jean Keay, for some months. Then on falling out with her, he moved on to the boarding house of one of her friends, Mrs Butterworth, where he lived for the rest of his time in Scotland. In Dundee, Hood made a number of close friends with whom he continued to correspond for many years. He led a healthy outdoor life, but also became a wide and indiscriminate reader. At the same time he began seriously to write poetry and he appeared in print for the first time, with a letter to the editor of the Dundee Advertiser. Literary society Before long Hood was contributing humorous and poetical pieces to provincial newspapers and magazines. As a proof of his literary vocation, he would write out his poems in printed characters, believing that this process best enabled him to understand his own peculiarities and faults, and probably unaware that Samuel Taylor Coleridge had recommended some such method of criticism when he said he thought, "Print settles it." On his return to London in 1818 he applied himself to engraving, which enabled him later to illustrate his various humours and fancies. In 1821, John Scott, editor of The London Magazine, was killed in a duel, and the periodical passed into the hands of some friends of Hood, who proposed to make him sub-editor. This post at once introduced him to the literary society of the time. He gradually developed his powers by becoming an associate of John Hamilton Reynolds, Charles Lamb, Henry Cary, Thomas de Quincey, Allan Cunningham, Bryan Procter, Serjeant Talfourd, Hartley Coleridge, the peasant-poet John Clare, and other contributors. Family life Hood married Jane Reynolds (1791–1846). on 5 May 1824. They settled at 2 Robert Street, Adelphi, London. Their first child died at birth, but a daughter, Frances Freeling Broderip (1830–1878), was born soon after they moved to Winchmore Hill, and after they had then moved in 1832 to Lake House, Wanstead, a son, Tom Hood (1835–1874), was also born. Both children took up in Hood's profession: Frances became a children's writer and Tom a humorist and playwright, and they later collaborated in collecting and publishing their father's work. Although constantly worried about money and health, the Hoods were a devoted, affectionate family, as Memorials of Thomas Hood (1860), based on his letters and compiled by his children, testifies. Odes and Addresses – Hood's first volume – was written in conjunction with his brother-in-law John Hamilton Reynolds, a friend of John Keats. Coleridge wrote to Lamb averring that the book must be the latter's work. Keats wrote two poems for Jane Reynolds: "O Sorrow!" (October 1817) and "On a Leander Gem which Miss Reynolds, my Kind Friend, Gave Me" (c. March 1817). Also from this period are The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies (1827) and a dramatic romance, Lamia, published later. The Plea was a book of serious verse, but Hood was known as a humorist and the book was ignored almost entirely. Hood was fond of practical jokes, which he was said to have enjoyed inflicting on members of his family. In the Memorials there is a story of Hood instructing his wife Jane to purchase some fish for the evening meal from a woman who regularly came to the door selling her husband's catch. But he warns her to watch for plaice that "has any appearance of red or orange spots, as they are a sure sign of an advanced stage of decomposition." Mrs Hood refused to purchase the fish-seller's plaice, exclaiming, "My good woman... I could not think of buying any plaice with those very unpleasant red spots!" The fish-seller was amazed at such ignorance of what plaice look like. The series of the Comic Annual, dating from 1830, was a type of publication popular at the time, which Hood undertook and continued almost unassisted for several years. He would cover all the leading events of the day in caricature, without personal malice, and with an undercurrent of sympathy. Readers were also treated to an incessant use of puns, of which Hood had written in his own vindication, "However critics may take offence,/A double meaning has double sense", but as he gained experience as a writer, his diction became simpler. Later writings In another annual called the Gem appeared the verse story of Eugene Aram. Hood started a magazine in his own name, mainly sustained by his own activity. He did the work from a sick-bed from which he never rose, and there also composed well-known poems such as "The Song of the Shirt", which appeared anonymously in the Christmas number of Punch, 1843 and was immediately reprinted in The Times and other newspapers across Europe. It was dramatised by Mark Lemon as The Sempstress, printed on broadsheets and cotton handkerchiefs, and was highly praised by many of the literary establishment, including Charles Dickens. Likewise "The Bridge of Sighs" and "The Song of the Labourer", which were also translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath. These are plain, solemn pictures of the conditions of life, which appeared shortly before Hood's death in May 1845. Hood was associated with the Athenaeum, started in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham, and was a regular contributor to it for the rest of his life. Prolonged illness brought straitened circumstances. Applications were made by a number of Hood's friends to the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, to grant Hood a civil list pension, with which the state rewarded literary men. Peel was known to be an admirer of Hood's work and in the last few months of Hood's life he gave Jane Hood the sum of £100 without her husband's knowledge, to alleviate the family's debts. The pension that Peel's government bestowed on Hood was continued to his wife and family after his death. Jane Hood, who also suffered from poor health, had put tremendous energy into tending her husband in his last year and died only 18 months later. The pension then ceased, but Peel's successor Lord John Russell, grandfather of the philosopher Bertrand Russell, made arrangements for a £50 pension for the maintenance of Hood's two children, Frances and Tom. Nine years later, a monument raised by public subscription in Kensal Green Cemetery was unveiled by Richard Monckton Milnes. The monument was originally surmounted by a bronze bust of Hood by the sculptor Matthew Noble and had circular inset bronze roundels on either side, but all have been stolen. Thackeray, a friend of Hood's, gave this assessment of him: "Oh sad, marvellous picture of courage, of honesty, of patient endurance, of duty struggling against pain!... Here is one at least without guile, without pretension, without scheming, of a pure life, to his family and little modest circle of friends tenderly devoted." The house where Hood died, No. 28 Finchley Road, St John's Wood, now has a blue plaque. Examples of his works Hood wrote humorously on many contemporary issues. One of the main ones was grave robbing and selling of corpses to anatomists (see West Port murders). On this serious and perhaps cruel issue, he wrote wryly, November in London is usually cool and overcast, and in Hood's day subject to frequent smog. In 1844, he wrote the poem, "No!": An example of Hood's reflective and sentimental verse is the famous "I Remember, I Remember", excerpted here: Hood's best known work in his lifetime was "The Song of the Shirt", a verse lament for a London seamstress compelled to sell shirts she had made, the proceeds of which lawfully belonged to her employer, in order to feed her malnourished and ailing child. Hood's poem appeared in one of the first editions of Punch in 1843 and quickly became a public sensation, being turned into a popular song and inspiring social activists in defence of countless industrious labouring women living in abject poverty. An excerpt: Modern references Metro-Land – John Betjeman (1973) "Opus 4" – The Art of Noise (album: In Visible Silence, 1986) The Piano – Jane Campion (1993) So Much Blood – Simon Brett (1976) Works by Thomas Hood The list of Hood's separately published works is as follows: Odes and Addresses to Great People (1825) Whims and Oddities (two series, 1826 and 1827) The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, hero and Leander, Lycus the Centaur and other Poems (1827), his only collection of serious verse The Epping Hunt illustrated by George Cruikshank (1829) The Dream of Eugene Aram, the Murderer (1831) Tylney Hall, a novel (3 vols., 1834) The Comic Annual (1830–1842) Hood's Own, or, Laughter from Year to Year (1838, second series, 1861) Up the Rhine (1840) Hood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany (1844–1848) National Tales (2 vols., 1837), a collection of short novelettes, including "The Three Jewels". Whimsicalities (1844), with illustrations from John Leech's designs Many contributions to contemporary periodicals. References Further reading John Clubbe, Victorian Forerunner; The Later Career of Thomas Hood (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968) Frances Hood, The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 1 and The Memorials of Thomas Hood – Vol. 2 (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1860) Walter Jerrold, Thomas Hood; His Life and Times (New York: John Lane, 1909) Alex Elliot (ed.), Hood in Scotland (Dundee: James P. Matthew & Co., 1885) J. C. Reid, Thomas Hood (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963) External links Thomas Hood at the Poetry Foundation The Poetical Works of Thomas Hood at The University of Adelaide Library Thomas Hood biography & selected writings at gerald-massey.org.uk "Thomas Hood", George Saintsbury in Macmillan's Magazine, Vol. LXII, May to Oct. 1890, pp. 422–430 Flint, Joy. Hood, Thomas (1799–1845). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online ed.(accessed 26 November 2010) Finding aid to the Thomas Hood letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library Thomas Hood Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1799 births 1845 deaths 19th-century English poets English essayists Victorian poets Writers from London Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery Male essayists English male poets Poets associated with Dundee	[ -0.04516759514808655, 0.15072257816791534, -0.22684484720230103, -0.6289041638374329, 0.42563730478286743, 1.0052250623703003, 0.5117124915122986, 0.0767889991402626, 0.027248580008745193, -0.5794596076011658, -0.22271841764450073, 0.5941480994224548, -0.2597663700580597, -0.3270653784275055, -0.3788183331489563, 0.01026086788624525, -0.006063185166567564, -0.6426495313644409, -0.20634298026561737, -0.4319089949131012, -0.11483608931303024, 0.1421787440776825, 0.45081228017807007, -0.42773669958114624, 0.2714283764362335, -0.14762942492961884, 0.22525076568126678, -0.29664018750190735, 0.17282061278820038, 0.3815043568611145, 0.2943744659423828, 0.6651417016983032, 0.5970876812934875, -0.39461833238601685, -0.7374908328056335, -0.24469932913780212, -0.7457824349403381, -0.32397717237472534, -0.04787936806678772, -0.5055320858955383, -0.10982123762369156, -0.4562962055206299, 0.2239830642938614, -0.20525497198104858, -0.19330908358097076, 0.03076302818953991, -1.3265581130981445, -0.13632629811763763, -0.925050675868988, -0.21336165070533752, 0.11793558299541473, 0.49647021293640137, 0.0647784024477005, 0.2387969195842743, 0.20614567399024963, -0.19170138239860535, -0.14565590023994446, -0.29282960295677185, 0.31912583112716675, -0.2027866095304489, 0.6511181592941284, 0.2182890772819519, 0.4216006398200989, 0.08348092436790466, 0.24324126541614532, 0.08658302575349808, -0.48078295588493347, -0.24191562831401825, -0.3151979446411133, 0.08557671308517456, 0.48304083943367004, 0.7186852097511292, -0.24348999559879303, 0.3853810131549835, 0.2523343563079834, 0.2684938907623291, -0.04544389620423317, 0.22374668717384338, 0.33893927931785583, 0.37259137630462646, 0.07838620990514755, 0.27730053663253784, 0.5169193744659424, 0.8980748057365417, -0.32233214378356934, -0.012041508220136166, 0.30650100111961365, 0.7833239436149597, -0.2648378312587738, -0.15513648092746735, -0.34039580821990967, -0.4964623749256134, -0.2571956217288971, -0.29261839389801025, 0.1072145402431488, -0.30010759830474854, -0.2315657138824463, 0.46715930104255676, -0.3385658264160156, -0.4672076404094696, 0.16384398937225342, 0.5010403394699097, 0.2930107116699219, -0.15041647851467133, -0.7979812026023865, 0.13535496592521667, 0.008152087219059467, -0.12900066375732422, 0.5579937696456909, -0.008972983807325363, -0.34551772475242615, 0.030624251812696457, 0.15030160546302795, 0.08077751100063324, 0.28642451763153076, 0.23506155610084534, 0.11347012966871262, -0.4447650909423828, -0.5129887461662292, -0.11667070537805557, -0.16263142228126526, 0.13055619597434998, 0.7660229206085205, -0.32932597398757935, -0.2954825460910797, -0.6726550459861755, -0.0692727267742157, 0.22620053589344025, -0.24975638091564178, 0.19135881960391998, 0.11866406351327896, 0.8623723983764648, -0.4823201298713684, -0.11550797522068024, -0.01663651503622532, 0.019861698150634766, 0.19476936757564545, 0.33586564660072327, 0.7243486046791077, 0.4854552149772644, -0.6132683157920837, 0.10780029743909836, -0.500883162021637, -0.3347446620464325, -0.21681839227676392, -0.1595231145620346, -0.07392141968011856, -0.4941346049308777, -0.12206901609897614, -0.3691850006580353, 0.15227694809436798, -0.23193064332008362, -0.11569710820913315, 0.11929289251565933, -0.10361678898334503, 0.05720532312989235, 0.8664199709892273, 0.09052755683660507, 0.06176895648241043, 0.29265114665031433, 0.1309157758951187, 0.2607007324695587, 0.4285063147544861, -0.028942735865712166, 0.14897818863391876, -0.05522291734814644, 0.15634185075759888, -0.46826836466789246, -0.19549092650413513, -0.5783726572990417, 0.16919799149036407, -0.29834553599357605, 0.4983726143836975, -0.40508177876472473, 0.5540095567703247, 0.3240920901298523, 1.0587235689163208, 0.27111130952835083, 0.2705139219760895, 0.08976203948259354, -0.4591943919658661, 0.144128680229187, 0.15225817263126373, 0.34020403027534485, 0.15442433953285217, 0.14657987654209137, 0.48045453429222107, -0.08196200430393219, 0.014334991574287415, 0.0609453022480011, -0.8910971283912659, -0.7734615802764893, 0.3900092542171478, 0.5080311894416809, 0.7113820314407349, 0.12351834774017334, -0.6176387071609497, 0.19960670173168182, 0.2842511236667633, 0.6891791820526123, 0.12733905017375946, -0.09514828026294708, 0.6702244877815247, -0.17424391210079193, -0.5182124376296997, 0.3243125379085541, -0.11148067563772202, 0.49774786829948425, 0.012573756277561188, 0.1261732131242752, 0.75657057762146, -0.47948524355888367, -0.3492300808429718, 0.21410532295703888, -0.39054563641548157, -0.7840120792388916, -0.3806304633617401, -0.18172918260097504, 0.41597774624824524, -0.73408043384552, 0.09026395529508591, 0.24425603449344635, 0.22437511384487152, 0.20321136713027954, -0.061916518956422806, 0.39267587661743164, -0.8850859999656677, -0.20297197997570038, -0.10081637650728226, -0.6593878865242004, -1.0155102014541626, -0.08010981976985931, -0.07825389504432678, 0.43700021505355835, 0.3895815908908844, -0.21117866039276123, -0.14992420375347137, -0.4601975381374359, 0.4176003038883209, -0.16051241755485535, -0.033347394317388535, -0.042708590626716614, -0.657896876335144, 0.5034458637237549, -0.2674071490764618, 0.11506226658821106, 0.12449903041124344, -0.1531347632408142, -0.18871979415416718, -0.1179174929857254, 0.29730403423309326, 0.9566431045532227, 0.31212666630744934, 0.6312119960784912, -0.01052036602050066, 0.15347155928611755, 0.4679463505744934, 0.3830384612083435, -0.07539737224578857, 0.15578752756118774, -0.6840725541114807, 0.2378314584493637, 0.11146419495344162, 0.564765989780426, 0.0019859913736581802, -0.7431303262710571, -0.5255522131919861, -0.5543588399887085, -0.03346822038292885, -0.18894818425178528, 0.8150750398635864, -0.17758937180042267, -0.2838236391544342, 0.6892082095146179, 0.16288800537586212, 0.02282828651368618, 0.8004299402236938, -0.5339772701263428, -0.50968998670578, -1.0124424695968628, 0.3148696720600128, 0.9996940493583679, 0.0030968396458774805, -0.4530065953731537, 0.25389400124549866, -0.28753265738487244, 0.15859472751617432, 0.11181359738111496, 0.22128772735595703, -0.1677461564540863, 0.2476368397474289, 0.9373879432678223, 0.4415886402130127, 0.2423633635044098, -0.4126204550266266, 0.29262134432792664, -0.09709145128726959, -0.08723428100347519, -0.24317844212055206, 0.37953078746795654, -0.2755934000015259, 0.1936182677745819, -0.08219494670629501, 0.037864018231630325, 0.6097043752670288, 0.1945953518152237, -0.1995331197977066, 0.6562024354934692, -5.635145664215088, 0.4216603636741638, 0.5434963703155518, -0.32762834429740906, 0.49005234241485596, 0.09589799493551254, 0.27779823541641235, -0.7373964190483093, 0.06255735456943512, -0.512734055519104, 0.0007533319294452667, -0.040246546268463135, 0.3691893219947815, 0.019700540229678154, 0.2725689709186554, -0.6106919646263123, 0.02649392932653427, -0.5763739943504333, 0.45103123784065247, 0.5748501420021057, 0.32977399230003357, -0.4627150595188141, 0.019612794741988182, -0.2536907196044922, -0.11149609833955765, 0.13416442275047302, 0.3559057116508484, 0.3909476697444916, -0.011284541338682175, 0.268564909696579, 0.11280304193496704, -0.22872038185596466, 0.5896996259689331, 0.2634202539920807, -0.24895082414150238, -0.9045359492301941, 0.28032538294792175, 0.40478429198265076, 0.3293040096759796, -0.06728638708591461, -0.3134090006351471, -0.5919803380966187, -0.051015350967645645, -0.4082001745700836, -0.07406096905469894, 0.13435226678848267, -0.0806712657213211, -0.21456389129161835, 0.28378167748451233, 0.7361574172973633, 0.6666104197502136, -0.10743555426597595, 0.49339431524276733, -0.1385527104139328, -0.01215331256389618, 0.005678312852978706, -0.12436120957136154, -0.4923320710659027, -0.2955547273159027, 0.2109939157962799, 0.40064430236816406, -0.3280506134033203, 0.08689603209495544, -0.3347203731536865, 0.17428584396839142, -0.25988414883613586, -0.04946893826127052, 0.15469317138195038, 0.4936525523662567, 0.06931030750274658, 0.6384009122848511, 0.29365241527557373, 0.2613913118839264, -1.3394547700881958, -0.30226442217826843, -0.25008562207221985, -0.13931773602962494, -0.6510214805603027, -0.3720104694366455, -0.6787177920341492, -0.2160063087940216, -0.6950252056121826, 0.00952747743576765, -0.045684922486543655, 0.2941637933254242, -0.33358001708984375, -0.6539958715438843, 0.36238351464271545, -0.5053980946540833, -0.27584126591682434, 0.37143674492836, -0.42395222187042236, -0.6482627391815186, 0.10803991556167603, 0.7375093102455139, 0.5341174602508545, -0.4016416370868683, 0.6887528300285339, 0.48811227083206177, 0.6584197878837585, 0.06108443811535835, 0.021958252415060997, 0.4469754695892334, 0.15895146131515503, 0.37347611784935, 0.06193700432777405, -0.3339327871799469, 0.22683227062225342, 0.6036970615386963, -0.13415123522281647, 0.26245471835136414, -0.12520629167556763, -0.08002965897321701, -0.4434150755405426, -0.6199209690093994, -0.5532986521720886, 0.04343339055776596, 0.013881998136639595, 0.5626518130302429, 0.12173181027173996, -0.12166251987218857, 0.6150965690612793, -0.38443127274513245, -0.5894015431404114, -0.09050478786230087, -0.011023137718439102, 0.2527751624584198, -0.7015543580055237, -0.6632072925567627, -0.16996195912361145, 0.06957600265741348, -0.21716128289699554, 0.2046532928943634, -0.14014658331871033, -0.33680617809295654, -0.4157696068286896, -0.6117444038391113, -0.16855891048908234, -0.3740144371986389, 0.008023237809538841, 0.12837286293506622, -0.7953248620033264, 0.17626547813415527, -0.1100706085562706, 1.3906384706497192, -0.06183820217847824, -0.46266597509384155, -0.48958414793014526, -0.1614125370979309, 0.43819549679756165, 0.06236265227198601, 0.13798364996910095, 0.2990715503692627, -0.4905015826225281, 0.051965467631816864, -0.1705210655927658, -0.6105601191520691, -0.07278906553983688, -0.44862303137779236, -0.2507432699203491, -0.05260658264160156, -0.24060925841331482, -0.6248120665550232, -0.25251132249832153, -0.5065109729766846, 0.38802382349967957, -0.07278164476156235, -0.34694260358810425, 0.03885788097977638, -0.2703401744365692, -0.3060404658317566, -0.020076964050531387, -0.04645188897848129, 0.5695984363555908, 0.4170083999633789, -0.23329143226146698, -0.42144709825515747, -0.23089608550071716, -0.016685323789715767, 0.016436759382486343, -0.6474685072898865, 0.3353428244590759, 0.04420827701687813, 0.016628902405500412, 0.6262601613998413, -0.30777275562286377, -0.3753340542316437, 0.05735289677977562, -0.5460493564605713, 0.1208973303437233, -0.021564176306128502, -0.014650220982730389, 0.21138061583042145, 0.639418363571167, -0.3451339602470398, 0.4728362262248993, -0.10152210295200348, 0.14996284246444702, 0.09433343261480331, -0.2821969985961914, 0.02381763607263565, -0.35294416546821594, -0.28051304817199707, -0.35960277915000916, -0.3248288929462433, -1.0338726043701172, -0.06611984223127365, -0.4784484803676605, -0.4912930428981781, 0.8777792453765869, 0.1131061539053917, -0.645471453666687, -0.3213199973106384, 0.7777993083000183, -0.13075576722621918, -0.451186865568161, -0.08021129667758942, 0.010409421287477016, 0.11114726960659027, -0.3527527153491974, 0.09304918348789215, -0.39231202006340027, -0.3251836895942688, 0.43042153120040894, -0.5243762731552124, -0.009168079122900963, -0.4361272156238556, -0.5928769111633301, 0.759939968585968, -0.4240136444568634, 0.010686438530683517, -0.12213727086782455, 0.22202783823013306, 1.1458656787872314, -0.09749644249677658, -0.2120843380689621, 0.321244478225708, -0.4167154133319855, -0.41478729248046875, 0.5264811515808105, 0.5355432033538818, 0.9068691730499268, -0.297319620847702, -0.4486689567565918, -0.04478537291288376, 0.4225384294986725, 0.23052455484867096, -0.14608515799045563, -0.27378350496292114, 0.0005927966558374465, 0.5609973073005676, 0.34581658244132996, 0.1839558482170105, 0.34983545541763306, 0.739037811756134, -0.4437246322631836, -0.28093835711479187, -0.18343207240104675, -0.16873256862163544, -0.12916995584964752, 0.21464461088180542, 0.8315593004226685, 0.04627645015716553, 0.11047740280628204, 0.3589406907558441, -0.06668740510940552, 0.28777697682380676, 0.5513633489608765, 0.0005834967596456409, 0.23596176505088806, -0.5091367959976196, -0.4782078266143799, -0.4241984188556671, 0.3355386257171631, -0.3322332501411438, 0.199604794383049, 0.4507509171962738, -0.5595102310180664, 1.3201186656951904, 0.3690379858016968, -0.8286294937133789, -0.05445032939314842, -0.45474523305892944, -0.20436657965183258, -0.5359129905700684, -0.5350486636161804, 0.31947898864746094, 0.028501076623797417, 0.25408756732940674, -0.08213046193122864, -0.10305866599082947, 0.23136594891548157, -0.03196677193045616, 0.422811359167099, 0.032352153211832047, 0.1913132667541504, -0.14888069033622742, 0.06016990914940834, -0.5285604000091553, 0.031901948153972626, -0.7425702810287476, -0.00035525066778063774, 0.9713312983512878, 0.1758473962545395, 0.42134347558021545, -0.11421313136816025, -0.023380912840366364, -0.48785150051116943, -0.2748432159423828, -0.17814238369464874, 0.6924688220024109, 0.34025880694389343, -0.10902435332536697, 0.575334370136261, -0.26525238156318665, -0.45109546184539795, 0.2556527256965637, -0.045405056327581406, 0.19679945707321167, 0.5008763074874878, 0.4526073932647705, -0.2530337870121002, 0.36857396364212036, 0.0452590174973011, -0.2844674289226532, 0.35702958703041077, 0.2610795795917511, -0.2825040817260742, -0.23359300196170807, 0.7010840773582458, 0.04198858141899109, -0.3409835994243622, -0.17196866869926453, 0.4447004795074463, 0.14488105475902557, -0.71878582239151, -0.04659108817577362, -0.8633390069007874, -0.14349667727947235, -0.21947036683559418, 0.19848546385765076, -0.07755190879106522, -0.02449309267103672, 0.6541062593460083, 0.23523075878620148, 0.19553610682487488, -0.014396725222468376, 0.2891838252544403, 0.07149799168109894, -0.06518647819757462, 0.16035757958889008, 0.5209068059921265, 0.3990660309791565, -0.8673835396766663, 0.6888607740402222, 0.4539243280887604, 0.24493607878684998, 0.12823177874088287, -0.7314298152923584, 0.018412144854664803, 0.12756600975990295, 0.508034884929657, 0.4970742166042328, -0.8848535418510437, -0.3153739869594574, 0.19366471469402313, -0.20045559108257294, -0.2248896360397339, -0.2377241551876068, 0.3595922589302063, 0.22089776396751404, -0.23141297698020935, -0.6133543252944946, -0.037178318947553635, 0.11755107343196869, 0.44624945521354675, 0.5571210980415344, 0.37437641620635986, 0.3275872766971588, 0.004770034924149513, -0.4495643079280853, -0.20710168778896332, 0.089286670088768, -0.32948651909828186, 0.2111085057258606, -0.37249815464019775, 0.04636271670460701, -0.17411638796329498, -0.509037971496582, -0.4749317765235901, -0.16511201858520508, -0.6334956884384155, -0.7208283543586731, -0.10518477857112885, -0.5791317224502563, -0.3182108402252197, 0.3586291968822479, 1.4505757093429565, 0.14509853720664978, -0.3658196032047272, 0.21402284502983093, 0.12198548018932343, 0.09793923050165176, -0.11048328131437302, -0.4246333837509155, 0.37928256392478943, -0.0367097444832325, 0.49776989221572876, -0.7811471819877625, 0.5995019674301147, 0.3590409755706787, 0.5646952986717224, -0.2909334897994995, 0.667826235294342, -0.8566205501556396, -0.6083750128746033, 0.10869511216878891, 0.21652036905288696, -0.01020933035761118, -0.35332196950912476, 0.49926888942718506, 0.44061708450317383, -0.2731116712093353, -0.3347645699977875, -0.6078407764434814, 0.40374165773391724, -0.10824102908372879, 0.2023988515138626, -0.3042844831943512, 0.738973081111908, -0.03627869114279747, -0.08578918129205704, -0.41830629110336304, 0.015588195994496346, 0.07292263209819794, 0.526157021522522, 0.6034353971481323, -0.10427255183458328, -0.6511220335960388, -0.3937205970287323, 0.6836982369422913, -0.288038969039917, 0.03696371987462044, -0.05985938385128975, -0.6600536704063416, -0.60421222448349, -0.09146043658256531, 0.4687183201313019, -0.21566283702850342, 0.5768437385559082, 0.678301990032196, -0.3192766308784485, 0.23391138017177582, -0.6613781452178955, 0.5972975492477417, -0.395925372838974, -0.3415262997150421, 0.4036213755607605, 0.11205419152975082, 0.12145259231328964 ]
249115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Herbert	Victor Herbert	Victor August Herbert (February 1, 1859 – May 26, 1924) was an American composer, cellist and conductor of English and Irish ancestry and German training. Although Herbert enjoyed important careers as a cello soloist and conductor, he is best known for composing many successful operettas that premiered on Broadway from the 1890s to World War I. He was also prominent among the Tin Pan Alley composers and was later a founder of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). A prolific composer, Herbert produced two operas, a cantata, 43 operettas, incidental music to 10 plays, 31 compositions for orchestra, nine band compositions, nine cello compositions, five violin compositions with piano or orchestra, 22 piano compositions and numerous songs, choral compositions and orchestrations of works by other composers, among other music. In the early 1880s, Herbert began a career as a cellist in Vienna and Stuttgart, during which he began to compose orchestral music. Herbert and his opera singer wife, Therese Förster, moved to the U.S. in 1886 when both were engaged by the Metropolitan Opera. In the U.S., Herbert continued his performing career, while also teaching at the National Conservatory of Music, conducting and composing. His most notable instrumental compositions were his Cello Concerto No. 2 in E minor, Op. 30 (1894), which entered the standard repertoire, and his Auditorium Festival March (1901). He conducted the Pittsburgh Symphony from 1898 to 1904 and then founded the Victor Herbert Orchestra, which he conducted throughout the rest of his life. Herbert began to compose operettas in 1894, producing several successes, including The Serenade (1897) and The Fortune Teller (1898). Some of the operettas that he wrote after the turn of the 20th century were even more successful: Babes in Toyland (1903), Mlle. Modiste (1905), The Red Mill (1906), Naughty Marietta (1910), Sweethearts (1913) and Eileen (1917). After World War I, with the change of popular musical tastes, Herbert began to compose musicals and contributed music to other composers' shows. While some of these were well-received, he never again achieved the level of success that he had enjoyed with his most popular operettas. Biography Early life and education Herbert was born on the island of Guernsey to Frances "Fanny" Muspratt (née Lover; c. 1833 – c. 1915) and August Herbert, of whom nothing is known. He was baptized on July 11, 1859, in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Freiburg, Baden, Germany. From 1853, Fanny was separated from her first husband, Frederic Muspratt, who divorced her in 1861 when he found out that she had conceived Herbert by another man. His mother told Herbert that he had been born in Dublin, and he believed this all his life, listing Ireland as his birthplace on his 1902 American naturalization petition and on his 1914 American passport application. Herbert appears to have had no knowledge of his half-sister Angela Lucy Winifred Muspratt, an artist (born 1851) or his half-brother, Frederic Percy (1853–1856). The Muspratts, a family of chemical industrialists in Liverpool, raised Angela after the divorce. Herbert and his mother lived with his maternal grandfather, the Irish novelist, playwright, poet and composer, Samuel Lover, from 1862 to 1866 in Sevenoaks, Kent, England. Lover welcomed a steady flow of musicians, writers and artists to their home. Herbert joined his mother in Stuttgart, Germany in 1867, a year after she had married a German physician, Carl Theodor Schmid of Langenargen. Herbert's younger half-brother, Wilhelm Marius Schmid, was born there in 1870. In Stuttgart he received a strong liberal education at the Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, which included musical training. Herbert initially planned to pursue a career as a medical doctor. Although his stepfather was related by blood to German royalty, his financial situation was not good by the time Herbert was a teenager. Medical education in Germany was expensive, and so Herbert focused instead on music. He initially studied the piano, flute and piccolo but ultimately settled on the cello, beginning studies on that instrument with Bernhard Cossmann from age 15 to age 18. He then attended the Stuttgart Conservatory. After studying cello, music theory and composition under Max Seifritz, Herbert graduated with a diploma in 1879. Early career and the move to the U.S. Even before studying with Cossmann, Herbert was engaged professionally as a player in concerts in Stuttgart. His first orchestra position was as a flute and piccolo player, but he soon turned solely to the cello. By the time he was 19, Herbert had received engagements as a soloist with several major German orchestras. He played in the orchestra of the wealthy Russian Baron Paul von Derwies for a few years and, in 1880, was a soloist for a year in the orchestra of Eduard Strauss in Vienna. Herbert joined the court orchestra in Stuttgart in 1881, where he remained for the next five years. There he composed his first pieces of instrumental music, playing the solos in the premieres of his first two large-scale works, the Suite for cello and orchestra, Op. 3 (1883) and the Cello Concerto No. 1, Op. 8. In 1883, Herbert was selected by Johannes Brahms to play in a chamber orchestra for the celebration of the life of Franz Liszt, then 72 years old, near Zurich. In 1885 Herbert became romantically involved with Therese Förster (1861–1927), a soprano who had recently joined the court opera for which the court orchestra played. Förster sang several leading roles at the Stuttgart Opera in 1885 through the summer of 1886. After a year of courtship, the couple married on August 14, 1886. On October 24, 1886, they moved to the United States, as they both had been hired by Walter Damrosch and Anton Seidl to join the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. Herbert was engaged as the opera orchestra's principal cellist, and Förster was engaged to sing principal roles. During the voyage to America, Herbert and his wife became friends with their fellow passenger and future conductor at the Metropolitan Opera, Anton Seidl, and other singers joining the Met. Initial musical life in New York City Seidl became an important mentor to Herbert and took a particular interest in fostering Herbert's skills as a conductor. Upon arriving in New York, Herbert and Förster became active members of New York's German music community, socializing and networking at cafes such as Luchow's. At these cafes, Herbert handed out business cards saying, "solo cellist from the Royal Orchestra of his Majesty, the King of Württemberg. Instructor in cello, vocal music and harmony." Herbert hoped to pick up extra income teaching, since he was earning only $40 to $50 a week as a cellist in the Met's orchestra. Meanwhile, in her first season at the Met, 1886–87, Förster sang several roles in German, including the title role of the Queen of Sheba in Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba, Elsa in Lohengrin, Irene in Wagner's Rienzi, the title role in the Met premiere of Verdi's Aida and Elizabeth in Tannhäuser. She earned praise from critics and audiences alike and was featured on the cover of the Musical Courier, a major music magazine of the day. The next season, she repeated the role of Elsa but then left the Met and then sang with the German-language Thalia Theatre, again earning good reviews. Although she sang for several more years, her career did not progress. Nevertheless, happy in New York, Herbert and Förster decided to remain in America after their first season at the Metropolitan Opera and eventually became citizens. Herbert quickly became prominent in New York City's musical scene, making his first American solo appearance on the cello in a performance of his own Suite for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 3, with Walter Damrosch conducting the Symphony Society of New York at the Metropolitan Opera House on January 8, 1887. The New York Herald said of the event, "[Herbert's] style is infinitely more easy and graceful than that of most cello players". This warm reception quickly led to more solo engagements that year, including performances of his own Berceuse and Polonais. Herbert continued to appear as a cello soloist with major American orchestras into the 1910s. In the fall of 1887, he formed his own 40-piece orchestra, the Majestic Orchestra Internationale, which he conducted and in which he served as cello soloist. Although the orchestra survived for only one season, it performed in several of New York's most important concert halls. The same year, he founded the New York String Quartet together with violinists Sam Franko and Henry Boewig, and violist Ludwig Schenck. The group's first concert was on December 8, 1887, and it continued to give free-admittance concerts for several years at Steinway Hall, earning enthusiastic critical praise. During the Summer of 1888, Herbert became Seidl's assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic's ten-week summer concert seasons on the Boardwalk at Brighton Beach, a prestigious post. Seidl's concert seasons made Brighton Beach an important New York musical venue each summer. Herbert conducted the 80-piece orchestra in lighter works paired with more serious repertoire at summer concerts and festivals over the next few years. Herbert's association with the New York Philharmonic ended in 1898, after eleven seasons, serving variously as an assistant conductor, guest conductor and solo cellist. In Fall 1888, soprano Emma Juchs hired Herbert to music direct a "concert party" tour of cities and towns in the midwest that had seen little art music, presenting a quartet of singers in varied programs of songs, operatic scenes and arias to new audiences. The accompaniment was usually pianist Adele Aus de Ohe and Herbert at the cello. The group presented their concerts to wealthy patrons at fashionable private parties and at mostly smaller venues to local audiences, educating them about opera, art songs and contemporary music. Conducting and composing successes On December 1, 1888, Seidl programmed Herbert's Serenade for String Orchestra, Op. 12 as part of a concert at Steinway Hall, with the composer conducting. In January 1889, Herbert and violinist Max Bendix were the soloists in the American premiere of the challenging Double Concerto, Op. 102 for Violin, Cello and Orchestra by Brahms. Conductor Theodore Thomas then invited Herbert to conduct and perform with him in Chicago. In 1889, Herbert formed the Metropolitan Trio Club with Bendix and pianist Reinhold L. Herman. The Musical Courier gave effusive praise to both Herbert's compositions ("refined taste, abundant melodic invention") and his playing: "As a violoncellist, Mr. Herbert ranks with the foremost alive". Seidl brought Herbert, Förster, Bendix, Juchs, Ohe and Lilli Lehmann, together with a large orchestra and 500-voice chorus, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in May 1889 as part of a big music festival to celebrate the new Exposition Building. Herbert also played and conducted for the Worcester Music Festival, where he returned repeatedly through the 1890s. In the autumn of 1889, Herbert also joined the faculty of the National Conservatory of Music, where he taught cello and music composition for several years. In 1890, he was appointed the conductor of the Boston Festival Orchestra, serving there in seasons through 1893, in addition to all of his conducting commitments elsewhere. In 1891, Herbert premiered an ambitious cantata, The Captive, for solo voices, chorus and full orchestra. His Irish Rhapsody (1892), written for the Gaelic Society of New York enjoyed a brief but intense period of popularity. He became director of the 22nd Regimental Band of the New York National Guard in 1894, succeeding its founder, Patrick Gilmore and Gilmore's unsuccessful immediate successor David Wallis Reeves. Herbert toured widely with the 22nd Regimental Band through 1900, performing both his own band compositions and works from the orchestral repertory that he transcribed for the band. Beginning in 1894, when he began composing operettas, Herbert's band marches were sometimes derived from material from the operettas. Throughout his career, Herbert was well liked by orchestra players for his modesty and unpretentiousness. Herbert continued to compose orchestral music, writing one of his finest works, the Cello Concerto No. 2 in E minor, Op. 30, which premiered in 1894. In 1898, Herbert became the principal conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony, a position he held until 1904. Under his leadership, the orchestra became a major American ensemble and was favorably compared by music critics with ensembles like the New York Philharmonic and Boston Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra toured to several major cities during Herbert's years as conductor, notably premiering Herbert's Auditorium Festival March for the celebration of the twelfth anniversary of Chicago's Auditorium Theatre in 1901. After a disagreement with the management of the Pittsburgh Symphony in 1904, Herbert resigned, founding the Victor Herbert Orchestra. He conducted their programs of light orchestral music paired with more serious repertoire (as he had done earlier with Anton Seidl's Brighton Beach orchestra concerts) at summer resorts and on tours for most of his remaining years. His orchestra made many acoustical recordings for both Edison Records, from 1909 to 1911, and the Victor Talking Machine Company, from 1911 to 1923. Herbert was also a cello soloist in several Victor recordings as well. Activist for the legal rights of composers In the early years of the twentieth century, Herbert championed the right of composers to profit from their works. In 1909, he testified before the United States Congress, influencing the formation and development of the Copyright Act of 1909. This law helped to secure the rights of composers to charge royalties on the sales of sound recordings. Herbert led a group of composers and publishers in founding the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) on February 13, 1914, becoming its vice-president and director until his death in 1924. The organization has historically worked to protect the rights of songwriters and music publishers and continues to do this work today. In 1917, Herbert won a landmark lawsuit before the United States Supreme Court that gave composers, through ASCAP, a right to charge performance fees for the public performance of their music. ASCAP commissioned a bust in Herbert's honor in New York City's Central Park, erected in 1927. Operetta, opera and musical theatre In 1894 Herbert composed his first operetta, Prince Ananias, for a popular troupe known as The Bostonians. The piece was well received, and Herbert soon composed three more operettas for Broadway, The Wizard of the Nile (1895), The Serenade (1897), which enjoyed international success, and The Fortune Teller (1898), starring Alice Nielsen. Although these achieved popularity, Herbert did not produce any more stage works for several years, focusing on his work with the Pittsburgh Symphony until 1904. Just before leaving that orchestra, he returned to Broadway with his first major hit, Babes in Toyland (1903). Two more successes followed, Mlle. Modiste (1905) and The Red Mill (1906), which solidified Herbert as one of the best-known American composers. He was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1908. Although Herbert's reputation lies with his operettas, he also composed two grand operas. He searched for several years for a libretto that appealed to him, finally finding one by Joseph D. Redding called Natoma that concerned a historical story set in California. He composed the work from 1909 to 1910, and it premiered in Philadelphia on February 25, 1911, with soprano Mary Garden in the title role and the young Irish tenor John McCormack in his American operatic debut. The opera was repeated as part of the company's repertory during the next three seasons. It also enjoyed performances in New York City, making its debut there on February 28, 1911. Herbert's other opera, Madeleine, was a much lighter work in one act. On January 24, 1914, it had its premiere at the Metropolitan Opera, but it was not revived beyond that season. During this period, Herbert continued to compose operettas, producing two of his most successful works, Naughty Marietta (1910) and Sweethearts (1913). He also became progressively more involved with Irish-American organizations: in 1908 he joined the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick (becoming president in 1916), the oldest Irish association in New York, and in 1911 he became a member of the American Irish Historical Society. In early 1916, he became the founding president of the Friends of Irish Freedom and became active in the cause of Irish nationalism. Another operetta, Eileen (1917, originally entitled Hearts of Erin), was the fulfillment of Herbert's desire to compose an Irish-themed operetta and a tribute to his grandfather's novel Rory O'More. The piece is set during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and contains a rich score; it debuted in time to mark the first anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. This was the end of Herbert's greatest period of producing full scores for operettas. In late 1916 Herbert also orchestrated "Soldiers of Erin", an English language version of what would later be adopted as the Irish national anthem; it was widely performed in the US from early 1917. By World War I, with the birth of jazz, ragtime and new dance styles like the foxtrot and tango, Herbert reluctantly switched to writing musical comedies. These featured less elaborate ensembles and simpler songs for less classically trained singers than the European-style operettas that had dominated his earlier career. Herbert, during the last years of his career, was frequently asked to compose ballet music for the elaborate production numbers in Broadway revues and the shows of Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern, among others. He was also a contributor to the Ziegfeld Follies every year from 1917 to 1924. Death and legacy A healthy man throughout his life, Herbert died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 65 on May 26, 1924, shortly after his final show, The Dream Girl, began its pre-Broadway run in New Haven, Connecticut. He was survived by his wife and two children, Ella Victoria Herbert Bartlett and Clifford Victor Herbert. He was entombed in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Herbert and his music are celebrated in the 1939 film The Great Victor Herbert, where he was portrayed by Walter Connolly and which also featured Mary Martin. He was also portrayed by Paul Maxey in the 1946 film Till the Clouds Roll By. Many of Herbert's own works were made into films, and his music has been used in numerous films and television shows. In 1940 the U.S. Postal Service included Herbert in its Famous Americans series of stamps. A Chicago elementary school is named for him. During World War II the Liberty ship was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor. Ireland's RTÉ Lyric FM's feature "Victor Herbert, Son of Dublin" was Silver Radio Winner at the 2019 New York Festivals International Radio Awards in the category best biographical documentary. Works Herbert was a prolific composer, producing two operas, one cantata, 43 operettas, incidental music to 10 stage productions, 31 compositions for orchestra, nine band compositions, nine cello compositions, five violin compositions with piano or orchestra, 22 piano compositions, one flute and clarinet duet with orchestra, numerous songs, including many for the Ziegfeld Follies, and other works, 12 choral compositions, and numerous orchestrations of works by other composers, among other compositions. He also composed The Fall of a Nation (1916), one of the first original orchestral scores for a full-length film. The score was thought to be lost, but it turned up in the film-music collection of the Library of Congress. It was given a recording in 1987. As a composer, Herbert is chiefly remembered for his operettas. Of his instrumental works, only a few remained consistently within the concert repertoire after Herbert's death. However, some of his forgotten works have enjoyed a resurgence of popularity within the last couple decades. Operettas and other stage music Besides those mentioned above, other Herbert operettas with particularly strong scores are Cyrano de Bergerac (1899), The Singing Girl (1899), The Enchantress (1911), The Madcap Duchess (1913), and The Only Girl (1914). Other shows that were popular include It Happened in Nordland (1904), Miss Dolly Dollars (1905), Dream City (1906), The Magic Knight (1906), Little Nemo (1908), The Lady of the Slipper (1912), The Princess Pat (1915) and My Golden Girl (1920). In addition to composing about 55 full scores for stage works, Herbert produced a considerable body of musical numbers for variety shows such as the Ziegfeld Follies and the sophisticated private entertainments for the Lambs theatrical club. Herbert's early shows toured widely, usually including a Broadway run to further publicize the tour. As Broadway increasingly became essential to commercial theatrical success, Herbert designed his shows to appeal specifically to New York sensibilities. Although consistently praised for his music, many of Herbert's operettas were criticized by theatre critics for their weak librettos and conventional lyrics. By the mid-20th century, revivals of Herbert's works were relatively rare. His shows were revived occasionally on Broadway until 1947, but not thereafter. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, the operettas began to be revived more frequently, albeit often with heavily rewritten librettos, by companies like the Light Opera of Manhattan and Ohio Light Opera, and revivals continue today. Herbert's style American musical theatre composers of the late nineteenth century tended to imitate either Viennese operetta or the works of Gilbert and Sullivan. Many American theatre companies, such as The Bostonians, were established for the purpose of performing Gilbert and Sullivan's operas, such as H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado, and adaptations of Karl Millöcker's operettas, such as Der Bettelstudent, or Franz von Suppé's Boccaccio, all of which became popular in America. Herbert tailored his operettas to be performed by companies that performed these works. His background made him intimately familiar with Viennese operetta. Indeed, the most characteristic Herbert song was the waltz, and many of his waltzes became highly popular in spite of their high musical demands. Herbert is also known for his "variation" songs, which consist either of a series of refrains displaying different styles, or of several variations of the same melody. For example, "Serenades of All Nations" from The Fortune Teller demonstrates serenades from colourful national traditions, sung and danced by a ballerina. "The Song of the Poet" from Babes in Toyland provides variations on the lullaby "Rock-a-bye Baby" by presenting it first as a brassy march, then in Neapolitan style, and finally as a cakewalk. The best of Herbert's operetta music is challenging, calling for trained singers. He often wrote his operettas with a particular singer in mind. During his career he had occasion to work with three great prima donnas: Alice Nielsen, Fritzi Scheff, and Emma Trentini. For them, he wrote leading parts in The Fortune Teller and The Singing Girl (Nielsen), Babette, Mlle. Modiste, The Prima Donna and Mlle Rosita (Scheff), and Naughty Marietta (Trentini). He would also write shows for popular comedians of the day or noted producers. Some of these were spectacular successes (The Red Mill, written for the comedy team of David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone, was Herbert's most financially successful show.), while others were dismal failures (When Sweet Sixteen, written for Joe Weber, who pulled out of the production, which lasted only twelve performances on Broadway.). Although Herbert had not been exposed to Gilbert and Sullivan before his arrival in the U.S. in 1886, their popularity led him to adopt some of their musical and dramatic sensibilities. An example of this is the quintet "Cleopatra's Wedding Day" from The Wizard of the Nile. One of his early successes, The Serenade, borrows many of its situations from Ruddigore, Iolanthe and The Pirates of Penzance. The work's librettist, Harry B. Smith, went on to steal more Gilbertian ideas for future operettas with Herbert, who often would complement these ideas with music reminiscent of Sullivan. The Singing Girl, co-written by Smith and Stanislaus Stange, recalls The Mikado, and includes the plot element of a law against kissing without a licence. Herbert tended to use a slightly larger orchestra than Sullivan did in his comic operas, mostly through use of more types of percussion and occasionally by adding a harp. He generally wrote his own orchestrations, which were admired by music critics and other composers. In revivals of his works, however, new orchestrations have substituted saxophones and brass for strings. For many years, the only recording available of a Herbert show using his original orchestrations was one of Naughty Marietta, produced by the Smithsonian in 1981. Only recently have more recordings of his operettas appeared with the original orchestrations intact. These include Naughty Marietta, Mlle. Modiste, Eileen, Sweethearts and The Red Mill by Ohio Light Opera and The Fortune Teller by The Comic Opera Guild, which also has recorded numerous Herbert operettas live in concert with two-piano accompaniment. Like Sullivan, Herbert also frequently evokes and imitates music from distant places in his operettas. He uses elements of Spanish music in The Serenade, Italian music in Naughty Marietta, Austrian music in The Singing Girl and Eastern music in The Wizard of the Nile, The Idol's Eye, The Tattooed Man and other works set in places like Egypt and India. The Fortune Teller includes an energetic Hungarian csárdás. He also frequently interpolated Irish-style songs into his operettas which, with the exception of those in Eileen, rarely advanced the plot. By World War I, musical tastes were shifting in America, and Herbert was forced to compose in a simpler musical style. Many of his later works, such as The Velvet Lady and Angel Face (both 1919), imitated popular new song-types like the foxtrot, ragtime and the tango. Even in some of his earlier works, such as The Red Mill (1906), Herbert was already adopting elements that would later become associated with musical comedy in America. His collaboration on The Century Girl (1916) with Irving Berlin displayed this simpler style. Although these later shows introduced some memorable numbers, they did not enjoy the enduring popularity of his most popular operettas. The most successful work of his later career was Orange Blossoms (1921), which included the popular waltz song, "A Kiss in the Dark". Operas Although his success had been in light music, like Sullivan, Herbert aspired to compose serious operas. Approached by Oscar Hammerstein I to write a grand opera, Herbert jumped at the chance. Hammerstein announced, in the April 13, 1907 issue of Musical America, a $1,000 prize for the best libretto submitted, fueling public enthusiasm and high expectations. Joseph Redding's libretto for Natoma, set in 1820s California, is a love story between an American naval officer and a Native American princess. The cast included such distinguished singers as John McCormack and Mary Garden, but the 1911 premiere in Philadelphia was only a moderate success. Critics praised the music, including its effective melodies and leitmotifs set off by orchestral counterpoint. They complained, however, about the libretto and the casting of foreign singers in what was supposed to be an "American opera". Madeleine, his only other opera, is based on a French play and tells the equable little story of an operatic prima donna whose friends and acquaintances, one by one, decline her invitation to dine with her on New Years Day. The work is in one act and premiered in 1914 in a double bill with Enrico Caruso in the leading tenor role in Pagliacci. The opera featured Frances Alda in the title role. It failed to make an impression and received only six performances. Its conversational style is complemented by orchestral motivic commentary. Just before the work opened, Herbert added "A Perfect Day" at Alda's request. Although not a success, because of Herbert's popularity, G. Schirmer took the unprecedented step of publishing the work in full score. Instrumental music After Herbert's death, little of his instrumental music continued to be performed, but within the last couple of decades it has begun to enjoy revivals in concert and recordings. His Cello Concerto No. 2 in E minor, Op. 30, is an exception to this. First performed in 1894, it was received enthusiastically at its premiere and shows the influence of Franz Liszt. Antonín Dvořák, a colleague of Herbert's at the National Conservatory, was inspired to compose his Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104, after hearing its premiere. The concerto has been recorded by cellists such as Yo-Yo Ma (with Kurt Masur and the New York Philharmonic), Lynn Harrell (with Sir Neville Marriner and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields), Julian Lloyd Webber (with Sir Charles Mackerras and the London Symphony Orchestra), and an early rare recording by Bernard Greenhouse (with Max Schönherr and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra). More recently, two of Herbert's earlier compositions for cello and orchestra have regained a place in the concert repertory. The Suite for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 3 (1884), his earliest known composition despite its designation as Op. 3, has been performed by several ensembles in recent years. The work foreshadows the light music of Herbert's later compositions. Another work that has been revived is his Cello Concerto No. 1, which was first performed by the composer in Stuttgart shortly before he came to the U.S. For many years, the work was unpublished and apparently unperformed, surviving only in manuscript. It was recorded for the first time in 1986 and has since been published. The composition is admired for achieving an effective balance between its virtuosic elements and its lyricism. Of his large-scale orchestral works, Herbert's tone poem Hero and Leander (1901) is his most important. Composed for the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra while Herbert was their conductor, the work displays an affinity with both Wagner and Liszt. Another important work that Herbert wrote for the PSO is Columbus, Op. 35, a four-movement programmatic suite. The first and final movements of the suite were composed in 1893 as part of a theatrical spectacle intended for the Colombian Exposition in Chicago. However, Herbert never completed that project, and the central two movements were not composed until 1902. The PSO premiered the work in 1903, and it was the last large-scale symphonic work that Herbert composed. Herbert also composed a considerable body of smaller-scale works, often writing music for his own performance on the cello or producing individual songs for the Victor Herbert Orchestra. He published some of his dance music compositions under the pseudonym Noble MacClure. During the last decade of his life, he composed a number of overtures for feature films, although The Fall of a Nation was his only complete film score. On February 12, 1924, Herbert was one of the featured composers at New York's Aeolian Hall, in an evening entitled An Experiment in Modern Music that included the world premiere of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue by the Paul Whiteman orchestra. Herbert's contribution for the evening, A Suite of Serenades, was his last work to premiere with him in attendance. Recordings The following is a list of some of the best-known recordings of Herbert's music. The Music of Victor Herbert, Album C-1, conducted by Nathaniel Shilkret, Victor, 1927 The Music of Victor Herbert, Album C-11, Victor Salon Group and Orchestra, conducted by Shilkret, RCA Victor, 1930 The Music of Victor Herbert, C-33, RCA Victor, conducted by Shilkret with soloists, including Jan Peerce, chorus, and orchestra, RCA Victor, 1939; this was recorded immediately after The Magic Key of RCA radio broadcast of the same music. The Music of Victor Herbert, recorded by Beverly Sills, soprano, and Andre Kostelanetz, conducting, on Angel records SFO-37160 (1976) (Grammy Award winner) Cello Concerto No. 2 in E minor op. 30, recorded by Julian Lloyd Webber, with the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Charles Mackerras on EMI Classics 747 622–2 Cello Concertos recorded by Lynn Harrell, with The Academy of St. Martin in the Fields, conducted by Sir Neville Marriner on Decca 417 672–2 Cello Concerto No. 2 in E minor op. 30, performed by Georges Miquelle and the Eastman-Rochester Orchestra (i.e. the Orchestra of the Eastman School of Music), conducted by Howard Hanson, recorded for Mercury Records in October 1957, re-issued on CD in 1995, coupled with the Grand Canyon Suite and Mississippi Suite by Ferde Grofe. (Mercury Living Presence CD 434 355–2). Victor Herbert Eileen: Romantic Comic Opera in Three Acts (1998) Ohio Light Opera, James Stewart, Artistic Director; Newport Classic (NPD 85615/2) Victor Herbert: Beloved Songs and Classic Miniatures (1999) recorded by Virginia Croskery, soprano, and Keith Brion conducting the Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra, on the Naxos CD 8.559.26 The Red Mill: Romantic Opera in Two Acts by Victor Herbert (2001) Ohio Light Opera; L. Lynn Thompson, Conductor; Steven Daigle, Artistic Director; Albany Records (Troy 492/493). Stereo recordings of four Herbert operettas were made by Reader's Digest for their 1963 album Treasury of Great Operettas. Each of the operettas in the set is condensed to fill one LP side. The four operettas in this set are Babes in Toyland, Mlle. Modiste, The Red Mill and Naughty Marietta. The Naughty Marietta selections have been re-released on CD. Hero and Leander; Grofé: Grand Canyon Suite, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Lorin Maazel. (1994) Sony SK52491 Columbus Suite / Irish Rhapsody, Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Keith Brion (2000) Naxos 8.559027 Victor Herbert: The Collection, Victor Herbert And His Orchestra (2007) Syracuse University Recordings, SUR 1018. These are remastered transfers from Herbert's 1909–11 Edison cylinders. Bibliography American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Victor Herbert. A bibliography of his recordings, compositions, operettas, instrumental, choral and other works. New York, 1959. See also List of compositions by Victor Herbert Walter Van Brunt Lisa Roma, soprano and music educator, debuted with Herbert in 1920 References Notes Sources Bordman, Gerald. American Operetta. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Bordman, Gerald. American Musical Theatre: a Chronicle (New York, 1978; 2nd Ed 1986) Crouse, Russel. The Great Victor Herbert. Hollywood, 1939. Debus, Allen G. "The Early Victor Herbert", Music of Victor Herbert, Smithsonian Collection DMP30366 (1979; disc notes) Forbes, Douglas L. Some Serious Compositions of Victor Herbert. A study in musical style. 1957. (Dissertation) Ganzl, Kurt. The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre (3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books 2001 Hamm, C. Yesterdays: Popular Song in America (New York, 1979) Ledbetter, Steven. Herbert, Victor (August), Phonoarchive.org at Grove Schmalz, R. F. "Paur and the Pittsburgh: Requiem for an Orchestra", American Music, xii/2 (1994), pp. 125–47 Shirley, W. "A Bugle Call to Arms for National Defense! Victor Herbert and his Score for The Fall of a Nation", Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress, xl (1983), pp. 26–47 Smith, H. B. First Nights and First Editions (Boston, 1931) Studwell W. E. "Foreigners and Patriots: the American Musical, 1890–1927: an Essay and Bibliography", Music Reference Services Quarterly, iii/1 (1994–95), pp. 1–10 Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983 (reprinted in 1978 by Da Capo Press) Wood, Ean (1996). George Gershwin: His Life and Music. Sanctuary Publishing. External links General Victor Herbert at the Songwriters Hall of Fame Ed Glazier's Victor Herbert site. Contains extensive discography and information Chronological description of Herbert's compositions by genre Edwardian light opera site, containing MIDI files, cast lists and other information for 30 Herbert works Discography for Herbert's operas Review and recommendations of Victor Herbert recordings Listing of Herbert stage works with links Victor Herbert recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. Photos, scores and libretti Victor Herbert Collection at the Library of Congress Photo of Herbert and wife at their wedding Image of Victor Herbert postage stamp Links to several Victor Herbert piano-vocal scores Vocal score for Hearts of Erin, book and lyrics by Henry Blossom (later re-titled as Eileen) Sheet music for "The Only One", by Victor Herbert, lyrics by Glen MacDonough, M. Witmark & Sons, 1905. 1859 births 1924 deaths 19th-century American composers 19th-century classical composers 19th-century conductors (music) 19th-century male conductors (music) 20th-century American composers 20th-century American conductors (music) 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical composers American activists for Irish independence American male classical composers American male conductors (music) American operetta composers American Romantic composers Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York) Guernsey people Male operetta composers Members of The Lambs Club State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart alumni	[ -0.2796323001384735, 0.3088962137699127, -0.5694689750671387, 0.02833508513867855, 0.24300968647003174, 0.28442901372909546, 0.3468543291091919, -0.21810218691825867, -0.033034950494766235, -0.8048557043075562, -0.03886353597044945, -0.06971253454685211, -0.14403685927391052, 0.4072830379009247, -0.28000596165657043, -0.08386199921369553, -0.10944415628910065, -0.5029709339141846, -0.23607322573661804, -0.29686683416366577, -0.23198989033699036, -0.34384146332740784, 0.42035943269729614, 0.17136754095554352, -0.08099137246608734, -0.15160781145095825, -0.17684027552604675, -0.24382826685905457, 0.12720847129821777, 0.12337228655815125, 0.11962367594242096, 0.5945751667022705, 1.0163145065307617, -0.33249664306640625, -0.9900445342063904, 0.3513754904270172, -0.366611123085022, -0.11704091727733612, 0.019622137770056725, 0.26662972569465637, -0.5286226868629456, -0.025070568546652794, 0.5985924005508423, -0.282063364982605, 0.000844947004225105, -0.17666180431842804, -2.0510427951812744, 0.3594783544540405, -0.7523584365844727, -0.4299531579017639, -0.39341697096824646, -0.13721963763237, 0.689554750919342, 0.3762388825416565, -0.33642578125, -0.4226950705051422, -0.14848008751869202, 0.12240225076675415, -0.18191835284233093, -0.2912246286869049, 0.15764343738555908, 0.052338678389787674, 0.38584303855895996, -0.45912328362464905, 0.4777768850326538, 0.2513710558414459, 0.18445831537246704, -0.22714294493198395, 0.0639951303601265, 0.02919119969010353, 0.12299186736345291, 0.40411847829818726, 0.43428125977516174, -0.36399632692337036, 0.08047724515199661, -0.20704516768455505, 0.4184565544128418, -0.13592840731143951, -0.0752866119146347, 0.4655325412750244, -0.17011988162994385, -0.7675865292549133, 0.7693727612495422, 0.19530929625034332, -0.019615238532423973, -0.05794152989983559, -0.9650969505310059, -0.002020389772951603, -0.7309743165969849, -0.20544609427452087, -0.4845789074897766, -0.45973092317581177, 0.4487817585468292, -0.15556015074253082, 0.2983681857585907, 0.22261451184749603, 0.5025282502174377, 0.17290206253528595, -0.4670572280883789, 0.045548342168331146, 0.30565300583839417, -0.2725084125995636, 0.24825185537338257, 0.01157695334404707, -0.1197032779455185, 0.19615209102630615, 0.12072090804576874, 0.03843489661812782, 0.09801594167947769, 0.4169725477695465, -0.41952890157699585, -0.5694094896316528, 0.2085842341184616, 0.13251355290412903, -0.18645325303077698, 0.35018399357795715, -0.1671178787946701, -0.3706982135772705, -0.4116034209728241, -0.03635929152369499, 0.5864913463592529, 0.2563968598842621, 0.04807102307677269, 0.022954408079385757, -1.2919659614562988, -0.03022230975329876, 0.05927134305238724, 0.1625223457813263, -0.24515260756015778, 0.21243752539157867, 0.07061799615621567, 0.9922189116477966, 0.20573852956295013, 0.08596249669790268, -0.25647610425949097, 0.09585315734148026, 0.16656659543514252, -0.5032621622085571, -0.49228477478027344, 0.3111586570739746, -0.28464892506599426, -0.2570371627807617, -0.6363853812217712, -0.3208388686180115, 0.3345792591571808, -0.457690566778183, -0.2408527433872223, -0.08380190283060074, 0.06172650679945946, -0.49980923533439636, 0.22170300781726837, 0.2479500025510788, -0.24931348860263824, -0.07649598270654678, -0.1162588819861412, 0.2294435054063797, 0.6599777340888977, -0.009628274478018284, 0.6695657968521118, 0.044638004153966904, 0.17966333031654358, -0.04435226321220398, -0.13013507425785065, -0.1858656406402588, -0.07714833319187164, -0.1826171725988388, 0.25988900661468506, 0.2586997151374817, -0.7251818776130676, -0.1487569510936737, -0.10796527564525604, 0.2201339155435562, 0.3963404893875122, 0.026075800880789757, -0.08446826785802841, 0.3154628276824951, 0.27090123295783997, 0.3522028625011444, 0.1002592220902443, -0.4888363778591156, -0.7384964227676392, -0.20155318081378937, -0.09788569062948227, 0.24441418051719666, 0.5033721923828125, 0.6927209496498108, 0.03817232698202133, 0.13457448780536652, 0.2511638104915619, -0.5835958123207092, -0.37478193640708923, -0.723919689655304, 0.2149253934621811, 0.11443212628364563, 0.5838460326194763, 0.500356912612915, 0.2234247475862503, 0.10127237439155579, 0.19232319295406342, 0.2367662936449051, 0.1459413766860962, -0.054402146488428116, 0.23858903348445892, -0.1419857293367386, 0.28012898564338684, 0.23010078072547913, 0.4397158622741699, -0.2754219174385071, 0.10088219493627548, 0.16916826367378235, 0.5901769995689392, -0.530571460723877, 0.39370614290237427, 0.601290762424469, -0.3723151683807373, -0.6719710230827332, -0.8973342180252075, -0.4059181809425354, 0.633090615272522, -0.2577868402004242, 0.3639928102493286, 0.20924434065818787, -0.11371993273496628, 0.6574360728263855, -0.4110282063484192, 1.013669490814209, 0.0004777619906235486, 0.13908736407756805, -0.2410094290971756, 0.08362241834402084, 0.10522361099720001, 0.004592535551637411, 0.2315240204334259, -0.2108866572380066, 0.7389388680458069, 0.7601017951965332, -0.014598872512578964, -0.10310884565114975, 0.1434566080570221, -0.44094595313072205, 0.3741949796676636, 0.3191138207912445, -0.4128347635269165, 0.024102365598082542, -0.019040599465370178, 0.3272104859352112, 0.292217880487442, -0.4310983419418335, 0.16833536326885223, 0.3581430912017822, 0.32438230514526367, 0.4457111060619354, 0.06572145223617554, 0.3580252528190613, -0.26228559017181396, 0.08235780894756317, 0.5721446871757507, -0.39079225063323975, 0.42832621932029724, -0.22597365081310272, 0.526258111000061, 0.028792353346943855, 0.26716768741607666, -0.4577437937259674, -0.22710174322128296, -0.8049595952033997, -0.09540528059005737, -0.13474051654338837, 0.3028865456581116, -0.05493175610899925, 0.08425009995698929, 0.105732761323452, -0.08372040092945099, 0.9367585778236389, 0.4789394736289978, 0.2248595654964447, -0.3760448098182678, -0.34450456500053406, -0.21477244794368744, -0.7718774676322937, 0.4935963451862335, 0.4814324378967285, -0.4280359148979187, -0.259027361869812, -0.668118953704834, -0.08830484747886658, 0.04369454085826874, 0.06463317573070526, 0.5245655179023743, 0.14420092105865479, -0.40990161895751953, 0.9711066484451294, -0.3068901598453522, 0.4710533618927002, 0.03429771587252617, 0.5944146513938904, -0.2992391586303711, -0.8130412101745605, -0.36131271719932556, -0.518142819404602, -0.5242017507553101, -0.016002291813492775, 0.03959627449512482, 0.17713813483715057, 0.17767052352428436, 0.15376630425453186, -0.5358662605285645, 0.001028119120746851, -5.671823024749756, -0.2578810751438141, -0.444794237613678, -0.5555678009986877, -0.3432168662548065, 0.45644307136535645, -0.07909432053565979, -0.50719153881073, -0.03481164947152138, -0.48123666644096375, 0.2537389397621155, 0.38845616579055786, -0.3219764828681946, 0.7601220607757568, 0.30373939871788025, 0.11869117617607117, 0.0827881321310997, -0.22199469804763794, -0.1992243379354477, 0.23098117113113403, 0.0058982474729418755, -0.548120379447937, 0.29963383078575134, 0.16196736693382263, 0.4075062572956085, -0.4290145933628082, -0.19711777567863464, 0.11496143788099289, -0.5427693128585815, -0.4280174970626831, -0.0048256381414830685, -0.2751533091068268, -0.4101870059967041, -0.21901243925094604, 0.30235856771469116, -0.08240414410829544, 0.29924601316452026, 0.4623233675956726, 0.14950008690357208, 0.3919779360294342, 0.23312963545322418, -0.3781277537345886, -0.5317939519882202, 0.10326427966356277, -0.7752326130867004, 0.10070241242647171, -0.18579207360744476, 0.5837455987930298, -0.6683599352836609, 0.9435358047485352, 0.682686448097229, -0.1381503790616989, 0.3016964793205261, -0.26711729168891907, -0.7294812798500061, 0.1927594393491745, 0.02070728689432144, -0.2250983566045761, -0.5918240547180176, 0.0868791937828064, 0.5193217992782593, -0.2748945951461792, 0.042249128222465515, -0.004748127423226833, -0.38401734828948975, -0.31826919317245483, -0.14315590262413025, 0.42744219303131104, 0.012759517878293991, 0.023414449766278267, 0.7692683935165405, 0.5123517513275146, 0.6135538220405579, -1.0863388776779175, -0.24647283554077148, -0.19287985563278198, 0.3777649998664856, -0.2708752751350403, -0.6579368114471436, 0.09987984597682953, 0.08139850199222565, -0.182851180434227, -0.11988024413585663, 0.5231295228004456, 0.8466145992279053, 0.3206520080566406, -0.3969058692455292, 0.7005705237388611, -0.6195282340049744, -0.26890435814857483, 0.11063697189092636, -0.3247204124927521, 0.07309117913246155, 0.07105570286512375, 0.4634319543838501, 0.16068047285079956, 0.12142021209001541, 0.39039838314056396, 0.5906982421875, 0.4347066283226013, -0.5408962965011597, -0.21603405475616455, 0.06900418549776077, -0.38894376158714294, 0.2811910808086395, 0.07085645943880081, -0.4231242537498474, 0.16849085688591003, 1.1132972240447998, 0.11568063497543335, 0.11958959698677063, 0.17562401294708252, -0.06828214973211288, -0.25933125615119934, -0.1379515677690506, -0.9712580442428589, 0.21513153612613678, 0.38656851649284363, 0.36254993081092834, -0.07082072645425797, -0.15905527770519257, -0.07657590508460999, 0.30585625767707825, 0.1497005671262741, 0.000025116991309914738, 0.17136625945568085, -0.21181720495224, -0.1631428450345993, -0.6589407920837402, -0.025646880269050598, -0.2828340530395508, 0.7899640798568726, -0.145244300365448, 0.5977787375450134, -0.23777540028095245, 0.08290481567382812, -0.9838484525680542, -0.2023962289094925, -0.12016971409320831, -0.6215223073959351, 0.30862706899642944, -0.5515542030334473, -0.14206799864768982, 0.038044270128011703, 0.5906255841255188, 0.12047779560089111, -0.010936764068901539, -0.594862163066864, -0.3465752899646759, 0.11814673244953156, -0.09028375148773193, -0.18149986863136292, 0.516706109046936, -0.5352541208267212, -0.8944883346557617, -0.03155457600951195, -0.3109356164932251, -0.08398088067770004, -0.2559301555156708, 0.02572985738515854, -0.011622926220297813, 0.1031152680516243, -0.8304001092910767, -0.21002207696437836, 0.1701568365097046, 0.652848482131958, 0.08088864386081696, -0.12582425773143768, -0.19657208025455475, 0.23990753293037415, 0.10530027747154236, -0.5185700058937073, 0.024933403357863426, -0.1929437220096588, 0.29069480299949646, -0.0919254943728447, -0.048263635486364365, -0.5425598621368408, 0.010035867802798748, 0.08901668339967728, -0.24643032252788544, -0.5350255966186523, -1.509433388710022, -0.25676432251930237, -0.06168552115559578, 0.3139623701572418, -0.9326195120811462, -0.5731125473976135, -0.20614860951900482, -0.06959525495767593, -0.40155696868896484, -0.4401388466358185, 0.0772925466299057, 0.6240307688713074, -0.25679001212120056, -0.1271168291568756, 0.3525314927101135, -0.13710741698741913, -0.34429484605789185, -0.6795802712440491, 0.3433432877063751, -0.4768168032169342, -0.43989068269729614, -0.45093223452568054, 0.20972169935703278, -1.005107045173645, -0.007491987198591232, -0.40627649426460266, -0.478762686252594, 0.7918962836265564, 0.025784092023968697, -0.7956591248512268, 0.29247504472732544, 0.28150150179862976, -0.24237395823001862, 0.2444521188735962, 0.30716991424560547, 0.029562266543507576, -0.7805354595184326, -0.09142310172319412, -0.5154521465301514, 0.18389008939266205, -0.38002368807792664, -0.16855359077453613, -0.5160133838653564, -0.2613224387168884, -0.21745486557483673, 0.07168016582727432, 0.4391932785511017, -0.24187804758548737, -0.1520579308271408, 0.06813088804483414, -0.31704220175743103, -0.02208290435373783, -0.18214739859104156, -0.17165111005306244, 0.08630969375371933, 0.04457060620188713, -0.3491829037666321, 0.33831167221069336, 0.5298748016357422, 1.0444732904434204, 0.3202000856399536, 0.36923789978027344, 0.022306494414806366, -0.2261224389076233, 0.12135470658540726, -0.1027487963438034, 0.3072848916053772, 0.45346200466156006, 0.6674443483352661, -0.02146543189883232, -0.4295310080051422, 0.06537164002656937, 0.9311352968215942, 0.2812034785747528, 0.30109286308288574, 0.19770139455795288, -0.035493403673172, 0.34772545099258423, 0.06671832501888275, 0.44700831174850464, 0.9519652724266052, -0.14940138161182404, -0.12900085747241974, 0.2869991958141327, 0.04201837256550789, -0.12979817390441895, -0.004407842177897692, -0.125557541847229, 0.09818199276924133, 0.11592617630958557, 0.06650488078594208, 0.2683832347393036, -0.0489627905189991, 0.6201412677764893, -0.12088436633348465, -0.4126744866371155, -0.009122058749198914, 0.12853045761585236, -0.41655632853507996, -0.11091779917478561, -0.20386458933353424, -0.6837265491485596, -0.38493531942367554, 0.03632151335477829, -0.359222412109375, -0.24560090899467468, 0.10507911443710327, -0.3680528998374939, -0.551877498626709, -0.07701851427555084, 0.09451200067996979, 0.7275370359420776, -0.1251637041568756, 0.05423853546380997, -0.1392640769481659, 0.8760437369346619, -0.24470768868923187, -0.19364316761493683, -0.08270437270402908, 0.6889943480491638, 0.6261799931526184, -0.13166312873363495, 0.1634625792503357, -0.014337599277496338, -0.19292831420898438, -0.536621630191803, -0.7660729289054871, -0.30426937341690063, 0.7721913456916809, -0.2667289078235626, -0.09236375242471695, 0.7519994974136353, -0.5712571740150452, 0.35044094920158386, 0.5044192671775818, 0.013997724279761314, 0.019792575389146805, 0.14344197511672974, 0.09742794930934906, -0.28196245431900024, 0.6754231452941895, 0.005433875136077404, -0.0036027897149324417, 0.14377091825008392, 0.5916964411735535, -0.23308494687080383, 0.14699868857860565, 0.7883877754211426, 0.5222976803779602, -0.48938870429992676, -0.2521277070045471, 1.041878342628479, -0.19888940453529358, -0.27526867389678955, 0.2899842858314514, -0.2523971199989319, -0.3516784906387329, 0.10749298334121704, 0.38312235474586487, 0.47640684247016907, 0.19047953188419342, 0.10230828076601028, 0.25014230608940125, -0.07217433303594589, 0.05760763958096504, 0.599490225315094, -0.5569872260093689, -0.061698414385318756, 0.3317016661167145, 0.6473101377487183, 0.4959839880466461, -0.003510304493829608, 0.27298590540885925, -0.11756984144449234, 0.6430783271789551, -0.11190871149301529, 0.3407113552093506, 0.1349867582321167, -0.02726104110479355, -0.37661033868789673, 1.4905394315719604, -0.3669646680355072, 0.21606554090976715, -0.032242923974990845, 0.01420604158192873, -0.2380831241607666, -0.438230961561203, -0.08685670047998428, -0.042062629014253616, -0.25743117928504944, -0.23995429277420044, 0.841159999370575, 0.19905968010425568, 0.17686806619167328, 0.004832516424357891, -0.028560031205415726, 0.41626477241516113, -0.2257770597934723, -0.5297456383705139, 0.23159123957157135, 0.13441121578216553, -0.36378589272499084, -0.36084985733032227, -0.985075831413269, 0.39231377840042114, -0.11446084827184677, -0.03191986307501793, -0.6979430913925171, 0.32866960763931274, -0.5613446831703186, 0.04420045018196106, -0.06768529117107391, -0.1138763278722763, -0.4019595980644226, -0.25015023350715637, 0.564156711101532, 0.2265997678041458, 0.13912756741046906, 0.38243812322616577, 0.05376452952623367, 0.4823237657546997, -0.17721419036388397, -0.12336117029190063, 0.38330742716789246, -0.5566993951797485, 0.02932012639939785, -0.4876139760017395, 0.46010440587997437, -0.20604605972766876, 0.40580955147743225, -0.5286036729812622, 0.7143111228942871, -0.19275489449501038, 0.3375106155872345, 0.41373828053474426, 0.04950622469186783, -0.24938929080963135, -0.554037868976593, 0.5991018414497375, 0.22834458947181702, 0.13171303272247314, -0.6863548159599304, -0.06508343666791916, 0.6977289319038391, 0.021419720724225044, -0.12315261363983154, 0.035498715937137604, 0.6241030693054199, -0.39791783690452576, 0.3471764028072357, -0.08958205580711365, 0.19470012187957764, -0.3888102173805237, -0.29965075850486755, 0.5390474200248718, 0.3510681688785553, -0.018415924161672592, -0.7292042374610901, 0.7129878997802734, 0.19750148057937622, -0.24254877865314484, 0.006204862613230944, 0.5135144591331482, 0.36871132254600525, 0.030965225771069527, -0.2893274128437042, -0.11291243135929108, 0.7183826565742493, -0.25271379947662354, -0.37145981192588806, 0.3195553421974182, -0.5252152681350708, 0.2573523223400116, -0.10810527950525284, 0.3020535409450531, 0.12095469981431961, 0.15568874776363373, -0.0657288059592247 ]
249116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice	Liquorice	Liquorice (UK) or licorice (US) ( ; also ) is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted. The liquorice plant is an herbaceous perennial legume native to Western Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe. Botanically, it is not closely related to anise or fennel, which are sources of similar flavouring compounds. (Another such source, star anise, is even more distantly related from anise and fennel than liquorice, despite its similar common name.) Liquorice is used as a flavouring in candies and tobacco, particularly in some European and West Asian countries. Liquorice extracts have been used in herbalism and traditional medicine. Excessive consumption of liquorice (more than per day of pure glycyrrhizinic acid, a liquorice component) may result in adverse effects, such as hypokalemia, increased blood pressure, muscle weakness, and death. Etymology The word "liquorice" or "licorice", is derived via the Anglo-French , from Late Latin , itself ultimately derived from Greek glykyrrhiza (Modern Greek spelling of the genus is glykoriza) literally meaning "sweet root" and referring to Glycyrrhiza glabra. The Late Latin form is a corruption of the older form , as attested in Pliny's latinization of the Greek. The latter gives the plant's binomial name with glabra meaning smooth and referring to the plant's smooth husks; the former came to being via the influence of "to become fluid", reflecting the method of extraction of the sweet stuff from the roots. , its English common name is spelled "liquorice" in most of the Commonwealth, but "licorice" in the United States. Description Liquorice is a herbaceous perennial, growing to in height, with pinnate leaves about long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, long, containing several seeds. The roots are stoloniferous. Chemistry The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which anethole is up to 3% of total volatiles. Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has a sweet taste, 30–50 times the sweetness of sugar. The sweetness is very different from sugar, being less instant, tart, and lasting longer. The isoflavene glabrene and the isoflavane glabridin, found in the roots of liquorice, are phytoestrogens. Cultivation and uses Liquorice, which grows best in well-drained soils in deep valleys with full sun, is harvested in the autumn two to three years after planting. Countries producing liquorice include India, Iran, Italy, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. In 2019, the world market for liquorice extract was 191 million, with the largest exporters led by France, Uzbekistan, China, and Iran, each providing 10-14% of the total. Tobacco Liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for tobacco for flavour enhancing and moistening agents in the manufacture of American blend cigarettes, moist snuff, chewing tobacco, and pipe tobacco. Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and a distinctive flavour that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavouring components employed in the tobacco industry. As of 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration banned the use of any "characterizing flavors" other than menthol from cigarettes, but not other manufactured tobacco products. Food and confectionery Liquorice flavour is found in a wide variety of candies or sweets. In most of these candies, the taste is reinforced by aniseed oil so the actual content of liquorice is very low. Liquorice confections are primarily purchased by consumers in Europe, but are also popular in other countries such as Australia and New Zealand. In the Netherlands, liquorice confectionery (drop) is one of the most popular forms of sweets. It is sold in many forms. Mixing it with mint, menthol, aniseed, or laurel is quite popular. Mixing it with ammonium chloride (salmiak) is also popular as it is in Finland. A popular example of salmiak liquorice in the Netherlands is known as zoute drop (salty liquorice), but contains very little salt, i.e., sodium chloride. Strong, salty sweets are also popular in Nordic countries where liquorice flavoured alcohols are also popular, particularly in Denmark and Finland. Dried sticks of the liquorice root are also a traditional confectionery in their own right in the Netherlands as were they once in Britain although their popularity has waned in recent decades. They were sold simply as sticks of zoethout ('sweet wood') to chew on as a candy. Through chewing and suckling, the intensely sweet flavour is released. The sweetness is 30 to 50 times as strong as sucrose, without causing damage to teeth. Since about the 1970s, zoethout has become rarer and been replaced by easier to consume candies (including 'drop'). Pontefract in Yorkshire, England, is where liquorice mixed with sugar began to be used as a sweet in the contemporary way. Pontefract cakes were originally made there. In Cumbria, County Durham, Yorkshire and Lancashire, it is colloquially known as 'Spanish', supposedly because Spanish monks grew liquorice root at Rievaulx Abbey near Thirsk. In Italy, Spain and France, liquorice is popular in its natural form. The root of the plant is simply dug up, washed, dried, and chewed as a mouth freshener. Throughout Italy, unsweetened liquorice is consumed in the form of small black pieces made only from 100% pure liquorice extract. In Calabria a popular liqueur is made from pure liquorice extract. Liquorice is used in Syria and Egypt, where it is sold as a drink, in shops as well as street vendors. Research Properties of glycyrrhizin are under preliminary research, such as for hepatitis C or topical treatment of psoriasis, but the low quality of studies as of 2017 prevents conclusions about efficacy and safety. Traditional medicine In traditional Chinese medicine, a related species G. uralensis (often translated as "liquorice") is known as "gancao" (), and is believed to "harmonize" the ingredients in a formula. Liquorice has been used in Ayurveda in the belief it may treat various diseases, although there is no high-quality clinical research to indicate it is safe or effective for any medicinal purpose. European Medical Agency added liquorice in their list of herbal medicine. Toxicity Its major dose-limiting toxicities are corticosteroid in nature, because of the inhibitory effect that its chief active constituents, glycyrrhizin and enoxolone, have on cortisol degradation, and include edema, hypokalaemia, weight gain or loss, and hypertension. The United States Food and Drug Administration believes that foods containing liquorice and its derivatives (including glycyrrhizin) are safe if not consumed excessively. Other jurisdictions have suggested no more than 100 mg to 200 mg of glycyrrhizin per day, the equivalent of about of liquorice confectionery. Liquorice should not be used during pregnancy. Fungicide The essential oils inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus. Liquorice poisoning Liquorice is an extract from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant which contains glycyrrhizic acid, or GZA. GZA is made of one molecule of glycyrrhetinic acid and two molecules of glucuronic acid. The extracts from the root of the plant can be referred to as liquorice, sweet root, and glycyrrhiza extract. G. glabra grows in Europe and Western Asia. When administered orally, the product of glycyrrhetic acid is found in human urine whereas GZA is not. This shows that glycyrrhetic acid is absorbed and metabolized in the intestines in humans. GZA is hydrolyzed to glycyrrhetic acid in the intestines by bacteria. For thousands of years G. glabra has been used for medicinal purposes including indigestion and stomach inflammation. Some other medicinal purposes are cough suppression, ulcer treatment, and use as a laxative. Also, salts of GZA can be used in many products as sweeteners and aromatizers. The major use of liquorice goes towards the tobacco industry, at roughly 90% of usage. The rest is split evenly between food and pharmaceutics, at 5% of usage each (Federal Register, 1983). Liquorice extract is often found in many sweets and candies, some drugs, and beverages like root beer. It can also be used in chewing gum, tobacco products like snuff, and toothpaste. An increase in intake of liquorice can cause many toxic effects. Hyper-mineralocorticosteroid syndrome can occur when the body retains sodium, loses potassium altering biochemical and hormonal activities. Some of these activities include lower aldosterone level, decline of the renin-angiotensin system and increased levels of the atrial natriuretic hormone in order to compensate the variations in homoeostasis. Some other symptoms of toxicity include electrolyte imbalance, edema, increased blood pressure, weight gain, heart problems, and weakness. Individuals will experience certain symptoms based on the severity of toxicity. Some other complaints include fatigue, shortness of breath, kidney failure, and paralysis. In 2020, physicians reported a case of a man who died of cardiac arrest as a result of drastically low potassium levels. He had been eating a bag of black licorice a day for three weeks previously. Many adverse effects of liquorice poisoning can be seen and most are attributed to the mineralocorticoid effects of GZA. Depending on the dose and intake of liquorice, serious problems and even hospitalization can occur. People with previously existing heart or kidney problems may be more susceptible to GZA and liquorice poisoning. It is important to monitor the amount of liquorice consumed in order to prevent toxicity. It is difficult to determine a safe level, due to many varying factors from person to person. In the most sensitive individuals, daily intake of about 100 mg GZA can cause problems. This is equivalent to 50 g liquorice sweets. However, most people can consume up to 400 mg before experiencing symptoms, which would be about 200 g liquorice sweets. A rule of thumb is that a normal healthy person can consume 10 mg GZA a day. Gallery References External links Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Kew plant profile What's That Stuff?: Licorice, Chemical & Engineering News 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors Glycyrrhiza Spices Sugar substitutes Medicinal plants Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Demulcents Plants used in Ayurveda Plants described in 1753 Indian spices	[ -0.23792396485805511, 0.5193426012992859, 0.10714215040206909, -0.026533687487244606, -0.12430864572525024, 0.3354470133781433, 0.033990923315286636, 0.9797650575637817, -0.08569501340389252, -0.13758184015750885, -0.5601297616958618, 0.4169062674045563, -0.20138373970985413, 0.49489283561706543, -0.193634495139122, 0.5033315420150757, 0.77577143907547, 0.750146746635437, 0.036947689950466156, -0.37275031208992004, 0.10395798832178116, -0.5138102173805237, -0.02991839312016964, -0.07180503755807877, 0.763529896736145, -0.09454184770584106, 0.0013067161198705435, 0.08609651029109955, -0.11351143568754196, -0.2999638319015503, -0.12705445289611816, 0.6896005272865295, 0.46930110454559326, -0.2573791742324829, 0.02544889599084854, 0.48472538590431213, -0.047338344156742096, -0.4331119954586029, -0.2886675000190735, -0.5571855306625366, 0.1111832782626152, 0.11127451807260513, 0.8914231657981873, 0.316752552986145, -0.3650569021701813, 0.03199084848165512, -1.3408890962600708, 1.017929196357727, -0.6290397644042969, 0.3129275441169739, 0.04235224798321724, 0.32488295435905457, 0.26725003123283386, -0.25698724389076233, 0.1639994978904724, 0.5164670944213867, -0.9892647862434387, 0.5580716133117676, 0.2060215175151825, -0.57112717628479, -0.22927995026111603, 0.1939726620912552, 0.18254458904266357, 0.0360250324010849, -0.18032951653003693, 0.20211930572986603, -0.022288084030151367, 0.15130136907100677, -0.7113196849822998, 0.38705551624298096, 0.09303580224514008, -0.8233426213264465, -0.3465854525566101, 0.17470204830169678, -0.4131416082382202, -0.009744520299136639, -0.5505023002624512, -0.3416208326816559, 0.06869084388017654, 0.6425450444221497, 0.03142677992582321, -0.2324487268924713, 0.7042607665061951, 0.10683583468198776, -0.04855196923017502, 0.6406657099723816, -0.6658931374549866, 0.47467848658561707, -0.6410863399505615, 0.15588438510894775, -0.5787562131881714, 0.4554106295108795, 0.3654835522174835, 0.06604138016700745, -0.3390335142612457, -0.17413969337940216, 0.4237920641899109, 0.19117160141468048, 0.3008807897567749, 0.3687841296195984, -0.09860530495643616, 0.20215705037117004, 0.36150580644607544, -0.16526883840560913, -0.9287647008895874, 0.7504447102546692, -0.49657541513442993, -0.45829734206199646, 0.2118520885705948, 0.5390796661376953, 0.10669271647930145, 0.3181406557559967, 0.2645583152770996, 0.8895230293273926, -0.3741246461868286, -0.10529768466949463, -0.10521981120109558, 0.41571831703186035, -0.670305609703064, -0.3753487467765808, -0.2796105444431305, -0.0224077757447958, 0.025175798684358597, 0.08485917001962662, 0.0735878273844719, -0.42658665776252747, -0.2375030368566513, 0.331604540348053, -0.04205069690942764, 0.03900463134050369, 0.5547734498977661, 0.3448502719402313, -0.16023646295070648, -0.4484752416610718, -0.37079066038131714, -0.1587633490562439, -0.12736010551452637, 0.07005670666694641, 0.8943248391151428, 0.29236093163490295, -1.2921581268310547, -0.3709052503108978, -0.7615668773651123, 0.33033812046051025, -0.15075986087322235, -0.37186962366104126, -0.3508416712284088, -0.23051734268665314, -0.19411809742450714, -0.084598109126091, 0.11768151819705963, 0.21211384236812592, -0.45192480087280273, -0.21931672096252441, 0.08147101104259491, 0.634663999080658, -0.44542133808135986, 0.02391505055129528, 0.172693133354187, -0.41070663928985596, -0.5468602180480957, 0.0815611332654953, 0.0073654078878462315, -0.40463799238204956, 0.21588802337646484, -0.14689937233924866, -0.07172048091888428, 0.08998515456914902, -0.49838489294052124, -0.021808147430419922, 0.0743839368224144, -0.08691169321537018, 0.5062639713287354, -0.32977062463760376, -0.30250513553619385, 0.2656119465827942, 0.15882965922355652, 0.02615777961909771, 0.6155803203582764, 0.36162880063056946, -0.4816325008869171, 0.8168373703956604, 0.2931337356567383, -0.6096212267875671, -0.3154335021972656, 0.23596316576004028, -0.09746522456407547, -0.6718076467514038, 0.31075039505958557, -0.30014950037002563, -0.7208840847015381, -0.317487895488739, -0.38186806440353394, -0.7635499238967896, 0.6588021516799927, 0.09306821972131729, -0.4750497341156006, 0.163306325674057, 0.06141456961631775, -0.21821659803390503, 0.04732239991426468, 0.39347219467163086, 0.14350999891757965, -0.8390969038009644, -0.48961713910102844, 0.2837253212928772, 0.10719604790210724, 0.03161728009581566, 0.733853280544281, 0.25835514068603516, -0.010571036487817764, -0.7370204329490662, 0.6590839624404907, -0.3726775050163269, -0.0936826840043068, -0.26591190695762634, 0.0809682086110115, 0.4282320439815521, 0.4543938636779785, -0.30881360173225403, 0.40018290281295776, 0.15941518545150757, -0.42133378982543945, 0.45016470551490784, -0.2558410167694092, 0.5863522291183472, 0.013194572180509567, 0.2076043337583542, 0.354522705078125, -0.0685712993144989, 0.4772796034812927, -0.06409316509962082, 0.37020689249038696, -0.47136175632476807, -0.38428711891174316, 0.09531176090240479, 0.4698951840400696, 0.26404985785484314, 0.34828895330429077, -0.34171146154403687, 0.368455171585083, -0.24571527540683746, -0.14566655457019806, -0.4158615171909332, 0.25789928436279297, -0.38937559723854065, -0.1683337539434433, 0.213969886302948, 0.12627068161964417, -0.5525559782981873, 0.6395050883293152, 0.9502070546150208, 0.31655722856521606, 0.15435774624347687, 0.22252929210662842, -0.5592652559280396, -0.10167867690324783, 0.1786123812198639, 0.11452185362577438, 0.7255830764770508, -0.6745564341545105, 0.055801812559366226, 0.03911759704351425, 0.18839387595653534, -0.05280355364084244, 0.05008966475725174, -0.4509563446044922, -0.18719595670700073, 0.345415860414505, 0.2953440248966217, -0.12107405066490173, -0.13058331608772278, -0.6950891613960266, 0.012326743453741074, -0.17743024230003357, -0.15983784198760986, 0.15524613857269287, -0.28193697333335876, -0.48652440309524536, -0.40056049823760986, -0.060335688292980194, 0.4789915978908539, -0.13894705474376678, -0.4523443877696991, -0.35676655173301697, -0.866406261920929, -0.16419684886932373, -0.538285493850708, -0.0536557137966156, -0.43828633427619934, -0.5038067102432251, 0.5194783806800842, -0.33473899960517883, 0.004870785865932703, 0.3129577338695526, -0.29803234338760376, 0.013800778426229954, 0.7043752670288086, 0.11604444682598114, -0.651495099067688, 0.5579788684844971, 0.2682725191116333, 0.2319953441619873, 0.06149563938379288, 0.3382289409637451, 0.14870041608810425, -0.25338467955589294, -0.2175910919904709, -5.7542009353637695, 0.09247725456953049, -0.44945859909057617, -0.02567416802048683, 0.43056148290634155, -0.02747807651758194, 0.17617373168468475, -0.4285256862640381, 0.06323442608118057, -0.09161867201328278, -0.03243055194616318, 0.08307784795761108, -0.019009575247764587, 0.21100331842899323, 0.36479800939559937, 0.22575177252292633, -0.2741296887397766, -0.9236765503883362, -0.21596476435661316, 0.42872726917266846, -0.11009076237678528, 0.5130028128623962, -0.03287821263074875, 0.8684297204017639, -0.6656823754310608, -0.006025149952620268, 0.14795814454555511, -0.28046196699142456, -0.28096917271614075, -0.013126598671078682, -0.022417457774281502, -0.17778685688972473, 0.27829352021217346, -0.22970381379127502, 0.13642741739749908, -0.30466556549072266, -0.3154536485671997, -0.16240908205509186, 0.1700252741575241, -0.02925625629723072, -0.38644808530807495, 0.6005279421806335, 0.23982611298561096, 0.05346842110157013, 1.0078186988830566, -0.36459434032440186, -0.1666366308927536, -0.23453368246555328, -0.7684296369552612, 0.8211726546287537, 0.06636921316385269, -0.04559706524014473, -0.1293308436870575, 0.02949870005249977, 0.15983787178993225, 0.14555270969867706, 0.6585532426834106, -0.006586700212210417, -0.5230476260185242, -0.23932404816150665, 0.38825342059135437, 0.2713339924812317, -0.028649499639868736, 0.38879507780075073, -0.522817850112915, 0.20624583959579468, -0.5242017507553101, 0.19148769974708557, 0.4384874105453491, -0.021422430872917175, -0.16959825158119202, -0.1068992167711258, -0.03382362797856331, -0.7321531176567078, 0.31312477588653564, -0.3191463351249695, -0.39644312858581543, 0.3508543372154236, 0.1899462640285492, 0.6499760746955872, 0.07985162734985352, -0.071408711373806, 0.12530414760112762, -0.06863395124673843, -0.07466214895248413, -0.8297871947288513, -0.4122035801410675, 0.16822052001953125, -0.4486537277698517, -0.4747473895549774, 0.533623993396759, -0.36475345492362976, 0.2962348163127899, 0.42985665798187256, -0.05913965031504631, 0.6701845526695251, 0.23190812766551971, 0.7509758472442627, 0.03886135295033455, -0.21163290739059448, 0.6830394268035889, -0.1524609625339508, 0.1845988780260086, -0.14757992327213287, 0.7846694588661194, 0.00490015372633934, -0.05827190354466438, 0.32067805528640747, 1.1114717721939087, -0.31956493854522705, 0.4220106601715088, 0.6061258316040039, -0.39172935485839844, -0.306884229183197, 0.33660024404525757, -0.24851538240909576, 0.18609823286533356, -0.09300486743450165, 0.35934147238731384, -0.33755362033843994, -0.020587407052516937, 0.3039833903312683, -0.41901350021362305, 0.42876484990119934, -0.10390349477529526, -0.3118537664413452, 0.22798039019107819, -0.24404560029506683, -0.0559658445417881, 0.4098714590072632, -0.27567896246910095, -0.2750639319419861, 0.12538526952266693, 0.06373152881860733, -0.19908760488033295, -0.12651212513446808, -0.4605451822280884, -0.1780841052532196, -0.7002120018005371, -0.58355313539505, 0.3855309784412384, -0.5009925961494446, 0.009333041496574879, -0.17181703448295593, 0.24060648679733276, 0.42374417185783386, -0.6539080739021301, 0.363106906414032, 0.059460271149873734, 0.3302038908004761, 0.0773107185959816, 0.8416780829429626, -0.13080359995365143, 0.28058385848999023, -0.4468846619129181, -0.3938344120979309, 0.3461308479309082, 0.9139062166213989, 0.153180792927742, -0.44153741002082825, 0.15988245606422424, -0.24354378879070282, -0.936303973197937, -0.32092905044555664, -0.20647378265857697, 0.11005683243274689, 0.15238209068775177, -0.18970997631549835, -0.20288226008415222, 0.5776671171188354, -0.25125595927238464, -0.19281509518623352, -0.6284579634666443, -0.06595584750175476, 0.17154541611671448, 0.2068561315536499, -0.03093728795647621, 0.037785161286592484, -0.1023080125451088, 0.05592339485883713, -0.07870728522539139, -0.3343226909637451, -0.2006942629814148, 0.11389241367578506, 0.17749325931072235, -0.565438449382782, 0.050244636833667755, -0.17397092282772064, 0.19743402302265167, 0.17358984053134918, -0.1430821716785431, 0.0988217294216156, 0.2321203500032425, 0.17823965847492218, -0.14890429377555847, 0.012547938153147697, -0.3247045874595642, 0.4458296597003937, 0.09778180718421936, -0.47481974959373474, -0.05522238090634346, 0.2132115364074707, -0.9339635968208313, 0.09243588894605637, 0.477230042219162, -0.30155372619628906, 0.469974160194397, -0.09209444373846054, -0.28093406558036804, 0.003963519353419542, -0.09925127029418945, -0.3262646198272705, 0.06908010691404343, 0.36942189931869507, -0.09306921809911728, 0.09255800396203995, -0.0044237286783754826, -0.16794167459011078, -0.16866129636764526, -0.010572434403002262, 0.05898716300725937, -0.2934342622756958, -0.09056714922189713, 0.23744918406009674, 0.1123896911740303, 0.5436634421348572, 0.34705984592437744, -0.09676478058099747, 0.7358643412590027, 0.29202431440353394, 0.29350221157073975, -0.18919017910957336, 0.08031846582889557, 0.755172848701477, 0.31452614068984985, 0.40520021319389343, -0.39501968026161194, 0.37419143319129944, 0.33037862181663513, 0.32909637689590454, 0.363347589969635, 0.9336042404174805, -0.16700579226016998, 0.16893742978572845, -0.32983502745628357, 0.4323294162750244, 0.50296950340271, -0.32040902972221375, -0.6552785038948059, -0.22723232209682465, 0.09004101157188416, 0.005547704175114632, 0.18516017496585846, -0.19868890941143036, 0.409272164106369, -0.5622875690460205, 0.399038702249527, 0.4255099296569824, -0.22006502747535706, 0.20503836870193481, -0.1353517472743988, 0.5406620502471924, 0.12386205047369003, 0.7897818684577942, 0.3734803795814514, -0.3289911150932312, -0.6566039323806763, -0.5291953682899475, 0.13614225387573242, -0.36063966155052185, 0.6381495594978333, 0.3415669798851013, 0.7182273864746094, 0.5261487364768982, 0.562526524066925, 0.6434916257858276, -0.37419748306274414, -1.0798102617263794, 0.4809420108795166, -0.16313183307647705, -0.4581744074821472, -0.33619847893714905, -0.4698569178581238, -0.1549755334854126, 0.030688581988215446, -0.400608092546463, -0.29482224583625793, -0.4416099488735199, -0.15115892887115479, -0.30828210711479187, 0.11275236308574677, 0.7010191679000854, 0.21047115325927734, -0.31218045949935913, -0.12089719623327255, 0.061640042811632156, 0.32326844334602356, 0.26255613565444946, -0.225900337100029, 0.17189455032348633, -0.6451378464698792, 0.24922055006027222, 0.060576386749744415, -0.8176419138908386, 0.16091300547122955, 0.2943272292613983, -0.2659287452697754, -0.1006278470158577, -0.5542728900909424, -0.5639049410820007, 0.7497278451919556, -0.5191677212715149, -0.42025530338287354, 0.18004031479358673, 0.1879102736711502, -0.04129750281572342, 0.28398507833480835, -0.561735987663269, 0.2320934534072876, 0.9755030870437622, 0.6924705505371094, -0.25447502732276917, 0.39931413531303406, 0.17124821245670319, 0.1708361953496933, 0.29844483733177185, 0.0366445891559124, 0.12587609887123108, -0.031776413321495056, 0.04985078424215317, 0.6027345061302185, -0.1239297017455101, -0.4936373233795166, 0.5307598114013672, 0.10783731937408447, -0.31574904918670654, -0.11935237795114517, -0.8416497111320496, -0.6158266067504883, 0.7514880299568176, 0.7521234154701233, 0.12592238187789917, -0.023305702954530716, -0.05297955125570297, 0.29110297560691833, 0.5005208253860474, -0.1260455846786499, -0.35981953144073486, -0.12535123527050018, 0.07506626099348068, 0.5685058832168579, 0.21461482346057892, 0.5182424783706665, -0.36929118633270264, 0.535209059715271, 0.014128079637885094, -0.09208115935325623, -0.526786208152771, -1.0044245719909668, 0.2463875114917755, -0.5531749725341797, -0.08769213408231735, 0.2483949065208435, 0.030123960226774216, -0.27272337675094604, 0.010068741627037525, -0.4313981533050537, -0.19955800473690033, -0.33349505066871643, 0.5517746806144714, -0.1783858984708786, -0.742056667804718, -0.5089982151985168, 0.472105473279953, -0.02694142423570156, -0.1566287726163864, -0.1310809850692749, 0.781864583492279, 0.35446420311927795, 0.18198125064373016, -1.0504767894744873, -0.05095670372247696, -0.3726891279220581, -0.11239936202764511, 0.1671302169561386, -0.3489111363887787, -0.4796091914176941, -0.06396916508674622, -0.6715064644813538, 0.19199834764003754, -0.1024806872010231, -0.02173890732228756, -0.06305289268493652, -0.47961729764938354, 0.192079558968544, 0.024053998291492462, 0.0841279998421669, 0.8877968192100525, -0.19232507050037384, -0.32623711228370667, -0.01239173673093319, 0.3429718613624573, -0.2607145309448242, -0.017669372260570526, -0.7897032499313354, 0.6078372001647949, -0.4462275207042694, 0.2651864290237427, -0.449152410030365, 0.4713327884674072, -0.10301234573125839, -0.18337801098823547, -0.2167229950428009, -0.4522289037704468, -0.159093976020813, -0.03237103670835495, 0.7381419539451599, 0.28279951214790344, 0.3171933889389038, -1.1893486976623535, -0.05007556080818176, 0.46838125586509705, 0.5133767127990723, 0.04533134028315544, 0.09933998435735703, 0.2908642888069153, -0.08298970013856888, 0.3789535462856293, -0.603416383266449, 0.13107964396476746, 0.016682816669344902, 0.49757519364356995, -0.39375224709510803, 0.019218716770410538, -0.612663745880127, -0.1656336486339569, 0.547736406326294, 0.13899220526218414, -0.6373544335365295, 0.18478794395923615, 0.11506949365139008, -0.24546243250370026, -0.18703316152095795, -0.6908926963806152, -0.41607221961021423, 0.12011339515447617, 0.8161337971687317, -0.11910203844308853, -0.4547926187515259, 0.12720118463039398, 0.15727916359901428, -0.7178605794906616, -0.33842775225639343, 0.2896097004413605, -0.01483159139752388, -0.4000515937805176, -0.12493416666984558, -0.2992175221443176, 0.02133740857243538, 0.2170570343732834 ]
249119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Franklin%20Rutherford	Joseph Franklin Rutherford	Joseph Franklin Rutherford (November 8, 1869 – January 8, 1942), also known as Judge Rutherford, was the second president of the incorporated Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He played a primary role in the organization and doctrinal development of Jehovah's Witnesses, which emerged from the Bible Student movement established by Charles Taze Russell. Rutherford began a career in law, working as a court stenographer, trial lawyer and prosecutor. He became a special judge in the 14th Judicial District of Missouri at some time after 1895. He developed an interest in the doctrines of Watch Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell, which led to his joining the Bible Student movement, and he was baptized in 1906. He was appointed the legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society in 1907, as well as a traveling representative prior to his election as president in 1917. His early presidency was marked by a dispute with the Society's board of directors, in which four of its seven members accused him of autocratic behavior and sought to reduce his powers. The resulting leadership crisis divided the Bible Student community and contributed to the loss of one-seventh of adherents by 1919 and thousands more by 1931. Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower executives were imprisoned in 1918 after charges were laid over the publication of The Finished Mystery, a book deemed seditious for its opposition to World War I. Rutherford introduced many organizational and doctrinal changes that helped shape the current beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses. He imposed a centralized administrative structure on the worldwide Bible Student movement, which he later called a theocracy, requiring all adherents to distribute literature via door to door preaching and to provide regular reports of their preaching activity. He also instituted training programs for public speaking as part of their weekly meetings for worship. He established 1914 as the date of Christ's invisible return, asserted that Christ died on a tree rather than a cross, formulated the current Witness concept of Armageddon as God's war on the wicked, and reinforced the belief that the start of Christ's millennial reign was imminent. He condemned the observance of traditional celebrations such as Christmas and birthdays, the saluting of national flags and the singing of national anthems. He introduced the name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931 and the term "Kingdom Hall" for houses of worship in 1935. He wrote twenty-one books and was credited by the Society in 1942 with the distribution of almost 400 million books and booklets. Despite significant decreases during the 1920s, overall membership increased more than sixfold by the end of Rutherford's 25 years as president. Early life Rutherford was born on November 8, 1869 to James Calvin Rutherford and Leonora Strickland and raised in near-poverty in a Baptist farm family. Some sources list his place of birth as Boonville, Missouri, but according to his death certificate he was born in Versailles, Missouri. Rutherford developed an interest in law from the age of 16. Although his father discouraged this interest, he allowed Rutherford to go to college under the condition that he pay for a laborer to take his place on the family farm. Rutherford took out a loan and helped to pay for his law studies by working as a door-to-door encyclopedia salesman and court stenographer. Law career Rutherford spent two years as a judge's intern, became an official court reporter at age 20, and was admitted to the Missouri bar in May 1892 at age 22. He became a trial lawyer for a law firm and later served for four years in Boonville as a public prosecutor. He campaigned briefly for Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. He was appointed as a Special Judge in the Eighth Judicial Circuit Court of Missouri, sitting as a substitute judge at least once when a regular judge was unable to hold court. As a result of this appointment he became known by the sobriquet Judge Rutherford. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1909 and admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States the same year. Watch Tower Society In 1894, Rutherford purchased the first three volumes of Charles Taze Russell's Millennial Dawn series of Bible study textbooks from two colporteurs who visited his office. Rutherford, who then viewed all religions as insincere, shallow and hypocritical, was struck by Russell's sincerity and his sentiments towards religion, which mirrored his own view. Rutherford immediately wrote to the Watch Tower Society to express appreciation for the books. He was baptized twelve years later and he and his wife began holding Bible classes in their home. In 1907, he became legal counsel for the Watch Tower Society at its Pittsburgh headquarters, and from around that time began to give public talks as a "pilgrim" representative of the Society. As Russell's health deteriorated, Rutherford represented him on trips to Europe and in April 1915 he was deputized to speak at a major debate with Baptist preacher J. H. Troy over four nights in Los Angeles before an audience of 12,000, debating various subjects, including the state of the dead, hellfire and Christ's Second Coming. Rutherford wrote a pamphlet, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, in defense of Russell and served as chairman of the Bible Students' Los Angeles convention in September 1916. Board of directors By 1916, Rutherford had become one of the seven directors of the Watch Tower Society; when Russell died on October 31, 1916, he joined vice-President Alfred I. Ritchie and Secretary-Treasurer William E. Van Amburgh on a three-man executive committee that ran the Pennsylvania corporation until a new president was elected at the annual general meeting the following January. He also joined a five-person editorial committee to run The Watch Tower from the December 15, 1916 issue. Russell's will, drawn up in 1907, had named the five people he wished to run the magazine after his death; Rutherford appeared only on a second list of five alternative members to fill any vacancies that arose. Bible Student Alexander H. Macmillan, who served as an aide to the executive committee, later wrote that tensions at the Watch Tower Society headquarters mounted as the day for election of the Society's officers approached. He wrote: "A few ambitious ones at headquarters were holding caucuses here and there, doing a little electioneering to get their men in. However, Van Amburgh and I held a large number of votes. Many shareholders, knowing of our long association with Russell, sent their proxies to us to be cast for the one whom we thought best fitted for office." Macmillan, who claimed he had declined an offer from an ailing Russell months earlier to accept the position of president after his death, agreed with Van Amburgh that Rutherford was the best candidate. According to Macmillan, "Rutherford did not know what was going on. He certainly didn't do any electioneering or canvassing for votes, but I guess he was doing some worrying, knowing if he was elected he would have a big job on his hands ... There is no doubt in our minds that the Lord's will was done in this choice. It is certain that Rutherford himself had nothing to do with it." Presidency dispute On January 6, 1917, Rutherford, aged 47, was elected president of the Watch Tower Society, unopposed, at the Pittsburgh convention. By-laws passed by both the Pittsburgh convention and the board of directors stated that the president would be the executive officer and general manager of the Society, giving him full charge of its affairs worldwide. By June, four of the seven Watch Tower Society directors—Robert H. Hirsh, Alfred I. Ritchie, Isaac F. Hoskins and James D. Wright— had decided they had erred in endorsing Rutherford's expanded powers of management, claiming Rutherford had become autocratic. In June, Hirsch attempted to rescind the new by-laws and reclaim the board's authority from the president. Rutherford later claimed he had by then detected a conspiracy among the directors to seize control of the society. In July, Rutherford gained a legal opinion from a Philadelphia corporation lawyer that none of his opposers were legally directors of the society. The Watch Tower Society's official 1959 account of its history claimed the legal advice given to the ousted directors confirmed that given to Rutherford; however, the pamphlets produced by the expelled board members at the time indicated that their legal advice, acquired from several attorneys, disagreed with Rutherford's. On July 12, Rutherford filled what he claimed were four vacancies on the board, appointing Macmillan and Pennsylvania Bible Students W. E. Spill, J. A. Bohnet and George H. Fisher as directors. Between August and November the society and the four ousted directors published a series of pamphlets, with each side accusing the other of ambitious and reckless behavior. The former directors also claimed Rutherford had required all headquarters workers to sign a petition supporting him and threatened dismissal for any who refused to sign. The former directors left the Brooklyn headquarters on August 8. On January 5, 1918, shareholders returned Rutherford to office. The controversy fractured the Bible Student movement and some congregations split into opposing groups loyal either to Rutherford or those he had expelled. By mid-1919 about one in seven Bible Students had chosen to leave rather than accept Rutherford's leadership, and over the following decade they helped form or joined other groups including the Stand Fast Movement, the Layman's Home Missionary Movement, the Dawn Bible Students Association, the Pastoral Bible Institute, the Elijah Voice Movement, the Concordant Publishing Concern, and the Eagle Society. The Finished Mystery In late 1916, Fisher and another prominent Bible Student at the Brooklyn headquarters, Clayton J. Woodworth, sought the Executive Committee's approval to produce a book about the prophecies of the books of Revelation and Ezekiel based primarily on Russell's writings. Work on the book, The Finished Mystery, proceeded without the knowledge of the full Board of Directors and Editorial Committee and was released by Rutherford to headquarters staff on July 17, 1917, the day he announced the appointment of the four replacement directors. The book, which was misleadingly labeled as the posthumous seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures, was denounced by Rutherford's opponents, but became a best-seller and was translated into six languages and serialized in The Watch Tower. Expecting God's Kingdom to establish rule on earth and for the saints to be raised to heaven in 1918, Rutherford wrote in January of that year: "The Christian looks for the year to bring the full consummation of the church's hopes." He embarked on a vast advertising campaign to expose the "unrighteousness" of religions and their alliances with "beastly" governments, expanding on claims in The Finished Mystery that patriotism was a delusion and murder. The campaign attracted the attention of governments and on February 12, 1918, the book was banned by the Canadian government for what a Winnipeg newspaper described as "seditious and antiwar statements". On February 24 in Los Angeles Rutherford gave a talk entitled "The World Has Ended—Millions Now Living May Never Die" (subsequent talks in the series were renamed, "Millions Now Living Will Never Die") in which he attacked the clergy, declaring: "As a class, according to the Scriptures, the clergymen are the most reprehensible men on earth for the great war that is now afflicting mankind." Three days later the Army Intelligence Bureau seized the Society's Los Angeles offices and confiscated literature. Imprisonment and release In early May 1918, US Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory condemned The Finished Mystery as "one of the most dangerous examples of ... propaganda ... a work written in extremely religious language and distributed in enormous numbers". Warrants were issued for the arrest of Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower directors, who were charged under the 1917 Espionage Act of attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, refusal of duty in the armed forces and obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service of the U.S. while it was at war. On June 21, seven of them, including Rutherford, were sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. Rutherford feared his opponents would gain control of the Society in his absence, but on January 2, 1919, he learned he had been re-elected president at the Pittsburgh convention the day before, convincing him that God wanted him in the position. On 26 March 1919 the directors were released on bail after an appeals court ruled they had been wrongly convicted; in May 1920 the government announced that all charges had been dropped. Reorganization Administrative changes Following his release from prison, Rutherford began a major reorganization of Bible Student activities. At a May 1919 convention in Ohio he announced the publication of a new magazine, The Golden Age (later renamed Awake!). Because Russell's will had decreed the Society should publish no other periodicals the new magazine was at first published by "Woodworth, Hudgings & Martin", with a Manhattan (rather than Brooklyn) address. Within months Bible Students were organized to distribute it door-to-door. He expanded the Society's printing facilities, revived the colporteur work and in 1920 introduced the requirement for weekly reports of Bible Students' preaching activity. He expanded and reorganized overseas branch offices in what he regarded as a "cleansing" and "sifting" work. Beginning with an eight-day convention at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922 Rutherford, launched a series of major international conventions under the theme "Advertise the King and Kingdom", attracting crowds of up to 20,000. Audiences were urged to "herald the message far and wide". He stressed that the primary duty of all Bible Students was to become "publicity agents" in fulfillment of Matthew 24:14, especially in the form of door-to-door evangelism with the Society's publications. In 1928 Rutherford began to teach that the Cedar Point convention and the events resulting from it fulfilled the prophecy of the 1290 days at Daniel 12:11. In 1920, Rutherford published a booklet, Millions Now Living Will Never Die, and a year later published his first hardcover book, The Harp of God. This was followed by a further nineteen hardcover books, each with one-word titles, such as Creation (1927), Jehovah (1934) and Children (1941). His publications reached a total printing of 36 million copies. In 1925, he gained full control over what doctrines would be taught in Watch Tower Society publications, overruling the refusal by the five-man Editorial Committee to publish his article, "Birth of the Nation", which contained significant doctrinal changes. Rutherford later claimed Satan had "tried to prevent the publication of that article ... but failed in that effort"; In 1927 the Watch Tower Society ceased printing of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures. The Editorial Committee was dissolved in 1931, after which Rutherford wrote every leading article in The Watch Tower until his death. The 1933 Watch Tower Society Yearbook observed that the demise of the Editorial Committee indicated "that the Lord himself is running his organization". Rutherford expanded his means of spreading the Watch Tower message in 1924 with the start of 15-minute radio broadcasts, initially from WBBR, based on Staten Island, and eventually via a network of as many as 480 radio stations. A 1931 talk was broadcast throughout North America, Australia and France, but his attacks on the clergy resulted in both the NBC and BBC radio networks banning his broadcasts. In 1928, Rutherford began to abolish the system of electing elders by congregational voting, dismissing them as "haughty" and "lazy", and finally asserting in 1932 that electing elders was unscriptural. He impressed on elders the need to obey the Society's "regulations", "instructions" and "directions" without complaint. Service directors, who reported back to Brooklyn, were appointed in each congregation and a weekly "service meeting" introduced to meeting programs. In 1933 Rutherford claimed that abolishing elective elders was a fulfillment of the prophecy of 2300 days at Daniel 8:13–14, and that God's sanctuary (the Watch Tower Society) was thereby cleansed. At a 1931 Bible Student assembly in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford proposed a new name for the organization, Jehovah's witnesses, to differentiate them from the proliferation of other groups that followed Russell's teachings. Bible Students who opposed or abandoned Rutherford to form new groups were increasingly described as the "evil servant class" by The Watchtower, which said it was wrong to pray for those who were "unfaithful". Four years later the term "Kingdom Hall" was introduced for the local meeting place of congregations. In 1937, the door-to-door preaching program was extended to formally include "back calls" on interested people and Witnesses were urged to start one-hour Bible studies in the homes of householders. In the late 1930s, he advocated the use of "sound cars" and portable phonographs with which talks by Rutherford were played to passersby and householders. In 1938, he introduced the term "theocracy" to describe the denomination's system of government, with Consolation explaining: "The Theocracy is at present administered by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, of which Judge Rutherford is the president and general manager." "Zone servants" (now known as circuit overseers) were appointed to supervise congregations. In a Watchtower article Rutherford declared the need for congregations to "get in line" with the changed structure. By 1942, the year of his death, worldwide attendance at the annual Memorial of Christ's death was 140,450 though his restructuring of the Bible Student community coincided with a dramatic loss of followers during the 1920s and 1930s. Worldwide attendance of the annual Memorial of Christ's death fell from 90,434 in 1925 to 17,380 in 1928. Memorial attendance figures did not surpass 90,000 again until 1940. Author Tony Wills, who analyzed attendance and "field worker" statistics, suggests it was the "more dedicated" Bible Students who quit through the 1920s, to be replaced by newcomers in larger numbers, although Rutherford dismissed the loss of the original Bible Students as the Lord "shaking out" the unfaithful. In the 1942 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, Rutherford wrote that the year's achievements "would, on the face of it, show that the Theocratic witness work on earth is about done". Doctrinal changes In July 1917, Rutherford had The Finished Mystery published as a seventh volume of the Studies in the Scriptures series. The volume, though written by Fisher and Woodworth, was advertised as Russell's "posthumous work" and "last legacy" but contained several interpretations and viewpoints not espoused by Russell, including an urging of all Bible Students to cast judgment upon Christendom and its clergy, the adoption of new dates for the fulfillment of particular prophecies, a claim that salvation is tied to membership within the Watch Tower Society, as well as shunning and censuring any who reject the interpretations given in the volume or related articles in Zion's Watch Tower magazine. In the February 1918 discourse "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" (printed in booklet form in May 1920) a revision of Russell's calculation of a "Jubilee type" was presented, changing it from 1875 to 1925, despite Russell's rejection of such a change a few months prior to his death. In October 1920 the Society published a new edition of Russell's 1881 Tabernacle Shadows of the Better Sacrifices. It included an appendix introducing many alterations or reinterpretations of Russell's original views on the death of Jesus and the role of Christ's followers in heaven as typified in the ceremonies of the Jewish tabernacle. At the 1922 Cedar Point convention Rutherford began teaching that Christ's reign had begun in 1914, and not 1878 as Russell had taught. Rutherford expanded on this view in the March 1, 1925 issue of The Watch Tower in the article "Birth of The Nation", which he later acknowledged "caused a real stir or shake-up within the ranks." In 1927 he moved the date of the resurrection of the "sleeping saints" (all Christians who had died since Jesus' time) from 1878 to 1918 and as early as 1930 began to dismiss the year 1874 as the date for the invisible presence of Christ in favor of the year 1914. From 1925 he developed the view of the battle of Armageddon as a universal war waged by God rather than Russell's belief that it was the decline of human society into social, political and religious anarchy. Rutherford based his interpretations on the books of Exodus, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Psalms as well as additional material from the books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles. An article in the January 1, 1926 Watch Tower introduced new emphasis on the importance of the name "Jehovah"; from 1929 Rutherford taught that the vindication of God's name—which would ultimately occur when millions of unbelievers were destroyed at Armageddon—was the primary doctrine of Christianity and more important than God's display of goodness or grace toward humankind. In 1932 he published an interpretation of a passage in Ezekiel describing the attack on Jerusalem by Gog of Magog, in which he predicted an intensification of persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses that would culminate in God intervening on their behalf to begin the battle of Armageddon, which would destroy all opposers of God's organization. In 1926, he discredited Russell's teaching on the importance of Christian "character development" or personal "sanctification" and a year later discarded the teaching that Russell had been the "faithful and wise servant" of Matthew 24:45–47, warning that the desire to revere men was a snare set by the Devil. In May 1926 Rutherford released his book Deliverance at the Bible Student's convention in Kensington, England later interpreting the event as the fulfillment of the 1335 days of Daniel 12:12. In 1927, Christmas was declared to be of pagan origin, and the following year its celebration by Bible Students was condemned as supporting "Satan's organization". Mother's Day was condemned in 1931, with other holidays as well as birthdays officially renounced in subsequent years. In 1928, Rutherford discarded Russell's teaching that the natural Jews would be restored to Palestine and return to God's favor, despite having declared ten years earlier that prophecies of their restoration were already being fulfilled with the British takeover of Palestine from Turkey during World War I. He denied there was a role for Jews in God's Kingdom arrangement and by 1933 he had reversed Russell's earlier teaching, claiming that prominent Jewish business leaders were "arrogant, self-important and extremely selfish," and would gain no favored standing with God. The teaching that God would restore the Jews to Palestine was discontinued around the same time. Russell's teaching that the Great Pyramid of Giza was built under God's direction was overturned in 1928, when Rutherford asserted that it had been built under the direction of Satan for the purpose of deceiving God's people in the last days. The announcement prompted further defections among long-time Bible Students. In 1930, Rutherford published a systematic reinterpretation of the book of Revelation. Many of the symbols recorded in the book were applied to events following 1918, specifically to Watch Tower conventions held in the years 1922 through 1928. These reinterpretations reflected both a wholesale rejection of his own earlier views as well as the historicist interpretations of Pastor Russell. At a Washington, D.C. convention in 1935, Rutherford rejected Russell's teaching that the "great company" of Revelation 7:9 was a "secondary spiritual class" composed of millions of Christians who would be resurrected to heaven apart from the 144,000 "elect", and instead argued that the "great multitude", the "sheep" of Matthew 25 and the "Jonadabs" of 2 Kings chapter 10 all picture the people who could potentially survive Armageddon and receive everlasting human life on earth if they became Jehovah's Witnesses before it began. In 1935, Rutherford objected to U.S. state laws requiring school students to salute the flag as a means of instilling patriotism; in the 1936 Yearbook he declared that baptized Jehovah's Witnesses who did salute the flag were breaking their covenant with God and were thus "guilty of death". In 1940, children in 43 states were expelled for refusing to salute the flag and the Watch Tower Society took most cases to court, with Rutherford personally leading the unsuccessful case of Minersville School District v. Gobitis. Controversy over the flag salute issue escalated and mob attacks became prevalent in many U.S. states until 1943 when the court overruled its previous decision in the case of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette. A U.S. law magazine noted how Jehovah's Witnesses had helped shape the course of constitutional law, remarking: "Through almost constant litigation this organization had made possible an ever-increasing list of precedents concerning the application of the 14th amendment to freedom of speech and religion". In 1936, Rutherford rejected the belief that Jesus had been executed on a Roman cross, in favor of an upright stake or "tree." Character and attitudes Biographers describe Rutherford as tall and solidly built with a senatorial demeanor, and a strong booming voice that helped make him a powerful orator. In 1917, The New York Times stated that Rutherford "has a reputation as an eloquent, forceful speaker". Watch Tower Society literature states that his personality contrasted strongly with that of his predecessor. One Watchtower history book says that while Russell was kind, warm and tactful, Rutherford "was warm and generous toward his associates but he was also a brusque and direct type of person, and his legal background and experiences in early life gave him a directness in his approach to problems in dealing with his brothers that caused some to take offense." Another Watch Tower Society account says he did not hide his feelings, adding, "His bluntness, even when spoken in kindness, was sometimes misunderstood." Fellow Watch Tower Society director A. H. Macmillan says Rutherford "spoke as simply and directly to the people as he knew how, and he was an extremely forthright man. He was thoroughly convinced that what he had to say was the truth and that it was a matter of life and death." Macmillan added, "He would never tolerate anything that would be contrary to what he clearly understood the Bible to teach. He was so strict about that, he would permit nothing that would seem to show a compromise when it came to an issue of the truth." Author Tony Wills describes him as charitable and generous, and says his sympathy for the poor and oppressed was exceeded only by his hatred for the rich, the oppressors. Wills also notes that he was a dynamic, impatient extrovert. Other authors also address Rutherford's abrasiveness: James Penton describes him as blunt and moody with an explosive temper, with "a streak of self-righteousness which caused him to regard anyone who opposed him as of the Devil", while Alan Rogerson notes that he was a "dogmatic and insensitive person, obsessed with his own self-importance." Rutherford's confrontation with four Watch Tower Society directors who opposed him in 1917 highlighted both the forcefulness of his personality and his determination to fight for what he believed was right. Penton claims Rutherford played "hard-fisted church politics" and Rogerson accuses Rutherford of using The Watchtower as a propaganda medium to attack his opposers in what was effectively a battle for his position as president. At the heart of his opponents' complaints was his "autocratic" behavior as he strove to "exercise complete management of the Society and its affairs." Penton similarly describes Rutherford's actions in his first year of presidency—including his appointment of new directors, refusal to allow the Society's accounts to be examined, and his unilateral decision to publish The Finished Mystery—as high-handed and secretive. In contrast, Rutherford claimed, "It was my duty to use the power the Lord had put into my hands to support the interests of the shareholders and all others interested in the Truth throughout the world ... to be unfaithful to them would be unfaithful to the Lord." Macmillan, who supported Rutherford throughout the crisis, claimed the president was extremely patient and "did everything that he could to help his opposers see their mistake, holding a number of meetings with them, trying to reason with them and show them how contrary their course was to the Society's charter". According to Wills, Rutherford emerged from prison in 1919 bitter against the world and the collusion he saw between the clergy and military that had secured his imprisonment. Soon after his release he coined the term "Satan's organization" to refer to this supposed conspiracy. In Watchtower articles Rutherford was similarly scathing towards big business, politics and the League of Nations. Rogerson describes Rutherford's attitude towards the clergy—his avowed enemies—as "unadulterated hatred". His attacks on clergymen, particularly those of the Catholic Church, from the late 1920s were strong enough to attract a ban on his broadcasts by the NBC radio network, which condemned his "rabid attack upon organized religion and the clergy". He also applied criticizing terms to those who had deserted Watch Tower ranks, calling them the "evil servant". He urged readers to view with contempt anyone who had "openly rebelled against God's order or commandments" and also described elective elders of the 1930s who refused to submit to Watch Tower Society administrative changes as "despicable". Wills states that Rutherford seemed to relish his descriptions of how completely the wicked would be destroyed at Armageddon, dwelling at great length on prophecies of destruction. He claims that towards the close of his ministry Rutherford spent about half of each year's Watchtowers writing about Armageddon. According to Penton, Rutherford's austerity—evidenced by his distaste for Christmas, birthday parties and other popular customs that were described as of pagan origin or that encouraged creature worship and were not to be observed—led in turn to austerity becoming a part of Witness life. In 1938, he directed that singing be dispensed with at congregation meetings; singing was reinstated soon after his death. Rutherford's books and magazine articles reveal his strong views on "the proper place of women" in the church and society. In a 1931 book he linked the post-1919 rise of women's movements that encouraged equality of the sexes with satanic influence, and claimed the custom of men tipping their hats to women or standing when a woman approached was a scheme of the devil to turn men from God and indicated an effeminate streak in men who practiced the custom. Mother's Day was similarly described as part of a plan to turn people away from God. In 1938 he urged adherents to delay marriage and child-bearing until after Armageddon, which Wills claims prompted a strong community bias among Witnesses against marriage. Those who did marry, says Wills, were considered to be weak in faith. At a 1941 convention in Missouri he quoted Rudyard Kipling's description of women as "a rag and a bone and a hank of hair". Former Jehovah's Witness and former Governing Body member Raymond Franz claimed there was no evidence Rutherford engaged in door-to-door ministry despite his assertion that it was a requirement and sacred duty of all Witnesses. Franz claimed to have heard Rutherford's associates say his responsibilities as president "do not permit his engaging in this activity". Macmillan, however, related details of Rutherford's home preaching in 1905 or 1906 when he was baptized, and a 1975 article quoted several Witnesses relating their experiences with Rutherford in the house-to-house ministry in the 1920s. The official history of Jehovah's Witnesses also notes, "Rutherford personally shared with other conventioners as they engaged in the work of Kingdom proclamation from house to house." On August 2, 1928 in a meeting with the Bible Student elders who had attended a general convention in Detroit, Michigan Rutherford listed his responsibilities and concluded "when I have attended to many other details, I have not had very much time to go from door to door." Authors William Whalen and James Penton have claimed that Rutherford was to Russell what Brigham Young was to Mormon prophet Joseph Smith. Penton contends that both Russell and Smith were capable religious leaders but naive visionaries, while Rutherford and Young were "hard-bitten pragmatists who gave a degree of permanency to the movements they dominated". Personal life Rutherford married Mary Malcolm Fetzer of Boonville, Missouri on December 31, 1891. Their only child, Malcolm Cleveland, was born on November 10, 1892. The couple separated after Joseph Rutherford became president of the Watch Tower Society. Mary remained an active member of the Jehovah's Witnesses until becoming confined to her home in the years before her death in 1962 at age 93. Rutherford had reportedly lost the use of one lung from pneumonia suffered during his imprisonment in 1918 and 1919; finding New York's winter weather "impossible", Rutherford was encouraged by a doctor to "spend as much time as possible" in a more favorable climate. In 1929, a residence named Beth Sarim (literally, House of Princes) was constructed at San Diego, California for Rutherford's use, initially as winter accommodation and later as a full-time residence. He died at the property in 1942. The villa was sold in 1948, with The Watchtower declaring, "It had fully served its purpose and was now only serving as a monument quite expensive to keep." The standard of Rutherford's accommodation and his personal conduct attracted criticism from some Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses in the 1930s. Walter F. Salter, the Society's former branch manager in Canada, wrote a public letter to Rutherford in 1937, the month he was expelled from the group, claiming that Rutherford had exclusive use of "luxurious" and "expensive" residences (in Brooklyn, Staten Island, Germany, and San Diego), as well as two Cadillacs and alleged that on more than one occasion he had purchased for Rutherford cases of whiskey, brandy, beer and other liquors, and 'go from "drink to drink"'. In July 1939 Olin R. Moyle, legal counsel for the Society, wrote an open letter of resignation to the president, in which he complained about behavior of some members of the Watch Tower Society, including Rutherford himself, that he considered excessive and inappropriate. Moyle mentioned California when discussing "the difference between the accommodations furnished to you, and your personal attendants, compared with those furnished to some of your brethren." Moyle also accused Rutherford of "unkind treatment of the staff, outbursts of anger, discrimination and vulgar language" and condemned his allowing the "glorification of alcohol" at Bethel. Penton notes that Moyle was a "teetotaller" and "puritanical", but claims Rutherford's drinking habits were "notorious" and cites unnamed former Brooklyn Bethel workers who told of occasional difficulties in getting Rutherford to the podium to give public talks due to inebriation. Death and burial From the age of 70, Rutherford underwent several medical treatments for cancer of the colon. This included an operation on November 5, 1941, which found "carcinoma of the rectal sigmoid". Doctors gave him less than six months to live. Rutherford died at Beth Sarim on January 8, 1942, at the age of 72. Cause of death was "uraemia due to carcinoma of the rectum due to pelvic metastasis." A Watch Tower Society staff member said of the announcement of Rutherford's death, "It was at noontime when the family was assembled for lunch. ... The announcement was brief. There were no speeches. No one took the day off to mourn. Rather, we went back to the factory and worked harder than ever." Rutherford's burial was delayed for five months due to legal proceedings arising from his desire to be buried at Beth Sarim, which he had previously expressed to three close advisers from Brooklyn headquarters. According to Consolation, "Judge Rutherford looked for the early triumph of 'the King of the East', Christ Jesus, now leading the host of heaven, and he desired to be buried at dawn facing the rising sun, in an isolated part of the ground which would be administered by the princes, who should return from their graves." Based on his claims that resurrected biblical characters would live at Beth Sarim, Rutherford concluded that it was appropriate that his bones be buried on the property. The legal problem arose because Beth Sarim was not a legally zoned cemetery. Witnesses collected more than 14,000 signatures for two petitions—one supporting his burial at Beth Sarim, another for a second preferred site on a nearby Watch Tower Society property named Beth-Shan—that Rutherford's dying wish might be granted. Consolation condemned San Diego County officials for their refusal to grant a permit for Rutherford's burial at either property, stating "It was not the fate of the bones which they decided, but their own destiny. Nor is their blood on anyone else's head, because they were told three times that to fight against God, or to tamper with His servant's bones even, would bring upon them the condemnation of the Lord. ... So their responsibility is fixed, and they followed the course of Satan." Speculation that Rutherford was secretly buried at Beth Sarim has been called "private rumor", 'frequently disproven', and "myth". The May 4, 1942 issue of Time magazine noted Rutherford's burial at Rossville, New York, on Staten Island; a private burial plot for Watch Tower branch volunteers is on Woodrow Road. In 2002, a caretaker at the immediately adjoining graveyard answered an inquiry about Watch Tower's graveyard by noting, "I couldn't tell you who is buried on it because it has absolutely no markers or headstones". Rutherford was succeeded by Nathan Homer Knorr as president of the Watch Tower Society. References Bibliography External links Rutherford and associates 1919 Application for Executive Clemency Original schism documents 1917 to 1929 Online collection of Rutherford's writings News clippings relating to Judge Rutherford News clippings from Rutherford's "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" campaign 1869 births 1942 deaths 19th-century American lawyers 19th-century American writers 19th-century apocalypticists 19th-century Baptists 20th-century American judges 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century apocalypticists 20th-century religious leaders American anti–World War I activists American Christian religious leaders American Jehovah's Witnesses Bible Student movement Critics of the Catholic Church Deaths from colorectal cancer Former Baptists Missouri lawyers People from Boonville, Missouri People from Versailles, Missouri People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917 Premillennialism Watch Tower Society presidents Writers from Missouri	[ -0.2916404604911804, 0.38896095752716064, -0.7732269167900085, -0.17794053256511688, 0.3439349830150604, 0.3440062999725342, 1.166258692741394, -0.19890640676021576, 0.19928531348705292, -0.6496274471282959, -0.0734017938375473, 0.25988122820854187, -0.4327045679092407, 0.25463762879371643, -0.9076157808303833, 0.6236262321472168, 0.22626569867134094, -0.05382845550775528, -0.5149224400520325, -0.45446261763572693, -0.11964647471904755, -0.3655913770198822, 0.4964231848716736, 0.2747882902622223, 0.018545744940638542, 0.5459719300270081, 0.061365678906440735, -0.394286185503006, -0.01851836033165455, 0.6223136782646179, 0.13612282276153564, 0.26878103613853455, 0.6614123582839966, -0.35574808716773987, -0.4681970179080963, 0.10184506326913834, -0.1518808901309967, -0.16922663152217865, 0.383314847946167, 0.5897071957588196, 0.1008937805891037, -0.1352747529745102, 0.22819049656391144, 0.19056759774684906, -0.057979945093393326, -0.017702413722872734, -1.7090404033660889, -0.011419695802032948, -0.8480537533760071, -0.5011324882507324, -0.09028742462396622, 0.2792542576789856, -0.1908428817987442, 0.34433725476264954, -0.031162535771727562, 0.1195022389292717, -0.31611713767051697, -0.26171714067459106, 0.3468080461025238, -0.26055270433425903, 0.23790378868579865, -0.16061179339885712, 0.43055498600006104, -0.10306179523468018, -0.026064615696668625, -0.04462790489196777, -0.396918386220932, 0.24873249232769012, -0.22901694476604462, 0.05023646354675293, 0.20379285514354706, 0.47534704208374023, 0.10170681029558182, 0.03211652487516403, 0.6458033919334412, 0.12593238055706024, -0.15769018232822418, 0.17928960919380188, -0.2098231464624405, 0.1324690878391266, -0.42047616839408875, -0.29256299138069153, 0.32239365577697754, 0.33310383558273315, -0.31649667024612427, -0.08417313545942307, -0.6020705103874207, -0.09955114871263504, -0.1497291475534439, 0.3712121844291687, -0.19854514300823212, -0.07270492613315582, -0.43162140250205994, 0.22495989501476288, -0.22976495325565338, -0.1314249187707901, 0.15915131568908691, 0.4092455804347992, -0.3965390622615814, -0.04280758649110794, 0.6690948605537415, -0.00418699998408556, 0.549333393573761, -0.05011608451604843, -0.0728188008069992, 0.10230537503957748, 0.11522088944911957, -0.266240656375885, 0.20053057372570038, 0.047377802431583405, -0.47829902172088623, -0.025029150769114494, 0.33327969908714294, -0.0596918910741806, 0.14158256351947784, 0.37998875975608826, 0.12005603313446045, -1.0714291334152222, -0.658376932144165, -0.3072422742843628, -0.15658670663833618, 0.4095039367675781, 0.1077907383441925, 0.24304525554180145, -0.3573371171951294, 0.0526927150785923, 0.20847782492637634, 0.6534866094589233, -0.1883779764175415, 0.14205217361450195, 0.6108630895614624, 0.4663059711456299, -0.11605729907751083, -0.02456146478652954, -0.6410836577415466, 0.0737026035785675, 0.0645194947719574, -0.7357901930809021, -0.3408794403076172, 0.34855228662490845, -0.44030967354774475, -0.14641965925693512, -0.1755545437335968, -0.2333301156759262, 0.27232205867767334, -0.15156812965869904, -0.08453453332185745, 0.05612119659781456, -0.22635985910892487, 0.03514212369918823, 0.20422585308551788, -0.2920578122138977, 0.36627432703971863, -0.17062155902385712, -0.010050276294350624, 0.213173046708107, 0.36286354064941406, -0.045653555542230606, -0.12388580292463303, 0.5936622619628906, -0.4199751615524292, -0.2246897965669632, -0.22743496298789978, 0.08269809931516647, 0.2834659218788147, 0.5911630392074585, 0.3197314143180847, -0.7745396494865417, -0.25423669815063477, -0.458193302154541, -0.22293341159820557, -0.27594271302223206, 0.2306375652551651, -0.03443267568945885, -0.36721721291542053, -0.28609734773635864, 0.7354146242141724, 0.29935017228126526, 0.051017601042985916, -1.0484570264816284, -0.5962652564048767, -0.3857581913471222, 0.35459643602371216, 0.13235828280448914, 0.3698846697807312, 0.30372896790504456, 0.2914893627166748, 0.08872947096824646, -0.04524211585521698, -0.25158992409706116, -0.4642567038536072, -0.8198261260986328, 0.306023508310318, -0.30191144347190857, 0.9017395377159119, 0.2123788595199585, 0.22880473732948303, 0.18818584084510803, 0.21155700087547302, 0.8589908480644226, 0.16789355874061584, -0.24170033633708954, 0.3844709098339081, -0.4562823176383972, 0.292288601398468, 0.8362582325935364, 0.33940374851226807, 0.2813540995121002, 0.36965233087539673, 0.3899594843387604, 0.511247992515564, -0.6254144310951233, -0.3912089467048645, 0.6712149381637573, -0.4073566794395447, -0.6338236331939697, -0.09644632786512375, -0.3478032946586609, 0.5769773721694946, -0.13479933142662048, 0.3822830021381378, 0.19918590784072876, 0.07525286078453064, 0.8535754680633545, 0.07385435700416565, 0.32284361124038696, -0.7093444466590881, 0.33509013056755066, -0.31844887137413025, -0.037487294524908066, -0.24446599185466766, -0.07193020731210709, 0.42687293887138367, -0.527192234992981, 0.672968327999115, -0.2046016901731491, -0.6868464350700378, -0.4723297655582428, 0.34888964891433716, -0.08280541002750397, 0.11586464196443558, -0.07773971557617188, -0.4125443398952484, -0.38643109798431396, 0.3911333680152893, 0.19932259619235992, -0.5193268656730652, -0.10262178629636765, 0.4940027892589569, 0.08209317922592163, 0.35979163646698, 0.316673219203949, 0.4618247449398041, -0.09544007480144501, 0.6316370368003845, 0.25498130917549133, 0.2601381242275238, 0.08016025274991989, 0.23730595409870148, -0.15599751472473145, -0.22986096143722534, -0.040224239230155945, -0.062200408428907394, -0.06849092990159988, -0.38590359687805176, -0.39315083622932434, -0.343647837638855, 0.30332836508750916, -0.14595644176006317, 0.1647074818611145, 0.6564218997955322, -0.14983300864696503, -0.12126627564430237, 0.8573565483093262, 0.19317123293876648, -0.13369011878967285, 0.05332262068986893, 0.005333452019840479, -0.5628019571304321, -0.46492114663124084, 0.3416895866394043, 0.594703733921051, 0.08806996792554855, -0.0020129855256527662, 0.2743821144104004, -0.26719430088996887, 0.1395326405763626, -0.3502808213233948, -0.25400853157043457, -0.2364235520362854, -0.14677898585796356, 0.7467242479324341, -0.06820791214704514, 0.12027053534984589, 0.4419383704662323, 0.7359172701835632, -0.056584682315588, -0.7855969667434692, 0.29123014211654663, -0.06864486634731293, -0.45114415884017944, -0.0013814335688948631, 0.3833502531051636, 0.26144635677337646, 0.6128239035606384, -0.13856513798236847, -0.2529464364051819, 0.2918058931827545, -5.608724117279053, 0.2599487900733948, -0.12327779084444046, -0.6894818544387817, 0.5676578283309937, 0.12259683758020401, 0.7696563005447388, -0.4871944189071655, 0.3573358356952667, 0.0364072360098362, 0.47224700450897217, -0.1281346082687378, 0.6886245608329773, 0.3788769841194153, 0.6205442547798157, 0.3869522511959076, 0.6758212447166443, -0.14293676614761353, 0.6253244876861572, -0.06185413524508476, 1.1458916664123535, -1.0317615270614624, -0.06169235706329346, 0.4096580743789673, 0.3181794285774231, 0.4610513150691986, -0.05860307812690735, 0.6039329171180725, 0.011259033344686031, -0.37468385696411133, 0.18831059336662292, 0.17746329307556152, -0.4814799726009369, -0.3786044120788574, -0.13072288036346436, -0.3945198953151703, 0.619406521320343, 0.5853025317192078, 0.3029632270336151, -0.19445879757404327, 0.41691210865974426, 0.10728086531162262, -0.7143957614898682, 0.053770244121551514, -0.04948258772492409, -0.1322212666273117, -0.44389212131500244, 0.3174244463443756, -0.2992439568042755, 0.5293577313423157, 0.29421696066856384, 0.1342565268278122, 0.2886514663696289, 0.026468083262443542, 0.10996340215206146, 0.08994868397712708, -0.21311548352241516, -0.04589701071381569, -0.7303527593612671, 0.091268390417099, 0.6121889352798462, -0.765602707862854, -0.3262527287006378, -0.3325139880180359, -0.20534667372703552, -0.4962177872657776, -0.06748972088098526, -0.07630610466003418, 0.49732857942581177, -0.11641696095466614, -0.1545863300561905, 1.2106471061706543, 0.08947522193193436, -1.1740130186080933, 0.3739216923713684, 0.23459920287132263, -0.22906488180160522, 0.05215941369533539, -0.8857443928718567, -0.25350260734558105, 0.11694269627332687, -0.10126397013664246, 0.3113043010234833, 1.1753795146942139, 0.9389141798019409, 0.39910444617271423, -0.5980691313743591, 0.5548424124717712, -0.573361337184906, -0.48131102323532104, -0.08971808105707169, -0.3369311988353729, -0.4838634431362152, 0.3899766206741333, 0.5360946655273438, 0.4546267092227936, -0.09693010151386261, 0.4801429510116577, 0.09418109804391861, 0.264719158411026, 0.23948387801647186, 0.017435992136597633, 0.3812873363494873, -0.9209408760070801, 0.12359006702899933, 0.04318329319357872, -0.6888508796691895, 0.3298981785774231, 0.09828430414199829, 0.2780584394931793, -0.3947332203388214, -0.03745812550187111, -0.26573386788368225, -0.11032088845968246, 0.132533460855484, -0.6106815934181213, 0.20791099965572357, 0.388057142496109, 0.5293269753456116, 0.33768361806869507, 0.14993204176425934, 0.2052512764930725, -0.060027334839105606, -0.332812637090683, -0.38852840662002563, -0.5461207628250122, 0.07568272203207016, -0.05203131586313248, -0.409820556640625, 0.07458273321390152, -0.0829676166176796, 0.689765453338623, -0.32266858220100403, 0.786323070526123, -0.29833734035491943, -0.3876006603240967, -0.41177019476890564, -0.7918773889541626, -0.4401382803916931, 0.21982629597187042, 0.031601935625076294, -0.02070429176092148, -0.2657415568828583, -0.31594985723495483, 0.5284079313278198, 0.20080149173736572, 0.17118073999881744, -0.2113635390996933, -0.638684868812561, 0.29112309217453003, -0.6114514470100403, -0.4159809350967407, 0.32014432549476624, -0.7366164326667786, -0.025506526231765747, 0.4357020854949951, -0.25038284063339233, 0.015960872173309326, -0.22172094881534576, -0.1498129665851593, -0.5701162219047546, 0.5227142572402954, -1.010270595550537, -0.26931753754615784, 0.11752595007419586, 0.18727369606494904, -0.8015320301055908, 0.5979114174842834, -0.42813771963119507, 0.6259397268295288, 0.22880996763706207, -0.2632305920124054, -0.17307385802268982, 0.19651886820793152, 0.4597531855106354, 0.18248987197875977, 0.10985445231199265, -0.14833025634288788, -0.15333496034145355, -0.1388697773218155, -0.23796458542346954, 0.01977018639445305, -0.4071926176548004, 0.3783254623413086, 0.9822039604187012, -0.3001091778278351, -0.18281948566436768, -0.2193911224603653, -0.4418742060661316, -0.030316665768623352, 0.14332154393196106, -0.8014333844184875, 0.28088411688804626, 0.6937739849090576, 0.156319260597229, -0.16041545569896698, 0.5098440647125244, -0.3298942446708679, 0.05651877075433731, -0.48455381393432617, -0.07974056154489517, 0.14507518708705902, -0.5525861978530884, 0.07112430781126022, -0.48515430092811584, -0.8048051595687866, -0.39621827006340027, -0.4212912619113922, -0.36636415123939514, 0.8672166466712952, -0.046139251440763474, -0.2766047418117523, 0.05903633311390877, 0.40170037746429443, -0.06548621505498886, -0.3472844064235687, 0.6815857291221619, 0.2866339385509491, -0.4867464303970337, -0.47491806745529175, -0.30015042424201965, -0.5092016458511353, -0.2468830943107605, -0.10891871899366379, -0.09944483637809753, 0.1568678617477417, 0.1347535103559494, -0.16859859228134155, 0.9077665209770203, 0.01919754408299923, -0.7113728523254395, -0.09103742241859436, 0.06913173198699951, 0.4767054617404938, -0.14380161464214325, -0.24839843809604645, -0.03964374586939812, 0.3324856758117676, -1.0382903814315796, 0.12613637745380402, 0.23796910047531128, 0.643497109413147, 0.20489969849586487, -0.8700154423713684, -0.2029644250869751, -0.32745808362960815, 0.5313324332237244, 0.25411510467529297, -0.06002163887023926, 0.37153831124305725, 0.5209512710571289, 0.03275188431143761, -0.40260472893714905, -0.121712327003479, 0.9114308953285217, -0.17980393767356873, -0.023471258580684662, -0.01827479526400566, 0.16972719132900238, -0.1451936960220337, 0.10427956283092499, 0.030533067882061005, -0.15534979104995728, 0.09648488461971283, 0.2799564003944397, 0.06601185351610184, 0.24131204187870026, -0.596971333026886, 0.4494362473487854, -0.14565593004226685, -0.3876347243785858, -0.5081346035003662, -0.07412609457969666, 0.32142749428749084, -0.5174229145050049, 0.020302820950746536, 0.018211910501122475, -0.6277188062667847, 0.09575007110834122, 0.06049485132098198, -1.1294946670532227, -0.3160439133644104, -0.3293564021587372, -0.17326496541500092, 0.037663038820028305, -0.8735241293907166, -0.5416082739830017, -0.05029905587434769, -0.3338131010532379, -0.23015986382961273, -0.9901748299598694, -0.129752516746521, -0.5071105360984802, -0.31261518597602844, -0.5942867994308472, 0.061574604362249374, 0.011326680891215801, 0.5285607576370239, -0.41129404306411743, -0.0074857305735349655, -0.6332424283027649, 0.5332905054092407, 0.2670847177505493, -0.10659552365541458, 0.13485980033874512, 0.08112696558237076, -0.19889405369758606, 0.013565846718847752, -0.3616867959499359, -0.36418575048446655, -0.06589048355817795, 0.05272027477622032, 0.6231849193572998, 0.38369691371917725, -0.6297643780708313, -0.43328171968460083, 0.761040210723877, 0.03341485559940338, -0.7790689468383789, 0.12382868677377701, 0.06277327239513397, 0.42439916729927063, 0.6699761748313904, 0.21921418607234955, 0.1964908093214035, 1.1046055555343628, 0.33333033323287964, -0.29593753814697266, -0.09167205542325974, -0.09627685695886612, 0.23670540750026703, -0.014120563864707947, -0.2607277035713196, 0.3519975543022156, -0.33472010493278503, 0.4054664969444275, -0.12371620535850525, -0.7423282861709595, -0.49267029762268066, 0.5753311514854431, -0.09340968728065491, 0.7418859004974365, -0.17143483459949493, 0.06301091611385345, 0.11254820227622986, 0.06584145128726959, -0.25938719511032104, 0.12715168297290802, 0.4367137551307678, -0.1845477670431137, 0.252941370010376, -0.2417619377374649, 0.1725262701511383, -0.4242612421512604, 0.08930372446775436, 0.03842150792479515, 0.24844518303871155, -0.2819025218486786, -0.4078834354877472, -0.013758338987827301, -0.27181053161621094, -0.30984926223754883, 1.3609522581100464, -0.40022042393684387, -0.2928038537502289, 0.1572364866733551, 0.04046693444252014, -0.43994614481925964, -0.02540142461657524, 0.22372378408908844, -0.04432784765958786, -0.3794555962085724, -0.19862104952335358, 0.08925560116767883, 0.4230926036834717, 0.08604876697063446, 0.935810923576355, -0.06388655304908752, 0.16267439723014832, 0.5323545336723328, 0.2566181421279907, -0.2358495444059372, -0.3296203017234802, -0.8814968466758728, 0.24304699897766113, -0.023277178406715393, 0.174454465508461, -0.030904658138751984, -0.08491648733615875, -0.5793548822402954, 0.5924347639083862, -0.3722163736820221, -0.42837274074554443, -0.035615019500255585, -0.18443946540355682, 0.1764458566904068, 0.14598220586776733, 0.8927130699157715, 0.6176381707191467, 0.711080014705658, -0.21639904379844666, -0.3506196141242981, 0.3355487883090973, -0.3563515841960907, -0.42859023809432983, 0.2820056676864624, -0.05499514937400818, 0.16795191168785095, -1.0943901538848877, 0.4892793595790863, 0.3049660921096802, 0.5278989672660828, -0.361524760723114, 0.5623002052307129, -0.4514157772064209, -0.19393883645534515, 0.7570863962173462, 0.0011905113933607936, -0.16743123531341553, 0.01699042320251465, 0.10116338729858398, -0.2479075789451599, 0.14151734113693237, 0.4673159420490265, -0.028066251426935196, -0.3427158296108246, -0.14890705049037933, -0.30697786808013916, -0.20316244661808014, 0.4151918590068817, 0.14918562769889832, -1.042720913887024, -0.058031149208545685, 0.09369958937168121, -0.3226870894432068, -0.03196326643228531, 0.1521126925945282, 0.258760929107666, 0.1061297282576561, -0.6788122653961182, 0.3509547710418701, -0.22417475283145905, -0.14432987570762634, 0.03074319288134575, 0.12241477519273758, 0.5334397554397583, 0.03409953787922859, -0.871861457824707, 0.50562983751297, 0.9332128167152405, 0.03448812663555145, -0.5843467712402344, 0.09128399193286896, -0.4915696978569031, 0.5444272756576538, -0.3225677013397217, -0.23041245341300964, -0.12508805096149445, 0.296978622674942, -0.3541751801967621 ]
249140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%2C%20Tennessee	Rugby, Tennessee	Rugby is an unincorporated community in Morgan and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Founded in 1880 by English author Thomas Hughes, Rugby was built as an experimental utopian colony. While Hughes's experiment largely failed, a small community lingered at Rugby throughout the 20th century. In the 1960s, residents, friends and descendants of Rugby began restoring the original design and layout of the community, preserving surviving structures and reconstructing others. Rugby's Victorian architecture and picturesque setting have since made it a popular tourist attraction. In 1972, Rugby's historic area was listed under the name Rugby Colony on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. The Rugby experiment grew out of the social and economic conditions of Victorian England, where the practice of primogeniture and an economic depression had left many of the "second sons" of the English gentry jobless and idle. Hughes envisioned Rugby as a colony where England's second sons would have a chance to own land and be free of social and moral ills that plagued late-19th-century English cities. The colony would reject late Victorian materialism in favor of the Christian socialist ideals of equality and cooperation espoused in Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days. From the outset, however, the colony was beset with problems, namely a typhoid epidemic in 1881, lawsuits over land titles, and a population unaccustomed to the hard manual labor required to extract crops from the poor soil of the Cumberland Plateau. By late 1887, most of the original colonists had either died or moved away from Rugby. However, a few carried on into the 20th century and the village retained a small, continuous population. Geography Rugby is located atop the Cumberland Plateau near the junction of Morgan, Scott, and Fentress counties. While it straddles the two former counties, the majority of it lies in Morgan County. On the north side of Rugby, the Clear Fork joins White Oak Creek to form a natural pool known as "The Meeting of the Waters" that has been a popular hiking destination since the colony's early days. Beyond Meeting-of-the-Waters, the Clear Fork continues northeastward for another to where it joins New River to form the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River. State Route 52 passed through the town, until December 2013 when the "Rugby Bypass" opened, connecting it with U.S. Route 127 in Jamestown to the west and U.S. Route 27 in the community of Elgin to the east. The area is relatively remote, with the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area dominating the area to the north, and sparsely-populated rolling hills stretching for miles to the south. Most of the historic district is located on or near Tennessee state highway 52. A more modern residential area is located in the Beacon Hill section on the north side of the community. History Establishment Thomas Hughes was born in Uffington, Oxfordshire, England in 1822. In the 1830s, he attended the Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, where he was greatly influenced by the school's progressive headmaster, Thomas Arnold. Both Rugby School and Arnold figured prominently in Hughes's 1857 novel, Tom Brown's School Days, and the school would eventually be the namesake for Hughes's utopian colony in Tennessee. In Tom Brown's School Days, Hughes espoused the ideals of Christian socialism, namely the cooperative ownership of community businesses. By the 1860s, Hughes had grown disenchanted with the materialism of late Victorian England. He was disheartened by the fact that the talents of many of England's younger sons were wasted due to an economic recession and the medieval system of primogeniture, in which the oldest son inherited all of the family's land. In 1870, Hughes travelled to America to meet his friend, the poet James Russell Lowell, and learned of the Boston-based Board of Aid to Land Ownership, which specialized in helping unemployed urban craftsmen relocate to rural areas. Hughes indicated that such an operation might also be beneficial to young, unemployed English gentry. In 1878, Board of Aid president Franklin Webster Smith and an agent with the new Cincinnati Southern Railway, Cyrus Clarke, were travelling on the railroad's new tracks along the Cumberland Plateau when they identified the future site of Rugby, and were impressed with its virgin forests, clear air, and scenic gorges. Clarke secured options on hundreds of thousands of acres of Plateau land. Knoxville attorney Oliver Perry Temple, who became the colony's legal and agricultural advisor, began the complicated process of securing land titles. Smith returned to Boston to recruit families to move to the newly acquired land on the Plateau, but economic conditions in the northeast had improved, and few families were interested in relocating. Smith then notified Hughes of the Board's new land acquisitions, and Hughes expressed interest in establishing a colony. Hughes formed a partnership with British lawyers Sir Henry Kimber and John Boyle, and bought the Board of Aid. Rugby Colony, 1880–1887 Franklin W. Smith, who was primarily responsible for Rugby's early layout, chose the townsite for Rugby for its resort-like qualities, even though it was from the nearest railroad stop at Sedgemoor (modern-day Elgin, Tennessee). The colony's first frame structure, known as the "Asylum" (now the Pioneer Cottage), was erected in early 1880, and the first wave of colonists constructed tennis and croquet courts, and built a walkway to "The Meeting of the Waters." Within a few months, several residences had been completed, along with the three-story Tabard Inn, which was named for the Southwark hostelry in Canterbury Tales. Thomas Hughes was on hand for the colony's "opening" on October 5, 1880, and gave a speech that laid out his plans for Rugby. All colonists would be required to invest $5 in the commissary, thus ensuring public ownership. Personal freedoms were guaranteed, although the sale of alcohol was banned. The colony would build an Episcopal church, but the building could be used by any denomination. On opening day, Tennessee's Episcopal bishop, the Right Reverend Charles Quintard, chartered Christ Church and licensed colonist Joseph Blacklock as lay reader. American publications such as The New York Times and Harper's Weekly and London publications such as The Spectator, Saturday Review, and Punch, all followed the colony's progress. Rugby published its own newspaper, The Rugbeian, which was edited by Oxford graduate Osmond Dakeyne, and several colonists formed a Library and Reading Room Society, headed by Tübingen graduate Edward Bertz, who was a long-term friend of the late nineteenth century English author George Gissing, with whom he corresponded over many years. In summer 1881, a typhoid outbreak killed seven colonists—including Dakeyne—and forced the Tabard Inn to close for cleansing, but the colony recovered. By 1884, the colony boasted over 400 residents, 65 frame public buildings and houses, a tennis team, a social club, and a literary and dramatic society. In 1885, Rugby established a university, Arnold School, named for Rugby School headmaster Thomas Arnold. Struggle and decline Throughout its early history, Rugby was beset with lawsuits over land titles. While Cyrus Clarke had obtained options on nearly of land, many of the Plateau's Appalachian natives grew suspicious of Clarke and refused to sell their property. This slowed the colony's early development, and as the lawsuits dragged on, many colonists gave up and moved away. Furthermore, Smith, who had selected the townsite, had ignored the site's poor soil in favor of its potential as a mountain resort. Rugby's main resort hotel, the Tabard, was forced to close due to the typhoid outbreak in 1881, however, and burned down altogether in 1884, halting Rugby's burgeoning tourist economy and damaging the Board of Aid's credit. Frustrated by the colony's slow development, the Board of Aid's London backers replaced colony director John Boyle with Irish-born Cincinnati city engineer Robert Walton in May 1882. Rugby attempted to establish a tomato canning operation in 1883, but after the cannery was constructed, colonists failed to grow enough tomatoes to keep it operational. Newspapers began to ridicule Rugby, with London's Daily News accusing Hughes of creating a "pleasure picnic" rather than a functioning colony, and The New York Times claiming that Hughes was planning to abandon the colony altogether. In 1887, the deaths of a number of prominent colonists—including Hughes's mother, Margaret, and geologist Charles Wilson—led to the departure of most of Rugby's original settlers. That year, Hughes made his last annual visit to the colony, and The Rugbeian ceased publication. In 1892, Sir Henry Kimber reorganized the Board of Aid as the Rugby Tennessee Company, which focused on harvesting the region's natural resources, all but abandoning the anti-materialistic ideals on which the colony was founded. By 1900, the company had sold its Cumberland Plateau holdings. Preservation Robert Walton's son, William (1887–1958), maintained the Thomas Hughes Library, the Christ Church Episcopal, and Kingstone Lisle until the mid-20th century. During the same period, Uffington House was maintained by the family of C.C. Brooks. Conservation efforts at Rugby began in the 1940s when logging practices were decimating the surrounding virgin forests. The efforts were publicized by The New York Times and The Washington Post, and gained federal support with the aide of Secretary of State Cordell Hull, but the state of Tennessee rejected the logging companies' offering price for the land, and the forest was cut right up to the community's boundaries. In 1966, preservationists formed Historic Rugby, a non-profit group dedicated to restoring and maintaining the community's surviving historic structures, which include the Christ Church Episcopal, the Thomas Hughes Library, the Rugby School, Kingstone Lisle, Uffington House, and Newbury House. The group has also reconstructed several buildings based on their original designs, including the Board of Aid office, the Rugby Commissary, and Sir Henry Kimber's Percy Cottage. The Harrow Road Cafe, a restaurant built in the 1980s, was named for a restaurant that existed at Rugby in the 1880s, although its original design is unknown. The Cafe was destroyed by fire on September 4, 2020. The Rugby Printing Works, which originally stood at nearby Deer Lodge, was moved to Rugby in the 1970s. Historic Rugby opened up the community's Beacon Hill area (originally planned to include residences and a park) to new home construction, with the condition that all new homes must be designed in accordance with the community's Victorian aesthetic. Notable buildings Christ Church Episcopal The Christ Church Episcopal was established on October 5, 1880, and initially used the original Rugby schoolhouse for services. The current building was built in the Carpenter Gothic style in 1887 by Cornelius Onderdonk, who constructed many of the original buildings in Rugby, and consecrated by Episcopal bishop Charles Quintard in 1888. The church's alms basin was designed by English carpenter Henry Fry, who had previously done work for various churches in the London area. The church's reed organ, built in 1849, is one of the oldest in the United States. The Christ Church parish has met here regularly since 1887. Thomas Hughes Library Built in 1882, the Thomas Hughes Library is the most unchanged of all the buildings in Rugby. The library's 7,000 volumes were collected primarily by Boston bookseller Estes & Lauriat, and donated to Rugby's Library and Reading Room Society with the stipulation they name the new library for Hughes. The library still contains most of its original collection, the oldest volume of which dates to 1687. German-born colonist Edward Bertz, Rugby's first librarian, published a book about his Rugby experiences, entitled Das Sabinergut, in 1896. Kingstone Lisle Kingstone Lisle, a Queen Anne-style cottage, was built in 1884 as a residence for Thomas Hughes, although Hughes stayed at the cottage for just a very short period on one of his annual visits (he usually stayed at the Newbury House). In the late 1880s, Hughes gave the house to Christ Church priest Joseph Blacklock for use as a rectory. Historic Rugby restored the house in the 1960s, and has outfitted it with period furniture. Comprehensive list of historical structures References External links Christ Church Episcopal - Active parish of the Episcopal Church in Rugby Historic Rugby page The Rugbeian – digitized issues of a newspaper published in Rugby, 1881–1882 Unincorporated communities in Tennessee Unincorporated communities in Morgan County, Tennessee Unincorporated communities in Scott County, Tennessee Utopian communities in the United States Populated places established in 1880 Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee Historic house museums in Tennessee Museums in Morgan County, Tennessee Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee Open-air museums in Tennessee 1880 establishments in Tennessee Houses in Morgan County, Tennessee National Register of Historic Places in Morgan County, Tennessee	[ 0.3038240075111389, 0.10589627921581268, -0.043543025851249695, -0.18373757600784302, 0.492082417011261, 0.1952635794878006, 0.20469146966934204, 0.6698610782623291, -0.15353690087795258, -0.38768038153648376, -0.588566243648529, -0.2383604347705841, -0.6653750538825989, 0.7700510025024414, -0.7649219632148743, 1.0258620977401733, 0.2515120804309845, 1.0183312892913818, 0.478094220161438, -0.7875681519508362, 0.12728454172611237, -0.4659348130226135, 0.4215448498725891, 0.8716719150543213, 0.2579672336578369, 0.2550753653049469, 0.5479229688644409, 0.28370997309684753, -0.029690217226743698, 0.1825314611196518, -0.291355699300766, 0.19260631501674652, -0.013464583083987236, 0.019042611122131348, 0.4867764711380005, -0.20466099679470062, 0.2479851245880127, -0.04807642847299576, 0.4982031583786011, -0.7332717776298523, 0.06153365969657898, 0.2273160070180893, 0.03983135521411896, 0.059785325080156326, 0.3544759452342987, -0.6017639636993408, -1.7215856313705444, 0.3204403221607208, -0.8380672335624695, -0.9303590059280396, -0.1634519100189209, 0.48755478858947754, 0.42088082432746887, 0.17870181798934937, 0.3453546166419983, 0.34205394983291626, -0.49711740016937256, 0.10565336048603058, 0.9735328555107117, 0.34806883335113525, -0.17728790640830994, 1.0382139682769775, -0.10083301365375519, 0.365220308303833, -0.6417027115821838, -0.6115697026252747, -0.11846311390399933, 0.5653900504112244, 0.051678720861673355, -0.3941590487957001, -0.3940921723842621, 0.19459573924541473, -0.29950931668281555, -0.356839656829834, -0.2849861681461334, 0.45675039291381836, -0.15342660248279572, 0.22431261837482452, 0.4650496542453766, 0.16829203069210052, 0.45817330479621887, -0.39476537704467773, 0.8353130221366882, 0.18227837979793549, 0.3381561040878296, 0.3197597563266754, -0.5784187316894531, 0.21406760811805725, 0.5109062194824219, 0.5890284180641174, -0.20228248834609985, -0.17903687059879303, -0.4544751048088074, -0.03571641817688942, -0.28390729427337646, -0.24268539249897003, -0.5751051902770996, 0.510651707649231, -0.25036340951919556, 0.3915599286556244, -0.4214078485965729, -0.008054887875914574, 0.7359952330589294, -0.048649974167346954, -0.18297137320041656, -0.21281816065311432, -0.872096598148346, -0.5915029644966125, 0.11756905168294907, -0.23706954717636108, -0.7313238978385925, 0.4979912042617798, 0.30117398500442505, -0.9252868890762329, -0.15741075575351715, -0.20786836743354797, -0.2811844050884247, -0.3493082523345947, -0.4287431538105011, 0.21119996905326843, -0.5256985425949097, 0.47739309072494507, -0.5662177205085754, 0.5505958795547485, 0.039682868868112564, 0.5296322107315063, 0.8515880703926086, -0.20822472870349884, -0.3010959029197693, 0.05773044750094414, 0.17350102961063385, 0.9188904762268066, -0.4493805468082428, 0.21683084964752197, -0.017848316580057144, -0.3647589087486267, -0.08864954113960266, -0.2981873154640198, 0.2921581268310547, -0.18439620733261108, -0.7501450777053833, -0.11534673720598221, -0.532005250453949, 0.3696626126766205, 0.3548009395599365, -0.18649490177631378, -0.5361929535865784, -0.29260092973709106, 0.41540223360061646, 0.2507907450199127, 0.34824615716934204, 0.14424125850200653, -0.008191755972802639, 0.4512498378753662, -0.5760541558265686, -0.43014296889305115, 0.5973357558250427, -0.06231827288866043, 0.07846201211214066, 0.39157652854919434, -0.6569525599479675, 0.30379289388656616, 0.3230012357234955, -0.0466805063188076, 0.49626782536506653, 0.1520744115114212, 0.46985912322998047, -0.9482486844062805, -0.30635547637939453, 0.6004664897918701, -0.21682722866535187, 0.7477705478668213, 0.6623724699020386, -0.8792319297790527, 0.12225615233182907, -0.7053998708724976, 1.011182427406311, 0.18845312297344208, 0.6104176640510559, -0.5706228613853455, -0.6485775113105774, -0.024014955386519432, 0.5096984505653381, -0.02824317291378975, -0.3068656325340271, 0.36258721351623535, 0.5114975571632385, -0.31610041856765747, -0.31006866693496704, -0.5992678999900818, -0.06214036047458649, -1.1151394844055176, 0.21408453583717346, 0.003250222420319915, 1.0404386520385742, -0.13211539387702942, 0.06652533262968063, 0.3388442397117615, -0.19843162596225739, 0.15561914443969727, 0.20397308468818665, -0.08602379262447357, 0.16457772254943848, -0.5753269791603088, -0.14757762849330902, 0.4687128961086273, 0.48728954792022705, -0.3092522621154785, 0.33659806847572327, 0.5073739886283875, 0.8059765696525574, -0.617354154586792, -0.5252307057380676, 0.21386128664016724, -0.22293582558631897, -0.7090272903442383, -0.037148743867874146, 0.05889517068862915, 0.28950756788253784, -0.4813436269760132, 0.4397103190422058, -0.3078765273094177, 0.07370580732822418, -0.2748880982398987, 0.3534538149833679, 0.5002701282501221, -0.10563473403453827, -0.012193798087537289, -0.6344148516654968, -0.511279284954071, 0.04266040027141571, 0.12712416052818298, -0.09527729451656342, -0.12840786576271057, -0.06616288423538208, -0.553676426410675, -0.6161565780639648, -0.45469674468040466, 0.3271259069442749, -0.5268502831459045, -0.28350600600242615, 0.36941665410995483, -0.6076568365097046, -0.22915838658809662, -0.10457658767700195, 0.11405718326568604, -0.2819078266620636, 0.2840318977832794, 0.29098960757255554, -0.6478685140609741, 0.043416641652584076, -0.33363398909568787, 0.932388424873352, 0.1492457091808319, 0.05878649279475212, -0.15471534430980682, -0.37512335181236267, 0.2973925769329071, -0.11081219464540482, -0.16521131992340088, -0.2939628064632416, 0.07524758577346802, -0.5098556280136108, -0.27935656905174255, 0.4394032061100006, -0.41893497109413147, -0.6490536332130432, -0.42456188797950745, -0.06746518611907959, 0.6312443614006042, 0.2800985872745514, 0.12211847305297852, 0.09294488281011581, -0.4416952133178711, 0.2922770082950592, 0.49173104763031006, 0.012585325166583061, 0.37841683626174927, -0.7948261499404907, -0.2828506529331207, 0.28610387444496155, 0.7150725722312927, -0.1418146938085556, -0.6520277261734009, -0.6198630928993225, -0.5993852019309998, 0.6566531658172607, -0.3171554207801819, -0.28194695711135864, -0.6211662292480469, -0.20065966248512268, -0.049287937581539154, -0.3373604416847229, 0.7737869024276733, -0.1339268535375595, 0.13790759444236755, 0.05607108399271965, 0.5849299430847168, 0.039060063660144806, -0.2705303430557251, -0.513112485408783, 0.586408793926239, -0.4081208407878876, -0.3046153485774994, 0.4435161352157593, -0.7845293879508972, 0.020581867545843124, -0.3851315379142761, -5.027256011962891, 0.4753212630748749, -0.367642879486084, -0.21799549460411072, 0.7698553204536438, -0.592221200466156, 0.39576220512390137, -0.3876170516014099, -0.34326648712158203, 0.5397300124168396, -0.45977485179901123, -0.008030157536268234, 0.018971888348460197, 0.18857203423976898, 0.6375121474266052, 0.48570504784584045, 0.8329470753669739, -0.26230037212371826, 0.5914410352706909, 0.7376160621643066, 0.05283429101109505, 0.320519357919693, -0.0901983305811882, 0.13141196966171265, 0.6463374495506287, 0.9320659041404724, -0.11810041964054108, -0.5744616389274597, -0.07962605357170105, 0.013731617480516434, -0.09532512724399567, 0.08372355252504349, -0.3800148665904999, -0.2680736780166626, 0.035426657646894455, -0.1506107747554779, -0.33191564679145813, -0.5816189050674438, 0.517327606678009, -0.5655065774917603, 0.02010984532535076, 0.6057491302490234, -0.5723710656166077, -0.6137410998344421, 0.1367967277765274, -0.2472054809331894, 0.0683312863111496, 0.07690038532018661, -0.1744254231452942, 0.973639190196991, 0.15477213263511658, -0.21304857730865479, 0.9477197527885437, -0.02584204636514187, 0.8044958710670471, -0.724493682384491, 0.9788359999656677, -0.04329625517129898, 0.19622235000133514, 0.3369491994380951, -0.2819806933403015, -0.8886847496032715, -0.35882341861724854, 0.35129496455192566, -0.35153335332870483, -0.27001631259918213, 0.39665377140045166, 0.2050704061985016, -0.06691844761371613, 0.387863427400589, 0.04157429561018944, 0.11988988518714905, 0.21926037967205048, -0.557426929473877, 0.3440192639827728, -0.09814468771219254, -1.0124425888061523, 0.44353315234184265, -0.8253886699676514, -0.20383836328983307, -0.15398381650447845, -0.1750899702310562, 0.3894073963165283, 0.9224128723144531, 0.3226644992828369, -0.7259942293167114, 0.05237830802798271, -0.29377031326293945, -0.8397989869117737, -0.7573943734169006, 0.34309709072113037, -0.5572770237922668, 0.010626398958265781, -0.12919241189956665, 0.31778573989868164, 0.36839717626571655, 0.5842230916023254, 0.35633429884910583, -0.08041539043188095, -0.04543451964855194, 0.37924402952194214, -0.20103438198566437, 0.06828898936510086, 0.1789444386959076, 0.03994579613208771, -0.24516122043132782, 0.21752218902111053, 0.6530956625938416, 0.51735919713974, -0.1425485908985138, -0.010900922119617462, 0.06858345866203308, -0.5905255079269409, 0.35163676738739014, 0.005865423008799553, -0.3412061035633087, 0.1380254626274109, 0.2932068407535553, 0.36258384585380554, 0.21301788091659546, -0.16121695935726166, 0.3542656898498535, -0.3446582555770874, 0.07454263418912888, 0.0482650063931942, -0.28883278369903564, 0.5890699028968811, -0.5027162432670593, -0.5785924792289734, 0.3642254173755646, -0.42684292793273926, -0.1482045203447342, -0.5285059213638306, -0.28634554147720337, -0.17186768352985382, 0.13525326550006866, -0.6013436317443848, -0.6898475289344788, 0.17762348055839539, 0.5541970133781433, -0.10295958071947098, 0.06467524915933609, 0.030607033520936966, -0.29257673025131226, 0.4512935280799866, 0.41221490502357483, 0.5340811014175415, 0.06051582098007202, -0.6095055341720581, 0.3499170243740082, -0.633353590965271, -0.71599280834198, -0.03010367974638939, -0.45473843812942505, 0.44019371271133423, -0.21980547904968262, -0.2874666750431061, 0.45824411511421204, 0.758708655834198, -0.6029753684997559, 0.1662387251853943, -0.2218615859746933, -0.8276818990707397, 0.6727543473243713, 0.4548439681529999, -0.17748598754405975, -0.14152275025844574, -0.06968484073877335, -1.0210301876068115, 0.6221857666969299, 0.7635615468025208, -0.40912750363349915, -0.379046231508255, -0.0791371688246727, -0.03343135863542557, -0.4137369990348816, -0.17914867401123047, 0.4919213354587555, 0.3306438624858856, 0.06430421769618988, -0.005276496056467295, 0.1062978059053421, -0.42133209109306335, -0.4308660626411438, -0.10206995904445648, -0.6450214385986328, -0.33968713879585266, -0.18341666460037231, 0.031792931258678436, 0.06746988743543625, -0.029821092262864113, 0.010340025648474693, 0.497829407453537, 0.35766905546188354, -0.15429840981960297, -0.2844562530517578, 0.3008410334587097, -0.40296471118927, -0.07930924743413925, -0.4941892921924591, -0.013742576353251934, 0.5384616255760193, -0.20636950433254242, 0.3807857930660248, 0.02458399347960949, -0.6859303712844849, 0.13219264149665833, 0.3293493390083313, -0.17592258751392365, 0.8004615902900696, -0.43592897057533264, -0.6761552691459656, 0.6044257879257202, 0.46135276556015015, -0.5930907726287842, -0.06934478133916855, 0.41084980964660645, 0.5469676852226257, -0.23999205231666565, -0.6000859141349792, -0.5041975975036621, -0.3265232443809509, -0.23123380541801453, -0.49872756004333496, -0.29639530181884766, 0.499979704618454, 0.02378453128039837, -0.3469567894935608, 1.1692845821380615, -0.41030094027519226, -0.2208942174911499, -0.1947309970855713, 0.3876659870147705, 0.36784303188323975, 0.5140230059623718, -0.02177274599671364, -0.35837289690971375, -0.5155344009399414, 0.09341683238744736, -0.2919940948486328, 0.5290728211402893, 0.9700049757957458, -0.012425857596099377, -0.17711172997951508, -0.7180861234664917, -0.006317734252661467, 1.0380061864852905, 0.10287332534790039, -0.6996946930885315, 0.10775499790906906, 0.5670554041862488, -0.2907721698284149, -0.9527196884155273, 0.28163978457450867, 1.0434837341308594, -0.16650348901748657, -0.20907774567604065, 0.9258196353912354, -0.017233528196811676, 0.3943290710449219, 0.8778703808784485, -0.10335420817136765, -0.38747522234916687, 0.16355420649051666, 0.739448070526123, -0.3373536169528961, 0.06618503481149673, -0.5110403895378113, 0.36762887239456177, -0.8921551704406738, -0.15480545163154602, 0.6122900247573853, 0.5055903792381287, 0.6989493370056152, 0.13229313492774963, -0.05675116181373596, -0.17950305342674255, -1.0578964948654175, 0.11422868072986603, 0.6419292688369751, 0.277894526720047, -0.23765751719474792, -0.02488633804023266, -0.5874791741371155, 0.08723598718643188, -0.6325879096984863, -0.6336702704429626, -0.1318671852350235, -0.10085705667734146, -0.42318853735923767, -0.5791164636611938, -0.0006173916044645011, -0.2640659511089325, -0.23967212438583374, -0.339529812335968, 0.6317342519760132, -0.3491115868091583, -0.3708151578903198, 0.4088618755340576, 0.2343580275774002, -1.273747444152832, 1.1190853118896484, -0.04470453038811684, -0.45331674814224243, 0.4318651556968689, -0.2722121775150299, -0.3663744628429413, -0.3509405553340912, 0.5959217548370361, 0.1846981942653656, 0.5529866218566895, -0.05846274644136429, 0.4255349934101105, 0.7735118865966797, -0.0441494956612587, 0.7574895620346069, 0.2893292307853699, -0.39811012148857117, -0.8175035715103149, 0.39065295457839966, 0.038261909037828445, 0.42275264859199524, 0.9697179198265076, 0.7178173065185547, -0.05271273851394653, 0.9702783823013306, -0.2632467448711395, 0.32149678468704224, -0.001435339916497469, 0.1269506812095642, 0.03619763255119324, -0.6299719214439392, -0.30661460757255554, 0.5361779928207397, -0.4469273090362549, -0.5806667804718018, -0.3904513716697693, -0.3819608688354492, -0.5377566814422607, 0.7982122898101807, -0.2341247797012329, -0.2347073256969452, 0.4544478952884674, 0.28410911560058594, 0.248224675655365, -0.4297298491001129, 0.3420840799808502, 0.10754948109388351, 0.4702772796154022, -0.40256407856941223, -0.1262928992509842, -0.3827616274356842, -0.43763548135757446, -0.6310319900512695, -0.6163598895072937, -0.22769203782081604, 0.8662318587303162, -0.5175399780273438, -0.8664106726646423, -0.589053750038147, 0.2676031291484833, -0.14979702234268188, 1.0692720413208008, -0.49721306562423706, -0.026579611003398895, 0.043266281485557556, 0.505378246307373, -0.03764209523797035, -0.5211989879608154, 1.0128369331359863, 0.656848132610321, -0.005459580570459366, 0.5580048561096191, 0.42327171564102173, 0.38151684403419495, 0.12520897388458252, 0.230579674243927, 0.4381461441516876, -0.3586767613887787, -0.0985889583826065, 0.32633066177368164, -0.3926489055156708, -0.037870071828365326, -0.32946962118148804, 0.06621643155813217, -0.3605654835700989, 0.10079284012317657, -0.2925756871700287, 0.05429615080356598, -0.8417276740074158, 0.15189237892627716, -0.2786652147769928, -0.5669671297073364, 0.30965057015419006, -0.3786848485469818, -0.4465837776660919, 0.42926743626594543, 1.170282006263733, 0.5548599362373352, 0.7551398277282715, 0.5329077243804932, -0.24078842997550964, -0.2522297203540802, 0.11898190528154373, 0.1906035840511322, 0.2364383041858673, -0.8686527609825134, 0.6384616494178772, -0.8398525714874268, 0.8062329292297363, 0.5876337885856628, 0.6378751993179321, -0.24302606284618378, 0.5956652760505676, -0.38951724767684937, -0.029413241893053055, 0.48155686259269714, -0.4353608787059784, -0.35915207862854004, -0.12878616154193878, 0.6497299671173096, -0.1383112370967865, 0.22614918649196625, 0.2417871505022049, -0.6448544859886169, -0.35613834857940674, 0.15749160945415497, -0.1899617612361908, -0.9786256551742554, -0.05210602656006813, -0.06429997831583023, -0.781511664390564, 0.29464203119277954, -0.46571871638298035, -0.32099449634552, -0.4921322762966156, 0.22997264564037323, 1.3052458763122559, 0.6754336357116699, -0.6445438265800476, -0.3115103542804718, -0.3857433497905731, -0.050988759845495224, 0.25958681106567383, -0.5849950909614563, -0.13163013756275177, -0.2990347146987915, -0.558445930480957, -0.3640275001525879, 0.7393278479576111, -0.540812075138092, -0.2858560085296631, 0.2076248675584793, 0.24695511162281036, 0.4252769649028778, -0.028987079858779907, 0.05706265568733215, -0.5715741515159607, 0.7758274674415588, 0.03426108881831169 ]
249142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Royal%20Air%20Force%20stations	List of Royal Air Force stations	This list of RAF Stations is a list of all current Royal Air Force stations (military air bases), airfields, and administrative headquarters of the Royal Air Force. Also included are airfields operated by the Ministry of Defence but no longer considered as RAF stations, MOD air weapons ranges and stations operated by the US Visiting Forces. RAF stations and MOD airfields in the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) RAF front-line operations are centred on seven main operating bases (MOBs): RAF Coningsby, RAF Marham and RAF Lossiemouth (Air Combat) RAF Waddington (Combat Intelligence, Surveillance Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance) RAF Brize Norton (Air Transport) RAF Benson and RAF Odiham (Support Helicopter operating under Joint Helicopter Command) Operations are supported by numerous other flying and non-flying stations, with activity centred at RAF Honington which coordinates Force Protection, and RAF Leeming and RAF Wittering which have a support enabler role. Stations such as RAF College Cranwell, RAF Valley and RAF Shawbury form part of the UK Military Flying Training System which is dedicated to training aircrew for all three UK armed services. Specialist ground crew training takes place at RAF Cosford and MOD St Athan. The Control and Reporting Centre (CRC) at RAF Boulmer is tasked with compiling a Recognised Air Picture of UK airspace and providing tactical control of the Quick Reaction Alert Force. Boulmer is supported by a network of eight Remote Radar Heads (RRHs) spread the length of the UK. Ministry of Defence (MOD) Several former RAF stations are still owned by the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and are operated by QinetiQ in the test and evaluation role. The main facility providing this role is MOD Boscombe Down which still has a significant RAF presence. A small number of former RAF stations, still owned by the MOD but no longer considered as stations, are regularly used by the RAF as relief landing grounds (RLGs) or training areas. List of sites British Army facilities at Aldergrove, Kinloss and Leuchars are listed as the RAF retains an operational airfield at each site. RAF stations operated by the United States Visiting Forces At the invitation of the UK Government, the United States has had military forces (US Visiting Forces) permanently stationed in the UK since the Second World War. The 1951 NATO Status of Forces Agreement and the Visiting Forces Act 1952, along with other bilateral acts, establishes the legal status of the USVF in the UK. Several military sites within England are made available for the USVF's purposes. An RAF commander is present at the main USVF sites and is normally of the rank of squadron leader, whereas a US colonel will normally command US personnel at each station. The role of the RAF commander is to liaise with the US base commander and act as head of establishment for Ministry of Defence employees. The use of UK bases for combat operations by the United States is a joint decision by both governments. The United States Air Force (USAF) 501st Combat Support Wing manages and supports operations at RAF Alconbury, RAF Croughton, RAF Fairford, RAF Menwith Hill, RAF Molesworth and RAF Welford. In January 2017 the US Department of Defense announced through their European Infrastructure Consolidation programme that they would be withdrawing from RAF Mildenhall, and activities at RAF Alconbury and RAF Molesworth would be moved to RAF Croughton. In April 2017 it was reported by the US European Command was reviewing the decision to close these stations. MOD air weapons ranges Air weapons ranges (AWR) within the UK, previously operated by the RAF, are the responsibility of the Service Delivery (SD) part of the Defence Infrastructure Organisation (DIO). QinetiQ were awarded a three-year contract by the DIO in 2010 to manage the ranges but this role was taken over by Landmarc Support Services (an Interserve company) in 2014 as part of a contract covering the wider MoD Defence Training Estate. RAF stations and locations overseas Permanent Joint Operating Bases The UK operates Permanent Joint Operating Bases (PJOBs) in the four British Overseas Territories of Ascension Island; the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus; the Falkland Islands; and Gibraltar. The PJOBs contribute to the physical defence and maintenance of sovereignty of the British Overseas Territories and enable the UK to conduct expeditionary military operations. Although the Director of Overseas Bases, Strategic Command, controls and oversees the PJOBs, the airfields remain RAF stations. Semi-permanent operations The RAF have a semi-permanent presence at several overseas locations. Active military operations in the Middle East are supported by Expeditionary Air Wings which have been established at foreign airfields in the United Arab Emirates and Qatar. The RAF have a presence within Eastern European countries on a rotational basis as part of the NATO's Baltic Air Policing and Southern Air Policing missions. Two squadrons are located within the United States, to operate the MQ-9A Reaper collaboratively with the USAF at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada, and to assist the RAF in bringing the F-35B Lighting II into full operational service. Map of stations within the UK Map of the United Kingdom showing active RAF stations, Ministry of Defence (MOD) airfields (non-Royal Navy or Army Air Corps), MOD air weapons ranges and RAF stations occupied by the United States Visiting Forces (USVF). See also Air Ministry Experimental Station Chain Home Class A airfield List of air stations of the Royal Navy List of airfields of the Army Air Corps (United Kingdom) List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies List of Battle of Britain airfields List of British Army installations List of former Royal Air Force stations List of Royal Air Force schools List of V Bomber dispersal bases PGM-17 Thor References Citations Bibliography Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1980. . Rawlings, John. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1969 (second edition 1976). . External links Royal Air Force – List of RAF Stations British airbases UK Stations	[ 0.3275260329246521, 0.6937699913978577, 0.019546255469322205, -0.8675936460494995, -0.360005646944046, 0.4826485514640808, 0.678067147731781, 0.04585514962673187, -0.4457798898220062, -0.0959169790148735, -0.88014155626297, -0.3268241286277771, -0.10659368336200714, 0.325825572013855, -0.023364514112472534, 0.6118631958961487, -0.24176430702209473, 0.4081403613090515, 0.07901080697774887, -0.3652731478214264, 0.18619723618030548, 0.3836422860622406, -0.029362544417381287, -0.6723071336746216, 0.6841328144073486, -0.13377346098423004, 0.35276472568511963, 0.06971942633390427, -0.016176484525203705, 0.13262195885181427, 0.09507065266370773, 0.26194560527801514, 0.28487399220466614, -0.28943687677383423, -0.219333216547966, -0.44732367992401123, 0.4709831178188324, -0.16237646341323853, 0.4005700647830963, -1.06364107131958, -0.6645566821098328, -0.6849262118339539, 0.600950300693512, 0.2597723603248596, -0.03911909833550453, 0.24753285944461823, -0.8785375952720642, -0.05865529179573059, -0.20667283236980438, 0.25855153799057007, -0.1325959861278534, 0.06643006205558777, 0.7515558004379272, 0.028053687885403633, 0.6802324056625366, 0.5467609763145447, -0.4499650001525879, -0.24172519147396088, 0.010173737071454525, 0.1757887303829193, 0.6076223254203796, 0.864737331867218, 0.31354519724845886, 0.23978480696678162, 0.8224039077758789, -0.6287372708320618, 0.03426908701658249, 0.4803544282913208, -0.010420468635857105, -0.11561127007007599, -0.08903556317090988, -0.017512258142232895, 0.2465856671333313, 0.37797975540161133, -0.22712108492851257, 0.15160305798053741, 0.0731205865740776, 0.10230356454849243, -0.022831717506051064, -0.25759899616241455, 0.2364944964647293, -0.10332741588354111, 0.6091904640197754, -0.24300597608089447, 0.3226581811904907, 0.1454189568758011, -1.1629782915115356, -0.28088876605033875, -0.5919017195701599, 0.7945700287818909, 0.4991970360279083, -0.47346001863479614, 0.3106028437614441, 0.1486234813928604, -0.04221777245402336, -0.2664780020713806, 0.0032756582368165255, 0.16134384274482727, 0.06305775791406631, 0.2528868317604065, 0.03952053561806679, 0.32797685265541077, 0.561974287033081, -0.47568342089653015, -0.74717116355896, -0.5534301996231079, -0.46543020009994507, -0.4091326594352722, -0.18773862719535828, -0.42765727639198303, -0.9007434248924255, -0.30780941247940063, 0.22828413546085358, 0.24632835388183594, -0.260299950838089, 0.09184351563453674, 0.11600460857152939, -0.2576278746128082, -0.03233643248677254, 0.5157220363616943, -0.5120127201080322, 1.2564537525177002, -0.17198069393634796, 0.0007784561021253467, -0.16652651131153107, 0.5588192939758301, 1.34097421169281, -0.027391964569687843, -1.0339187383651733, -0.1512499451637268, 0.03492677956819534, 1.1173992156982422, -0.462784081697464, 0.11171921342611313, 0.06028236076235771, -0.5315089821815491, -0.04252462089061737, 0.04058534651994705, 0.17689582705497742, 0.4509148895740509, -0.9266745448112488, -0.16112330555915833, -0.8930962681770325, 0.5129401087760925, 0.06983841955661774, -0.22656385600566864, -0.19593730568885803, -0.8122225403785706, -0.021643443033099174, -0.40316808223724365, -0.26515257358551025, -0.06197965145111084, -0.19104494154453278, 0.16381536424160004, -0.3436424136161804, -0.09097838401794434, 0.4315999448299408, -0.18489453196525574, 0.4665471911430359, -0.0905429795384407, 0.12319513410329819, -0.16128091514110565, 0.2442866414785385, 0.3449205160140991, 0.14732256531715393, 0.23221102356910706, 0.17083917558193207, 0.049129098653793335, -0.1912965029478073, -0.06664931774139404, -0.6726580262184143, -0.17296254634857178, 0.6110690236091614, -0.17076660692691803, -0.5695092082023621, 0.21534043550491333, 1.2577422857284546, -0.02173454500734806, 0.3305432200431824, 0.4377628564834595, -0.46741756796836853, -0.3974307179450989, 0.04041195660829544, -0.34184080362319946, 0.16167092323303223, -0.03360781818628311, 0.3963487148284912, 0.25740304589271545, 0.04257584363222122, 0.21733422577381134, -0.007572932168841362, -0.6064111590385437, 0.41702520847320557, -0.6458914279937744, 1.1424449682235718, 0.007014044094830751, 0.02804120071232319, 0.37245920300483704, -0.09738107025623322, 0.3945821225643158, 0.4216899275779724, -0.21618688106536865, 0.41445958614349365, -0.19906704127788544, -0.22934944927692413, 0.5845500230789185, -0.10440615564584732, 0.06447536498308182, 0.3610450029373169, 0.15987977385520935, 0.4696909189224243, -0.4442714750766754, 0.415713369846344, -0.09167357534170151, 0.3338001072406769, -0.3553485572338104, -0.6761488914489746, 0.0006205640966072679, 0.14053303003311157, -0.9156425595283508, 0.2653486728668213, 0.6343820691108704, 0.30161625146865845, 0.13268914818763733, -0.3506269156932831, -0.261033296585083, 0.24287717044353485, 0.10270652920007706, -0.02509465254843235, -0.5932943224906921, 0.7294326424598694, -0.2158801257610321, -0.4496786594390869, -0.057694025337696075, 0.10597199946641922, -0.015191317535936832, 0.22669629752635956, 0.22915621101856232, -0.19624127447605133, -0.09845054149627686, 0.25238847732543945, -0.15041011571884155, -0.33570370078086853, -0.19357866048812866, -0.137526273727417, 0.3588094711303711, 0.06585825979709625, -0.04387221485376358, -0.0035045675467699766, -0.3021605610847473, 0.27176928520202637, 0.12187034636735916, 0.1417049914598465, -0.48480042815208435, 0.06911448389291763, 0.01688319258391857, 0.08653818070888519, -0.10037165135145187, -0.23684629797935486, -0.14923639595508575, -0.21457289159297943, 0.17296120524406433, 0.1744120866060257, 0.40841788053512573, 0.18673592805862427, -0.7568845748901367, -0.47567734122276306, -1.158249020576477, 0.936775267124176, 0.012606584466993809, 0.22855883836746216, -0.17084737122058868, -0.08351398259401321, -0.7392972707748413, 0.033299487084150314, 0.1975509226322174, -0.15244631469249725, 0.38653403520584106, -0.20668427646160126, -0.035393618047237396, 0.24078136682510376, 0.27348265051841736, 0.18541975319385529, -0.640339732170105, -0.13891375064849854, -0.398891419172287, 0.9383304715156555, -0.14667530357837677, -0.3346911668777466, 0.17711050808429718, -0.6564850807189941, -0.0038728814106434584, -0.30195626616477966, -0.04606523737311363, -0.08348634839057922, 0.03740573301911354, 0.037171099334955215, 0.03507828712463379, -0.4049612283706665, -0.8466256856918335, -0.8765415549278259, 0.7077572345733643, -0.4033932387828827, -0.3528972566127777, -0.3091583847999573, 0.1669415682554245, -0.3323572278022766, -0.090851791203022, -5.500672817230225, 0.258928507566452, -0.31185850501060486, -0.3725472390651703, 0.006755228154361248, 0.14183424413204193, -0.10357217490673065, -0.565394401550293, -0.37454119324684143, -0.5367074012756348, 0.16933582723140717, -0.0978994220495224, 0.16031098365783691, 0.7463551759719849, 0.6991748809814453, 0.680254340171814, 0.5287514925003052, -0.3323960602283478, 0.834692656993866, 0.16075433790683746, 0.105243980884552, 0.09383206069469452, 0.774804949760437, 0.14096586406230927, -0.19162315130233765, 1.2014909982681274, -0.4958132207393646, 0.24518953263759613, -0.42626816034317017, -0.0841747522354126, 0.17753948271274567, -0.017247095704078674, -0.055294401943683624, -0.34704455733299255, -0.5988970398902893, -0.10026834905147552, -0.2770789861679077, 0.7303387522697449, 0.09277491271495819, -0.2598888576030731, -0.12769590318202972, 0.4736603796482086, -0.7906293272972107, 0.37945789098739624, 0.0878155454993248, -0.5587188005447388, -0.8266046047210693, 0.37880170345306396, 0.10502056777477264, 0.6701259016990662, -0.19115154445171356, 0.7603016495704651, 0.6454852223396301, 0.0865199863910675, -0.4312305748462677, -0.6243067383766174, -0.3173239827156067, 0.06603159010410309, -0.11719343811273575, -0.07746332883834839, -0.36338329315185547, -0.30570071935653687, -0.22503498196601868, -0.38706105947494507, -0.03293967992067337, 0.1551864743232727, -0.32187896966934204, 0.1207379475235939, 0.12299448251724243, -0.04782566428184509, -0.18035240471363068, 0.14212892949581146, -0.23377764225006104, -0.6986717581748962, -0.002193041844293475, -0.7364271283149719, 0.04032846912741661, 0.16239634156227112, 0.4675646126270294, 0.2783133089542389, 0.20017851889133453, -0.009595400653779507, -0.7582365274429321, -0.34436875581741333, -0.19493642449378967, -0.8888047933578491, -0.40929338335990906, -0.06143386662006378, 0.13876371085643768, -0.42094534635543823, 0.4074438810348511, -0.5167980790138245, 0.4485677480697632, 0.11589814722537994, 0.5841794013977051, -0.13587699830532074, 0.5568775534629822, 0.09959601610898972, 0.7505097389221191, -0.3943595588207245, 0.41542577743530273, 0.12910817563533783, 0.4941995441913605, -0.44888222217559814, -0.23558542132377625, -0.5242730975151062, 0.01870284602046013, 0.34332284331321716, 0.3679845631122589, -0.21246777474880219, 0.005243689753115177, -0.6777369976043701, -0.48816588521003723, -0.337329238653183, -0.42218098044395447, -0.2821124792098999, -0.1089354157447815, 0.5701149702072144, 0.4300890266895294, 0.41529229283332825, -0.21252359449863434, -0.47066906094551086, -0.22702737152576447, -0.2920726239681244, -0.6416232585906982, 0.08144693821668625, -0.21012046933174133, -0.034487973898649216, -0.00019847355724778026, 0.08170625567436218, 0.7761187553405762, 0.5661622285842896, 0.012373351491987705, 0.411033570766449, 0.20531614124774933, -0.2430592030286789, -0.254118412733078, 0.30640867352485657, 0.7237166166305542, -0.4009585976600647, 0.12457501888275146, 0.04909161850810051, -0.19583842158317566, 0.4504357576370239, 0.276595801115036, 0.3202875256538391, -0.12494780123233795, -0.4638063609600067, 0.5860471129417419, 0.19963930547237396, 0.12355077266693115, -0.43780970573425293, 0.3538476824760437, -0.0506364144384861, -0.30244725942611694, -0.21331635117530823, -0.10439720749855042, 0.36407390236854553, -0.33993515372276306, -0.2993834316730499, 0.11280826479196548, -0.14996866881847382, -0.6902522444725037, -0.08751881122589111, 0.21775184571743011, -0.7062169909477234, -0.04605160653591156, 0.25291720032691956, -0.07825621217489243, 0.6065036058425903, -0.4481464922428131, -0.6332941651344299, -0.5524372458457947, 0.22006438672542572, 0.30530214309692383, 0.011989730410277843, -0.26039186120033264, 0.2651943564414978, 0.5047274827957153, 0.08151964843273163, -0.35048598051071167, 0.050433430820703506, -0.08326608687639236, 0.5292707085609436, -0.055503785610198975, 0.202651247382164, -0.1263940930366516, 0.0695318877696991, 0.6264750957489014, -0.532816469669342, -0.13060800731182098, -0.23181657493114471, 0.1004592701792717, 0.1695723682641983, -1.018540620803833, -0.4090806245803833, 0.12888966500759125, 0.5031366944313049, 0.24845170974731445, -0.44231465458869934, 0.47010448575019836, 0.5331547856330872, -0.4367157220840454, 0.23642054200172424, 0.20170509815216064, 0.011257700622081757, 0.35968905687332153, 0.2842099070549011, -0.47971245646476746, 0.39616698026657104, -0.4829648435115814, -0.7616084814071655, -0.4341406226158142, 0.7459229230880737, -0.4776988625526428, -0.26422423124313354, 0.04160979762673378, 0.6308839917182922, -0.12318195402622223, -0.4481179416179657, 0.012450589798390865, -0.14196942746639252, -0.23451438546180725, -0.0690842717885971, -0.7084250450134277, -0.03320416063070297, 0.2848026156425476, -0.9671180248260498, 0.03223172575235367, -0.41189658641815186, -0.38195541501045227, 0.4692157208919525, 0.1535491794347763, 0.10828527063131332, 0.05885208770632744, -0.08462756127119064, -0.18382157385349274, -0.5814611911773682, 0.1474687159061432, 0.46584802865982056, 0.3586999773979187, 1.0019475221633911, 0.5698829889297485, -0.6796621680259705, -0.18109947443008423, 0.11998724937438965, 1.0821058750152588, -1.0804433822631836, -0.18083055317401886, -0.02562701888382435, -0.0430673249065876, -0.4505143463611603, -0.7398783564567566, -0.12661871314048767, 0.7721010446548462, 0.10248259454965591, -0.3474786877632141, 0.48116058111190796, 0.07401124387979507, 0.07487711310386658, 0.054297782480716705, 0.508803129196167, -0.35880231857299805, 0.5778853297233582, 0.3763772249221802, -0.06510260701179504, -0.33580437302589417, -0.18724669516086578, 0.44343382120132446, -0.37882256507873535, 0.15500067174434662, 0.19033560156822205, 0.12680715322494507, 0.8782614469528198, 0.6580910086631775, -0.3831007182598114, 0.552308976650238, 0.1751658171415329, 0.5852009654045105, -0.002758806338533759, -0.40419837832450867, -0.12976475059986115, 0.7288132905960083, -0.8033349514007568, 0.6834604740142822, -1.0412441492080688, -0.15227225422859192, 0.30650418996810913, 0.1643620729446411, -0.1662551760673523, 0.22276756167411804, -0.29422152042388916, -0.25862112641334534, 0.25661155581474304, -0.1920490562915802, 0.48389676213264465, -0.41000157594680786, 0.353171169757843, 0.6596840620040894, -0.031790655106306076, -1.1209511756896973, 0.5478578805923462, -0.3208879232406616, -0.6155790090560913, 0.15272289514541626, 0.16247950494289398, 0.4728652834892273, -0.4895144999027252, -0.5523360967636108, -0.1949836164712906, 0.4137357771396637, -0.07315555959939957, 0.16896747052669525, 0.6523653864860535, 0.06626337766647339, -0.3001120984554291, 0.00600362429395318, -0.5583022832870483, 0.3170895278453827, 0.4322454631328583, -0.10969626903533936, -0.003949891775846481, 0.49345794320106506, 0.16126692295074463, -0.7549908757209778, 0.6925462484359741, -0.39526161551475525, -0.7070558071136475, 0.5648967027664185, -0.11452390253543854, 0.5494033694267273, 0.005047823768109083, -0.5911403298377991, 1.033896803855896, -0.49221867322921753, -0.6346785426139832, 0.2740726172924042, 0.3275170922279358, 0.046241968870162964, 0.46550872921943665, 0.1418319195508957, 0.13420714437961578, -0.08934897929430008, -0.471922904253006, -0.2972458600997925, 0.3243570327758789, -0.18327389657497406, 0.46987438201904297, 0.46899598836898804, 0.33848685026168823, -0.02423597313463688, 0.7044273018836975, 0.22372247278690338, 0.543958306312561, 0.11663354933261871, 0.12998121976852417, 0.35025033354759216, -0.3982428014278412, 0.1948927342891693, -0.904913067817688, -0.45431986451148987, 0.05410245060920715, -0.7571827173233032, 0.4360293745994568, 0.20877480506896973, 0.3315950632095337, 0.48471716046333313, -0.2564504146575928, 0.6286836862564087, 0.4360179007053375, 0.20985284447669983, 0.6995881199836731, -0.21998834609985352, -0.7068995237350464, -0.695429265499115, -0.2737226188182831, 0.3004774749279022, 0.3926660120487213, -0.1277804970741272, -0.6145116686820984, -0.016959834843873978, -0.09842157363891602, -0.1944080889225006, -0.7571015954017639, 0.2392524778842926, -0.4858306646347046, -0.5338014960289001, 0.02885373868048191, -0.2935088574886322, 0.10305450111627579, 0.18245315551757812, -0.9506123661994934, -0.34185415506362915, -0.1568513810634613, -0.49632179737091064, 0.06040245294570923, -0.31271231174468994, 0.5207628607749939, 0.6150308847427368, -0.7168925404548645, -0.2318057268857956, 0.36655503511428833, 0.07828972488641739, -0.07950840145349503, -0.09804777055978775, 0.19381169974803925, 0.13591428101062775, -0.23628999292850494, 0.379976749420166, 0.43866872787475586, 0.01659320294857025, 0.34131020307540894, -0.017679259181022644, 0.1780020296573639, -0.25037071108818054, 0.1941344439983368, 0.6321528553962708, -0.24709467589855194, 0.14494341611862183, 0.22794894874095917, 0.45834964513778687, -0.19139908254146576, -0.1822868287563324, 0.2929668724536896, -0.2913612127304077, -0.6266624927520752, 0.05998188257217407, -0.07153619825839996, -0.10715704411268234, 1.1302847862243652, -0.2188979536294937, -0.3347734212875366, -0.6101821660995483, -0.7430076599121094, -0.4815429151058197, 0.1069282814860344, 0.7197322845458984, 0.8025970458984375, 0.40913692116737366, -0.46268972754478455, -0.17778949439525604, 0.059649620205163956, 0.1564401239156723, 0.4766930937767029, -0.8582344651222229, 0.23963508009910583, 0.5268415808677673, -0.7411423325538635, -0.747329831123352, 0.8610660433769226, 0.4390188753604889, 0.11032101511955261, 0.14408475160598755, -0.5985004901885986, 0.13824522495269775, -0.08049383014440536, 0.3576653301715851, 0.19242891669273376, -0.019857898354530334, 0.4064422845840454 ]
249150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Go	Wang Go	Wang Go (; Mongolian name: Öljeyitü (完澤禿); d. 1345), known by his Korean Royal title as Prince Yeonan () and served in Yuan as King Shen of Yang (), was a Goryeo Royal Family member as the son of Duke Gangyang and grandson of King Chungnyeol who became a nobleman in Yuan Dynasty and a potential competitor to King Chungseon (his half uncle) and King Chungsuk which favored him. Biography In 1314 when King Chungseon passed the throne to his son Ratnashri (King Chungsuk), Öljeyitü was installed as Crown Prince and sent to the Yuan court as a hostage by rule. However, when King Chungsuk fathered Buddhashri (King Chunghye), Öljeyitü forced to abdicate from crown prince, but King Chungseon transferred his post of King of Shen to him instead. The title of King of Shen was originally given to King Chungseon by Khayishan (Külüg Khan) after his support of Khayisan's succession in 1307. Öljeyitü married with a daughter of Sungshan (松山 songshan), King of Liang (粱王) of the imperial family. When Sidibala (Gegeen Khan) ascended to the throne in 1320, Öljeyitü began a campaign to become the King of Goryeo. By his scheme, the Khan banished Chungseon to Tibet in 1320 and interned King Chungsuk in 1321. However, Sidibala was assassinated in 1323 and Öljeitü's plan was aborted. King Chungsuk, who was allowed to return to Goryeo in 1325, passed the throne to Buddhashri in 1330 but was reinstated after two years because Buddhashri was deposed by Yuan. In 1333 Öljeyitü reached a settlement with Ratnashri and returned to Goryeo. When King Chungsuk died in 1339, Öljeyitü try to wrest the crown again but was crushed by King Chunghye. However Bayan, who seized real power, hated Chunghye because he had friendly relations with El Temür, whose faction was purged by Bayan. Bayan imprisoned Chunghye in 1340. Immediately after that, Bayan was banished by his nephew and Öljeyitü's plot was stopped again. King Chunghye was arrested in 1343 and died while being transported to Guangdong. Wang Go acted as a king for a while. Padma Dorji (King Chungmok), Chunghye's little son, ascended to the throne after the death of Chunghye. Öljeyitü returned to Goryeo but died the next year. In 1354 Öljeyitü's grandson Toghtua Bukha (脫脫不花) was installed as King of Shen. In 1356 Öljei Khutugh Khatun wanted him to become King of Goryeo but he refused the offer. When King Gongmin died in 1374, the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia tried to appoint him again and a faction in Goryeo welcomed the plan, but it was eventually failed. Family Father: Duke Gangyang (강양공, 江陽公; d. 1308) Grandfather: Chungnyeol of Goryeo (충렬왕, 忠烈王; 1236–1308) Grandmother: Princess Jeonghwa (정화궁주) Older brother: Wang Yu, Prince Danyang (단양부원대군 왕유, 丹陽府院大君王有) Younger brother: Wang Hun, Prince Yeondeok (연덕부원대군 왕훈, 延德府院大君王塤) Wife: Princess Nullyun (눌륜공주, 訥倫公主; d. 1328) – daughter of Song San, King of Yang (송산 양왕, 松山梁王) and a niece of Princess Gyeguk. 1st son: Wang Deok-su, Grand Prince Gangneung (왕덕수 강릉대군, 王德壽江陵大君) 1st grandson: Toktabuka, King of Sim (톡타부카 심왕, 篤朶不花 / 脫脫不花瀋王; 1310–1388) 2nd grandson: Tegeubuka (테그부카, 帖古不花) 3rd grandson: Witabulhwa (위타불화, 爲朶不花) 2nd son: Taltalcheopbona (탈탈첩본아, 脫脫帖本兒) In popular culture Portrayed by Lee Jae-yong in the 2013-2014 MBC TV series Empress Ki. References External links Wang Go on Encykorea . 1345 deaths 14th-century Korean people Korean princes Year of birth unknown Anti-kings	[ -0.6893187761306763, 0.25966694951057434, -0.35221627354621887, -0.5673219561576843, -0.5567796230316162, 0.6046580076217651, 0.6543912291526794, -0.03676439821720123, -0.2907241880893707, -0.4774124324321747, -0.1856362372636795, 0.08851831406354904, -0.30379605293273926, -0.3717745542526245, -0.05833206698298454, 0.306447833776474, 0.5054545402526855, 0.037586282938718796, -0.5018200874328613, -0.35396480560302734, 0.22093890607357025, -0.2908072769641876, 0.06405336409807205, -0.2755104899406433, 0.15847410261631012, 0.04982144013047218, -0.15048380196094513, 0.3469337522983551, -0.14574356377124786, 0.22411835193634033, -0.37924298644065857, 0.8644734621047974, 0.1700439304113388, -0.11933515965938568, -0.12933319807052612, 0.5900081396102905, -0.04011774808168411, 0.1215793713927269, -0.10231500118970871, 0.23802627623081207, -0.09601640701293945, 0.4128742814064026, -0.39309224486351013, 0.8568848967552185, 0.2392415702342987, -0.9128407835960388, -1.3963491916656494, 0.09827781468629837, -0.9905034303665161, -0.34537607431411743, -0.5369729995727539, 0.5195104479789734, -0.3810728192329407, -0.017126938328146935, 0.10290125012397766, 0.6166458129882812, -0.7660149335861206, 0.1858929991722107, 0.13482065498828888, 0.3016268014907837, 0.529715895652771, -0.02226928621530533, 0.27870866656303406, 0.4235868752002716, -0.16638386249542236, 0.4595590829849243, -0.18956638872623444, 0.8529137969017029, -0.06885576993227005, -0.46917104721069336, 0.14536061882972717, 0.6545634865760803, 0.22754038870334625, 0.5143068432807922, 0.008589482866227627, -0.37019965052604675, -0.4235439598560333, -0.4620122015476227, 0.30616623163223267, -0.543681263923645, -0.06147412955760956, -0.3237854242324829, 0.3016500771045685, 0.22831179201602936, -0.06360432505607605, -0.27695465087890625, -0.4014807641506195, 0.05473872646689415, -0.23339243233203888, 0.43244466185569763, 0.06844393163919449, -0.3853161036968231, 0.0946458950638771, 0.07270300388336182, -0.2414243519306183, 0.06692340970039368, -0.6672821044921875, 0.7455600500106812, 0.16025330126285553, -0.2572482228279114, 0.031018711626529694, 0.13035932183265686, -0.03192095085978508, -0.2956942319869995, -0.8554530143737793, -0.28829553723335266, -0.09639755636453629, -0.3132343590259552, -0.4506624937057495, -0.6746941804885864, -0.9055113792419434, 0.4572868049144745, -0.17648835480213165, -0.10370583832263947, 0.11848108470439911, 0.025704292580485344, -0.25225830078125, -0.42967626452445984, 0.14310485124588013, -0.14506596326828003, 0.06689704209566116, 0.5763965845108032, -0.18602731823921204, 0.3734772801399231, 0.5144460797309875, -0.38859614729881287, -0.20165623724460602, 0.3840165138244629, -0.34819892048835754, 0.27685508131980896, 0.2702450752258301, 0.7114781737327576, -0.2637462317943573, 0.036169134080410004, 0.17684896290302277, -0.12760519981384277, 0.49876341223716736, 0.47729888558387756, -0.505275547504425, -0.0817599669098854, -1.1278178691864014, 0.5407187938690186, -0.7537266612052917, 0.41409173607826233, 0.382315069437027, 0.6970750689506531, 0.11728585511445999, -0.4262380003929138, -0.18847255408763885, 0.0430891327559948, -0.17877475917339325, -0.0014102734858170152, -0.13372816145420074, 0.3417368531227112, -0.3298390209674835, 0.9973757863044739, 0.31110620498657227, -0.05056881532073021, -0.0927921012043953, 0.01400426309555769, 0.3431501090526581, -0.11979620903730392, -0.22852368652820587, -0.1647770255804062, 0.35780438780784607, -0.15074166655540466, -0.07766491919755936, -0.05987818166613579, -0.08868151903152466, -0.4319901466369629, -0.6913111209869385, -0.3622026741504669, 0.2513445317745209, -0.18571782112121582, 0.23128966987133026, 0.16465091705322266, 0.08858676999807358, 0.23555707931518555, 0.0015562373446300626, -0.16107521951198578, -0.6898300051689148, 0.13739006221294403, 0.2890680730342865, -0.03966781497001648, 0.3265160322189331, 0.5631935000419617, 0.08666390925645828, 0.20797236263751984, 0.2978266477584839, 0.14366593956947327, 0.05237121134996414, -0.14613765478134155, 0.027422085404396057, 0.5477491617202759, 0.5777655839920044, 0.3269101083278656, 0.11255456507205963, -0.21482424437999725, -0.26169922947883606, 0.7384554743766785, 0.03914249315857887, -0.8973850607872009, 0.008916961960494518, -0.1570233404636383, -0.2651224434375763, 0.8161362409591675, -0.13354507088661194, 0.22013115882873535, 0.16153064370155334, 0.64408278465271, 0.16582240164279938, -0.6404902935028076, -0.0256245918571949, 0.12012440711259842, -0.24588514864444733, 0.32075953483581543, -0.2909866273403168, -0.2946685552597046, 0.032006826251745224, 0.015984006226062775, 0.4087417423725128, 0.001555813942104578, -0.061758480966091156, 0.8345931172370911, -0.15810075402259827, 0.8856483101844788, 0.20460541546344757, 0.35760775208473206, -0.4464111328125, -0.7539854645729065, -0.32713767886161804, 0.09973006695508957, 0.3413786292076111, 0.23641686141490936, -0.05198562517762184, -0.4821554720401764, 0.2828595042228699, -0.3684540092945099, 0.4500996768474579, -0.793742835521698, 0.18723681569099426, -0.16249646246433258, 0.30320820212364197, -0.036015912890434265, 0.10811617225408554, 0.38378873467445374, 0.18329031765460968, 0.07662595808506012, -0.061489276587963104, 0.03325430303812027, 0.3485780954360962, 0.6469714045524597, 0.25102007389068604, -0.31597423553466797, -0.036590732634067535, -0.43614664673805237, -0.0007203276618383825, -0.08752315491437912, 0.5192155241966248, -0.0009851079666987062, 0.026364494115114212, -0.07189623266458511, 0.3922271728515625, -0.06699448823928833, -0.3415049910545349, -0.5421819090843201, 0.3735731542110443, -0.41802090406417847, 0.725944995880127, 0.04024876281619072, -0.3682027757167816, 0.2309892624616623, -0.7029058337211609, -0.8674991130828857, -0.6592271327972412, -0.7168683409690857, 0.04713137075304985, 0.5590057373046875, -0.9437094926834106, -0.4479564130306244, 0.5702710151672363, 0.5907856225967407, 0.5603885054588318, -0.35830703377723694, -0.20374499261379242, -0.5113267302513123, -0.413012832403183, 0.028808733448386192, 0.15490081906318665, -0.1577196717262268, -0.09459903091192245, 0.3718773424625397, -0.2060001939535141, 0.2598803639411926, 0.15641486644744873, 0.2526029944419861, -0.1934780329465866, -0.018723785877227783, 0.322920560836792, -0.4702911674976349, -0.03642267733812332, -0.06521783769130707, 0.2306501716375351, -0.05782311409711838, -0.3132815957069397, 0.32672640681266785, 0.04663686081767082, 0.05527800694108009, -5.825430870056152, -0.009673715569078922, -0.046500254422426224, 0.0420491099357605, -0.18393786251544952, 0.012481998652219772, 0.5115682482719421, 0.026303661987185478, 0.3133746087551117, -0.4676381051540375, 0.02696523629128933, -0.0647476464509964, -0.0657161995768547, -0.0693739503622055, 0.4403660297393799, 0.33086565136909485, 0.4822078049182892, 0.4642753005027771, 0.27036231756210327, 0.35707566142082214, -0.23290883004665375, -0.2139110416173935, -0.5110937356948853, 0.8961653113365173, -0.14609965682029724, 0.5296031832695007, 0.25854673981666565, -0.1933286041021347, -0.646963357925415, -0.4134041368961334, -0.2800312042236328, -0.21058601140975952, -0.0914992243051529, 0.3460848331451416, -0.34671884775161743, -0.10105421394109726, 0.8426889777183533, 0.7018062472343445, 0.5176517367362976, 0.2716197073459625, 0.052865855395793915, 0.17946162819862366, -0.25860679149627686, 0.10046053677797318, 0.4173148274421692, -0.38752779364585876, -0.40843966603279114, -0.34188607335090637, -0.3659330904483795, 0.16419848799705505, 0.2616998553276062, -0.5076500177383423, 0.6476591229438782, -0.1926695853471756, 0.3967876434326172, 0.16619552671909332, 0.09041672945022583, 0.2832377552986145, -0.1405566930770874, 0.3755537271499634, 0.7088912129402161, -0.2295079082250595, -0.4847821295261383, -0.3350061774253845, 0.3202175199985504, -0.09538847208023071, 0.12890321016311646, -0.212693989276886, 0.02717730589210987, 0.4266609251499176, -0.40940383076667786, 0.8668175935745239, 0.4565787613391876, -0.8045068383216858, 0.04756870120763779, 0.21032662689685822, -0.5019221901893616, 0.06670098006725311, -0.2131708860397339, 0.058325063437223434, -0.41109633445739746, -0.241919606924057, 0.3712988495826721, 0.549719512462616, 0.2606970965862274, 0.02564712055027485, 0.01677584834396839, 0.26650339365005493, 0.16764582693576813, 0.47256430983543396, 0.44753408432006836, -0.42209675908088684, 0.3757512867450714, 0.17251074314117432, 0.2764720916748047, 0.5618530511856079, 0.37457942962646484, -0.35090962052345276, 0.44732779264450073, -0.5768894553184509, 0.46621373295783997, -0.2106381207704544, -0.11787286400794983, -0.3588847219944, -0.37161558866500854, 0.26319313049316406, -0.35067036747932434, 0.37323078513145447, 1.0354740619659424, -0.10122514516115189, 0.10477182269096375, -0.16140860319137573, 0.06966709345579147, -0.037206873297691345, 0.630860447883606, 0.30943530797958374, -0.06387430429458618, 0.09145481884479523, -0.054138291627168655, 0.1802220493555069, -0.17970670759677887, 0.6999821066856384, -0.3613870143890381, -0.39408352971076965, 0.25195467472076416, -0.17449165880680084, -0.09032189100980759, 0.5013251900672913, -0.3863857388496399, 0.0018958274740725756, 0.022701863199472427, -0.3437919318675995, 0.34021174907684326, -0.3867923617362976, -0.3075917065143585, -0.5271275639533997, -0.823983907699585, -0.33474084734916687, -0.10299967974424362, 0.0256340354681015, -0.4064551889896393, -0.31092560291290283, 0.14112433791160583, 0.36127954721450806, -0.04821069538593292, 0.2028595507144928, -0.1730373203754425, 0.3507228493690491, -0.47507503628730774, 0.8062899112701416, 0.22212500870227814, -0.8914593458175659, 0.5082915425300598, -0.524682343006134, -0.3526161313056946, -0.06860204041004181, -0.6703883409500122, -0.5600190162658691, 0.2818182706832886, 0.5316982865333557, -0.09584130346775055, -0.6805792450904846, -0.649463951587677, 0.26439768075942993, -0.07631092518568039, -0.20276306569576263, 0.672599732875824, -0.3544534742832184, -0.5131560564041138, 0.5807424783706665, 0.12689873576164246, -0.4726064205169678, -0.43694472312927246, -0.2570761442184448, 0.4923661947250366, -0.18261441588401794, 0.24250324070453644, 0.07276517152786255, 0.18227459490299225, 0.14562007784843445, -0.4786214232444763, -0.13816238939762115, -0.03887665271759033, 0.766961932182312, 0.629665195941925, -0.14176668226718903, -0.2830173373222351, -0.25222527980804443, -0.48618337512016296, 0.03340877965092659, 0.164387047290802, -0.31194669008255005, -0.11190669238567352, 0.2845814824104309, 0.25754478573799133, 0.06452492624521255, 0.17340269684791565, 0.6322132349014282, -0.14076384902000427, 0.39322057366371155, 0.32102298736572266, 0.3894372284412384, -0.014441793784499168, 0.30477359890937805, 0.2562307119369507, -0.6975351572036743, 0.42464888095855713, 0.1693991720676422, -0.10077596455812454, -0.1137269139289856, -0.21736612915992737, -1.1516324281692505, -0.11296117305755615, -0.004594671074301004, -0.30918529629707336, -0.054040007293224335, 0.012926727533340454, 0.2308935672044754, -0.3416099548339844, -0.9694375991821289, -0.6097561120986938, -0.8013224005699158, -0.4667311906814575, -0.08292873203754425, 0.1735239028930664, 0.0962592214345932, -0.032788123935461044, -0.31435373425483704, 0.12141766399145126, -0.2142982929944992, -0.0013143385294824839, 0.2843386232852936, 0.25245389342308044, 0.19165727496147156, 0.254001259803772, -0.2689000368118286, 0.029157884418964386, -0.1957421898841858, -0.1762087494134903, 0.07359986007213593, 0.5637375116348267, 0.7322202324867249, -0.38705578446388245, -0.07798958569765091, -0.32142174243927, 0.3415118455886841, -0.21057918667793274, -0.6231496930122375, 0.3769645392894745, 0.27125072479248047, 0.4441724717617035, -0.13435250520706177, -0.5281698703765869, -0.507011353969574, 0.7663492560386658, -0.6593180894851685, 0.32750242948532104, 0.1430674046278, 0.20498378574848175, 0.5019453763961792, -0.4647276699542999, 0.3341432511806488, 0.3749774098396301, -0.37574833631515503, -0.26366499066352844, 0.6524176597595215, -0.5601890683174133, -0.2140861302614212, 0.17934760451316833, -0.08522601425647736, -0.6623039245605469, -0.8819236755371094, 0.15279549360275269, 0.1344134509563446, -0.9344490766525269, 0.30402833223342896, -0.6402995586395264, 0.1550881266593933, -0.3414227068424225, 0.04568201303482056, -0.5841110944747925, -0.07444555312395096, 0.43942534923553467, -0.4885430335998535, 0.06356468051671982, -0.25456398725509644, 0.37893471121788025, 0.14812740683555603, -0.35591989755630493, 0.003980509005486965, -0.465094655752182, 0.0034264554269611835, -0.4382248818874359, 0.3884473443031311, -0.36092475056648254, 0.4658568501472473, 0.01785276085138321, 0.4141012728214264, -0.5577707290649414, -0.16793903708457947, -0.7695627212524414, -0.11285727471113205, 0.03558572009205818, 0.20520678162574768, -0.02559962123632431, 0.20114411413669586, 0.4776323139667511, -0.19306564331054688, -0.10842318832874298, 0.16304615139961243, 0.3221394121646881, 0.3484955132007599, 0.9163903594017029, 0.8595709800720215, -0.07158627361059189, 0.09033770114183426, -0.10133105516433716, -0.43175995349884033, -0.8028611540794373, -0.1640809327363968, 0.7336085438728333, -0.061946675181388855, 0.09020868688821793, 0.626071572303772, -0.10870808362960815, 0.10814846307039261, -0.3311004340648651, -0.14577792584896088, 0.042894698679447174, 0.08737628906965256, 0.14900097250938416, 0.058102838695049286, -0.0961286723613739, 0.37092864513397217, -0.039019875228405, -0.5936464071273804, 0.28459396958351135, -0.6644976735115051, 0.14184829592704773, -0.026322664692997932, -0.021194906905293465, 0.997998833656311, -0.5341389775276184, 0.21303704380989075, 0.05031546205282211, -0.07210256159305573, -0.009700041264295578, 0.4357287287712097, -0.33483949303627014, -0.25128433108329773, 0.008247190155088902, -0.3693304657936096, 0.046411752700805664, -0.8040845990180969, -0.29930970072746277, 0.4387917220592499, -0.617768406867981, -0.20584522187709808, 0.023933280259370804, -0.6331775784492493, 0.22864316403865814, 0.017383726313710213, 0.000801538466475904, 0.17061500251293182, 0.08166833966970444, -0.31574511528015137, -0.3164092004299164, -0.5141525864601135, -0.3066321015357971, 0.2409117966890335, -0.3010564148426056, 0.23271875083446503, 0.3450140357017517, 0.33167764544487, -0.06891011446714401, 0.08851892501115799, 0.07240747660398483, -0.0016692910576239228, 0.02764245495200157, 0.0396168977022171, -0.24617315828800201, -0.2898837924003601, 0.5349099636077881, -0.6605527997016907, 0.23903575539588928, 0.06650105863809586, 0.12146437913179398, 0.2649967670440674, -0.47770339250564575, 0.1898886114358902, 0.24299445748329163, 0.14105652272701263, -0.21066699922084808, 0.49235275387763977, -0.020167460665106773, -0.14817513525485992, -0.7199254631996155, 0.5052717924118042, 0.6061477065086365, 0.5936471223831177, 0.255916953086853, -0.06704631447792053, 0.3321346044540405, 0.9647824168205261, -0.14230288565158844, 0.261635959148407, -0.17099568247795105, 0.4303228259086609, -0.9076156616210938, 0.27395978569984436, 0.22913387417793274, -0.07633896172046661, 0.23241402208805084, 0.6970067024230957, 0.0006287966389209032, 0.3526725769042969, 0.38040581345558167, -0.01734229549765587, 0.33065637946128845, -0.25112876296043396, 0.09639643877744675, -0.2337515950202942, 0.08722218871116638, 0.3451440930366516, 0.25049757957458496, -0.11017842590808868, -0.16209788620471954, 0.1247953400015831, -0.09795128554105759, 0.38873255252838135, 0.05312095209956169, -0.276746541261673, -0.2951471507549286, -0.1104210615158081, 0.1536320149898529, -0.1466120034456253, 0.9659868478775024, 0.7046709060668945, -0.04517724737524986, -0.05558391287922859, 0.16079042851924896, 0.003336229594424367, 0.013391345739364624, 0.6932195425033569, -1.404305338859558, -0.1963089257478714, -0.008582016453146935, -0.6377051472663879, -0.3332560658454895, 0.4930254817008972, 0.28596043586730957, -0.18738006055355072, 0.47300997376441956, -0.06122254952788353, -0.22580058872699738, 0.1846041977405548, -0.09040537476539612, -0.07896727323532104, -0.17352844774723053, -0.08227153867483139 ]
249152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji%20Speedway	Fuji Speedway	is a motorsport race track standing in the foothills of Mount Fuji, in Oyama, Suntō District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was built in the early 1960s. In the 1980s, Fuji Speedway was used for the FIA World Sportscar Championship and national racing. Originally managed by Mitsubishi Estate Co., Fuji Speedway was acquired by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2000. The circuit hosted the Formula One Japanese Grand Prix in 2007 after an absence of nearly 30 years, replacing the Suzuka Circuit owned by Honda. After Fuji Speedway hosted the 2008 race, the Japanese Grand Prix returned to Suzuka for races from 2009 onward. The Super GT Fuji 500 km race is held at the racetrack on Golden Week. Fuji Speedway has one of the longest straights in motorsport tracks, at in length. The circuit has an FIA Grade 1 license. History 1963–79: F1 launches in Japan Fuji Speedway Corporation was established in 1963 as Japan NASCAR Corporation. At first, the circuit was planned to hold NASCAR-style races in Japan. Therefore, the track was originally designed to be a banked superspeedway, but there was not enough money to complete the project and only one of the bankings was completed. Mitsubishi Estate Co. invested in the circuit and took over the reins of management in October 1965. Converted to a road course, the circuit opened in December 1965 and proved to be somewhat dangerous, with the wide banked turn (named "Daiichi") regularly resulting in major accidents. Vic Elford said: After a fatal accident in 1974 on the Daiichi banking where drivers Hiroshi Kazato and Seiichi Suzuki were both killed in a fiery accident that injured 6 other people, a new part of track was built to counteract the problem, and the resultant course, which also eliminated 5 other fast corners, proved more successful. In 1966, the track hosted a USAC Indy Car non-championship race, won by Jackie Stewart. The track had a 24-hour race in 1967. The speedway brought the first Formula One race to Japan at the end of the 1976 season. The race had a dramatic World Championship battle between James Hunt and Niki Lauda, and in rainy conditions, Hunt earned enough points to win the title. Mario Andretti won the race, with Lauda withdrawing due to the dangerous conditions. In 1977, Gilles Villeneuve was involved in a crash that killed two spectators on the side of the track, leading to Formula One leaving the speedway. When Japan earned another race on the F1 schedule ten years later, it went to Suzuka instead. The Grand Prix returned to Fuji in 2007 following its renovation. 1980–2000: National racing venue Fuji remained a popular sports car racing venue; the FIA World Sportscar Championship visited the track between 1982 and 1988 and it was often used for national races. Speeds continued to be very high, and two chicanes were added to the track: one after the first hairpin corner, the second at the entry to the wide, fast final turn (300R). Even with these changes, the main feature of the track remained its approximately long straight, one of the longest in all of motorsports. The long pit straight has also been utilised for drag racing. NHRA exhibitions were run in 1989, and in 1993 Shirley Muldowney ran a 5.30 on the quarter-mile strip at Fuji. Local drag races are common on the circuit, at both & distances. The track continued to be used for Japanese national races. Plans to host a CART event in 1991 were abandoned due to conflicts with the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile. It was not until the autumn of 2000 that the majority of the stocks of the track were bought by Toyota from Mitsubishi Estate as part of its motor racing plans for the future. On May 3, 1998, there was a multi-car crash during a parade lap before a JGTC race caused by the safety car slowing in torrential rain. Ferrari driver Tetsuya Ota suffered serious burns over his entire body after being trapped in his car for almost 90 seconds, and Porsche driver Tomohiko Sunako fractured his right leg. 2001–present: renovations In 2003, the circuit was closed down to accommodate a major reprofiling of the track, using a new design from Hermann Tilke. The track was reopened on April 10, 2005, and hosted its first Formula One championship event in 29 years on September 30, 2007. In circumstances similar to Fuji's first Grand Prix in 1976, the race was run in heavy rain and mist and the first 19 laps were run under the safety car, in a race won by Lewis Hamilton. The circuit has hosted the Nismo Festival for historic Nissan racers since refurbishment in 2003; the event previously took place at Okayama. When the festival returned in 2005, the organisers allowed circuit owner Toyota to bring in their Toyota 7 CanAm racer to re-enact an old Japanese GP battle. Toyota also hosts its own historic event a week before the NISMO festival called the Toyota Motorsports Festival. Close to the circuit is a drifting course, which was built as part of the refurbishment under the supervision of "Drift King" Keiichi Tsuchiya and former works driver and Super GT team manager Masanori Sekiya. There is a Toyota Safety Education Center and a mini circuit. In addition to motorsports, Fuji also hosts the Udo Music Festival. The only time the circuit is run on a reverse direction is during the D1 Grand Prix round, as Keiichi Tsuchiya felt the new layout meant reduced entry speed, making it less suitable for drifting. The series has hosted its rounds since ; with the exception of the 2004 closure, the circuit became the first to take place on an international level racetrack and the first of the three to take place on an F1 circuit. The drift course starts from the 300R section and ends past the Coca-Cola corner. With the reprofiling, as cars no longer run downbank, entry speeds have since been reduced, the hill at the exit making acceleration difficult. As part of the 2003 renovations, most of the old banked section of track was demolished. Only a small section remains to this day. Fuji Speedway was announced to host the finish of the road cycling races at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics. 2007 and 2008 Japanese Grands Prix During the 2007 Japanese Grand Prix, Fuji Speedway met with a lot of problems, including the paralysis of the transportation network provided by the shuttle buses, poor facilities including some reserved seats without a view, lack of organization, and expensive meals such as simple lunch boxes being sold for 10,000 yen (US $87) at the circuit. Newspaper accounts of the event also alleged problems with Toyota bias and control. The circuit prohibited spectators from setting up flags and banners to support teams and drivers, with the exception of the Toyota F1 team. Therefore, there were very few flags and banners in the event compared with other Grand Prix events. For the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix race, organizers responded to lessons learned the previous year by reducing the total number of spectators allowed at the event. Compared to 140,000 persons allowed for Sunday events in 2007, attendance was restricted to 110,000. Additionally, walkways and spectator facilities were improved, along with larger screens. However, the race was also affected by rainy weather, which has historically interfered in a number of past races at the circuit, and later in 2013, led to interference with a 6-hour endurance race at the track for the FIA World Endurance Championship. Following both poor ticket sales and weather, it was decided by FOM that the FIA Japanese Grand Prix would be shared between Fuji and Suzuka on alternate years, with Suzuka holding the next race on Sunday, October 4, 2009. After the global recession and its own operational deficit, Toyota decided to discontinue the hosting of Japanese Grand Prix since 2010. 2020 Summer Olympics During the 2020 Summer Olympics, which due to the COVID-19 pandemic were postponed to 2021, the speedway was a venue and finish for the cycling races: Men's individual road race: on 24 July 2021 won the gold medal, silver and bronze. Women's individual road race: on 25 July 2021 won the gold medal, silver and bronze. Women's road time trial: on 28 July 2021 won the gold medal, won silver and won bronze. Men's road time trial: on 28 July 2021 won the gold medal, silver and bronze. Events Current April: Super GT, Formula Regional Japanese Championship, F4 Japanese Championship May: Super Formula Championship, Super Formula Lights, TCR Japan Touring Car Series June: Super Taikyu July: GT World Challenge Asia, Super Formula Championship August: Super GT, F4 Japanese Championship September: FIA World Endurance Championship (6 Hours of Fuji), TCR Japan Touring Car Series, Formula Regional Japanese Championship Former 2020 Summer Olympics Cycling (2021) Asian Le Mans Series (2013-2018) Formula One (Japanese Grand Prix) (1976–1977, 2007–2008) Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix (1966–1967) World Sportscar Championship (1982–1988) World Touring Car Championship (1987) Layout history Records Corners This is the official listing of the twelve corners that make up the current circuit layout, in use since 2005. Only some corners have Japanese names, most of which are a result of sponsorship agreements. The rest are named after the radius of the corner in metres. TGR Corner (27R) 75R Coca-Cola Corner (80R) Toyopet (100R) Advan Corner (30R) 120R 300R Dunlop Corner (15R) 30R 45R GR Supra Corner (25R) Panasonic Corner (12R) The Dunlop corner differs with the configuration used. In the full configuration, it consists of a tight right hairpin turn followed by a left-right flick. In the GT course, it is a medium-speed right-hander, bypassing turns 11 and 12. Fuji Speedway in videogames The Fuji circuit is represented in the arcade racing game Pole Position. Fuji is also featured in Project CARS 2, Top Gear, TOCA Race Driver, Gran Turismo 4: Prologue, Gran Turismo 4, Tourist Trophy, Gran Turismo 5: Prologue, Gran Turismo (PSP), Gran Turismo 5, Gran Turismo 6 and Gran Turismo Sport. For F1 Challenge '99–'02, Grand Prix Legends, rFactor, GTR 2 – FIA GT Racing Game, GT Legends, Assoluto Racing and Race 07, the track is available as free downloadable content. Fuji Speedway in television The Fuji circuit is featured prominently in the Japanese television drama Engine as the main setting for the racing scenes, as well as the home of the (fictional) "Regulus Cup". The track was also featured in an episode of the 11th season of the British automotive show Top Gear, in which host Jeremy Clarkson drives a Nissan GT-R. Part of the Gaki no Tsukai 2013 New Year's Holiday No-Laughing Earth Defense Force punishment game was also shot at Fuji Speedway. The circuit was featured in the opening scene of tokusatsu series Dennou Keisatsu Cybercop. Notes External links Fuji Speedway official website Fuji Speedway info from official F1 website Map and circuit history at RacingCircuits.info Google Map Motorsport venues in Shizuoka Prefecture Formula One circuits Grand Prix motorcycle circuits Japanese Grand Prix Tourist attractions in Shizuoka Prefecture Mount Fuji Sports venues in Shizuoka Prefecture World Touring Car Championship circuits Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic cycling venues Oyama, Shizuoka	[ 0.28487855195999146, -0.5079036355018616, 0.3032768964767456, 0.3553225100040436, -0.19622385501861572, -0.3492336869239807, 0.49798694252967834, 0.1499829739332199, 0.0634264424443245, -0.04546395689249039, 0.23068906366825104, 0.4472455680370331, 0.19045360386371613, 0.3502511978149414, -0.10919786989688873, -0.2583153247833252, 0.13971836864948273, 0.3775610029697418, 0.2764991223812103, -0.5741551518440247, 0.2620781660079956, -0.5184416770935059, 0.3221047818660736, -0.22471857070922852, 0.18115928769111633, 0.20424704253673553, 0.34260234236717224, 0.6515234112739563, -0.28196296095848083, 0.387888640165329, 0.2787228524684906, 0.7898188233375549, -0.46639442443847656, 0.2265956550836563, 0.3197643458843231, -0.3623690903186798, 0.34925875067710876, -0.13471119105815887, -0.11080389469861984, -0.268350750207901, 0.3875986337661743, 0.26093965768814087, -0.1710941344499588, 0.545529842376709, 0.3928675949573517, -0.39103755354881287, -1.2847903966903687, 0.17994281649589539, -1.036481499671936, -0.06021055206656456, -0.2742423713207245, 0.33779460191726685, -0.412028044462204, 0.9324973821640015, 0.15750707685947418, 0.7560174465179443, -0.3547714948654175, 0.39447346329689026, -0.19618412852287292, -0.12834329903125763, 0.2964909076690674, 0.09647668898105621, 0.1512942612171173, 0.8745346665382385, -0.40185385942459106, 0.39858198165893555, 0.5615559816360474, 0.32849815487861633, 0.39716535806655884, -0.05267501622438431, 0.16847564280033112, -0.053321484476327896, 0.1720975935459137, 0.31988099217414856, 0.045000337064266205, -0.5411069393157959, -0.5600947737693787, 0.36548447608947754, -0.0660586953163147, 0.17102986574172974, 0.38145190477371216, -0.9765176177024841, 0.32728007435798645, 0.3304957151412964, 0.4426027536392212, -0.16235026717185974, -0.2507936954498291, -0.07290149480104446, -0.8440254926681519, 0.5785518288612366, -0.47354620695114136, 0.2009960412979126, 0.08626192808151245, -0.12762154638767242, -0.03118303418159485, -0.2877269387245178, -0.4616611897945404, 0.2141091525554657, 0.44867539405822754, 0.3561202883720398, -0.16033922135829926, 0.1903175562620163, 0.08200123906135559, 0.16345247626304626, -0.8436520099639893, -0.08795087039470673, -0.32404518127441406, -0.7636919617652893, 0.14812257885932922, 0.3785378336906433, -0.7460917234420776, 0.42854082584381104, 0.04125010594725609, -0.11792293936014175, -0.6189619302749634, 0.1848360002040863, 0.028741968795657158, -0.29284384846687317, 0.04516270384192467, 0.014896059408783913, 0.30962246656417847, -0.34926384687423706, -0.126912921667099, 0.321912944316864, -0.07915452867746353, 0.6243515014648438, 0.5443099141120911, 0.6009589433670044, -0.15605823695659637, -0.021186750382184982, 0.31879106163978577, 0.4445749521255493, -0.15781711041927338, 0.21345378458499908, 0.6523862481117249, 0.05749577656388283, 0.3163869082927704, -0.4336165189743042, 0.29184964299201965, 0.17524808645248413, -0.7585828900337219, -0.19602333009243011, -1.2976011037826538, -0.33383941650390625, -0.1458856761455536, 0.4583510160446167, -0.7521031498908997, -1.2180486917495728, -0.3140403926372528, -0.2413756251335144, -0.38211897015571594, 0.7249520421028137, -0.20065295696258545, 0.034252382814884186, -0.23542988300323486, 0.5286078453063965, 0.5906702876091003, -0.03137306123971939, 0.26098766922950745, 0.44115105271339417, -0.4943436086177826, -0.24492435157299042, -0.09450404345989227, 0.580916166305542, 0.24234221875667572, -0.7025190591812134, 0.6456968784332275, 0.031222615391016006, -0.20515821874141693, 0.08741642534732819, -0.589914858341217, -0.39548301696777344, 0.1696084439754486, -0.17784424126148224, 0.3803374767303467, -0.2875806987285614, 0.6634564399719238, -0.061236754059791565, 0.058033738285303116, 0.18392647802829742, -0.9841824173927307, -0.1493961662054062, 0.5226544737815857, 0.2308570295572281, 0.35770753026008606, -0.17720183730125427, 0.6524993777275085, 0.4114588499069214, -0.2297649383544922, 0.11541484296321869, -0.12688226997852325, -0.263020783662796, -0.42693179845809937, -0.7926505208015442, 0.6197454333305359, 0.12755927443504333, 0.4769022762775421, 0.5584031343460083, -0.15719549357891083, 0.7619809508323669, 0.29566338658332825, -0.6334118843078613, 0.7171002626419067, -0.39710497856140137, -0.44902846217155457, 0.3909631073474884, 0.4913945198059082, -0.518303394317627, -0.09932489693164825, -0.1850302368402481, -0.036073774099349976, -0.03417100012302399, -0.10934482514858246, -0.36813682317733765, -0.24356603622436523, -0.41036543250083923, -0.4351755678653717, 0.2785821855068207, 0.2653965651988983, -0.6378940343856812, 0.6183717250823975, 0.1684260368347168, -0.46059462428092957, -0.008275850676000118, -0.296921044588089, 0.7845718860626221, -0.23086825013160706, 0.527824878692627, -0.12880727648735046, -1.0478922128677368, 0.4682893753051758, 0.4994247853755951, 0.3214719891548157, 0.20879243314266205, 0.46464070677757263, 0.1809285581111908, 0.3903513252735138, -0.12941575050354004, 0.4878937602043152, 0.14751166105270386, 0.07588599622249603, 0.474976122379303, -0.8856208324432373, 0.33320605754852295, 0.6337258219718933, -0.3050367534160614, 0.026239793747663498, 0.8223399519920349, -0.5943114757537842, -0.22791020572185516, 0.15407241880893707, -0.7849960923194885, 0.5164099335670471, -0.1184673085808754, -0.26447346806526184, -0.1433940827846527, 0.2167835682630539, 0.2801949679851532, 0.24148263037204742, -0.08361546695232391, -0.43145614862442017, 0.06576518714427948, 0.06797716021537781, 0.4872019588947296, -0.2289261519908905, -0.6426076889038086, 0.07022224366664886, -0.2765618562698364, 0.20966249704360962, -0.40962404012680054, 0.23147565126419067, -0.08202879875898361, -0.06583312153816223, 0.16898973286151886, -0.5223650932312012, -0.844425618648529, -0.5810120105743408, 1.0175793170928955, -0.1271142065525055, 0.2658037543296814, 0.264557808637619, 0.11562259495258331, 0.40304455161094666, -0.2298341989517212, -0.25671613216400146, 0.20156869292259216, -1.0220035314559937, -0.4652095139026642, -0.7058615684509277, -0.29854676127433777, -0.17546848952770233, 0.7733141183853149, -0.5164022445678711, 0.5810068249702454, -0.20297224819660187, 0.00778225576505065, -0.10889552533626556, -0.16020052134990692, 0.8907145857810974, -0.4211420714855194, -0.5563790202140808, 0.010258952155709267, -0.7295125126838684, -0.06528090685606003, 0.08266633749008179, 0.22552862763404846, -0.6915338635444641, -0.3443445563316345, -5.481924533843994, 0.2998831570148468, -0.19776350259780884, 0.25566044449806213, 0.4578864872455597, 0.017928890883922577, 0.6656858921051025, -0.10519182682037354, -0.3458636701107025, -0.5386736392974854, -0.23388943076133728, -0.22985990345478058, 0.23935513198375702, 0.37816327810287476, -0.02547134831547737, 0.32050836086273193, 0.5665716528892517, -0.08732854574918747, 0.1656327098608017, -0.16802619397640228, -0.04467722401022911, -0.1965523511171341, -0.46167945861816406, 0.44427594542503357, 0.1424294263124466, 1.0586379766464233, -0.9403002858161926, 0.32059699296951294, -1.1895816326141357, 0.09526558220386505, 0.13082824647426605, -0.8964658379554749, -0.4971406161785126, 0.7674359083175659, -0.19048485159873962, -0.049122825264930725, 0.22252008318901062, -0.4441714286804199, 0.057438600808382034, -0.18014688789844513, -0.1552952378988266, -0.41322216391563416, 0.16366919875144958, -0.2370954304933548, 0.4245172142982483, -0.5727680325508118, -0.2634361684322357, 0.32691365480422974, 0.28882521390914917, 0.7518855929374695, 0.5473031401634216, 0.12876452505588531, 0.3572883605957031, -0.1140243262052536, -0.1966811865568161, -0.1525074690580368, 0.31339186429977417, -0.04806627705693245, 0.47338953614234924, -0.015237943269312382, -0.2712864279747009, -0.4545722007751465, 0.08491028845310211, -0.4858766198158264, 0.21722383797168732, 0.010104252956807613, 0.5301851034164429, 0.13486339151859283, -0.16258196532726288, 0.43609821796417236, -0.4450888931751251, -0.03207157924771309, -0.3429991602897644, -1.00614333152771, -0.13020674884319305, 0.25964242219924927, -0.11522714048624039, -0.2604793608188629, -0.854830265045166, 0.22658845782279968, -0.5474459528923035, -0.2299862504005432, -0.26221412420272827, 0.08450319617986679, 0.13802649080753326, -0.19180147349834442, 0.31412410736083984, 0.22482244670391083, 0.7924818396568298, 0.11574801057577133, 0.6052486300468445, -0.4880838096141815, 0.4966271221637726, -0.44932615756988525, 0.2416197955608368, 0.18508324027061462, -0.014487133361399174, 0.3291565179824829, -0.21706968545913696, -0.5710073709487915, 0.18537931144237518, -0.13640841841697693, 0.2116900086402893, 0.045124031603336334, -0.4562813937664032, -0.68599534034729, 0.447853684425354, 0.2687975764274597, 0.4935409128665924, 0.23065274953842163, 0.6168232560157776, -0.18782705068588257, -0.5282738208770752, 0.12797223031520844, 0.29923689365386963, -0.36772146821022034, -0.5216773152351379, 0.3408842980861664, 0.4084045886993408, 0.29501259326934814, 0.28883659839630127, 0.21271206438541412, -0.7480512857437134, -0.18453140556812286, 0.40639328956604004, 0.6517691016197205, 0.18259930610656738, -0.14695963263511658, -0.20679907500743866, -0.5376927852630615, -0.04317738115787506, 0.07356611639261246, 0.041389334946870804, 0.5732820630073547, -0.032456595450639725, -0.08898353576660156, -0.5109381079673767, -0.3283768892288208, 0.13456565141677856, 0.47191858291625977, 0.6035773754119873, 0.19224140048027039, -0.17370380461215973, 0.6300327777862549, 0.38416165113449097, 0.604510486125946, -0.48113811016082764, -0.2921508550643921, -0.19329293072223663, -0.236203134059906, -0.07655893266201019, -0.5147132277488708, -0.20348410308361053, -0.28125283122062683, -0.5532606840133667, 0.48239821195602417, -0.3091394603252411, -0.2175043672323227, 0.051916178315877914, -0.3583391010761261, 0.6450465321540833, -0.23728464543819427, -0.8379243016242981, 0.22436103224754333, 0.17083998024463654, 0.07102596759796143, 0.41506755352020264, -0.30718374252319336, -0.4961756467819214, -0.10385634005069733, 0.3668246567249298, -0.8798220157623291, -0.856768786907196, -0.3231067359447479, 0.3678533434867859, -0.24344560503959656, 0.5217402577400208, 0.4698353111743927, 0.22898633778095245, -0.39292794466018677, 0.5726456046104431, 0.4800672233104706, -0.13679024577140808, 0.6597781777381897, 0.3593389689922333, -0.6102673411369324, -0.6346545815467834, 0.18236716091632843, 0.25897017121315, 0.24098388850688934, 0.41529926657676697, 0.01589294895529747, 0.31829747557640076, 0.5435042977333069, 0.24873293936252594, -0.8819882273674011, 0.09670710563659668, 0.19752980768680573, -0.3716818392276764, 0.18451857566833496, -0.3541480004787445, 0.02949228510260582, -0.291188508272171, 0.5744763016700745, 0.09005414694547653, 0.0932769775390625, -0.26978740096092224, 0.4592950642108917, 0.4425452649593353, 0.038531381636857986, -0.9250919818878174, -1.022713541984558, 0.28231027722358704, 0.2678905129432678, -0.3303995430469513, 0.05642420053482056, 0.12085764110088348, -0.46995753049850464, -0.2516459822654724, -0.3700679540634155, -0.2361517995595932, 0.4590945839881897, -0.34812477231025696, -0.6216451525688171, -0.4191678464412689, 0.7166137099266052, 0.41446688771247864, -0.45984604954719543, -0.6789477467536926, -0.16473260521888733, -0.2425384819507599, 0.09063062071800232, 0.06884118169546127, 0.4709106683731079, 0.0027389663737267256, -0.0443362295627594, 0.1532101035118103, 0.2622687816619873, 0.4998544752597809, -0.1467190533876419, 0.5268964171409607, 0.12222915887832642, 0.02005133591592312, -0.0019783431198447943, -0.12273072451353073, 0.554908812046051, -0.18650832772254944, -0.11347445100545883, -0.42507311701774597, 0.6229016184806824, -0.05379674956202507, 0.0679296925663948, -0.7617017030715942, 0.20009614527225494, 0.6894861459732056, -0.915246307849884, 0.16706597805023193, -0.2888995110988617, -0.04346586763858795, -0.17436456680297852, 0.11535024642944336, -0.29530128836631775, -0.21110345423221588, 0.11867433041334152, -0.4470837414264679, 0.15883448719978333, -0.894950807094574, -0.4975268542766571, -0.2902732193470001, -1.0522046089172363, -0.2258588969707489, 0.11329500377178192, 0.44968801736831665, 0.5717127323150635, 0.1593424528837204, 0.0696072056889534, -0.2668519914150238, -0.6288549900054932, -0.6159371733665466, 0.4040052890777588, -0.4188271164894104, 0.11022112518548965, 0.021830881014466286, -0.2963866889476776, -0.6779407262802124, -0.3484489619731903, -0.1522669941186905, 0.4568551778793335, 0.018694035708904266, 0.666074812412262, -0.9530947208404541, -0.6423336863517761, 0.0861288383603096, -0.3830021917819977, -0.4397900104522705, -0.34191134572029114, 0.634442150592804, 0.2686230540275574, -0.3995733857154846, -0.00848036352545023, -0.587659478187561, 0.6218694448471069, 0.8208412528038025, -0.5559799671173096, 0.4933986961841583, -0.2004641741514206, 0.002257987856864929, -0.2299206405878067, 0.0833270251750946, -0.17513924837112427, 0.30012986063957214, 0.16370517015457153, 0.0404975488781929, 1.0478217601776123, -0.01949937455356121, 0.24591147899627686, -0.3591594994068146, -0.6816775798797607, 0.09125778079032898, 0.0846475288271904, 0.22519361972808838, 0.353564977645874, 0.35990414023399353, -0.23919153213500977, 0.019425326958298683, 0.5907478332519531, 0.13543593883514404, -0.08301375061273575, -0.03965585306286812, 0.4244174063205719, 0.05689677968621254, -0.7369934320449829, -0.4173233211040497, 0.7712149620056152, -0.14779208600521088, -0.14927713572978973, -0.40663841366767883, -0.492778480052948, -0.044639043509960175, -0.3019455671310425, 0.2882551848888397, 0.10096105933189392, -0.01227874681353569, 0.2268541008234024, -0.06603516638278961, -0.11464158445596695, 0.17771178483963013, -0.03363266959786415, -0.08681218326091766, 0.15462857484817505, 0.5735875964164734, -0.021042194217443466, 0.2906742990016937, -0.4730182886123657, 0.44537267088890076, 0.28199484944343567, -0.07610233128070831, -0.6092321872711182, -0.05875305458903313, 0.7022196650505066, 0.4757058322429657, 0.19695129990577698, 0.2937178909778595, 0.013106686063110828, -0.2570224404335022, 0.14932022988796234, -0.00457271421328187, -0.13744907081127167, -0.4797371029853821, 0.49089595675468445, 0.07758650183677673, 0.13936102390289307, -0.3792039155960083, 0.3911864757537842, 0.04554356262087822, 0.49908557534217834, -0.010753164067864418, 0.08947288990020752, 0.08013260364532471, 0.35051828622817993, -0.48893487453460693, 0.3051360249519348, 0.3011777400970459, -0.12864509224891663, 0.21183137595653534, -0.5791194438934326, -0.4407486617565155, 0.06314229220151901, -0.10805130749940872, 0.24345822632312775, -0.003184014931321144, -0.20915338397026062, 0.0041323695331811905, 0.3255358934402466, -0.1468084752559662, -0.2719518542289734, 0.19808903336524963, -0.16565096378326416, 0.2884538173675537, 0.9692762494087219, 0.14338570833206177, -0.05820397660136223, -0.01925816386938095, 0.8228769898414612, -0.6518129706382751, 0.6224040985107422, 0.03559187799692154, -0.06110357493162155, -0.4869057834148407, 0.0905039831995964, 0.4752753973007202, 0.15883556008338928, 0.8151852488517761, 0.022760773077607155, -0.7340186238288879, -0.39793068170547485, 0.7455715537071228, -0.43014419078826904, -0.1838711053133011, -0.08024747669696808, -0.6849530339241028, -0.5901216864585876, -0.06874421238899231, 0.7934954762458801, 0.14611315727233887, 0.1696305125951767, 0.5586696267127991, -0.9097076654434204, -0.5813776850700378, 0.47984564304351807, 0.05152297765016556, -0.6942800283432007, -0.5877595543861389, 0.10295337438583374, -0.7670973539352417, -0.7373932600021362, 0.4887807071208954, 0.8462839126586914, 0.6564379930496216, 0.09639981389045715, 0.5160167813301086, 0.007745017297565937, -0.2449694722890854, -0.5547006726264954, 0.44618701934814453, 0.12735144793987274, -0.30039989948272705, -0.1257908046245575, -0.8490445017814636, 0.45784997940063477, 0.6016365885734558, -0.14973267912864685, 0.37603461742401123, -0.3115037977695465, -0.16626575589179993, -0.4898591935634613, 0.5072542428970337, -0.08535374701023102, -0.005741772707551718, -0.5424023270606995 ]
249154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Secord	Laura Secord	Laura Secord ( Ingersoll; 13 September 1775 – 17 October 1868) was a Canadian heroine of the War of 1812. She is known for having walked out of American-occupied territory in 1813 to warn British forces of an impending American attack. Her contribution to the war was little known during her lifetime, but since her death she has been frequently honoured in Canada. Though Laura Secord had no relation to it, most Canadians associate her with the Laura Secord Chocolates company, named after her on the centennial of her walk. Laura Secord's father, Thomas Ingersoll, lived in Massachusetts and fought on the side of the Patriots during the Revolutionary War (1775–1783). In 1795 he moved his family to the Niagara region of Upper Canada after he had applied for and received a land grant. Shortly after, Laura married Loyalist James Secord, who was later seriously wounded at the Battle of Queenston Heights early in the War of 1812. While he was still recovering in 1813, the Americans invaded the Niagara Peninsula, including Queenston. During the occupation, Secord acquired information about a planned American attack, and stole away on the morning of 22 June to inform Lieutenant James FitzGibbon in the territory still controlled by the British. The information helped the British and their Mohawk allies repel the invading Americans at the Battle of Beaver Dams. Her effort was forgotten until 1860, when Edward, Prince of Wales awarded the impoverished widow £100 for her service on his visit to Canada. The story of Laura Secord has taken on mythic overtones in Canada. Her tale has been the subject of books, plays, and poetry, often with many embellishments. Since her death, Canada has bestowed honours on her, including schools named after her, monuments, a museum, a memorial stamp and coin, and a statue at the Valiants Memorial in the Canadian capital. Personal history Family history and early life Her father, Thomas Ingersoll (1749–1812) married seventeen-year-old Elizabeth Dewey on 28 February 1775. Their first child, Laura, was born in Great Barrington in the colonial Province of Massachusetts Bay on 13 September 1775. Thomas's family had lived in Massachusetts for five generations. His paternal immigrant ancestor was Richard Ingersoll, who had arrived in Salem, Massachusetts, from Bedfordshire, England, in 1629. Thomas was born in 1749 in Westfield, Massachusetts. Elizabeth, daughter of Israel Dewey and his wife, was also born in Westfield, on 28 January 1758. Thomas moved to Great Barrington in 1774, where he settled into a house on a small piece of land by the Housatonic River. Over the next several years, his success as a hatmaker allowed him to marry, increase his landholdings, and expand his house as his family grew. He spent much time away from home, as he rose through the ranks in the military on the side of the American revolutionaries during the American Revolutionary War. Upon his return to Great Barrington, he was made a magistrate. Elizabeth gave birth to three more girls: Elizabeth Franks on 17 October 1779; Mira (or Myra) in 1781; and Abigail in September 1783. They gave up Abigail for adoption in 1784 to an aunt with the surname Nash. Elizabeth Ingersoll died 20 February 1784. Thomas remarried the following year to Mercy Smith, widow of Josiah Smith, on 26 May 1785. Mercy had no children. She has been credited with teaching her stepdaughters to read and do needlework before her death from tuberculosis in 1789. By adolescence, the eldest daughter Laura was caring for her sisters and looking after the household affairs. Thomas remarried four months after Mercy's death, on 20 September 1789, to Sarah "Sally" Backus, a widow with a daughter, Harriet. The couple had an additional four girls and three boys. The first boy, Charles Fortescue, was born on 27 September 1791. Charlotte (born 1793) and Appolonia (born 1811) were the last members of this branch of the Ingersoll family to be born in Massachusetts. Thomas helped suppress Shays' Rebellion in 1786, which earned him the rank of major. In the years following, he witnessed and was offended by the continuing persecution of Loyalists in Massachusetts. He realized that in the depressed economic conditions that followed the Revolutionary War, and with his own deep debts, he was unlikely to see his former prosperity again. In 1793, Thomas met in New York City with Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, who offered to show him the best land for settlement in Upper Canada, where the Crown was encouraging development. He and four associates travelled to Upper Canada to petition Lieutenant Governor John Simcoe for a land grant. They received in the Thames Valley, and founded Oxford-on-the-Thames (later known as Ingersoll, Ontario), on condition that they populate it with forty other families within seven years. After winding up their affairs in Great Barrington, the Ingersoll family moved to Upper Canada in 1795. Upper Canada, marriage and children Thomas Ingersoll supported his family in their early years in Upper Canada by running a tavern in Queenston while land was being cleared and roads built in the settlement. The family stayed in Queenston until a log cabin was completed on the settlement in 1796. After Governor Simcoe returned to England in 1796, opposition grew in Upper Canada to the "Late Loyalists", such as Thomas, who had come to Canada for the land grants. The grants were greatly reduced, and Thomas's contract was cancelled for not having all of its conditions fulfilled. Feeling cheated, in 1805 he moved the family to Credit River, close to York (present-day Toronto), where he successfully ran an inn until his 1812 death following a stroke. Sally continued to run it until her own death in 1833. Laura Ingersoll remained in Queenston when the family moved. She married the wealthy James Secord, likely in June 1797. The Secord family originated in France, where the name was spelled D'Secor or Sicar. Five Secord brothers, who were Protestant Huguenots, fled from persecution in France and founded New Rochelle, New York in 1688. At the time of the American Revolution, Loyalist members of the family anglicized their surname to Secord. The Secord couple lived in a house built in , the first floor of which was a shop. Secord gave birth to her first child, Mary, in St. in 1799. Mary was followed by Charlotte (1801), Harriet (10 February 1803), Charles Badeau (1809 – the only male child) and Appolonia (1810). War of 1812 James Secord served in the 1st Lincoln Militia under Isaac Brock when the War of 1812 broke out. He was among those who helped carry away Brock's body after Brock was killed in the first attack of the Battle of Queenston Heights in October 1812. James himself was severely wounded in the leg and shoulder during the battle. Laura heard of his predicament and rushed to his side. Some sources suggest that she found three American soldiers preparing to beat him to death with their gunstocks. She begged them to save her husband's life, reportedly offering her own in return, when American Captain John E. Wool happened upon the situation and reprimanded the soldiers. This story may have been a later embellishment and may have originated with her grandson, James B. Secord. When the Secords arrived home, they found that the house had been looted in Laura's absence. Spending the winter in St. , Laura spent the next several months nursing her wounded husband back to health. On 27 May 1813, the American army launched an attack across the Niagara River, and captured Fort George. Queenston and the Niagara area fell to the Americans. Men of military age were sent as prisoners to the U.S., though the still-recuperating James Secord was not among them. That June, a number of U.S. soldiers were billeted at the Secords' home. Secord's walk On the evening of 21 June 1813, Laura Secord heard of plans for a surprise American attack on Lieutenant James FitzGibbon's British troops at Beaver Dams, which would have furthered American control in the Niagara Peninsula. It is unclear how she became aware of these plans. According to tradition she overheard a conversation among the billeted Americans as they ate dinner. As her husband was still recovering from his October injuries, Secord set out early the next morning to warn the Lieutenant. She reportedly walked from present-day Queenston through St. , Homer, Shipman's Corners and Short Hills at the Niagara Escarpment before she arrived at the camp of allied Mohawk warriors, who led her the rest of the way to FitzGibbon's headquarters at the DeCew House. Based on her warning, a small British force and a larger contingent of Mohawk warriors were readied for the American attack. They defeated the Americans, most of whom were casualties or taken prisoner in the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June. No mention of Secord was made in reports that immediately followed the battle. Post-war years After the war, with the Secords' Queenston store in ruins, the family was impoverished. Only James's small war pension and the rent from 200 acres of land they had in Grantham Township supported them. The Secords' sixth child, Laura Anne, was born in October 1815, and their last child, Hannah, was born in 1817. The Secords' eldest daughter Mary wedded a doctor, William Trumball, on 18 April 1816. On 27 March 1817, Mary gave birth in Ireland to Elizabeth Trumball, the first of Laura and James's grandchildren. Mary had another daughter, also named Mary, in Jamaica. Following her husband's death, Mary returned to Queenston with her children in 1821. The struggling James petitioned the government in 1827 for some sort of employment. Lieutenant-Governor Peregrine Maitland did not offer him a position, but offered something to Laura. He asked her to be in charge of the yet-to-be-completed Brock's Monument. At first, she turned it down, but then reluctantly accepted it. When Brock's Monument opened in 1831, Secord learned the new Lieutenant-Governor, John Colborne, intended to give the keys to the widow of a member of the monument committee who had died in an accident. On 17 July 1831, Secord petitioned Colborne to honour Maitland's promise, and included another certificate from FitzGibbon attesting her contribution to the war. She wrote that Colonel Thomas Clarke had been told by Maitland, "it was too late to think of [the committee member's widow] Mrs. Nichol as I have pledged my word to Mrs. Secord that as soon as possible she should have the key." Despite her pleas, Secord did not receive the keys to the monument. In 1828, the Secords' daughter, Appolonia, died at 18 of typhus, and James was appointed registrar of the Niagara Surrogate Court. He was promoted to judge in 1833, and his son Charles Badeau Secord took over the registrar position. Charles Badeau Secord's first son, Charles Forsyth Secord, was born 9 May 1833. His is the only line of Secords that survived into the 21st century. James became a customs collector in 1835 at the port of Chippawa. The position came with a home in Chippawa, into which the family moved. Charles Badeau Secord took over the Queenston home. Daughter Laura Ann and her son moved into the home in 1837 following her husband's death. Later life and death James Secord died of a stroke on 22 February 1841. He was buried, according to his wishes, at Drummond Hill (now in Niagara Falls). James's death left Laura destitute. When his war pension ended, she was unable to maintain her land as profitable and sold off much of it. Governor-General Sydenham denied a 27 February 1841 petition which she sent, seeking to have her son to take over James's customs position. Sydenham also denied a petition she sent that May for a pension for herself, as James had received a pension for decades. Possibly with help from better-off members of the family, Secord moved to a red brick cottage on Water Street in November 1841. Daughter Harriet and her own two daughters joined her in May 1842, after Harriet's husband died of alcohol poisoning. The three shared quarters with Secord for the rest of her life. Youngest daughter Hannah also moved in when she was widowed in 1844, and brought two daughters with her. Though she lacked training, for a short time Laura Secord ran a small school out of the home in an effort to support herself. This venture came to an end when the public common school system was introduced in the 1840s. Over the years, the Secords unsuccessfully petitioned the government for some kind of acknowledgement. In 1860, when Secord was 85, the Prince of Wales heard of her story while travelling in Canada. At Chippawa, near Niagara Falls, he learned of Laura Secord's plight as an aging widow and sent an award of £100 (). It was the only official recognition that she received during her lifetime. Laura Secord died in 1868 at the age of 93. She was interred next to her husband in the Drummond Hill Cemetery in Niagara Falls. Her grave is marked by a monument with a bust on top, and is close to a monument marking the Battle of Lundy's Lane. The inscription on her grave marker reads: Memory and legend Her granddaughter described Secord as being with brown eyes and a fair complexion. James FitzGibbon wrote she was "of slight frame and delicate appearance". She was skilled at needlework, dressmaking and cooking. According to biographer Peggy Dymond Leavey, her many grandchildren enjoyed hearing their grandmother tell stories of her early life, and her Anglican faith increased with age. In his report of the battle, FitzGibbon stated only that he "received information" about the threat; it is possible he omitted mention of Secord to protect her family during wartime. He first wrote of Secord in a certificate dated 26 February 1820, in support of a petition by her husband for a licence to operate a stone quarry in Queenston. In 1827 FitzGibbon wrote: FitzGibbon wrote in a certificate dated 23 February 1837 that Secord did "acquaint" him with the Americans' intentions, but does not state whether he used the information. A diary entry of Mohawk chief John Norton talks of "a loyal Inhabitant brought information that the Enemy intended to attack", but does not name the "Inhabitant". Dominique Ducharme, leader of the Caughnawaga Mohawk in the Battle of Beaver Dams, made no mention of Secord in his reports, nor of receiving information from either Secord or FitzGibbon about the impending American attack. Secord wrote two accounts of her walk, the first in 1853, and the second in 1861. Neither account contains details that can be corroborated with military accounts of the battle, such as specific dates or details about troops. Her account changed throughout her life. Historian Pierre Berton noted that she never stated clearly how she learned of the impending attack. She told FitzGibbon that her husband had learned about it from an American officer, but years later told her granddaughter that she had overheard the plans directly from the American soldiers billeted in her home. Berton suggested that Secord's informant could have been an American still residing in the United States, who would have been charged with treason had Secord revealed her source. In the 1860s, as Secord's story gained prominence, historian William Foster Coffin added new details, which included the claim that Laura had brought a cow with her as an excuse to leave her home in case the American patrols questioned her. A number of historians have questioned Secord's account. W. Stewart Wallace, in his 1932 book, The Story of Laura Secord: A Study in Historical Evidence, concluded her story was mostly myth, and that she played no significant role in the outcome of the Battle of Beaver Dams. Historian George Ingram contended in his 1965 book The Story of Laura Secord Revisited that Secord's debunking had been taken too far. Ruth MacKenzie also burnished Secord's reputation with Laura Secord: The Legend and the Lady in 1971. The question of Secord's actual contribution to the British success has been contested. In the early 1920s, historians suggested that Native scouts had already informed FitzGibbon of the coming attack well before Secord had arrived on 23 June. Historian Ernest Cruikshank wrote in 1895 that "Scarcely had Mrs Secord concluded her narrative, when [Ducharme's] scouts came in ... they had encountered the advance guard of the enemy." Later, two testimonials were found which FitzGibbon wrote in 1820 and 1827, which supported Secord's claim. FitzGibbon asserted that Laura Secord had arrived on 22 June (not 23 June), and that "in consequence of this information", he had been able to intercept the American troops. Legacy According to legend, "it took her approximately 17 hours to travel the distance to warn James FitzGibbon of the impending American attack". She has often been depicted as "a lone figure bravely travelling through approximately 30 km of wilderness from her home at Queenston to a British military detachment camped in DeCew House in what is today Thorold, Ontario." Historian Cecilia Morgan argues that the Secord story became famous in the 1880s when upper-class women sought to strengthen the emotional ties between Canadian women and the British Empire. She writes that they needed a female heroine to validate their claims for women's suffrage. The first product of their campaign was Sarah Anne Curzon's verse drama Laura Secord: The Heroine of 1812 in 1887. The play was a catalyst for "a deluge of articles and entries on Secord that filled Canadian histories and school textbooks at the turn of the 20th century". Although critics gave the play negative reviews, it was the first full work devoted to Secord's story and popularized her image. Secord has been compared to French-Canadian heroine Madeleine de Verchères and to American Revolution hero Paul Revere. Her story has been retold and commemorated by generations of biographers, playwrights, poets, novelists and journalists. After discovering a newspaper clipping of the events, early feminist Emma Currie began a lifelong interest in Secord's life. She tracked down information from Laura's relatives as far away as Great Barrington, and published a biographical account in 1900 called The Story of Laura Secord. She later successfully petitioned to have a Secord memorial erected in Queenston Heights. The cut stone granite monument stands and was dedicated in 1901. In 1905, Secord's portrait was hung in Parliament. Playwright Merrill Denison wrote a radio play of her story in 1931 which mixed serious history with parody. On the centennial of Secord's walk in 1913, and to capitalize on Canadian patriotic feelings, Frank O'Connor founded Laura Secord Chocolates. The chain's first location opened on Yonge and Elm streets in Toronto. The chocolates were packaged in black boxes adorned with a cameo of Secord. By the 1970s, the company had become the largest candy retailer in Canada. Among most Canadians, the name Laura Secord is more strongly associated with the chocolate company than with the historical figure. During the War of 1812, the Secords' Queenston homestead was fired upon and looted. It was restored in the late 20th century and given to the Niagara Parks Commission in 1971. It is now operated as a museum and gift shop at Partition and Queen streets in Queenston. The Laura Secord Legacy Trail covers the 32 kilometer route of the journey she undertook from her homestead in Queenston to DeCew House in Thorold where she delivered her message to Lt. Fitzgibbon on 22 June 1813. Thomas Ingersoll's old home on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Laura Secord's birthplace, was used as the town's Free Library from 1896 until 1913. The Mason Library replaced it and was built on the site. The Great Barrington Historic District Commission made 18 October 1997 Laura Secord Day, and dedicated a plaque in her honour at the site of the Mason Library. Laura Secord is the namesake of a number of schools, including Laura Secord Public School (also known as Laura Secord Memorial School, 1914–2010) in Queenston, École Laura Secord School in Winnipeg, Manitoba (built 1912), Laura Secord Secondary School in St. Catharines, Ontario and Laura Secord Elementary School in Vancouver, British Columbia. Beaver Dams Battlefield Park has a plaque dedicated to Secord. In 1992, Canada Post issued a Laura Secord commemorative stamp. In 2003, the Minister of Canadian Heritage declared Secord a "Person of National Historical Significance", and in 2006 Secord's was one of fourteen statues dedicated at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa. To commemorate the 200th anniversary of her walk, Secord's image adorned a circulation quarter issued by the Royal Canadian Mint and a postage stamp from Canada Post. See also Sybil Ludington, a heroine of the American Revolutionary War Notes References Works cited Books Journals and magazines Newspapers Web Further reading External links Laura Secord's message to the Prince of Wales, 1860 Laura Secord Heritage Minute video at Historica Dominion "The Story of Laura Secord", Canadian reminiscences by EA Currie (1900) Laura Secord monument on Queenston Heights Poems about Laura Secord on the Niagara Falls Poetry Project 1775 births 1868 deaths British emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario Canadian folklore Canadian people of the War of 1812 Women in war in Canada People from Great Barrington, Massachusetts People from Niagara Falls, Ontario People from Niagara-on-the-Lake Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Pre-Confederation Ontario people Women in 19th-century warfare Immigrants to Upper Canada	[ -0.8009132146835327, -0.022180262953042984, -0.7740001678466797, 0.4124985933303833, 0.2299385666847229, 1.0179965496063232, 1.2945977449417114, 0.01614077016711235, -0.5227845311164856, 0.05748618394136429, -0.20317140221595764, 0.3590196669101715, 0.23450909554958344, 0.5650925636291504, -0.5250207185745239, 0.4542231857776642, -0.22293756902217865, 0.22064092755317688, 0.00769812660291791, -0.3061096668243408, -0.395519882440567, -0.8055376410484314, 0.5366555452346802, -0.0182122141122818, 0.13058874011039734, 0.2507454454898834, 0.2621051073074341, -0.5564219951629639, 0.21172848343849182, 0.1309625506401062, -0.23545770347118378, 0.5540306568145752, 0.9125121235847473, 0.03327327221632004, -0.4205513298511505, 0.42910605669021606, -0.7045536041259766, 0.451996386051178, -0.3759271502494812, 0.046046219766139984, -0.47510603070259094, -0.4029172658920288, 0.3484944701194763, -0.28482457995414734, 0.1639101803302765, -0.16955067217350006, -2.0314624309539795, 0.009299762547016144, -0.26124048233032227, -0.5216801762580872, -0.19468076527118683, 0.14006303250789642, 0.5576662421226501, 0.4825141131877899, -0.2844250202178955, -0.08722974359989166, -0.513214111328125, -0.028615977615118027, -0.01605243608355522, -0.573948860168457, 0.5508184432983398, 0.20022615790367126, 0.9229819178581238, -0.40295448899269104, 0.33664754033088684, 0.1461234837770462, 0.04178059473633766, 0.331182062625885, -0.08206469565629959, 0.015819396823644638, 0.250905305147171, 0.19333913922309875, 0.6130843758583069, -0.08953522890806198, -0.023804422467947006, -0.12036647647619247, 0.579039990901947, -0.29555174708366394, 0.8657006621360779, 0.3009922504425049, 0.006213076412677765, -0.33434605598449707, 0.5631335973739624, 0.3649636507034302, -0.38993382453918457, 0.16678732633590698, 0.2272915244102478, 0.10350668430328369, -0.44127586483955383, -0.15878717601299286, -0.5740393996238708, 0.04658939316868782, 0.09329692274332047, 0.010850263759493828, -0.09360470622777939, 0.37591949105262756, 0.228171706199646, 0.07522477209568024, -0.2342328131198883, -0.5882056951522827, -0.3111347556114197, 0.03915124014019966, 0.5817968845367432, 0.17301037907600403, -0.4743717312812805, 0.46180829405784607, 0.19066406786441803, -0.08689285814762115, 0.13643160462379456, -0.2183302938938141, 0.42004838585853577, -0.016798950731754303, -0.5683230757713318, -0.04928608238697052, -0.3404640555381775, 0.00851376447826624, 0.1438443660736084, -0.43917661905288696, 0.038210246711969376, -0.7240723967552185, -0.12191540002822876, -0.11930738389492035, -0.23475511372089386, -0.708574652671814, -0.16282962262630463, -0.06856212764978409, -0.16387030482292175, -0.22573143243789673, -0.24535714089870453, 0.41745325922966003, 0.012477858923375607, 0.8775723576545715, -0.7755085229873657, -0.19508999586105347, -0.0360652320086956, 0.13356532156467438, -0.37235116958618164, 0.18229621648788452, 0.34090590476989746, 0.18804575502872467, -0.3997386693954468, -0.03805094212293625, -0.5798764824867249, -0.29704850912094116, 0.7153533697128296, -0.49770113825798035, -0.04439425840973854, 0.3875006437301636, -0.8437296748161316, -0.01592174917459488, -0.2789039611816406, 0.09356887638568878, 0.703711211681366, -0.7946782112121582, -0.6480079889297485, 0.007515053264796734, 0.7884767651557922, 0.48183825612068176, 0.20798259973526, 0.5245513319969177, 0.19092309474945068, 0.06821319460868835, 0.0834902971982956, 0.043886229395866394, 0.7883049845695496, 0.5735569000244141, 0.1396571844816208, -0.204604372382164, -0.20087705552577972, -0.8291482925415039, 0.20401817560195923, 0.1931586116552353, 0.18195988237857819, 0.04335480183362961, -0.40248236060142517, 0.4430831968784332, -0.10276409238576889, 0.3650566041469574, -0.21750302612781525, -0.8598213195800781, -0.8846257925033569, 0.3596740961074829, -0.06771475076675415, 0.03421058505773544, -0.15167877078056335, 0.7309408783912659, 0.27162232995033264, 0.034824177622795105, 0.4168094992637634, 0.32046693563461304, -0.6208085417747498, -0.23881520330905914, 0.1374906301498413, 0.2532384395599365, 0.7560717463493347, 0.0718940868973732, -0.8687815070152283, 0.6831448674201965, 0.14605052769184113, -0.012764042243361473, -0.22624360024929047, -0.6167294979095459, 0.19158446788787842, -0.24663938581943512, -0.29718494415283203, 0.3258382976055145, 0.06941413879394531, 0.3740442991256714, 0.28613701462745667, 0.4566226601600647, -0.2922007441520691, -0.3442339599132538, 0.07463077455759048, 1.3185174465179443, -0.10626284778118134, -0.7690828442573547, -0.19134925305843353, -0.2637947201728821, 1.167168378829956, -0.45827609300613403, -0.0717596560716629, 0.17240962386131287, -0.5176658034324646, 0.3151189088821411, -0.0848332867026329, 0.36624932289123535, -0.7679864764213562, 0.4227224588394165, 0.3646727502346039, -0.5528575778007507, -0.03430866822600365, 0.4176252484321594, 0.17616379261016846, -0.0988350510597229, 0.4925242066383362, -0.22462552785873413, 0.23651036620140076, 0.35326048731803894, 1.2294683456420898, -0.6127961277961731, -0.36572545766830444, 0.4309275448322296, -0.11582864820957184, 0.4623417258262634, 0.06981345266103745, 0.3577266335487366, -0.03481002897024155, -0.5839841961860657, 0.491950124502182, -0.4310430884361267, 0.169683039188385, 0.7814236879348755, 0.17177900671958923, 0.5245957970619202, 0.3173304796218872, -0.8144848346710205, 0.09250674396753311, -0.24111691117286682, -0.008774626068770885, 0.7562957406044006, 0.33741310238838196, 0.04740549996495247, -0.1882142424583435, 0.7235178351402283, 0.3493800759315491, -0.3401501476764679, -0.11742670089006424, -0.5324463248252869, 0.2618873715400696, 0.30359122157096863, 0.3596048653125763, -0.11812753975391388, 0.5690409541130066, 0.1803327351808548, 0.6772366166114807, 0.24139142036437988, -0.211603045463562, 0.6264161467552185, -0.33720335364341736, -0.790484607219696, 0.13925616443157196, 0.8180489540100098, -0.3206055760383606, -0.4308694303035736, 0.04731428623199463, -0.24432100355625153, 0.31839340925216675, -0.06281881779432297, -0.36475077271461487, 0.4570235311985016, -0.04413469508290291, 0.23999688029289246, 0.006143169477581978, 0.12570826709270477, 0.4722129702568054, 0.391416072845459, -0.5886809229850769, 0.4550255537033081, -0.0967387855052948, 0.3222048878669739, -1.0345863103866577, -0.17723840475082397, -0.3453834354877472, -0.20609161257743835, 0.5247929692268372, -0.04497573897242546, 0.41543301939964294, 0.1097964271903038, -5.1916184425354, -0.34506213665008545, 0.1904378980398178, -0.36045822501182556, -0.1252528876066208, 0.06024102866649628, 0.17438454926013947, -0.29462453722953796, -0.07580722868442535, 0.42304253578186035, 1.4335310459136963, 0.26404333114624023, -0.08350974321365356, -0.14699102938175201, 0.7705657482147217, 0.2540186643600464, 0.7941868901252747, -0.2473469376564026, 0.14376859366893768, 0.4648691415786743, 0.5460255742073059, 0.15115216374397278, -0.16110214591026306, -0.19594325125217438, 0.14903782308101654, -0.17825934290885925, 0.694029688835144, -0.39727476239204407, -0.4216294288635254, -0.12416017800569534, 0.3106361925601959, 0.3983086049556732, -0.321948379278183, -0.48740318417549133, -0.05002930015325546, -0.62022864818573, -0.22821645438671112, 0.32079946994781494, 0.20402418076992035, -0.364376038312912, -0.6426323652267456, -0.27573323249816895, -0.14570243656635284, -0.15036490559577942, 0.0026391439605504274, -0.20145119726657867, -0.209787517786026, 0.34565427899360657, 0.7425097823143005, 0.35476189851760864, 0.32495614886283875, 0.028133396059274673, 0.14006543159484863, -0.17309360206127167, 0.09513882547616959, 0.17067614197731018, 0.2187107652425766, -0.27331143617630005, -1.0634552240371704, -0.18122611939907074, 0.5881820321083069, -0.028487734496593475, 0.13585695624351501, -0.3491237163543701, -0.20431214570999146, -0.7627485990524292, -0.3913014531135559, -0.328737735748291, -0.05588337033987045, -0.13331569731235504, 0.537276029586792, 0.5295571088790894, 0.3472003936767578, -1.2612327337265015, -0.09490416944026947, -0.643157422542572, -0.29819706082344055, 0.2847518026828766, -0.7255882620811462, -0.591299831867218, 0.1904921531677246, -0.35340577363967896, 0.6710689067840576, 0.8015689253807068, 0.3978455066680908, -0.37298327684402466, -0.4415960907936096, 0.25304436683654785, -0.1446465104818344, -0.2751122713088989, -0.49067580699920654, 0.4087756872177124, -0.41169679164886475, 0.6300997734069824, 0.045798949897289276, -0.0936993882060051, 0.14645089209079742, -0.06581093370914459, 0.7315131425857544, -0.07406655699014664, -0.417032927274704, 0.19916611909866333, 0.2756899297237396, -0.8728455305099487, 0.4051741361618042, -0.10176730901002884, -0.2768387198448181, -0.22891399264335632, 1.093252420425415, -0.6498897671699524, -0.26441115140914917, 0.25406506657600403, 0.25352537631988525, -0.669285237789154, -0.23642267286777496, -0.790328323841095, 0.4917546510696411, 0.3442234396934509, 1.508568525314331, -0.12490489333868027, -0.5052874684333801, 0.48620858788490295, -0.23583486676216125, 0.0063668470829725266, 0.4247193932533264, -0.45485037565231323, 0.26361989974975586, -0.21177555620670319, -0.48591476678848267, 0.4705679416656494, -0.05447414144873619, -0.7596253752708435, -0.2905274033546448, -0.18452729284763336, -0.20157988369464874, -0.0740545466542244, -0.11007685959339142, -0.31914427876472473, -0.04207855090498924, 0.2562071979045868, -0.32717621326446533, -0.2047729790210724, -0.4672909677028656, 0.4279865026473999, 0.6478824615478516, -0.03064088150858879, 0.493450790643692, -0.13061794638633728, -0.07562519609928131, 0.5057405233383179, -0.7638083100318909, -0.019867386668920517, 0.6410122513771057, -0.044271521270275116, 0.3287300169467926, -0.2365935891866684, 0.33486732840538025, 0.011715501546859741, -0.32912787795066833, 0.04030328616499901, -0.11764270812273026, 0.23838403820991516, -0.8585876822471619, -0.6207592487335205, -0.006568663753569126, 0.007200165651738644, -0.06996458768844604, 0.09641928970813751, -0.058739736676216125, -0.05705191195011139, -0.05729749798774719, -0.7772345542907715, -0.18752475082874298, 0.90467369556427, 0.22130119800567627, -0.09575733542442322, -0.39608725905418396, 0.07435251027345657, 0.3573031723499298, -0.15542283654212952, 0.059913285076618195, -0.34182485938072205, -0.7014378309249878, -0.26213812828063965, 0.1405695676803589, 0.616394579410553, -0.5259315371513367, -0.41941267251968384, 0.1301865577697754, 0.40989330410957336, 0.33091476559638977, -0.3739772140979767, -0.21534311771392822, 0.5649532675743103, -0.546093761920929, 0.7512403130531311, -0.04958929866552353, 0.5698845386505127, 0.25514575839042664, 0.01711161993443966, -0.18419167399406433, 0.2692766487598419, -0.6510947346687317, -0.17527584731578827, -0.8383024334907532, -1.1442832946777344, 0.05417976528406143, 0.1501547247171402, -0.48577776551246643, 0.6908633708953857, -0.37713921070098877, 0.12824347615242004, 0.24649082124233246, 0.8648431301116943, 0.425072580575943, -0.12282024323940277, 0.4025207459926605, 0.3132742643356323, 0.26183250546455383, -0.5950610637664795, -0.7791004776954651, -0.5991377830505371, -0.018579034134745598, -0.10318548232316971, -0.4425266981124878, 0.39105555415153503, 0.11435973644256592, -0.04434801638126373, 0.9925898909568787, 0.23970741033554077, -0.9819161891937256, -0.12795987725257874, 0.07881088554859161, 0.2388804405927658, 0.5003487467765808, -0.6056599020957947, 0.6345957517623901, -0.18297451734542847, -0.30429601669311523, 0.408256471157074, 0.960433840751648, 0.15389622747898102, 0.13905352354049683, -0.11233088374137878, -0.26250189542770386, 0.38377267122268677, 0.13968053460121155, -0.1981302797794342, -0.5318542122840881, -0.17393802106380463, 0.044033482670784, -0.6459972262382507, -0.21637551486492157, -0.20065343379974365, 1.24797523021698, -0.3359512686729431, -0.05709218606352806, 0.276336669921875, 0.011389539577066898, -0.34963634610176086, 0.3009239137172699, -0.052848391234874725, -0.128731831908226, 0.07793807238340378, 0.1282680630683899, -0.022012021392583847, -0.19092725217342377, 0.05667496100068092, -0.38412851095199585, 0.02117822878062725, -0.5043794512748718, -0.18424437940120697, -0.47510436177253723, 0.21672315895557404, -0.22640928626060486, 0.5104001760482788, -0.034016918390989304, -0.25852084159851074, 0.46817511320114136, -0.6007394194602966, -1.0033128261566162, 0.14289060235023499, -0.5505577325820923, -0.3538331091403961, -0.6228826642036438, -0.9223091006278992, 0.2596568465232849, -0.30242905020713806, 0.03763928264379501, -0.20924805104732513, -0.270513117313385, 0.6174384951591492, 0.2226896584033966, -0.1976899355649948, 0.08750514686107635, 0.42776280641555786, -0.801106870174408, 0.5921029448509216, -0.3338633179664612, 0.16037675738334656, -0.9271455407142639, 0.5348044633865356, 0.5165544152259827, -0.3471938669681549, -0.16290567815303802, -0.20058688521385193, -0.012448119930922985, -0.03451128304004669, -0.45459961891174316, 0.394039511680603, 0.33402517437934875, 0.01661309227347374, 0.38286250829696655, -0.3463744819164276, -0.39639368653297424, -0.429055780172348, 0.4666460454463959, -0.8662648797035217, -0.38787221908569336, 0.07896516472101212, -0.3526168763637543, -0.21204058825969696, 0.8390166163444519, 0.26047536730766296, 0.17394205927848816, 0.45945072174072266, -0.19032955169677734, -0.10638602077960968, -0.8206841349601746, 0.6565958857536316, 0.13914236426353455, -0.3745344281196594, -0.4589686691761017, 0.5249674916267395, -0.43354174494743347, -0.3677034080028534, 0.09951674938201904, -0.04409358650445938, -0.1846420019865036, 0.29514944553375244, 0.18739816546440125, 0.5971348285675049, -0.37651196122169495, -0.06209954991936684, 0.03932256996631622, 0.6282164454460144, 0.3965650200843811, 0.44699224829673767, 0.07589878886938095, -0.5495849251747131, 0.6503338813781738, 0.030031565576791763, 0.23395921289920807, -0.5718294978141785, 0.6170832514762878, 0.48123660683631897, 0.7849652767181396, -0.23923653364181519, -0.5964403748512268, -0.18500013649463654, -0.6957487463951111, -1.1151431798934937, 1.2794636487960815, -0.10112252831459045, -0.6086571216583252, -0.6253041625022888, 0.16900500655174255, -0.03429536148905754, 0.1237335279583931, -0.2603208124637604, 0.569210946559906, -0.4241555333137512, -0.4537481367588043, 0.0011380263604223728, 0.32024329900741577, 0.5230621099472046, 0.4543001651763916, -0.0074181584641337395, -0.048720840364694595, -0.4221939146518707, -0.8414724469184875, 0.10673736780881882, 0.5098586082458496, -0.4337773025035858, 0.525248646736145, -0.07977674901485443, 0.17664749920368195, 0.04242132976651192, -0.2589317858219147, -0.22139927744865417, 0.8317870497703552, -0.43396875262260437, -0.1397765427827835, -0.0031287239398807287, -0.1377430558204651, 0.3406899869441986, 0.44002702832221985, 0.6926635503768921, 0.2073308825492859, 0.219377800822258, -0.5636770129203796, 0.7022619247436523, 0.11729954183101654, -0.02694639191031456, -0.4362220764160156, 0.859268844127655, 0.07254579663276672, 0.00791220460087061, -0.9920861124992371, 0.1560448408126831, -0.10485359281301498, 0.1702592968940735, -0.4201337397098541, -0.03749411925673485, -1.4151780605316162, -0.2732093334197998, 0.9526462554931641, 0.02752486988902092, -0.1966826468706131, -0.5548874139785767, 0.10453123599290848, -0.24733930826187134, 0.33766111731529236, -0.8649713397026062, -0.30318254232406616, 0.12526021897792816, -0.2610183358192444, -0.2650963366031647, 0.03394435718655586, 0.3407476842403412, 0.07159025222063065, -0.3713996410369873, -0.31573259830474854, 0.4462398290634155, -0.306989461183548, -0.37821102142333984, 0.047309938818216324, 0.09665719419717789, 0.3381047546863556, -0.5346158146858215, 0.4561333954334259, -0.08339906483888626, 0.02996709570288658, -0.401877760887146, 0.6922130584716797, 0.25786885619163513, -0.0730278417468071, -0.4789794981479645, 0.3600609302520752, 0.5204002261161804, -0.3185168206691742, -0.092454694211483, 0.19130991399288177, -1.0972638130187988, 0.5010181069374084, -0.37406039237976074, 0.046984266489744186, -0.09204431623220444, 0.21311607956886292, 0.6535729765892029 ]
249164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph	Cenotaph	A cenotaph is an empty tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the vast majority of cenotaphs honour individuals, many noted cenotaphs are instead dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire. History and etymology The English word "cenotaph" derives from the kenotaphion (κενός kenos, meaning "empty", and τάφος taphos, "tomb"—from θαπτω thapto, I bury). Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world. Many were built in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and across Northern Europe (in the shape of Neolithic barrows). The cenotaph in Whitehall, London—designed in 1919 by Sir Edwin Lutyens—influenced the design of many other war memorials in Britain and in the British sectors of the Western Front, as well as those in other Commonwealth nations. Lutyens' cenotaph was chosen as a deliberately secular monument. The Church of Santa Engrácia, in Lisbon, Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon in 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to Luís de Camões, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Afonso de Albuquerque, Nuno Álvares Pereira, Vasco da Gama and Henry the Navigator. The Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, contains a number of cenotaphs, including one for Dante Alighieri, who is buried in Ravenna. Regional Africa South Africa Durban has a striking and unusual cenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics. Port Elizabeth has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of St George's Park in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II. Zambia In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The Victoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by Prince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923. There is also a cenotaph in Lusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977. The Americas Argentina A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in Plaza San Martín, in downtown Buenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the Falklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers. Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the Argentine Military Cemetery in Darwin on the Falkland Islands, exists in Campo de Mayo, a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires. Bermuda A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in Hamilton, Bermuda (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925). Canada In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating the nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the National War Memorial (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in Ottawa; Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Victoria, St. John's, Halifax, and the Victory Square Cenotaph, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Falkland Islands In the Falkland Islands, there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in the Falklands War in 1982. The main memorial for Falkland Islanders is the 1982 Liberation Memorial, a cenotaph erected in Stanley in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches. Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June (Liberation Day) and on Remembrance Sunday, with wreaths being laid at the foot of the Memorial. United States In the United States, a cenotaph in Yale University's Hewitt Quad (or Beinecke Plaza) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial in Dallas is often described as a cenotaph. The Battle Monument in Baltimore, Maryland commemorates the Battle of Baltimore, the Battle of North Point on 12 September 1814, the Bombardment of Fort McHenry on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in Patterson Park). It has an Egyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architect Maximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government. A cenotaph for the defenders of the Battle of the Alamo (March 1836) stands in front of the Alamo mission chapel in San Antonio, Texas. The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated. Atop War Memorial Chapel at Virginia Tech, there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded the Medal of Honor. Maya Lin's Memorial Wall in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, inscribed with the names of the approximately 58 thousand service members who died in the Vietnam War, is one of the most visited monuments in Washington D.C. The United States Capitol was constructed with the intention that it house the tomb of George Washington and contains a crypt and burial chamber directly below its rotunda. Due to a disagreement between his family, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the federal government, his body was never moved there, making it a de facto cenotaph. Asia In Asia, the Cenotaph in Central District of Hong Kong Island, cenotaphs in Kuala Lumpur, George Town, Ipoh, Seremban and Jesselton in Malaysia, the Cenotaph in Singapore, the Cenotaph in Colombo and the stone Cenotaph in the new Allenby Square, Romema, Jerusalem–were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I. Various cenotaphs in Asia have also been erected to commemorate the dead from events outside conventional Western coverage. The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was designed by Kenzo Tange to commemorate the victims of the August 1945 atomic bomb attacks. The cenotaph at the 228 Peace Memorial Park in Taipei, Taiwan was erected as a memorial to the February 28 incident. In the Philippines, a cenotaph was erected inside the Manila North Cemetery in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the 11th World Scout Jamboree. Europe France In the Museum of Aquitaine, in Bordeaux, is the cenotaph of Michel de Montaigne, a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in 1593, a year after his death on the request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists. On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners, a witty mind ...". United Kingdom London A cenotaph in the UK that stands in Whitehall, London, was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I listed building. It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen by Lloyd George. It was intended to commemorate specifically the victims of the First World War, but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the First World War and the Second World War are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. Belfast The Cenotaph in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of Belfast City Hall and is set within a Garden of Remembrance. It is about high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual Northern Ireland memorial held on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day). The Middle East Jerusalem Ottoman-ruled Jerusalem surrendered to the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby during the Battle of Jerusalem in December 1917 during World War I. A cenotaph was erected in 1920 at the historical site of the surrender, later to be named Allenby Square. The inscription dedicates it to the fallen of the 60th London Division. Oceania Australia In Australia, Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many war memorials, but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include the Hobart Cenotaph and the Sydney Cenotaph. New Zealand Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at local war memorials as in Australia. Cenotaphs include the Dunedin Cenotaph, the Wellington Cenotaph and the Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph (a copy of the Whitehall Cenotaph). Cenotaphs for the missing Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the RMS Titanic whose bodies were not recovered after the sinking. Although Isidor Straus's body was recovered, Ida Straus's body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it." () The striking cenotaph of Major Archibald Butt, aide to U.S. President William Taft, is located at Arlington National Cemetery. In Inishmore, one of the Aran Islands of Ireland, drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known as leachtaí cuimhneacháin (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997. Chhatris In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of Hindu architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of Mughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, or the Taj Mahal, Agra, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The term chhatri, used for these canopylike structures, comes from Hindustani word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout the northwestern region of Rajasthan as well as in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan, chhatris are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. Chhatris in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of the chhatri is painted in the same manner as the Haveli. Art Cenotaphs have also been the subject of a number of illustrations including: The Cenotaph to Reynold's Memory (John Constable, c. 1833) Elevation for Newton's Cenotaph, Perspective (Etienne-Louis Boullée, c. 1785) The Cenotaph of Jean Jacques Rousseau (Hubert Robert, 1794) Digital and astronomical In the Internet age, virtual cenotaphs are common in the game World of Warcraft, as well as in The Elder Scrolls series games though modding add-ons. They have also been created in the augmented reality game Ingress in honour of the slain MIT police officer Sean Collier and in memory of the victims of the 1942 Struma disaster. On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory dedicated, in conjunction with radio station Studio Brussels, an asterism of seven stars in the vicinity of Mars which had been photographed at the exact time of David Bowie's death; when appropriately connected they form the iconic lightning bolt of Aladdin Sane. Gallery See also Cross of Sacrifice Epitaph Grave Memorialization Munstead Wood Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Stone of Remembrance Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Tropaeum Traiani War memorial Donkin Heritage Trail References Further reading The Secret of the Cenotaph by Andrew Crompton, 1999 Stilling the Pulse of Time by Bruce Cole, Wall Street Journal, 8 November 2013 External links The New London School explosion cenotaph Memorial Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph Royal British Legion article World War I memorials Acknowledgements of death	[ 0.5514867901802063, 0.853448212146759, -0.8495864272117615, -0.04372994229197502, 0.0315953828394413, 0.2640551030635834, 0.40358009934425354, 0.820599377155304, -0.5889962315559387, -0.3795372545719147, -0.9681252241134644, -0.624955952167511, -0.20145143568515778, 0.6464838981628418, -0.2370924949645996, 0.5649784207344055, 0.16704265773296356, 0.5804510712623596, -0.027119003236293793, 0.3555079400539398, 0.11001977324485779, -0.05556049570441246, -0.1883186548948288, -0.541347324848175, 0.5835661888122559, -0.0028267735615372658, 0.13998931646347046, -0.46010106801986694, -0.3929485082626343, 0.03532752767205238, -0.04495055601000786, 0.4244351089000702, 0.5820499658584595, -0.6340806484222412, -0.06363676488399506, -0.2655230164527893, -0.01335955411195755, -0.2105196863412857, -0.20530980825424194, -0.6947426795959473, 0.33602815866470337, -0.44798287749290466, 0.2633717954158783, 0.07649679481983185, -0.965128481388092, -0.21229594945907593, -1.1157146692276, 0.8754487633705139, -0.9251527190208435, 0.2010340690612793, -0.09055131673812866, -0.0807957872748375, 0.1275256872177124, 0.5767539739608765, -0.03477832302451134, 0.4675036370754242, -0.4519319534301758, -0.4432809352874756, 0.6849005818367004, -0.48724788427352905, 0.7165275812149048, 0.38554978370666504, 0.27268186211586, -0.0448545478284359, 0.46491897106170654, -0.24042581021785736, -0.22070273756980896, 0.6558786630630493, -0.4566941261291504, -0.36374738812446594, -0.47748857736587524, -0.4959486424922943, 0.25541460514068604, 0.06639041751623154, -0.7117317914962769, 0.08660246431827545, 0.3604498505592346, -0.37761375308036804, -0.18655025959014893, -0.18075354397296906, -0.5902124047279358, 0.0632014274597168, 0.1054181456565857, 0.37970656156539917, 0.41144660115242004, -0.012287653982639313, -0.8512699007987976, 0.11806543916463852, -0.5516858100891113, 0.4285581707954407, 0.08705674856901169, 0.022007713094353676, 0.25788575410842896, 0.06071660667657852, -0.09767094254493713, 0.4369907081127167, 0.24911616742610931, 0.017903951928019524, 0.15251193940639496, -0.16226902604103088, 0.2911455035209656, -0.28302615880966187, 0.052863553166389465, -0.556544303894043, 0.20728427171707153, -0.6741122603416443, 0.10985927283763885, -0.034095801413059235, 0.615297794342041, -0.7888123989105225, 0.15361207723617554, -0.08572342246770859, -0.20281407237052917, 0.24858395755290985, -0.2707251012325287, -0.09082386642694473, 0.7077890634536743, 0.20215663313865662, -0.2113085389137268, -0.27611464262008667, -0.21844720840454102, 0.17596547305583954, 0.285674124956131, -0.6431525945663452, -0.2943432331085205, 0.24702663719654083, 0.369299054145813, 0.9241153597831726, -1.1277107000350952, 0.29346519708633423, 0.23035572469234467, 0.48552465438842773, -0.10718204081058502, -0.06971816718578339, 0.10384435951709747, -0.4888005256652832, -0.07309222221374512, -0.2380121648311615, 0.964399516582489, 0.42217686772346497, -0.6181976199150085, -0.4639369249343872, -0.568958580493927, 0.013428736478090286, 0.310271292924881, -0.02909194678068161, -0.014689555391669273, -0.24699667096138, -0.40441659092903137, 0.14163188636302948, -0.04331434890627861, -0.4803537428379059, 0.12874896824359894, -0.021275844424962997, -0.1287907361984253, 0.24911697208881378, 0.43283596634864807, -0.38917291164398193, -0.16118161380290985, 0.46814271807670593, 0.056912973523139954, 0.3389587998390198, 0.04072655364871025, -0.37224090099334717, 0.300272673368454, 0.1575324535369873, 0.21151196956634521, 0.27631446719169617, -0.1839006245136261, 0.1551022082567215, -0.15741543471813202, 0.09137933701276779, 0.4550045430660248, -0.024783508852124214, -0.43681100010871887, 0.1620713770389557, 0.8759902119636536, -0.2693483233451843, 0.5772914290428162, 0.104519784450531, -0.7349354028701782, 0.06993662565946579, 0.09556248039007187, 0.00931091420352459, 0.6454541683197021, -0.3064563572406769, 0.1640736162662506, -0.10970364511013031, -0.2238709181547165, -0.06704023480415344, -0.8792783617973328, -0.23411189019680023, -0.42101240158081055, -0.20370663702487946, 0.9005650877952576, -0.2784876823425293, -0.2868497371673584, 0.557489812374115, -0.056647710502147675, 0.42025983333587646, -0.22782674431800842, 0.39408886432647705, 0.48058485984802246, -0.526424765586853, -0.5257846713066101, 0.9852824211120605, 0.424375057220459, 0.4741632640361786, 0.17896735668182373, -0.4345678687095642, 0.9198337197303772, -0.5246000289916992, 0.710774838924408, 0.1762799322605133, 0.0275376345962286, 0.4172285497188568, -0.05774524435400963, -0.2764052152633667, -0.3307653069496155, -0.566454291343689, 0.496107816696167, 0.16109135746955872, -0.11684345453977585, 0.09984394907951355, -0.39592012763023376, 0.5708858966827393, -0.5053142309188843, -0.250137597322464, 0.38240325450897217, -0.9106400012969971, -0.13744594156742096, 0.21067704260349274, 0.415327787399292, 0.08404140174388885, -0.5636931657791138, 0.36391469836235046, 0.43687674403190613, -0.4545990228652954, -0.017970357090234756, 0.3528115749359131, -0.6371771097183228, 0.09013120085000992, 0.14636190235614777, -0.15315593779087067, 0.4613212049007416, 0.11924270540475845, 0.14541152119636536, 0.3458232879638672, -0.15914347767829895, 0.20184385776519775, 0.08802823722362518, 0.3443334698677063, 0.36502712965011597, -0.21593086421489716, 0.6102936267852783, -0.20599299669265747, 0.35461193323135376, 0.08442656695842743, -0.6023034453392029, -0.3774341344833374, -0.8152909874916077, 0.05635322257876396, 0.060207560658454895, 0.26778820157051086, 0.021164879202842712, -0.27851349115371704, 0.13131305575370789, 0.043396543711423874, 0.28222566843032837, 0.5901866555213928, 0.4554503560066223, 0.04023420065641403, -0.5002270936965942, -0.3074120879173279, -0.3547990918159485, 0.06968189775943756, -0.12749198079109192, 0.15271778404712677, -0.14686107635498047, -0.3741231858730316, 0.16931134462356567, 0.382734477519989, 0.11361247301101685, -0.6907566785812378, -0.15822045505046844, 0.34035253524780273, 0.46111559867858887, -0.20567244291305542, -0.03342413157224655, 0.16553443670272827, -0.5670689940452576, 0.19330139458179474, 0.5118525624275208, 0.2953546941280365, 0.5597345232963562, 0.4737100303173065, -0.23125985264778137, -0.42411932349205017, 0.2809993326663971, 0.22173641622066498, -0.8055889010429382, 0.35733741521835327, -0.6165152192115784, -0.06350543349981308, 0.39892005920410156, 0.41031789779663086, 0.1502816081047058, 0.06775464117527008, -5.423192024230957, 0.4739486873149872, -0.12518110871315002, -0.5161254405975342, 0.3696458637714386, 0.9931766986846924, 0.6715694665908813, -0.07948911935091019, -0.9097620844841003, -0.4787865877151489, 0.32904642820358276, -0.157486692070961, 0.7527547478675842, 0.5897111296653748, 0.7730963826179504, -0.09248320013284683, -0.05713590979576111, 0.6868666410446167, -0.4800899922847748, -0.26611921191215515, -0.05494540184736252, 0.0005227269721217453, 0.29821300506591797, 0.4176119863986969, 0.13154788315296173, 0.15078677237033844, -0.6739217638969421, 0.7997716069221497, -0.18275149166584015, 0.11429235339164734, 0.9377681612968445, 0.4390028119087219, 0.10526777058839798, -0.10182078182697296, -0.7729555368423462, 0.6532058119773865, 0.1762540340423584, -0.09662855416536331, -0.2150859385728836, -0.07788708806037903, -0.4800426959991455, 0.12795871496200562, -0.04483528807759285, -0.030262835323810577, 0.24328747391700745, -0.8385422229766846, -0.035827286541461945, -0.41900551319122314, 0.02565925568342209, 0.16893675923347473, -0.24274036288261414, 0.6406125426292419, 0.5102919936180115, -0.42244139313697815, -0.2491617202758789, 0.257455438375473, -0.002157149836421013, -0.09843789041042328, -0.8706795573234558, -0.45985811948776245, 0.2881726324558258, -0.10418812930583954, 0.29752981662750244, -0.19191434979438782, 0.42842602729797363, -0.6089076995849609, -0.880508542060852, 0.08330758661031723, 0.6672822833061218, 0.2264290750026703, -0.4230206310749054, 0.8041250109672546, -0.3528275489807129, -1.0820844173431396, 0.254370778799057, -0.7217273712158203, -0.14437375962734222, -0.3965374827384949, -0.25184524059295654, -0.5221573114395142, -0.25307461619377136, 0.5185334086418152, -0.3858431577682495, 0.030684253200888634, 0.12182006239891052, 0.3094478249549866, 0.028827808797359467, -0.021785547956824303, -0.36840006709098816, -0.5423369407653809, 0.47432687878608704, -0.18851400911808014, -0.14612174034118652, 0.09316860884428024, 0.04985668137669563, 0.40270331501960754, 0.27620723843574524, -0.4972063899040222, 0.7008399367332458, 0.3905385434627533, 0.3350360691547394, -0.23809649050235748, 0.1523105353116989, -0.02888222597539425, -0.28888171911239624, -0.4519898295402527, -0.744303286075592, 0.7941765785217285, 0.09597161412239075, 0.46454766392707825, 0.1587418019771576, 0.49373459815979004, 0.13913947343826294, -0.8450705409049988, -0.24211296439170837, -0.05451059713959694, 0.2257445603609085, 0.016113145276904106, 0.39484333992004395, -0.2894449532032013, 0.890235960483551, 0.5270909667015076, -0.08220236003398895, 0.05207911878824234, 0.06221504881978035, -0.2430342584848404, 0.1318894475698471, -0.3678629696369171, 0.2655183970928192, -0.6448208689689636, 0.7170227766036987, 0.6155285835266113, 0.026082921773195267, 0.04034818708896637, 0.3629007935523987, -0.6989513635635376, -0.19359104335308075, -0.19040316343307495, -0.3421880006790161, -0.13254141807556152, 0.3103334307670593, -1.016455888748169, -0.5064999461174011, 0.2454640418291092, 0.8591125011444092, 0.1889737844467163, -0.45328620076179504, 0.06690893322229385, 0.2315872311592102, 0.6359730958938599, -0.9566751718521118, -0.2341039627790451, 0.3682807385921478, -0.8261305093765259, 0.4565756022930145, -0.20262335240840912, 0.28344935178756714, 0.3266056478023529, -0.6371219158172607, -0.6822686791419983, -0.4888427257537842, -0.19838495552539825, -1.1172057390213013, -0.2771379351615906, -0.6547688245773315, -0.5312630534172058, -0.5395896434783936, -0.02602277882397175, -0.2984168827533722, 0.848961591720581, -0.04780880734324455, -0.4438652992248535, -0.06381085515022278, -0.31431564688682556, 0.26006704568862915, 0.3745501935482025, 0.1558661311864853, 0.7097241878509521, 0.2284555733203888, -0.532654345035553, -0.3308313488960266, 0.20578251779079437, 0.2548983693122864, 0.34754133224487305, 0.3632020056247711, 0.27219364047050476, -0.31467053294181824, 0.49390047788619995, -0.5760001540184021, -0.47042974829673767, -0.1159418597817421, -0.7313828468322754, 0.039352525025606155, 0.28889000415802, -0.022034654393792152, -0.48076561093330383, 0.10595232248306274, 0.025502584874629974, 0.044577520340681076, 0.07308108359575272, 0.562703549861908, 0.08936979621648788, -0.8609253764152527, 0.46270862221717834, 0.21607010066509247, -0.7640990018844604, 0.47071897983551025, -0.3704994320869446, -0.185924232006073, 0.818593442440033, -0.20588190853595734, -0.062409546226263046, 0.07919273525476456, 0.6567659974098206, 0.1426152139902115, 0.03878570348024368, 0.012913602404296398, -0.32422757148742676, 0.1834353357553482, -0.6585519313812256, 0.4470084309577942, -0.02218160405755043, 0.09672567993402481, 0.5049971342086792, -0.4180024564266205, 0.7688982486724854, -0.11936167627573013, -0.871965229511261, 0.5879485011100769, -0.3223757743835449, -0.04612769931554794, 0.12366713583469391, -0.17841507494449615, -0.6481817364692688, -0.1881868541240692, -0.6175214648246765, 0.24049223959445953, -0.4879626929759979, -0.6388587951660156, 0.12704487144947052, 0.203834667801857, 0.5756512880325317, 0.559662938117981, -0.5195351839065552, -0.5100715160369873, 0.0030408662278205156, -0.16384561359882355, -0.5221816301345825, -0.29178714752197266, 0.5193396806716919, -0.0820353627204895, -0.45110273361206055, -0.6450583934783936, -0.5100246667861938, 0.005148848053067923, 0.3276488482952118, -0.248780757188797, -0.16210202872753143, 0.2864595353603363, 0.45893388986587524, 0.577664315700531, -0.5169499516487122, 0.05638710409402847, -0.1272587776184082, 0.15420161187648773, -0.638184666633606, 0.3119560182094574, 0.6572309732437134, 0.2763408422470093, -0.8330789804458618, -0.43377485871315, 0.5525718331336975, 0.9698815941810608, 0.05281057581305504, 0.4541192054748535, -0.39222651720046997, 0.1227174624800682, -0.6916505694389343, -0.03253708779811859, 0.057240743190050125, -0.06374752521514893, -0.2713823616504669, 0.02160564251244068, -0.06304670870304108, 0.4166741669178009, -0.8205012679100037, 0.13450956344604492, 0.10643839091062546, -0.7116410732269287, -0.2801666259765625, -1.3172831535339355, 0.305404931306839, 0.10671593993902206, 0.7305301427841187, -0.033136844635009766, 0.42311614751815796, -0.5284406542778015, 0.7623007297515869, 0.04586145281791687, 0.2695915102958679, -1.1166355609893799, 0.6167327165603638, -0.11570128798484802, -0.9815723299980164, 0.45836421847343445, -0.23307469487190247, -0.14778319001197815, -0.11712273955345154, 0.243187814950943, -0.10276687890291214, 0.28807729482650757, -0.250343918800354, 0.5321721434593201, 0.5154008269309998, 0.1335829496383667, -0.505476713180542, -0.01713077910244465, -0.5796196460723877, 0.10868371278047562, 0.2459598034620285, -0.22877681255340576, -0.18654178082942963, 0.7523507475852966, -0.02419177070260048, 0.3602471947669983, 0.16518841683864594, 0.13367444276809692, -0.48228374123573303, -0.10200484097003937, 0.09539160877466202, 0.6366686224937439, 0.5319052338600159, 0.01988801918923855, 0.07762990891933441, -0.0071494788862764835, -0.41561153531074524, -0.00460197264328599, -0.24382969737052917, -0.15362802147865295, 1.0340697765350342, -0.15086933970451355, 0.006107770837843418, -0.12473384290933609, 0.34854111075401306, -0.26954513788223267, 0.2626495659351349, 0.13739420473575592, 0.1732935905456543, 0.22220584750175476, 0.2987823784351349, 0.3332643508911133, 0.40805599093437195, 0.08858059346675873, 0.12044093757867813, 0.30154547095298767, -0.22691413760185242, 0.40608707070350647, 0.2617782950401306, -0.18911834061145782, -0.15886586904525757, 0.02578304521739483, 0.49821707606315613, 0.24230855703353882, 0.043846774846315384, 0.275694876909256, -0.1689346581697464, -0.20108872652053833, -0.4030643403530121, -0.07322163879871368, 0.1437549591064453, 0.608206033706665, 0.5308734774589539, -0.6087855100631714, 0.4739679992198944, 0.4479040801525116, -0.4713069498538971, 0.29927152395248413, 0.6974974870681763, -0.12633444368839264, -0.5875883102416992, -0.18957418203353882, -0.16474415361881256, -0.17459745705127716, -0.939862072467804, 0.13259176909923553, -0.0719337910413742, 0.21230892837047577, 0.3510854244232178, 0.06362058222293854, 0.12194216251373291, 0.3524784743785858, 0.1486268937587738, 0.19649738073349, -0.4591476023197174, -0.040110401809215546, 0.0998295247554779, 0.3833571672439575, 0.6466514468193054, -0.34324339032173157, -0.05035625770688057, -0.1774575263261795, 0.4223061203956604, 0.001276180730201304, -0.1638043224811554, -0.5105060338973999, 0.15897908806800842, 0.408759742975235, 0.0941580981016159, -0.33358442783355713, 0.2771828770637512, 0.14904353022575378, -0.6179559230804443, -0.2600609362125397, 0.25571268796920776, -0.48734211921691895, -0.6381913423538208, -0.19428038597106934, -0.00017530440527480096, 0.1422656625509262, -0.5247300267219543, 0.9662056565284729, -0.15066878497600555, 0.4781217575073242, 0.23659874498844147, -0.8221684694290161, -0.7719863057136536, 0.8263424634933472, -0.40694764256477356, 0.34007009863853455, 0.17402777075767517, -0.18328294157981873, 0.2055564671754837, -0.5201638340950012, 0.022781483829021454, -0.39693087339401245, 0.03414130210876465, 0.3421092629432678, 0.12999507784843445, -0.0557238943874836, -0.6176497936248779, 0.1742887645959854, -0.42232298851013184, -0.25182321667671204, -0.4631537199020386, -1.0050593614578247, 0.21095141768455505, -0.1910957396030426, -0.05255427211523056, -0.7810859084129333, 0.3130512535572052, 0.7356403470039368, 0.1854461133480072, 0.6166924238204956, -0.20325054228305817, 0.16100162267684937, -0.3080131709575653, 0.15614445507526398, -0.24359233677387238, -0.09848128259181976, 0.905422568321228 ]
249167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Vandross	Luther Vandross	Luther Ronzoni Vandross Jr. (April 20, 1951 – July 1, 2005) was an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is noted for his sweet and soulful vocals. Throughout his career, Vandross was an in-demand background vocalist for several artists, including Todd Rundgren, Judy Collins, Chaka Khan, Bette Midler, Diana Ross, David Bowie, Ben E. King, Stevie Wonder, and Donna Summer. He later became a lead singer of the group Change, which released its Gold-certified debut album, The Glow of Love, in 1980 on Warner/RFC Records. After Vandross left the group, he was signed to Epic Records as a solo artist and released his debut solo album, Never Too Much, in 1981. His hit songs include "Never Too Much", "Here and Now", "Any Love", "Power of Love/Love Power", "I Can Make It Better" and "For You to Love". Many of his songs were covers of original music by other artists such as "If This World Were Mine" (duet with Cheryl Lynn), "Since I Lost My Baby", "Superstar", "I (Who Have Nothing)" and "Always and Forever". Duets such as "The Closer I Get to You" with Beyoncé, "Endless Love" with Mariah Carey and "The Best Things in Life Are Free" with Janet Jackson were all hit songs in his career. During his career, Vandross sold over 40 million records worldwide, having eleven consecutive Platinum albums a record achieved by a R&B artist at the time and received eight Grammy Awards including Best Male R&B Vocal Performance four different times. He won a total of four Grammy Awards in 2004 including the Grammy Award for Song of the Year for a song recorded not long before his death, "Dance with My Father". Early life Luther Ronzoni Vandross, Jr. was born on April 20, 1951, at Bellevue Hospital, in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. He was the fourth child and second son of Mary Ida Vandross and Luther Vandross, Sr. His father was an upholsterer and singer, and his mother was a nurse. Vandross was raised in Manhattan's Lower East Side in the NYCHA Alfred E. Smith Houses public housing development. At the age of three, having his own phonograph, Vandross taught himself to play the piano by ear. Vandross' father died of diabetes when Vandross was eight years old. In 2003, Vandross wrote the song "Dance with My Father" and dedicated it to him; the title was based on his childhood memories and his mother's recollections of the family singing and dancing in the house. His family moved to the Bronx when he was nine. His sisters, Patricia "Pat" and Ann, began taking Vandross to the Apollo Theater and to a theater in Brooklyn to see Dionne Warwick and Aretha Franklin. Patricia sang with the vocal group The Crests and was featured on the songs "My Juanita" and "Sweetest One". Vandross graduated from William Howard Taft High School in the Bronx in 1969, and attended Western Michigan University for a year before dropping out to continue pursuing a career in music. Career While in high school, Vandross founded the first Patti LaBelle fan club, of which he was president. He also performed in a group, Shades of Jade, that once played at the Apollo Theater. During his early years in show business, he appeared several times at the Apollo's famous amateur night. While he was a member of a theater workshop, Listen My Brother, he was involved in the singles "Only Love Can Make a Better World" and "Listen My Brother". The group performed in front of tens of thousands at the Harlem Cultural Festival in late August 1969. Directly afterward, he appeared with the group in the pilot episode and other episodes of the first season of Sesame Street during 1969–1970. 1970s: Back-up vocalist and first groups Vandross added backing vocals to Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway in 1972, and worked on Delores Hall's Hall-Mark album (1973). He sang with her on the song "Who's Gonna Make It Easier for Me", which he wrote, and he contributed another song, "In This Lonely Hour". After his song "Funky Music (Is a Part of Me)" was re-written as "Fascination" with David Bowie for the latter's Young Americans (1975) album, Vandross went on to tour with him as a back-up vocalist in September 1974. Vandross wrote "Everybody Rejoice/ A Brand new Day" for the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz. Vandross also sang backing vocals for artists, including Roberta Flack, Chaka Khan, Ben E. King, Bette Midler, Diana Ross, Carly Simon, Barbra Streisand, David Bowie, Cat Stevens, Gary Glitter, Ringo Starr, Sister Sledge, and Donna Summer, and for the bands Mandrill, Chic and Todd Rundgren's Utopia. Before his solo breakthrough, Vandross was part of a singing quintet named Luther in the late 1970s. The quintet consisted of former Shades of Jade members Anthony Hinton and Diane Sumler, as well as Theresa V. Reed, and Christine Wiltshire, signed to Cotillion Records. Although the singles "It's Good for the Soul", "Funky Music (Is a Part of Me)", and "The Second Time Around" were relatively successful, their two albums, the self-titled Luther (1976) and This Close to You (1977), which Vandross produced, did not sell enough to make the charts. Vandross bought back the rights to those albums after Cotillion dropped the group, preventing them from being re-released. Vandross also wrote and sang commercial jingles from 1977 until the early 1980s, for companies including NBC, Mountain Dew, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Burger King, and Juicy Fruit. He continued his successful career as a popular session singer during the late 1970s. His aforementioned song "Everybody Rejoice", sometimes called "A Brand New Day", was used in a Kodak commercial during the mid-1970s. In 1978, Vandross sang lead vocals for Gregg Diamond's disco band, Bionic Boogie, on the song titled "Hot Butterfly". Also in 1978, he appeared on Quincy Jones's Sounds...and Stuff Like That!!, most notably on the song "I'm Gonna Miss You in the Morning" along with Patti Austin. Vandross also sang with the band Soirée and was the lead vocalist on the track "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"; he also contributed background vocals to the album along with Jocelyn Brown and Sharon Redd, each of whom also saw solo success. Additionally, he sang the lead vocals on the group Mascara's LP title song "See You in L.A." released in 1979. Vandross also appeared on the group Charme's 1979 album Let It In. 1980s: Change and solo breakthrough Vandross made his career breakthrough as a featured singer with the vaunted pop-dance act Change, a studio concept created by French-Italian businessman Jacques Fred Petrus. Their 1980 hits, "The Glow of Love" (by Romani, Malavasi and Garfield) and "Searching" (by Malavasi), featured Vandross as the lead singer. In a 2001 interview with Vibe, Vandross said "The Glow of Love" was "the most beautiful song I've ever sung in my life." Both songs were from Change's debut album, The Glow of Love. Vandross was originally intended to perform on their second and highly successful album Miracles in 1981, but declined the offer as Petrus didn't pay enough money. Vandross' decision led to a recording contract with Epic Records that same year, but he also provided background vocals on "Miracles" and on the new Petrus-created act, the B. B. & Q. Band in 1981. During that hectic year Vandross jump-started his second attempt at a solo career with his debut album, Never Too Much. In addition to the hit title track it contained a version of the Bacharach & David song "A House Is Not a Home". The song "Never Too Much", written by him, reached number-one on the R&B charts. This period also marked the beginning of songwriting collaboration with bassist Marcus Miller, who played on many of the tracks and would also produce or co-produce a number of tracks for Vandross. The Never Too Much album was arranged by Vandross's high school classmate, Nat Adderley, Jr., a collaboration that would last through Vandross's career. Vandross released a series of successful R&B albums during the 1980s and continued his session work with guest vocals on groups like Charme in 1982. Many of his earlier albums made a bigger impact on the R&B charts than on the pop charts. During the 1980s, two of Vandross' singles reached No. 1 on the Billboard R&B charts: "Stop to Love", in 1986, and a duet with Gregory Hines—"There's Nothing Better Than Love." Vandross was at the helm as producer for Aretha Franklin's Gold-certified, award-winning comeback album Jump to It. He also produced the follow-up album, 1983's Get It Right. In 1983, the opportunity to work with his main musical influence, Dionne Warwick, came about with Vandross producing, writing songs, and singing on How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye, her fourth album for Arista Records. The title track duet reached No. 27 on the Hot 100 chart (#7 R&B/#4 Adult Contemporary), while the second single, "Got a Date" was a moderate hit (#45 R&B/#15 Club Play). Vandross wrote and produced "It's Hard for Me to Say" for Diana Ross from her Red Hot Rhythm & Blues album. Ross performed the song as an a cappella tribute to Oprah Winfrey on her final season of The Oprah Winfrey Show. She then proceeded to add it to her successful 2010–12 "More Today Than Yesterday: The Greatest Hits Tour. Vandross also recorded a version of this song on his Your Secret Love album in 1996. In 1985, Vandross first spotted the talent of Jimmy Salvemini, who was 15 at the time, on Star Search. He thought Salvemini had the perfect voice for some of his songs, and contacted him. He was managed by his brother, Larry Salvemini. A contract was negotiated with Elektra Records for $250,000 and Vandross agreed to produce the album. He contacted his old friends – Cheryl Lynn, Alfa Anderson (Chic), Phoebe Snow and Irene Cara – to appear on the record. Jimmy Salvemini's album, Roll It, was released in 1986. Vandross also sang the ad-libs and background vocals, along with Syreeta Wright and Philip Bailey, in Stevie Wonder's 1985 hit "Part-Time Lover". In 1984, he voiced a cartoon character named Zack for ABC's Zack of All Trades, a three Saturday morning animated PSA spots. The 1989 compilation album The Best of Luther Vandross... The Best of Love included the ballad "Here and Now", his first single to chart in the Billboard pop chart top ten, peaking at number six. 1990s In 1990, Vandross wrote, produced and sang background for Whitney Houston in a song entitled "Who Do You Love" which appeared on her album I'm Your Baby Tonight. That year, he guest starred on the television sitcom 227. More albums followed in the 1990s, beginning with 1991's Power of Love which spawned two top ten pop hits. He won his first Grammy award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 1991. He won his second Best Male R&B Vocal in the Grammy Awards of 1992, and his track "Power of Love/Love Power" won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song in the same year. In 1992, "The Best Things in Life Are Free", a duet with Janet Jackson from the movie Mo' Money became a hit. In 1993, he had a brief non-speaking role in the Robert Townsend movie The Meteor Man. He played a hit man who plotted to stop Townsend's title character. Vandross hit the top ten again in 1994, teaming with Mariah Carey on a cover version of Lionel Richie and Diana Ross's duet "Endless Love". It was included on the album Songs, a collection of songs which had inspired Vandross over the years. He also appears on "The Lady Is a Tramp" released on Frank Sinatra's Duets album. At the Grammy Awards of 1997, he won his third Best Male R&B Vocal for the track "Your Secret Love". A second greatest hits album, released in 1997, compiled most of his 1990s hits and was his final album released through Epic Records. After releasing I Know on Virgin Records, he signed with J Records. His first album on Clive Davis's new label, entitled Luther Vandross, was released in 2001, and it produced the hits "Take You Out" (#7 R&B/#26 Pop), and "I'd Rather" (#17 Adult Contemporary/#40 R&B/#83 Pop). Vandross scored at least one top 10 R&B hit every year from 1981 to 1994. In 1997, Vandross sang the American national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", during Super Bowl XXXI at the Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2000s He made two public appearances at Diana Ross's Return to Love Tour: at its opening in Philadelphia at First Union Spectrum and its final stop at Madison Square Garden on July 6, 2000. In September 2001, Vandross performed a rendition of Michael Jackson's hit song "Man in the Mirror" at Jackson's 30th Anniversary special, alongside Usher and 98 Degrees. In the spring of 2003, Vandross' last collaboration was Doc Powell's song "What's Going On", a cover of Marvin Gaye's seminal 1971 original, from Powell's album 97th and Columbus. In 2003, Vandross released the album Dance with My Father. It sold 442,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart. The title track of the same name, which was dedicated to Vandross' childhood memories of dancing with his father, won Vandross and his co-writer, Richard Marx, the 2004 Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The song also won Vandross his fourth and final award in the Best Male R&B Vocal Performance category. The album was his only career No. 1 on the Billboard album chart. The video for the title track features various celebrities alongside their fathers and other family members. The second single released from the album, "Think About You", was the number one Urban Adult Contemporary Song of 2004 according to Radio & Records. In 2003, after the televised NCAA Men's Basketball championship, CBS Sports gave "One Shining Moment" a new look. Vandross, who had been to only one basketball game in his life, was the new singer, and the video had none of the special effects, like glowing basketballs and star trails, that videos from previous years had. This song version is in use today. Posthumous releases J Records released a song in 2006, "Shine"—an upbeat R&B track that samples Chic's disco song "My Forbidden Lover"—which reached No. 31 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song was originally slated to be released on the soundtrack to the movie, The Fighting Temptations, but it was shelved. A later remix of the song peaked at No. 10 on the Club Play chart. "Shine" and a track titled "Got You Home" were previously unreleased songs on The Ultimate Luther Vandross (2006), a greatest hits album on Epic Records/J Records/Legacy Recordings that was released August 22, 2006. On October 16, 2007, Epic Records/J Records/Legacy Recordings released a 4-disc boxed set titled Love, Luther. It features nearly all of Vandross's R&B and pop hits throughout his career, as well as unreleased live tracks, alternate versions, and outtakes from sessions that Vandross recorded. The set also includes "There's Only You", a version of which had originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 1987 film Made in Heaven. In October 2015, Sony Music released a re-configured edition of its The Essential Luther Vandross compilation containing three unreleased songs: "Love It, Love It" (which made its premiere a year prior on the UK compilation The Greatest Hits), a live recording of "Bridge Over Troubled Water" with Paul Simon and Jennifer Holliday, and a cover of Astrud Gilberto's "Look to the Rainbow." Personal life Sexual orientation Vandross was never married and had no children. His mother outlived all of her four children, and his three older siblings all predeceased him due to diabetes and asthma. Vandross' sexual orientation was a subject of media speculation. Jason King, writing in Vandross' obituary in The Village Voice, said: "Though he never came out as gay or bisexual, you had to be wearing blinders." According to Gene Davis, a television producer who worked with Vandross, "Everybody in the business knew that Luther was gay". In 2006, Bruce Vilanch, a friend and colleague of Vandross, told Out magazine, "He said to me, 'No one knows I'm in the life.' ... He had very few sexual contacts". According to Vilanch, Vandross experienced his longest romantic relationship with a man while living in Los Angeles during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In December 2017, 12 years after his death, Vandross's friend Patti LaBelle confirmed that he was gay. In addition, Vandross was well aware that officially coming out as gay while he was actively making music would have been detrimental to the trajectory of his career, given the majority of his target audience was women seeking some mode of emotional engagement from his words. LaBelle shared that "[Vandross] had a lot of lady fans" and "he just didn't want to upset the world". In December 1985, Vandross filed a libel suit against a British magazine after it attributed his 85-pound weight loss to AIDS. He weighed when he started a diet in May of that year. 1986 car accident After signing Jimmy Salvemini and having completed his debut album, Roll It, Vandross, Salvemini, and Salvemini's brother and manager Larry, decided to celebrate. On January 12, 1986, they were riding in Vandross's 1985 convertible Mercedes-Benz on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, in the north section of Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. Vandross was driving at 40 mph (64 km/h) in a 35 mph (56 km/h) zone when his Mercedes veered across the double yellow center line of the two lane street, turned sideways and collided with the front of a 1972 Mercury Marquis that was headed southbound, then swung around and hit a 1979 Cadillac Seville head on. Vandross and Jimmy Salvemini were rushed to the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Larry, who was in the passenger seat, was killed during the collision. Vandross suffered three broken ribs, a broken hip, several bruises and facial cuts. Jimmy, who was in the back of the car, had cuts, bruises and contusions. Vandross faced vehicular manslaughter charges as a result of Larry's death, and his driving license was suspended for a year. There was no evidence that Vandross was under the influence of alcohol or other drugs; he pleaded no contest to reckless driving. At first, the Salvemini family was supportive of Vandross, but later filed a wrongful death suit against him. The case was settled out of court with a payment to the Salvemini family for about $630,000. Roll It was released later that year. Illness and death Vandross had diabetes and hypertension. On April 16, 2003, he had a severe stroke at his home in New York City and was in a coma for nearly two months. The stroke affected his ability to speak and sing and required him to use a wheelchair. At the 2004 Grammy Awards, Vandross appeared in a pre-taped video segment to accept his Song of the Year Award for "Dance with My Father", saying, "When I say goodbye it's never for long, because I believe in the power of love (Vandross sang the last six words). His mother, Mary, accepted the award in person on his behalf. His last public appearance was on May 6, 2004, on The Oprah Winfrey Show. Vandross died on July 1, 2005, at the JFK Medical Center in Edison, New Jersey, at the age of 54 due to a heart attack. Vandross's funeral was held at Riverside Church in New York City on July 8, 2005. Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle, Stevie Wonder, Dionne Warwick and Cissy Houston were among the speakers and singers at the funeral service. Vandross was entombed at the George Washington Memorial Park in Paramus, New Jersey. His mother, Mary Ida Vandross, died in 2008. Artistry and legacy Possessing a tenor vocal range, Vandross was commonly referred to as "The Velvet Voice" in reference to his vocal talent, and was sometimes called "The Best Voice of a Generation". He was also regarded as the "Pavarotti of Pop" by many critics. Vandross has been cited as an inspiration on a number of other artists, including 112, Boyz II Men, D'Angelo, Hootie & the Blowfish, Jaheim, John Legend, Mint Condition, Ne-Yo, Ruben Studdard, and Usher. Stokley Williams, the lead singer of Mint Condition, has said that he has "studied Luther for such a long time because he was the epitome of perfect tone." On his influence, John Legend has said, "All us people making slow jams now, we was inspired by the slow jams Luther Vandross was making." In 2008, Vandross was ranked No. 54 on Rolling Stone magazine's List of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Mariah Carey stated in several interviews that standing next to Vandross while recording their duet "Endless Love" was intimidating. In 2010, NPR included Vandross in its 50 Greatest Voices in recorded history, saying Vandross represents "the platinum standard for R&B song stylings." The announcement was made on NPR's All Things Considered on November 29, 2010. Tribute In 1999, Whitney Houston sang Vandross's "So Amazing" as a tribute to Vandross as he sat in the audience during the Soul Train Awards. Johnny Gill, El DeBarge, and Kenny Lattimore provided background vocals. On July 27, 2004, GRP Records released a smooth jazz various artists tribute album, Forever, for Always, for Luther, including ten popular songs written by Vandross. The album featured vocal arrangements by Luther, and was produced by Rex Rideout and Bud Harner. Rideout had co-authored songs, contributed arrangements and played keyboards on Vandross's final three albums. The tribute album was mixed by Ray Bardani, who recorded and mixed most of Luther's music over the years. It featured an ensemble of smooth jazz performers, many of whom had previously worked with Vandross. On September 20, 2005, the album So Amazing: An All-Star Tribute to Luther Vandross was released. The album is a collection of some of his songs performed by various artists, including Stevie Wonder, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Fantasia, Beyoncé, Donna Summer, Alicia Keys, Elton John, Celine Dion, Wyclef Jean, Babyface, Patti LaBelle, John Legend, Angie Stone, Jamie Foxx, Teddy Pendergrass, and Aretha Franklin. Aretha Franklin won a Grammy for her rendition of "A House Is Not a Home", and Stevie Wonder and Beyoncé won a Grammy for their cover of "So Amazing". On November 21, 2006, saxophonist Dave Koz released a followup to the earlier smooth jazz GRP tribute album, this time on his own Rendezvous Entertainment label, an album called Forever, for Always, for Luther Volume II, also produced by Rex Rideout and Bud Harner. Koz played on all the featured Luther Vandross tracks, which were recorded by various smooth jazz artists. On April 20, 2021, Google celebrated his 70th birthday with a Google Doodle of an animated clip that plays Vandross's song Never Too Much. Discography Luther (1976) This Close to You (1977) Never Too Much (1981) Forever, for Always, for Love (1982) Busy Body (1983) The Night I Fell in Love (1985) Give Me the Reason (1986) Any Love (1988) Power of Love (1991) Never Let Me Go (1993) Songs (1994) This Is Christmas (1995) Your Secret Love (1996) I Know (1998) Luther Vandross (2001) Dance with My Father (2003) Tours Luther Tour (1981) Forever For Always For Love Tour (1982–1983) Busy Body Tour (1984) The Night I Fell in Love Tour (1985–1986) Give Me the Reason Tour (1987) Any Love World Tour (1988–1989) Best of Love Tour (1990) The Power of Love Tour (1991) Never Let Me Go World Tour (1993–1994) Your Secret Love World Tour (1997) Take You Out Tour (2001–2002) BK Got Music Summer Soul Tour (2002) Awards Grammy Award \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1982 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Best New Artist \|\| \|- \| Never Too Much \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| 1983 \|\| Forever, For Always, For Love \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| 1986 \|\| The Night I Fell in Love \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1987 \|\| rowspan="2" \| "Give Me the Reason" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| Best R&B Song (shared with Nat Adderley, Jr.) \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1989 \|\| rowspan="2" \| "Any Love" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| Best R&B Song (shared with Marcus Miller) \|\| \|- \| 1990 \|\| "She Won't Talk to Me" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| 1991 \|\| "Here and Now" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 1992 \|\| rowspan="2" \| "Power of Love/Love Power" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| Best R&B Song (with Marcus Miller and Teddy Vann) \|\| \|- \| "Doctor's Orders" (with Aretha Franklin) \|\| Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals \|\| \|- \| 1993 \|\| "The Best Things in Life Are Free" (with Janet Jackson) \|\| Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals \|\| \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 1994 \|\| "How Deep Is Your Love" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| "Heaven Knows" \|\| Best R&B Song (shared with Reed Vertelney) \|\| \|- \| "Little Miracles (Happen Every Day)" \|\| Best R&B Song (shared with Marcus Miller) \|\| \|- \| rowspan="4" \| 1995 \|\| "Love the One You're With" \|\| Best Male Pop Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| "Endless Love" (with Mariah Carey) \|\| Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals \|\| \|- \| "Always and Forever" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| Songs \|\| Best R&B Album \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1997 \|\| rowspan="2" \| "Your Secret Love" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| Best R&B Song (shared with Reed Vertelney) \|\| \|- \| 1998 \|\| "When You Call on Me / Baby That's When I Come Runnin'" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1999 \|\| "I Know" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| I Know \|\| Best Traditional R&B Performance \|\| \|- \| 2003 \|\| "Any Day Now" \|\| Best Traditional R&B Performance \|\| \|- \| rowspan="5" \| 2004 \|\| rowspan="3" \| "Dance with My Father" \|\| Song of the Year (shared with Richard Marx) \|\| \|- \| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|- \| Best R&B Song (shared with Richard Marx) \|\| \|- \| "The Closer I Get to You" (with Beyoncé) \|\| Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals \|\| \|- \| Dance with My Father \|\| Best R&B Album \|\| \|- \| 2007 \|\| "Got You Home" \|\| Best Male R&B Vocal Performance \|\| \|} Soul Train Music Awards \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1987 \|\| Give Me the Reason \|\| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| "Give Me the Reason" \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Male \|\| \|- \| 1988 \|\| "So Amazing" \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Male \|\| \|- \| 1989 \|\| Any Love \|\| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 1990 \|\| The Best of Luther Vandross... The Best of Love \|\| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| "Here and Now" \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Male \|\| \|- \| Best Song of the Year \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1992 \|\| Power of Love \|\| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| "Power of Love/Love Power" \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Male \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1994 \|\| Never Let Me Go \|\| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| "Heaven Knows" \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Male \|\| \|- \| 1995 \|\| Songs \|\| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| 1999 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Quincy Jones Award for Career Achievement \|\| \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 2004 \|\| rowspan="2" \| Dance with My Father \|\| Best Album of the Year \|\| \|- \| Best R&B/Soul Album – Male \|\| \|- \| "Dance with My Father" \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Male \|\| \|- \| 2005 \|\| "The Closer I Get to You" (with Beyoncé) \|\| Best R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo \|\| \|} American Music Award \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1986 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| The Night I Fell in Love \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Album \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1988 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| Give Me the Reason \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Album \|\| \|- \| 1990 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 1992 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| Power of Love \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Album \|\| \|- \| 1994 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| 1996 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| 2002 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| 2003 \|\| Luther Vandross \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist \|\| \|- \| Dance with My Father \|\| Favorite Soul/R&B Album \|\| \|} Hollywood Walk of Fame Inducted: Star (Posthumous; June 3, 2014) See also List of quiet storm songs Luther Burger Craig Seymour Bronx Walk of Fame References Citations General sources Vandross, Luther (1990). The Best of Luther Vandross: The Best of Love. Hal Leonard Corporation. . External links Remembering Luther Vandross 1951 births 2005 deaths 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century LGBT people African-American male singers African-American record producers African-American songwriters American crooners American gay musicians American male pop singers American male singers American rhythm and blues singers American soul singers American tenors Ballad musicians Burials at George Washington Memorial Park (Paramus, New Jersey) Chic (band) members Deaths from cerebrovascular disease Entertainers from the Bronx Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners J Records artists LGBT African Americans LGBT people from New York (state) LGBT record producers LGBT singers from the United States LGBT songwriters Musicians from the Bronx Neurological disease deaths in New Jersey People from the Lower East Side Record producers from New York (state) Singers from New York City Songwriters from New York (state) Virgin Records artists Western Michigan University alumni	[ -0.36247965693473816, 1.198907732963562, -0.5687578320503235, -0.7164861559867859, -0.017380129545927048, 0.29972758889198303, 0.7040746808052063, 0.28662243485450745, -0.4872468113899231, -0.6301383376121521, 0.39657700061798096, 0.22739706933498383, -0.25689467787742615, 0.7462905049324036, -0.15822820365428925, 0.6453573107719421, -0.07031811028718948, 0.16052128374576569, 0.1597716063261032, -0.7154770493507385, 0.1342921108007431, -0.26426059007644653, 0.3512238562107086, -0.12608255445957184, 0.10716119408607483, 0.113344706594944, 0.003832681104540825, -0.23970946669578552, -0.4136238992214203, 0.5867467522621155, -0.21134664118289948, 0.7145242691040039, 0.5913123488426208, -0.1607101857662201, -0.020347993820905685, 0.2657146751880646, 0.47490280866622925, -0.45405641198158264, -0.11991233378648758, -0.22110766172409058, -0.06359025835990906, -0.2781473994255066, 0.482831746339798, -0.23561154305934906, 0.21644681692123413, 0.36620891094207764, -1.671665906906128, -0.3238573670387268, -0.9203168153762817, -0.9386674165725708, 0.5266871452331543, 0.08914480358362198, 0.43779897689819336, 1.0505307912826538, -0.16050967574119568, 0.19391252100467682, -0.6852450370788574, 0.3451651334762573, 0.33046817779541016, 0.10768616199493408, 0.0002304379886481911, 0.04343336448073387, 0.14639833569526672, -0.3732558786869049, 0.16711118817329407, 0.21922753751277924, -0.4880259335041046, 0.4293835163116455, -0.09286364912986755, -0.3161165118217468, -0.8920584917068481, -0.08252926170825958, 0.3608664870262146, 0.39802050590515137, -0.38924965262413025, -0.23750972747802734, 0.6711242198944092, -0.06698004901409149, -0.5348368883132935, -0.2703147232532501, 0.17376166582107544, 0.2925571799278259, 0.7016844749450684, 0.31813424825668335, 0.3672516942024231, -0.04340710863471031, -0.21870020031929016, -0.3548439145088196, 0.4951336085796356, 0.058061353862285614, -0.5893961787223816, -0.4146827757358551, -0.6877567768096924, 0.2614602744579315, -0.14164936542510986, -0.34259599447250366, 0.3293793499469757, 0.7084342837333679, -0.16718310117721558, 0.40996482968330383, 0.5519285202026367, 0.4139125347137451, 0.8389719128608704, 0.4081607758998871, -0.4166547358036041, -0.13008436560630798, 0.00826411321759224, 0.16022183001041412, 0.14734695851802826, -1.8274385929107666, -0.2693140208721161, 0.4467781186103821, -0.5705848336219788, -0.5528010725975037, -0.052607275545597076, 0.5673027634620667, 0.9518172740936279, -0.11132454872131348, 0.2625396251678467, -0.3661438524723053, 0.45725932717323303, 0.6060980558395386, -0.4366086423397064, 0.21474306285381317, -0.48808422684669495, 0.25474146008491516, 0.2304929941892624, 0.29994967579841614, 0.025214433670043945, 0.44331374764442444, -0.0942574143409729, 0.46087518334388733, 0.15080459415912628, -0.43304455280303955, -0.20159941911697388, -0.4952027201652527, 1.234341025352478, 0.3877330422401428, 0.008904456160962582, 0.0923999696969986, -0.3967083692550659, 0.01546496246010065, -2.1897146701812744, -0.37583836913108826, 0.8069107532501221, -0.08127527683973312, -0.48471638560295105, 0.299453467130661, -0.17381636798381805, 0.30682751536369324, 0.5308706164360046, 0.07656083256006241, 0.6295028328895569, 0.02309533767402172, -0.25183382630348206, -0.1600448340177536, 0.24294717609882355, -0.33632028102874756, 0.48872241377830505, 0.5214745998382568, -0.1850002557039261, 0.7313098311424255, -0.03762805461883545, 0.0556328222155571, 0.06426950544118881, 0.16300256550312042, 0.3397528827190399, -0.6293643116950989, 0.14975129067897797, -0.40809231996536255, -0.41253408789634705, 0.3627066910266876, -0.32357168197631836, -0.3489922881126404, 0.05941333994269371, 0.14601290225982666, 1.1616103649139404, 0.5077704191207886, -0.3266189396381378, -0.3779485821723938, -0.42870715260505676, -0.3463188111782074, -0.0764995664358139, -0.4400370419025421, 0.3448158800601959, 0.42967456579208374, 0.764202356338501, 0.4850296080112457, -0.12982884049415588, 0.11386927217245102, 0.01753201335668564, -0.24858498573303223, 0.17744080722332, -0.2997094392776489, 0.5112025141716003, 0.2609422206878662, -0.12459570914506912, -0.3348460793495178, 0.41034501791000366, 0.38801008462905884, -0.2453843057155609, -0.4596549868583679, 0.002251508180052042, -0.3257862627506256, -0.5023196339607239, 1.6082875728607178, 0.1330397129058838, -0.4360301196575165, 0.6802384257316589, 0.7859975695610046, 0.5664252042770386, -0.5809581875801086, -0.43883582949638367, 0.44914764165878296, -0.10604576766490936, -0.7216721177101135, -0.021427158266305923, -0.055633291602134705, -0.1640692949295044, -0.2278473824262619, 0.2549455165863037, 0.3853646218776703, -0.03127627819776535, 0.25596919655799866, -0.7022008299827576, 0.7880855798721313, -0.6038630604743958, -0.14680609107017517, -0.5360143184661865, -0.6679024696350098, 0.531566321849823, 0.1549387127161026, -0.7454075813293457, -0.47639477252960205, -0.14644187688827515, 0.04467529058456421, 0.14365540444850922, -0.6354413628578186, -0.11201253533363342, -0.29032832384109497, 0.6620873212814331, -0.5139909386634827, -0.5521522760391235, 0.0676133930683136, -0.19793328642845154, 0.2643449306488037, -0.22502978146076202, 0.22290395200252533, -0.03312063589692116, -0.11631796509027481, 0.23736795783042908, 0.6270714402198792, 0.13826090097427368, -0.4375932812690735, 0.33484503626823425, 0.6386649012565613, -0.29556000232696533, 0.036175016313791275, -0.005026993807405233, -0.383038192987442, 0.29271674156188965, 0.10618340969085693, 0.32021456956863403, -0.3947860300540924, -0.4158625900745392, -0.8192776441574097, -0.44401147961616516, -0.20556092262268066, -0.14283780753612518, 0.13817442953586578, -0.30049997568130493, 0.1303684115409851, -0.1363779753446579, -1.80332612991333, 0.5113033652305603, 0.6554424166679382, -0.1012585237622261, 0.13633547723293304, -0.19030770659446716, -0.2868584990501404, 0.7202208638191223, 0.861393928527832, -0.14213672280311584, -0.18221600353717804, -0.5310112833976746, 0.09016586095094681, 0.31928759813308716, -0.5793080925941467, 0.3345465660095215, 0.15369850397109985, -0.015708599239587784, 0.10677820444107056, -0.149240180850029, -0.3521268963813782, 0.04282737523317337, 0.44300541281700134, 0.05952441692352295, -0.31624093651771545, 0.4188010096549988, -0.3034428060054779, -0.4439854323863983, -0.3026042580604553, -0.3913276791572571, 0.04514734819531441, 1.0472732782363892, 0.013834934681653976, -0.115252286195755, -0.21074387431144714, -4.3224358558654785, -0.0551842600107193, -0.11259902268648148, -0.26726096868515015, 0.30320534110069275, -0.24073222279548645, 0.509516716003418, -0.6772491931915283, -0.2882683277130127, -0.10578130930662155, -0.3947446048259735, 0.020327476784586906, 0.1396704614162445, 0.3246142566204071, 0.23163767158985138, 0.41794392466545105, 0.7248716354370117, -0.3199827969074249, 0.08304695785045624, -0.13817571103572845, 0.3427208364009857, -0.28922396898269653, -0.3017715811729431, -0.13721145689487457, 0.6607227325439453, 0.6317191123962402, -0.14254283905029297, 0.12215627729892731, -0.7492558360099792, 0.03182394802570343, -0.24115514755249023, 0.130705326795578, 0.08375494182109833, -0.9665139317512512, -0.30878832936286926, -0.10139217972755432, -0.21436704695224762, 0.3353654146194458, 0.5635460615158081, -0.11886008083820343, -0.13587632775306702, 0.09578549116849899, -0.46352317929267883, 0.045938946306705475, 0.2223501354455948, 0.2750186324119568, -1.003458023071289, -0.8481484651565552, -0.5697181820869446, 0.8514055609703064, 0.043165553361177444, -0.42943722009658813, 1.1788856983184814, -0.17625156044960022, 0.30263400077819824, -0.3632560968399048, 0.9388909339904785, -0.31226035952568054, -0.5253821015357971, -0.05461973324418068, 1.3202385902404785, -0.38081449270248413, 0.03425373509526253, -0.02194495126605034, 0.21275129914283752, -0.6654834151268005, 0.05137649178504944, -0.11215180903673172, 0.08714062720537186, 0.8727923631668091, 0.29450806975364685, 0.4876497983932495, -0.3728027939796448, -1.2202374935150146, -0.05833316594362259, 0.16361097991466522, -0.5678984522819519, 0.36194664239883423, -0.09249220788478851, 0.2089540958404541, 0.33581972122192383, 0.34783899784088135, 0.29648202657699585, 0.3028348684310913, 0.06357059627771378, 0.47753220796585083, -0.8100189566612244, 0.9372894167900085, -1.525031566619873, -0.5778285264968872, -0.6005298495292664, -0.03177830949425697, -0.20217861235141754, -0.06491175293922424, -0.016682028770446777, 0.44459831714630127, 0.39987581968307495, -0.3449810743331909, 0.3881954252719879, -0.34957608580589294, -0.2824048697948456, -0.5293227434158325, -0.33723726868629456, -0.581303060054779, -0.16229024529457092, -0.5313513875007629, -0.48247525095939636, 0.366556853055954, 0.09204594790935516, 0.325995534658432, -0.11169122159481049, -0.004216020926833153, 0.30013740062713623, -0.004445683676749468, 0.9082981944084167, -0.27016952633857727, 0.19077350199222565, 0.42459848523139954, 0.3845023810863495, -0.2920375466346741, 0.8422663807868958, 0.6000776290893555, -0.1670559048652649, -0.13943228125572205, 0.2705872356891632, -0.2107657939195633, 0.4097675681114197, 0.5430874228477478, -0.5246718525886536, 0.5325666069984436, -0.21920658648014069, -0.18919110298156738, -0.014392992481589317, -0.22545424103736877, -0.5759738683700562, -0.43964141607284546, -0.5865957140922546, -0.10600345581769943, 0.5583717823028564, -0.25325414538383484, -0.2936955988407135, -0.041888415813446045, 0.06558043509721756, 0.5198469758033752, 0.38184481859207153, 0.5646293759346008, -0.09378194808959961, -0.41737252473831177, -0.7814241647720337, -0.202226921916008, -0.04876592010259628, -0.13638855516910553, 0.3293047845363617, -1.0096986293792725, -0.26777997612953186, -0.17249353229999542, -0.05243624001741409, 0.03914717584848404, 0.31178292632102966, -0.3221214711666107, -0.16729825735092163, -0.34607812762260437, -0.7502501606941223, 0.21876506507396698, 0.29674261808395386, -0.15320420265197754, 0.9472091197967529, -0.15381444990634918, -0.23730133473873138, 0.8758106827735901, 0.006511974614113569, -0.610101044178009, -0.5043690204620361, -0.29515090584754944, 0.40040361881256104, 0.28169700503349304, 0.5298725366592407, 0.14097265899181366, 0.23807750642299652, -0.6570594906806946, -0.1853359490633011, 0.3133355379104614, -0.20013593137264252, 0.19060009717941284, 0.09290006011724472, -0.5533762574195862, -0.7389592528343201, -0.6985318064689636, -0.470490038394928, 0.03048475831747055, -0.16507810354232788, 0.42141854763031006, 0.6601086854934692, 0.37058326601982117, -0.8371175527572632, -0.26185140013694763, 0.034410133957862854, 0.36617156863212585, 0.18062956631183624, -0.3141076862812042, 0.1783614456653595, 0.4608132541179657, 0.21441805362701416, 0.42715343832969666, 0.29534977674484253, -1.0482687950134277, 0.14284802973270416, 0.375730037689209, -1.1122019290924072, 0.7931138873100281, 0.2852313816547394, -0.4722214639186859, 0.000052724302804563195, 0.7146157622337341, -0.0005967359174974263, -0.42294585704803467, 1.454500675201416, 0.1519506573677063, -1.075790286064148, -0.6196718811988831, 0.5150891542434692, -0.24043512344360352, -0.3965775668621063, -0.3569944500923157, -0.2593357264995575, 0.5958158373832703, -0.026535842567682266, -0.5106031894683838, 0.683620035648346, -0.29907840490341187, -0.6382359862327576, 0.43722042441368103, 0.029612381011247635, 0.5981538891792297, -0.31596726179122925, -0.4191613495349884, 0.07328823208808899, 0.21511493623256683, 0.12958194315433502, 0.43363937735557556, 0.8236084580421448, 0.8047371506690979, 0.6194347739219666, -0.37919947504997253, -0.3688441514968872, 0.3377932012081146, -0.047306545078754425, -0.039888083934783936, 0.0787520706653595, 0.5234359502792358, 0.03735300153493881, -0.12748026847839355, -0.5849570035934448, -0.37960314750671387, 0.878815770149231, -0.004859712440520525, -0.48162466287612915, 0.13432590663433075, -0.051478683948516846, -0.024214178323745728, 0.018259543925523758, 0.6409597992897034, -0.19495609402656555, 0.05871318280696869, 0.04769434034824371, 0.06309264153242111, 0.3563239276409149, 0.2773081958293915, 0.3027092516422272, -0.6745777130126953, -0.5985023379325867, 0.32761162519454956, -0.09012430906295776, 0.47054657340049744, -0.355464369058609, -0.31340038776397705, 0.13090212643146515, -0.48974835872650146, 0.2809017300605774, -0.24305884540081024, 0.749445378780365, 0.04073421284556389, 0.3842553198337555, -0.1159919947385788, 0.5495803356170654, -0.5103996396064758, -0.7583653330802917, -0.19691555202007294, -0.6969413161277771, -0.3617223799228668, -0.11620224267244339, -0.03431601822376251, 0.6220800280570984, 0.2821672558784485, -0.46744871139526367, 0.552398681640625, 0.023735688999295235, -0.2666743993759155, -0.5483255386352539, -0.22354894876480103, -0.6961917877197266, 0.5119588375091553, 0.2693585455417633, -0.1281479299068451, 0.5259970426559448, -0.19200865924358368, 0.47465023398399353, -0.7368398904800415, -0.7557289004325867, -0.020616915076971054, 0.37853071093559265, 0.4214954078197479, 0.36165961623191833, 0.8587691187858582, -0.2106788158416748, 0.6402949690818787, 0.7791875600814819, -0.16019746661186218, -0.003451582742854953, 0.0642109289765358, -0.4904489815235138, -0.7800028324127197, 0.893815279006958, 0.1430494487285614, 0.44072142243385315, 0.5718405842781067, -0.5109694600105286, -0.9070996642112732, 0.4370267391204834, -0.477207213640213, 0.18279799818992615, 0.19051538407802582, -0.7767293453216553, 0.8740536570549011, -0.2928975522518158, 0.5767383575439453, -0.15704640746116638, -0.7063524723052979, -0.4047081768512726, 0.4405236542224884, -0.4634508192539215, 0.5348948836326599, 0.4283279478549957, 0.4195270538330078, 0.4989820718765259, -0.7877686619758606, -0.422681599855423, 0.03079437091946602, 0.39938652515411377, -0.16556969285011292, 0.26641198992729187, 0.3614654242992401, -0.4364096224308014, -0.3085072934627533, 0.4621933102607727, -0.5838767886161804, 0.3428921401500702, -0.03925355151295662, -0.4136291742324829, -2.025974750518799, -0.5570487380027771, 0.406924843788147, 0.4933204650878906, 0.07061222940683365, 0.21401263773441315, -0.4056026339530945, 0.042552974075078964, -0.011872108094394207, -0.5739909410476685, 0.6658231616020203, 0.8426321148872375, 0.04179912433028221, -0.2578643560409546, 0.6300588846206665, 0.6289620399475098, -0.13066697120666504, 0.4315013885498047, -0.5412822365760803, 0.17022879421710968, -0.21695023775100708, 0.2281579077243805, -0.011032408103346825, -0.6057751774787903, -0.25106677412986755, 0.5071887373924255, 0.03170585632324219, -0.03601965680718422, -0.16481204330921173, 0.11791740357875824, -0.6861698031425476, 0.13507799804210663, -0.09112489968538284, 0.17703188955783844, -0.10116030275821686, -0.2334647923707962, -0.03830518573522568, -0.5865907073020935, 0.2893173396587372, -0.15759892761707306, 0.1620745211839676, 0.5253495573997498, 0.49131160974502563, -0.03543683886528015, 0.06547065079212189, -0.07875388115644455, 0.41851380467414856, -0.5582237243652344, 0.7533588409423828, -0.4751330614089966, 1.3782554864883423, -0.4732034504413605, -0.03388151153922081, -0.5880566835403442, 0.7979680299758911, -0.0432618223130703, 0.030600842088460922, 0.4189906120300293, -0.47279977798461914, -0.5020326375961304, -0.42224034667015076, -0.04369084909558296, 0.2856043875217438, 0.3082735538482666, 0.7070035934448242, -0.11527084559202194, -0.6143258810043335, 0.1386655867099762, 0.03405429795384407, 0.20842042565345764, -0.0892636626958847, 0.2621821165084839, -0.048459701240062714, 0.0858483761548996, -0.6468117833137512, -0.09550347179174423, -0.11402075737714767, 0.3992629945278168, 1.0325987339019775, 0.7435198426246643, -0.34181860089302063, 0.20943517982959747, -0.25915607810020447, 0.2578462064266205, 0.39548125863075256, -3.911482572555542, -0.7956421971321106, 0.06774263083934784, -0.6015267968177795, 0.5633878111839294, 0.44385263323783875, 0.32025524973869324, -0.09059139341115952, -0.7954723834991455, 0.07469795644283295, 0.6337612271308899, -0.24339091777801514, -0.22713859379291534, -0.09352681785821915, 0.18212160468101501, -0.24104729294776917 ]
249171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20store	Department store	A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different areas of the store, each area ("department") specializing in a product category. In modern major cities, the department store made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and the definition of service and luxury. Similar developments were under way in London (with Whiteleys), in Paris (Le Bon Marché) and in New York (Stewart's). Today, departments often include the following: clothing, cosmetics, do it yourself, furniture, gardening, hardware, home appliances, houseware, paint, sporting goods, toiletries, and toys. Additionally, other lines of products such as food, books, jewellery, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets are sometimes included. Customers generally check out near the front of the store in discount department stores, while high-end traditional department stores include sales counters within each department. Some stores are one of many within a larger retail chain, while others are independent retailers. Since the 1980s, they have come under heavy pressure from discounters, and have come under even heavier pressure from e-commerce sites since 2010. Types In the United States, department stores are categorized into the following types: Mainline department store or simply, the traditional department store, offering mid- to high-end goods, most or at least some of the time at the full retail price. Examples are Macy's, Bloomingdale's, J.C. Penney, Sears and Belk. Junior department store, a term used principally in the second part of the 20th century for a smaller version of a mainline department store. These were usually either independent stores, or chains that specialized in cosmetics and wearing apparel and accessories, with few home goods. such as Boston Store and Harris & Frank Discount department store, a large discount store selling apparel and home furnishings at a discount, either selling overstock from mainline department stores, or merchandise especially made for the discount department store market. Examples are Nordstrom Rack, Saks Off 5th, Marshalls, Ross Dress for Less, and Kohl's. Some sources may refer to the following types of stores as department stores, even they are not generally considered as such: Hypermarkets (discount superstores with full grocery offerings, such as Target, Walmart and Carrefour) Variety stores, also known in the U.S. as five and dimes History Origins in England, 1700s One of the first department stores may have been Bennett's in Derby, first established as an ironmonger (hardware shop) in 1734. It still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co., which opened in 1796 on Pall Mall, London. An observer writing in Ackermann's Repository, a British periodical on contemporary taste and fashion, described the enterprise in 1809 as follows: The house is one hundred and fifty feet in length from front to back, and of proportionate width. It is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is exclusively appropriated to the sale of furs and fans. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. In the third shop, on the right, you meet with a rich assortment of jewelry, ornamental articles in ormolu, French clocks, &etc.; and on the left, with all the different kinds of perfumery necessary for the toilette. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses; so that there is no article of female attire or decoration, but what may be here procured in the first style of elegance and fashion. This concern has been conducted for the last twelve years by the present proprietors who have spared neither trouble nor expense to ensure the establishment of a superiority over every other in Europe, and to render it perfectly unique in its kind. This venture is described as having all of the basic characteristics of the department store; it was a public retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different departments. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the business partnership was dissolved. All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the main customers. Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796. At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage "Kendals Arcade" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname "the Harrods of the North", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. Harrods of London can be traced back to 1834, though the current store was built between 1894 and 1905. Liberty & Co. gained popularity in the 1870s for selling Oriental goods. Origins in Parisian magasins de nouveautés The Paris department stores have roots in the magasin de nouveautés, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century. Balzac described their functioning in his novel César Birotteau. In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers. A novelty shop called Au Bon Marché had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell items like lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, and umbrellas. It grew from and 12 employees in 1838 to and 1,788 employees in 1879. Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors. Au Bon Marché soon had half a dozen or more competitors including Printemps, founded in 1865; La Samaritaine (1869), Bazaar de Hotel de Ville (BHV); and Galeries Lafayette (1895). The French gloried in the national prestige brought by the great Parisian stores. The great writer Émile Zola (1840–1902) set his novel Au Bonheur des Dames (1882–83) in the typical department store, making it a symbol of the new technology that was both improving society and devouring it. First American department stores (1825–1858) Arnold Constable was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War, Arnold Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis. The store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this "Palace of Trade" expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975. In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the "Marble Palace" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block uptown between 9th and 10th streets, with eight floors. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. In 1858, Rowland Hussey Macy founded Macy's as a dry goods store. Innovations 1850-1917 Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the busiest shopping street in the Midwest at the time, State Street in Chicago. Marshall Field's served as a model for other department stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Marshall Field's also had the firsts; among many innovations by Marshall Field's were the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the "book signing". Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting "under the clock" on State Street. In 1877, John Wanamaker opened what some claim was the United States' first "modern" department store in Philadelphia: the first to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Another store to revolutionize the concept of the department store was Selfridges in London, established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; in 1909, Louis Blériot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Blériot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925. In Japan, the first "modern-style" department store was Mitsukoshi, founded in 1904, which has its root as a kimono store called Echigoya from 1673. When the roots are considered, however, Matsuzakaya has an even longer history, dated from 1611. The kimono store changed to a department store in 1910. In 1924, Matsuzakaya store in Ginza allowed street shoes to be worn indoors, something innovative at the time. These former kimono shop department stores dominated the market in its earlier history. They sold, or instead displayed, luxurious products, which contributed to their sophisticated atmospheres. Another origin of the Japanese department store is from railway companies. There have been many private railway operators in the nation and, from the 1920s, they started to build department stores directly linked to their lines' termini. Seibu and Hankyu are typical examples of this type. Innovation (1917-1945) In the middle of the 1920s, American management theories such as the scientific management of F.W. Taylor started spreading in Europe. The International Management Institute (I.M.I.) was established in Geneva in 1927 to facilitate the diffusion of such ideas. A number of department stores teamed up together to create the International Association of Department Stores in Paris in 1928 to have a discussion space dedicated to this retail format. Expansion to malls The U.S. Baby boom led to the development of suburban neighborhoods and suburban commercial developments, including shopping malls. Department stores joined these ventures following the growing market of baby boomer spending. Expansion worldwide Current situation Around the world See also Department stores around the world List of department stores by country Distribution, Retail, Marketing History of retailing in the modern era Types of retail outlets International Association of Department Stores References Further reading Abelson, Elaine S. When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Barth, Gunther. "The Department Store," in City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. (Oxford University Press, 1980) pp 110–47, compares major countries in the 19th century. Benson, Susan Porter. Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940. (University of Illinois Press, 1988) . Elias, Stephen N. Alexander T. Stewart: The Forgotten Merchant Prince (1992) online Ershkowicz, Herbert. John Wanamaker, Philadelphia Merchant. New York: DaCapo Press, 1999. Gibbons, Herbert Adams. John Wanamaker. New York: Harper & Row, 1926. Hendrickson, Robert. The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America's Great Department Stores. (Stein and Day, 1979). Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. (Pantheon, 1993. ). Parker, K. (2003). "Sign Consumption in the 19th-Century Department Store: An Examination of Visual Merchandising in the Grand Emporiums (1846–1900)." Journal of Sociology 39 (4): 353–371. Parker, Traci. Department Stores and the Black Freedom Movement: Workers, Consumers, and Civil Rights from the 1930s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Schlereth, Thomas J. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876–1915. (HarperCollins, 1991). Sobel, Robert. "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form," in The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition (Weybright & Talley, 1974. ). Spang, Rebecca L. The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture. (Harvard UP, 2000). 325 p. Tiersten, Lisa. Marianne in the Market: Envisioning Consumer Society in Fin-de-Siècle France (2001) online Whitaker, Jan Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class. (St. Martin's Press, 2006. .) Whitaker, Jan. The World of Department Stores (The Vedome Press, 2011). Young, William H. "Department Store" in Encyclopedia of American Studies, ed. Simon J. Bronner (Johns Hopkins UP, 2015), online External links The rise of the department store in Britain A.T. Stewart's (292 KiB) International Association of Department Stores New York Journal. Under One Roof The death and life of the New York department store. by Adam Gopnik Retail formats	[ 0.7579315900802612, 0.16177809238433838, -0.03547762334346771, 0.006825320888310671, 0.43741852045059204, 0.29025232791900635, 0.20817045867443085, 0.6507679224014282, -0.22836297750473022, -0.20301678776741028, -0.913652777671814, 0.6341044306755066, 0.07901238650083542, 0.8915788531303406, -0.042355865240097046, 0.32830220460891724, 0.2396169751882553, 0.5408493280410767, 0.22817526757717133, 0.1938386708498001, -0.5700628757476807, -0.5498459339141846, 0.031936563551425934, -0.29294663667678833, 0.46178457140922546, -0.406548410654068, 0.43682965636253357, 0.06591220945119858, -0.4336751103401184, 0.08752477169036865, 0.4016175866127014, 0.30026811361312866, 0.3698080778121948, -0.14696720242500305, 0.19087398052215576, -0.09509124606847763, 0.1956433355808258, -0.4511401355266571, -0.5749717950820923, -1.1347986459732056, -0.16950084269046783, 0.39008766412734985, 0.27976980805397034, 0.5393271446228027, -0.6015855669975281, -0.15370167791843414, -1.633059024810791, -0.25433215498924255, -0.8927398920059204, 0.2035825252532959, -0.18454159796237946, 0.06344424933195114, 0.19259294867515564, 0.21183592081069946, -0.2875070869922638, 0.8142356276512146, -0.5910598039627075, 0.3275664746761322, 0.06973467767238617, -0.3963278532028198, 0.4192219376564026, 0.10784494876861572, 0.12309689819812775, 0.21426664292812347, 0.3571428656578064, -0.1300157606601715, -0.13230131566524506, 0.21863780915737152, -0.3461291790008545, -0.2215421497821808, -0.37792709469795227, -0.39515405893325806, 0.14708606898784637, 0.0008417080971412361, -0.7049293518066406, 0.22104810178279877, 0.12832070887088776, -0.5394195318222046, -0.5111657977104187, -0.01698988676071167, -0.7005282044410706, 0.5296578407287598, 0.19436025619506836, -0.07375168800354004, 0.20923317968845367, 0.008603351190686226, -0.5706447958946228, 0.2965654134750366, -0.05159302055835724, 0.8870722055435181, 0.3286111354827881, -0.052894894033670425, 0.5381381511688232, -0.1992410123348236, -0.18490462005138397, -0.09169548004865646, 0.3998337388038635, -0.044721148908138275, 0.09748343378305435, 0.2271708846092224, -0.1274322122335434, 0.3619789183139801, 0.05029318109154701, -0.06264454126358032, -0.09547023475170135, 0.020091593265533447, 0.18051159381866455, -0.18920812010765076, 0.4627491533756256, 0.02085368148982525, -0.4207756519317627, 0.2931310832500458, -0.17269274592399597, 0.4806945323944092, -0.2738357484340668, 0.29912665486335754, 0.1800394058227539, 0.5138595700263977, -0.4746287167072296, -0.197267547249794, 0.3414291441440582, -0.056726276874542236, 0.20538610219955444, -0.32678794860839844, 0.20716331899166107, 0.11398953199386597, 0.2544642388820648, 0.38145211338996887, -0.2770169973373413, -0.1604403704404831, 0.3197116255760193, 0.2822835147380829, -0.5621233582496643, 0.09773476421833038, -0.416591614484787, -0.06347435712814331, 0.2985234260559082, 0.04981077462434769, 0.6247150897979736, 0.11033841967582703, -0.6792991161346436, -0.06195924058556557, -0.756380558013916, -0.33232104778289795, 0.1439896821975708, -0.5436360836029053, 0.5080125331878662, -0.2886219620704651, -0.8570775389671326, -0.18225440382957458, 0.04849940538406372, 0.16341128945350647, -0.22189399600028992, -0.05127980560064316, -0.21247589588165283, -0.05243911221623421, 0.10635264962911606, -0.19699716567993164, -0.09840047359466553, -0.09989360719919205, 0.09408701956272125, 0.33749765157699585, -0.3371342420578003, 0.1479566991329193, -0.33951595425605774, 0.03273867443203926, -0.20805208384990692, 0.33685699105262756, -0.3301774561405182, 0.00786120630800724, 0.08205034583806992, 0.2502046823501587, -0.04431401193141937, 0.14958396553993225, -0.3445739448070526, 0.4206300377845764, 0.8947117328643799, 0.21472756564617157, 0.5914843082427979, 0.0428289994597435, -0.5656636357307434, 0.45415765047073364, 0.569673478603363, -0.16619005799293518, 0.1076362207531929, -0.0941312164068222, 0.4564543068408966, -0.01528280507773161, -0.22727268934249878, -0.3207959830760956, -0.37940725684165955, -0.4969070851802826, -0.3967968821525574, -0.3665653169155121, 0.8189272284507751, -0.04335171356797218, -0.3872992694377899, 0.87483149766922, -0.5962202548980713, 0.040938325226306915, -0.11684335768222809, 0.24679812788963318, 0.09567904472351074, -0.45029810070991516, -0.4548078179359436, 0.10065584629774094, 0.3813256025314331, 0.3361780345439911, 0.2587573826313019, 0.2611110806465149, 0.6683309078216553, -0.6936048269271851, 0.64777010679245, -0.10995461791753769, 0.6010611057281494, 0.5175885558128357, -0.31430426239967346, 0.22486308217048645, -0.07885512709617615, -0.49723443388938904, 1.0036307573318481, 0.08898556232452393, -0.3506998121738434, 0.4116695523262024, -0.3631046414375305, 0.14471371471881866, 0.09754859656095505, -0.31104233860969543, 0.6349924802780151, -0.5925677418708801, 0.4696907699108124, -0.3258749544620514, 0.46401122212409973, -0.40194934606552124, -0.5911493301391602, 0.22076575458049774, 0.16393451392650604, 0.24873226881027222, -0.10898731648921967, -0.1132390946149826, -0.5484333038330078, -0.4438318610191345, -0.5710089802742004, 0.3802330195903778, 0.3034321665763855, -0.11668532341718674, -0.6607899069786072, 0.21645008027553558, 0.0138237988576293, -0.37025055289268494, 0.14394205808639526, -0.0843699723482132, 0.5942742824554443, 0.07961254566907883, 0.24005231261253357, -0.5617051124572754, -0.032424673438072205, 0.2811790406703949, 0.3235251009464264, 0.04647141695022583, -0.21741802990436554, 0.027573155239224434, -0.09013348072767258, 0.24264200031757355, -0.21927820146083832, -0.20885023474693298, -0.20922404527664185, -0.17348165810108185, 0.035555750131607056, 0.5299938321113586, 0.09343677014112473, 0.6043403744697571, -0.5005533695220947, -0.37393856048583984, 0.36843323707580566, -0.4773227870464325, 0.638203501701355, 0.18194979429244995, 0.2995848059654236, -0.22029170393943787, 0.18466709554195404, 0.24582786858081818, 0.6711636781692505, -0.6257957220077515, -0.0801408514380455, -0.5778886675834656, -0.02591807208955288, -0.17319339513778687, -0.39357319474220276, -0.008565927855670452, -0.08916525542736053, 0.2759668529033661, -0.4378732442855835, -0.09297477453947067, 0.1624835729598999, 0.1958814412355423, -0.6140686869621277, 0.21930702030658722, 0.1440933495759964, -0.3317281901836395, -0.05659773573279381, 0.37659919261932373, -0.25422725081443787, 0.2241978645324707, -0.2485356330871582, -0.6024463176727295, 0.12183397263288498, -0.338823139667511, -5.881976127624512, 0.12850651144981384, -0.3466291129589081, -0.5721131563186646, 0.27698421478271484, -0.4223363399505615, 0.4003274142742157, -0.271038293838501, -0.0469202920794487, 0.04609762132167816, -0.3062704801559448, -0.32532453536987305, -0.2566322386264801, 0.3317243158817291, 1.092311143875122, 0.49641236662864685, 0.5682551860809326, 0.58311527967453, -0.1806453913450241, 0.19269999861717224, -0.31727537512779236, -0.11855245381593704, 0.12768641114234924, 0.6158015727996826, -0.07626020163297653, -0.37626412510871887, -0.6064122319221497, -0.5164611339569092, -0.5831301212310791, -0.1623380333185196, -0.052729666233062744, 0.25606033205986023, -0.4109487533569336, -0.12010816484689713, 0.46789541840553284, -0.10719845443964005, 0.31790030002593994, -0.16563571989536285, 0.0372302271425724, -0.49375665187835693, 0.3779993951320648, 1.0548864603042603, 0.4007156789302826, 0.2592593729496002, 0.1457093358039856, -0.6173335909843445, -0.29553458094596863, -0.678706169128418, -0.8789117932319641, 0.38264206051826477, 0.012587756849825382, 0.05664035677909851, 0.3305591344833374, -0.5047564506530762, 0.1128966435790062, -0.39628779888153076, 0.5768522024154663, 0.1184362918138504, -0.046788290143013, -0.034066326916217804, -0.0744408667087555, -0.4878119230270386, -0.12033508718013763, -0.27355095744132996, -0.33303794264793396, 0.04578898847103119, -0.8887637853622437, -0.5566622018814087, 0.4293438196182251, 0.10954657196998596, -0.5840365290641785, 0.1629827916622162, -0.009714270941913128, -0.6756011843681335, 0.17504611611366272, -0.11507413536310196, -0.022241106256842613, -0.0765344575047493, 0.5693883299827576, -0.09050723910331726, 0.05865339934825897, 0.1366911232471466, -0.04882598668336868, 0.039924751967191696, 0.07761827111244202, -1.055910348892212, -0.3607507646083832, 0.21410368382930756, -0.34866049885749817, -0.04385903477668762, 0.7632139325141907, 0.34351733326911926, 0.5181972980499268, 0.07083002477884293, -0.02435615472495556, -0.05414052680134773, 0.5247028470039368, 0.06109464913606644, 0.10289163887500763, -0.8384320735931396, 0.38265806436538696, -0.1781781166791916, -0.006656818091869354, 0.05544765293598175, 0.029301775619387627, 0.004152677021920681, -0.3347494602203369, -0.011758952401578426, 1.113338589668274, -0.03649274632334709, 0.05109893158078194, 0.1058301329612732, -0.4926566481590271, -0.6550846099853516, 0.21287038922309875, -0.030020713806152344, -0.5175303220748901, 0.5224681496620178, 0.41573062539100647, -0.4024854004383087, 0.012726453132927418, -0.16014067828655243, -0.35768312215805054, -0.03567406162619591, -0.3359711766242981, -0.06149899214506149, 0.252964586019516, -0.009339584968984127, 0.3294075131416321, -0.10126632452011108, 0.8219780325889587, 0.16775819659233093, 0.18399377167224884, -0.6839833855628967, 0.28339752554893494, 0.16662181913852692, 0.2333642840385437, -0.11303266137838364, -0.22117477655410767, -0.11114182323217392, 0.3391190469264984, -0.35861101746559143, 0.207465261220932, 0.5134569406509399, 0.4996430277824402, 0.27097374200820923, -0.008405362255871296, 0.22969020903110504, 0.4892602264881134, -0.16130471229553223, -0.6886793375015259, -0.48771339654922485, 0.22413469851016998, -0.10403791815042496, 0.4012076258659363, -0.38512149453163147, 0.10690782964229584, 0.031153913587331772, -0.42506667971611023, -0.5643684267997742, 0.1613578498363495, -0.20863114297389984, -0.8716631531715393, 0.14451973140239716, 0.029855869710445404, 0.12143517285585403, -0.49686694145202637, 0.29550451040267944, -0.1393529325723648, 1.352891445159912, 0.07366738468408585, -0.3388527035713196, -0.496628075838089, -0.36747580766677856, 0.09659306704998016, 0.1283552050590515, 0.3009790778160095, 0.47476136684417725, -0.3512505292892456, -0.21941523253917694, 0.31557852029800415, -0.601114809513092, -0.040854260325431824, -0.013752274215221405, 0.7520187497138977, -0.3663351237773895, -0.5956884622573853, 0.34484800696372986, -0.3212790787220001, -0.267623633146286, 0.08107119053602219, 0.014391728676855564, 0.04060112312436104, 0.1969090700149536, 0.0035810614936053753, -0.7134957313537598, -0.2596381604671478, 0.23157930374145508, -0.019849881529808044, -0.08536642044782639, -0.09765855222940445, 0.4940817356109619, -0.8093221187591553, 0.3372049331665039, 0.383696585893631, -0.5360121726989746, 0.73853999376297, -0.18484139442443848, 0.15358348190784454, 0.5333737730979919, -0.7809683084487915, 0.09736380726099014, 0.033430345356464386, 0.3865356743335724, -0.2527506351470947, -0.3605097234249115, -0.13364627957344055, -0.20833416283130646, 0.020535146817564964, -0.12991969287395477, 0.3529137372970581, -0.25469839572906494, -0.4426267147064209, 0.17509980499744415, -0.18560928106307983, 0.648285984992981, 0.7435504198074341, -0.31713858246803284, 0.2523263692855835, -0.02822110243141651, 0.34279170632362366, -0.2740108370780945, -0.008204820565879345, -0.05806697905063629, 0.34096312522888184, -0.05005297064781189, 0.2820478081703186, 0.01352496538311243, 0.7747451663017273, 0.06265103816986084, -0.46732017397880554, 0.5083962082862854, -0.22396504878997803, -0.5006105899810791, 0.025293637067079544, 0.21910451352596283, 0.37041372060775757, -0.6481661200523376, -0.8780321478843689, 0.275786817073822, -0.2020014077425003, -0.5518950819969177, -0.08591535687446594, -0.48194217681884766, 0.27680137753486633, 0.2978649437427521, -0.43314239382743835, 0.5778819918632507, -0.07705599814653397, 0.7109600901603699, -0.046029262244701385, -0.3046405613422394, 0.14881837368011475, 0.06382478773593903, 0.6470972895622253, 0.058984119445085526, -0.7147241234779358, 0.022458916530013084, -0.30877685546875, -0.49414676427841187, 0.3052227795124054, 0.3358631730079651, 0.8557205200195312, 0.5590580701828003, 1.3149704933166504, -0.34954628348350525, -0.05167200043797493, -1.0603276491165161, -0.36663854122161865, -0.03689828887581825, 0.029005853459239006, -0.5057328343391418, 0.21171356737613678, -0.026536766439676285, 0.6175540089607239, -0.6643899083137512, -0.03476928919553757, 0.1803150177001953, -0.7385525107383728, -0.2945899963378906, -0.0723293274641037, 0.1600692868232727, 0.2759990096092224, 0.584627628326416, -0.38185837864875793, 0.2649504840373993, 0.5840649008750916, -0.008583239279687405, 0.09533558785915375, 0.3984180688858032, -0.41900110244750977, 0.3033943772315979, 0.14838199317455292, -0.9113349914550781, 1.0380911827087402, 0.43305540084838867, -0.13607513904571533, -0.7384644150733948, -0.21400922536849976, -0.4528619945049286, -0.050870802253484726, -0.16089178621768951, 0.20023582875728607, 0.11062081158161163, -0.10768605768680573, -0.3750041127204895, 0.3027021884918213, -0.8063963651657104, 0.2388276308774948, 0.18752186000347137, 0.30521637201309204, 0.001589971943758428, 0.3297959864139557, 0.095830038189888, -0.19237415492534637, 0.5233669281005859, -0.2998807430267334, -0.2322690188884735, 0.3209943175315857, 0.12689214944839478, 0.40995317697525024, 0.26759159564971924, 0.0638887956738472, 0.06503792107105255, -0.24663075804710388, -0.3268139362335205, -0.24871550500392914, -0.5993933081626892, -0.37501198053359985, 0.4564325213432312, 0.6147255897521973, 0.059315551072359085, 0.0162973590195179, 0.47638046741485596, -0.33501625061035156, 0.6207493543624878, 0.7917236685752869, 0.12977972626686096, -0.45450451970100403, 0.45525920391082764, 0.2325867861509323, -0.1301964670419693, 0.2002304196357727, 0.33148491382598877, 0.04799260199069977, -0.22219109535217285, 0.3932952582836151, -0.23637336492538452, -0.15559667348861694, -0.3314734101295471, 0.22046729922294617, 0.43759799003601074, 0.1266689896583557, 0.034117192029953, 0.26798829436302185, -0.1797316074371338, -0.18656067550182343, -0.4892116189002991, -0.1924522966146469, 0.21191878616809845, -0.09288503229618073, 0.4900260865688324, -0.1607254445552826, 0.3092992603778839, 0.12716560065746307, 0.004854337777942419, 0.43169158697128296, 0.6511138081550598, -0.04454120621085167, -0.2583790123462677, -0.07116878777742386, 0.07327964901924133, -0.29502251744270325, -0.18437433242797852, 0.31931939721107483, 0.04388640820980072, -0.042580507695674896, 0.21252518892288208, -0.10960223525762558, 0.10764603316783905, 0.20398567616939545, -0.11981429159641266, 0.5960403680801392, -0.15376026928424835, -0.19192302227020264, 0.16328826546669006, -0.10164418816566467, 0.8429970145225525, 0.11660318821668625, -0.2359033077955246, -0.5800909399986267, 0.23599819839000702, -0.2695031762123108, 0.22789041697978973, -0.6299967169761658, 0.12285249680280685, 0.014897516928613186, 0.020305795595049858, -0.5112884640693665, 0.5308141112327576, -0.03415994718670845, -0.449404776096344, -0.026881294324994087, -0.30513879656791687, 0.2056967318058014, -0.18387405574321747, 0.3655204474925995, -0.14401382207870483, 0.24332846701145172, -0.48844483494758606, 0.36580178141593933, -0.0970120057463646, 0.2701131999492645, -0.10985923558473587, -0.3548406958580017, -0.4916578531265259, 0.012895533815026283, 0.1029660701751709, -0.22810402512550354, 0.5176636576652527, -0.03832835331559181, 0.313058078289032, -0.6394317746162415, 0.2576737701892853, -0.3732002377510071, -0.022980185225605965, 0.3580799996852875, 0.04341708496212959, 0.38361048698425293, 0.137673482298851, -0.44344642758369446, -0.5721845626831055, -0.10550879687070847, -0.2144421488046646, -0.7940373420715332, 0.3675704002380371, 0.09688936173915863, 0.25301632285118103, -0.6248044967651367, 0.25342750549316406, -0.04446706920862198, -0.8280713558197021, 0.38128578662872314, 0.6138573288917542, -0.4743242859840393, 0.27479177713394165, 0.3848128914833069, -0.59388267993927, -0.09422808885574341, 0.26191237568855286 ]
249172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20dragons	Lists of dragons	This is a list of lists of dragons. List of dragons in mythology and folklore Dragons in Greek mythology List of dragons in popular culture List of dragons in film and television List of dragons in games List of dragons in literature See also Chinese dragon European dragon List of fictional species	[ -0.5114774107933044, 0.9099068641662598, -0.8084397912025452, 0.0963403731584549, -0.8750274181365967, 0.196486234664917, 0.9474529027938843, 0.17125435173511505, -0.8341312408447266, -0.19288520514965057, -0.4210628271102905, -0.2485983818769455, 0.1396794617176056, 0.32794463634490967, 0.26759570837020874, 0.20787523686885834, 0.014498628675937653, 0.9654302597045898, -0.06369556486606598, -0.529475748538971, 0.08454413712024689, -0.21898551285266876, 0.297990620136261, -1.013958215713501, -0.020535629242658615, 0.12588326632976532, 0.057192426174879074, 0.024824511259794235, -0.09793425351381302, -0.163885235786438, -0.32849571108818054, 0.8711443543434143, -0.14490073919296265, 0.11086244881153107, -0.21275749802589417, -0.8917804956436157, -0.02943749912083149, -0.1924847811460495, 0.4107931852340698, -0.25307556986808777, 0.13094422221183777, -0.1526181697845459, 0.5703732371330261, 0.7229757308959961, 0.1777653992176056, -0.28580647706985474, -2.1719810962677, -0.8300170302391052, -0.5152037739753723, -0.07101748883724213, -0.12055229395627975, 0.24592509865760803, 0.9933613538742065, 0.2242831289768219, -0.1197606548666954, 0.8098210692405701, -0.7327972650527954, 0.7724103331565857, -0.2605767250061035, 0.33349043130874634, 0.18578670918941498, 0.6021949648857117, 0.0075657665729522705, 0.24102720618247986, 0.3773852586746216, 0.29493290185928345, -0.16574262082576752, 0.8263391852378845, -0.17854872345924377, 0.23569102585315704, 0.13742810487747192, -0.18502230942249298, 0.6518325209617615, 0.4139573574066162, -0.6389672160148621, 0.320284366607666, -0.05115991085767746, 0.030111756175756454, 0.2969655692577362, -0.8140188455581665, -0.004305288661271334, 0.4921231269836426, 0.7152026891708374, -0.15683481097221375, -0.031986549496650696, -0.09129674732685089, -0.3888290226459503, -0.1853625327348709, -0.025848735123872757, 0.8209484219551086, 0.22602654993534088, -0.2359922081232071, 0.12310831248760223, 0.5422391295433044, -0.09855476021766663, -0.6991079449653625, -0.6590903997421265, -0.01999778114259243, 0.3548101484775543, -0.0318487286567688, 0.019581487402319908, 0.029606031253933907, 0.357184499502182, -0.5962966084480286, -0.5998342037200928, -0.38777345418930054, -0.4637916684150696, 0.023695368319749832, 0.2664339244365692, -1.6792240142822266, -0.7906268239021301, 0.4799019694328308, -0.5593764185905457, 0.003831153269857168, -0.13584594428539276, 0.5824705362319946, 0.27068519592285156, -0.03238978236913681, -0.19312898814678192, -0.18242788314819336, 0.29750773310661316, 0.6737304925918579, -0.12196345627307892, 0.20223574340343475, 0.08595266938209534, 0.6301431059837341, 0.5570452809333801, -0.09825156629085541, 0.6600799560546875, 0.01228189468383789, 0.012849380262196064, 1.248179316520691, -0.5924944281578064, -0.49252477288246155, 0.10241788625717163, -0.2339925765991211, 0.24411334097385406, 0.49210232496261597, 0.25310152769088745, 0.6319618225097656, -0.9789296388626099, 0.23466597497463226, -1.854235053062439, 0.29911094903945923, 0.4514670670032501, 0.05200973525643349, -0.30764687061309814, -0.5084808468818665, -0.4313494861125946, 0.050972726196050644, -0.22319886088371277, -0.1879187524318695, -0.017738813534379005, 0.7017818093299866, -0.3030102550983429, 0.28180772066116333, 0.5962921977043152, -0.6362375020980835, 0.8422667384147644, -0.1457008272409439, 0.17877361178398132, -0.13011077046394348, -0.47671064734458923, 0.6152577996253967, -0.01990456134080887, -0.012645822018384933, 0.2381971776485443, 0.12167774140834808, -0.6354624032974243, -0.34200528264045715, -0.7746933102607727, 0.33303046226501465, -0.04631864279508591, 0.3108634054660797, 0.4156832695007324, -0.3718951940536499, 0.6080431342124939, 0.6855545043945312, 0.6170526146888733, 0.005334623157978058, -0.7135153412818909, -0.19545497000217438, 0.15902164578437805, -0.7138434052467346, 0.6548715233802795, 0.20131394267082214, 0.5581615567207336, 0.3507886826992035, 0.029430614784359932, 0.0035415745805948973, -0.6276193857192993, 0.006845094263553619, 0.5865210294723511, 0.2933943271636963, 1.007681965827942, 0.38566046953201294, -0.23876823484897614, -0.29324647784233093, 0.2018197476863861, 0.5047603845596313, 0.16535809636116028, -0.47351160645484924, -0.03806629776954651, 0.588174045085907, -0.7148439884185791, 1.6841520071029663, -0.05969474837183952, 0.15108048915863037, 0.21748606860637665, 0.10185122489929199, 0.2266373336315155, 0.055072322487831116, 0.28518030047416687, -0.24762684106826782, 0.18383555114269257, 0.21305802464485168, -0.43694886565208435, -0.032607726752758026, -0.13346274197101593, -0.6503635048866272, 0.8369781970977783, 0.12968944013118744, -0.13939756155014038, -0.03846721723675728, -0.3458421230316162, 0.944303572177887, 0.2815876007080078, -0.362898588180542, -0.20507986843585968, -1.0931479930877686, -0.09703586995601654, 0.028160255402326584, -0.1142333596944809, -0.12488637119531631, -0.1521812081336975, -0.2601308822631836, -0.13659371435642242, -0.23133695125579834, 0.2958391010761261, -0.3991181552410126, 0.396198570728302, 0.013475494459271431, -0.4781676232814789, 0.5730487704277039, 0.21508392691612244, 0.30192092061042786, 0.02415347658097744, -0.05580402538180351, -0.12109799683094025, -0.6849690079689026, 0.9033036828041077, -0.08457362651824951, 0.21112848818302155, -0.11415405571460724, -0.23109878599643707, -0.13285700976848602, -0.10598412901163101, -0.2186899036169052, -0.424448162317276, 0.2576656639575958, -0.4245752692222595, 0.1623699963092804, 0.16836079955101013, 0.22404566407203674, 0.20934231579303741, -0.6630784273147583, -0.2591498792171478, -1.0425337553024292, 0.9309055209159851, 0.3093356490135193, -0.22994373738765717, -0.38778337836265564, -0.7105475068092346, -2.4796833992004395, 0.31098130345344543, -0.20706553757190704, -0.25017866492271423, -0.19982224702835083, -0.46468785405158997, -0.015182697214186192, 0.2686747610569, 0.980388879776001, 0.3345603048801422, -0.17287342250347137, -0.2191123366355896, -0.6834630966186523, 0.7866114377975464, -0.17582324147224426, 0.44752857089042664, -0.4443832337856293, -0.24171899259090424, 0.309000700712204, -0.23979552090168, 0.15320803225040436, -0.38642433285713196, -0.075672946870327, -0.26114383339881897, 0.7425068020820618, -0.2637081742286682, -0.12898975610733032, -0.46829962730407715, -0.43095171451568604, -0.5025111436843872, -0.3378291428089142, 0.011838133446872234, -0.03446442633867264, 0.01881815493106842, 0.1825360804796219, -4.22616720199585, -0.04792727902531624, -0.07544256001710892, -0.34199535846710205, -0.19776853919029236, 0.4653777480125427, 0.3188170790672302, -0.34677085280418396, -0.1201244443655014, -0.17311766743659973, 0.043277557939291, 0.03632992506027222, -0.007223149295896292, 0.6167991757392883, 0.28213369846343994, 0.9496769309043884, 0.708376944065094, 0.5595692992210388, 0.266117125749588, 0.1741364747285843, -0.17105481028556824, 0.3896796703338623, -0.28174880146980286, 0.07221494615077972, 0.09870709478855133, 1.093740463256836, 0.09142240136861801, -0.3149148225784302, -0.3157268464565277, 0.26356980204582214, -0.15119090676307678, -0.14095517992973328, -0.34675517678260803, -0.06766611337661743, -1.1365909576416016, -0.44200608134269714, 0.8820960521697998, 0.2907954454421997, 0.5832979679107666, -0.3280617594718933, -0.831047773361206, 0.358614057302475, -0.31448426842689514, 0.5884313583374023, 0.5247370004653931, -0.13986042141914368, -0.6106480360031128, -0.14826104044914246, 0.2482871562242508, 0.9079297184944153, -0.6477609872817993, -0.7749720215797424, 0.9154976606369019, 0.31825077533721924, 0.07944300770759583, -0.31981906294822693, 0.009500151500105858, 0.41672495007514954, 0.1661311686038971, 0.49933555722236633, 0.6578128933906555, -0.42136552929878235, 0.37711912393569946, -0.3624102473258972, 0.2578345239162445, -1.0131525993347168, -0.15484026074409485, 0.029453124850988388, -0.16079013049602509, -0.128566175699234, -0.5752028822898865, 0.1413734257221222, -0.20858970284461975, -0.7583464980125427, 0.6605089902877808, -0.0026872658636420965, -0.40767702460289, 0.054385535418987274, 0.438060462474823, 0.09886308759450912, -0.5607853531837463, -0.15257292985916138, -0.5308519601821899, 0.2647847831249237, -0.23875348269939423, -0.41919660568237305, -0.26639363169670105, -0.07742370665073395, -0.06616873294115067, -0.37379026412963867, 0.6263214945793152, 0.06901585310697556, 0.668431282043457, 0.5862907767295837, 0.6090941429138184, 0.729600191116333, 1.2877440452575684, -0.548133909702301, 0.6448397040367126, -0.27331602573394775, 0.1219804584980011, -0.3891025483608246, 0.06306227296590805, -0.263264000415802, -0.4526347815990448, -0.1986791491508484, 0.6085317730903625, 0.5984989404678345, 0.6603059768676758, -0.3746265172958374, -0.46235349774360657, -0.5488219857215881, -0.49091875553131104, -0.06591232120990753, 0.5101174712181091, 0.1005438044667244, -0.03425252065062523, 0.7981477975845337, 0.6411635875701904, 0.5057682394981384, 0.09209085255861282, 0.21714919805526733, -0.011702220886945724, -0.6556363105773926, 0.04732275754213333, -0.2936517298221588, 0.2038746178150177, -0.6433524489402771, -0.08898671716451645, -0.23971262574195862, 0.2553868889808655, -0.02504204958677292, 0.10844898968935013, -0.00275410246104002, -0.2764368951320648, -0.8263465762138367, -0.16787804663181305, -0.20801207423210144, 0.044564422219991684, -0.4725315272808075, -0.23751038312911987, -0.28466764092445374, -0.8234396576881409, 0.5176567435264587, -0.15354153513908386, 0.4080348610877991, 0.12401073426008224, 0.038298022001981735, -0.037029653787612915, 1.1533902883529663, -0.6006550788879395, -0.6205312013626099, 0.852469801902771, -0.5494442582130432, -0.2992721199989319, 0.2076212614774704, -0.040218960493803024, 0.5471818447113037, -0.2688235342502594, -0.6446310877799988, -0.09944090992212296, -0.3100832402706146, -0.7191420197486877, 0.46099135279655457, 0.16390925645828247, -1.2817890644073486, 0.25047722458839417, -0.3221815824508667, -0.6006678342819214, 0.6608796715736389, 0.2686444818973541, 0.42687419056892395, -0.5625782012939453, 0.4211444556713104, 0.6447494029998779, -0.2758008539676666, 0.21720139682292938, 0.6716627478599548, 0.04730897396802902, -0.19502989947795868, -0.28157395124435425, 0.3567597270011902, 0.20277805626392365, 0.4785238206386566, -0.3660132586956024, 0.268178790807724, -0.06914402544498444, -0.01754828728735447, -0.4138367772102356, 0.23956428468227386, 0.060772962868213654, 0.3472130596637726, 0.25851577520370483, -0.34453919529914856, -1.0146667957305908, -0.4183160066604614, 0.032827913761138916, 0.28434282541275024, 0.3146410286426544, -0.5475369691848755, 0.2966129779815674, 0.15818224847316742, -0.47640153765678406, 0.08150431513786316, 0.7604888081550598, -0.6311014890670776, 0.4811685383319855, -0.165628582239151, -0.37148517370224, 0.3032914698123932, 0.1055561751127243, -0.6356134414672852, -0.02180580236017704, -0.047015875577926636, -0.03592672199010849, -0.2857826352119446, 0.35766109824180603, -0.32311975955963135, -0.476317822933197, -0.6102964878082275, 0.18441444635391235, -0.2260960191488266, -0.33562180399894714, -0.5297255516052246, -0.3585270643234253, 0.19837142527103424, -0.05320977792143822, -0.7331622242927551, 0.6117645502090454, -0.717684268951416, -0.5054318308830261, 0.3389074504375458, 0.17152847349643707, 0.27516815066337585, -0.04232476279139519, 0.19878172874450684, -0.20979098975658417, 0.07068151235580444, 0.47748002409935, -0.03912470489740372, -0.2314988523721695, 0.6776668429374695, 0.21306520700454712, -0.3270910978317261, -0.1465151309967041, -0.3368569314479828, -0.1707550287246704, -0.8632872104644775, -0.23738349974155426, -0.17032448947429657, 0.3681389391422272, -0.6898314356803894, -0.5875951051712036, -0.7783483862876892, 0.9242958426475525, -0.11080065369606018, 0.6086538434028625, 0.5615703463554382, 0.04348168522119522, -0.24168848991394043, 0.1716582477092743, 0.3277420103549957, -0.3863930106163025, 0.24273262917995453, 0.19211508333683014, 0.48232391476631165, -0.39066600799560547, 0.04309334233403206, 0.34496206045150757, -0.12264963984489441, -0.49626949429512024, 0.0638488307595253, -0.14967143535614014, 0.3927098214626312, 0.5269955992698669, -0.04802945256233215, -0.10424166172742844, -0.600328266620636, -0.3163125216960907, 0.15935909748077393, 0.4915385842323303, 0.03094049170613289, 0.13794903457164764, -0.2258952111005783, 0.5589061379432678, -0.21513284742832184, -0.235330268740654, 0.07034876197576523, -0.19704854488372803, -0.04035545885562897, -0.35358262062072754, -0.2774676978588104, -0.4426180422306061, 0.2510596215724945, 0.81960529088974, 0.17281702160835266, -0.23487555980682373, -0.07969863712787628, -0.28700587153434753, 0.06971719861030579, -0.8764374852180481, 0.8189241886138916, 0.5659551024436951, -0.017032116651535034, 0.6771627068519592, 0.14681106805801392, 0.3562408685684204, -0.5503199696540833, -0.206625834107399, 0.1466880887746811, 0.2141619771718979, 0.2748394012451172, 0.19526520371437073, 0.48767009377479553, -0.21015936136245728, 0.22637568414211273, 0.3035801649093628, -0.8008058071136475, 0.6915748715400696, 0.25314071774482727, -0.15283744037151337, -0.5605289936065674, 0.6876940131187439, 0.1302284598350525, -0.9416873455047607, 0.6670199036598206, -0.2622925639152527, -0.2908768355846405, 1.0649560689926147, -0.24832387268543243, 0.43311646580696106, -0.010750715620815754, -0.4033205211162567, 0.44959568977355957, -0.4013448655605316, -0.654015302658081, -0.015239635482430458, -0.24062006175518036, 0.3025440275669098, 0.6252149343490601, 0.36889612674713135, 0.20628464221954346, -0.00184414885006845, -0.2902136743068695, -0.5854013562202454, 0.03370249271392822, -0.5002700686454773, 0.35301509499549866, -0.4965311586856842, 0.03575065732002258, -0.21530568599700928, 0.8177115321159363, 0.13284847140312195, -0.4974406361579895, 0.4847361743450165, -0.20665648579597473, 0.23327277600765228, 0.1975681632757187, 0.30322757363319397, -1.9210377931594849, 0.5019698739051819, 0.08627720922231674, -0.14235977828502655, 0.6073663830757141, -0.04026990011334419, 0.21441470086574554, -0.005016443785279989, 0.4147719442844391, -0.35688820481300354, 0.027872977778315544, 0.4232234060764313, 0.2630673944950104, 0.09855224192142487, -0.03759492561221123, -0.07239461690187454, 0.45017334818840027, 0.24523292481899261, -0.5145699381828308, 0.14524993300437927, -0.32066962122917175, -0.45199182629585266, -0.15247249603271484, -0.282685250043869, -0.7471786737442017, 0.8990393280982971, 0.6308692693710327, -0.2686145603656769, 0.22436785697937012, 0.5099462866783142, 0.18773755431175232, 0.3538500666618347, 0.5079879760742188, 0.2916487157344818, 0.25950756669044495, -0.12998373806476593, -0.25715798139572144, -0.5849868655204773, 0.8478362560272217, 0.017223402857780457, 0.1846858561038971, 0.006983258295804262, -0.2155616581439972, 0.3170919120311737, 0.43750977516174316, -0.46994778513908386, 0.36110034584999084, -1.0439856052398682, 0.13692839443683624, -0.47985896468162537, -0.23311394453048706, -0.13015766441822052, 0.12847775220870972, 0.08450034260749817, 0.18435688316822052, -0.22718167304992676, -0.6573900580406189, 0.42442625761032104, -0.14205995202064514, -0.1376347690820694, 0.10709355771541595, -0.20978139340877533, -0.15616506338119507, -0.01965499110519886, 0.7155295610427856, -0.39016199111938477, -0.31347528100013733, -0.1898835450410843, 0.13375307619571686, -0.7119913697242737, 0.2791215777397156, -0.3166159391403198, 0.11664057523012161, -0.6751756072044373, -0.142663836479187, 0.1110430583357811, 0.31903377175331116, 1.1703795194625854, 0.7341229319572449, 0.7731415629386902, -0.2242630124092102, -0.4786568582057953, 0.2394520491361618, 0.6244572997093201, 0.7089173197746277, -4.517965316772461, -0.29808780550956726, -0.11330918967723846, -0.6501418948173523, -0.08304402232170105, 0.5498960018157959, 0.06319545209407806, 0.19672466814517975, 0.12372439354658127, -0.09950710088014603, -0.2311728298664093, 0.3997572064399719, 0.3794621229171753, -0.40052950382232666, 0.22498801350593567, 0.3445214629173279 ]
249173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Agent	Microsoft Agent	Microsoft Agent was a technology developed by Microsoft which employed animated characters, text-to-speech engines, and speech recognition software to enhance interaction with computer users. Thus it was an example of an embodied agent. It came preinstalled as part of Windows 98 through Windows Vista. It was not included with Windows 7 but can be downloaded from Microsoft. It was completely discontinued in Windows 8. Microsoft Agent functionality was exposed as an ActiveX control that can be used by web pages. The theory behind this software came from work on social interfaces by Clifford Nass and Byron Reeves at Stanford's Center for the Study of Language and Information. Version history Interactive character technology was first introduced in Microsoft Bob, which used an early version of Agent technology internally referred to as "Microsoft Actor." It was the code used in initial version of the Office Assistant in Office 97. Microsoft Agent was subsequently created by Tandy Trower in an attempt to offer technology that was more flexible and available to third-party developers to include in their applications and web pages. The software release also included four interactive characters as well as a utility that enables developers to assemble their own characters and interactions. Microsoft Agent replaced the original Microsoft Bob code in Office 2000, although this use did not include Agent's much-touted speech synthesis or recognition capabilities or any of the four Microsoft Agent characters. Instead the Office team created their own characters including one dubbed "Clippit" or "Clippy". However, Bob Actors or Office 97 assistants are incompatible with Office 2000 and later versions, and vice versa. The current version of Microsoft Agent was quietly released on MSDN in 1997. Technology Microsoft Agent characters are stored in files of the .ACS extension, and can be stored in a number of compressed .ACF files for better World Wide Web distribution. Microsoft Office 97 and Microsoft Bob Actor characters are stored in files of the .ACT extension. The speech engine itself is driven by the Microsoft Speech API (SAPI), version 4 and above. Microsoft SAPI provides a control panel for easily installing and switching between various available Text to Speech and Speech to Text engines, as well as voice training and scoring systems to improve the quality and accuracy of both engines. Microsoft provides four agent characters for free, which can be downloaded from the Microsoft Agent website. These are called Peedy, Merlin, Genie, and Robby. Some characters also shipped with Microsoft Office up to version 2003 as the Office Assistants and with Windows XP as search assistants. New Agent characters can also be created using Microsoft's development tools, including the Agent Character Editor. Agents can be embedded in software with Visual Basic for Applications and in web pages with VBScript, and automated tools for the purpose of simplifying this exist. However, web page agents are only compatible with Internet Explorer, since alternative browsers like Opera or Mozilla Firefox do not support ActiveX. Additionally, users of Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP and later or owners of Microsoft Office 2000 and later are the only ones who have Agent software pre-loaded on their computers; others have to download the software and install it manually. Support after Windows XP In Windows Vista, Microsoft Agent uses Speech API (SAPI) version 5.3 as its primary text-to-speech provider. (In previous versions of Windows, Agent uses SAPI version 4, which is not supported in Windows Vista and later.) Beginning with Vista, multilingual features of Microsoft Agent under a particular language version of the OS are not supported; that is, Agent will function in other languages only under a localized Windows version of the same language. Microsoft announced in April 2009 that all Microsoft Agent development and support will be discontinued with the release of Windows 7. Microsoft is no longer offering licenses or distributing the SDK. However, due to customer feedback, Microsoft has provided an installation package of the Microsoft Agent core components for use on Windows 7. The download supports SAPI 5.3 compatible speech engines, and also contains the character “Merlin”, which shipped with Windows Vista. See also Embodied agent BonziBuddy Microsoft Office Assistant Microsoft Voice Command Cortana Microsoft Bob References External links Agent Speech processing software Windows components Computer-related introductions in 1995 Products and services discontinued in 2009	[ -0.24902240931987762, -0.07602506130933762, -0.15898391604423523, 0.303714781999588, 0.10832124203443527, 0.23690693080425262, 0.2574607729911804, 0.4929329752922058, 0.480692982673645, -0.20562627911567688, -0.44181546568870544, 0.33342689275741577, -0.41473665833473206, -0.13004787266254425, 0.4050317108631134, -0.4226885139942169, 0.04821266233921051, 0.7306563258171082, 0.2788335680961609, -0.2852059006690979, -0.6594775319099426, -0.04851476475596428, -0.18237747251987457, -0.7030501961708069, 0.16002434492111206, -0.14409537613391876, 0.2727088928222656, -0.4059527814388275, -0.14522118866443634, -0.012477224692702293, 0.37612494826316833, 0.10199598222970963, -0.394191712141037, -0.538143515586853, -1.0237393379211426, -0.2071378380060196, -0.6401540637016296, 0.33576875925064087, -0.4322469234466553, -0.4241156280040741, -0.1226605474948883, -0.04950454831123352, 0.4890417754650116, 0.20277182757854462, -0.255437970161438, -0.13739916682243347, -2.275308847427368, -0.18251824378967285, -0.644743025302887, 0.040763624012470245, -0.8305271863937378, 0.5017626285552979, -0.056586798280477524, 0.17742149531841278, 0.12603530287742615, 0.8128374218940735, -0.060717422515153885, -0.27564284205436707, -0.06282716989517212, -0.02460162527859211, 0.13437920808792114, 0.04898105934262276, 0.09930508583784103, 0.06667552888393402, 0.21747249364852905, 0.0006802007555961609, 0.2950553596019745, 0.07577341049909592, -0.4506691098213196, -0.4980197250843048, 0.1610802710056305, -0.3260425329208374, -0.12241026014089584, -0.11596547812223434, -0.08501946926116943, -0.10520808398723602, 0.4511174261569977, 0.12834800779819489, 0.40551501512527466, 0.19336023926734924, -0.06578885763883591, 0.8473012447357178, 0.49359264969825745, 0.1040549948811531, 0.06521441787481308, 0.057229749858379364, 0.1307121217250824, 0.2513764202594757, -0.3098706007003784, 0.12409256398677826, -0.4469016492366791, -0.081894651055336, 0.5774837136268616, 0.2261970192193985, 0.4069158434867859, 0.16978594660758972, -0.3729313015937805, 0.33744147419929504, 0.052192918956279755, 0.14318443834781647, -0.7638514041900635, 0.07874280959367752, -0.14593273401260376, -0.34299448132514954, -0.2591979503631592, 0.16786858439445496, -0.3756088316440582, -0.5054605007171631, -0.44237712025642395, 0.47768568992614746, -0.22284168004989624, -0.25354769825935364, 0.2932700514793396, 0.11975312232971191, -0.5290172696113586, 0.02972700446844101, 0.035879578441381454, 0.20250281691551208, -0.10678023099899292, 0.016496695578098297, 0.7131480574607849, 1.127916693687439, 0.07487960159778595, -0.14497525990009308, -0.33380579948425293, -0.05171613022685051, 0.2688286602497101, 0.49912089109420776, -0.24841438233852386, 0.14164118468761444, -0.07086756825447083, 0.5494551658630371, 0.06704913079738617, 0.3695038855075836, 0.033614978194236755, -0.385945588350296, 0.322380930185318, -0.3763248920440674, 0.02057684399187565, 0.014921332709491253, -0.4164780378341675, -0.47705531120300293, -0.5031367540359497, -0.09254477173089981, 0.30033475160598755, -0.22780197858810425, 0.5019470453262329, -0.26371923089027405, -0.17554165422916412, -0.18710558116436005, -0.3825004994869232, -0.11974766850471497, -0.19811154901981354, 0.1895407736301422, -0.04784417524933815, 0.928675651550293, 0.6439041495323181, -0.6707138419151306, 0.435360312461853, 0.08895590156316757, 0.26751816272735596, 0.20900334417819977, -0.6173152327537537, -0.2970917224884033, -0.10228224843740463, 0.20476585626602173, -0.1175149455666542, 0.36671382188796997, 0.33570003509521484, 0.30466583371162415, -0.0170646533370018, 0.20106200873851776, 0.1629224568605423, 0.15958383679389954, -0.15816865861415863, 0.08235891908407211, 0.5290242433547974, 0.31788796186447144, 0.38311007618904114, 0.04799686372280121, -0.6430071592330933, 0.2069433331489563, 0.04058032110333443, -0.07884851843118668, 0.25185391306877136, 0.25587552785873413, 0.7238773703575134, 0.014340178109705448, -0.6296831965446472, -0.4959624707698822, -0.5555686950683594, -0.6060892343521118, -0.23960624635219574, -0.5824083685874939, 1.0699970722198486, -0.26100221276283264, -0.991714358329773, 0.8480651378631592, 0.5491855144500732, 0.5378761291503906, 0.1751115769147873, 0.03598059341311455, 0.3639642894268036, -0.1721961498260498, -0.033821187913417816, -0.03488417714834213, 0.31460365653038025, -0.43078815937042236, -0.4040127098560333, 0.5812891721725464, -0.16151189804077148, 0.0023564088623970747, 0.6881799101829529, -0.16769041121006012, 0.025892216712236404, 0.32493773102760315, -0.6132949590682983, 0.26115652918815613, -0.3608991205692291, -0.23857931792736053, 0.7365307807922363, -0.2176886796951294, -0.3581106960773468, 0.5649261474609375, -0.3872162699699402, 0.6827062368392944, 0.2709348499774933, -0.43621712923049927, 0.5170341730117798, -0.347806453704834, -0.10152166336774826, 0.36923936009407043, -0.04222778230905533, -1.0833985805511475, -0.01171894185245037, -0.4020431637763977, 0.45918816328048706, -0.48366039991378784, 0.05736229941248894, 0.11076110601425171, 0.23580187559127808, -0.14852924644947052, -0.1242513656616211, -0.034239012748003006, -0.07075517624616623, -0.04140714555978775, 0.03595566377043724, 0.1709827333688736, 0.2303386777639389, -0.025782255455851555, 0.08987659960985184, 0.12382917106151581, -0.3955937922000885, -0.060743220150470734, 0.1455696076154709, 0.5151001214981079, -0.4614913761615753, -0.1833789348602295, -0.43619975447654724, 0.25540441274642944, 0.11095219850540161, 0.303531289100647, 0.042019039392471313, 0.7674782276153564, 0.38874393701553345, -1.236414909362793, 0.019857030361890793, -0.15315280854701996, 0.1749027520418167, 0.6964366436004639, 0.6126458048820496, -0.2898477613925934, -0.28022500872612, -0.019161779433488846, -0.18142524361610413, -0.2233283817768097, 0.0822252556681633, 0.25446000695228577, -0.5525927543640137, -0.5602494478225708, 0.06992598623037338, 0.6096579432487488, -0.09900830686092377, -0.14897164702415466, -0.16442625224590302, -0.5400192737579346, -0.19508831202983856, -0.8738860487937927, -0.6535786986351013, 0.027373427525162697, -0.14289578795433044, 0.2367907166481018, -0.31240519881248474, 0.24538059532642365, -0.0007671496132388711, 0.2449924796819687, 0.20343150198459625, 0.3865894377231598, 0.13673098385334015, 0.11470074206590652, -0.17960257828235626, -0.16288259625434875, -0.478048712015152, -0.49775341153144836, 0.5237782001495361, -0.16062654554843903, -0.08214763551950455, -0.3295079171657562, -5.939617156982422, 0.13842546939849854, -0.18078100681304932, 0.025588011369109154, 0.21247437596321106, 0.14472609758377075, 0.3760659396648407, -0.19326262176036835, 0.07095624506473541, 0.0879577174782753, -0.08128576725721359, 0.23261462152004242, -0.09358174353837967, 0.3726305067539215, -0.0453539602458477, 0.21568463742733002, 0.24792271852493286, -0.19950373470783234, 0.25889086723327637, 0.07513894140720367, -0.4566252827644348, -0.3391590416431427, 0.1007295623421669, 0.7055460810661316, 0.23908169567584991, -0.041555482894182205, -0.38727185130119324, 0.223515123128891, 0.4136917293071747, 0.1664615422487259, 0.4105418622493744, 0.024084508419036865, -0.39823222160339355, 0.3539249002933502, 0.050629496574401855, 0.11431165784597397, 1.212772250175476, -0.13249380886554718, 0.5328980088233948, -0.9819789528846741, 0.2262151837348938, 0.3304944932460785, -0.22218655049800873, 0.12905433773994446, 0.25891053676605225, -0.47448140382766724, -0.500217616558075, 0.18880608677864075, 0.07559990137815475, 0.1761200875043869, -0.37362074851989746, 0.49264633655548096, -0.08346890658140182, 0.6551405191421509, 0.40808385610580444, -0.17022617161273956, 0.5649343132972717, -0.33651870489120483, -0.4271877706050873, 0.650343656539917, 0.5915456414222717, -0.6049830913543701, -0.27729910612106323, -0.40228310227394104, 0.004593546036630869, -0.4349924325942993, -0.4431666433811188, -0.5487314462661743, 0.05472618341445923, -0.05566287040710449, -0.11076967418193817, 0.5521243214607239, 0.15574093163013458, -0.9074119925498962, 0.31249740719795227, -0.2395346611738205, 0.3048119843006134, -0.03598969802260399, -0.06451963633298874, -0.0010886560194194317, -0.24975867569446564, 0.04183211177587509, -0.3330475389957428, 0.12465286254882812, -0.346486359834671, -0.08365289866924286, 0.15269653499126434, 0.6709770560264587, 0.0024388551246374846, -0.11174459010362625, 0.9023429155349731, -0.18107843399047852, 0.11364664137363434, 0.23047636449337006, 0.5338677763938904, 0.38832512497901917, 0.27339547872543335, 0.21960711479187012, 0.49924641847610474, 0.051981329917907715, 0.11306934058666229, 0.13672587275505066, -0.2733318507671356, -0.5296674966812134, 0.33930936455726624, 0.044188935309648514, -0.5579802989959717, -0.4706162214279175, 0.5206053853034973, 0.16313593089580536, -0.42999035120010376, -0.015480495058000088, -0.41956019401550293, 0.24310287833213806, 0.16706407070159912, 0.5214957594871521, -0.02867693454027176, 0.240839883685112, 0.22051256895065308, 0.11732778698205948, -0.3531949520111084, 0.24641679227352142, 0.03934231400489807, -0.028859209269285202, -0.20930466055870056, -0.2244785577058792, -0.1987803876399994, 0.18347613513469696, 0.05181027948856354, -0.38395002484321594, 0.4979374408721924, 0.1797793209552765, -0.4244287610054016, -0.012328825891017914, 0.6001328825950623, -0.5704089999198914, 0.025543350726366043, -0.36880630254745483, 0.07212613523006439, -0.3457172214984894, 0.05743013322353363, -0.14214903116226196, 0.15957173705101013, 0.034066520631313324, 0.550042986869812, -0.45913317799568176, -0.12998242676258087, -0.6056296229362488, -0.10840552300214767, 0.19631679356098175, -0.18514509499073029, -0.5170269012451172, 0.2484462857246399, -0.2628377079963684, -0.2483905702829361, -0.1992810070514679, 0.272018164396286, -0.23519057035446167, -0.1149989441037178, -0.34337499737739563, 0.39566653966903687, -0.3056274950504303, -0.8498886823654175, 0.10826531797647476, 0.46886491775512695, -0.5807340741157532, -0.6368308067321777, -0.5039234161376953, -0.23122723400592804, 0.19284939765930176, 0.12156686931848526, -0.24249009788036346, -0.2761535942554474, -0.11712945252656937, 0.12132392823696136, -0.07949460297822952, -0.18947429955005646, 0.06640810519456863, -0.3890473246574402, 0.007798504084348679, 0.1743144392967224, -0.6864074468612671, -0.32349976897239685, -0.1208973079919815, 0.5072078704833984, -0.2882416546344757, -0.036720797419548035, 0.25825318694114685, -0.21661102771759033, -0.5251441597938538, -0.4317663311958313, 0.5294508337974548, 0.16224899888038635, -0.1212482675909996, -0.6574180722236633, -0.17965054512023926, -0.07958865165710449, 0.3581938147544861, 0.3477439880371094, -0.7692212462425232, -0.32769832015037537, 0.13875572383403778, -0.5294792652130127, 0.12573620676994324, 0.1739492267370224, -0.3670227825641632, -0.08249442279338837, 0.06334623694419861, -0.0790797770023346, 0.651231586933136, -0.19597813487052917, -0.3105950951576233, -0.009926697239279747, -0.139706552028656, -0.040354691445827484, 0.7567919492721558, -0.08350812643766403, -0.09570342302322388, -0.4539666771888733, -0.016869327053427696, -0.19432705640792847, -0.3467360734939575, -0.7846699357032776, -0.22247326374053955, -0.5705855488777161, 0.04253660514950752, 0.5551776885986328, -0.20737683773040771, 0.04868103191256523, -0.11283338069915771, 0.046443670988082886, 0.1329510360956192, 0.21116866171360016, 0.7307155132293701, 0.12312246859073639, -0.14504440128803253, -0.30272307991981506, 0.32516607642173767, 0.2448221892118454, -0.07780977338552475, 0.2534002661705017, 0.41257333755493164, -0.47600579261779785, -0.08488153666257858, 0.14872777462005615, 0.6017918586730957, -0.3301782011985779, -0.5106298327445984, -0.87224280834198, 0.1649651676416397, 0.1748782843351364, -0.1047229990363121, -0.16537649929523468, 0.2842284142971039, 0.29169946908950806, -0.2720491290092468, -0.019424211233854294, 0.48190125823020935, -0.6614587306976318, -0.11538633704185486, -0.2306225299835205, -0.3361433148384094, -0.37023696303367615, 0.38602516055107117, -0.1906205415725708, 0.3194376528263092, 0.23756325244903564, -0.24560263752937317, 0.09935075789690018, -0.4606115221977234, 0.35916560888290405, 0.22872039675712585, 0.09048015624284744, 0.9617871046066284, -0.09184859693050385, 0.059352755546569824, 0.15124239027500153, -0.16570663452148438, -0.20384477078914642, 0.20021004974842072, -0.4393078684806824, 0.16987891495227814, -0.1678263396024704, -0.7041099071502686, 0.014371268451213837, -0.37144598364830017, 0.584480345249176, -0.10722816735506058, -0.03422309458255768, -0.21170508861541748, -0.2667975127696991, 0.9926773309707642, 0.031179625540971756, 0.02191895805299282, -0.6418811678886414, -0.3926135301589966, -0.04834093153476715, -0.18222008645534515, -0.11125840991735458, -0.1470262110233307, -0.012329707853496075, 0.6427786350250244, 0.764943540096283, -0.3363214433193207, 0.37083619832992554, 0.5651198029518127, 0.07582459598779678, -0.6813753247261047, 0.03458430990576744, -0.4004136621952057, -0.2208765745162964, -0.19220302999019623, 0.10372933000326157, 0.5370825529098511, -0.11775478720664978, 0.250839501619339, 0.3142525553703308, -0.4266837239265442, 0.30112388730049133, 0.033531978726387024, -0.19615165889263153, -0.23655124008655548, 0.2766265273094177, -0.3919796347618103, -0.1462962031364441, 0.36180251836776733, -0.16272854804992676, 0.19998691976070404, 0.08774320036172867, 0.4545575678348541, 0.7928580045700073, 0.22707687318325043, -0.23901915550231934, 0.22013863921165466, 0.06381634622812271, -0.8835009932518005, 0.11561935395002365, 0.010826523415744305, -0.045880936086177826, 0.19012224674224854, 0.6441186666488647, 0.5602745413780212, 0.046451669186353683, -0.12001082301139832, -0.3588019907474518, 0.3957616686820984, 0.4413001537322998, 0.6289417743682861, -0.32714134454727173, 0.6035994291305542, 0.24520617723464966, 0.1419803500175476, 0.08203762769699097, 0.4074239730834961, 0.20761902630329132, -0.7351025342941284, 0.09355072677135468, 0.23008282482624054, -0.037155136466026306, 0.11160711199045181, -0.09771599620580673, 0.3661232590675354, 0.683949887752533, -0.19445355236530304, -0.6279521584510803, 0.4787222743034363, 0.39226025342941284, -0.2212912142276764, 0.30673131346702576, -0.2935860753059387, -0.0345570407807827, 0.5048657655715942, -0.0042915442027151585, 0.1795009970664978, -0.08575718849897385, 0.3653525114059448, 0.8723584413528442, -0.3722650706768036, 0.1598319411277771, 0.14195755124092102, -0.04344300925731659, -0.2450512945652008, 0.13219250738620758, -0.32726311683654785, 0.21065911650657654, 0.10210691392421722, -0.13689358532428741, 0.7631723284721375, 0.22530947625637054, -0.08388698846101761, -0.00413507642224431, -0.4949240982532501, 0.5207645893096924, 0.2739681601524353, 0.16008442640304565, 0.47663524746894836, -0.31997618079185486, 0.6427390575408936, 0.1344498246908188, -0.2884123623371124, 0.12710830569267273, 0.43318507075309753, 0.3368573784828186, -0.07006540894508362, -0.4398960769176483, 0.4772111177444458, -0.7518436312675476, -0.1685509830713272, -0.7093061208724976, 0.0981246680021286, 0.2809692919254303, -0.028078338131308556, -0.2869143486022949, -0.35913318395614624, 0.11029797047376633, 0.6887553334236145, 0.4076797366142273, 0.24162477254867554, 0.23136518895626068, 0.2647794485092163, 0.2847355008125305, 0.4326930642127991, -0.08097716420888901, -0.2734413146972656, -0.1690557897090912, 0.5536841154098511, 0.3562218248844147, -0.061915818601846695, -0.3337782919406891, 0.3806767165660858, -0.038045983761548996, -0.14097951352596283, -0.2058802843093872, 0.6742718815803528, -0.48103195428848267, -0.5467199683189392, -0.2103678286075592, 0.6648128032684326, 0.20714162290096283, -0.5898212194442749, -0.36278149485588074, 0.14731420576572418, -0.06748029589653015, 0.5188708305358887, -0.8213537931442261, -0.4077824056148529, -0.2850413918495178, -0.639091432094574, -0.333395391702652, -0.33228906989097595, 0.07704590260982513, -0.28559544682502747, 0.0034140143543481827, 0.33051472902297974, 0.05940431356430054, 0.8929194211959839, 0.45362868905067444, -1.0757769346237183, -0.1796375811100006, 0.5743736028671265 ]
249176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi-Civita%20connection	Levi-Civita connection	In Riemannian or pseudo Riemannian geometry (in particular the Lorentzian geometry of general relativity), the Levi-Civita connection is the unique affine connection on the tangent bundle of a manifold (i.e. affine connection) that preserves the (pseudo-)Riemannian metric and is torsion-free. The fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry states that there is a unique connection which satisfies these properties. In the theory of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian manifolds the term covariant derivative is often used for the Levi-Civita connection. The components (structure coefficients) of this connection with respect to a system of local coordinates are called Christoffel symbols. History The Levi-Civita connection is named after Tullio Levi-Civita, although originally "discovered" by Elwin Bruno Christoffel. Levi-Civita, along with Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, used Christoffel's symbols to define the notion of parallel transport and explore the relationship of parallel transport with the curvature, thus developing the modern notion of holonomy. In 1869, Christoffel discovered that the components of the intrinsic derivative of a vector field, upon changing the coordinate system, transform as the components of a contravariant vector. This discovery was the real beginning of tensor analysis. In 1906, L. E. J. Brouwer was the first mathematician to consider the parallel transport of a vector for the case of a space of constant curvature. In 1917, Levi-Civita pointed out its importance for the case of a hypersurface immersed in a Euclidean space, i.e., for the case of a Riemannian manifold embedded in a "larger" ambient space. He interpreted the intrinsic derivative in the case of an embedded surface as the tangential component of the usual derivative in the ambient affine space. The Levi-Civita notions of intrinsic derivative and parallel displacement of a vector along a curve make sense on an abstract Riemannian manifold, even though the original motivation relied on a specific embedding In 1918, independently of Levi-Civita, Jan Arnoldus Schouten obtained analogous results. In the same year, Hermann Weyl generalized Levi-Civita's results. Notation denotes a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold. is the tangent bundle of . is the Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric of . are smooth vector fields on , i. e. smooth sections of . is the Lie bracket of and . It is again a smooth vector field. The metric can take up to two vectors or vector fields as arguments. In the former case the output is a number, the (pseudo-)inner product of and . In the latter case, the inner product of is taken at all points on the manifold so that defines a smooth function on . Vector fields act (by definition) as differential operators on smooth functions. In local coordinates , the action reads where Einstein's summation convention is used. Formal definition An affine connection is called a Levi-Civita connection if it preserves the metric, i.e., . it is torsion-free, i.e., for any vector fields and we have , where is the Lie bracket of the vector fields and . Condition 1 above is sometimes referred to as compatibility with the metric, and condition 2 is sometimes called symmetry, cf. Do Carmo's text. Fundamental theorem of (pseudo) Riemannian Geometry Theorem Every pseudo Riemannian manifold has a unique Levi Civita connection . proof: If a Levi-Civita connection exists, it must be unique. To see this, unravel the definition of the action of a connection on tensors to find Hence we can write condition 1 as By the symmetry of the metric tensor we then find: By condition 2, the right hand side is therefore equal to and we find the Koszul formula Hence, if a Levi-Civita connection exists, it must be unique, because is arbitrary, is non degenerate, and the right hand side does not depend . To prove existence, note that for given vector field and , the right hand side of the Koszul expression is function-linear in the vector field , not just real linear. Hence by the non degeneracy of , the right hand side uniquely defines some new vector field which we suggestively denote as in the left hand side. By substituting the Koszul formula, one now checks that for all vector fields , and all functions Hence the Koszul expression does, in fact, define a connection, and this connection is compatible with the metric and is torsion free, i.e. is a (hence the) Levi-Civita connection. Note that with minor variations the same proof shows that there is a unique connection that is compatible with the metric and has prescribed torsion. Christoffel symbols Let be an affine connection on the tangent bundle. Choose local coordinates with coordinate basis vector fields and write for . The Christoffel symbols of with respect to these coordinates are defined as The Christoffel symbols conversely define the connection on the coordinate neighbourhood because that is, An affine connection is compatible with a metric iff i.e., if and only if An affine connection is torsion free iff i.e., if and only if is symmetric in its lower two indices. As one checks by taking for , coordinate vector fields (or computes directly), the Koszul expression of the Levi-Civita connection derived above is equivalent to a definition of the Christoffel symbols in terms of the metric as where as usual are the coefficients of the dual metric tensor, i.e. the entries of the inverse of the matrix . Derivative along curve The Levi-Civita connection (like any affine connection) also defines a derivative along curves, sometimes denoted by . Given a smooth curve on and a vector field along its derivative is defined by Formally, is the pullback connection on the pullback bundle . In particular, is a vector field along the curve itself. If vanishes, the curve is called a geodesic of the covariant derivative. Formally, the condition can be restated as the vanishing of the pullback connection applied to : If the covariant derivative is the Levi-Civita connection of a certain metric, then the geodesics for the connection are precisely those geodesics of the metric that are parametrised proportionally to their arc length. Parallel transport In general, parallel transport along a curve with respect to a connection defines isomorphisms between the tangent spaces at the points of the curve. If the connection is a Levi-Civita connection, then these isomorphisms are orthogonal – that is, they preserve the inner products on the various tangent spaces. The images below show parallel transport of the Levi-Civita connection associated to two different Riemannian metrics on the plane, expressed in polar coordinates. The metric of left image corresponds to the standard Euclidean metric , while the metric on the right has standard form in polar coordinates, and thus preserves the vector tangent to the circle. This second metric has a singularity at the origin, as can be seen by expressing it in Cartesian coordinates: Example: the unit sphere in Let be the usual scalar product on . Let be the unit sphere in . The tangent space to at a point is naturally identified with the vector subspace of consisting of all vectors orthogonal to . It follows that a vector field on can be seen as a map , which satisfies Denote as the covariant derivative of the map in the direction of the vector . Then we have: In fact, this connection is the Levi-Civita connection for the metric on inherited from . Indeed, one can check that this connection preserves the metric. See also Weitzenböck connection Notes References See Volume I pag. 158 External links MathWorld: Levi-Civita Connection PlanetMath: Levi-Civita Connection Levi-Civita connection at the Manifold Atlas Riemannian geometry Connection (mathematics)	[ 0.19613011181354523, -0.46355846524238586, 0.14619283378124237, -0.07730274647474289, -0.7207857966423035, 0.2077062875032425, -0.3487914502620697, 0.24507513642311096, -0.3239116370677948, -0.6861260533332825, -0.43479806184768677, 0.31521832942962646, -0.7095493078231812, 0.772039532661438, 0.3034968972206116, 0.48442530632019043, 0.4789642095565796, 0.531011164188385, -0.8326926827430725, -0.6399027109146118, 0.8205482959747314, 0.4936235249042511, 0.33707132935523987, 0.4551287591457367, -0.4878285527229309, 0.02071797102689743, 0.5365050435066223, 0.394765168428421, 0.7603769898414612, 0.2800309658050537, -0.36911699175834656, 0.7971103191375732, -0.2951202988624573, -0.1022455021739006, 0.2523535192012787, 0.4264998733997345, 0.4816608428955078, 0.06770256161689758, 0.13737741112709045, -0.13025619089603424, 1.2791563272476196, -0.14777185022830963, -0.26250460743904114, -0.05934169143438339, -0.5026330947875977, -0.5480594635009766, -1.3637619018554688, 0.20246630907058716, -0.42779967188835144, -0.8819566369056702, -0.06325405836105347, 0.10815910249948502, 0.2771109342575073, 0.9106533527374268, -0.2924981415271759, 0.9339383840560913, -1.1280360221862793, -0.259170264005661, 0.8586387038230896, 0.03803624212741852, 0.06358244270086288, 0.8894742727279663, 0.23580557107925415, 0.03061477281153202, -0.021069861948490143, 0.698089063167572, -0.18911929428577423, 0.5988757610321045, -0.16387680172920227, -0.8056838512420654, -0.2676515281200409, 0.15004262328147888, 0.15974754095077515, 0.27369505167007446, -0.36015716195106506, 0.019412841647863388, 0.24196088314056396, -0.274350643157959, 0.0008685954380780458, 0.04432947188615799, -0.6470810174942017, 0.23653845489025116, 0.7648234963417053, -0.1382077932357788, 0.5786007642745972, -0.12820293009281158, -0.6433369517326355, 0.6331316232681274, -0.18909978866577148, 0.7044854164123535, 0.07041085511445999, -0.43768802285194397, 0.4285964071750641, -0.07082466036081314, 0.4624544680118561, 0.799207866191864, 0.37029775977134705, -0.4489358365535736, 0.3424426317214966, 0.17749203741550446, -0.2818849980831146, 0.5076711773872375, -0.26593631505966187, -0.3449389636516571, -0.2701115310192108, -0.4659925699234009, -0.3494046926498413, -0.8093616962432861, -0.24139171838760376, -0.014202157035470009, -0.8546597361564636, -0.1250365674495697, -0.011926494538784027, -0.5653778910636902, -0.16135655343532562, -0.523571789264679, 0.02625095844268799, -0.6046245694160461, -0.3016353249549866, 0.5345020890235901, -0.2836468815803528, 0.22967861592769623, -0.08670442551374435, 0.4854435324668884, -0.19615839421749115, 0.4483507573604584, 0.39168569445610046, 0.8736744523048401, -0.9596027135848999, 0.3495699465274811, 0.5338510870933533, 0.48054561018943787, -0.07455429434776306, 0.5269302129745483, 0.4754483103752136, -1.259945034980774, -0.5241603255271912, -0.1517624408006668, -0.7225044369697571, -0.3158053755760193, -0.6184229850769043, 0.02932409569621086, -0.4719250500202179, -0.1892036646604538, 0.7393943667411804, -0.19024305045604706, -0.1326047033071518, -0.3117089569568634, 0.2462901622056961, -0.5538171529769897, -0.007817401550710201, 0.12981043756008148, -0.3174293637275696, -0.3433040380477905, -0.4994404911994934, 0.253071129322052, 0.9153393507003784, 0.6265461444854736, -0.13006484508514404, 0.04855288192629814, 0.16486717760562897, -0.44047781825065613, -0.21797959506511688, -0.48702749609947205, 0.25317221879959106, -0.5013457536697388, 0.683543860912323, -0.1534290760755539, 0.07989628612995148, 0.46993982791900635, -0.31781986355781555, -0.3532167971134186, -0.20228026807308197, -0.30611228942871094, -0.2026045024394989, -0.1756168007850647, 0.6622503399848938, 0.4968516230583191, 0.31750157475471497, -0.34190833568573, -1.0114487409591675, -0.16788585484027863, 0.06793560087680817, -0.40280330181121826, 0.6951445937156677, 0.3327123522758484, 0.289602130651474, 0.16451455652713776, 0.3812848627567291, -0.29763635993003845, -0.4724804759025574, 0.04057929664850235, -0.26855260133743286, -0.44410958886146545, 1.7194576263427734, 0.07474484294652939, -0.6926047801971436, 0.5343380570411682, 0.11618558317422867, 0.3480185270309448, -0.4498260021209717, -0.13341780006885529, 0.44917863607406616, 0.38426899909973145, -0.6427422165870667, 0.6501436829566956, -0.1871638298034668, -0.00623334338888526, -0.45460498332977295, 0.5175767540931702, 0.828538179397583, -0.15905404090881348, 0.44085171818733215, -0.3462804853916168, -0.5248004794120789, -0.2920147180557251, -0.6730140447616577, 0.2825942635536194, 0.0448618158698082, 0.4505408704280853, 1.0957084894180298, -0.10533349215984344, -0.08043128997087479, 0.13618801534175873, -0.04649127274751663, 0.8962243795394897, 0.19651566445827484, 0.9723010659217834, 0.1661791056394577, -0.32393068075180054, -0.7814145684242249, -0.20368915796279907, -0.04083232209086418, 0.16328813135623932, -0.16789256036281586, 0.33540844917297363, 0.5649070739746094, -0.9646522998809814, 0.4233388304710388, -0.3405397832393646, 0.3624771535396576, 0.49268966913223267, -0.6503530740737915, -0.007862120866775513, -0.33446982502937317, 0.0503714494407177, -0.5631948113441467, 0.12847214937210083, -0.08833835273981094, -0.11191754788160324, -0.12883888185024261, 0.16876693069934845, -0.11017101258039474, -0.2651207447052002, -0.07142192125320435, -0.10069141536951065, 0.04214467108249664, -0.19175587594509125, 0.8570683598518372, 0.19107307493686676, 0.4467489719390869, -0.36812567710876465, -0.1450345814228058, -0.3584274351596832, -0.46952980756759644, -0.33410143852233887, -0.6374449133872986, 0.46521395444869995, 0.3535916805267334, 0.17393279075622559, 0.5858712196350098, -0.58314448595047, -0.13055124878883362, 0.3106573224067688, -0.7238075733184814, -0.1437913328409195, -0.7161285877227783, 0.6804928183555603, -1.0542879104614258, -0.40608370304107666, 0.28391745686531067, 0.6567230224609375, 0.48417022824287415, 0.4655406177043915, -0.8793229460716248, -0.08965913206338882, -0.5720686912536621, -0.5904483795166016, -0.25774067640304565, -0.5651836395263672, -0.264107882976532, 0.4758681058883667, -0.11304596066474915, -0.08428864181041718, -0.03912971913814545, 1.0293407440185547, 0.03621012717485428, -0.31881168484687805, 0.2729717791080475, -0.6863853931427002, -0.4939926266670227, 0.27487555146217346, 0.018249578773975372, 0.18859681487083435, -0.017455874010920525, 0.020142652094364166, -0.6476404666900635, 0.08974774181842804, -5.156484603881836, 0.4512571692466736, -0.7919362187385559, 0.2962570786476135, 0.07459644973278046, 0.49273958802223206, 0.5567166209220886, -0.14075125753879547, -0.02873978763818741, -0.033560995012521744, -0.19270990788936615, -0.41251683235168457, -1.1286958456039429, 0.7829962968826294, 0.417240172624588, 0.5335887670516968, 0.16034887731075287, 0.07151643186807632, 0.271748423576355, 0.205718994140625, -0.25797635316848755, 0.2388867735862732, -0.450954407453537, 0.024572592228651047, -0.051318828016519547, 0.04827190563082695, -0.06811076402664185, 0.46546581387519836, -0.5444981455802917, -0.16794894635677338, 0.03440933674573898, -0.291156142950058, 0.00965744536370039, -0.15556147694587708, -0.30108362436294556, 0.3334454298019409, 0.4185914397239685, -0.22671684622764587, 0.3128616511821747, -0.32892993092536926, -0.682129442691803, 0.8346821069717407, -0.22797806560993195, -0.7057477831840515, 0.21966631710529327, -0.6016932725906372, -0.29150936007499695, 0.25772061944007874, 0.22927308082580566, 0.8538455963134766, -0.1640862226486206, -0.3430301249027252, -0.1737567037343979, -0.14698755741119385, -0.22980482876300812, 0.039344411343336105, 0.39509159326553345, 0.12981829047203064, -0.7361021637916565, 0.8326457738876343, 0.1573326289653778, -0.7062084674835205, 0.29486557841300964, -0.14727036654949188, -0.5606874823570251, 0.4588680863380432, -0.86063551902771, -0.5070909857749939, 0.15728986263275146, 0.5309948325157166, -0.49943992495536804, 0.5389223098754883, -0.17065197229385376, -0.4905424416065216, -0.05992783233523369, -0.5858040452003479, -0.07763547450304031, 0.09371370822191238, -0.07796119898557663, 0.4599643349647522, -0.19891467690467834, -0.4176865518093109, -0.5329945683479309, 0.42325717210769653, 0.23095136880874634, 0.5516455769538879, 0.5130817890167236, -0.6507644653320312, -0.4105502963066101, -0.4299779236316681, 0.54243004322052, -0.5328638553619385, 0.18348905444145203, 0.5769324898719788, -0.3289016783237457, -0.19748690724372864, -0.3547366261482239, 0.6549249291419983, 0.5233878493309021, -0.15708865225315094, 0.44770345091819763, -0.631257951259613, 0.26990896463394165, -0.2026149034500122, 0.14210738241672516, 0.1328822523355484, -0.47462770342826843, 0.6638170480728149, 0.23579588532447815, 0.15051111578941345, -0.14813783764839172, -0.06889879703521729, -0.47627413272857666, -0.1859302818775177, 0.8803337812423706, 0.19620788097381592, -0.2544610798358917, 0.3881106972694397, 0.6294403076171875, 0.105266273021698, 0.3538096249103546, 0.1507977694272995, 0.2622469961643219, -0.3054550886154175, -0.197923943400383, 0.17861910164356232, -0.08452529460191727, 0.10577057301998138, -0.016707072034478188, 0.06188894063234329, -0.2811298668384552, 0.5590161085128784, -0.15899336338043213, 0.025882398709654808, 0.2913411855697632, -0.7764847874641418, -0.278963565826416, 0.05752160772681236, 0.5752877593040466, 0.3102995455265045, 0.660831093788147, 0.2400645911693573, -0.5208802223205566, -0.45017382502555847, 0.5961291790008545, 0.22359000146389008, -0.5383450388908386, -0.463461309671402, -0.8514681458473206, 0.5697253942489624, 0.12736378610134125, -0.8527024984359741, -0.09044644981622696, -0.44285252690315247, 0.17284399271011353, 0.48802733421325684, -0.22986525297164917, 0.5088191032409668, 0.36786964535713196, -0.3759811818599701, 0.059398848563432693, -0.14424251019954681, -0.829386293888092, 0.30812525749206543, -0.09884066879749298, -0.0641869306564331, -0.4150333106517792, -0.8490326404571533, -0.5481700897216797, 0.3955574035644531, 0.28039297461509705, 0.2597658336162567, -0.19754157960414886, -0.3875003159046173, -0.07275247573852539, 0.1965799480676651, 0.03589339926838875, 0.05029198154807091, 0.154576376080513, -0.4241441786289215, 0.04618758335709572, -0.28065773844718933, -0.20740367472171783, 0.31159088015556335, 0.47734352946281433, -0.22835998237133026, 0.10309898853302002, -0.06408759951591492, -0.5964019298553467, -0.18767882883548737, 0.7781601548194885, 0.4028831124305725, -0.5778193473815918, -0.006209623068571091, 0.19708935916423798, -0.3069929778575897, 0.7770476937294006, -0.056858357042074203, -0.32749852538108826, -0.34378138184547424, -0.49775245785713196, 0.8795976042747498, -0.5188982486724854, 1.093403935432434, -0.06709783524274826, -0.3689694404602051, -0.06811083853244781, 0.16456620395183563, -0.5017732381820679, 0.39572152495384216, -0.7828372120857239, -0.7666317820549011, -0.08070044219493866, -0.1007111594080925, -0.31833723187446594, 0.6487830281257629, 0.18804164230823517, -0.6745317578315735, -0.3991878628730774, -0.3545137047767639, -0.24966517090797424, -0.3077353537082672, 0.3159618675708771, -0.12829339504241943, -0.12598101794719696, 0.35912904143333435, 0.210785910487175, -0.7997101545333862, 0.1992710381746292, -0.16350708901882172, -0.12287931144237518, -0.47547173500061035, 0.16984602808952332, 0.12431377917528152, -0.38864755630493164, -0.22099654376506805, -0.6173879504203796, 0.15377959609031677, -0.47700998187065125, -0.1924874186515808, 0.528989851474762, 0.4134008288383484, 0.20209233462810516, -0.7147724628448486, 0.22399495542049408, 0.7109192609786987, 0.6194564700126648, -0.4268811047077179, -0.3068920075893402, 0.46136361360549927, 0.38197749853134155, -0.50845867395401, -0.6716089248657227, -0.5673950910568237, 0.40002843737602234, -0.30461713671684265, -0.1466442346572876, -0.2836556136608124, 0.6957364082336426, 0.21140582859516144, 0.09458818286657333, -0.25405949354171753, -0.4972303807735443, -0.0973426029086113, -0.39953961968421936, 0.2799418568611145, 0.27641406655311584, -0.13930727541446686, 0.46229004859924316, -0.05872347950935364, 0.14040237665176392, -0.48688003420829773, 0.41064003109931946, 0.18869516253471375, -0.04505327343940735, 0.4960075318813324, -0.1901797354221344, 0.1205097958445549, 0.022622670978307724, -0.6512589454650879, -0.8969932198524475, 0.041473135352134705, -0.16146548092365265, -0.24572420120239258, 0.012924200855195522, -0.03724021837115288, -0.08039862662553787, 0.8125090003013611, -0.16373172402381897, 0.39708447456359863, -0.9573529362678528, -0.17153224349021912, -0.22672660648822784, -0.2396945059299469, -0.08563864231109619, 0.732272207736969, 0.18312309682369232, 0.3263755142688751, -0.15956251323223114, -0.1441815197467804, -0.9193670749664307, 0.27435845136642456, -0.5568687915802002, -0.5640435218811035, -0.06694541871547699, 0.06372910737991333, 0.22057345509529114, -0.16519303619861603, 0.1091613695025444, -0.024254625663161278, 0.6632078886032104, 0.0948522612452507, -0.2095363438129425, 0.361003577709198, -0.7913769483566284, -0.01696346513926983, 0.7203120589256287, 0.10631956160068512, -0.055435165762901306, 0.7089062333106995, -0.07064177840948105, 0.28881725668907166, 0.3509905934333801, -0.052950017154216766, -0.8240311741828918, 0.592513382434845, -0.7209673523902893, -0.045731011778116226, -0.31447556614875793, 0.8846529722213745, 0.3239467740058899, -0.17541077733039856, -0.9041824340820312, 0.7066543698310852, 0.6250913739204407, -0.18593811988830566, 0.3482798635959625, -0.716738224029541, -0.1772328019142151, 0.3865104913711548, 0.1402275562286377, 1.2850817441940308, -0.28458547592163086, 0.5021259784698486, 0.37026160955429077, 0.18299232423305511, -0.3080315589904785, 0.043119803071022034, 0.3791685104370117, 0.03716351091861725, 0.5777013301849365, -0.06796849519014359, 0.04840439185500145, -0.1395270675420761, -0.4971773624420166, 0.21766780316829681, 0.7011183500289917, -0.06490257382392883, -0.47981294989585876, 0.6348533630371094, 0.17990127205848694, -0.06378485262393951, -0.11717550456523895, -0.31362828612327576, 0.05774170905351639, -0.023547692224383354, 0.7399176955223083, -0.18030734360218048, -0.3016511797904968, -0.15416888892650604, 0.02502545714378357, 0.6775540113449097, -0.08726079016923904, 1.133113980293274, 0.750149130821228, -0.6090579628944397, 0.2433166652917862, 0.46013879776000977, -0.39856502413749695, 0.07272592186927795, 0.6209707856178284, 0.684964656829834, 0.1789853870868683, -0.6167275905609131, -0.22071799635887146, -0.5726585984230042, 0.2744217813014984, -0.07677757740020752, 0.26029783487319946, -0.17504309117794037, 0.23147375881671906, -0.23366807401180267, -0.6171382069587708, 0.4090031683444977, -0.2219388335943222, 0.21480444073677063, -0.9876542091369629, 1.0138577222824097, 0.3309629261493683, -0.4845370650291443, 0.32879260182380676, -0.05150856450200081, 0.41560283303260803, 0.5257409811019897, -0.36130374670028687, -0.4203672707080841, 0.13646608591079712, 0.5525200366973877, -0.8213092684745789, 0.2813667058944702, 0.5217872858047485, -0.1271359920501709, -0.24712669849395752, 0.1714097261428833, 0.044948115944862366, -0.09889816492795944, 0.38533541560173035, -0.0624464675784111, -0.2956457734107971, -0.3794727027416229, -0.12583012878894806, -0.4279491603374481, 0.3367448151111603, 0.694757878780365, 0.31740814447402954, -0.1505732536315918, 0.6339096426963806, -0.14162375032901764, 0.31480830907821655, 0.24718886613845825, -0.09853006154298782, 0.40804094076156616, -0.5556713342666626, 0.07413458079099655, -0.03437243029475212, -0.15371586382389069, -0.02081974782049656, 0.4816196858882904, 0.7267475128173828, -0.7128450274467468, -0.09254040569067001, -0.3903469741344452, -0.9404900670051575, 0.38162150979042053, 0.23466674983501434, 0.3103526532649994, -0.32865405082702637, -0.21918022632598877, -0.5283612608909607, 0.5745081901550293, 0.22977209091186523, -0.052877478301525116, 0.15958870947360992, -0.4712633788585663, -0.29781925678253174, 0.27949920296669006, 0.033788710832595825, -0.576728880405426, -0.19227725267410278, 0.4112115204334259 ]
249182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliport	Heliport	A heliport, helidrome or rotor station is a small airport suitable for use by helicopters and some other vertical lift aircraft. Designated heliports typically contain one or more touchdown and liftoff areas and may also have limited facilities such as fuel or hangars. In some larger towns and cities, customs facilities may also be available. Early advocates of helicopters hoped that heliports would become widespread, but they have become contentious in urban areas due to the excessive noise caused by helicopter traffic. Other terms used to refer to a heliport are: Helistop - A term sometimes used to describe a minimally developed heliport for boarding and discharging passengers or cargo. Helipad - A term oftentimes confused with heliport or helistop. The only reference of this term in the U.S. by the FAA is found in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Pilot/Controller Glossary of Terms, which says: A small, designated area, usually with a prepared surface, on a heliport, airport, landing/takeoff area, apron/ramp, or movement area used for takeoff, landing, or parking of helicopters. In other words, the Touchdown and Liftoff (TLOF) area. Helideck - Used to describe the landing area on a vessel or offshore structure on which helicopters may land and take off. Heliport airspace The airspace immediately surrounding the heliport is called the Primary Surface. This area coincides in shape and size with the designated take-off and landing area. This surface is a horizontal plane equal to the elevation of the established heliport elevation. The Primary Surface is further broken down into three distinct regions. These are, the Touchdown and Liftoff (TLOF) area, the Final Approach and Takeoff (FATO) area and the Safety Area. The TLOF is a load-bearing, generally paved area, normally centered in the FATO, on which the helicopter lands and/or takes off. The FATO is a defined area over which the pilot completes the final phase of the approach to a hover or a landing and from which the pilot initiates takeoff. The FATO elevation is the lowest elevation of the edge of the TLOF. The Safety Area is a defined area on a heliport surrounding the FATO intended to reduce the risk of damage to helicopters accidentally diverging from the FATO. Purpose In a large metropolitan and urban areas a heliport can serve passengers needing to quickly move within the city or to outlying regions. Generally heliports can be situated closer to a town or city center than an airport for fixed-wing aircraft. The advantage in flying by helicopter to a destination or even to the city's main airport is that travel can be much faster than by surface transport. As an example, the Downtown Manhattan Heliport in New York City provides scheduled service to John F. Kennedy International Airport and is used to move wealthy persons and important goods quickly to destinations as far away as Maryland. Some skyscrapers feature rooftop heliports or helistops to serve the transport needs of executives or clients. Many of these rooftop sites also serve as Emergency Helicopter Landing Facilities (EHLF) in case emergency evacuation is needed. The U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles is an example. Police departments use heliports as a base for police helicopters, and larger departments may have a dedicated large heliport facility dedicated such as the LAPD Hooper Heliport. Heliports are common features at hospitals where they serve to facilitate Helicopter Air Ambulance (HAA) and MEDEVACs for transferring patients into and out of hospital facilities. Some large trauma centers have multiple heliports while most small hospitals have just one. Heliports allow hospitals to accept patients flown in from remote accident sites where there are no local hospitals or facilities capable of providing the level of emergency care required. The National EMS Pilots Association (NEMSPA) has published multiple white papers, surveys and safety recommendations for the enhancement of hospital heliport operations to improve patient safety. Heliport markings While heliports can be oriented in any direction they will generally have very definitive approach and departure paths. However, heliports are not numbered in the same way that runways at airports are. Recommended standard practice by both the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is to orient a H in the center of the TLOF in line with the preferred approach/departure direction. An information box should also be included in the TLOF area which provides the maximum gross weight the heliport is rated for as well as the maximum size helicopter the heliport has been designed to accommodated which is based on the Rotor Diameter and Overall Length of the largest design helicopter that will service the heliport. Under normal conditions it is standard practice to paint the maximum gross weight a heliport is designed to support in thousands of pounds, along with the maximum helicopter dimensions in feet. Arrows are oftentimes painted on the heliport to indicate to pilots the preferred approach/departure paths. Other common markings can include ownership, radio frequencies, company logos and magnetic north. Lighting To conduct nighttime operations, a heliport must have lighting installed that meets specific aeronautical standards. Heliport perimeter lights are generally installed around the TLOF area and may be flush mounted on the TLOF itself or mounted just off the TLOF perimeter on short metal or concrete extensions. One alternative to lighting the TLOF if certain criteria are met is to light the area of the FATO instead. Some locations, due to environmental conditions, illuminate the TLOF and FATO. Lighting should never constitute an obstruction that a helicopter may impact and for this reason in the U.S. heliport lighting is not allowed to extend above the TLOF or FATO more than 2 inches. Current standards recommend that all perimeter lighting be green. Prior standards recommended amber lighting for perimeter lights however this wavelength has been shown to interfere with night vision goggle (NVG) operations when used with older incandescent lighting. In the past lighting has been traditionally incandescent but increasingly light emitting diodes (LEDs) are being incorporated due to lower power requirements and increased life. While flood lights may be used to enhance surface operations they should not interfere with flight crew night vision and should be kept off during flight operations and only used when conducting ground movement operations. To conduct night operations a lighted wind cone is also required. At ground-based heliports, lead-in lights may be incorporated to identify the preferred approach/departure direction. Visual slope guidance systems (such as HAPI, PAPI, etc.) are recommended options in both ICAO and FAA document. While airports commonly use 6.6A direct current power, heliport lighting is normally AC powered. Radio control of the lighting by the pilot via an automated ground-based controller is also common. Approach/departure airspace To provide for a safe environment to perform normal helicopter landing and takeoff operations each heliport must have unobstructed approach/departure paths. At a minimum the FAA recommends that there should be two approach departure path so that pilots have viable unobstructed routes into and out of a heliport under multiple wind conditions. The minimum recommended separation between flight paths is 135 degrees. A heliport approach path is broken down into two distinct airspace surfaces, the Approach Surface and the Transitional Surface. The approach surface begins at each end of the heliport primary surface with the same width as the primary surface, and extends outward and upward for a horizontal distance of 4,000 feet where its width is 500 feet. The slope of the approach surface is 8 to 1 for civil heliports. The Transitional Surfaces extend outward and upward from the lateral boundaries of the primary surface and from the approach surfaces at a slope of 2 to 1 for a distance of 250 feet measured horizontally from the centerline of the primary and approach surfaces. Approach paths can either be straight or curved to accommodate obstructions and avoidance areas. See also List of countries by number of heliports Helipad List of helicopter airlines List of heliports in Turkey List of heliports in Canada List of heliports in Singapore List of heliports in Washington, D.C. References Footnotes General sources de Voogt, A.J. 2007. Helidrome Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. ICAO Annex 14 Aerodrome Standards, Aerodrome Design and Operations ICAO 1995. Heliport Manual. Montreal, Canada: ICAO Publications. Frost, John B. 1996. British helipads. Chester, UK: Appledore Publications. External links UK CAA, CAP 437 Standards for Offshore Helicopter Landing Areas (September 2018) UK CAA, CAP 1264 Standards for Helicopter Landing Areas at Hospitals (First amendment edition, August 2019) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 418 Standards for Heliports, 2016. International Fire Code International Building Code National EMS Pilots Association Hospital Helipad Safety Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular AC 150/5390-2C - Heliport Design.. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) Airfield and Heliport Planning, UFC 3-260-0,1Nov 2008 National Interagency Fire Center PMS 510, Interagency Helicopter Operations Guide, Chapter 8 Helicopter Landing Areas, Feb 2013. Helitecnica Light Heliports Point Lighting Corporation Helipad/Helideck Lighting - Wind Cones - Obstruction Lighting Helicopters Airports by type	[ 0.4307783842086792, 0.22414903342723846, 0.7133791446685791, 0.06568770110607147, 0.4842761754989624, -0.04530005156993866, -0.40490293502807617, -0.025417333468794823, -0.6628054976463318, -0.31683680415153503, -0.8006662726402283, -0.021321317180991173, -0.4777776300907135, -0.10749832540750504, 0.05532611161470413, 0.5379337072372437, 0.25649768114089966, 0.3668891191482544, 0.15035635232925415, -0.4985092878341675, -0.49876612424850464, -0.16915975511074066, 0.09321007877588272, -0.454428493976593, 0.14875882863998413, -0.5547584295272827, -0.29813557863235474, 0.37377288937568665, -0.2334064096212387, 0.6404992938041687, 0.40430736541748047, 0.13689865171909332, 0.15737763047218323, -0.06352635473012924, 0.38065117597579956, -0.1202707439661026, 0.6935225129127502, -0.047873277217149734, -0.39312824606895447, -0.8504660129547119, -0.7675180435180664, -0.294744610786438, 0.5759900808334351, -0.12637683749198914, -0.36414819955825806, -0.43181121349334717, -0.6473954319953918, 0.0025152999442070723, -0.5108669400215149, 0.4471079409122467, -0.38696494698524475, 0.12622801959514618, -0.12793630361557007, 0.447967529296875, 0.5719448924064636, 1.0479447841644287, -0.41204386949539185, -0.004461977630853653, 0.20008474588394165, -0.3010825514793396, 0.39185670018196106, 0.23992983996868134, -0.13917501270771027, 0.4404614567756653, 0.8538063764572144, -0.209786057472229, 0.2266032099723816, -0.013541738502681255, -0.03558345511555672, -0.7572987675666809, -0.10709112137556076, -0.10275353491306305, -0.09073086827993393, 0.1639316827058792, -0.15202921628952026, -0.2628474235534668, 0.33182060718536377, -0.14112073183059692, -0.02452985756099224, -0.06365741044282913, -0.09860137104988098, 0.4861766993999481, 0.23346960544586182, 0.5932280421257019, -0.09190671145915985, 0.20497921109199524, -1.243659496307373, 0.3016389310359955, -0.07765523344278336, -0.3370823562145233, 0.4441382884979248, -0.1496926248073578, 0.38128772377967834, 0.11957640945911407, -0.07277597486972809, -0.2540055811405182, 0.4304475486278534, -0.15282931923866272, 0.1958743780851364, 0.4200989305973053, -0.0709160715341568, -0.082473523914814, 0.7618823647499084, -0.2508320212364197, -0.10563381016254425, -0.16216114163398743, -0.5628814101219177, -0.5227892994880676, 0.12704898416996002, 0.19454441964626312, -1.0959702730178833, 0.1571233719587326, 0.13319747149944305, 0.05498024448752403, -0.6962367296218872, 0.33867087960243225, 0.5021373629570007, 0.21240712702274323, 0.19803936779499054, -0.07220658659934998, 0.41445818543434143, 0.28785809874534607, 0.027980271726846695, 0.036200955510139465, -0.5228357315063477, 0.10835802555084229, 0.8598621487617493, 0.9845123887062073, -1.3432326316833496, 0.029423531144857407, 0.37040355801582336, 0.5349436402320862, -0.38706642389297485, 0.11661020666360855, -0.49077534675598145, 0.2536405026912689, 0.5141066908836365, -0.02295505814254284, 0.5358096957206726, 0.0985567569732666, -1.2529538869857788, -0.8980761170387268, -0.444431871175766, -0.542394757270813, -0.3193497657775879, 0.06572853028774261, -0.1341925710439682, -0.5087003111839294, -0.6730769872665405, 0.03048602305352688, 0.055126503109931946, 0.624008059501648, -0.22234883904457092, -0.171482652425766, -0.2979564666748047, -0.010983297601342201, 0.40684112906455994, -0.6780052781105042, 0.16457611322402954, 0.1376035362482071, -0.14854896068572998, -0.030459975823760033, -0.19434823095798492, 0.28338438272476196, -0.07577291876077652, -0.0868414044380188, 0.44939887523651123, 0.21305236220359802, 0.1617041528224945, 0.4753026068210602, 0.03337959200143814, 0.28209805488586426, 0.5859670639038086, -0.1621886044740677, -0.3212788701057434, -0.020358698442578316, 0.9585646390914917, -0.2511066794395447, 0.24797393381595612, 0.32890573143959045, -0.7122277617454529, 0.4199144244194031, 0.3271276354789734, -0.586715817451477, -0.13138484954833984, -0.46802979707717896, 0.45127514004707336, -0.08043891191482544, -0.033051978796720505, -0.22430740296840668, -0.32353475689888, -0.8088763356208801, -0.6537153124809265, -0.5976389050483704, 0.8583818674087524, -0.08069491386413574, 0.028130359947681427, 0.8187164068222046, -0.43592604994773865, 0.8559805154800415, -0.33651360869407654, 0.17340491712093353, 0.7007284164428711, -0.020173657685518265, -0.4137898087501526, 0.42883196473121643, 0.4555656909942627, 0.37012118101119995, 0.15781721472740173, -0.2143353819847107, 0.5414465069770813, -0.30616629123687744, 0.3649570643901825, -0.3910840153694153, 0.1782381236553192, -0.6751532554626465, -0.60223388671875, 0.25837966799736023, -0.34435561299324036, 0.185694620013237, 1.0417896509170532, 0.3941234350204468, -0.5920373201370239, 0.5640329122543335, 0.25006768107414246, 0.43164950609207153, 0.08994103223085403, 0.04229487478733063, 0.05017651244997978, -0.24916835129261017, -0.1893032044172287, -0.20213547348976135, -0.3335777223110199, -0.19231867790222168, -0.35254815220832825, 0.2029399573802948, 0.3379654288291931, -0.13576412200927734, 0.7887548208236694, 0.004278706386685371, -0.02443324588239193, 0.1587841957807541, -0.31236740946769714, 0.045512035489082336, 0.4675900340080261, -0.35274985432624817, -0.2348734438419342, -0.1175992414355278, 0.1350971907377243, -0.07552925497293472, -0.19985267519950867, 0.001078072120435536, 0.3322351276874542, -0.45507389307022095, 0.7184015512466431, -0.03258538991212845, -0.12276939302682877, 0.8354511857032776, -0.26369985938072205, -0.44532981514930725, -0.34707558155059814, 0.001042362186126411, 0.633904755115509, 0.09088698774576187, -0.26319393515586853, -0.4801631569862366, -0.30428457260131836, -0.7321921586990356, 0.7109150886535645, 0.801121175289154, 0.5388143658638, -0.31093013286590576, -0.16517950594425201, -0.6441850066184998, -0.9181861877441406, -0.433458149433136, 0.1984175741672516, 0.2806157171726227, -0.24886348843574524, -0.27109503746032715, 1.0516914129257202, -0.07091320306062698, 0.22534719109535217, -0.7089938521385193, 0.26329150795936584, 0.22460925579071045, 0.3986746370792389, -0.03781619668006897, -0.4835547208786011, -0.4400918185710907, -0.5957576632499695, -0.4562157988548279, 0.24347886443138123, 0.6582110524177551, 0.4248673915863037, 0.36545032262802124, 0.29899361729621887, -0.0922522246837616, 0.4954729676246643, -0.4839792251586914, -0.622330367565155, 0.16901077330112457, -0.5534932613372803, -0.7399421334266663, -0.03643621504306793, -0.012144109234213829, -0.017192641273140907, -0.3735903799533844, -5.461557388305664, 0.5004342794418335, -0.31815239787101746, -0.6557289958000183, 0.45430973172187805, 0.11265353113412857, 0.039004847407341, -0.14230556786060333, -0.48200690746307373, -0.2716992497444153, 0.05470038577914238, -0.3802614212036133, 0.3592120409011841, 0.27905553579330444, 0.6778561472892761, 0.3898102641105652, 0.4661867022514343, 0.15391181409358978, -0.06586600840091705, -0.1859556883573532, -0.090431347489357, 0.17786316573619843, 0.055679306387901306, 0.36204642057418823, 0.37060829997062683, 0.06482727825641632, -0.5464041829109192, -0.019655153155326843, -0.793051540851593, -0.23676222562789917, 0.10448344796895981, 0.1631583422422409, -0.5895755290985107, 0.05802644044160843, 0.1461453139781952, 0.1915559619665146, -0.06798119843006134, -0.2539844214916229, 0.3451578915119171, 0.37669837474823, -0.07521229237318039, 0.3015928566455841, -0.2445349544286728, -0.11803285032510757, 0.2531622052192688, -1.1043096780776978, -0.005841443315148354, -0.1765657216310501, -0.30175092816352844, 0.4062425196170807, 0.11496812105178833, 0.8902366161346436, 0.6739227771759033, 0.10015355795621872, 0.13080017268657684, -0.044238004833459854, 0.31980758905410767, 0.04624280333518982, -0.5286238789558411, -0.1294764280319214, -0.01506971474736929, -0.22104741632938385, -0.46684741973876953, -0.44096463918685913, -0.22917146980762482, -0.028576139360666275, -0.024440739303827286, -0.5403728485107422, 0.645833432674408, -0.10237934440374374, 0.03771918639540672, 0.42714443802833557, 0.03131735697388649, -0.7358288168907166, 0.2137586921453476, -1.1519266366958618, 0.0047365352511405945, -0.2681612968444824, 0.020953644067049026, 0.22899210453033447, 0.019920440390706062, -0.033563315868377686, -0.47807368636131287, -0.186935693025589, -0.02820645458996296, -0.5772134065628052, -0.3010002076625824, -0.12562386691570282, 0.3988313674926758, 0.16446009278297424, 0.533394992351532, -0.31198593974113464, 0.6765271425247192, -0.10160829871892929, 0.23611825704574585, 0.04067893698811531, -0.3724028170108795, -0.5796532034873962, 0.9351550340652466, -0.04975000023841858, 0.621253252029419, 0.2000766098499298, -0.07889293134212494, -0.2666184604167938, 0.22687412798404694, -0.43229350447654724, -0.05869390070438385, 0.5225473642349243, 0.5928775072097778, 0.40991106629371643, 0.4657340347766876, 0.23578430712223053, 0.18725916743278503, -0.8882471323013306, -0.5662811994552612, -0.22833563387393951, -0.3970050513744354, 0.7257972955703735, 0.207426056265831, -0.5182719826698303, 0.031019747257232666, -0.18651849031448364, 0.1620038002729416, -0.6270736455917358, -0.15980784595012665, 0.48452597856521606, 0.0027960343286395073, 0.13753525912761688, 0.5113956928253174, 0.04637538269162178, 0.6686603426933289, 0.538213312625885, 0.21387040615081787, 0.03938344866037369, 0.0563451424241066, -0.487996906042099, -0.22379912436008453, -0.10360890626907349, 0.5280212163925171, -0.009138250723481178, -0.4330385625362396, -0.07419423013925552, -0.10299283266067505, -0.014988621696829796, 0.6348827481269836, 0.30910351872444153, -0.22038374841213226, 0.23868033289909363, 0.558952808380127, 0.24947822093963623, -0.37763771414756775, -0.27471035718917847, -0.12183869630098343, -0.8749802708625793, 0.0716894268989563, -0.598041296005249, 0.32824692130088806, 0.10902483016252518, 0.21654076874256134, -0.4389292895793915, 0.722830593585968, 0.6334238052368164, -1.0224007368087769, -0.27174729108810425, -0.548303484916687, 0.23263230919837952, -0.19159862399101257, 0.2916472852230072, -0.3271658718585968, 0.2892228662967682, 0.11703401058912277, -1.3513438701629639, -0.5033218264579773, -0.08452821522951126, 0.43196260929107666, 0.30018100142478943, -0.24096404016017914, 0.498663991689682, 0.3909458518028259, -0.5160829424858093, -0.5863528251647949, 0.09095705300569534, -0.31027764081954956, 0.6834610104560852, -0.00856268685311079, -0.6034161448478699, 0.11311696469783783, -0.3380294442176819, 0.3225511908531189, -0.336656779050827, -0.1301221251487732, 0.2305951565504074, 0.03385547921061516, 0.4545343816280365, -0.04007239267230034, -0.4621668756008148, -0.4203963279724121, 0.2033797800540924, -0.24741719663143158, 0.21172814071178436, -0.13659895956516266, -0.03230971470475197, -0.42177578806877136, 0.44273120164871216, 0.34524375200271606, -0.14097091555595398, 0.6967539191246033, -0.1122739389538765, -0.07895970344543457, 0.5631555318832397, -0.5279809236526489, -0.704378604888916, 0.12951691448688507, 0.7494742274284363, -0.8259087204933167, 0.36921462416648865, -0.26249632239341736, -0.0005606664926744998, -0.19042350351810455, -0.38218194246292114, 0.2354263812303543, -0.34027212858200073, -0.33818453550338745, -0.10306043922901154, -1.0301240682601929, 0.3411273956298828, 0.015165318734943867, -0.5569418668746948, 0.37385040521621704, -0.6144692301750183, -0.4195570945739746, 0.01688690297305584, 0.10298257321119308, 0.06400927156209946, -0.1310807466506958, 0.1733931452035904, -0.3578536808490753, -1.0601537227630615, 0.025038087740540504, 0.18050611019134521, 0.28347697854042053, 1.2047193050384521, 0.4279233515262604, -0.47905081510543823, -0.2439422905445099, 0.44842809438705444, 0.41909685730934143, -1.1082783937454224, -0.5778956413269043, 0.2524108588695526, 0.18183164298534393, 0.1593674123287201, -0.9689754843711853, -0.043632227927446365, 0.3758403956890106, 0.42391228675842285, -0.23320625722408295, 0.23162128031253815, 0.1713322401046753, 0.4053926467895508, 0.35551369190216064, -0.3378579020500183, -0.657471776008606, 0.1634841412305832, -0.013381537050008774, -0.35140565037727356, -0.416606068611145, 0.16924569010734558, 0.11856159567832947, -0.8718715906143188, 0.10669942945241928, 0.35096150636672974, 0.9337916374206543, 0.15475650131702423, 0.580070436000824, 0.4598151445388794, 0.8324596285820007, -0.4279516339302063, 0.01646377146244049, 0.4870375692844391, -0.46813902258872986, -0.10775481909513474, 0.5572866797447205, -0.73697829246521, 0.04763156175613403, 0.10190217941999435, -0.2837660312652588, 0.5082686543464661, -0.7793102264404297, 0.22237008810043335, -0.307754784822464, 0.08339287340641022, -0.22770507633686066, 0.3504478633403778, -0.04920065775513649, 0.4447214603424072, 0.3849520683288574, 0.5749964714050293, 0.4548760950565338, -0.3978188633918762, -1.524320363998413, 0.58271324634552, -0.04507768154144287, -1.183826208114624, 0.30067679286003113, -0.5228683352470398, 0.3787859380245209, -0.5002315044403076, 0.11275844275951385, -0.08491932600736618, 0.34863120317459106, -0.1818147599697113, -0.5557774305343628, 0.9032021164894104, 0.7058590650558472, -0.06283092498779297, 0.22124916315078735, -0.1485878974199295, 0.17850814759731293, 0.5441010594367981, -0.10673123598098755, -0.13397087156772614, 0.4121263921260834, -0.436458945274353, -0.435129314661026, -0.13088157773017883, -0.35104483366012573, -0.33650416135787964, -0.002019518753513694, 0.3438766896724701, 0.8157262802124023, 0.2479202002286911, -0.1609971672296524, 0.7573691606521606, -0.2982269525527954, -0.5720952749252319, -0.02228037640452385, -0.17860548198223114, -0.5838796496391296, 0.14834517240524292, 0.030890783295035362, 0.7000659704208374, 0.3578484356403351, 0.019310636445879936, -0.08095677942037582, 0.09677710384130478, 0.545514702796936, 0.5461506843566895, -0.43744203448295593, 0.0006164573132991791, 0.14092278480529785, 0.5836608409881592, 0.2413531243801117, -0.1587294191122055, 0.04301244392991066, -0.21771948039531708, 0.4312443733215332, -0.4049575924873352, 0.23906344175338745, 0.2579392194747925, 0.13180415332317352, 0.4000526964664459, -0.019656650722026825, 0.29475536942481995, 0.14774417877197266, 0.16359037160873413, 0.5515440702438354, -0.6768814325332642, 0.5266270637512207, 0.2244795709848404, 0.19696085155010223, 1.2257635593414307, -0.5853286385536194, 0.32881107926368713, -0.6054988503456116, 0.15209360420703888, -0.21919311583042145, 0.6140531897544861, -0.35025569796562195, -0.5529442429542542, -0.15044748783111572, -0.29749104380607605, -0.22090251743793488, -0.33652621507644653, -0.3062603175640106, -0.34662550687789917, -0.000636886281426996, -0.44970443844795227, 0.3341667652130127, 0.6263365745544434, -0.06737671047449112, -0.7059580087661743, 0.14387007057666779, -0.2667388319969177, -0.020972225815057755, 0.0460735559463501, -0.0651608556509018, 0.1477562040090561, 0.11235585063695908, 0.27890679240226746, -0.2346062809228897, 0.37796080112457275, -0.09470999240875244, -0.21285106241703033, -0.18560829758644104, -0.15097416937351227, 0.3069981336593628, 0.42880699038505554, -0.6416719555854797, 0.711982011795044, 0.03208543732762337, 0.12666086852550507, 0.25499165058135986, 0.2655358910560608, 0.24171067774295807, 0.14471858739852905, 0.2549251317977905, -0.1707768440246582, 0.4834465980529785, -0.08171480149030685, 0.29716742038726807, -0.2824825942516327, 0.015844324603676796, -0.14200781285762787, -0.12403526902198792, -0.5961093306541443, 0.08572576195001602, -0.13954396545886993, -0.4256061613559723, 0.7320581674575806, -0.2858879268169403, 0.1936095803976059, -0.6359728574752808, -0.11166530847549438, -0.5676627159118652, -0.617713212966919, -0.14047344028949738, 1.0380746126174927, 0.703964114189148, -0.3570781946182251, 0.4144735634326935, 0.19578637182712555, -0.5026622414588928, 0.02795262262225151, 0.4770999550819397, -0.22823938727378845, -0.13909588754177094, -0.42836061120033264, -0.6933926939964294, 0.40957891941070557, 0.8058435916900635, -0.3312927782535553, 0.532188892364502, -0.5037696957588196, -0.3043535053730011, 0.4091326594352722, 0.2007598876953125, -0.28788673877716064, -0.11468657106161118, 0.30610784888267517 ]
249183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow%20Massacre	Ludlow Massacre	The Ludlow Massacre was a mass killing perpetrated by anti-striker militia during the Colorado Coalfield War. Soldiers from the Colorado National Guard and private guards employed by Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&I) attacked a tent colony of roughly 1,200 striking coal miners and their families in Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914. Approximately 21 people, including miners' wives and children, were killed. John D. Rockefeller Jr., a part-owner of CF&I who had recently appeared before a United States congressional hearing on the strikes, was widely blamed for having orchestrated the massacre. The massacre was the seminal event of the 1913–1914 Colorado Coalfield War, which began with a general United Mine Workers of America strike against poor labor conditions in CF&I's southern Colorado coal mines. The strike was organized by miners working for the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company and Victor-American Fuel Company. Ludlow was the deadliest single incident during the Colorado Coalfield War and spurred a ten-day period of heightened violence throughout Colorado. In retaliation for the massacre at Ludlow, bands of armed miners attacked dozens of anti-union establishments, destroying property and engaging in several skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard along a front from Trinidad to Louisville. From the strike's beginning in September 1913 to intervention by federal soldiers under President Woodrow Wilson's orders on April 29, 1914, an estimated 69 to 199 people were killed during the strike. Historian Thomas G. Andrews has called it the "deadliest strike in the history of the United States." The Ludlow Massacre was a watershed moment in American labor relations. Socialist historian Howard Zinn described it as "the culminating act of perhaps the most violent struggle between corporate power and laboring men in American history". Congress responded to public outrage by directing the House Committee on Mines and Mining to investigate the events. Its report, published in 1915, was influential in promoting child labor laws and an eight-hour work day. The Ludlow townsite and the adjacent location of the tent colony, northwest of Trinidad, Colorado, is now a ghost town. The massacre site is owned by the United Mine Workers of America, which erected a granite monument in memory of those who died that day. The Ludlow tent colony site was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009, and dedicated on June 28, 2009. Subsequent investigations immediately following the massacre and from modern archeological efforts largely support some of the strikers' accounts of the event. Background Areas of the Rocky Mountains have veins of coal close to the surface, providing significant and relatively accessible reserves. In 1867 these coal deposits caught the attention of William Jackson Palmer, then leading a survey team planning the route of the Kansas Pacific Railway. The rapid expansion of rail transport in the United States made coal a highly valued commodity, and it was rapidly commercialized. At its peak in 1910, the coal mining industry of Colorado employed 15,864 people, 10% of jobs in the state. Colorado's coal industry was dominated by a handful of operators. Colorado Fuel and Iron was the largest coal operator in the west and one of the nation's most powerful corporations, at one point employing 7,050 people and controlling of coal land. John D. Rockefeller purchased a controlling stake in the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company in 1902, and nine years later he turned over his controlling interest in the company to his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr., who managed the company from his offices at 26 Broadway in New York. Mining was dangerous and difficult work. Colliers in Colorado were constantly threatened by explosions, suffocation, and collapsing mine walls. In 1912 the death rate in Colorado's mines was 7.055 per 1,000 employees, compared to a national rate of 3.15. In 1914 the United States House Committee on Mines and Mining reported: Colorado has good mining laws and such that ought to afford protection to the miners as to safety in the mine if they were enforced, yet in this State the percentage of fatalities is larger than any other, showing there is undoubtedly something wrong in reference to the management of its coal mines. Miners were generally paid according to tonnage of coal produced, while so-called "dead work", such as shoring up unstable roofs, was often unpaid. The tonnage system drove many poor and ambitious colliers to gamble with their lives by neglecting precautions and taking on risk, with consequences that were often fatal.Between 1884 and 1912 mining accidents claimed the lives of more than 1,700 in Colorado. In 1913 alone 110 men died in mine-related accidents. Colliers had little opportunity to air their grievances. Many resided in company towns, in which all land, real estate, and amenities were owned by the mine operator, and which were expressly designed to inculcate loyalty and squelch dissent. Welfare capitalists believed that anger and unrest among the workers could be placated by raising colliers' standard of living, while subsuming it under company management. Company towns indeed brought tangible improvements to many colliers' lives, including larger houses, better medical care, and broader access to education. But owning the towns gave companies considerable control over all aspects of workers' lives, and they did not always use this power to augment public welfare. Historian Philip S. Foner has described company towns as "feudal domain[s], with the company acting as lord and master. ... The 'law' consisted of the company rules. Curfews were imposed. Company guards—brutal thugs armed with machine guns and rifles loaded with soft-point bullets—would not admit any 'suspicious' stranger into the camp and would not permit any miner to leave." Miners who came into conflict with the company were often summarily evicted from their homes. Frustrated by working conditions they found unsafe and unjust, colliers increasingly turned to unionism. Nationwide, organized mines boasted 40% fewer fatalities than nonunion mines. Colorado miners repeatedly attempted to unionize after the state's first strike in 1883. The Western Federation of Miners organized primarily hard-rock miners in the gold and silver camps during the 1890s. Beginning in 1900, the United Mine Workers of America began organizing coal miners in the western states, including southern Colorado. The union decided to focus on the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company because of its harsh management tactics under the conservative and distant Rockefellers and other investors. To break or prevent strikes, the coal companies hired strike breakers, mainly from Mexico and southern and eastern Europe. The Colorado Fuel & Iron Company mixed immigrants of different nationalities in the mines to discourage communication that might lead to organization. Strike Despite attempts to suppress union activity, the United Mine Workers of America secretly continued its unionization efforts in the years leading up to 1913. Eventually, the union presented a list of seven demands: Recognition of the union as bargaining agent Compensation for digging coal at a ton rate based on 2,000 pounds (previous ton rates were of long tons of 2,200 pounds) Enforcement of the eight-hour work-day law Payment for "dead work" (laying track, timbering, handling impurities, etc.) Weight checkmen elected by the workers (to keep company weightmen honest) Right to use any store, and to choose their boarding houses and doctors Strict enforcement of Colorado's laws (such as mine safety rules, abolition of scrip), and an end to the company guard system The major coal companies rejected the demands. In September 1913 the United Mine Workers of America called a strike. Those who went on strike were evicted from their company homes and moved to tent villages prepared by the union. The tents were built on wood platforms and furnished with cast-iron stoves on land the union had leased in preparation for a strike. When leasing the sites, the union had selected locations near the mouths of canyons that led to the coal camps in order to block any strikebreakers' traffic. The company hired the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency to protect the new workers and harass the strikers. Baldwin–Felts had a reputation for aggressive strike breaking. Agents shone searchlights on the tent villages at night and fired bullets into the tents at random, occasionally killing and maiming people. They used an improvised armored car, mounted with a machine gun the union called the "Death Special", to patrol the camp's perimeters. The steel-covered car was built at the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company plant in Pueblo, Colorado, from the chassis of a large touring sedan. Confrontations between striking miners and working miners, whom the union called scabs, sometimes resulted in deaths. Frequent sniper attacks on the tent colonies drove the miners to dig pits beneath the tents to hide in. Armed battles also occurred between (mostly Greek) strikers and sheriffs recently deputized to suppress the strike: this was the Colorado Coalfield War. As strike-related violence mounted, Colorado governor Elias M. Ammons called in the Colorado National Guard on October 28. At first, the Guard's appearance calmed the situation, but the Guard leaders' sympathies lay with company management. Guard Adjutant-General John Chase, who had served during the violent Cripple Creek strike 10 years earlier, imposed a harsh regime. On March 10, 1914, a replacement worker's body was found on the railroad tracks near Forbes, Colorado. The National Guard said the strikers had murdered the man. In retaliation, Chase ordered the Forbes tent colony destroyed. The attack was launched while the residents were attending a funeral of two infants who had died a few days earlier. Photographer Lou Dold witnessed the attack, and his images of the destruction often appear in accounts of the strike. The strikers persevered until the spring of 1914. By then, according to historian Anthony DeStefanis, the National Guard had largely broken the strike by helping the mine operators bring in non-union workers. The state had also run out of money to maintain the Guard, and Ammons decided to recall them. He and the mining companies, fearing a breakdown in order, left one company of Guardsmen in southern Colorado. They formed a new company called "Troop A", which consisted largely of Colorado Fuel & Iron Company mine camp guards and mine guards hired by Baldwin–Felts, who were given National Guard uniforms. Massacre On the morning of April 20, the day after some in the tent colony celebrated Orthodox Easter, three Guardsmen appeared at the camp ordering the release of a man they claimed was being held against his will. The camp leader, Louis Tikas, left to meet with Major Patrick J. Hamrock at the train station in Ludlow village, from the colony. While this meeting was progressing, two militias installed a machine gun on a ridge near the camp and took positions along a rail route about half a mile south of Ludlow. Simultaneously, armed Greek miners began flanking to an arroyo. When two of the militias' dynamite explosions–detonated to draw support from the National Guard units at Berwind and Cedar Hill–alerted the Ludlow tent colony, the miners took up positions at the bottom of the hill. When the militia opened fire, hundreds of miners and their families ran for cover. The fighting raged for the entire day. The militia was reinforced by non-uniformed mine guards later in the afternoon. At dusk a passing freight train stopped on the tracks in front of the Guards' machine-gun placements, allowing many of the miners and their families to escape to an outcrop of hills to the east called the Black Hills. By 7 p.m., the camp was in flames, and the militia descended on it and began to search and loot it. Tikas had remained in the camp the entire day and was still there when the fire started. He and two other men were captured by the militia. Tikas and Lt. Karl Linderfelt, commander of one of two Guard companies, had confronted each other several times in the previous months. While two militiamen held Tikas, Linderfelt broke a rifle butt over his head. Tikas and the other two captured miners were later found shot dead. Tikas had been shot in the back. Their bodies lay along the Colorado and Southern Railway tracks for three days in full view of passing trains. The militia officers refused to allow them to be moved until a local of a railway union demanded they be taken away for burial. During the battle, four women and 11 children hid in a pit beneath one tent, where they were trapped when the tent above them was set on fire. Two of the women and all the children suffocated. These deaths became a rallying cry for the United Mine Workers of America, who called the incident the Ludlow Massacre. Julia May Courtney reported different numbers in her contemporaneous article "Remember Ludlow!" for the magazine Mother Earth. She said that, in addition to men who were killed, a total of 55 women and children had died in the massacre. According to her account, the militia: Some reports say a second machine gun was brought in to support the estimated 200 Guardsmen who participated in the engagement, and that a Colorado and Southern train's operators purposely put their engine between a machine gun and the strikers as a shield against National Guard fire. A board of Colorado military officers described the events as beginning with the killing of Tikas and other strikers in custody, with gunfire largely emanating from the southwestern corner of the Ludlow Colony. Guardsmen stationed on "Water Tank Hill"—the name for the machine gun position—fired into the camp. The Guardsmen reported having seen women and children withdrawing the morning before the battle and said they thought the strikers would not have begun firing if they had women still with them. The board's official report commended the "truly heroic behavior" of Linderfelt, the guardsmen, and the militia during the battle and blamed the strikers for any civilian casualties during the engagement, despite those killed being family members of the strikers. The report also blamed the looting that occurred afterward on "Troop 'A'", a unit composed largely of non-uniformed mine guards who had been integrated into the Guard. In addition to the miners and their family members, three regular members of the National Guard and one other militiaman were reported killed in the day's fighting by contemporary accounts. However, modern historians assert that only one of the militia's number, a private named Martin of the National Guard, was killed. Martin was fatally shot in the neck, presumably by strikers. Aftermath In the aftermath of the massacre came the Ten Day War, part of the wider Colorado Coalfield War. As news of the deaths of women and children spread, the leaders of organized labor issued a call to arms. They urged union members to get "all the arms and ammunition legally available". Subsequently, the coal miners began a large-scale guerrilla war against the mine guards and facilities throughout Colorado's southern coalfields. In the town of Trinidad, the United Mine Workers of America openly and officially distributed arms and ammunition to strikers at union headquarters. Over the next ten days, 700 to 1,000 strikers "attacked mine after mine, driving off or killing the guards and setting fire to the buildings." At least 50 people, including those at Ludlow, were killed during the ten days of fighting between the guards and miners. Hundreds of state militia reinforcements were rushed to the coalfields to regain control of the situation. The fighting ended only after President Woodrow Wilson sent in federal troops. The troops disarmed both sides, displacing and often arresting the militia in the process. The Colorado Coalfield War produced a total death toll of approximately 75. The United Mine Workers of America finally ran out of money, and called off the strike on December 10, 1914. In the end, the strikers' demands were not met, the union did not obtain recognition, and many striking workers were replaced. 408 strikers were arrested, 332 of whom were indicted for murder. Of those present at Ludlow during the massacre, only John R. Lawson, leader of the strike, was convicted of murder, and the Colorado Supreme Court eventually overturned the conviction. Twenty-two National Guardsmen, including 10 officers, were court-martialed. While Linderfelt was found responsible for the deaths of Tikas and other strikers that exhibited execution-style injuries, he and all others were acquitted. An Episcopalian minister, Reverend John O. Ferris, pastored Trinity Church in Trinidad and another church in Aguilar. He was one of the few pastors in Trinidad permitted to search and provide Christian burials to the deceased victims of the Ludlow Massacre. Victims Legacy The massacre sparked nationwide reproach for the Rockefellers, especially in New York, where protesters demonstrated outside of the Rockefeller building in New York City. Protesters led by Ferrer Center anarchists Alexander Berkman and Carlo Tresca followed when Rockefeller Jr. fled upstate to the family estate near Tarrytown. In early July, a failed bomb plot on the Tarrytown estate ended with a dynamite explosion in East Harlem and three dead anarchists. The New York City Police Department inaugurated its bomb squad within a month. Bomb plots continued throughout the rest of the year. Although the UMWA failed to win recognition from the company, the strike had a lasting effect both on conditions at the Colorado mines and on labor relations nationally. John D. Rockefeller Jr. engaged W. L. Mackenzie King, a labor relations expert and future Canadian Prime Minister, to help him develop reforms for the mines and towns. Improvements included paved roads and recreational facilities, as well as worker representation on committees dealing with working conditions, safety, health, and recreation. He prohibited discrimination against workers who had belonged to unions and ordered the establishment of a company union. The miners voted to accept the Rockefeller plan. Rockefeller Jr. also brought in pioneer public relations expert Ivy Lee, who warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Rockefeller followed to repair it. Rockefeller had to overcome his shyness, go to Colorado to meet the miners and their families, inspect the homes and the factories, attend social events, and listen closely to the grievances. This was novel advice, and attracted widespread media attention. The Rockefellers were able both to resolve the conflict, and present a more humanized versions of their leaders. Over time, Ludlow has assumed "a striking centrality in the interpretation of the nation's history developed by several of the most important left-leaning thinkers of the 20th century." Historian Howard Zinn, noted for his controversial reframing of U.S. history, wrote his master's thesis and several book chapters on Ludlow. George McGovern wrote his doctoral dissertation on the subject. In 1972, the same year as his U.S. presidential campaign, he published this dissertation with the help of historian Leonard Guttridge under the title The Great Coalfield War. A United States Commission on Industrial Relations (CIR), headed by labor lawyer Frank Walsh, conducted hearings in Washington, DC, collecting information and taking testimony from all the principals, including Rockefeller, Sr., who testified that, even after knowing that guards in his pay had committed atrocities against the strikers, he "would have taken no action" to prevent his hirelings from attacking them. The commission's report endorsed many of the reforms the unions sought, and provided support for bills establishing a national eight-hour workday and a ban on child labor. The last survivor of the Ludlow Massacre, Ermenia "Marie" Padilla Daley, was 3 months old during the event. Her father was a miner and she was born in the camp. Her mother took her and her siblings away as violence escalated; they traveled by train to Trinidad, Colorado. The evacuation resulted in the family having to split up afterward. Daley was cared for by various families and also placed for a time in orphanages in Pueblo and Denver. She worked as a housekeeper, then married a consultant whose work allowed them to travel the world. Daley died on March 14, 2019, at age 105. Representation in other media Several popular songs have been written and recorded about the events at Ludlow. Among them are American folk singer Woody Guthrie's "Ludlow Massacre", Red Dirt country singer Jason Boland's "Ludlow", and Irish musician Andy Irvine's "The Monument (Lest We Forget)". Upton Sinclair's novel King Coal is loosely based on the origin and aftermath of the Ludlow Massacre. Thomas Pynchon's 2006 novel Against the Day contains a chapter on the massacre. American writer and Colorado Poet Laureate David Mason wrote what he calls a verse-novel, Ludlow (2007), inspired by the labor dispute. Composer Lori Laitman's opera Ludlow is based on Mason's book. The University of Colorado's New Opera Works presented Act I of the opera in June 2012, directed by Beth Greenberg. Commemorations Memorial In 1916, the United Mine Workers of America bought the site of the Ludlow tent colony. Two years later, they erected the Ludlow Monument to commemorate those who died during the strike. It was fabricated by the Jones Brothers Company of Barre, Vermont using local granite was commissioned by Sam Falsetto, president of the United Mine Workers of Trinidad, Colorado. The Springfield Granite Company served as the contractor. The monument was damaged in May 2003 by unknown vandals. The repaired monument was unveiled on June 5, 2005, with slightly altered faces on the statues. National Historic Landmark The tent colony site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 2009. Although the area continued to be occupied by mine workers and their families after the events of May 1914, they relocated, leaving the original encampment site relatively undisturbed. The site is consequently one of the best-preserved archaeological remains of such an encampment, and the monument is one of the earliest to commemorate a labor action of this type. The site is the first of its kind to be investigated by archeologists. Centennial On April 19, 2013, Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper signed an executive order to create the Ludlow Centennial Commemoration Commission. The group worked to develop programming in the state, such as lectures and exhibits, to commemorate the Ludlow workers' struggle and raise awareness of the massacre. It worked with Colorado museums, historical societies, churches and art galleries, and supplied programming in 2014. Historical investigation Archaeology In 1996, the 1913–1914 Colorado Coalfield War Project began under the leadership of Randall H. McGuire of Binghamton University, Dean Saitta of University of Denver, and Philip Duke of Fort Lewis College, who later formed the Ludlow Collective. Their team conducted excavations of the territory of the former tent colony and surrounding areas. Gallery See also Coal Wars Colorado Labor Wars Columbine Mine Massacre of 1927 Labor history of the United States Labor movement Labor unions Labor unions in the United States List of battles fought in Colorado List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States List of massacres in the United States List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes Ludlow Massacre (song) Mary Thomas O'Neal Union violence References Further reading Adams, G., The Age of Industrial Violence, 1910–1915: The Activities and Findings of the U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations. Columbia University Press, New York, 1966. Alhadef, Tammy. "Last Survivor of Ludlow Massacre Dies at 94." Pueblo Chieftain. July 6, 2007. Beshoar, Barron B., Out of the Depths: The Story of John R. Lawson, a Labor Leader. Colorado Historical Commission and Denver Trades and Labor Assembly, Denver, 1957. Boughton, Major Edward J., Capt. William C. Danks, and Capt. Philip S. Van Cise, Ludlow: Being the Report of the Special Board of Officers Appointed by the Governor of Colorado to Investigate and Determine the Facts with Reference to the Armed Conflict Between the Colorado National Guard and Certain Persons Engaged in the Coal Mining Strike at Ludlow, Colo., April 20, 1914. Chernow, R., Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., Random House, New York, 1998. Clyne, R., Coal People: Life in Southern Colorado's Company Towns, 1890–1930. Colorado Historical Society, Denver, 1999. Coal—The Kingdom Below, Trinidad Printing, Trinidad, Colorado, 1992 Cronin, W., G. Miles, and J. Gitlin, Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History, Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past, edited by W. Cronin, G. Miles, and J. Gitlin, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, 1992. DeStefanis, Anthony, "Violence and the Colorado National Guard: Masculinity, Race, Class, and Identity in the 1913–1914 Southern Colorado Coal Strike" in Mining Women: Gender in the Development of a Global Industry, 1670 to the Present, Laurie Mercier and Jaclyn Gier, eds. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 195–212 DeStefanis, Anthony, "The Road to Ludlow: Breaking the 1913–14 Southern Colorado Coal Strike," Journal of the Historical Society, 12 no. 2 (September 2012): 341–390.* Downing, Sybil, Fire in the Hole. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, 1996. Farrar, Frederick, Papers of the Colorado Attorney General, Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library, including Testimony by Capt. Philip S. Van Cise in the Transcript of the Court of Inquiry Ordered by Gov. Carlson in 1915. Foote, K., Shadowed Ground: America's Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1997. Fox, M., United We Stand: The United Mine Workers of America, 1890–1990. International Union, United Mine Workers of America, Washington, 1990. Gitelman, H., Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1988. Long, Priscilla. Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry. Paragon House, New York, 1989. Mahan, Bill, "The Ludlow Massacre: An Audio History. Water Tank Hill Productions, 1994. Margolis, Eric, Western Coal Mining as a Way of Life: An Oral History of the Colorado Coal Miners to 1914. Journal of the West 24(3), 1985. McGuire, R. and P. Reckner, The Unromantic West: Labor, Capital, and Struggle. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology, Salt Lake City, 1998. Memorial Day at Ludlow, United Mine Workers Journal, June 6, 1918. Nankivell, Major John H., History of the Military Organizations of the State of Colorado 1860–1935, Infantry U.S. Army (Senior Instructor, Colorado National Guard), obtained from the Colorado Historical Society, 1935. Norwood, Stephen H.; Strikebreaking & Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America. University of North Carolina Press. 2002. Papanikolas, Zeese, Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1982. Roth, L., Company Towns in the Western United States, The Company Town: Architecture and Society in the Early Industrial Age, edited by John S. Garner. Oxford University Press, New York, 1992. Saitta, D., R. McGuire, and P. Duke, Working and Striking in Southern Colorado, 1913–1914. Presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology annual meeting, Salt Lake City, 1999 Saitta, D., M. Walker, and P. Reckner, Battlefields of Class Conflict: Ludlow then and now, Journal of Conflict Archaeology 1, 2005. Scamehorn, H. Lee, Mill & Mine: The CF&I in the Twentieth Century. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1992. Seligman, E., Colorado's Civil War and Its Lessons. Leslie's Illustrated Weekly Newspaper, November 5, 1914. Sinclair, Upton, King Coal. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1917. Sunieseri, A., The Ludlow Massacre: A Study in the Mis-Employment of the National Guard. Salvadore Books, Waterloo, Iowa, 1972. The Coal War. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, 1976. The Crisis in Colorado. The Annalist, May 4, 1914. Transcript of the Court Martial of Sgt. P.M. Cullen and Privates Mason and Pacheco, among others, Testimony of Lt. K.M. Linderfelt, Sgt. P. Cullen, and Ray W. Benedict, State of Colorado Archives. Transcript from the Court Martial of Capt. Edwin F. Carson, Testimony of Sgt. Cullen, State of Colorado Archives. The Denver Post: May 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 and June 3, 1914 The Trinidad Free Press: April 24 and 29, 1914, and May 9, 1914 United Mine Workers of America, An Answer to 'The Report of the Commanding General to the Governor for the Use of the Congressional Committee on the Military Occupation of the Coal Strike Zone by the Colorado National Guard during 1913–1914, State of Colorado Archives Vol VII Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vallejo, M. E., Recollections of the Colorado Coal Strike, 1913–1914, La Gente: Hispano History and Life in Colorado, edited by V. De Baca. Colorado Historical Society, Denver, 1998. Walker, M., The Ludlow Massacre: Labor Struggle and Historical Memory in Southern Colorado. Paper presented at the North American Labor History Conference, Detroit, Michigan, 1999. Yellen, S., American Labor Struggles. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1936. Zinn, H., The Politics of History: With a New Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 1990. Zinn, H., Dana Frank, and Robin D. G. Kelley, Three Strikes: The Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century External links The Steelworks Center of the West and the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company Archives. The World Socialist Web Site A four-part series on the history of the massacre and its place in the history of the American working class. The Colorado Coal Field War Project An account of the strike and the assault by the Colorado State National Guard, published by University of Denver's Anthropology department. Phelps-Dodge Mine explosion, 1913. During the time of the Colorado Coalfields Strike (which included Ludlow) this mine in New Mexico exploded, killing 263 men, the 2nd deadliest mine disaster in US history. It was owned by Rockefeller-in-law M. Hartley-Dodge, owner of Remington Arms. Ludlow Massacre – Historical Background Background material prepared by the Colorado Bar for the 2003 Colorado Mock Trial program The Ludlow Massacre on libcom.org/history The lyrics to Woodie Guthrie's "Ludlow Massacre" are here and the lyrics to Guthrie's closely related song about copper miners in Calumet, Michigan, "1913 Massacre", are here. The Virtual Oral/Aural History Archive Audio of an interview with Ludlow survivor Mary Thomas O'Neal in 1974. Historian Howard Zinn on the ludlow Massacre Caleb Crain, "There Was Blood: The Ludlow Massacre Revisited," The New Yorker January 19, 2009. Caleb Crain, "Notebook: The Ludlow Massacre Revisited," an annotated bibliography to the preceding article Interview with David Hawkins, nephew of Ludlow Massacre miners' lawyer, Horace Hawkins Hundredth Anniversary of the Ludlow Massacre, historian Jonathan Rees and author Jeff Biggers, The Real News, 2014.04.20 The Ludlow Massacre Still Matters. The New Yorker, April 18, 2014. 1914 in Colorado 1914 labor disputes and strikes Mass murder in 1914 April 1914 events Massacres in the 1910s Ludlow Monuments and memorials in Colorado Labor monuments and memorials 1918 sculptures Outdoor sculptures in Colorado Granite sculptures in Colorado 1918 establishments in Colorado Vandalized works of art in the United States Archaeological sites in Colorado National Historic Landmarks in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Massacres in the United States Political repression in the United States Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers Colorado Mining Boom Rockefeller family Mining in Colorado Las Animas County, Colorado Protest-related deaths Coal Wars Law enforcement operations in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Colorado Labor disputes in Colorado Greek-American history Mass murder in Colorado Mass murder in the United States Military history of Colorado Battles in Colorado Colorado National Guard United Mine Workers	[ -0.09012360125780106, 0.42281410098075867, -1.01023530960083, 0.05664382874965668, -0.1071748211979866, 0.28673505783081055, 0.6593542695045471, 0.4418208599090576, 0.05620866268873215, -0.07198646664619446, 0.193282812833786, 0.6564947366714478, -0.3068508803844452, 0.7494673132896423, -0.672730028629303, 0.48959821462631226, 0.00412378367036581, -0.3202230930328369, 0.27942654490470886, -0.5370993614196777, 0.23600873351097107, -0.4181657135486603, 0.663940966129303, 0.7089949250221252, -0.13306427001953125, 0.29053622484207153, 0.37460610270500183, -0.5261750817298889, -0.09050394594669342, 0.17681191861629486, -0.2408045381307602, 0.6275127530097961, 0.18318809568881989, -0.27268871665000916, -0.4670250713825226, 0.10622366517782211, -0.12918469309806824, -0.3363161087036133, -0.24119366705417633, -0.0032240895088762045, -0.29196205735206604, -0.5228292346000671, 0.15968482196331024, 0.46427085995674133, 0.11467473953962326, 0.3974137306213379, -1.237803339958191, -0.15959398448467255, -0.3359936773777008, -0.6606815457344055, -0.7467929720878601, 0.8248535990715027, 0.8043587803840637, 0.3750692307949066, -0.08838775753974915, 0.4150775074958801, -0.13086815178394318, -0.6936518549919128, 0.6939826607704163, -0.9023573398590088, 0.26063844561576843, 0.1689927875995636, 0.35921281576156616, -0.5233750343322754, -0.8873976469039917, -0.20076687633991241, 0.27019748091697693, 0.7602824568748474, 0.3925316333770752, -0.9294411540031433, -0.12525169551372528, -0.16049684584140778, -0.18675100803375244, 0.637776792049408, 0.4189840257167816, -0.42907285690307617, 0.11451561003923416, -0.3727213144302368, -0.45255202054977417, 0.03208182007074356, -0.1164621114730835, 0.032044701278209686, 0.7897048592567444, -0.11864393204450607, 0.5658388733863831, 0.03137945011258125, -0.35224398970603943, 0.059626512229442596, -0.1293754279613495, 0.38772594928741455, -0.40036794543266296, -0.29326513409614563, 0.3632969260215759, 0.7492070198059082, -0.5172328948974609, 0.3718804717063904, 0.8556891083717346, 0.2629861533641815, -0.48663127422332764, 0.11422662436962128, 0.4189094305038452, 0.10970256477594376, 0.7325992584228516, 0.23388253152370453, -0.44016069173812866, -0.29764536023139954, 0.30380919575691223, -0.024553658440709114, 0.1674332320690155, -0.5426292419433594, -0.2978381812572479, 0.10035812109708786, -0.40632787346839905, 0.044249098747968674, 0.013854222372174263, -0.047354619950056076, -0.01571185141801834, -0.6444980502128601, 0.12388861179351807, -0.2834329903125763, -0.14612777531147003, 1.150319218635559, -0.21257822215557098, 0.5390493273735046, -0.5555073618888855, 0.3899590075016022, 0.3769459128379822, 0.18336738646030426, -0.23208101093769073, 0.45136624574661255, 0.3462500274181366, 0.44928404688835144, 0.30612725019454956, -0.23507271707057953, 0.17313262820243835, -0.07461003214120865, 0.35362741351127625, -0.16587182879447937, -0.1932733803987503, 0.45487889647483826, -0.5808565616607666, -0.5731762647628784, 0.03231921046972275, -0.2776268720626831, 0.7804835438728333, -0.6955500841140747, -0.002500154310837388, 0.0381750762462616, 0.16937582194805145, -0.10107295215129852, 0.4314064681529999, -0.43664440512657166, -0.37832003831863403, -0.1418628841638565, -0.055831875652074814, 0.44386082887649536, 0.48408111929893494, -0.7134984731674194, 0.3455345630645752, 0.5139245390892029, 0.3430519104003906, 0.7483916878700256, -0.5027188658714294, -0.32865071296691895, -0.5011553764343262, 0.34997445344924927, 0.3978930413722992, -0.44020792841911316, -0.38079455494880676, -0.15960794687271118, -0.503004252910614, 0.4242900609970093, 0.21785591542720795, -0.319998174905777, -0.6550917625427246, 0.17864127457141876, 0.8317608833312988, 0.06907100230455399, -0.022627266123890877, 0.24165429174900055, -0.4108007550239563, -0.18661411106586456, 0.40610021352767944, 0.23122411966323853, -0.02010127156972885, 0.006521640811115503, 0.1917642205953598, -0.4772694408893585, -0.6759411096572876, -0.4028320908546448, -0.5129268765449524, -0.8426361680030823, 0.5345588326454163, -0.10838335007429123, 1.5650461912155151, -0.3810347616672516, -0.5768898725509644, 0.016842545941472054, 0.6233007907867432, 0.112195685505867, -0.02117004059255123, 0.010338086634874344, 0.2304702252149582, -0.14202824234962463, -0.20553259551525116, 0.0858568623661995, -0.6255448460578918, 0.20974816381931305, 0.43677082657814026, 0.8195558190345764, 0.08539897948503494, -0.30498769879341125, -0.06638766080141068, 0.5007379651069641, -0.23481111228466034, 0.09653586149215698, -0.7027127742767334, 0.1230752021074295, 0.9270227551460266, -0.7526261210441589, 0.33216536045074463, -0.037688370794057846, 0.4478921592235565, 0.20449621975421906, 0.1325255036354065, 0.5558340549468994, -0.3305262625217438, 0.47068044543266296, 0.1870456039905548, -0.6750586032867432, 0.23253735899925232, 0.32672119140625, -0.07592866569757462, -0.21645334362983704, 0.2522794008255005, 0.04978637397289276, -0.29513800144195557, -0.23799164593219757, -0.17123369872570038, -0.7371482849121094, -0.010558347217738628, 0.4774177670478821, -0.11061351001262665, 0.19638149440288544, -0.2594662606716156, -0.08799266070127487, -0.04902791231870651, 0.10607724636793137, -0.03770250082015991, 0.0577852763235569, -0.0810612216591835, 0.39389732480049133, -0.2133379429578781, -0.016353784129023552, 0.07486451417207718, 0.1365319937467575, 0.2461918443441391, -0.7683061361312866, 0.07583222538232803, 0.12051931768655777, 0.5787944793701172, -0.25744277238845825, -0.028768546879291534, 0.5558338165283203, 0.7110148668289185, -0.2603341341018677, -0.5383026003837585, -0.3315398395061493, -0.2687639594078064, 0.4452236592769623, 0.0015652186702936888, 0.02833203785121441, 0.17270272970199585, 0.7020335793495178, 0.46858862042427063, 0.564785897731781, -0.6923725008964539, 0.18295255303382874, -0.9663507342338562, 0.03633376955986023, -0.014770770445466042, -0.18169063329696655, -0.04454077407717705, -0.2507172226905823, -0.36317163705825806, -0.04535723477602005, 0.42019009590148926, -0.35497745871543884, -0.4398583769798279, -0.44920971989631653, -0.34738078713417053, 0.1481688916683197, 0.19201478362083435, 0.08602083474397659, 0.18444031476974487, 0.19834333658218384, 0.4185630977153778, -0.027185792103409767, 0.8871793746948242, -0.3314378559589386, -0.8162622451782227, 0.5579831004142761, -1.1433591842651367, -0.30512291193008423, 0.2415451556444168, -0.12714111804962158, -0.39650192856788635, -0.5364288687705994, -5.29038667678833, 0.7360396981239319, -0.7942684888839722, -0.5735288858413696, -0.11181177198886871, -0.05103272944688797, 0.27777841687202454, -0.6613616347312927, -0.1673963963985443, 0.3415459096431732, 0.4607420861721039, -0.12431889027357101, -0.3160193860530853, -0.4728534519672394, 0.19349320232868195, -0.26670682430267334, 1.1690810918807983, -0.5930964350700378, 0.9185137152671814, -0.053198788315057755, 0.5130534768104553, -0.32130104303359985, -0.556462287902832, 0.6554684638977051, 0.20600929856300354, 0.6663656830787659, -0.392182320356369, 0.07268686592578888, -0.4036934971809387, 0.4185786545276642, -0.08571811020374298, -0.14556433260440826, -0.4486314058303833, -0.0782725140452385, -0.2763604521751404, 0.07279372960329056, 0.377834677696228, 0.14687542617321014, 0.09232059121131897, -0.5414946675300598, -0.40898996591567993, 0.13159042596817017, -0.7257355451583862, -0.08350656181573868, 0.9919727444648743, 0.2505381405353546, -0.6889123320579529, 0.15381082892417908, -0.4897686839103699, 0.10354402661323547, 0.23538385331630707, -0.14030206203460693, 0.552776575088501, 0.7426166534423828, 0.31528785824775696, -0.4336051940917969, 0.04875617474317551, -0.03432801365852356, -0.19357258081436157, -0.047047361731529236, 0.5186988711357117, -0.407368540763855, -0.1963312029838562, -0.6005759835243225, -0.17383982241153717, -0.519875705242157, 0.42482176423072815, 0.28911536931991577, 0.14670966565608978, -0.10834084451198578, 0.5239404439926147, 0.8658262491226196, -0.04767410829663277, -1.1401313543319702, 0.5139399170875549, -0.2866226136684418, -0.20000073313713074, -0.15395215153694153, -0.17628838121891022, 0.5049514174461365, 0.03553043678402901, -0.11067724227905273, 0.77422696352005, -0.43851619958877563, 0.9066665768623352, 0.42506834864616394, -0.46231240034103394, 0.42323794960975647, -0.19203439354896545, -0.6383170485496521, 0.6931415796279907, -0.08517706394195557, 0.32822921872138977, 0.32786399126052856, 0.3951706886291504, 0.3383488059043884, 0.24194593727588654, 0.44061359763145447, -0.19888831675052643, 0.19346928596496582, 0.6298266053199768, -0.5978972315788269, 0.2085677981376648, -0.5883080959320068, -0.5852359533309937, -0.35351768136024475, -0.31599509716033936, 0.3410768508911133, 0.7435573935508728, -0.28067877888679504, -0.2680829167366028, -0.4000030755996704, 0.051731180399656296, -0.10476774722337723, 0.15980583429336548, -0.43295052647590637, 0.2677234709262848, 0.5296436548233032, 0.6859732270240784, -0.10550286620855331, 0.09013557434082031, -0.482868492603302, -0.6495853066444397, 0.21770928800106049, 0.6078829765319824, -0.7064492106437683, 0.295504093170166, 0.3671868145465851, -0.1802513748407364, 0.019215723499655724, -0.564467191696167, 0.21746279299259186, -0.3810606300830841, 0.7641962766647339, -0.7072906494140625, 0.13192133605480194, -0.18700982630252838, -0.8098872900009155, 0.27947843074798584, 0.5153461694717407, 0.1659311056137085, 0.11727207899093628, 0.029972851276397705, 0.21546129882335663, 0.1772756725549698, 0.6992343664169312, -0.0635446161031723, -0.350827157497406, -1.0368733406066895, 0.36680617928504944, -0.37467870116233826, 0.2799633741378784, 0.15242695808410645, -0.2158527672290802, 0.34332114458084106, 0.1605008840560913, 0.4432128965854645, 0.8985371589660645, -0.19251766800880432, 0.2523711025714874, 0.0726306214928627, 0.003528703935444355, -0.9213374853134155, 0.3793438971042633, -0.12045244127511978, -0.4578438401222229, -0.25892752408981323, -0.4953741729259491, -0.30366629362106323, 0.9917312264442444, 0.15470795333385468, -0.3454678952693939, -0.06857746839523315, 0.4518480896949768, 0.5925241708755493, -0.2062850296497345, -0.48429763317108154, -0.6552866101264954, 0.06910664588212967, -0.21461595594882965, -0.26720014214515686, 0.27371296286582947, -0.4205094873905182, 0.1318795084953308, 0.09621503949165344, -0.41519299149513245, -0.765317440032959, 0.08182613551616669, 0.2176378220319748, -0.12441732734441757, -0.21205736696720123, -0.788551926612854, 0.409620463848114, 0.08912870287895203, -0.4790753424167633, -0.2569482624530792, 0.16089874505996704, 0.15391984581947327, -0.005062703974545002, -0.5048120617866516, 0.004608924500644207, 0.03698694333434105, -0.5134075284004211, -0.06988989561796188, 0.16878071427345276, -0.9902797341346741, 0.32447463274002075, -0.054690055549144745, -1.0772309303283691, 0.5531774163246155, -0.16112686693668365, -0.44275516271591187, 0.15640613436698914, 0.7619203329086304, 0.36047813296318054, -0.15891942381858826, 0.46193304657936096, 0.010776091367006302, -0.42282912135124207, -0.39119988679885864, -0.3446691930294037, 0.021105535328388214, -0.5229097604751587, -0.5391302108764648, -0.8566350340843201, 0.09034384042024612, -0.18086101114749908, -0.5716713070869446, 0.7901321649551392, -0.14268426597118378, 0.01354013942182064, 0.13999764621257782, -0.5598490238189697, 0.20501522719860077, 0.44028475880622864, 0.2018413245677948, 0.5076630711555481, -0.09131337702274323, 0.21871739625930786, 0.11839807778596878, 0.6730186343193054, 1.0600141286849976, 0.4014508128166199, 0.16336223483085632, 0.1817927062511444, -0.2558874487876892, 0.23065708577632904, 0.1585138887166977, -0.12246687710285187, 0.5579227805137634, -0.0736062154173851, -0.11747753620147705, -0.743773341178894, -0.32782116532325745, 0.9375329613685608, -0.8812627792358398, -0.13568595051765442, -0.10760997235774994, 0.43868759274482727, 0.10751461237668991, -0.06177396699786186, -0.005074118264019489, -0.3220547139644623, -0.1252596378326416, -0.10231227427721024, 0.12426544725894928, 0.17482221126556396, -0.412063330411911, 0.21803951263427734, -0.6337137222290039, 0.2026003748178482, 0.4213823974132538, -0.28997620940208435, 0.316368967294693, 0.12769122421741486, -0.2555755078792572, -0.22684037685394287, -0.4304620921611786, 0.018810788169503212, -0.33366304636001587, -0.1991807222366333, -0.25210586190223694, -0.11561236530542374, -0.35817381739616394, 0.8123223185539246, -0.7582516074180603, 0.017582427710294724, -0.7485086917877197, -0.44638773798942566, -0.15627174079418182, -0.5804552435874939, 0.6346442699432373, 0.7895424365997314, -0.2533818781375885, 0.10789645463228226, 0.5134297013282776, 0.3191223740577698, 0.513508141040802, -0.6146663427352905, 0.3843284547328949, -0.5847971439361572, 0.990037202835083, -0.29681286215782166, -0.4492446184158325, -0.09793226420879364, -0.46726998686790466, -0.2531345784664154, 0.2311689555644989, -0.5514811873435974, -0.1996116042137146, 0.6001871824264526, -0.2450183480978012, 0.11087074130773544, 0.10439809411764145, -0.5006872415542603, -0.1351875364780426, 0.37797650694847107, -0.24460381269454956, -0.5214188098907471, -0.532264769077301, -0.2440456598997116, 0.41615501046180725, 1.0413312911987305, 0.026822706684470177, 0.8296692371368408, 0.8892185688018799, 0.17353565990924835, 0.2639877498149872, -0.35636261105537415, -0.14240486919879913, -0.481437087059021, -0.7868735790252686, -0.672107994556427, 0.012677261605858803, -0.03811880573630333, -0.015898244455456734, 0.16875827312469482, -0.8105136752128601, -0.7983396053314209, 0.5347646474838257, -0.16786374151706696, 0.027261342853307724, 0.00776272127404809, -0.13514040410518646, 0.13151749968528748, -0.23507267236709595, 0.20704738795757294, -0.028023606166243553, 0.5101107954978943, 0.17738153040409088, -0.0878724753856659, -0.46995845437049866, 0.019116045907139778, -0.7617018222808838, 0.48260918259620667, -0.3164847791194916, 0.1512427031993866, 0.44440552592277527, -0.48566746711730957, 0.09960680454969406, -0.35333824157714844, -0.17531277239322662, 0.6169266700744629, -0.5792292952537537, -0.22947236895561218, -0.046579938381910324, -0.6817306280136108, -0.1564531922340393, -0.2910405695438385, 0.551339864730835, 0.7311548590660095, 0.21223951876163483, -0.07753635942935944, -0.33780136704444885, 0.24839124083518982, 0.06376557052135468, 0.5720310211181641, 0.11801544576883316, 0.6004073619842529, 0.45979830622673035, -0.018536370247602463, 0.003412672784179449, -0.1534249484539032, 0.032225944101810455, 0.5547732710838318, -0.23290662467479706, 0.216207817196846, 0.38592052459716797, 0.05198562517762184, -1.2779951095581055, 0.6219853162765503, -0.3243083953857422, -0.12861131131649017, -0.18011163175106049, -0.044089898467063904, 0.43617862462997437, -0.24252881109714508, 0.4435843527317047, 0.18621397018432617, 0.6980701088905334, 0.17619718611240387, 0.10067924112081528, 0.3103025555610657, 0.3719833791255951, -0.36187466979026794, 0.7565025687217712, -0.7006188035011292, 0.07692567259073257, -0.2183539867401123, 0.4670747220516205, -0.1897054761648178, -0.13801084458827972, -0.1615806519985199, 0.40334373712539673, -0.7045161128044128, -0.42337343096733093, 0.5687589645385742, -0.41433319449424744, -0.7746793627738953, -0.6598160862922668, 0.008035250008106232, -0.41814523935317993, 0.530102014541626, -0.09814751148223877, 0.3455735445022583, -0.3837754428386688, 0.7337709665298462, -0.28236618638038635, 0.5050888061523438, 0.8212370276451111, -0.02330133505165577, -0.5968019366264343, -0.032938599586486816, 0.07013572752475739, -0.06927833706140518, -0.8667110204696655, 0.4876154661178589, 0.7915793657302856, 0.649394154548645, -0.4334188401699066, 0.6358234286308289, -0.6012647151947021, 0.24167416989803314, -0.1163778230547905, 0.4384695291519165, -0.0558348186314106, -0.19213132560253143, -0.8659411072731018, 0.2589252293109894, 0.8241215944290161, -0.08439269661903381, 0.15684112906455994, -0.05535304173827171, -0.19108492136001587, 0.2856810986995697, -0.31731024384498596, 0.029346009716391563, -0.7601262927055359, -0.12027449160814285, -0.32446593046188354 ]
249187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20April	Robert April	Robert T. April is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. April is listed in the Star Trek Chronology, The Star Trek Encyclopedia and at startrek.com as the Enterprise's first commanding officer, preceding Captain Christopher Pike. The character's only television/movie appearance is in the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode "The Counter-Clock Incident", in which he is voiced by James Doohan (using a British accent) and portrayed as the first captain of the USS Enterprise. April appears in the novels Final Frontier and Best Destiny by Diane Carey as the captain of the Enterprise. "April, Robert" is listed in an alphabetical list of most-decorated Starfleet captains in the Star Trek: Discovery 2017 episode "Choose Your Pain". On June 27, 2007, Pilot development When Roddenberry submitted his first proposal for Star Trek to MGM Studios in 1964, his name for the starship commander was "Robert M. April" (another name, Captain James Winter, was also considered). The proposal was rejected, and Star Trek did not become a television reality until later that year when NBC accepted the premise, by which time the captain was changed to "Christopher Pike". Character history "The Counter-Clock Incident" Fred Bronson (writing as John Culver) created the character Commodore Robert April for his episode "The Counter-Clock Incident". Bronson came up with the idea of the Enterprise having a first Captain, a predecessor to Christopher Pike. He selected the name "Robert April" from the list of names from which Roddenberry selected the name of the Enterprise Captain, as published in the book The Making of Star Trek. In "The Counter-Clock Incident", the character's middle initial is T and not M as in Roddenberry's original proposal. In the episode, the Enterprise crew begins to rapidly age in reverse. The old age of Commodore April and his wife Sarah (voiced by Nichelle Nichols) affords them more time at maturity, allowing them to save the crew and undo the reverse aging process. The episode establishes that Sarah was the chief medical officer of the Enterprise during Robert April's time as the ship's commanding officer. In print Carey's books indicate that April comes from Coventry in England. He wears various cardigan sweaters over his uniform due to a rare blood disorder that causes him to feel slightly chilly most of the time. Commander George Kirk, father of future Enterprise commanding officer James T. Kirk, serves as April's executive officer. Carey's books also feature Sarah as the ship's chief medical officer. However, Crisis on Vulcan by Brad and Barbara Strickland portrays Pike as first officer under April when Spock visits the ship. In comics A unique version of April appeared in the final issues of Star Trek: Early Voyages where he appeared as a stubborn and extremely militaristic person, who ordered an attack against an unknown ship that was making provocative moves against the Enterprise, despite the fact that Number One was in command. The enemy counter-attacked, leaving Number One injured and April in command. The ending is unknown since the series ended on a cliffhanger. Another version of April appears in the new J. J. Abrams Star Trek continuity in a comic prologue to Star Trek Into Darkness, "Countdown to Darkness". In computer games Commodore Robert April is mentioned in the computer game Star Trek: Legacy during the early part of the TOS campaign, where he is still in Starfleet service in 2270. In the series, it would be between seasons 4 and 5, though the Commodore is only mentioned in the missions. Star Trek: Discovery In the fifth episode of Star Trek: Discovery, "Choose Your Pain", he is included in an alphabetical list from the Starfleet Database as one of Starfleet's most decorated Captains as of 2256. Also included in the list are: Jonathan Archer, Matthew Decker, Philippa Georgiou, and Christopher Pike. Reception Timothy Donohoo, writing for CBR.com, noted that "Robert April was the name of the Enterprise captain in the original pitch for Star Trek's inaugural series" and that "had elements of both Kirk and Pike", noting that "his personality was described as openly heroic, he would have also been racked with self-doubt and worry over his own leadership style" and noting that for its time, the character concept was "revolutionary in many ways" as "the idea of the hero doubting himself and questioning his own actions" was rare in the movie and television scripts of that era. References External links STARTREK.COM : Biography of Robert April Star Trek: The Animated Series characters Starfleet officers Starfleet captains Television characters introduced in 1974	[ -0.4079835116863251, 0.5130521655082703, -0.35343387722969055, -0.36644867062568665, -0.24758006632328033, 0.42600217461586, 0.32032865285873413, 0.22159478068351746, -0.264606773853302, -0.14753936231136322, -0.3265841007232666, 0.09384530782699585, 0.14100243151187897, -0.015280241146683693, -0.25444114208221436, 0.2663626968860626, -0.246530219912529, 0.23793905973434448, 0.1956969052553177, -0.2483528107404709, 0.0345001146197319, -0.13837690651416779, 0.25966233015060425, -0.20430850982666016, 0.3671143054962158, -0.09217163175344467, 0.1017601266503334, 0.033704355359077454, 0.16546432673931122, -0.2771773636341095, -0.20923511683940887, 0.27340996265411377, 0.16715234518051147, -0.20917245745658875, 0.033629387617111206, -0.2639803886413574, 0.2638961672782898, -0.055063553154468536, 0.30408889055252075, 0.007505814079195261, -0.07561895996332169, -0.15939190983772278, 0.19889472424983978, -0.1804603934288025, 0.15624627470970154, -0.09555976837873459, -2.026137590408325, -0.25410014390945435, -0.352567195892334, 0.018411558121442795, 0.06188945472240448, 0.1295289695262909, 0.3829239010810852, 0.07028219103813171, -0.24513687193393707, 0.38600707054138184, -0.2934609055519104, 0.28731656074523926, 0.284843385219574, 0.20211617648601532, 0.051674507558345795, -0.10467925667762756, -0.04859737306833267, 0.2682434022426605, -0.3424185514450073, 0.45568907260894775, -0.5128098726272583, 0.47428402304649353, -0.0426187627017498, 0.08388914912939072, -0.06508946418762207, -0.12335953861474991, 0.3113997280597687, 0.5268326997756958, 0.1617472767829895, -0.20594391226768494, -0.13347873091697693, -0.19832061231136322, -0.06282677501440048, -0.07178043574094772, 0.2033674716949463, 0.1295723021030426, 0.46794992685317993, 0.08586589992046356, 0.488749235868454, 0.35402652621269226, -0.15754906833171844, 0.17821325361728668, -0.08096276223659515, 0.20832356810569763, -0.3475945293903351, -0.22618162631988525, 0.16272881627082825, 0.2806578576564789, -0.12381067872047424, -0.2965594530105591, -0.39788004755973816, 0.3958335220813751, 0.34612730145454407, 0.3721427023410797, -0.13429535925388336, 0.241407573223114, 0.3851352035999298, -0.23999211192131042, -0.41120806336402893, 0.2157752811908722, -0.36243659257888794, 0.0904371440410614, 0.09746222198009491, -2.6277315616607666, -0.23995071649551392, 0.06711246818304062, -0.27763277292251587, -0.3668733835220337, 0.14716823399066925, 0.6074967384338379, 0.5354300737380981, -0.0177589263767004, -0.19192305207252502, -0.23304283618927002, -0.16823862493038177, 0.5610404014587402, -0.0065361615270376205, -0.01711505651473999, 0.023257430642843246, 0.37941429018974304, -0.061536479741334915, -0.11941241472959518, 0.17464914917945862, 0.09440402686595917, -0.5863643884658813, 0.42371007800102234, -0.23271627724170685, 0.03338785842061043, -0.3394540846347809, 0.14804446697235107, 0.4581783413887024, 0.18630832433700562, -0.08014527708292007, 0.20484280586242676, -0.622333288192749, -0.2651655375957489, -2.799745798110962, 0.07279454916715622, 0.06406102329492569, -0.013488993979990482, -0.44041889905929565, 0.21580734848976135, 0.125956192612648, 0.4189612865447998, 0.2895798683166504, -0.5052854418754578, -0.49966466426849365, 0.6256272196769714, -0.04639101400971413, 0.301431804895401, 0.33586299419403076, -0.19052378833293915, 0.20014528930187225, 0.5947591066360474, -0.04378627985715866, 0.24369573593139648, 0.015446120873093605, 0.04108036309480667, 0.25429442524909973, 0.018063878640532494, 0.50136399269104, -0.5211066603660583, 0.2789076566696167, -0.4168451428413391, -0.4290100932121277, -0.09132753312587738, -0.22392311692237854, -0.19371297955513, 0.19182080030441284, 0.038543809205293655, 0.5781079530715942, 0.0054288567043840885, -0.17413592338562012, -0.25024884939193726, -0.13087384402751923, 0.09358104318380356, -0.15426434576511383, -0.2975071370601654, 0.35463982820510864, -0.17392517626285553, 0.4798712730407715, 0.11122995615005493, 0.058951251208782196, 0.567512571811676, -0.3530406355857849, -0.05340559035539627, 0.4597283601760864, 0.23192209005355835, 0.6561579704284668, 0.1867540180683136, 0.03370398283004761, -0.00937447976320982, 0.18489573895931244, 0.9546127915382385, 0.007391891907900572, -0.07739289104938507, 0.35850751399993896, -0.1868012696504593, 0.10762785375118256, 3.158987045288086, 0.2463330626487732, -0.08294440805912018, 0.21580679714679718, 0.6194796562194824, 0.4291975796222687, -0.05025418847799301, 0.10026279091835022, -0.2509053349494934, 0.2886171340942383, -0.19245173037052155, 0.3640279173851013, -0.02241063304245472, -0.13362537324428558, 0.008730306290090084, 0.2673123776912689, -0.1106746569275856, -0.19705791771411896, 0.4901452362537384, -0.5902640223503113, 0.5724282264709473, 0.02399059385061264, 0.04772874340415001, -0.16507157683372498, -0.4294891357421875, -0.085573211312294, -0.03611915558576584, -0.3928794264793396, -0.04517044872045517, 0.14323833584785461, 0.3613910973072052, -0.2653970718383789, -0.3008365035057068, -0.0027574815321713686, -0.0876639187335968, 0.9152094721794128, 0.4726225733757019, -0.05587851256132126, 0.19861018657684326, -0.5416299104690552, 0.5640140771865845, 0.10814791917800903, 0.3317558467388153, 0.11530189216136932, -0.11993508040904999, 0.42744794487953186, -0.23244152963161469, 0.3198859393596649, -0.12950235605239868, -0.038520898669958115, 0.0715043693780899, -0.06981322914361954, -0.0829971581697464, 0.026035552844405174, 0.1447352021932602, -0.20454862713813782, -0.1714809387922287, 0.4795086681842804, 0.08067268133163452, -0.008670645765960217, -0.028539754450321198, -0.15079690515995026, -0.5018367767333984, 0.2511318325996399, 0.17017726600170135, 0.1166357547044754, -0.36405494809150696, -0.2314983606338501, -3.8055460453033447, -0.05882412567734718, 0.03101254254579544, 0.1588551551103592, 0.23663365840911865, -0.2455218881368637, -0.06057490035891533, 0.38899293541908264, 0.7492405772209167, 0.2583913207054138, 0.18413181602954865, -0.032460618764162064, 0.06495426595211029, 0.30110201239585876, -0.07388882339000702, 0.10613548755645752, -0.20238664746284485, 0.19889865815639496, -0.42951229214668274, 0.02102903462946415, 0.18927203118801117, 0.35859814286231995, 0.10470268130302429, 0.16891542077064514, -0.2771892249584198, 0.12981818616390228, 0.014978204853832722, -0.08886710554361343, 0.2325388342142105, -0.25677329301834106, 0.24967263638973236, 0.2653660476207733, -0.20557209849357605, -0.22808235883712769, 0.13693495094776154, -3.9245386123657227, -0.37019652128219604, 0.028843695297837257, -0.1856992393732071, 0.2975870966911316, 0.05165727436542511, 0.6940447688102722, -0.15173828601837158, 0.12262864410877228, 0.13424381613731384, -0.09192363172769547, 0.26300275325775146, -0.2964637577533722, -0.0005709459073841572, 0.27011868357658386, 0.07824764400720596, 0.4618493914604187, 0.0800580158829689, 0.8533271551132202, 0.48774170875549316, 0.4088903069496155, -0.15921832621097565, -0.26552098989486694, -0.0836406871676445, 0.03858247026801109, 0.4651695787906647, -0.22162941098213196, 0.24672749638557434, -0.3917972445487976, 0.3480757176876068, -0.16704243421554565, -0.3143054246902466, -0.00448292400687933, -0.3855759799480438, -0.46600714325904846, -0.30489400029182434, 0.42021653056144714, 0.40449845790863037, 0.7612975835800171, -0.2327481210231781, 0.04118494689464569, 0.23426899313926697, -0.07204637676477432, 0.3419390916824341, 0.23637232184410095, 0.03148901090025902, -0.5172304511070251, -0.20585830509662628, -0.35988345742225647, 0.5073543787002563, -0.2743866741657257, -0.2903676927089691, 1.3421814441680908, 0.08946956694126129, 0.26459112763404846, -0.3200249969959259, 0.23367108404636383, -0.3612162172794342, -0.04555836319923401, -0.07285535335540771, 0.4728817641735077, -0.16393594443798065, 0.46690312027931213, 0.015352769754827023, -0.3179565966129303, -0.5107673406600952, 0.42913857102394104, -0.14689022302627563, 0.07376544177532196, 0.25788766145706177, -0.41889888048171997, 0.5173567533493042, 0.09597869217395782, -1.0293649435043335, 0.12054499238729477, 0.018368089571595192, -0.4306030869483948, 0.12335114181041718, 0.03902935981750488, -0.22207111120224, -0.22182460129261017, -0.2115791141986847, -0.07514332979917526, 0.6225875616073608, 0.12609098851680756, 0.2826260030269623, -0.17143283784389496, -0.08684208244085312, -0.2810477912425995, 0.08993818610906601, -0.08797027170658112, -0.01485049445182085, 0.06172775477170944, 0.2578544020652771, 0.05132310837507248, -0.11680442839860916, 0.9020178318023682, -0.8641924262046814, 0.10520856082439423, -0.4938632845878601, -0.03870070353150368, -0.10600076615810394, -0.37204498052597046, -0.44951751828193665, -0.4628593325614929, -0.4335918128490448, -0.5315121412277222, 0.44501668214797974, 0.04804755002260208, 0.08770343661308289, -0.3890092968940735, 0.2123529464006424, -0.45599502325057983, -0.26020845770835876, 0.876504123210907, 0.02923007868230343, -0.4288753867149353, -0.14645598828792572, 0.0724346712231636, 0.3250516355037689, -0.007305881939828396, 0.20603713393211365, 0.10343117266893387, 0.016484195366501808, 0.382348895072937, -0.4813033640384674, 0.3559418022632599, -0.1903989464044571, -0.6362285614013672, 0.03858799487352371, -0.0008630192605778575, 0.06840719282627106, -0.10695797204971313, -0.4404686987400055, -0.46945086121559143, -0.45848536491394043, -0.13844352960586548, -0.1329183429479599, -0.2271924614906311, -0.05142856761813164, -0.1429051160812378, 0.170405775308609, -0.29527273774147034, 0.6784051060676575, -0.1080387681722641, 0.2630748748779297, 0.19706670939922333, -0.11782969534397125, -0.11701152473688126, 0.1801326423883438, 0.08580402284860611, -0.706457793712616, 0.7286391258239746, 0.054885175079107285, -0.07511522620916367, 0.32392194867134094, 0.3265092372894287, 0.09223953634500504, 0.024343548342585564, 0.06655125319957733, -0.13431571424007416, 0.0010637780651450157, -1.069429874420166, 0.11114904284477234, 0.22616012394428253, -0.6805641651153564, 0.020245768129825592, -0.11637035757303238, -0.011463358998298645, 0.06582698225975037, -0.2254326492547989, -0.14199870824813843, -0.22666417062282562, -0.1400565803050995, 0.633368194103241, -0.3161613941192627, -0.026875745505094528, -0.09183305501937866, 0.4160032272338867, -0.10095201432704926, 0.27270475029945374, -0.09618014842271805, 0.026919495314359665, 0.9341540336608887, 0.4177665412425995, -0.14407630264759064, -0.10078780353069305, -0.5082513093948364, -0.27105894684791565, 0.6144792437553406, -0.1741313636302948, -0.16222992539405823, 0.6685759425163269, 0.46464216709136963, -0.4573846459388733, -0.3303283452987671, 0.25334814190864563, 0.1283382624387741, 0.16668814420700073, -0.22159597277641296, 0.19850197434425354, 0.07223061472177505, -0.5400159358978271, 0.4859897792339325, 0.3218916952610016, -0.3316265642642975, 0.20273062586784363, -0.19483597576618195, -0.1858341246843338, 0.11421576142311096, 0.5821967124938965, -0.5125935077667236, 0.27816885709762573, 0.0878436490893364, -0.05080284923315048, -0.20581628382205963, 0.1266135573387146, 0.047988809645175934, -0.03152202069759369, -0.6701517701148987, 0.11023743450641632, -0.33959197998046875, -0.12151612341403961, -0.28034529089927673, -0.1821269392967224, 0.39138469099998474, -0.06532513350248337, -0.6470586657524109, 0.4138895273208618, -0.2767914831638336, 0.03318485990166664, -0.12366577982902527, 0.24398556351661682, 0.10855688899755478, -0.3749818205833435, -0.1500919908285141, -0.2577877342700958, 0.2421073019504547, -0.10810192674398422, 0.31297725439071655, 0.13347215950489044, 0.11987248063087463, 0.14582906663417816, -0.47977522015571594, -0.5767760276794434, -0.028780803084373474, 0.13377301394939423, -0.1242976263165474, 0.0013268283801153302, 0.5160527229309082, 0.0930844247341156, -0.022278372198343277, -0.09132401645183563, -0.409507155418396, 0.6106328368186951, -0.28901994228363037, -0.04819142073392868, -0.03226788341999054, -0.3250877261161804, -0.08468285202980042, -0.2622128129005432, 0.3482692837715149, 0.06977353245019913, 0.3571537435054779, -0.2634637951850891, 0.47690266370773315, 0.049440257251262665, 0.2645271122455597, 0.26685410737991333, 0.20291727781295776, -0.8815566897392273, -0.5535051226615906, -0.17756322026252747, 0.6583059430122375, -0.22568801045417786, -0.1667945235967636, -0.1562415063381195, -0.38407623767852783, 0.13148988783359528, 0.33106154203414917, 1.7289037704467773, 0.07220578193664551, 0.0754343643784523, 0.07994142919778824, 0.3926120698451996, -0.31161317229270935, 0.34522759914398193, -0.044962383806705475, -0.12410815805196762, 0.21901541948318481, -0.12914039194583893, -0.12478521466255188, -0.40543851256370544, -0.12369544804096222, -0.24252736568450928, 0.27492961287498474, -0.19086423516273499, -0.23753704130649567, -0.25903478264808655, 0.09620382636785507, -0.6329537630081177, 0.8040842413902283, 0.4387575089931488, 0.20045709609985352, 0.09310155361890793, 0.14542075991630554, 0.11298468708992004, -0.3741590678691864, 0.31862738728523254, -0.26433491706848145, -0.013409440405666828, 0.3223538100719452, 0.37493541836738586, 0.3670817017555237, -0.2043720930814743, 0.16093523800373077, -0.01084307674318552, -0.6100606918334961, -0.16317357122898102, -0.10529975593090057, -0.20173534750938416, -0.21228916943073273, 0.4806683361530304, 0.10161707550287247, -0.2925683259963989, 0.734744131565094, -0.236082524061203, -0.2813434302806854, -0.1896664947271347, -0.2512938380241394, -0.11682472378015518, 0.18121257424354553, -0.6034924387931824, -0.0712057501077652, 0.07529187947511673, 0.0912107601761818, 0.22671745717525482, -0.5742039084434509, -0.04420378431677818, 0.46565884351730347, 0.05517110973596573, 0.4563148617744446, 0.1567482054233551, -0.22550641000270844, 0.06418293714523315, -0.227141335606575, -0.23655539751052856, -0.04755166918039322, 0.030301818624138832, -0.023330524563789368, 0.082302026450634, 0.09312061220407486, 0.08272300660610199, -0.2404569834470749, -0.3737112283706665, -0.31875112652778625, -0.042609721422195435, -0.2928861379623413, -0.04639081284403801, -2.7797586917877197, 0.003401711117476225, -0.10674312710762024, 0.3827488124370575, 0.24665753543376923, 0.2299092710018158, -0.12619549036026, 0.33236217498779297, -0.01815364882349968, 0.26202893257141113, 0.3744017779827118, 0.12398616224527359, 0.10258615761995316, 0.28138968348503113, 0.05739472806453705, 0.21732431650161743, 0.3254491090774536, 0.13143061101436615, -0.055386293679475784, -0.04596506431698799, -0.2506110966205597, -0.28179341554641724, -0.3537885844707489, -0.23363253474235535, -0.01899794675409794, 0.0985855907201767, 0.05471593514084816, -0.2086753100156784, 0.26345449686050415, -0.3223636746406555, -0.007077591028064489, 0.3134993612766266, -0.29266080260276794, 0.2683577239513397, 0.00035126510192640126, -0.4752763509750366, 0.6030703186988831, -0.2992407977581024, 0.6130269169807434, -0.22037912905216217, 0.19063317775726318, -0.06836461275815964, 0.2766195833683014, 0.08093901723623276, -0.18496382236480713, -0.16837142407894135, 0.008237202651798725, -0.40691089630126953, 0.20172716677188873, -0.22302760183811188, 0.2776296138763428, -0.04471081867814064, 0.2912936210632324, -0.042041927576065063, 0.3408363163471222, -0.1969023197889328, -0.006932808551937342, 0.2620667517185211, -0.5575684309005737, -0.23012463748455048, 0.26863333582878113, -0.15840990841388702, 0.31800007820129395, 0.1951317936182022, 0.5318971276283264, -0.4352948069572449, -0.3015163838863373, 0.037636879831552505, 0.3260335326194763, 0.25915443897247314, -0.05854926258325577, 0.10959556698799133, 0.2218884378671646, -0.08473021537065506, -0.01945507898926735, 0.35555046796798706, -0.007762516848742962, 0.4319603741168976, 0.08433526009321213, 0.13596981763839722, 0.05363718047738075, -0.23304112255573273, -0.16985048353672028, -0.21591199934482574, 0.2864568531513214, -6.988621711730957, -0.1769641935825348, 0.0026286684442311525, -0.5602123737335205, 0.5333040356636047, -0.1323777139186859, 0.04095061123371124, -0.15789370238780975, -0.1084529235959053, 0.1625562161207199, 0.27602237462997437, -0.0813140720129013, 0.12150079011917114, -0.2790895402431488, 0.5349124670028687, 0.11081302911043167 ]
249188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Generation%20Game	The Generation Game	The Generation Game is a British game show produced by the BBC in which four teams of two people from the same family, but different generations, compete to win prizes. The game There are eight competitors, hence the catchphrase "Let's meet the eight who are going to generate" used in earlier series by Bruce Forsyth. The couples were a generation apart and in later series, but not originally, of different genders. Most of the time it was mother/son, father/daughter. Sometimes aunt/nephew and uncle/niece played. In the first two rounds, two couples compete against each other in two games. One game usually involves first seeing a skilled professional construct or perform something, such as pottery or dancing. The contestants attempt to do the same, and a score is given by the professional. The other game usually involves more of a quiz element, such as identifying pieces of music. At the end of each of the first two rounds, the couple with the lower score is eliminated. The two highest-scoring couples compete against each other in the final (or End Game as Larry Grayson called it). This is often a big set-piece performance; in the series presented by Bruce Forsyth it was usually a drama or farce, in later programmes a musical or dance performance. The couple that scores the highest go through to the final 'conveyor belt'. Originally, this was scored the same way in the first rounds, but when Davidson took over, the winner was decided by an audience vote. At the end of the show, one member (both members during the second Forsyth era) of the victorious team watches prizes pass on a conveyor belt, and wins as many as could be recalled in 45 seconds (20 seconds per teammate during the second Forsyth era), with some items awarding a bonus prize if the contestant or team recalls that item. A trademark of the show is that a cuddly toy is always among the prizes. This led to an affectionate joke: "Dinner service...fondue set...Cuddly toy! Cuddly toy!", which is sometimes quoted when the show is mentioned. The audience and the host shout out the names of the prizes, especially in later series, allowing the contestants to carry away large numbers of items. Towards the end of the Davidson run, an added twist involved four prizes being referred to as "phantom prizes", if the contestant was to mention those, gunge would be hurled at them every time one was recalled. In the Davidson run, if contestants correctly recalled 15 of the 20 prizes in 45 (later 60) seconds, they won everything and a bonus prize, usually a holiday. History 1971–1977: Origins and first Bruce Forsyth era The show is based on the Dutch TV show Één van de acht ("One of the Eight"), the format devised in 1969 by Theo Uittenbogaard for VARA Television. Mies Bouwman, a Dutch talk show host and presenter of the show, came up with the idea of the conveyor belt. She had seen it on a German programme and wanted to incorporate it into the show. Another antecedent for the game show was Sunday Night at the London Palladium on ATV, which had a game called Beat the Clock, taken from an American game show of the same name. It featured married couples playing silly games within a certain time to win prize money. This was hosted by Bruce Forsyth from 1958, and he took the idea with him when he went over to the BBC. During the 1970s, game shows became more popular and started to replace expensive variety shows. Creating new studio shows was cheaper than hiring a theatre and paying for long rehearsals and a large orchestra, and could secure a similar number of viewers. With less money for their own productions, a game show seemed the obvious idea for ITV. As a result, many variety performers were recruited for game shows. The BBC, suffering poor ratings, decided to make its own game show. Bill Cotton, the BBC's Head of Light Entertainment, believed that Forsyth was best for the job. For years, The Generation Game was one of the strongest shows in the BBC's Saturday night line-up, and became the number-one game show on British television during the 1970s, regularly gaining over 21 million viewers. 1978–1982: Larry Grayson era By the mid-1970s, desperate to end the BBC's long-running ratings success on a Saturday night, London Weekend Television offered Forsyth a chance to change channel to host The Big Night. Alan Boyd, producer of The Generation Game at the time, remembers that there were many proposals as to who should take over, with Bill Cotton having a brief discussion with his favoured choice Cilla Black, who would not consider the move; other names mentioned included Jimmy Tarbuck and Kenneth Williams. However, he felt he did not want the new programme to be comparable to Forsyth's Generation Game (he did not want the audience to be able to compare the two shows to think that Bruce was better or that the new host was better), so he cast Larry Grayson to take over, with a new theme tune and scenery, and a new co-host, Isla St Clair. It worked, as The Big Night failed to beat The Generation Game and was off the air within three months. The show reached its peak under Grayson. It attracted an audience of 25 million on one occasion, when a strike blacked out the ITV network, meaning the two BBC channels were the only ones the public could watch. Grayson's apparent incompetence and inability to remember what was going on was carefully contrived. In 1980 a junior version was considered, to be titled The Younger Generation Game, with two young siblings of different ages in place of older contestants. It was not confirmed whether Grayson would have hosted this proposed spin-off version, and it ultimately was never commissioned. Cancellation By the early 1980s The Generation Game was being beaten by ITV's hugely successful Game for a Laugh, which had been commissioned by LWT's Head of Light Entertainment Alan Boyd, who had been Grayson's producer for his first three seasons, but had defected to ITV. The show continued through to the end of 1981, but shortly after a highlights episode from the last series aired on 3 January 1982, Grayson decided to quit whilst the show was still popular. The BBC approached Jimmy Tarbuck to present the show but he turned it down. The show was later cancelled. 1990–2002 revival: Second Bruce Forsyth era and Jim Davidson The Generation Game returned in 1990 with the original host, Bruce Forsyth, who after moving to ITV in 1995 was replaced by Jim Davidson. This incarnation was axed in 2002 after again being beaten by ITV, this time by Pop Idol. Davidson had announced in March that he was quitting the show. The series ended the following month. Later revivals 2003–2005: Paul O'Grady pilots and Graham Norton special The BBC were planning on reviving the show with Paul O'Grady as its new presenter in 2004. Filming two non-broadcast pilot episodes in 2003, both O'Grady and the production team were unhappy with the result, with O'Grady leaving the project. Graham Norton hosted a one-off special at Christmas 2005 featuring celebrity contestants Kelly Holmes, Davina McCall, Rupert Grint and James Fleet - this was titled "Generation Fame". At the time it was widely suggested that this was being treated as the pilot for a potential series; however, only the one edition has to date been screened. 2007 retrospective The Generation Game returned in 2007 under the title Brucie's Generation Game: Now and Then broadcast on UKTV Gold. This version was a retrospective of earlier editions, similar to the digital channel's Wogan and Jim'll Fix It revivals around the same time. 2011: Vernon Kay's 24 Hour Panel People In 2011, a version of the show featured as part of Vernon Kay's 24 Hour Panel People—a charity marathon of game shows for Comic Relief. David Walliams competed with his mother Kathleen. The other team consisted of Miranda Hart and Patricia Hodge, who play mother and daughter in the sitcom Miranda. 2014–2015: Miranda Hart discussions On 20 April 2014, it was announced that comedian Miranda Hart (who appeared on the 2011 charity special) was in "early talks" with the BBC about hosting a revived version of the show. A pilot episode was filmed before Christmas that year but the controller of the channel, Charlotte Moore, revealed in August 2015 that the project was "very much on hold" due to Hart wanting to concentrate on her acting and writing career. 2017–2018: Mel and Sue On 11 May 2017, it was reported that Mel and Sue were linked to host a reboot for the BBC as part of a package for not staying with The Great British Bake Off after its move to Channel 4. On 23 July 2017, it was confirmed that Mel and Sue would host. However, on 7 February 2018, two episodes instead of the planned four was confirmed, with the BBC saying "During the production process it's not unusual for a new series to change length as the format evolves". The first episode aired on BBC One on 1 April 2018. It received generally poor reviews from TV critics. Gerard O'Donovan from The Telegraph gave it one star, writing: "...There's little to say other than that it was a shameless carbon copy of memorable moments from The Generation Game of the 1970s or 80s." Carol Midgley of The Times gave it two stars, saying: "It needs to relax and dial down the gush. Brucie made it look so easy. Didn't he do well?" The i Paper's Jeff Robinson said the show "felt forced and scripted, another territory for the Mel and Sue brand to colonise post-Bake Off rather than an original updating of an old format." Sam Wollaston of The Guardian was more positive, giving it three stars and writing: "Somehow, it manages to be both a little bit glorious and groansome to the max at the same time." Catchphrases The show introduced a number of catchphrases, including Bruce Forsyth's "Didn't he/she/they do well?", "Let's meet the eight who are going to generate" and "Let's have a look at the old scoreboard". Later, when the show was revived, Forsyth's assistant was Rosemarie Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to "What's on the board, Miss Ford?" (originally "What have they scored, Miss Ford?"). Forsyth always opened the show with "Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ..." to which the audience would shout "Nice!", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included "Good game, good game," "I hope you're playing this at home," and "Give us a twirl," which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including "Shut that door!", "What a gay day!" and "Seems like a nice boy!" Scores were preceded by "What are the scores on the doors?" to which St Clair would reply "The names in the frames say..." before announcing them. After the conveyor belt finale, Grayson would say "What a lot you've got... you have got a lot!" but he abandoned this after his second season as it did not register with the public. Grayson and St Clair apparently had a strong bond; Grayson always introduced her at the start of each show as "my lovely Isla" and "my favourite girl, my Saturday girl." She once referred to them as being "like a couple of naughty sisters." Jim Davidson would later present but no real catchphrases were used; however, he made a running gag acknowledging this and tried out several 'potential catchphrases'. Hostesses Each host of The Generation Game was joined by a female hostess, who brought the contestants on stage, handed out the prizes and often joined in the games. The first was Anthea Redfern, who began an affair with host Forsyth and married him during the series' run. When she was absent on maternity leave, actress Jenny Lee Wright stood in for a number of shows. Isla St. Clair was Grayson's hostess throughout his tenure on the show. Rosemarie Ford supported Forsyth on his second stint as host. Sally Meen, Melanie Stace and Lea Christiansen were Davidson's hostesses. Merchandise Board games In 1975, Strawberry Fayre and Denys Fisher published a board game (simply called Generation Game with host Bruce Forsyth on the cover) featuring a three-dimensional diorama of the set, a working countdown clock and the famous sliding doors. In 1990, Rainbow Games published another board game (only this time as Bruce Forsyth's Generation Game still with Forsyth on the cover). Books In 1992, a book called Bruce Forsyth's Generation Game Book: Games, Quizzes, and D-I-Y (Do It Yourself) Fun for All the Family was published by Vermillion. Where it takes the reader on an intriguing behind-the-scenes tour in this book of the programme. Also included is a varied selection of the best games, quizzes and DIY ideas which have been featured on the show including how to do the ballroom dance, make an origami butterfly, identify unusual objects and guess the celebrity in disguise. International versions In addition to the original Dutch version and long-running British version, Rudi Carrell hosted the German version from 1974 to 1979 on Das Erste. There was also a Swedish version, Tjocka Släkten, presented by Lasse Berghagen and Inga Gill from 1990 to 1991. In 2008 a South African version of the show was made, hosted by comedian Barry Hilton together with actress/presenter Cindy Nkabinde on channel SABC 2. In popular culture In the third Harry Potter film, during the dinner scene with the Dursleys, Dudley Dursley is watching this show on television. In the 1993 UK top 40 single "You're in a Bad Way" by Saint Etienne, a reference is made to someone who gets their "kicks watching Bruce on the old Generation Game". DI Alex Drake briefly watches Larry Grayson's The Generation Game at the start of episode 1.3 of Ashes to Ashes. In the "Victorian inventions" song near the end of an episode of Horrible Histories, a conveyor belt is going along and a teddy bear is on it (although stating it was made in 1902, the year after Victoria died). Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour was well known for wearing a T-shirt with the catchphrase "Didn't They Do Well" on stage in the 70s. Although he no longer wears the shirt the bass player in his band, Guy Pratt, can often be seen wearing a similar shirt. Transmissions Original Bruce Forsyth Series Specials Larry Grayson Series Specials Revival Bruce Forsyth Series Specials Jim Davidson Series Specials Graham Norton Specials Mel and Sue Series References External links 1971 British television series debuts 2018 British television series endings 1970s British game shows 1980s British game shows 1990s British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows BBC television game shows BBC high definition shows British game shows English-language television shows Television series featuring gunge Television series by BBC Studios British television series revived after cancellation	[ -0.21896688640117645, -0.6260631680488586, 0.1594831496477127, 0.25437045097351074, 0.4351756274700165, 0.3245759904384613, -0.5009222626686096, 0.06987123191356659, -0.042831674218177795, -0.18953600525856018, -0.1659325361251831, 0.5426303744316101, 0.2647240161895752, 0.45313671231269836, -0.8046740293502808, -0.153921440243721, 0.014053135178983212, 0.20202602446079254, -0.677483320236206, -0.05164017155766487, -0.24556730687618256, 0.17787396907806396, -0.14555804431438446, -0.3204105496406555, -0.08587270230054855, 0.15082423388957977, 0.23570340871810913, -0.4478989541530609, 0.3100346624851227, 0.3423521816730499, 0.1277649998664856, -0.10592170804738998, 0.23616419732570648, -0.47706833481788635, -0.3621971607208252, -0.4451526403427124, -0.5756428241729736, -0.19643157720565796, -0.3666870892047882, -0.7354821562767029, 0.2684206962585449, -0.25956639647483826, 0.014574619010090828, 0.4566296935081482, -0.3741788864135742, -0.13903659582138062, -1.4680078029632568, 0.07266099750995636, -0.43255776166915894, -0.1789691299200058, -0.25328731536865234, 0.365182489156723, -0.004498202353715897, 0.34317100048065186, 0.32438188791275024, 0.8391978740692139, 0.38036268949508667, -0.13631843030452728, -0.000528845121152699, 0.08065169304609299, 0.38197019696235657, 0.09583183377981186, 0.23040533065795898, -0.10725178569555283, 0.2591261863708496, -0.5260825157165527, 0.2860679626464844, 0.49231523275375366, -0.48519739508628845, -0.4483751952648163, -0.38792911171913147, -0.5410613417625427, 0.04092136397957802, 0.16483397781848907, 0.009803766384720802, 0.07088581472635269, 0.31464335322380066, 0.19737441837787628, 0.5529448986053467, -0.005239976104348898, -0.3012799918651581, -0.07290145009756088, 0.5647634267807007, -0.00915359053760767, 0.3561939001083374, 0.01895681582391262, 0.236562117934227, 0.12884628772735596, -0.6107643842697144, 0.5621747970581055, 0.05772349238395691, -0.6862338185310364, 0.4235422611236572, -0.012524062767624855, -0.22551093995571136, -0.03707057237625122, 0.022106297314167023, -0.4474876821041107, 0.4318528473377228, 0.29064953327178955, 0.27448123693466187, 0.015520172193646431, 0.12039682269096375, -0.30439522862434387, -0.4831116199493408, -0.2292720228433609, -0.06977882981300354, -1.2134063243865967, 0.09662670642137527, 0.1949755698442459, -0.13867069780826569, 0.1389452964067459, 0.43155157566070557, 0.35248956084251404, -0.3421107232570648, -0.09704960882663727, -0.020382022485136986, 0.0731426328420639, -0.3312208652496338, 0.3337786793708801, 0.27734068036079407, 0.29657045006752014, -0.11757104843854904, 0.17453797161579132, 0.32910293340682983, 0.37946900725364685, 0.2863090932369232, 0.3879967927932739, -0.41102635860443115, -0.5826236605644226, 0.4762522280216217, 0.1859964281320572, -0.31277188658714294, -0.018688341602683067, 0.04505002871155739, 0.0012413067743182182, 0.19956590235233307, -0.21342286467552185, 0.2993002235889435, 0.293179988861084, -0.3218425214290619, 0.07469101250171661, 0.16420717537403107, -0.10807336866855621, -0.22514444589614868, 0.06946513801813126, -0.20924320816993713, -0.5262774229049683, 0.2847821116447449, -0.1947990208864212, 0.10359001904726028, 0.05348573997616768, 0.15839628875255585, -0.43031200766563416, -0.41077089309692383, -0.02439676783978939, -0.8153364062309265, -0.6176862716674805, 0.08159666508436203, 0.1856980323791504, -0.08399027585983276, -0.4143664538860321, -0.08856180310249329, 0.03907984122633934, -0.2363671362400055, -0.1220669075846672, 1.0339347124099731, 0.6992329359054565, -0.21603509783744812, -0.1936194747686386, -0.15633206069469452, 0.2306695431470871, 0.9672836661338806, 0.03581946715712547, -0.15346962213516235, -0.3290063440799713, 0.48944681882858276, 0.24988654255867004, 0.8158026337623596, 0.09979140758514404, -0.6437192559242249, -0.19663605093955994, 0.36839208006858826, -0.2782895863056183, 0.48099949955940247, -0.14253315329551697, 0.08539195358753204, -0.18592442572116852, -0.3778669238090515, 0.22384677827358246, -0.3947807550430298, 0.20353078842163086, 0.07592727243900299, -0.44753050804138184, 0.5141100883483887, -0.22181156277656555, -0.2114262580871582, 0.1410687267780304, 0.38297662138938904, 0.11508341133594513, 0.04749626666307449, -0.008886510506272316, 0.2962552607059479, 0.08077124506235123, -0.2114921361207962, -0.003407742828130722, 0.10413362830877304, -0.2960767149925232, 0.05588439106941223, 0.33892905712127686, -0.38399654626846313, -0.1337217539548874, 0.5110580325126648, 0.2927299737930298, -0.23068839311599731, 0.32330945134162903, -0.5382240414619446, 0.5785101652145386, 0.1926330178976059, 0.06489411741495132, 0.45706257224082947, 0.4285711944103241, -0.2660471200942993, 0.10950689762830734, -0.08988634496927261, 0.6310563087463379, 0.3446499705314636, 0.15485896170139313, 0.7133712768554688, -0.5854943990707397, -0.4642300009727478, 0.43545520305633545, 0.4277275800704956, -0.3551730811595917, 0.08721309900283813, -0.3689338266849518, 0.06599161028862, -0.37975287437438965, 0.2666863203048706, 0.07429750263690948, -0.0888892114162445, 0.32833489775657654, -0.6628491282463074, 0.0020537041127681732, 0.6420195698738098, 0.7847837805747986, -0.38372987508773804, 0.6008806824684143, 0.09732401371002197, -0.6502919793128967, 0.255900114774704, 0.3021838068962097, 0.37587180733680725, -0.1614398956298828, -0.3775959014892578, -0.034751974046230316, -0.189408540725708, 0.04158218204975128, 0.47057896852493286, 0.22619038820266724, -0.07659788429737091, 0.03180917352437973, -0.0044507477432489395, -0.19818398356437683, 0.18983282148838043, -1.0989969968795776, -1.1023744344711304, -0.5277291536331177, -0.025409717112779617, 0.05127302184700966, 0.8392365574836731, 0.5931901335716248, -0.06679767370223999, -0.12291532009840012, -0.13154077529907227, -0.47644901275634766, 0.06626669317483902, 0.14215467870235443, 0.11515527963638306, -0.7931402921676636, 0.1453125774860382, 0.27830538153648376, 0.30003198981285095, 0.05076223239302635, -0.24007278680801392, -0.0004640062397811562, -0.36143508553504944, -0.76103675365448, 0.3654123544692993, -0.3054291009902954, 0.11222834140062332, 0.42655494809150696, -0.15205790102481842, 0.557238757610321, 0.4968457520008087, 0.030845215544104576, -0.16022923588752747, 0.10117587447166443, 0.15054114162921906, 0.2005447894334793, 0.13106967508792877, 0.406091570854187, -0.5421755313873291, -0.35111549496650696, 0.1284582018852234, 0.0921599417924881, 0.06235088035464287, -0.3934720456600189, -6.103251934051514, -0.4574183523654938, -0.398921400308609, 0.3831990957260132, 0.4970240890979767, -0.17688176035881042, 0.4383661448955536, 0.13297447562217712, -0.11654674261808395, 0.37622326612472534, -0.14684157073497772, -0.33492064476013184, -0.35179030895233154, 0.08847611397504807, 0.5224660634994507, 0.09173810482025146, 0.5273559093475342, 0.43274253606796265, 0.27482831478118896, 0.051760297268629074, -0.16670815646648407, 0.010641721077263355, -0.06919137388467789, 0.6555182337760925, -0.26115724444389343, 0.16654951870441437, 0.29691872000694275, -0.7599312663078308, -0.6169036030769348, 0.3142639100551605, -0.27105650305747986, -0.15627969801425934, -0.2537204921245575, 0.24850307404994965, 0.4896309971809387, 0.02148178406059742, 0.8636289238929749, -0.16896504163742065, 0.5084523558616638, -0.2756686210632324, -0.20495891571044922, 0.4596831202507019, 0.2680349051952362, -0.08852779865264893, 0.3132997155189514, -0.04774276912212372, 0.023335710167884827, -0.2838065028190613, -0.4489803910255432, 0.29453447461128235, 0.21207720041275024, 0.6077762246131897, 0.3132353723049164, -0.2695629596710205, 0.30173370242118835, 0.0023982373531907797, -0.027273422107100487, -0.3376281261444092, 0.027081962674856186, 0.17120712995529175, 0.18437372148036957, -0.25162410736083984, 0.14633463323116302, -0.18894366919994354, 0.059114400297403336, -0.6967663764953613, -0.07880790531635284, -0.5690487623214722, 0.4629441201686859, 0.30442067980766296, -0.3881709575653076, -0.5536460876464844, 0.5740944743156433, -0.8125000596046448, -0.12723901867866516, 0.40437307953834534, 0.2307722568511963, 0.5110851526260376, -0.023186342790722847, -0.039544474333524704, -0.182246595621109, -0.5502234101295471, -0.6205503344535828, -0.18052370846271515, -0.2743751108646393, -0.8782597780227661, -0.1535491645336151, 0.09037020057439804, 0.2890065908432007, 0.07272058725357056, 0.49754875898361206, 0.008952612057328224, 0.02464819699525833, 0.16962559521198273, 1.245910882949829, 0.6353274583816528, -0.2274663746356964, 0.32404789328575134, 0.06718911230564117, -0.10816767811775208, 0.3726175129413605, -0.2414489984512329, 0.3409176766872406, -0.3883262276649475, -0.35594090819358826, -0.1556520015001297, -0.023316271603107452, 0.1595255583524704, 0.2483520358800888, -0.1996767222881317, -0.13510781526565552, -0.18752840161323547, -0.9407983422279358, 0.08054805546998978, -0.043713394552469254, 0.03764420747756958, -0.3108053505420685, 0.8309968113899231, 0.601992666721344, 0.35368242859840393, -0.003921454306691885, 0.2764342427253723, -0.8554240465164185, -0.46253684163093567, -0.5675270557403564, -0.2260601669549942, -0.16068093478679657, -0.3814350962638855, 0.5550963878631592, -0.2294505387544632, -0.13204345107078552, 0.26627451181411743, -0.1773676872253418, -0.0918515995144844, -0.09727098792791367, 0.23015426099300385, -0.1429474949836731, -0.1775878220796585, -0.4014040231704712, -0.10072512179613113, 0.3734496831893921, -0.43773046135902405, 0.7543853521347046, -0.26034465432167053, 0.011483973823487759, -0.07521843910217285, -0.3718830943107605, -0.37700727581977844, 0.11118363589048386, 0.30820542573928833, -0.05565876513719559, -0.25351741909980774, 0.6291489601135254, -0.6963552236557007, 0.06819294393062592, 0.3102308511734009, -0.5112360715866089, -0.1037340834736824, 0.04832518845796585, -0.30723047256469727, 0.09983137249946594, -0.5373411774635315, -1.2178268432617188, -0.09532488882541656, 0.4235633313655853, 0.9159516096115112, -0.4692111909389496, -0.0747964158654213, -0.0898967757821083, 0.4715968072414398, -0.08922773599624634, -0.10632487386465073, -0.3575133681297302, -0.4354102313518524, 0.1528840959072113, 0.13097476959228516, 0.3136862814426422, -0.4181918203830719, 0.0437978096306324, 0.030396882444620132, -0.06904621422290802, 0.2779410779476166, -0.3231116831302643, 0.5619304180145264, 0.03966953605413437, -0.519695520401001, -0.02437778189778328, 0.6867279410362244, -0.3778911828994751, 0.07098332792520523, 0.025441111996769905, 0.4831041395664215, 0.6088260412216187, -0.35879528522491455, -0.5522846579551697, 0.025603653863072395, 0.0143304243683815, 0.3876799941062927, -0.6313872337341309, -0.5376656651496887, 0.007972698658704758, 0.009299260564148426, -0.21312075853347778, -0.2754215598106384, 0.6783134937286377, -0.6283468008041382, -0.28406476974487305, 0.14203889667987823, -0.3190654218196869, 0.4888952970504761, -0.2947905957698822, -0.7406556606292725, -0.7898679971694946, -0.03542034700512886, -0.22494477033615112, -0.15348200500011444, 0.03458529710769653, -0.25470033288002014, 0.47259336709976196, -0.1941816359758377, -0.17218376696109772, 0.005188437178730965, -0.464574933052063, -0.1817646622657776, 0.09889651089906693, -0.2188127040863037, 0.37048545479774475, -0.6144365072250366, -0.36425334215164185, -0.09726060181856155, 0.12273956835269928, -0.10209968686103821, -0.09515935927629471, 0.3059077560901642, 0.09320596605539322, -0.3631470799446106, 0.30805888772010803, 0.7078102827072144, 0.06154429167509079, -0.008770676329731941, 0.40897080302238464, 0.04523881524801254, 0.18559157848358154, -0.3161191940307617, 0.0005508954054675996, 0.45866578817367554, 0.5723413228988647, -0.26892563700675964, -0.3072022497653961, 0.2608552873134613, 0.22409695386886597, -0.20636455714702606, -0.617074728012085, 0.1864749640226364, 0.5743724703788757, -0.9612553715705872, 0.33562779426574707, -0.3173355460166931, 0.09098421037197113, 0.09872812777757645, -0.23943866789340973, 0.27658694982528687, -0.40888693928718567, -0.17479707300662994, 0.7134294509887695, 0.3871992826461792, -0.11074060946702957, -0.25378599762916565, 0.10860564559698105, -0.08631840348243713, 0.3321632444858551, 0.11588522046804428, 0.20303432643413544, 0.7827016711235046, 0.18551485240459442, 0.10086242854595184, 0.08211294561624527, -0.15188370645046234, -0.036206696182489395, 0.17613719403743744, 0.07525920122861862, 0.4308164715766907, 0.022197240963578224, -0.02640441618859768, 0.03680853545665741, -0.5359889268875122, -0.19145865738391876, -0.11226861923933029, 0.7722896933555603, -0.01346941664814949, -0.2965559959411621, -0.03105180151760578, 0.10943881422281265, 0.3995276391506195, -0.1835131198167801, -0.0496196486055851, 0.3510376811027527, -0.2698054313659668, 0.11176440864801407, 0.0857585072517395, -0.3188624978065491, 0.38834917545318604, 0.03778448700904846, -0.3335658013820648, 0.42930853366851807, 0.6010255813598633, -0.060865093022584915, -0.26513105630874634, -0.17032913863658905, -0.20661744475364685, 0.055357709527015686, -0.09237027168273926, -0.22822396457195282, 0.20635919272899628, -0.3273603022098541, -0.054310910403728485, 0.5511640310287476, -0.25572142004966736, -0.15667925775051117, 0.26880571246147156, 0.22377270460128784, 0.16564293205738068, 0.10986600071191788, -0.19915658235549927, -0.1356564611196518, -0.10350044071674347, -0.23909422755241394, -0.4727838635444641, 0.7087598443031311, 0.24245983362197876, 0.6188988089561462, 0.4986998736858368, -0.3814532458782196, 0.5428511500358582, 0.1509137600660324, -0.6077103614807129, -0.30589261651039124, -0.03837708756327629, 0.07734960317611694, 0.4769323468208313, 0.3860454261302948, -0.021923331543803215, 0.07858405262231827, 0.10991992056369781, -0.08006977289915085, 0.15369662642478943, 0.33359575271606445, -0.38822829723358154, -0.08528517186641693, 0.5223401188850403, 0.39541977643966675, -0.23978710174560547, 0.026073232293128967, -0.5173721313476562, 0.30780571699142456, -0.2876647710800171, 0.0872378945350647, -0.16512951254844666, 0.3733057975769043, 0.11236414313316345, 0.43283289670944214, 0.13981536030769348, -0.1324222981929779, -0.26490724086761475, -0.037450820207595825, 0.18863502144813538, 0.21086499094963074, -0.05106367915868759, 0.09135587513446808, 0.31569117307662964, 0.2394901067018509, -0.00604339549317956, 0.06244375929236412, -0.15963782370090485, -0.3533701002597809, 0.27215370535850525, 0.33633163571357727, 0.03968716785311699, -0.3737719655036926, 0.6281840801239014, -0.1759234219789505, -0.2545318603515625, -0.5288185477256775, 0.11197136342525482, -0.29522591829299927, -0.26335054636001587, -0.009028072468936443, 0.13999173045158386, -0.4633190631866455, 0.2792397737503052, 0.4185374677181244, -0.6780890226364136, -0.690024733543396, 0.21075759828090668, -0.5741091966629028, -0.43984660506248474, -0.18197323381900787, 0.1670481413602829, -0.05218273401260376, 0.4385799765586853, 0.12976334989070892, -0.19174405932426453, 0.2572806179523468, -0.09813648462295532, -0.2081715613603592, 0.13259579241275787, -0.34121692180633545, -0.19687394797801971, -0.5097805261611938, 0.25958776473999023, 0.8656466603279114, -0.6693854928016663, 0.0886707454919815, 0.31387972831726074, -0.7079020738601685, -0.09022147953510284, 0.7268608808517456, -0.048328742384910583, 0.5802528262138367, -0.6513280272483826, 0.14176316559314728, -0.07808171212673187, 0.10131542384624481, 0.23448637127876282, -0.20270079374313354, 0.14680832624435425, 0.4292486011981964, -0.17681154608726501, -1.0703892707824707, 0.741723895072937, -0.4863269031047821, 0.06378160417079926, 0.0012626779498532414, -0.023715583607554436, -0.52106773853302, -0.5949187278747559, 0.5816189646720886, 0.26875948905944824, 0.17157267034053802, -0.3525390923023224, 0.1868639886379242, 0.1522650271654129, 0.26267316937446594, 0.1221199482679367, -0.552122950553894, -0.012861247174441814, 0.22731703519821167, 0.39235880970954895, -0.15759623050689697, 0.13479240238666534, 0.10564088076353073, 0.2186858355998993, 0.01969650574028492, 0.06335500627756119, 0.03833843022584915, -0.11695723235607147, -0.09071553498506546, -0.7267747521400452, 0.10113745182752609, 0.37670016288757324 ]
249192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Garda	Lake Garda	Lake Garda ( or ; ; ; ; ) is the largest lake in Italy. It is a popular holiday location in northern Italy, about halfway between Brescia and Verona, and between Venice and Milan on the edge of the Dolomites. Glaciers formed this alpine region at the end of the last Ice Age. The lake and its shoreline are divided between the provinces of Verona (to the south-east), Brescia (south-west), and Trentino (north). The name Garda, which the lake has been referred to in documents dating to the 8th century, comes from the town of the same name. It is evolved from the Germanic word warda, meaning "place of guard", "place of observation" or "place of safety". Geography The northern part of the lake is narrower, surrounded by mountains, the majority of which belong to the Gruppo del Baldo. The shape is typical of a moraine valley, probably having been formed under the action of a Paleolithic glacier. Although traces of the glacier's actions are evident today, in more recent years it has been hypothesised that the glacier occupied a previously existing depression, created by stream erosion 5 to 6 million years ago. The lake has numerous small islands and five main ones, the largest being Isola del Garda, where, in 1220 St. Francis of Assisi founded a monastery. In its place now stands a 19th-century building in the Venetian Gothic style. Nearby to the south is Isola San Biagio, also known as the Isola dei Conigli ("Island of the Rabbits"). Both are offshore of San Felice del Benaco, on the lake's western side. The three other main islands are Isola dell'Olivo, Isola di Sogno, and Isola di Trimelone, all farther north near the eastern side. The main tributary is the Sarca River, others include the Ponale River (fed by Lago di Ledro), the Varone/Magnone River (via the Cascate del Varone) and various streams from both mountainsides, while the only outlet is the Mincio River (, at Peschiera). The subdivision is created by the presence of a fault submerged between Sirmione and Punta San Vigilio which is almost a natural barrier that hampers the homogenization between the water of the two zones. If the water level of the Adige river is excessive, water is diverted to the lake through the Mori-Torbole tunnel. Climate The particularly mild climate favours the growth of some hardy Mediterranean plants, including the olive tree, parasol pine, mediterranean cypress, chinese windmill palm and Canary Island Date Palm. Some hardy citrus trees, such as hardy lemons and satsuma can also be found, which are extremely rare at this latitude (46° North). This greatly favoured the development of tourism since the end of WWII. In ancient times, poets like Catullus wrote about "Lacus Benacus" with its mild climate vivified by the winds. The lake is oriented from north to south towards the Po Valley, so many winds typical of the lake are the result of a difference between lower and higher altitude temperatures. Due to this, winds are generated that descend from the mountains to the plains in the morning and go back to the mountains in the afternoon. The bottleneck formed by the lake basin affects the timing of the winds, many of which happen on a regular daily basis. The winds are all named, most in regional Italian dialect so a single wind may have different names. Biology Salmo carpio, also known as the carpione (carpione del Garda or Lake Garda carpione) is a rare salmonid fish endemic to Lake Garda. It has been introduced to a number of other lakes in Italy and elsewhere but unsuccessfully in all cases. The population in Lake Garda has been strongly declining, and is considered critically endangered (IUCN 3.1). The main threats are due to overfishing, pollution and possibly competition from introduced species such as Coregonus and other Salmonidae. Adult lake trout outside the mating season are silvery with very few black spots on the body and almost none on the head. During the mating season, some males develop a dark mottled body colouration. Garda lake trout reach a length of up to 50 centimetres. They live primarily in depths of . They feed on zooplankton and bottom-dwelling crustaceans in summer. Males and females reach sexual maturity at two or three years. The mating takes place every one to two years. The spawning takes place in depth in the vicinity of underwater springs. The maximum age is five years. History The Venus of Willendorf, a 30,000 year old sculpture depicting a full-figured goddess discovered in Austria has been proven to be carved from Oolite from the shores of Lake Garda. Battle of Lake Benacus, in which Roman forces defeated the Alamanni on the shores of Lake Garda, in the year 268. Battle between Milan and Venetian Republic in 1438 following the military engineering feat of galeas per montes. Battle of Rivoli, in 1797 during the French campaign of Napoleon I in Italy against Austria. Battle of Solferino in 1859, during the Italian Risorgimento. The terrible aftermath of this battle led to the Geneva Convention and the formation of the Red Cross. The lake was the site of naval battles in 1866 between Italy and Austria. As persuaded by the Nazis, Benito Mussolini established the capital of his Italian Social Republic in late 1943 in a villa in the town of Salò on its shores. It served as a nexus for military operations and communications for German troops who occupied northern Italy in late 1943 during World War II. Mythology According to the Greco-Roman mythology, the River Mincius was the child of the Lake Benacus. In ancient German Sagas, Garda was home to Ortnit. Towns and villages on the lake The ancient fortified town of Sirmione, located on the south of the lake, is one particularly popular destination, home to the Virgilio & Catullo Spa Complexes, as well as numerous restaurants, bars, hotels, fashion stores and a market. The picturesque Scaliger castle dates from the 13th century. The Roman poet Catullus had a villa here, and visitors can see a ruined Roman spa named the Grotte di Catullo (Grottoes of Catullus) although there is no evidence linking him to this particular building. The sulfur springs at the tip of the peninsula have a reputation for healing catarrhal conditions, particularly those involving the ear. Another popular town is the town of Garda. Garda is approximately from the more popular town of Verona. Garda's economy is based on tourism. Nearby, there is Gardaland, one of the most famous theme parks in Italy. At the northern end of the lake, the towns of Riva and Torbole are famous for winds that attract people who sail, windsurf & kiteboard. Transport Ferry Infrequent ferry services connect major towns on the eastern and western shores of Lake Garda. The services run in a zig-zag manner from Desenzano del Garda to Riva del Garda, via Peschiera del Garda, Salò, Garda and Malcesine. One express ferry, on which bicycles are not allowed, operates per day: journey time from Riva del Garda to Peschiera takes 2 hours. Rail Railway stations with direct bus links include Rovereto (to Riva del Garda), Verona (to Garda), Peschiera del Garda (to Garda) and Desenzano del Garda (to Salò). Bus Buses are faster alternatives to ferry services. On Lake Garda's eastern coast (provinces of Verona and Trentino), ATV (Verona Transport Company) provides at least five daily bus routes between Verona and Garda, with one route extending beyond Garda to Riva del Garda. Trentino Transporti provides daily bus routes between Riva del Garda and Rovereto or Trento. 162: Verona – Garda (via Bussolegno) 163: Verona – Garda (via Lasize) 164: Verona – Verona-Villafranca Airport (summer only) – Peschiera del Garda – Gardaland – Garda 165: Verona – Garda (via Calmasino) 183: Peschiera – Garda – Gardaland – Malcesine (May to October) 184: Garda – Malcesine – Riva del Garda 205: Verona – Garda EXPRESS (summer only) X05: Verona – Garda EXPRESS (limited service) On Lake Garda's western coast (Brescia province), SAIA (Brescia Mobilità) provides regular bus services between Desenzano and Salò. S202: Brescia – Salò – Campione – Limone sul Garda – Riva del Garda LN006: Salò – Desenzano del Garda (via Cunettone) LN007: Salò – Desenzano del Garda (via Raffa) LN027: Salò – Desenzano del Garda (via Moniga) Panoramas See also Sirmio Rocca di Manerba del Garda References External links VisitGarda is the official website for the promotion of tourism of Lake Garda. Gardalombardia is the official website for the promotion of tourism of the western coast of Lake Garda. Brescia Tourism is the official tourism board website of Brescia and Garda Lake. Discovering Lake Garda - official Blog lake Garda Trentino Tourist Information Lake Garda Garda Garda Garda Waterways of Italy Garda Province of Brescia Province of Verona Garda Mountains	[ -0.23382779955863953, -0.3433293402194977, 0.7802554368972778, 0.07775568962097168, -0.059337276965379715, -0.009509610012173653, 0.17298975586891174, 0.8540676832199097, -0.8894053101539612, -0.409579873085022, -0.36064353585243225, 0.2965730130672455, -0.2394898235797882, 0.6372354030609131, -0.009541880339384079, -0.04923307150602341, 0.8001104593276978, -0.2960105240345001, 0.579982578754425, -0.5655675530433655, 0.3214232325553894, -0.029120780527591705, 0.0932190790772438, 0.5811919569969177, -0.5132889747619629, -0.3723030090332031, 0.30370572209358215, 0.7420063018798828, 0.5510404109954834, -0.0940755158662796, 0.09899170696735382, 0.3522643744945526, -0.2779746353626251, -0.3626159727573395, -0.14981427788734436, -0.10676570981740952, 0.2859458327293396, -0.5535892844200134, -1.2007676362991333, -0.42582452297210693, -0.1627090722322464, 0.20456615090370178, -0.15174750983715057, 0.2586994171142578, -0.2727707624435425, 0.26060590147972107, -0.642737865447998, 0.5951377153396606, -0.3846352994441986, 0.41165968775749207, -0.8235691785812378, 0.23761364817619324, -0.13611158728599548, 0.21835939586162567, -0.1852468103170395, 0.29939308762550354, -0.9072989225387573, 0.5396494269371033, 0.1977599561214447, -0.3917561173439026, 0.13010510802268982, 0.5527653694152832, -0.07401394844055176, -0.007423544768244028, -0.646549642086029, 0.07387933880090714, 0.3079277575016022, 0.20717687904834747, 0.17614512145519257, -0.3091636896133423, -0.047372493892908096, -0.4584909677505493, -0.30356165766716003, -0.019814498722553253, -0.4381849467754364, -0.21442006528377533, -0.4964911639690399, -0.23078374564647675, -0.05388273671269417, -0.4219372868537903, 0.23950324952602386, -0.14889949560165405, 0.6975716352462769, -0.4112391769886017, 0.4046374261379242, 0.049863480031490326, -0.3409448564052582, 0.23003435134887695, -0.4198818802833557, 0.7795482873916626, -0.1304531693458557, -0.37733525037765503, 0.6022143363952637, -0.45704570412635803, 0.4361613392829895, 0.07476449012756348, 0.15059839189052582, -0.07275325804948807, 0.15744942426681519, 0.27446436882019043, -0.5559487342834473, 0.23874931037425995, 0.27061811089515686, 0.24177785217761993, -0.09419312328100204, -0.09790851920843124, -0.4941456913948059, -0.3169723451137543, -0.5614625811576843, 0.386200487613678, -0.5122993588447571, 0.06425699591636658, -0.26376572251319885, -0.0007354844710789621, -0.42764678597450256, -0.1574377715587616, 0.25124266743659973, 0.007328210398554802, -0.17374899983406067, -0.610304594039917, 1.1154810190200806, 0.05361936613917351, 0.12726736068725586, -0.046975526958703995, 0.04425055533647537, 0.15896202623844147, 0.5145444273948669, -0.009713895618915558, -0.39874470233917236, 0.07992532849311829, 0.003771526739001274, 0.0519418939948082, -0.18143942952156067, 0.04359818622469902, 0.4082736670970917, -0.3625677525997162, -0.05721007660031319, 0.028867116197943687, 0.0820537582039833, 0.19235564768314362, -0.8278616070747375, 0.25791969895362854, -0.523685872554779, 0.10199325531721115, 0.43573474884033203, -0.40398338437080383, -0.274036705493927, -0.5036637783050537, 0.3533197343349457, -0.31169816851615906, -0.31293001770973206, 0.3875114619731903, -0.6583880186080933, 0.15047070384025574, 0.014458414167165756, 0.9197025299072266, 0.30445075035095215, -0.28473275899887085, 0.30395811796188354, 0.19494804739952087, 0.5944072604179382, -0.1796179860830307, 0.15629741549491882, 0.041450824588537216, 0.25847622752189636, -0.40458959341049194, 0.20903421938419342, -0.20058844983577728, -0.11407245695590973, 0.2555061876773834, -0.3869949281215668, -0.03720664605498314, 0.5924662947654724, -0.6314311027526855, -0.47278058528900146, -0.2765958905220032, 0.019828874617815018, 0.1276218593120575, 0.3601700961589813, -0.044394560158252716, -0.480450302362442, 0.08498933911323547, -0.45119115710258484, 0.22070059180259705, 0.28853997588157654, -0.2783338725566864, 0.6010314226150513, 0.12893733382225037, 0.5014021992683411, 0.021293383091688156, 0.5998576879501343, -0.4573836028575897, -0.05725426226854324, -0.11391336470842361, 0.5720040798187256, -0.017066990956664085, -0.22593767940998077, 0.15209832787513733, -0.04807477444410324, 0.32957276701927185, -0.2408948540687561, -0.06841077655553818, 0.39990752935409546, -0.18426163494586945, -0.7534703016281128, -0.056081339716911316, -0.07883035391569138, -0.17358382046222687, 0.21621336042881012, 0.7174023389816284, 0.13839665055274963, -0.597726583480835, 0.5558926463127136, -0.48730337619781494, 0.301201194524765, 0.5868256092071533, -0.7449659109115601, 0.4436834454536438, 0.4214729368686676, -0.1690574586391449, 0.9356958270072937, 0.925677478313446, -0.4511052370071411, 0.4345383048057556, 0.03262677416205406, 1.012749433517456, 0.16281123459339142, 0.8695324659347534, 0.24622252583503723, -0.6854095458984375, 0.2507207989692688, 0.025479335337877274, 0.27336543798446655, 0.1546948403120041, 0.19664448499679565, 0.09288467466831207, 0.4191456735134125, -0.5332528352737427, 0.9220364093780518, -0.16386279463768005, 0.28526002168655396, -0.3785041868686676, -0.1241709440946579, 0.34061840176582336, 0.5165471434593201, 0.30948588252067566, 0.69191575050354, 0.4371797740459442, -0.2813766896724701, 0.05819869413971901, 0.5103039145469666, 0.3089922070503235, 0.5108006000518799, 0.48208096623420715, 0.1397152692079544, -0.9095379710197449, 0.19532760977745056, 0.05043822526931763, 0.4712313413619995, 0.17035016417503357, -0.5141589045524597, -0.3142799735069275, -0.009012616239488125, -0.20442932844161987, 0.22702477872371674, 0.25489985942840576, -0.6288619041442871, -0.22073790431022644, 0.05954257398843765, -0.2042626142501831, -0.12030879408121109, -0.16541904211044312, -0.3292161226272583, -0.14796259999275208, 0.0775742381811142, -0.048059869557619095, -0.01843632385134697, -0.20999787747859955, -0.4115580916404724, -0.009968622587621212, 0.13137581944465637, 0.10744218528270721, -0.03771891072392464, -0.2543027102947235, -0.9904726147651672, -0.07722547650337219, 0.009674160741269588, -0.7137961983680725, -0.37802648544311523, 0.3731783330440521, 0.1564990133047104, -0.47681179642677307, 0.0429508201777935, 0.0873216837644577, -0.14395931363105774, -0.2597888112068176, 0.041650667786598206, -0.10145191848278046, 0.5388966798782349, -0.7862056493759155, -0.3298482298851013, 0.19999179244041443, -0.09532398730516434, 0.11718668043613434, 0.011701012961566448, -0.6450629234313965, -0.2854783236980438, -0.09620283544063568, -5.662156581878662, 0.14095273613929749, -0.5601552128791809, 0.4447478950023651, -0.2968232333660126, -0.3350447714328766, 0.046950813382864, 0.0004570019955281168, 0.03745029866695404, -0.14145761728286743, 0.08815008401870728, -0.3827441334724426, -0.3711990714073181, 0.8365032076835632, -0.03434034436941147, 0.3884645700454712, 0.10565807670354843, 0.029050204902887344, -0.09204861521720886, 0.29089149832725525, -0.24430762231349945, 0.5913820266723633, 0.0911654531955719, 0.01578073762357235, -0.4455832839012146, 0.10339686274528503, -0.04744028300046921, -0.46664193272590637, -0.8239846229553223, -0.4300191104412079, -0.13364750146865845, 0.052687641233205795, -0.1677815467119217, -0.1218639463186264, 0.05607406422495842, 0.13628345727920532, 0.5166922807693481, 0.07345832139253616, 0.8411420583724976, -0.6756855249404907, 0.008334890939295292, 0.2461017668247223, 0.1580117791891098, -0.19709298014640808, 0.47440123558044434, -0.8262431621551514, -0.48877885937690735, -0.16132016479969025, -0.3891340494155884, 0.7822071313858032, 0.22513753175735474, -0.13649605214595795, 0.2750292420387268, -0.07177194207906723, -0.27702468633651733, 0.1606670618057251, 0.46031805872917175, 0.172149658203125, -0.392484188079834, 0.7053622007369995, -0.1915373057126999, 0.013621998019516468, 0.03677154332399368, -0.38313326239585876, 0.12115675210952759, 0.6967127919197083, -0.31174248456954956, -0.33001095056533813, 0.24649380147457123, 0.9332890510559082, -0.4999236464500427, 0.07757260650396347, -0.3710130751132965, -0.7004479169845581, -0.15791870653629303, -0.48194268345832825, -0.2527485191822052, 0.22969745099544525, 0.5351216197013855, -0.024698862805962563, -0.9207655191421509, -0.032539669424295425, 0.16884881258010864, 0.44257068634033203, 0.2796766757965088, -0.21430540084838867, 0.14396990835666656, -0.24551157653331757, 0.027252348139882088, 0.011521692387759686, 0.5262818336486816, -0.29148662090301514, 0.7295333743095398, -0.0005877299117855728, -0.7212918400764465, 1.0229132175445557, -0.3313727080821991, 0.12975957989692688, 0.4933236241340637, -0.7481691837310791, 0.6635584831237793, -0.6152152419090271, -0.1138271912932396, 0.22637540102005005, -0.42973846197128296, -0.16167978942394257, 0.32862547039985657, 0.955527663230896, 0.736251711845398, -0.30050888657569885, -0.3599545359611511, -0.31760546565055847, -0.3009643256664276, -0.3777281939983368, 0.6840288043022156, -0.061415623873472214, -0.46524524688720703, 0.8590753078460693, 0.336191862821579, -0.10118018835783005, -0.0008613478858023882, 0.22266753017902374, 0.3929491937160492, -0.3516375422477722, -0.2682357132434845, 0.08622327446937561, 0.05980927124619484, 0.08926447480916977, 0.2825672924518585, 0.4064009487628937, -0.18980295956134796, -0.3121296763420105, 0.8151196837425232, -0.4194161295890808, 0.267360657453537, -0.26924824714660645, -0.45482417941093445, -1.0158332586288452, 0.16332785785198212, -0.32123249769210815, 0.807521402835846, 0.49281248450279236, -0.31020423769950867, 0.14301256835460663, 0.07882242649793625, -0.1262107938528061, -0.6377594470977783, 0.37582188844680786, -0.33951860666275024, 0.03178924694657326, 0.04853880777955055, -0.26565802097320557, -0.19288374483585358, -0.0934814065694809, -0.4231518507003784, -0.24811311066150665, 0.16354157030582428, 0.5812397599220276, 0.2581796646118164, -0.10586696118116379, 0.25674498081207275, -0.742841362953186, -1.1632241010665894, 0.03130871057510376, 0.07192402333021164, 0.4536438584327698, 0.05583588033914566, -1.1647225618362427, 0.13156689703464508, 0.7862299084663391, 0.21989525854587555, -0.20154331624507904, -0.14560769498348236, -0.29896998405456543, -0.17220471799373627, 0.16391552984714508, -0.09932945668697357, 0.2244136482477188, -0.12944325804710388, 0.8823424577713013, 0.1889057755470276, -0.4439270794391632, -0.7426620125770569, 0.5692592859268188, 0.08734136074781418, 0.3582216799259186, -0.7110105156898499, 0.016924066469073296, -0.05858451873064041, 0.00940204132348299, 0.10367061197757721, 0.2643415033817291, -0.09585534781217575, 0.16474148631095886, 0.12653149664402008, -0.5187798142433167, 0.2027217298746109, -0.07196943461894989, -0.22624406218528748, -0.12021292746067047, -0.4317338168621063, 0.03684675693511963, -0.9086339473724365, -0.005352851469069719, -0.5162302255630493, -0.2544421851634979, 0.5910120010375977, 0.7132517099380493, -0.570300281047821, 0.28355672955513, -0.4671543836593628, -0.7019089460372925, 0.06344570219516754, 0.46721816062927246, -0.47221940755844116, 0.3345194458961487, -0.4793073534965515, -0.37507790327072144, -0.6270276308059692, 0.09785927832126617, -0.5430898070335388, -0.06975159794092178, 0.13340403139591217, -0.2713168263435364, -0.16948452591896057, 0.21928052604198456, 0.23639065027236938, -0.01808449998497963, 0.20596715807914734, -0.05040598660707474, 0.3717901110649109, 0.3773879408836365, -0.3704703152179718, 0.3996294438838959, -0.04611312225461006, -0.021695883944630623, 0.5105297565460205, 0.5120922327041626, 0.20418108999729156, 0.6642191410064697, 0.494789183139801, 0.7319478392601013, 0.12829001247882843, -0.09787584096193314, 0.741294801235199, 0.4077977240085602, -0.28447893261909485, -0.664910614490509, -0.20461855828762054, 0.3895363509654999, 0.028530210256576538, 0.23058803379535675, -0.09932323545217514, -0.41629406809806824, 0.809472918510437, -0.47169461846351624, 0.5992430448532104, -0.008963309228420258, -0.10535680502653122, 0.3653659522533417, 0.03835996612906456, 0.45270925760269165, 0.31183990836143494, -0.06878070533275604, 0.5649217367172241, -0.4445587396621704, -0.4224434196949005, -0.22297869622707367, 0.5465185642242432, -0.40661102533340454, 0.27087724208831787, -0.2935735285282135, 0.4948289394378662, 0.13932035863399506, -0.17150892317295074, 0.22413073480129242, -0.08194757252931595, -0.5587223172187805, 0.9941178560256958, -0.19711114466190338, -0.5557532906532288, 0.442027747631073, 0.3588237166404724, -0.002960196463391185, -0.20907637476921082, 0.15936356782913208, -0.8724185824394226, 0.780590295791626, -0.42405107617378235, 0.4546542763710022, 0.1750083565711975, -1.2029361724853516, -0.029796067625284195, -0.3606729507446289, -0.030542099848389626, 0.3085528016090393, 0.14619846642017365, 0.5987710356712341, -0.39016562700271606, 0.04965624585747719, -0.7196770310401917, 0.75017911195755, 0.2015645056962967, -1.0052086114883423, 0.24329017102718353, 0.2293354570865631, -0.45613446831703186, -0.7691414952278137, 0.07152996957302094, -0.6321352124214172, 0.3642303943634033, -0.08359520882368088, -0.37908822298049927, 0.915712296962738, -0.3653481900691986, 0.776060163974762, 0.4536956250667572, -0.12686896324157715, 0.07510916143655777, 0.15338893234729767, 0.216502383351326, 0.08179844170808792, -0.4439104199409485, 0.35701999068260193, 0.11518681049346924, 0.471724271774292, -0.19131621718406677, -0.5287178158760071, 0.6035511493682861, 0.4639396369457245, 0.2424604743719101, -0.419734925031662, -0.15727119147777557, 0.6129733920097351, -0.44162505865097046, -0.28992050886154175, 0.8624487519264221, -0.5302636027336121, -0.5999197959899902, -0.054021649062633514, 0.6366382241249084, 0.6446198225021362, -0.40417230129241943, 0.27341175079345703, -0.21161474287509918, 0.3047448396682739, -0.1491992473602295, -0.05227425694465637, -0.08040357381105423, -0.06332039088010788, 0.23902438580989838, 0.17627735435962677, 0.41485273838043213, -0.0778379961848259, -0.24972717463970184, 0.32641130685806274, 0.09038950502872467, -0.16892319917678833, -0.2017352133989334, -0.39688199758529663, 0.09651344269514084, -0.05697166547179222, 0.0746326670050621, 0.09559023380279541, -0.19602735340595245, -0.0854356437921524, -0.13904181122779846, -0.3568345606327057, -0.6030829548835754, -0.32329946756362915, -0.35559913516044617, 0.28587600588798523, -0.3192481994628906, 0.08600486814975739, -0.03386969491839409, -0.0325031504034996, -0.22055430710315704, 0.6398525834083557, -0.049072861671447754, 0.27806395292282104, -0.6954373717308044, 0.34810250997543335, -0.586682140827179, -0.18268123269081116, -0.5977031588554382, -0.40476858615875244, 0.17182207107543945, -0.10905519127845764, -0.16921059787273407, 0.6582137942314148, -0.47510579228401184, 0.08321965485811234, -0.48895737528800964, -0.1944974660873413, 0.0956578478217125, -0.45925068855285645, -0.4651277959346771, 0.5229384303092957, 0.2152273952960968, 0.027763372287154198, 0.4218350350856781, -0.28455850481987, -0.05498543009161949, 0.15871834754943848, 0.00553266704082489, 0.07286066561937332, -0.038964368402957916, -0.4314720332622528, -0.24331149458885193, -0.09783059358596802, 0.3411963880062103, -0.2925540506839752, -0.36965829133987427, 0.5927056074142456, -0.12217305600643158, 0.4140527546405792, 0.6704269051551819, -0.44309666752815247, 0.13462166488170624, -0.5605698227882385, 0.11127162724733353, -0.2729489207267761, 0.037706922739744186, 0.6737098097801208, 0.8931165337562561, 0.0034543820656836033, 0.354729562997818, -0.3240728974342346, -0.8097646832466125, 0.3214656710624695, -0.1923806220293045, 0.13979364931583405, -0.1430027186870575, 0.3291841447353363, -0.6646021604537964, -0.4320888817310333, 0.5171328783035278, -0.04393036291003227, 0.1231779232621193, -0.018562152981758118, -0.17801688611507416, -0.1281440556049347, 0.4640983045101166, -0.03630225360393524, 0.16592657566070557, -0.511058509349823, -0.44045424461364746, -0.7393637895584106, -0.3430864214897156, 0.2260909378528595, 0.2861083745956421, 0.32973426580429077, 0.5459533929824829, -0.2719154357910156, -0.10489146411418915, -0.01964736357331276, 0.7210690975189209, -0.6301494240760803, 0.28345969319343567, 0.2841804027557373 ]
249196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20dragons%20in%20popular%20culture	List of dragons in popular culture	This is a list of dragons in popular culture. Dragons in some form are nearly universal across cultures and as such have become a staple of modern popular culture, especially in the fantasy genre. Dragons in fiction This list of dragons in fiction is a collection of various notable draconic characters that appear in various works of fiction. It is limited to well-referenced examples of dragons in literature, comics, film, television, animation and video games. Dragons in literature Western literature tends either to affirm or pointedly subvert the traditional portrait of dragons from Western myth and folklore, as evil and greedy. Author name legend Dragons in comics Dragons appear in various manga and american comics, in the form of comic books, comic strips and webcomics. Dragons in film Dragons have been portrayed in film and television in many different forms. They may terrorize human towns, or save human lives, even taking the role of passionate protectors. Dragons in television Dragons in animation Dragons in video games Dragons appear in numerous games with fictional setting as bosses, final bosses, and enemies, as well as player characters, companions, units, and supporting characters. Other appearances in popular culture Dragons in online audiovisual media The Strong Bad Emails (flash cartoons) on the Homestar Runner website feature a dragon named Trogdor the Burninator. The Great Dragon of Bleecker Street is a character featured in Dimension 20's The Unsleeping City. Dragons in radio Trorg, the Last Amber Dragon, and the blue sock-stealing dragons in Hordes of the Things Dragons in songs Albi, from the Flight of the Conchords song "Albi the Racist Dragon" "Puff, the Magic Dragon" is best known from the hit single by Peter, Paul and Mary, but has been performed by countless other artists. "Puff the Magic Dragon" was first a poem by Leonard Lipton and adapted by Peter Yarrow. The poem tells of an ageless dragon who befriends a young boy, only to be abandoned as the boy ages and forgets him. This is sometimes suspected of being riddled with references to marijuana, though the authors have publicly ridiculed this notion. The dragon in the song is most likely a reference to children's imagination and innocence. Tharos, from the Emerald Sword Saga, a collection of five albums by the symphonic metal band Rhapsody Dragons in puppetry Dirty Dragon from The BJ and Dirty Dragon Show and Gigglesnort Hotel Scorch the Teenaged Dragon, Ronn Lucas' ventriloquism puppet Delbert the Dragon, created by Jim Henson for La Choy commercials Dragons in toys Scorch, Slayer, Loong, Dragon, Legend, Magic in Beanie Baby Megatron in Beast Wars becomes a bio-mechanical dragon after absorbing the essence of his ancestor. Predaking and the Predacons in Transformers: Prime have robotic dragons as alternate forms. Jinafire Long, the daughter of a Chinese dragon from Monster High Dragons in theme parks and shows Tradinno, the world's largest walking robot Prezzemolo in Gardaland Figment in Journey into Imagination with Figment Danny in Happy Hollow Park & Zoo The Dragon in Legoland The 6 Dragons in Phantasialand Dragons in sport FC Porto, football team Mario the Magnificent, Drexel Dragons mascot Stuff the Magic Dragon, Orlando Magic mascot San Francisco Dragons, field lacrosse team Somerset County Cricket Club, cricket team St. George Illawarra Dragons, Rugby league team Wales national football team, national association football team of Wales Dragons in podcasts Hiram McDaniels, a literal five headed dragon, and his sister Hadassah McDaniels from Welcome to Nightvale See also List of dragons in mythology and folklore Chinese dragon, the Eastern interpretation of the dragon European dragon, the Western interpretation of the dragon Dragon Day, a celebration at Cornell University References popular culture	[ 0.33867791295051575, 0.5988996624946594, -0.7921763062477112, 0.19838421046733856, -0.7413516640663147, -0.03178025409579277, 0.8500895500183105, 0.8846461772918701, -0.8477723002433777, -0.08639850467443466, -0.851105272769928, -0.22470664978027344, 0.30700168013572693, 0.31435513496398926, -0.12300170212984085, 0.2722361981868744, -0.025460511445999146, 1.0000452995300293, 0.2202874720096588, -0.17005673050880432, -0.4746284782886505, -0.5059556365013123, 0.34392693638801575, -0.6981760859489441, -0.1826775074005127, 0.1666249930858612, 0.21368134021759033, 0.14723511040210724, -0.04213970899581909, -0.39481455087661743, -0.2449866384267807, 1.0175683498382568, 0.06684305518865585, 0.43885061144828796, -0.22952160239219666, -0.8340883255004883, -0.18516287207603455, -0.3149853050708771, 0.32872509956359863, -0.07358787208795547, 0.2978511452674866, -0.3044784963130951, 0.7297431230545044, 0.716797411441803, -0.25305306911468506, -0.8404383063316345, -1.7599823474884033, 0.293391615152359, -0.6936712265014648, -0.04606905207037926, -0.5238328576087952, 0.3555218577384949, 0.688629150390625, 0.2598513662815094, -0.03960379213094711, 0.9300527572631836, -0.8433271050453186, 0.43837010860443115, -0.18395142257213593, 0.29109859466552734, 0.3955182135105133, 0.5580411553382874, -0.19573679566383362, -0.12494237720966339, 0.36068421602249146, 0.029241548851132393, -0.10951356589794159, 0.4879785478115082, -0.03606081381440163, -0.4269833266735077, 0.00405001500621438, 0.005036213435232639, 0.4617936313152313, 0.1439030021429062, -0.518677830696106, 0.22078914940357208, 0.025374120101332664, 0.13557136058807373, 0.4119928777217865, -0.5275131464004517, 0.10788274556398392, 0.5499671101570129, 0.6561998128890991, 0.20140458643436432, -0.06338752061128616, -0.09410349279642105, -0.17347341775894165, -0.1896423101425171, -0.04478441923856735, 0.6363910436630249, -0.0009105133940465748, 0.0706620141863823, 0.7474210858345032, 0.593233048915863, -0.09465736150741577, -0.28420987725257874, -0.4856571853160858, -0.1410176306962967, -0.13024282455444336, -0.007916486822068691, -0.0062555717304348946, 0.2772246301174164, 0.5426254272460938, -0.26144939661026, -0.5841275453567505, -0.3244278132915497, -0.20796537399291992, -0.26710692048072815, 0.12934549152851105, -0.7814746499061584, -0.8456993699073792, 0.6663665175437927, -0.44056829810142517, 0.17337645590305328, -0.24723505973815918, 0.6265255212783813, 0.28260019421577454, -0.058868397027254105, -0.2945052683353424, 0.222027987241745, 0.20502609014511108, 0.29479411244392395, -0.27940642833709717, -0.1729556769132614, 0.15010863542556763, 0.7393820285797119, 0.45863988995552063, 0.04388441517949104, 0.29049262404441833, 0.5367203950881958, 0.5051401257514954, 1.1684303283691406, -0.6497166752815247, -0.6184166669845581, 0.014383896254003048, -0.318962037563324, 0.6888527274131775, 0.4945562183856964, 0.5660266280174255, 0.46844613552093506, -1.2086268663406372, -0.3394348919391632, -1.5417836904525757, 0.050031498074531555, 0.5045297145843506, -0.13375461101531982, -0.44011956453323364, -0.6302474737167358, -0.39234688878059387, -0.28738299012184143, -0.1573624312877655, -0.31842660903930664, 0.07467805594205856, 0.2907598614692688, -0.000415770395193249, 0.1413196474313736, 0.3078182339668274, -0.5395312905311584, 0.6379159092903137, -0.06787186861038208, 0.07918120920658112, -0.4736084043979645, -0.4344770014286041, 0.1805351972579956, -0.22547486424446106, 0.1475079208612442, 0.40418073534965515, 0.9187790751457214, -0.6941373348236084, -0.04674895480275154, -0.9856338500976562, 0.3940346837043762, -0.08123573660850525, 0.3615899384021759, -0.009363766759634018, 0.01931421458721161, 0.06414714455604553, 0.44640469551086426, 0.43221601843833923, 0.6711063981056213, -0.8293972611427307, -0.11459274590015411, 0.21876470744609833, -0.3373127579689026, 0.6246656179428101, 0.08073747158050537, 0.6052318215370178, 0.44963911175727844, 0.40826845169067383, -0.05348290503025055, -0.7243396043777466, 0.06024167686700821, 0.5070642232894897, -0.04746236279606819, 0.9895917177200317, 0.46722039580345154, -0.30595463514328003, 0.42842355370521545, 0.45393145084381104, 0.5417124629020691, -0.16507135331630707, -0.23611222207546234, 0.09731865674257278, 0.2926725149154663, -0.989949107170105, 0.7483909130096436, 0.2892208397388458, 0.19717657566070557, 0.24084171652793884, -0.23495344817638397, 0.6785486936569214, 0.10532385855913162, 0.0983608067035675, -0.24474868178367615, 0.00864240899682045, 0.2053230255842209, -0.4868462085723877, 0.16112655401229858, -0.06191907078027725, -0.857748806476593, 0.7312682867050171, -0.18001919984817505, -0.2606983780860901, -0.13167667388916016, 0.13618147373199463, 1.2934740781784058, 0.1324758380651474, -0.29571789503097534, 0.28482887148857117, -0.8149223327636719, -0.11904161423444748, -0.031148534268140793, 0.2268788367509842, -0.24556127190589905, -0.7438355088233948, -0.06767687946557999, 0.12969903647899628, -0.46644914150238037, 0.3378748297691345, -0.2673278748989105, 0.28178703784942627, 0.2753790020942688, -0.5955637693405151, 0.4836066961288452, 0.15466952323913574, 0.14609088003635406, -0.46500542759895325, -0.2279568612575531, -0.147427037358284, -0.4430713951587677, 0.9949721097946167, 0.2619275748729706, 0.23799514770507812, -0.3097479045391083, 0.2808378040790558, -0.32148081064224243, -0.47519367933273315, 0.04349867254495621, 0.32036349177360535, -0.012169179506599903, -0.21369120478630066, 0.17355354130268097, 0.2756737470626831, 0.1116841733455658, -0.27872127294540405, -0.3680439889431, -0.03326422721147537, -0.8113498687744141, 0.4831865429878235, -0.004848230630159378, 0.04670603573322296, 0.003166705137118697, -0.5909088850021362, -1.0291905403137207, 0.3853718936443329, -0.45364615321159363, -0.38312336802482605, -0.1731547862291336, -0.4912843406200409, -0.4400995075702667, -0.08464393764734268, 1.0012315511703491, 0.24031946063041687, -0.4078758656978607, -0.5246689915657043, -0.5169996023178101, 0.29701435565948486, 0.006240847986191511, 0.34511905908584595, 0.01451699249446392, -0.07774068415164948, 0.29181361198425293, -0.14582028985023499, -0.22419992089271545, -0.4580996036529541, 0.031920887529850006, -0.12320215255022049, 0.7228253483772278, 0.11562704294919968, -0.13584616780281067, -0.39028602838516235, 0.0002902280248235911, -0.2391487956047058, -0.3133881986141205, 0.3003273606300354, -0.09766574203968048, 0.2820885181427002, 0.12727151811122894, -5.114687442779541, -0.10984570533037186, 0.1606336086988449, -0.32856348156929016, -0.5000398755073547, 0.31638357043266296, 0.5361534953117371, -0.54514080286026, -0.178590327501297, 0.18352153897285461, -0.28763774037361145, 0.24289682507514954, -0.014395367354154587, 0.7875532507896423, 0.4293659031391144, 0.7565120458602905, 0.7130315899848938, 0.28456804156303406, 0.049274228513240814, 0.3359370231628418, -0.16632355749607086, 0.5488756895065308, -0.1506868302822113, 0.5308756232261658, 0.08216579258441925, 0.9249722957611084, -0.03189082443714142, -0.3937160074710846, -0.2127116322517395, 0.007233025506138802, 0.00746869808062911, -0.15864354372024536, -0.1938779205083847, -0.24450702965259552, -0.6603368520736694, -0.0590011402964592, 0.7141543626785278, 0.03861246258020401, 0.35008764266967773, -0.38733312487602234, -0.9270538091659546, 0.0786670595407486, -0.30026134848594666, 0.397422194480896, 0.6345900297164917, -0.37511542439460754, -0.438888818025589, -0.3242928683757782, 0.06885604560375214, 0.8429403305053711, -0.26451200246810913, -0.3601009249687195, 1.0497647523880005, 0.370576411485672, 0.18528777360916138, 0.15985490381717682, 0.309221476316452, 0.3213779628276825, -0.2877669930458069, -0.1975143700838089, 0.5633867979049683, -0.24658212065696716, -0.02212042361497879, -0.40097859501838684, 0.011746890842914581, -0.6104126572608948, -0.8054318428039551, -0.6426430940628052, -0.039313048124313354, 0.053018588572740555, -0.6259026527404785, 0.3202848732471466, -0.36994674801826477, -0.73447585105896, 0.3841589689254761, -0.1785288006067276, -0.7211631536483765, 0.5140331983566284, 0.1596405953168869, -0.01719379797577858, -0.8446483016014099, 0.08832311630249023, -0.7902746200561523, 0.32505306601524353, -0.08241335302591324, -0.6929638981819153, -0.10101554542779922, -0.4384755790233612, -0.567920982837677, -0.023566804826259613, 1.0999140739440918, -0.2512884736061096, 0.3733590245246887, 0.4951285719871521, 0.7108284831047058, 0.7998255491256714, 1.088751196861267, -0.00023034345940686762, 0.6299423575401306, -0.15164385735988617, 0.3583400547504425, -0.21808236837387085, 0.09142828732728958, 0.07767239212989807, -0.2853919565677643, -0.2529618442058563, 0.593784511089325, 0.8065191507339478, 0.7682485580444336, -0.7257840633392334, -0.3116273880004883, -0.2652033269405365, -0.5076619982719421, 0.04068351536989212, 0.771390438079834, 0.20430642366409302, 0.22489285469055176, 0.7498728036880493, 0.5346886515617371, 0.4999545216560364, 0.3418194651603699, 0.3959468901157379, -0.12183231115341187, -0.3100697696208954, 0.198652446269989, -0.13487963378429413, -0.16085408627986908, -0.3166052997112274, -0.23257450759410858, -0.3467499315738678, 0.18297359347343445, -0.08913635462522507, 0.23216456174850464, -0.20252346992492676, -0.024094725027680397, -0.2733977437019348, 0.06992550194263458, -0.39723917841911316, -0.2728073000907898, -1.0493899583816528, -0.19947713613510132, -0.3324289917945862, -0.46727848052978516, 0.37520238757133484, 0.09638237208127975, 0.2130185067653656, 0.181654155254364, 0.27179452776908875, -0.17318059504032135, 0.8598278760910034, -0.3331643342971802, -0.6190813183784485, 0.6332952380180359, -0.3881103992462158, -0.38601431250572205, 0.14820006489753723, -0.08567871898412704, 0.7427142262458801, -0.48054227232933044, -0.4981433153152466, 0.20847254991531372, -0.7534536123275757, -0.7505108714103699, 0.41721710562705994, -0.14935268461704254, -1.0477663278579712, -0.004461437929421663, -0.052313610911369324, -0.5112244486808777, 0.7163869738578796, 0.6414481997489929, 0.3518083691596985, -0.6847516894340515, 0.4333961308002472, 0.478392094373703, -0.21276065707206726, 0.19157396256923676, 0.5926619172096252, -0.12533046305179596, -0.2640320062637329, -0.45016953349113464, 0.11912701278924942, 0.09673803299665451, 0.1550346165895462, -0.1285383403301239, 0.25124499201774597, -0.03449258208274841, 0.1035970002412796, -0.7610478401184082, 0.20711572468280792, -0.15967324376106262, 0.8833728432655334, 0.19645234942436218, -0.39505836367607117, -0.9912729859352112, -0.23039720952510834, -0.15895546972751617, 0.09074373543262482, 0.4462044835090637, -0.4688766300678253, 0.6767572164535522, 0.1348792314529419, -0.4936719238758087, -0.10310835391283035, 0.6340948343276978, -0.7404516935348511, 0.4552921950817108, 0.09688438475131989, -0.39607393741607666, 0.1812819540500641, -0.26604440808296204, -0.7875505089759827, -0.28790703415870667, -0.08025351911783218, -0.28662630915641785, -0.3409484326839447, -0.07935576885938644, -0.41540634632110596, -0.3808603286743164, -0.4268597662448883, -0.0486026331782341, -0.21048741042613983, -0.1910509318113327, -0.48060351610183716, -0.31264883279800415, 0.15786141157150269, 0.06880784034729004, -0.8573606610298157, 0.6424028873443604, -0.6602776646614075, -0.32391706109046936, 0.19567860662937164, 0.4926951825618744, 0.3351024091243744, -0.5241644382476807, 0.4002843499183655, 0.1074589267373085, 0.27760928869247437, 0.4032018780708313, 0.40012288093566895, 0.05909924954175949, 0.37448251247406006, -0.35293999314308167, -0.4575102627277374, -0.3771607577800751, 0.4171617031097412, -0.18222129344940186, -0.6458805203437805, -0.7597719430923462, -0.6214882731437683, 0.5094704031944275, -0.6390145421028137, -0.6248989105224609, -0.4614267945289612, 0.566127598285675, -0.6020948886871338, 0.191006138920784, 0.4963342249393463, 0.1828557252883911, -0.06275767832994461, 0.16183453798294067, 0.32389333844184875, -0.5389807224273682, 0.08069412410259247, 0.2115885317325592, 0.2279941737651825, -0.21328432857990265, -0.0010261707939207554, 0.10657666623592377, 0.09012722969055176, -0.11890099942684174, -0.18961499631404877, 0.10872368514537811, 0.29510748386383057, 0.05098538473248482, -0.13278597593307495, -0.40247637033462524, -0.5969179272651672, -0.25588878989219666, -0.13757933676242828, 0.026479097083210945, 0.010321592912077904, 0.2493228316307068, -0.10342475771903992, 0.3493572473526001, -0.28068509697914124, -0.24602356553077698, 0.01635446771979332, -0.07323992252349854, -0.0671382024884224, -0.4219312369823456, -0.21721810102462769, -0.4151579439640045, 0.4497521221637726, 0.6381614804267883, 0.31395167112350464, -0.03853506222367287, -0.38268181681632996, -0.33254802227020264, -0.40114840865135193, -0.6433431506156921, 0.8052905201911926, 0.7044773697853088, -0.18261335790157318, 0.7325680255889893, 0.07354280352592468, 0.2515760660171509, -0.7764498591423035, -0.05273886024951935, 0.1060514748096466, 0.02657228894531727, 0.40964987874031067, 0.10532698035240173, 0.650979220867157, 0.06407718360424042, 0.05413001403212547, 0.09830213338136673, -0.7582372426986694, 0.49726322293281555, 0.46653544902801514, -0.11381921917200089, -0.7647215127944946, 0.7355374693870544, 0.029063386842608452, -0.48889821767807007, 0.7544447779655457, -0.09740810841321945, -0.4728989005088806, 1.1755796670913696, -0.22522009909152985, 0.614072322845459, 0.1710866391658783, -0.15469734370708466, 0.4494522511959076, -0.07664182782173157, -0.8764801025390625, -0.07657305896282196, -0.19087176024913788, 0.11384794116020203, 0.642508327960968, 0.4834568500518799, -0.07396688312292099, -0.25440511107444763, -0.12731647491455078, -0.36446645855903625, 0.018522968515753746, -0.4145761728286743, 0.3561359941959381, -0.3705519735813141, -0.1785222887992859, 0.20631591975688934, 0.5705762505531311, -0.10536780953407288, -0.1705145239830017, 0.7201990485191345, -0.48988431692123413, -0.10081285983324051, -0.2109431028366089, 0.08666563779115677, -0.7663810849189758, 0.5168552994728088, 0.4647882282733917, -0.24635376036167145, 0.2103693187236786, 0.31196361780166626, 0.541921079158783, -0.1900128871202469, 0.04108642414212227, -0.45416978001594543, 0.17052161693572998, 0.5160265564918518, 0.17204515635967255, -0.10683808475732803, 0.040670473128557205, 0.06071585416793823, 0.5784801840782166, 0.43424558639526367, -0.28025081753730774, -0.19656401872634888, -0.5107935070991516, -0.5860278606414795, 0.05352805182337761, 0.04510489106178284, -0.7883087992668152, 1.1027615070343018, 0.60036301612854, -0.27011626958847046, 0.46587514877319336, -0.17157000303268433, 0.10821512341499329, 0.10958899557590485, 0.3298543691635132, 0.2502676546573639, 0.09349321573972702, -0.5652502775192261, -0.44490671157836914, -0.5148138403892517, 0.8693760633468628, -0.5908553600311279, -0.25907471776008606, 0.31096845865249634, -0.009315689094364643, 0.18779172003269196, 0.5821983814239502, -0.8171908855438232, 0.22951090335845947, -0.6759376525878906, -0.055721212178468704, -0.6725499033927917, 0.1844625622034073, 0.04449044540524483, -0.018630724400281906, 0.23326796293258667, -0.10747488588094711, -0.3303775489330292, -0.2782180607318878, 0.508544921875, -0.3858430087566376, -0.031661901623010635, -0.1478365659713745, -0.3419584035873413, -0.2416227161884308, -0.10504574328660965, 0.9454039931297302, -0.6438005566596985, -0.13782544434070587, 0.13865631818771362, 0.13061250746250153, -0.7571232914924622, 0.06579046696424484, -0.746699333190918, 0.15939639508724213, -0.37152931094169617, -0.012663927860558033, -0.019924921914935112, -0.0912906676530838, 1.067159652709961, 0.8216322064399719, 0.42861559987068176, -0.46798500418663025, -0.14712461829185486, -0.05754498019814491, 0.8519237637519836, 0.4647595286369324, -2.1593523025512695, -0.2578464150428772, -0.02063499018549919, -0.049003805965185165, -0.12731505930423737, 0.20932890474796295, 0.02834252268075943, 0.09179263561964035, 0.49629026651382446, -0.711982786655426, 0.03209618851542473, 0.22709539532661438, 0.49955612421035767, -0.2832896411418915, 0.6635168194770813, 0.24288050830364227 ]
249201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve%20empiricism	Naïve empiricism	Naïve empiricism is a term used in several ways in different fields. In the philosophy of science, it is used by opponents to describe the position, associated with some logical positivists, that "knowledge can be clearly learnt through evaluation of the natural world and its substances, and, through empirical means, learn truths". The term also is used to describe a particular methodology for literary analysis. See also: Empiricism Falsifiability (especially, "Naïve falsification") References Empiricism Epistemological theories Metatheory of science Epistemology of science Logical positivism	[ 0.21336500346660614, 0.4660661816596985, -0.9370439052581787, 0.1271151751279831, -0.25016576051712036, 0.09710486978292465, 0.7316102385520935, 0.4359205961227417, 0.3114503026008606, -0.4053497910499573, -0.19935978949069977, 0.5820292234420776, -0.2469288557767868, 0.38928285241127014, -0.11802513152360916, 0.25097373127937317, 0.4678511321544647, 0.37706640362739563, -0.008629347197711468, -0.17718911170959473, -0.1959191858768463, 0.18382057547569275, 0.13076788187026978, -0.40845707058906555, -0.2755206227302551, -0.3149816691875458, 0.38031256198883057, -0.3098650872707367, 0.13055197894573212, -0.04787839949131012, -0.13812805712223053, 0.8743012547492981, 0.048045214265584946, -0.14629428088665009, 0.19956675171852112, 0.2043781876564026, 0.013562235981225967, -0.020065559074282646, 0.290977418422699, -0.3999982178211212, 0.35109075903892517, -0.14695236086845398, 0.8041040897369385, -0.1646694839000702, -0.25653326511383057, -0.6991337537765503, -2.2141153812408447, -0.04619131609797478, -0.37488242983818054, -0.44659343361854553, -0.2649535536766052, 0.052271272987127304, 0.49730026721954346, 0.7620475888252258, -0.3656904697418213, 0.43754807114601135, -0.918808102607727, -0.022836605086922646, 0.5591737031936646, 0.26732707023620605, 0.05804866924881935, 0.26035022735595703, -0.21652629971504211, 0.23837822675704956, 0.16665667295455933, 0.5655681490898132, -0.44991740584373474, 0.6327328085899353, -0.4986637234687805, -0.39942118525505066, -0.6188550591468811, -0.38409850001335144, 0.43050095438957214, -0.08796828985214233, -0.6643134951591492, -0.35831162333488464, 0.489827424287796, 0.07399716973304749, -0.2732137441635132, -0.4635917544364929, -0.1601761430501938, 0.7451996803283691, 0.2266779989004135, -0.15682248771190643, 0.6182271838188171, -0.1050550788640976, -0.07806364446878433, 0.5465100407600403, -0.2063644677400589, 0.4564405083656311, 0.13394123315811157, -0.05742254480719566, 0.5467753410339355, 0.19937080144882202, -0.17826274037361145, 0.17599701881408691, 0.685593843460083, 0.032438818365335464, -0.1343451887369156, 0.611467182636261, 0.3508160710334778, 0.536641001701355, 0.5743489265441895, -0.04268715903162956, 0.13682018220424652, -0.26639682054519653, 0.1420331746339798, -0.6005529165267944, -0.3626091778278351, -1.0402761697769165, -1.0985711812973022, 0.8144545555114746, -0.4689149260520935, -0.044550828635692596, -0.861774742603302, 0.13192561268806458, 0.18998771905899048, 0.3291887938976288, -0.3859019875526428, 0.009111925959587097, -0.03879560902714729, 0.7851549386978149, -0.5560559630393982, 0.0003312313638161868, -0.33548504114151, 0.3877701759338379, 0.41252708435058594, 0.7512791156768799, 0.0950380340218544, 0.35610657930374146, 0.2397923469543457, 1.1371763944625854, 0.0882691964507103, -0.0988403931260109, -0.22136229276657104, 0.04462676867842674, 0.7172279357910156, -0.1791469156742096, -0.2573370933532715, -0.017323853448033333, -0.9920900464057922, -0.2811826169490814, -1.4234352111816406, 0.008548795245587826, 0.5672842860221863, 0.4019528925418854, 0.15486577153205872, 0.4341617524623871, -0.06625370681285858, -0.04420342668890953, 0.25948479771614075, -0.22664083540439606, -0.13685394823551178, 0.18557919561862946, -0.20201487839221954, 0.029685165733098984, -0.13723249733448029, -0.09887860715389252, 0.27753138542175293, 0.23450765013694763, -0.21525219082832336, -0.5033015012741089, -0.16154809296131134, -0.20815609395503998, -0.06940994411706924, -0.6334277987480164, 0.27935436367988586, 0.5402721762657166, -0.08436569571495056, 0.34069955348968506, -0.3457990288734436, -0.12361343950033188, -0.007462762761861086, -0.656562864780426, 0.500845730304718, -0.08585244417190552, 0.12989677488803864, 0.3741225004196167, 0.4580613672733307, -0.30271023511886597, -0.766035795211792, 0.5813219547271729, 0.36986109614372253, -0.24540969729423523, 0.211436927318573, -0.0523839145898819, 0.5669879913330078, 0.2008514702320099, 0.09881054610013962, 0.005848200526088476, -0.8651089668273926, -0.21145863831043243, 0.3602066934108734, -0.7144599556922913, 1.4615641832351685, 0.1369163990020752, -0.4258524477481842, 0.5340394377708435, 0.3135439455509186, 0.5588214993476868, -0.08377435803413391, -0.2645733058452606, -0.3016436994075775, 0.5507004857063293, -0.222517728805542, 1.8128671646118164, 0.13754332065582275, -0.18844296038150787, 0.019609075039625168, 0.39857983589172363, 0.6416119933128357, -0.25923991203308105, 0.00448428513482213, -0.2042037397623062, -0.42391565442085266, 0.13768525421619415, -0.12470582127571106, 0.12738288938999176, 0.06396369636058807, -0.1169942170381546, 0.4829811751842499, -0.432958722114563, 0.17165933549404144, 0.5684897899627686, 0.31495052576065063, 0.6269840598106384, 0.5724520087242126, 0.19533297419548035, 0.6229634881019592, -0.5977708101272583, 0.03689087927341461, -0.02226848714053631, 0.26064494252204895, -0.008471455425024033, -0.30270180106163025, -0.20832546055316925, -0.036993883550167084, -0.4730723202228546, 0.2272128015756607, -0.1964920163154602, 0.2340409755706787, 0.22570353746414185, -0.45868438482284546, 0.4959961473941803, -0.05059420317411423, 0.06977663189172745, -0.8722891807556152, 0.39540064334869385, -0.4884035587310791, 0.13605010509490967, -0.12228838354349136, 0.6280180811882019, -0.09207679331302643, -0.7165017127990723, -0.39497655630111694, 0.3417808413505554, -0.4411157965660095, 0.19912594556808472, -0.02828315459191799, -0.24903294444084167, -0.6345043778419495, 0.4288734197616577, 0.15573683381080627, 0.21279680728912354, -0.21326006948947906, -0.4659123420715332, -0.411715567111969, -0.07325173914432526, 0.3219597637653351, -0.188945934176445, 0.40206587314605713, -0.7051557898521423, -0.5184111595153809, -0.9307935237884521, -0.704974353313446, -0.3539814352989197, 0.027016831561923027, 0.3258541524410248, -1.0431865453720093, 0.002573809353634715, 0.3541383445262909, 0.6876738667488098, -0.09268727898597717, -0.15517476201057434, -0.6443769931793213, -0.17227627336978912, 0.13951639831066132, 0.019696054980158806, 0.09540185332298279, -0.37669670581817627, -0.02421972155570984, 0.43826696276664734, -0.27350977063179016, -0.022304391488432884, 0.2827098071575165, 0.18100914359092712, 0.2594955265522003, -0.10261325538158417, 0.1262071579694748, 0.04217347130179405, -0.24577553570270538, 0.22823090851306915, -0.4158797264099121, -0.12034863978624344, 0.036971889436244965, 0.06486272811889648, -0.354238897562027, 0.4053925573825836, -4.94405460357666, 0.15435223281383514, -0.3047672510147095, 0.04530632868409157, -0.07915347814559937, -0.19598978757858276, 0.6802955269813538, -0.5796455144882202, -0.6715216636657715, 0.2828657031059265, -0.29416346549987793, 0.13463662564754486, 0.05489371716976166, 0.9922998547554016, 0.38820067048072815, 0.07127168029546738, 0.4605138897895813, -0.43839895725250244, 0.6334996819496155, 0.5676181316375732, -0.14598967134952545, 0.35031983256340027, -0.35842248797416687, 0.8780032992362976, 0.12555988132953644, 0.6657295823097229, 0.1386350691318512, 0.49238184094429016, -0.6407029628753662, -0.08936008810997009, 0.18800729513168335, -0.6060099005699158, 0.27358880639076233, -0.4892192780971527, -0.13631486892700195, 0.43594905734062195, 0.5484517216682434, 0.06948244571685791, 0.220503032207489, 0.041821032762527466, -0.5827692747116089, 0.30972224473953247, 0.36394619941711426, 0.9052649140357971, 0.2269456535577774, -0.10676098614931107, -0.22128109633922577, -0.12967465817928314, -0.04601597040891647, 0.6849341988563538, -0.34984931349754333, -0.20428672432899475, 0.734627366065979, 0.22669856250286102, 0.04540134593844414, -0.193412646651268, 0.9115886688232422, -0.3275861144065857, -0.08845100551843643, 0.3442309498786926, 1.0027779340744019, -0.22753383219242096, -0.19415093958377838, -0.584541916847229, -0.2295302450656891, -0.7148213982582092, -0.007392043247818947, -0.7485324740409851, 0.3084338307380676, 0.16831405460834503, -0.31844377517700195, 0.24368326365947723, 0.15773522853851318, -0.7515703439712524, 0.10630282759666443, -0.32569974660873413, -0.41294923424720764, 0.348431795835495, 0.19706010818481445, 0.5566517114639282, -0.33898380398750305, -0.3100539445877075, -0.7785985469818115, 0.479900062084198, 0.40065276622772217, -0.3996504545211792, -0.34543511271476746, 0.8356789946556091, -0.7881104946136475, 0.12037748843431473, 0.5115463137626648, 0.39487355947494507, 0.05343355983495712, 0.36126619577407837, 0.1154729425907135, 0.9161601662635803, 0.538886547088623, 0.15789979696273804, 0.27176472544670105, -0.3506580591201782, 0.1478860080242157, -0.9718896746635437, -0.143587127327919, -0.22893841564655304, -0.13383160531520844, -0.24388612806797028, -0.5164394378662109, 0.3327626585960388, 0.585159420967102, -0.10031616687774658, 0.5554943084716797, 0.20548178255558014, -0.30382832884788513, -0.07253934442996979, 0.29711487889289856, 0.19574269652366638, -0.31026434898376465, 0.3307456076145172, 0.02317648194730282, 0.16227339208126068, 0.09910477697849274, 0.17505094408988953, -0.3722899258136749, -0.0647004097700119, -0.46888723969459534, -0.4467794895172119, 0.18464098870754242, 0.29053550958633423, -0.9449523091316223, 0.14062008261680603, 0.31789836287498474, 0.11217225342988968, -0.2560422420501709, -0.17246146500110626, -0.18340042233467102, -0.8594493865966797, 0.008334330283105373, 0.54776531457901, -0.04077805578708649, -0.6686064600944519, 0.42326173186302185, -0.13260924816131592, -0.05454491451382637, 0.1233738362789154, 0.4244798421859741, 0.15429648756980896, 0.0822223573923111, -0.8292317390441895, -1.0615439414978027, 0.164443239569664, 0.3808131515979767, -0.588886559009552, 0.12075427174568176, -0.8099607825279236, 0.16947221755981445, 0.30951499938964844, -0.467886745929718, -0.22773979604244232, 0.07854514569044113, 0.11569911986589432, 0.3771093189716339, -0.23894716799259186, -1.028609037399292, -0.3914715349674225, 0.659753680229187, -0.3242078423500061, -0.5287876129150391, -0.6540398597717285, -0.6403694152832031, 0.6824870705604553, -0.25230953097343445, -0.38079774379730225, -0.514785885810852, -0.6427381038665771, 0.7967955470085144, 0.10989650338888168, 0.29948359727859497, 0.003788767382502556, -0.22722585499286652, -1.2751474380493164, 0.010990002192556858, -0.467538982629776, -0.3719887137413025, 0.7481147646903992, 0.421419620513916, -0.797700047492981, -0.06432484835386276, 0.4395957291126251, -0.6122068166732788, -0.10806690156459808, -0.07449126243591309, 0.9999139308929443, 0.45867109298706055, 0.29481980204582214, -0.7201471328735352, -0.7194129824638367, -0.2035999298095703, 0.21635916829109192, -0.06279439479112625, -0.589544415473938, 0.3966870605945587, 0.42429977655410767, -0.041148118674755096, 0.4641038477420807, 0.7342553734779358, -1.0070315599441528, 0.17077620327472687, 0.19269420206546783, -0.9464303255081177, 0.4423235058784485, -0.6933305859565735, -1.0011801719665527, -0.21105726063251495, -0.34633421897888184, -0.393050879240036, -0.1109343096613884, 0.4481348395347595, -0.4417818486690521, -0.6793954968452454, 0.45271533727645874, 0.2949424684047699, -0.4196019172668457, -0.5091326236724854, -0.5098295211791992, -0.49637770652770996, -0.264400839805603, -0.07980399578809738, -0.6000698208808899, 0.9676859974861145, -0.3483521044254303, -0.3458468019962311, -0.10761310160160065, 0.21169129014015198, 0.09866462647914886, -0.6573402881622314, 0.009079431183636189, -0.28467100858688354, 0.7832292914390564, -0.539516031742096, -0.4600086212158203, 0.191665381193161, 0.4228539764881134, 0.09584120661020279, -0.44044819474220276, -0.4307152330875397, 0.2941397726535797, 0.9601656794548035, -0.3508942127227783, -0.6862789988517761, 0.33517900109291077, 0.20153440535068512, 0.033026114106178284, -0.7508811354637146, -0.0864691212773323, 0.8885606527328491, -0.0592687614262104, -0.10830438882112503, -0.5418834090232849, 0.39826297760009766, 0.3594856858253479, 0.4271068572998047, -0.6151809096336365, -0.3586845099925995, 0.6432783603668213, -0.09315919131040573, -0.11172401905059814, 0.41145437955856323, -0.21323201060295105, 0.3756524324417114, -0.539718508720398, -0.1967983841896057, -0.5848885178565979, -0.013678534887731075, 0.4277164340019226, 0.21370314061641693, -0.07993312925100327, -0.3836396634578705, -0.45653268694877625, -0.20488996803760529, -0.6254515647888184, 0.5154171586036682, -0.06343948841094971, 0.2245778888463974, -0.42414239048957825, -0.09858895093202591, -0.4601013958454132, 0.2817353904247284, -0.6706948280334473, -0.7377841472625732, -0.3170582056045532, -0.624890148639679, -0.011166221462190151, 0.03567158430814743, 0.385786771774292, -0.3350127637386322, 0.47957539558410645, -0.27534329891204834, -0.027932019904255867, -0.4053347408771515, -0.5887598395347595, -0.21699035167694092, 0.6051295399665833, 0.3507561683654785, -0.5069953203201294, 0.5939413905143738, 0.3168286085128784, -0.0035224384628236294, -0.16511322557926178, 0.4419550597667694, -0.09844034165143967, 0.20851044356822968, 0.5890709757804871, 0.08672711998224258, 0.8359198570251465, -0.01572924293577671, -0.03466342017054558, 0.29525119066238403, -0.4795711934566498, 0.15548142790794373, 0.854966938495636, 0.07193292677402496, -0.5045248866081238, 0.834880530834198, -0.47454532980918884, -0.5027310848236084, 0.7773705720901489, -0.4307490289211273, -0.6170090436935425, 0.6626505851745605, 0.10651122033596039, 0.6549850106239319, 0.3995710611343384, -0.6171286702156067, 0.8342109322547913, -0.06639739125967026, -0.368589848279953, 0.3430757224559784, -1.1825300455093384, -0.15437814593315125, 0.2894567847251892, 0.6277983784675598, 0.2772617042064667, 0.29833605885505676, 0.2827969193458557, -0.3189040720462799, 0.21858976781368256, 0.2956339716911316, 0.6255555152893066, -0.43866854906082153, 0.07623648643493652, 0.7119024395942688, -0.10577742010354996, 0.3558367192745209, -0.7042436003684998, 0.37586709856987, -0.4006167948246002, 0.018285732716321945, -0.17767736315727234, -0.7550774812698364, -0.7701870799064636, 0.0012949432712048292, -0.16043449938297272, -0.06786102056503296, -0.295316219329834, 0.3310037851333618, -0.14217057824134827, 0.5853760242462158, -0.11211435496807098, 0.10004699975252151, 0.36980247497558594, 0.3260950744152069, 0.052983131259679794, 0.24151624739170074, 0.5875043272972107, 0.7472637295722961, 0.01049607340246439, 0.3220010995864868, 0.29996368288993835, 0.24501964449882507, -0.11268865317106247, 0.06764944642782211, 0.36047133803367615, -0.5665823221206665, -0.1520291119813919, 0.3908173441886902, -0.39220044016838074, -0.03458479046821594, 0.6384874582290649, -0.2983700931072235, -0.15756051242351532, 0.0857330858707428, -0.15301117300987244, 0.23347003757953644, 0.4120114743709564, -0.17022693157196045, 0.050561998039484024, -0.47252729535102844, 0.6106615662574768, -0.1297539621591568, -0.2787691056728363, -0.052326500415802, 0.42055588960647583, -0.05274096131324768, 0.4204281270503998, -1.0661396980285645, 0.3068256378173828, -0.3038533926010132, 0.7308261394500732, -0.8540015816688538, 0.2270682156085968, 0.591477632522583, 0.15228453278541565, -0.15279027819633484, 0.5763775706291199, 0.12001533806324005, 0.38891610503196716, 0.3955991268157959, -0.2316185086965561, -0.09748838096857071, -0.14962874352931976, 0.020199893042445183, -0.2524116337299347, 0.43397727608680725, 0.3101876378059387, -0.4552294909954071, 0.09003164619207382, 0.4003892242908478, -0.08705735206604004, 0.0024303565733134747, 0.17160069942474365, -0.05655650421977043, 0.21709632873535156, -0.14873486757278442, 0.7415177226066589, 0.05919768288731575, -0.21818877756595612, 0.4653297960758209, 0.17658716440200806, 0.1906551569700241, -0.09418787062168121, 0.030201006680727005, -0.3576686382293701, 0.2570144534111023, 0.6719202995300293, -3.360337495803833, 0.36223357915878296, -0.4023367166519165, -0.1753595620393753, 0.13555949926376343, 0.17868351936340332, 0.2802562117576599, -0.481976717710495, -0.26540452241897583, -0.30480459332466125, -0.29979199171066284, 0.15115046501159668, 0.25794219970703125, -0.4436870515346527, -0.03208421915769577, 0.5169479250907898 ]
249204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation%20sole	Corporation sole	A corporation sole is a legal entity consisting of a single ("sole") incorporated office, occupied by a single ("sole") natural person. This structure allows corporations (often religious corporations or Commonwealth governments) to pass without interruption from one officeholder to the next, giving positions legal continuity with subsequent officeholders having identical powers and possessions to their predecessors. A corporation sole is one of two types of corporation, the other being a corporation aggregate. Ecclesiastical origins Most corporations sole are church related (for example, the Archbishopric of Canterbury), although some political offices of the United Kingdom (e.g., many of the Secretaries of State), Canada, and the United States are corporations sole. The concept of corporation sole originated as a means for orderly transfer of ecclesiastical property, serving to keep the title within the denomination or religious society. In order to keep the religious property from being treated as the estate of the vicar of the church, the property was titled to the office of the corporation sole. In the case of the Roman Catholic Church, ecclesiastical property is usually titled to the diocesan bishop, who serves in the office of the corporation sole. The Roman Catholic Church continues to use corporations sole in holding titles of property: as recently as 2002, it split a diocese in the US state of California into many smaller corporations sole and with each parish priest becoming his own corporation sole, thus limiting the diocese's liability for any sexual abuse or other wrongful activity in which the priest might engage. This is, however, not the case everywhere, and legal application varies. For instance, other U.S. jurisdictions have used corporations at multiple levels. In the jurisdictions of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, a Roman Catholic bishop is not a corporation sole, and real property is held by way of land trusts, a tradition dating back to the suppression of Roman Catholicism by Henry VIII during the English Reformation and the Penal Laws of Ireland. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses the corporation sole form for its president, which is legally listed as "The Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints". Iglesia ni Cristo was registered as corporation sole with the Insular Government of the Philippines in 1914 and with the People's Republic of China in 2014. The corporation sole form can serve the needs of a religious organization by reducing its complexity to that of a single office and its holder, thereby eliminating the need for by-laws and a board of directors. The Crown Within most constitutional monarchies, notably the Commonwealth realms, the Crown is a nonstatutory corporation sole. Although conceptually speaking, the office and officeholder retain dual capacities in that they may act both in a corporate capacity (as monarch) and in an individual capacity (as a private person), they are inseparably fused in law; there is no legal distinction between the office and the individual person who holds it. The Crown (state) legally acts as a person when it enters into contracts and possesses property. As a person, the monarch (officeholder) may hold properties privately, distinct from property he or she possesses corporately, and may act as monarch separate from their personal acts. For example, Elizabeth II as a natural person holds several separate offices, such as Queen of the United Kingdom, Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England, all of which are distinct corporations sole, even as she acts as a natural person in her private capacities separate and apart from her role filling these various offices (corporations). Likewise, the office of prime minister has use of certain properties and privileges, such as an official residence and decision-making powers, that remain with the office once the officeholder leaves, even as the officeholder may own property in a private capacity. The sovereign's status as a corporation sole ensures that all references to the Queen, the King, Her Majesty, His Majesty, and the Crown are synonymous, referring to exactly the same legal personality over time. While natural persons who serve as sovereign pass on, the sovereign never legally dies; thus the corporate nature of the office of sovereign ensures that the authority of the state continues uninterrupted. In other words, the sovereign is made a corporation sole to prevent the possibility of disruption or interregnum, thereby preserving the stability of the Crown (state). For this reason, at the moment of the demise of the sovereign, a successor is immediately and automatically in place. As a corporation sole, the legal person of the sovereign is the personification of the state and consequently acts as guarantor of the rule of law and the fount of all executive authority behind the state's institutions. As certain countries have federal systems of government, the sovereign in these cases also possesses capacities as distinct corporation sole in right of each of the Australian states and Canadian provinces; for example, as Her Majesty the Queen of Australia in Right of Queensland and Her Majesty the Queen of Canada in Right of Alberta. Secular application in the United States Every state of the United States recognizes corporations sole under common law, and about a third of the states have specific statutes that stipulate the conditions under which that state recognizes the corporations sole that are filed with that state for acquiring, holding, and disposing of title for church and religious society property. Almost any religious society or church can qualify for filing as a corporation sole in these states. There can be no legal limitation to specific denominations, therefore a Buddhist temple or Jewish Community Center would qualify as quickly as a Christian church. Some states also recognize corporations sole for various other non-profit purposes including performing arts groups, scientific research groups, educational institutions, and cemetery societies. Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom Auditor General for Wales Chief Executive of Skills Funding Chief Inspector of Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Children's Commissioner for England Children's Commissioner for Wales Commissioner for Older People for Northern Ireland Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis Comptroller and Auditor General Corporate Officer of the House of Commons Corporate Officer of the House of Lords The Crown (sometimes regarded as a corporation aggregate) Duke of Cornwall Duke of Lancaster Information Commissioner Mayor (of London)'s Office for Policing and Crime Judicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman Lord Mayor of the City of London Official Custodian for Charities Immigration Services Commissioner Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland Public Services Ombudsman for Wales Public Trustee Pubs Code Adjudicator Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District (abolished) Registrar General Secretary of State for... (various; most recently Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs) Solicitor for the affairs of the Duchy of Lancaster, the Traffic Director for London Treasury Solicitor London Fire Commissioner In the Church of England Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Bishops of the Church of England Deans of the Church of England Rectors in the Church of England Vicars in the Church of England Examples of corporations sole elsewhere Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Dai al-Mutlaq, the Director of National Parks, Australian government Governor General of Canada Minister of the Government, Republic of Ireland New Zealand's Office of the Privacy Commissioner Public Trustee New Zealand Public Trustee Māori Trustee, New Zealand Office of The Sovereign of Canada See also Legal person References English law Corporations	[ 0.5494597554206848, 0.3800452947616577, 0.1767718344926834, 0.28094178438186646, 0.05150381848216057, -0.15366654098033905, -0.42611855268478394, 0.2133944183588028, -0.054014477878808975, -0.019816594198346138, -0.4527379870414734, 0.5415025353431702, 0.10394252836704254, 0.4961300194263458, -0.4308260679244995, 0.3181098997592926, 0.42504024505615234, 0.4182899594306946, 0.028850920498371124, -0.16835637390613556, -0.4235476851463318, 0.11712720990180969, -0.053002361208200455, -0.4704658091068268, 0.27104631066322327, 0.24270367622375488, 0.3116549849510193, 0.31366172432899475, -0.3923230469226837, 0.22901368141174316, 0.32201671600341797, -0.12628448009490967, 0.22435951232910156, 0.16244439780712128, 0.10201811045408249, -0.08470757305622101, -0.3099347651004791, -0.16950500011444092, -0.5959779024124146, -1.3434408903121948, 0.02875557169318199, 0.0041671148501336575, 0.09681057929992676, 0.202034130692482, -0.7749404311180115, -0.19520282745361328, -1.1998528242111206, 0.1859869509935379, -0.72162926197052, 0.7780777812004089, -0.4837475121021271, 0.1595069020986557, -0.37738174200057983, 0.1775776892900467, -0.0886007770895958, 0.39207425713539124, -0.20322662591934204, -0.45822855830192566, 0.02006988227367401, -0.5372785329818726, 0.635802149772644, -0.04124358296394348, 0.21454985439777374, 0.24841749668121338, 0.8108519315719604, 0.0258418507874012, 0.4820089340209961, 0.09289860725402832, -0.5524073839187622, -0.13892757892608643, -0.7293633818626404, -0.1730971336364746, 0.07545860856771469, 0.24490125477313995, -0.6348925828933716, -0.0009914011461660266, 0.11339098960161209, -0.2898464798927307, -0.1313207447528839, 0.650798499584198, -0.08843401819467545, 0.6367524862289429, 0.14102958142757416, -0.13385257124900818, 0.20900923013687134, 0.10594702512025833, -0.8359527587890625, 0.4478480815887451, -0.6057979464530945, 0.7775418162345886, 0.44044405221939087, 0.11142925918102264, 0.5070140957832336, 0.013089096173644066, -0.22255603969097137, 0.10880901664495468, 0.47672510147094727, -0.27118197083473206, 0.31921353936195374, 0.3742234408855438, -0.4458146393299103, 0.08795736730098724, -0.055719248950481415, -0.15857645869255066, -0.021487252786755562, 0.196120023727417, -0.5229672193527222, -0.38758909702301025, 0.2881160080432892, 0.0945507064461708, -0.2661227285861969, 0.18394537270069122, 0.02337447926402092, 0.44357067346572876, -0.41185569763183594, 0.5513876676559448, 0.39466431736946106, 0.20570890605449677, 0.027153052389621735, -0.20402753353118896, 0.518068253993988, 0.13426385819911957, -0.12987296283245087, -0.6806992292404175, 0.4066712558269501, -0.5199589729309082, -0.5731050372123718, 0.12786072492599487, -0.2816679775714874, -0.19977639615535736, 0.1481473445892334, 0.06246407330036163, 0.2352926880121231, 0.43046125769615173, -0.037104856222867966, -0.04245402663946152, -0.032629966735839844, -0.14232753217220306, 0.6786420941352844, -0.08556725084781647, -0.7983769178390503, -0.03954067826271057, -0.6728425025939941, 0.06201354041695595, 0.312910258769989, -0.4390861392021179, 0.1434374749660492, 0.04698462784290314, -0.7264171242713928, 0.18064238131046295, -0.39907586574554443, 0.1217740997672081, 0.12861071527004242, -0.19198553264141083, 0.13336682319641113, 0.36496639251708984, 0.5593520402908325, -0.5451769232749939, -0.2811485528945923, 0.0756327286362648, 0.0064857639372348785, 0.025806887075304985, -0.43873268365859985, -0.04528657719492912, 0.2210918664932251, -0.3693157732486725, -0.039566271007061005, 0.0030012435745447874, 0.25129711627960205, 0.02776375599205494, -0.2340027391910553, -0.2763735353946686, -0.11531498283147812, 0.04437074065208435, -0.6961817145347595, 0.2653110921382904, 0.15470021963119507, -0.11943605542182922, 1.1421215534210205, 0.058161236345767975, -0.4653797447681427, -0.24757276475429535, 0.4140026867389679, -0.15512198209762573, -0.3563274145126343, -0.18458834290504456, 0.38660863041877747, -0.18193581700325012, 0.1365368813276291, 0.21053537726402283, -0.08369705080986023, -0.36174893379211426, 0.3094305396080017, -0.7807901501655579, 0.5621166229248047, 0.05364437773823738, -0.5348217487335205, 0.6219255328178406, -0.20338848233222961, 0.47316470742225647, -0.2874967157840729, 0.42831018567085266, -0.1339997798204422, -0.6082112193107605, 0.06725127249956131, 0.6626497507095337, 0.693415641784668, 0.041770048439502716, -0.17164555191993713, -0.07972122728824615, 0.04390522465109825, -0.21842199563980103, 0.8320764899253845, -0.5114032626152039, 0.31206417083740234, -0.5032782554626465, -0.5899418592453003, -0.21517062187194824, 0.21911939978599548, 0.1839369535446167, 1.3284333944320679, 0.049762070178985596, 0.08736453205347061, 0.571609377861023, -0.3152845501899719, 0.01098679844290018, -0.02643919549882412, -0.2521130442619324, 0.7580400109291077, -0.2393772453069687, 0.44758063554763794, -0.036625295877456665, 0.5542804598808289, -0.3304329216480255, 0.5339508652687073, 0.1344481110572815, -0.22202523052692413, -0.31638747453689575, 0.20361658930778503, 0.5130910873413086, 0.021820738911628723, -0.06317439675331116, -0.6315165162086487, -0.013742857612669468, 0.1708964854478836, 0.5598393678665161, -0.29894396662712097, 0.2745252847671509, -0.03929708153009415, -0.07345694303512573, 0.2522437572479248, -0.35573604702949524, 0.1728278398513794, -0.18202339112758636, 0.4177406430244446, -0.303016722202301, -0.31760087609291077, 0.21209585666656494, -0.3849923014640808, -0.43924298882484436, -0.8414506316184998, 0.13542543351650238, -0.027100859209895134, 0.23438143730163574, -0.1265270859003067, -0.2654266059398651, -0.11868945509195328, -0.03958993777632713, 0.033321868628263474, 0.5014801025390625, 0.5899963974952698, 0.07796896249055862, -0.3855311870574951, -0.08804941177368164, -0.16307924687862396, 0.2834663689136505, 0.22171258926391602, -0.4138493835926056, -0.08083231747150421, -0.5966305136680603, 0.3353123366832733, 0.21092674136161804, 0.3453269600868225, -0.8904193043708801, 0.43208324909210205, -0.7723312377929688, -0.07122907787561417, -0.6179240942001343, -0.5308142304420471, -0.6251129508018494, -0.20390170812606812, 0.1612735241651535, 0.07123567163944244, -0.1607944667339325, 0.31091204285621643, 0.23018129169940948, -0.12254247814416885, -0.049647361040115356, 0.006252671591937542, -0.20927876234054565, -0.36177948117256165, -0.1977778822183609, -0.3356874883174896, -0.4030793309211731, 0.6364877820014954, 0.09914110600948334, 0.2950262129306793, 0.05700656399130821, -5.9687323570251465, -0.1682567298412323, -0.5879198908805847, 0.1995488703250885, 0.6841564774513245, -0.1693543940782547, 0.6151633858680725, -0.029207497835159302, -0.05764252692461014, -0.07026165723800659, -0.19242794811725616, -0.33414629101753235, 0.5963253974914551, 0.297606498003006, 0.611958920955658, 0.2712893486022949, 0.8169841170310974, 0.4882129430770874, -0.21457113325595856, 0.13522487878799438, -0.19604657590389252, -0.3235742449760437, 0.03435900807380676, 0.3282987177371979, 0.30128228664398193, 0.0552835650742054, -0.4850432276725769, 0.3409903049468994, -0.5915200710296631, 0.10991384834051132, -0.24794386327266693, 0.08251684159040451, -0.7705746293067932, -0.563528835773468, -0.07104212045669556, 0.11604563146829605, 0.28478872776031494, -0.06205179542303085, 0.09451820701360703, -0.569247305393219, 0.12443072348833084, 0.30942776799201965, -0.09777969121932983, 0.08194606006145477, -0.08453293889760971, -0.6526201367378235, -0.5502495765686035, -0.20927494764328003, -0.42242783308029175, 0.31612566113471985, -0.28444862365722656, 0.258402556180954, 0.3511887490749359, -0.49205270409584045, 0.1203666403889656, -0.0880851298570633, 0.6020504832267761, 0.3073631823062897, -0.6607561111450195, 0.31869933009147644, 0.6510637402534485, -0.8143225312232971, -0.018390920013189316, -0.32133328914642334, -0.45532873272895813, -0.17637494206428528, -0.24158255755901337, 0.021204929798841476, 0.989527702331543, 0.031372155994176865, -0.3847728967666626, 0.3620065450668335, 0.1124383956193924, -0.9366870522499084, -0.009234702214598656, -0.17552697658538818, 0.1957145780324936, 0.0741618201136589, 0.38296476006507874, 0.08493249863386154, 0.09879781305789948, 0.43278220295906067, -0.3679355978965759, -0.18265442550182343, -0.2500162422657013, -0.20167537033557892, 0.1761678159236908, 0.733537495136261, 0.24167190492153168, -0.37812066078186035, 0.5886151194572449, 0.030524523928761482, 0.6540068984031677, 0.43417876958847046, 0.3168777525424957, -0.10361918061971664, 0.2721148431301117, -0.41256651282310486, -0.24553067982196808, -0.49334701895713806, 0.6526431441307068, 0.17305251955986023, -0.27452772855758667, -0.5383957028388977, -0.10642913728952408, -0.3452284038066864, -0.4790227711200714, 0.3272418677806854, 0.2527468502521515, 0.25407376885414124, 0.49231278896331787, 0.46200039982795715, -0.21578533947467804, -0.48423242568969727, 0.3613280653953552, 0.21584944427013397, -0.9495391249656677, 0.6049801111221313, 0.28667521476745605, -0.22752618789672852, 0.2100662738084793, 0.21736150979995728, -0.07187335938215256, 0.06156199052929878, -1.3174477815628052, -0.5545767545700073, -0.00020779264741577208, -0.12596666812896729, -0.05931078642606735, -0.1889602094888687, 0.3665789067745209, 0.5933453440666199, -0.14395081996917725, -0.05043390393257141, 0.19197627902030945, -0.3004973828792572, 0.14604872465133667, -0.038729242980480194, -0.3335994482040405, -0.7126484513282776, 0.7103255987167358, -0.28233402967453003, 0.4661931097507477, -0.02940029837191105, 0.365444153547287, 0.2775438129901886, -0.5015972256660461, 0.33908459544181824, 0.14973877370357513, 0.33334362506866455, 0.21805894374847412, -0.22494353353977203, 0.297446608543396, 0.004856197629123926, -0.1929207146167755, -0.5442949533462524, 0.17960678040981293, 0.0549788735806942, 0.05927335470914841, -0.22275038063526154, -0.03694172948598862, 0.18251551687717438, -0.7888221740722656, -0.19971521198749542, 0.3818131983280182, -0.25029200315475464, -0.6730456352233887, 0.5646466612815857, -0.056753795593976974, 0.6988654136657715, -0.17602334916591644, -0.29056403040885925, -0.5692666172981262, -0.582892119884491, 0.05417107418179512, 0.03601139038801193, 0.10924803465604782, 0.36354145407676697, -0.017021695151925087, 0.4056782126426697, 0.44573721289634705, -0.13416652381420135, -0.1923713982105255, 0.07682085782289505, 0.42041075229644775, -0.47008654475212097, -0.059231989085674286, 0.3617212474346161, -0.17178881168365479, -0.4844350218772888, 0.08859260380268097, -0.27955907583236694, 0.5905306935310364, 0.27057740092277527, 0.19111040234565735, -0.4473944306373596, 0.32876354455947876, 0.3347296416759491, -0.58497154712677, -0.1754056215286255, -0.10118477791547775, 0.24602729082107544, -1.0579732656478882, 0.04292910546064377, 0.17123983800411224, -0.5194734334945679, 0.35231301188468933, -0.2286127358675003, -0.06357748061418533, 0.4509631395339966, -0.43642550706863403, -0.08060693740844727, -0.3721120059490204, 0.16778989136219025, -0.12652529776096344, -0.6530358195304871, 0.2583681046962738, -0.28336402773857117, -0.28896984457969666, -0.4587334096431732, 0.531521737575531, -0.2171054184436798, 0.38172343373298645, 0.1410675048828125, -0.014390694908797741, 0.3440206050872803, 0.36586830019950867, 0.19458606839179993, 0.01514102891087532, -0.31184402108192444, 0.0007107423734851182, -0.37665051221847534, -0.1796073168516159, -0.37818247079849243, -0.5039634704589844, 0.11753908544778824, -0.15027044713497162, -0.021109234541654587, 0.044820696115493774, -0.021267883479595184, -0.4336947798728943, 0.7543982267379761, 0.21238119900226593, -0.7707317471504211, 0.09922222048044205, -0.009977835230529308, 0.20442312955856323, -0.4615257680416107, -0.38733163475990295, 0.5016974806785583, 0.03761254623532295, -0.22155585885047913, -0.16450926661491394, -0.08591322600841522, 0.5644495487213135, -0.43614548444747925, 0.1996534913778305, -0.23956237733364105, 0.08917790651321411, 0.3406737446784973, 0.036751728504896164, -0.40900719165802, -0.5177361965179443, -0.42500561475753784, 0.06549740582704544, -0.10879457741975784, -0.3751557469367981, 0.5385419130325317, 0.44027140736579895, -0.933469831943512, 0.2575729191303253, 0.622773289680481, 0.15693937242031097, 0.6118462085723877, 0.834208071231842, -0.22548465430736542, 0.33847537636756897, -0.19745667278766632, -0.242183655500412, 0.3143889605998993, -0.5193265080451965, -0.137991264462471, 0.06747876107692719, -0.13505685329437256, 0.16707614064216614, -0.6143394112586975, 0.2897343635559082, 0.15681900084018707, -0.876019299030304, -0.1705533266067505, -0.6099286079406738, 0.19515091180801392, 0.15155145525932312, -0.23688647150993347, -0.8277331590652466, -0.18905064463615417, 0.2022874355316162, 0.2586229145526886, 0.21826285123825073, 0.8024612069129944, -0.42843735218048096, 0.6502797603607178, 0.18053315579891205, -0.9377256631851196, 0.6277062892913818, -0.0875890702009201, -0.12941917777061462, -0.7926410436630249, -0.0902014672756195, -0.6629265546798706, 0.26862186193466187, -0.18886542320251465, 0.43207836151123047, 0.5357691049575806, -0.049903418868780136, -0.5211647152900696, 0.04436494782567024, -0.5183272957801819, -0.01052732951939106, -0.0022780157160013914, 0.24453410506248474, -0.5663606524467468, 0.1853683888912201, -0.29193490743637085, 0.18692564964294434, 0.16757355630397797, -0.12522390484809875, 0.06921820342540741, -0.10509713739156723, 0.2144089937210083, 0.7176751494407654, 0.32532110810279846, 0.006783153861761093, -0.18840542435646057, -0.11817866563796997, -0.3179587423801422, 0.0613873228430748, -0.21958748996257782, -0.3840048015117645, 0.9408103227615356, 0.5558691024780273, 0.11040990799665451, -0.13399863243103027, 0.12811647355556488, -0.2052731066942215, 0.23154890537261963, 0.24485963582992554, 0.11713685095310211, 0.08410553634166718, 0.8189646601676941, 0.3127160966396332, -0.3053034245967865, 0.7858855128288269, -0.27887600660324097, -0.3110087215900421, -0.27590039372444153, 0.1689273566007614, -0.18945254385471344, -0.16702713072299957, -0.06297360360622406, -0.2546303868293762, 0.6050119400024414, 0.35596171021461487, 0.28454461693763733, -0.28814077377319336, -0.43421804904937744, 0.529568612575531, -0.38590121269226074, 0.385707825422287, 0.06974516808986664, -0.03127630427479744, 0.5453664064407349, -0.8924851417541504, 0.42588287591934204, 0.37050193548202515, -0.2869333326816559, 0.6181774139404297, 0.16046935319900513, 0.01366425771266222, -0.13789191842079163, 0.28672611713409424, -0.21835847198963165, -0.08679962158203125, -0.35378703474998474, 0.25960975885391235, 0.2497149556875229, 0.34178587794303894, 0.6291377544403076, 0.24126236140727997, 0.5031732320785522, 0.048203326761722565, -0.2563457787036896, 0.23879823088645935, 0.332163006067276, -0.0899067223072052, 0.5692493915557861, -0.4616365432739258, 0.3697546720504761, 0.3556594252586365, -0.06050894781947136, -0.11582094430923462, 0.5332697033882141, 0.15034504234790802, 0.09797395765781403, -0.19156569242477417, 0.1260453462600708, -0.3017563223838806, 0.1385432630777359, -0.34335091710090637, 0.3796665370464325, 0.3525959253311157, -0.14579547941684723, -0.030021466314792633, 0.28840819001197815, -0.19009681046009064, 0.31668728590011597, 0.672994077205658, 0.14260832965373993, 0.07739602774381638, -0.1555059403181076, -0.15545183420181274, 0.30332762002944946, 0.2527817487716675, 0.11050651222467422, -0.20152929425239563, -0.33771011233329773, 0.3055618107318878, 0.23344898223876953, -0.6139189600944519, 0.679905354976654, -0.09285341948270798, 0.21141915023326874, -0.47380122542381287, 0.4777534008026123, -0.3399827182292938, 0.013736014254391193, -0.5484925508499146, 0.26440340280532837, -0.08558419346809387, -0.22501063346862793, -0.02894802764058113, 0.14883403480052948, -0.292459636926651, -0.25016355514526367, -0.5511407852172852, -0.2285565733909607, -0.19208677113056183, -0.049360185861587524, -0.46504831314086914, -0.18382088840007782, 0.3084837794303894, -0.3337428569793701, 0.42484867572784424, -0.1797163337469101, -0.30213654041290283, -0.07143202424049377, 0.5575966238975525, -0.39959460496902466, 0.04517865553498268, 0.6773829460144043 ]
249206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bone%20steak	T-bone steak	The T-bone and porterhouse are steaks of beef cut from the short loin (called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries and Ireland). Both steaks include a "T"-shaped lumbar vertebra with sections of abdominal internal oblique muscle on each side. Porterhouse steaks are cut from the rear end of the short loin and thus include more tenderloin steak, along with (on the other side of the bone) a large strip steak. T-bone steaks are cut closer to the front, and contain a smaller section of tenderloin. The smaller portion of a T-bone, when sold alone, is known as a filet mignon (called fillet steak in Commonwealth countries and Ireland), especially if cut from the small forward end of the tenderloin. Experts differ about how large the tenderloin must be to differentiate T-bone steak from porterhouse. The United States Department of Agriculture's Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications state that the tenderloin of a porterhouse must be at least wide at its widest, while that of a T-bone must be at least wide. However, steaks with a large tenderloin are often called a "T-bone" in restaurants despite technically being porterhouse. Owing to their large size, and as they contain meat from two of the most prized cuts of beef (the short loin and the tenderloin), T-bone steaks are generally considered one of the highest quality steaks, and prices at steakhouses are accordingly high. Porterhouse steaks are even more highly valued owing to their larger tenderloin. In British usage, followed in the Commonwealth countries, "porterhouse" often means a British sirloin steak (i.e. US strip steak) on the bone, i.e. without the tenderloin on the other side of T-bone. Some British on-line butchers also offer American style porterhouse steaks. In New Zealand and Australia, a porterhouse is sirloin steak (strip steak in USA) off the bone. Anatomy of the T-bone To cut a T-bone from butchered cattle, a lumbar vertebra is sawn in half through the vertebral column. The downward prong of the 'T' is a transverse process of the vertebra, and the flesh surrounding it is the spinal muscles. The small semicircle at the top of the 'T' is half of the vertebral foramen. Preparation T-bone and porterhouse steaks are suited to fast, dry heat cooking methods, such as grilling or broiling. Since they contain a small amount of collagen relative to other cuts, longer cooking times are not necessary to tenderize the meat. There is some contention as to whether the bone conducts heat within the meat so that it cooks more evenly and prevents meat drying out and shrinking during cooking, or the meat near the bone will cook more slowly than the rest of the steak, and the tenderloin will tend to reach the desired temperature before the strip. Bistecca alla fiorentina Bistecca alla fiorentina, or 'beefsteak Florentine style', consists of a T-bone traditionally sourced from either the Chianina or Maremmana breeds of cattle. A favorite of Tuscan cuisine, the steak is grilled over a wood or charcoal fire, seasoned with salt, sometimes with black pepper, and olive oil, applied immediately after the meat is retired from the heat. Thickly cut and very large, "Bistecca" are often shared between two or more persons, and traditionally served very rare, sometimes garnished with lemon wedges, if not accompanied by red wine, and accompanied by Tuscan beans as a side dish. Cotoletta di Vitello alla Milanese The same cut of meat, but from a calf, is used for Cotoletta alla milanese, which consists of 1.5 cm-thick cuts which are battered in breadcrumbs and fried in clarified butter with salt. See also List of steak dishes Meat on the bone Rib eye steak References External links Porter House name origin article Cuts of beef Steak	[ 0.6614264249801636, 0.037519510835409164, -0.5686407685279846, -0.18547391891479492, -0.06346525251865387, 0.19470137357711792, 0.19259653985500336, 0.2466980218887329, -0.07740502059459686, -0.5330408215522766, -0.36905843019485474, 0.6913754940032959, -0.0065921335481107235, 0.42740046977996826, -0.19654321670532227, 0.39580366015434265, 0.7571755647659302, 0.09547917544841766, -0.09584017097949982, -0.24598771333694458, -0.4311552941799164, -0.5367887020111084, -0.05275234207510948, 0.09549276530742645, 0.11475242674350739, 0.43388521671295166, 0.3723255395889282, -0.1737930029630661, 0.29579460620880127, -0.1561460644006729, 0.4015713334083557, 0.1073339581489563, -0.15681889653205872, -0.7079501748085022, -0.3870393931865692, -0.17424891889095306, 0.4482690095901489, -0.17168748378753662, -0.052248764783144, -0.48942407965660095, -0.22335968911647797, 0.09825149923563004, 0.8899418115615845, 0.6910955309867859, -0.4534653127193451, -0.3191107213497162, -1.1159120798110962, 0.7699365615844727, -0.5330588817596436, 0.18120738863945007, -0.14462321996688843, 0.06662117689847946, -0.12529200315475464, -0.013353145681321621, 0.04256356507539749, 0.6948691606521606, -0.5694180130958557, 0.25194209814071655, 0.0572393536567688, -0.41768887639045715, 0.4795302450656891, 0.5557630062103271, -0.13518092036247253, 0.11125768721103668, -0.3075188994407654, 0.4956490099430084, -0.25542357563972473, 0.8713136911392212, -0.2741691768169403, 0.39759644865989685, 0.04617235064506531, -0.5681651830673218, -0.046105485409498215, 0.3841403126716614, 0.23144406080245972, 0.11902070045471191, -0.3138667941093445, -0.48848098516464233, 0.4332081377506256, 0.34204545617103577, -0.23319977521896362, 0.029683949425816536, 0.4730243980884552, 0.17540086805820465, 0.20141464471817017, 0.353919118642807, -0.25511854887008667, -0.008535501547157764, -0.5083974003791809, 0.7303152084350586, -0.09513138979673386, 0.46965688467025757, 0.5934488773345947, 0.11586255580186844, -0.5025734305381775, -0.4202694594860077, 0.20984448492527008, 0.18728512525558472, 0.6017489433288574, 0.0629306510090828, -0.5240231156349182, -0.38751789927482605, 0.4536391496658325, -0.07228174805641174, -0.5940017700195312, 0.38937002420425415, -0.8803396224975586, 0.011484304443001747, 0.05574825778603554, -0.41619351506233215, -0.07559626549482346, -0.1743834912776947, 0.10581345856189728, 0.21868135035037994, -0.3083159327507019, -0.18637242913246155, -0.2993502616882324, -0.14651335775852203, -0.5899472236633301, -0.756241500377655, -0.31653255224227905, 0.33774060010910034, -0.12718553841114044, 0.12549057602882385, -0.3298334777355194, 0.15869350731372833, 0.19428817927837372, 0.6800481081008911, 0.07159548997879028, -0.4089277386665344, 0.17982614040374756, 1.0760910511016846, -0.17579451203346252, -0.11844367533922195, -0.5571884512901306, -0.2548898458480835, 0.3520345389842987, -0.5453593134880066, 0.19601863622665405, 0.10559949278831482, -0.7755974531173706, -0.5047420263290405, -0.34188368916511536, -0.29672637581825256, 0.3504256308078766, -0.7804487943649292, -0.20509053766727448, -0.2519637942314148, 0.25931674242019653, 0.15309710800647736, 0.28446847200393677, 0.16751471161842346, -0.26801034808158875, 0.06692127883434296, -0.3070577085018158, 0.2591043710708618, 0.2280837744474411, -0.5758865475654602, 0.49219146370887756, -0.10697543621063232, 0.21172428131103516, -0.07695098966360092, -0.06023857742547989, -0.36825066804885864, 0.6737492084503174, -0.47436001896858215, 0.21378964185714722, -0.17677053809165955, -0.8625761270523071, 0.4652244746685028, -0.5229516625404358, 0.3098824620246887, 0.6066886782646179, -0.2999630272388458, -0.2708323299884796, 0.32817262411117554, -0.3121286630630493, -0.05260920152068138, 0.5639837980270386, -0.017328165471553802, -0.660765528678894, -0.049470316618680954, 0.8004024624824524, -0.42008650302886963, 0.3593282103538513, -0.625934898853302, -0.026400160044431686, -0.3975571095943451, -0.30525752902030945, 0.09162989258766174, -0.9362213611602783, -0.5297649502754211, 0.6023783087730408, -0.3291092813014984, 1.4245076179504395, -0.4444521963596344, -0.15005697309970856, 0.7203583717346191, 0.018033567816019058, 0.22959668934345245, -0.1683066487312317, -0.09254464507102966, 0.23305290937423706, -0.4088269770145416, -0.523356556892395, 0.48449093103408813, 0.513934314250946, -0.19855181872844696, 0.27819082140922546, 0.111974336206913, 0.5591240525245667, -0.6827967166900635, 0.5171419382095337, -0.3496820330619812, 0.36502668261528015, -0.08197890222072601, 0.3489731550216675, 0.1759660243988037, -0.006916329264640808, -1.0046048164367676, 0.7576364278793335, 0.3073062300682068, -0.34252434968948364, -0.010322244837880135, -0.13205768167972565, 0.5300901532173157, -0.6593029499053955, 0.08422467112541199, 0.23965179920196533, 0.6337263584136963, 0.3774632215499878, 0.0368700735270977, 0.1265234500169754, -0.17485326528549194, 0.0391354113817215, -0.49510377645492554, 0.27213045954704285, -0.12555204331874847, -0.01985573023557663, -0.45209163427352905, 0.31766074895858765, 0.8246749043464661, -0.35376977920532227, -0.3417065739631653, 0.0291252713650465, -0.42234185338020325, 0.09709981828927994, 0.5380144119262695, -0.026872018352150917, -0.3837706744670868, 0.6635150909423828, 0.4180654287338257, 0.5686906576156616, -0.18357041478157043, -0.13282307982444763, -0.34868139028549194, 0.34828659892082214, 0.04551329463720322, -0.34646207094192505, -0.11343102902173996, -0.19362784922122955, -0.12119343876838684, -0.012534608133137226, -0.2503185272216797, -0.07448692619800568, -0.1276049017906189, -0.6595811247825623, -0.7335383892059326, 0.5863498449325562, 0.4020932912826538, 0.4650730788707733, 0.2754429578781128, -1.0350558757781982, 0.25583353638648987, -0.25703996419906616, -0.42902621626853943, 0.404592901468277, -0.2304282933473587, -0.22386011481285095, -0.2873208522796631, -0.02744319848716259, 0.4227162003517151, 0.7220664024353027, -0.9224236607551575, -0.6904683709144592, -0.518827497959137, 0.20488287508487701, -0.5816352963447571, -0.5027597546577454, 0.1657698005437851, 0.03759898617863655, 0.810375988483429, 0.027847399935126305, -0.10121946781873703, 0.13551488518714905, -0.05713922157883644, 0.22932641208171844, 0.5040971040725708, 0.4069969058036804, -0.7997710108757019, 0.4125654101371765, -0.3464394807815552, 0.3458492159843445, -0.10914052277803421, 0.7196292877197266, -0.07058198750019073, -0.27929985523223877, -0.29922109842300415, -5.574169635772705, -0.11884992569684982, -0.5202710032463074, -0.48715853691101074, 0.6260542869567871, -0.08903166651725769, 0.31360378861427307, -0.46729275584220886, 0.0757133886218071, -0.44860514998435974, -0.26692110300064087, -0.11372237652540207, 0.45255428552627563, -0.417314350605011, 0.03667121380567551, 0.20548522472381592, -0.005186942405998707, -0.23680703341960907, 0.023765167221426964, 0.43173807859420776, 0.44987449049949646, 0.2009466588497162, -0.08776935189962387, 0.6889902353286743, -0.14174839854240417, 0.5427794456481934, -0.8814584612846375, 0.1896820366382599, -0.12972334027290344, 0.2151401937007904, 0.23972241580486298, 0.2885819375514984, 0.37477248907089233, -0.6568145751953125, -0.012186705134809017, -0.04247165098786354, 0.12107773125171661, 0.0851965993642807, 0.2129284292459488, -0.04397411644458771, -0.05485055223107338, 0.4308197796344757, 0.03599954769015312, -0.5297390222549438, 0.6307174563407898, -0.7647587656974792, -0.016788342967629433, -0.6034676432609558, -0.11427789181470871, 0.5974120497703552, -0.3874082863330841, 0.34659820795059204, 0.42739787697792053, 0.3198884129524231, 0.07060052454471588, -0.2549249231815338, 0.6399861574172974, 0.26647236943244934, 0.2110820859670639, -0.3480813503265381, 0.12719331681728363, -0.4813825190067291, 0.12582693994045258, -0.21117296814918518, -0.317548006772995, -0.3666151762008667, -0.08639492839574814, 0.12449930608272552, 0.19693322479724884, 0.4667898118495941, -0.1017695739865303, 0.4780965745449066, 0.21116793155670166, -0.7181466221809387, 0.4148256778717041, -0.6198350787162781, -0.4341495633125305, 0.0010469545377418399, -0.08781865239143372, -0.23064228892326355, 0.16231198608875275, -0.38705602288246155, -0.688655436038971, 0.6451200246810913, 0.08892049640417099, -0.8155081868171692, -0.2762109339237213, -0.008942123502492905, -0.33956360816955566, -0.6130726933479309, 0.7705344557762146, -0.3347702920436859, 0.10913502424955368, 0.1243852749466896, 0.018703216686844826, 0.4172131419181824, -0.10089050233364105, 0.4939960539340973, 0.019506605342030525, 0.01688937097787857, 1.1987192630767822, -0.16404905915260315, -0.05297132954001427, -0.30128785967826843, -0.04839283972978592, -0.45402002334594727, 0.554633378982544, 0.6978135108947754, 0.6792944669723511, -0.06544820219278336, -0.21938197314739227, -0.16436639428138733, -0.7798476219177246, -0.1419677585363388, 0.26243698596954346, 0.1760847270488739, -0.37086614966392517, -0.6206178665161133, 0.3630661368370056, 0.291477769613266, 0.2367853820323944, 0.0960187166929245, -0.5689283609390259, 0.2831178903579712, -0.015070655383169651, -0.6723949313163757, 0.5860857367515564, -0.5905848145484924, 0.0379025936126709, 0.42984873056411743, -0.5034305453300476, -0.0030582251492887735, 0.17650830745697021, 0.46927422285079956, -0.09392838180065155, 0.005120742134749889, -0.11208425462245941, -0.44827979803085327, -0.21329984068870544, -0.814778208732605, -0.20520277321338654, -0.1517181396484375, -0.02747390791773796, 0.48802030086517334, 0.07558508962392807, 1.1576043367385864, -0.4268117845058441, 0.15716086328029633, -0.43263140320777893, 0.7402592897415161, -0.27946269512176514, -0.014595361426472664, -0.16913601756095886, -0.5260313153266907, -0.3954097628593445, -0.42453470826148987, 0.3556327819824219, 0.48885446786880493, -0.3011133372783661, -0.8109717965126038, 0.07262145727872849, -0.3940356969833374, -0.8633090257644653, 0.21768389642238617, -0.5466507077217102, -0.44939279556274414, -0.4698428809642792, -1.0142399072647095, -0.5247602462768555, 0.2510043978691101, -0.7448450922966003, -0.3519620895385742, 0.23837687075138092, 0.16953961551189423, 0.16937728226184845, -0.5243927836418152, -0.11531231552362442, 0.1834029108285904, -0.04373878985643387, 0.3344346880912781, 0.32196518778800964, 0.16941213607788086, 0.410983145236969, 0.7477443814277649, 0.48982974886894226, -0.5801796317100525, -0.7533668279647827, 0.5050776600837708, -0.11591554433107376, 0.5235907435417175, 0.15078109502792358, 0.13491128385066986, 0.7124542593955994, 0.4275320768356323, -0.19831474125385284, 0.07164677232503891, 0.007533639669418335, 0.2855289578437805, 0.028353281319141388, -0.8362359404563904, 0.6299010515213013, 0.5894787907600403, -0.4496643841266632, 0.7045077085494995, 0.22770144045352936, 0.3853170573711395, 0.478302538394928, -0.1871747076511383, -0.49282169342041016, 0.2547653019428253, -0.05909465253353119, -0.8648144602775574, 0.7416921257972717, 0.5488393306732178, -0.6924551129341125, 0.24989646673202515, 0.6150155663490295, -0.25139862298965454, 0.2208709418773651, -0.014920261688530445, 0.14601781964302063, -0.5403677821159363, -0.1955256164073944, 0.16421402990818024, -0.5626261830329895, 0.8705646991729736, 0.14688740670681, -0.3635043799877167, 0.34766680002212524, -0.22757983207702637, 0.29803192615509033, -0.2490362972021103, 0.21525835990905762, 0.15402400493621826, 0.35626164078712463, 0.20014579594135284, -0.2388971894979477, 0.4204213321208954, 0.5113427042961121, 0.3149150311946869, 0.6887930631637573, 1.2387984991073608, 0.40456628799438477, 0.13860554993152618, -0.6799941658973694, 0.3519681394100189, 0.4197850823402405, -0.24937406182289124, -0.1565181165933609, 0.3286748230457306, 0.6383983492851257, -0.48814427852630615, -0.16119059920310974, -0.13659484684467316, 0.010228047147393227, -0.5806583762168884, 0.34108710289001465, 0.196877583861351, -0.337660014629364, 0.5629549026489258, 0.17879870533943176, 0.8979398012161255, 0.022464342415332794, 0.27641457319259644, 0.17573672533035278, 0.01171160489320755, -0.31356415152549744, -0.36216503381729126, 0.42311692237854004, 0.4576314687728882, 0.11181534081697464, 0.28983983397483826, 0.7979447245597839, 0.32926103472709656, 0.03379155695438385, 0.11956111341714859, -0.2984904646873474, -0.759839653968811, -0.09063990414142609, 0.017011499032378197, -0.12043339014053345, -0.6501960158348083, 0.027726300060749054, -0.6436304450035095, -0.452477365732193, -0.5435223579406738, 0.10973071306943893, -0.5190100073814392, -0.40533992648124695, -0.006048815790563822, -0.25925737619400024, -0.15660560131072998, 0.3125099241733551, -0.1329563856124878, -0.15134495496749878, 0.11457466334104538, 0.11236342787742615, 0.3527453541755676, -0.24999697506427765, 0.6509063839912415, -0.7940318584442139, 0.7684555053710938, -0.2609832286834717, -0.2889552116394043, 0.25627395510673523, -0.028748631477355957, 0.1163807138800621, -0.2947533428668976, 0.287662148475647, -0.006255484186112881, 0.09865069389343262, -0.4098190665245056, 0.38765817880630493, 0.9888627529144287, 0.12400922179222107, -0.1073293536901474, 0.004653189796954393, -0.3347218632698059, -0.3712865710258484, 1.020421028137207, 0.1323227733373642, -0.39490631222724915, 0.5256062746047974, -0.04705515131354332, 0.051632676273584366, 0.6529410481452942, -0.7693453431129456, -0.31303268671035767, 0.18813402950763702, 0.5893175005912781, 0.11288212239742279, 0.29567939043045044, -0.30448266863822937, 0.3128741383552551, -0.19280177354812622, -0.10481296479701996, 0.1134696677327156, -0.4960907995700836, -0.12702502310276031, 0.8310479521751404, 0.29459357261657715, -0.30668434500694275, -0.6067869663238525, -0.08573557436466217, 0.003392413491383195, -0.040205053985118866, -0.13715210556983948, -0.25814199447631836, 0.47825804352760315, -0.00998612493276596, 0.328745037317276, -0.43570762872695923, 0.42577141523361206, -0.06995155662298203, 0.6097519397735596, -0.12285915017127991, -0.07715632766485214, 0.024312101304531097, -0.3110228478908539, 0.06446639448404312, -0.21873818337917328, 0.43597108125686646, 0.7546635270118713, -0.46818092465400696, -0.37224236130714417, 0.19097182154655457, -0.32733428478240967, -0.9228731989860535, -0.15764828026294708, 0.506647527217865, 0.05997515469789505, 0.35776180028915405, -0.05895662680268288, -0.0695609524846077, 0.273860901594162, 0.24268727004528046, -0.028333907946944237, 0.7476693391799927, -0.11616451293230057, 0.2494526505470276, -0.8446804285049438, -0.3254386782646179, -0.6409425735473633, -0.6965799331665039, -0.014827004633843899, 0.09031042456626892, -0.8947664499282837, -0.032633859664201736, -0.6942110061645508, -0.14503087103366852, 0.07929704338312149, -0.49305370450019836, -0.023542873561382294, -0.27645835280418396, 0.18218190968036652, -0.8972598314285278, -0.08817930519580841, 0.4304673969745636, 0.44298961758613586, 0.2574182450771332, -0.2384190410375595, 0.5772715210914612, 0.5252523422241211, 0.12909911572933197, -0.35220178961753845, 0.300649493932724, 0.004882922861725092, 0.7309823632240295, -0.6988122463226318, 0.304012268781662, 0.30324214696884155, -0.37747472524642944, 0.0025671334005892277, 0.2550412118434906, -0.14990326762199402, 0.016533657908439636, 0.4084537923336029, -0.8113640546798706, 0.03377445787191391, -0.5645595788955688, 0.16516932845115662, -0.2925707697868347, 0.17756013572216034, 0.2363751381635666, -0.41503262519836426, 0.03791986033320427, 0.23099176585674286, 0.22271260619163513, -0.7692137360572815, 0.9222915172576904, -0.15907955169677734, 0.5669807195663452, -0.2736576795578003, -0.43628010153770447, -0.07459676265716553, -0.636322021484375, 0.4983918368816376, 0.2295442819595337, -0.05227091163396835, 0.15708854794502258, 0.6324552297592163, -0.29913651943206787, -0.33442968130111694, 0.2165137231349945, 0.00861542671918869, -0.07455109059810638, 0.029399678111076355, -0.7735885977745056, -0.9773696660995483, 0.498572438955307, 0.44755682349205017, -0.5531322360038757, 0.38719263672828674, -0.116412453353405, -0.1724318414926529, -0.26307404041290283, 0.09824983030557632, -0.3499006927013397, 0.4385095536708832, 0.05614253133535385 ]
249208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence%20of%20the%20sum%20of%20the%20reciprocals%20of%20the%20primes	Divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes	The sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges; that is: This was proved by Leonhard Euler in 1737, and strengthens (i.e. it gives more information than) Euclid's 3rd-century-BC result that there are infinitely many prime numbers. There are a variety of proofs of Euler's result, including a lower bound for the partial sums stating that for all natural numbers . The double natural logarithm () indicates that the divergence might be very slow, which is indeed the case. See Meissel–Mertens constant. The harmonic series First, we describe how Euler originally discovered the result. He was considering the harmonic series He had already used the following "product formula" to show the existence of infinitely many primes. Here the product is taken over the set of all primes. Such infinite products are today called Euler products. The product above is a reflection of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euler noted that if there were only a finite number of primes, then the product on the right would clearly converge, contradicting the divergence of the harmonic series. Proofs Euler's proof Euler considered the above product formula and proceeded to make a sequence of audacious leaps of logic. First, he took the natural logarithm of each side, then he used the Taylor series expansion for as well as the sum of a converging series: for a fixed constant . Then he invoked the relation which he explained, for instance in a later 1748 work, by setting in the Taylor series expansion This allowed him to conclude that It is almost certain that Euler meant that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes less than is asymptotic to as approaches infinity. It turns out this is indeed the case, and a more precise version of this fact was rigorously proved by Franz Mertens in 1874. Thus Euler obtained a correct result by questionable means. Erdős's proof by upper and lower estimates The following proof by contradiction is due to Paul Erdős. Let denote the th prime number. Assume that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes converges Then there exists a smallest positive integer such that For a positive integer , let denote the set of those in which are not divisible by any prime greater than (or equivalently all which are a product of powers of primes ). We will now derive an upper and a lower estimate for , the number of elements in . For large , these bounds will turn out to be contradictory. Upper estimate Every in can be written as with positive integers and , where is square-free. Since only the primes can show up (with exponent 1) in the prime factorization of , there are at most different possibilities for . Furthermore, there are at most possible values for . This gives us the upper estimate Lower estimate The remaining numbers in the set difference are all divisible by a prime greater than . Let denote the set of those in which are divisible by the th prime . Then Since the number of integers in is at most (actually zero for ), we get Using (1), this implies This produces a contradiction: when , the estimates (2) and (3) cannot both hold, because . Proof that the series exhibits log-log growth Here is another proof that actually gives a lower estimate for the partial sums; in particular, it shows that these sums grow at least as fast as . The proof is due to Ivan Niven, adapted from the product expansion idea of Euler. In the following, a sum or product taken over always represents a sum or product taken over a specified set of primes. The proof rests upon the following four inequalities: Every positive integer can be uniquely expressed as the product of a square-free integer and a square as a consequence of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Start with where the βs are 0 (the corresponding power of prime is even) or 1 (the corresponding power of prime is odd). Factor out one copy of all the primes whose β is 1, leaving a product of primes to even powers, itself a square. Relabeling: where the first factor, a product of primes to the first power, is square free. Inverting all the s gives the inequality To see this, note that and That is, is one of the summands in the expanded product . And since is one of the summands of , every summand is represented in one of the terms of when multiplied out. The inequality follows. The upper estimate for the natural logarithm The lower estimate for the exponential function, which holds for all . Let . The upper bound (using a telescoping sum) for the partial sums (convergence is all we really need) Combining all these inequalities, we see that Dividing through by and taking the natural logarithm of both sides gives as desired. Q.E.D. Using (see the Basel problem), the above constant can be improved to ; in fact it turns out that where is the Meissel–Mertens constant (somewhat analogous to the much more famous Euler–Mascheroni constant). Proof from Dusart's inequality From Dusart's inequality, we get Then by the integral test for convergence. This shows that the series on the left diverges. Geometric and Harmonic Series Proof Suppose for contradiction the sum converged. Then, there exists such that . Call this sum . Now consider the convergent geometric series . This geometric series contains the sum of reciprocals of all numbers whose prime factorization contain only primes in the set . Consider the subseries . This is a subseries because is not divisible by any . However, by the Limit comparison test, this subseries diverges by comparing it to the harmonic series. Indeed, . Thus, we have found a divergent subseries of the original convergent series, and since all terms are positive, this gives the contradiction. We may conclude diverges. Q.E.D. Partial sums While the partial sums of the reciprocals of the primes eventually exceed any integer value, they never equal an integer. One proof is by induction: The first partial sum is , which has the form . If the th partial sum (for ) has the form , then the st sum is as the st prime is odd; since this sum also has an form, this partial sum cannot be an integer (because 2 divides the denominator but not the numerator), and the induction continues. Another proof rewrites the expression for the sum of the first reciprocals of primes (or indeed the sum of the reciprocals of any set of primes) in terms of the least common denominator, which is the product of all these primes. Then each of these primes divides all but one of the numerator terms and hence does not divide the numerator itself; but each prime does divide the denominator. Thus the expression is irreducible and is non-integer. See also Euclid's theorem that there are infinitely many primes Small set (combinatorics) Brun's theorem, on the convergent sum of reciprocals of the twin primes List of sums of reciprocals References Sources External links Mathematical series Articles containing proofs Theorems about prime numbers	[ -0.6728219985961914, -0.40488559007644653, -0.17782676219940186, -0.21643565595149994, -0.4049990773200989, 0.5605210065841675, 0.4820355176925659, -0.13037963211536407, 0.06365631520748138, -0.3503905236721039, -0.020392894744873047, 0.36936959624290466, -0.4260481297969818, 0.22085990011692047, -0.11000943928956985, 0.18749253451824188, 0.46177661418914795, 0.14323735237121582, -0.04187920689582825, -0.1683216392993927, 0.3629697859287262, 0.1812923550605774, 0.38591668009757996, -0.3123379945755005, -0.3533741235733032, -0.35444405674934387, 0.04109041765332222, -0.39460596442222595, 0.171653151512146, 0.4773977994918823, -0.29134461283683777, 0.978476345539093, 0.13389655947685242, -0.4348737895488739, 0.5935928225517273, 0.31033754348754883, 0.5465700626373291, 0.261216938495636, 0.44382020831108093, 0.0386948324739933, 0.675472617149353, -0.09899741411209106, 0.11652744561433792, 0.14360295236110687, -0.7096529603004456, -1.030487298965454, -1.6697587966918945, 0.1749928593635559, -0.14040414988994598, -0.7995259165763855, -0.4027560353279114, -0.11882146447896957, 0.2966962158679962, 0.8168127536773682, -0.8227334022521973, 0.743466317653656, -0.8406057357788086, -0.510556161403656, 0.6267006397247314, -0.029018370434641838, 0.022120578214526176, 0.28083673119544983, 0.18008476495742798, 0.2382364273071289, -0.08606693893671036, 1.0730632543563843, -0.09708869457244873, 0.7404488921165466, -0.31651362776756287, -0.2673485577106476, -0.1194612979888916, 0.128141388297081, -0.5524614453315735, 0.3561928868293762, -0.7042827010154724, 0.26200103759765625, -0.22585952281951904, 0.2812230885028839, 0.6423373818397522, -0.07943972200155258, -0.175444558262825, 0.1682489961385727, 0.9071895480155945, -0.8612681031227112, -0.015530464239418507, -0.35577142238616943, -0.08292674273252487, 0.23953917622566223, -0.6327298283576965, 0.3252966105937958, 0.1193050816655159, -0.2089693248271942, 0.33573979139328003, -0.24021336436271667, -0.06606895476579666, 0.5716311931610107, 0.6434957385063171, -0.46725064516067505, 0.19403092563152313, -0.17828278243541718, -0.081967793405056, -0.07724259793758392, 0.05538728088140488, -0.8713380694389343, -0.4373474419116974, -0.6729064583778381, 0.045695751905441284, -0.17760483920574188, 0.3100595474243164, -0.06542453914880753, -0.8286510705947876, 0.7204223871231079, 0.37337613105773926, -0.1853206604719162, -0.8313143849372864, 0.3343430459499359, 0.31224697828292847, 0.1115969866514206, 0.034138161689043045, 0.10184918344020844, -0.306564062833786, 0.6012548804283142, -0.25988006591796875, 0.4907236099243164, -0.08001245558261871, 0.18340623378753662, 0.4775000512599945, 0.5766180157661438, -0.7006853222846985, -0.32469284534454346, 0.4757113456726074, 1.0346792936325073, 0.47734710574150085, 0.03111725114285946, 0.2232334017753601, -0.8209202289581299, -0.011440259404480457, -0.47839856147766113, -0.665476381778717, -0.3021377921104431, -0.1915224939584732, 0.11950600147247314, -0.9140856862068176, -0.13456985354423523, 0.6628819704055786, 0.02392462268471718, -0.38634246587753296, -0.3402758538722992, -0.0525958351790905, -0.16004544496536255, 0.07207480818033218, 0.2494778037071228, -0.4351324737071991, -0.15564846992492676, -0.16775716841220856, -0.4898184835910797, 0.23554876446723938, 0.6672818064689636, -0.07779408246278763, 0.31306135654449463, 0.16507114470005035, -0.11198879778385162, -0.18688450753688812, -0.40523189306259155, 0.11520887166261673, -0.7558114528656006, 0.7777952551841736, 0.21567098796367645, -0.46955549716949463, 0.5234260559082031, -0.49676045775413513, -0.16022877395153046, 0.24697895348072052, -0.08131974190473557, 0.07753244042396545, -0.34851640462875366, -0.12331851571798325, 0.21594789624214172, 0.4219144284725189, -0.23608951270580292, -0.9519920945167542, 0.42675134539604187, 0.1980123370885849, -0.019638657569885254, 0.6107462644577026, 0.29589641094207764, 0.5999405980110168, 0.3010104298591614, 0.13077819347381592, -0.3336564600467682, -0.3819063901901245, -0.05278213322162628, 0.09577080607414246, -0.6860144138336182, 0.749379575252533, 0.5995970964431763, -0.5836862921714783, 0.47348469495773315, -0.11992407590150833, 0.37722048163414, -0.15263332426548004, -0.35414472222328186, 0.10472764074802399, 1.0218347311019897, -0.3524416387081146, 1.0242317914962769, -0.35276246070861816, 0.08236302435398102, 0.020305659621953964, 0.6756641268730164, 0.7125979065895081, -0.2293408364057541, -0.12326692789793015, -0.24411314725875854, -0.21518871188163757, 0.155992791056633, -0.06037776917219162, -0.03043298050761223, 0.27350863814353943, 0.28267335891723633, 0.7114746570587158, -0.3520778715610504, 0.13591952621936798, 0.15682774782180786, 0.1334943175315857, 0.7235586047172546, 0.8743612170219421, 0.257662296295166, 0.30287066102027893, -0.42738455533981323, -0.09412528574466705, -0.44655781984329224, 0.1703411191701889, 0.4252208173274994, 0.11486320942640305, 0.34397608041763306, 0.15947772562503815, -0.6340141296386719, 0.5858905911445618, -0.8216140866279602, 0.020546721294522285, 0.298353910446167, 0.053506527096033096, 0.42578238248825073, -0.0029626572504639626, 0.2923603653907776, 0.06301754713058472, 0.0077445413917303085, -0.33878928422927856, -0.31214818358421326, 0.09631070494651794, 0.4966566860675812, 0.09720326215028763, -0.45250973105430603, -0.014693171717226505, -0.2371753454208374, 0.2727305293083191, 0.16316919028759003, 0.8690361976623535, 0.6578125357627869, 0.13089439272880554, -0.4232359528541565, 0.7385954260826111, -0.5097633004188538, -0.401894211769104, -0.5407600998878479, -1.0969626903533936, -0.38203877210617065, 0.47146087884902954, -0.4682462513446808, 0.8076816201210022, -0.610588788986206, -0.6101428866386414, 0.24005165696144104, -0.5228310227394104, -0.3362397253513336, -0.5830336213111877, -0.1318853497505188, -0.8025352954864502, -0.10950566083192825, 0.3813522160053253, 0.7618555426597595, -0.1698656976222992, -0.3186675012111664, -0.5699659585952759, -0.25946542620658875, -0.30944639444351196, -0.3978366553783417, 0.2111678570508957, -0.49601858854293823, -0.4819428622722626, -0.3230966627597809, -0.49190276861190796, -0.6221809983253479, -0.36334317922592163, 0.5781126022338867, -0.253304660320282, -0.10460074990987778, 0.4007393717765808, -0.09187371283769608, -0.7113444805145264, -0.09066904336214066, 0.01737944968044758, -0.3691490888595581, -0.4650227129459381, -0.519661009311676, -0.12184865027666092, 0.19076576828956604, -5.114636421203613, 0.36483606696128845, -0.658685564994812, 0.18274053931236267, -0.5534889698028564, 0.20542901754379272, 0.48826315999031067, -0.11678926646709442, -0.920559823513031, -0.2015405148267746, -0.3357017934322357, -0.7179405093193054, -0.5772733092308044, 0.8917363882064819, -0.0233546644449234, -0.3129371106624603, 0.41354620456695557, 0.38994100689888, 0.3015030324459076, 0.5767860412597656, -0.5204436182975769, -0.31078532338142395, -0.2628861963748932, -0.4715329110622406, 0.8834816813468933, -0.0018504020990803838, -0.44309937953948975, 0.44113728404045105, -0.7313498854637146, -0.04763532429933548, -0.7395139932632446, -0.21643608808517456, 0.13216368854045868, -0.060150086879730225, -0.14582858979701996, 0.09561067074537277, 0.33662787079811096, -0.6933498978614807, 0.8212336301803589, -0.5905112028121948, -0.9238560199737549, 0.5622948408126831, -0.06970479339361191, 0.2061280757188797, 0.44226130843162537, 0.2522210478782654, 0.15842847526073456, 0.44853153824806213, -0.10396052896976471, 0.6439245343208313, -0.07677330076694489, 0.1535196602344513, -0.17659451067447662, -0.5191878080368042, -0.33941560983657837, -0.2840857207775116, 0.367825984954834, -0.3808053731918335, -0.41355136036872864, 0.5343992710113525, 0.6794464588165283, -0.8779564499855042, 0.3236836791038513, 0.04179443418979645, -0.4885823726654053, -0.4630398452281952, -0.762692391872406, -0.4109107255935669, 0.5145001411437988, 0.3251332640647888, -0.2428358495235443, 0.8023557662963867, -0.15338614583015442, -0.2992852032184601, -0.16955982148647308, -0.1854550540447235, -0.12727193534374237, 0.10355205088853836, 0.4969087243080139, 0.8337602615356445, -0.198505699634552, -0.6620597243309021, -0.5093303918838501, 0.9937702417373657, 0.08526207506656647, -0.05865688994526863, 0.1155659481883049, 0.34910136461257935, -1.015790343284607, 0.034246742725372314, -0.15962518751621246, -0.255962997674942, 0.1274525672197342, 0.22297361493110657, -0.492510586977005, 0.140280619263649, 0.03499681502580643, 0.22811025381088257, 0.48700863122940063, -0.11069377511739731, -0.07917558401823044, -0.5526613593101501, 0.17195403575897217, 0.10672362893819809, 0.45033565163612366, 0.07317645102739334, -0.4773368537425995, 0.644940197467804, 0.1998167634010315, 0.1971404254436493, -0.49779266119003296, 0.006025171373039484, -0.5976236462593079, -0.3122749626636505, 0.22595612704753876, -0.05712851881980896, -0.7432651519775391, 0.2038721889257431, 0.7790698409080505, 0.1553773730993271, 0.185811385512352, 0.3874989449977875, 0.04383284971117973, -0.606493353843689, 0.04363398253917694, 0.024002831429243088, -0.32565563917160034, 0.5267506837844849, -0.5829238891601562, 0.31430062651634216, -0.5240633487701416, 0.531428873538971, 0.18970145285129547, -0.0734337568283081, 0.5787163972854614, -0.3319548964500427, -0.013359424658119678, 0.23579555749893188, 0.35302460193634033, -0.08504661917686462, 0.6956532597541809, 0.816798985004425, -0.25787147879600525, -0.47764602303504944, 0.3295169174671173, 0.5518324971199036, 0.8303341865539551, -0.778802752494812, -0.9730984568595886, 0.4618522524833679, 0.4500000774860382, -1.1754318475723267, 0.8946306705474854, -0.25703689455986023, 0.8708164691925049, 0.24347923696041107, 0.014359762892127037, 0.4908287227153778, -0.39482077956199646, -0.37972068786621094, 0.04315705597400665, -0.09522079676389694, -0.3232043385505676, -0.30270475149154663, 0.35441702604293823, -0.2593328058719635, -0.648269772529602, -0.35207599401474, -0.5594729781150818, 0.3286219835281372, -0.24511711299419403, 0.23558934032917023, -0.3049999177455902, -0.05838635936379433, 0.5003058910369873, 0.10519751906394958, 0.45673081278800964, 0.07600130140781403, -0.09644903987646103, -0.5900613069534302, 0.445723295211792, -0.6574532389640808, -0.6786147952079773, 0.6523123979568481, 1.0299937725067139, -0.507976770401001, -0.045728277415037155, -0.44300225377082825, -0.7093537449836731, 0.08678553253412247, 0.5240670442581177, 0.5358343124389648, -0.14975187182426453, -0.0976099893450737, -0.3385513722896576, -0.37346553802490234, -0.012234608642756939, 1.0728435516357422, -0.10982327163219452, -0.3151666522026062, 0.10393496602773666, 0.959587812423706, 0.022530628368258476, 0.08511067926883698, 0.4438597857952118, -0.3201877176761627, -0.327606737613678, 0.08271430432796478, -0.8627990484237671, 0.27022647857666016, -0.5249996781349182, -0.8418634533882141, -0.8074607849121094, -0.252930223941803, -0.2690470814704895, 0.17725862562656403, 0.6934714317321777, -0.6382088661193848, 0.0685209184885025, -0.512032151222229, 0.6342858672142029, -0.6709821820259094, 0.0383843295276165, -0.01654903218150139, -0.09140218049287796, -0.07854124158620834, -0.2366771548986435, -0.21187736093997955, 1.2813924551010132, -0.11406729370355606, -0.4621817171573639, -0.18320660293102264, 0.019858604297041893, 0.45631375908851624, -0.10043030232191086, -0.1651967614889145, -0.6213124394416809, 0.5689528584480286, -1.0372127294540405, -0.6484370231628418, 0.37706243991851807, 0.2610183358192444, 0.35336244106292725, -0.40286290645599365, -0.6596320867538452, -0.03135252743959427, 0.36461398005485535, -0.37368258833885193, -0.2770966589450836, -0.04141080006957054, -0.12098602950572968, -0.15815936028957367, -0.5352054238319397, -0.334132581949234, 0.655451774597168, 0.4276074469089508, 0.048359837383031845, -0.48569777607917786, 0.25946030020713806, 0.02206147089600563, 0.08773322403430939, -0.06103541702032089, -0.5701401233673096, 0.41550877690315247, -0.020529555156826973, 0.7389718294143677, -0.07460784912109375, 0.23136112093925476, 0.5622492432594299, -0.6865147352218628, 0.15268200635910034, -1.1272202730178833, 0.03811463713645935, 0.2183394432067871, 0.39672374725341797, 0.4571463465690613, 0.1987343579530716, 0.5910370349884033, 0.04713497683405876, -0.8878604173660278, 0.11574027687311172, -0.029964914545416832, 0.16700229048728943, -0.7500608563423157, 0.3651870787143707, 0.1487104743719101, 0.11007148027420044, 0.15999837219715118, -0.30830812454223633, 0.7827789187431335, -0.7178292870521545, -0.30963149666786194, 0.05856872349977493, 0.043381381779909134, 0.22020724415779114, 0.46056637167930603, -0.015680765733122826, 0.5967696905136108, -0.5721659064292908, -0.40237563848495483, -0.5505914688110352, -0.4671773314476013, 0.3053513169288635, -0.3566535711288452, -0.1594528704881668, 0.507108211517334, 0.37533968687057495, 0.23235957324504852, 0.027888942509889603, 0.26521727442741394, 0.4748019278049469, 0.6611457467079163, -0.372014582157135, 0.20344747602939606, -0.18023376166820526, -0.5875042080879211, 1.0964313745498657, -0.7327560782432556, 0.050955601036548615, 0.692996084690094, -0.28198373317718506, -0.4745291769504547, 0.4679701626300812, -0.4710468649864197, -0.8897832632064819, -0.07647418230772018, -0.06328219175338745, 0.5089908242225647, -0.43379420042037964, 0.816521942615509, 0.48241177201271057, 0.6108524203300476, -0.8997751474380493, 0.45325618982315063, -0.038242947310209274, -0.6336770057678223, 0.4081524610519409, -0.535494863986969, 0.2756018042564392, 0.5783922076225281, 1.1945290565490723, 1.0266387462615967, -0.041599374264478683, 0.2943328619003296, 0.15990419685840607, 0.4520074725151062, 0.28316250443458557, 0.015270864591002464, 0.02134365774691105, 0.06525206565856934, 0.6113777160644531, -0.1580125391483307, 0.44508427381515503, -0.23564454913139343, 0.35973942279815674, -0.2986399233341217, 0.3741406202316284, -0.3823336958885193, 0.0018679882632568479, -0.05252377316355705, -0.05612868815660477, 0.2703482508659363, 0.19799932837486267, -0.5421092510223389, -0.16886377334594727, -0.21654435992240906, 0.9398682713508606, 0.005845651961863041, -0.039419110864400864, 0.07979165017604828, 0.5799808502197266, 0.40426793694496155, -0.3271636664867401, 0.2911536395549774, 1.0846525430679321, 0.15253371000289917, 0.6543768644332886, 0.6965271234512329, -0.2927896976470947, -0.4422305226325989, 0.2366226315498352, 0.454377681016922, -0.08409292995929718, -0.5545832514762878, -0.2096846103668213, 0.23676010966300964, 0.13079935312271118, -0.21134373545646667, -0.16426005959510803, 0.13079556822776794, 0.48062458634376526, -0.6776316165924072, -0.09055303037166595, -0.034789592027664185, -0.07822491973638535, 0.12615981698036194, -0.6950199007987976, 0.5607715249061584, 0.7193702459335327, -0.5668482780456543, 0.304674357175827, 0.32471826672554016, 0.48617106676101685, 0.13113175332546234, -0.21095514297485352, 0.3345322608947754, -0.159611314535141, 0.2485949695110321, -0.272353857755661, 0.39404022693634033, 0.2715650796890259, -0.07254616171121597, -0.19763289391994476, 0.43565449118614197, -0.554164707660675, -0.1436825692653656, 0.4110463857650757, -0.39047178626060486, -0.48060786724090576, -0.6482086777687073, -0.7034561634063721, -0.32101547718048096, -0.07936690002679825, -0.26825395226478577, -0.19113270938396454, -0.18199887871742249, 0.30062949657440186, 0.08481791615486145, 0.035401005297899246, 0.49059680104255676, -0.8013657331466675, 0.4926900565624237, -0.2716940939426422, -0.10607179254293442, -0.47308725118637085, -0.4798992872238159, 0.32653430104255676, 0.5287398099899292, 0.45084789395332336, -0.02063501626253128, -0.3082771599292755, 0.1612425297498703, -0.6865419149398804, 0.7380987405776978, 0.5398901104927063, 0.5747858285903931, -0.4976850152015686, -0.6051511764526367, -0.3535631597042084, 0.043244097381830215, 0.6173003315925598, 0.2964169681072235, -0.27471745014190674, -0.25457751750946045, -0.5780866146087646, -0.24317920207977295, 0.21809327602386475, -0.4940738081932068, 0.0021092083770781755, 0.44379523396492004 ]
249234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Education	Bachelor of Education	A Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) is an undergraduate professional degree which prepares students for work as a teacher in schools. In some countries such as Tanzania and Kenya, additional tasks like field work and research are required in order for the student to be fully qualified to teach. It may also be accompanied with or followed by tests for licenses or certifications required for teachers in some areas. Countries where colleges and universities award the degree Argentina Since the Educational Reform of 2006, a National Institute for Teacher Education (INFD) was established to develop a standard and coherent teacher training structure throughout the country. According to the Argentine Ministry of Education, the creation of the INFD has helped greatly to reform the previous system establishing a national requirement of a 5-Year National Bachelor of Education to work across the nation at public schools, while there are private universities granting a 4-Year Provincial Bachelor of Education with the regional application. Other harmonization measures included the standardization of academic qualifications by creating a “National Catalog of Titles and Certifications in Professional Technical Education” and a federal system of degrees and transcripts for most levels of education (excluding university education). The 2005 Vocational and Technical Education Law seeks to systematize training standards and quality assurance mechanisms in vocational education throughout the country. At the secondary level, the government is currently standardizing curricular streams nationwide – a reform that is expected to be completed by the end of 2019. Recent guidelines of Education in Argentina on compulsory education aim to decrease the dropout rates in secondary school and improve promotion and graduation rates throughout Argentina. Australia In Australia, a 4-Year Bachelor of Education degree combines practical/pedagogical study with a Major sequence in the academic discipline of Education. In the majority of Australian universities, there is usually 2 distinct types of the Bachelor of Education: Primary and Secondary. The subjects and degree programs are quite different in both degrees e.g. for a student studying the Bachelor of Education (Primary) the focus of their degree would lie in behaviour, children, basic literacy, how children learn etc. For a student studying the Bachelor of Education (Secondary) they would therefore be teaching roughly 11- to 18-year-old adolescents and their programs would have less focus on those kinds of areas by the Primary degree. Instead, the degree is based around the student's intending teaching subjects; usually 1 or 2. In NSW, these teaching areas provide the major focus for their degrees in their final years. They consist of: English, Mathematics, Science (Biology, Physics & Chemistry), Geography, History, Business Studies, Legal Studies, Economics, Society & Culture and Languages. The longer duration of the course allows for more practical experiences and greater personal or professional development before teaching service. Most Australian State Teacher-Certification bodies require either a Bachelor of Education, or a bachelor's degree in one or two subject areas, with a Graduate Diploma in Education as a minimum. A B.Ed. is not to be confused with the lesser degree Bachelor of Teaching, which is usually an 'End-On' course similar but slightly longer than a Graduate Diploma in Education. A Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) is given to teachers who focus on ages 5-8 years of age. Though this degree does not stop Early Childhood teachers teaching students who are older in Primary school, this degree is still equivalent to a Bachelor of Education Primary and noted as a "specialty" in Early Childhood. As of 2017 all teachers (with an exemption to Early Childhood Teachers) must sit the LANTITE exam (Literacy and Numeracy Test for Initial Teachers Exam) to gain their registration and prior to their 16th unit of study undertaking. However, in special circumstances this exam requirement can be waived and the select student given a passing grade. Prior to 2016 the Graduate Diploma of Education was no longer accredited, as the label Bachelor of Education is now the complete title. As of 2012 Early Childhood Teachers are required to learn the EYLF (Early Years Learning Framework) a framework that is based on theoretical practice and holistic teaching methods for ages birth to five years old. In Queensland there is a framework more commonly used called QKLG (Queensland Kindergarten Learning Guide), based on the EYLF and used to teach children ages 3-6 Note: In Australia, the term Undergraduate Degree is used to describe all degrees undertaken by a first-time university student and usually no pre-requisite tertiary level studies are required, mostly just the completion of Secondary High School. Postgraduate degrees are used to describe the degrees completed with an Undergraduate degree as pre-requisite. Bangladesh In Bangladesh, Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) is an undergraduate professional degree for Hons. (4 years) and Diploma (1/2/3 years) in Education offered by the authorized Teachers Training Institutes or colleges for those aimed their profession as a teacher or as an education and curriculum specialist or as an educationalist in the government and non-governmental educational institutes or any educational organizations such as Save the Children, UNICEF, United Nations Development Programme, BFES, SSUF, ASA etc. B.Ed. degree is mandatory for the teaching profession in both of primary and Secondary school level. Without teaching profession, if anyone wants to go other professions such as education & curriculum specialist, researcher, administrator etc. in any educational or other sectors, he/she must have the minimum qualification of Hons. graduation degree in education (B.Ed. hons. degree). Every year many talent Hons. graduate students from this subject get international scholarship from well known universities of other countries like UK, USA, Japan, Australia, Canada etc. The minimum qualification required for entry into B.Ed. Hons. (4 years) course is passed H.S.C. or equivalent and for entry into Diploma (1/2/3 years) course in education is Bachelor of Arts (B.A) or Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.). The Hons. students of this subject have to read basic educational course contents as their major courses with some minor subject courses. In addition, usually for diploma (1/2/3 years) students from Arts faculty are trained to lecture subjects like history, civics, geography and languages and from Science faculty are trained to follow their lecture on mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology etc. whereas graduates from Commerce faculty trained up to lecture on accounting & finance, economics, management & marketing. After B.Ed. hons., one can continue for Master in Education (M.Ed.), M.Phil, PhD in education in some universities of Bangladesh. National Council for Education and related universities as well as their institutions is the constitutional authority to standardize courses for the educationalist and teachers in Bangladesh. Canada and the United States In Canada and the United States, this degree is awarded for coursework completed within a programme lasting one to five years, depending on the requirements established by the place where the province or state in which the university is located. In Canada, a B.Ed. degree is required for teaching certification. A B.Ed. programme may have direct entry from high school; as a combined degree with another bachelor's degree (e.g., B.A./B.Ed.); or as an after-degree programme where the candidate has obtained a bachelor's degree, usually in the field in which the student wishes to teach. A good rapport or previous experience with young children or teens is also a desired characteristic of applicants. There are several streams to a Bachelor of Education, each corresponding to the particular level of instruction. In the United States, this includes elementary school education, middle school education, and high school education. Students in the elementary education stream generally study for a Liberal Studies degree. In the high school (secondary education) stream, the student specialises in one to two subject areas. Upon completion of the degree, they will prepare and eventually sit for the state's Board of Education certification examination. A typical B.Ed. program may include coursework in pedagogy, educational psychology, educational policy and leadership, assessment, curriculum development; and lesson planning, social justice, special education, and instructional technology. Israel In Israel, Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) is a course offered Suitable for those interested in developing the field. Developed unique training programs tailored contemporary trends in professional training for teaching. In addition, there are plans Sitting studies of academics and teachers complete undergraduate studies. In Israel there are a number of colleges and universities offering B.Ed. studies as Levinsky College of Education and B.Sc.Ed. at The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology India Meant for preparing teachers for secondary schools, this four year (earlier two year) training course is open to intermediates, with an emphasis on the principles and methodology of teaching, leading to the Bachelor of Teaching (B.T.), subsequently renamed as Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree. In some states there is Licentiate in Teaching (L.T.), which is considered equivalent to the B.Ed. degree. Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) is an undergraduate course offered for those interested in pursuing a career in teaching. The B.Ed. degree is mandatory for teaching at the secondary (classes 6 to 10) and higher secondary (10+2 or classes 11 and 12). The minimum qualification required for entry into B.Ed. course is intermediate (10+2). While students from the Arts stream are trained to teach subjects like History, Civics, Geography, and languages, the students from the Science stream are trained to teach Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. The duration of the course will be four years from session 2020-21 as per NCTE Regulations, 2019. After B.Ed., students can pursue Master of Education (M.Ed.) in any Indian university or teacher-training institutes offering the course. The National Council for Teacher Education is the statutory body which regulating teacher training courses in the country of India. The Right to Free and Compulsory Education for Children (RTE Act 2009) came into force from April 2010. The act emphasizes on quality education for every child. As such, with the view to bring about quality education in schools, it is required that the entry level percentage to B.Ed. be 50 for those candidates in the General Category and 45 for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed.) programme is a two-year integrated professional degree programme offered after the higher secondary stage of school. B.El.Ed. is designed to integrate the study of subject knowledge, human development, pedagogical knowledge, and communication skills. Both professional and academic options are available to students who graduate with a B.El.Ed. degree. Those who complete this course can offer their educational services in the state and in the country as well as abroad Ireland In the Republic of Ireland, a 4-Year Bachelor of Education degree combines practical/pedagogical study with a Major sequence in the academic discipline of Education. Modules in the Irish and English languages are compulsory. Students study a range of Education-related subjects, including Psychology, Sociology, History, Social Policy, Professional Practice. Students also study subjects from another field or discipline as qualification for an intended teaching area or method. The degree is available in several specialisations, including Primary, Secondary, Human Movement/Health, Music, or Early Childhood education. The longer duration of the course allows for more practical experiences and greater personal or professional development before teaching service. Teacher-Certification bodies require either a Bachelor of Education, or an Undergraduate/Bachelor's Degree in one or two subject areas, with a Diploma of Education as a minimum. A B.Ed. is not to be confused with the lesser degree Bachelor of Teaching, which is usually an 'End-On' course similar but slightly longer than a Diploma of Education. New Zealand The 3-year Bachelor of Education prepares graduates to teach in early childhood centres, primary, intermediate schools and secondary schools. With the Bachelor of Education one can specialise in Primary, Early Childhood, Physical Education and Huarahi Māori. The qualification is designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge they need to be effective teachers, and to gain provisional registration with the New Zealand Teachers Council. Teaching practicums allow students to gain invaluable experience in diverse education settings as they study. The Bachelor of Education can lead on to further postgraduate study. Nigeria In Nigeria, the Bachelor of Education degree is awarded at universities and colleges of education across the nation as a first degree. There are a few specialised universities of education in the country that exist to train teachers professionally. Some of these specialised universities include Tai Solarin University of Education and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. The B.Ed. can be done as combined honours with a B.A. or B.Sc. It can also be done as a single honours degree with specialisations in nursery and primary education, curriculum development, educational administration and policy studies, among others. Students usually undergo intensive teaching practices at the 2nd and 3rd years of study. Upon graduation, they are registered by the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN) and can be employed as teachers afterwards. Postgraduate education usually take the form of an M.Ed, PGDE, and GDE. Sri Lanka The Bachelor of Education degree was first introduced by the University of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1963. J. E. Jayasuriya, then professor of education at University of Ceylon, introduced the course to meet the growing demand for professional teacher qualifications. Then the practice was to join the teaching profession with a bachelor's degree either in arts or sciences, and after four years of teaching in a secondary school teachers get the one-year postgraduate diploma in education. The University of Ceylon used to take only 50–60 postgraduate diploma candidates at a time in an annual program. The B.Ed. degree was introduced combining the bachelor's degree and the postgraduate diploma in education. B.Ed. was introduced as a four-year special degree and in contrast with the 9–10 3-hour papers at the final degree examination, a B.Ed. degree required a candidates to sit for 19–20 papers for the finals. This happened due to combining of the bachelor's degree and the postgraduate diploma in education. Only the top-performing students were admitted to B.Ed. degree at University of Ceylon, Peradeniya. The first batch graduated in 1967. Following this Australia introduced the B.Ed. degree. Upali M Sedere was the first first-class holder of the B.Ed. degree from University of Ceylon, Peradeniya in 1969. Subsequently, in 1973, the B.Ed. program at the University of Sri Lanka changed in its scope and character. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, where both the university system and school system are very different, the degree is awarded after a three- or four-year course (the course length depends on the university) which is specifically tailored to either primary education or for a limited range of secondary education subjects. It leads to Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) in England and Wales and is a teaching qualification in Scotland and Northern Ireland. As a result of the Robbins Report on higher education (1963), the teacher training colleges were reformed as Colleges of Education. Such colleges, as in the case of those in London, became 'constituent colleges' of the Institute of Education, with their academic award being from the University of London. Students were offered an extra year of study, bringing the course up to four years in length and resulting in the award of the Bachelor of Education degree. The first Bachelors of Education graduated in 1968. The BEd became more widespread in the early 1980s, when a bachelor's degree became a requirement for new teachers in the whole of the United Kingdom, replacing the old Certificate in Education (Cert Ed). The BEd is not the only way of gaining Qualified Teacher Status or gaining a teaching qualification. Other routes are as follows: Bachelor of Science Education (B.Sc.Ed.) A Bachelor of Science Education is a degree awarded to students who complete the four to five-year course of study in the field of science (major and minor in biology, chemistry, physics, and math) with major Educational courses. It is the combination of degrees in science and education course (sometimes referred to double degree programs B.Sc + B.Ed. = B.Sc.Ed.). Even though B.Sc and B.Ed. are notionally two degrees, they must be taken together. There are very few universities that offer this course because it requires collaboration between the Faculty/School of Science and that of Education, to ensure that the teacher not only can work in an education institution but also in an industrial area related to science. In Malaysia, it is one of the most difficult admittance degrees for the students to get into. Students not only need a distinction result but also need to go through a psychology test, rigorous interviews and demos of teaching. Students who already get these courses will be given a full scholarship by the Minister of Education. Upon graduation, the students will get job offers from government and private institutions (mostly to teach for matriculation, foundation or high school students) due to deep understanding of specific science and professional teaching training. Graduates also can work in other science related industries. Bachelor of Science and Education is totally different from Bachelor of Science in Education. In Singapore, the National Institute of Education, an autonomous institute of Nanyang Technological University, offers a four-year undergraduate programme, offering B.Sc.(Ed.) or B.A.(Ed.) in its initial teacher training programmes. Students are taught pedagogical theories and principles, alongside their chosen subject majors (and minors). See also Master of Education References Education, Bachelor Professional titles and certifications Teacher training Teacher education in India	[ 0.275633305311203, 0.5337656140327454, -0.40685439109802246, 0.08606916666030884, 0.12704098224639893, 0.1131170317530632, 0.5670466423034668, 0.8165391683578491, -0.31319451332092285, -0.26792484521865845, -0.404687762260437, 0.5013325214385986, 0.33105549216270447, 0.16992761194705963, 0.374123215675354, -0.08753551542758942, 0.32794636487960815, 0.5474828481674194, -0.062101129442453384, -0.7238050103187561, -0.11558690667152405, 0.06257954239845276, -0.03965942561626434, -0.12578564882278442, -0.15091189742088318, 0.5968371033668518, 0.6954751014709473, 0.5299054980278015, -0.3406374454498291, -0.33725136518478394, -0.007190607953816652, -0.15425972640514374, 0.10297153145074844, -0.503106951713562, -0.02010372281074524, 0.2756642997264862, 0.42894217371940613, -0.2809116542339325, -0.09091037511825562, -0.5530720949172974, -0.13016697764396667, 0.018046189099550247, 0.032520636916160583, 0.23703578114509583, -0.14531531929969788, -0.4281652271747589, -1.5870335102081299, -0.3622543215751648, -0.5876737236976624, 0.002513811457902193, 0.4532693028450012, 0.7137168645858765, 0.4464735984802246, 0.2953539490699768, 0.09370759129524231, 0.46070247888565063, -0.35123515129089355, 0.44923466444015503, 0.08288472890853882, -0.23401714861392975, 0.47892752289772034, 0.49846452474594116, -0.2542048990726471, 0.46020323038101196, 0.457520455121994, -0.08631790429353714, -0.2157495766878128, 0.3852660655975342, -0.36244502663612366, -0.09696754813194275, -0.06618183106184006, -0.18813303112983704, 0.06322731822729111, -0.011432715691626072, -0.8047424554824829, -0.6382684707641602, 0.15335963666439056, -0.11763639003038406, -0.5478622317314148, -0.747596800327301, 0.10123506933450699, 0.05801001191139221, 0.35838937759399414, -0.009082849137485027, 0.5207732319831848, 0.8101241588592529, -0.25704696774482727, -0.5310365557670593, 0.40961965918540955, 0.48155781626701355, -0.36496299505233765, 0.18956810235977173, 0.12637276947498322, 0.4078485667705536, 0.3705509603023529, -0.39799025654792786, -0.47575998306274414, -0.19231821596622467, 0.14013274013996124, -0.4346916079521179, 0.1463884860277176, 0.1714637130498886, 0.6859446167945862, -0.04357947036623955, -0.24311809241771698, -0.07412014156579971, -0.21557506918907166, -0.4593403935432434, -0.2318151295185089, -1.3040330410003662, -0.6536669135093689, -0.32615551352500916, -0.41490867733955383, 0.504859447479248, -0.27448463439941406, 0.476918488740921, 0.11514560133218765, 0.004165052901953459, -0.1819874495267868, 0.4273170530796051, -0.5190732479095459, 0.43313995003700256, -0.4227842390537262, -0.035525016486644745, 0.08610984683036804, 0.7589665055274963, 0.10997014492750168, 0.4815473258495331, 0.09039562940597534, 0.19308839738368988, 0.30561089515686035, 0.20268642902374268, 0.3364853858947754, 0.18781819939613342, -0.47765469551086426, -0.15840359032154083, 0.6044405102729797, -0.1850535273551941, -0.1116015836596489, 0.27080321311950684, -1.3521701097488403, -0.3657386600971222, -1.3766363859176636, -0.3735043704509735, 0.21057000756263733, -0.2722080945968628, -0.056376274675130844, 0.37856292724609375, -0.3881409168243408, 0.7268421649932861, 0.3125678300857544, -0.11813211441040039, -0.3665767312049866, -0.04810469225049019, -0.03099774569272995, 0.8459139466285706, 0.32039377093315125, 0.0866062119603157, -0.026518329977989197, 0.06791511923074722, 0.2225538045167923, 0.210525780916214, 0.09517546743154526, -0.1673191338777542, -0.05879363417625427, 0.017394615337252617, 0.2835683524608612, -0.06588759273290634, -0.47325798869132996, 0.07237030565738678, -0.11489487439393997, -0.30890363454818726, -0.4521390497684479, -1.2352160215377808, -0.48187506198883057, -0.2422335147857666, -0.15746062994003296, 0.26703858375549316, 0.6710190773010254, -0.6078300476074219, -0.45129716396331787, 0.5816817879676819, 0.0031748213805258274, -0.1662621945142746, -0.04677790403366089, -0.18569500744342804, 0.29500260949134827, 0.2726929187774658, 0.016727767884731293, 0.3013995587825775, -0.46246275305747986, 0.16072392463684082, -0.07017238438129425, 0.0034014119300991297, 0.691957950592041, -0.17427809536457062, -0.1731644719839096, 0.7614991664886475, -0.3808983862400055, 0.5722002983093262, -0.10641537606716156, 0.012820585630834103, -0.1766728162765503, -0.6303390860557556, -0.5347068309783936, 2.2158894538879395, 0.40419691801071167, 0.7955597639083862, 0.09987854212522507, 0.06345875561237335, 0.42751404643058777, -0.4751816391944885, 0.0849527046084404, 0.5838443040847778, 0.4987074136734009, -0.006981848273426294, -0.1837659627199173, -0.25276368856430054, 0.10643389075994492, -0.15157674252986908, 0.3586219549179077, -0.7839368581771851, -0.047456543892621994, 0.41017669439315796, -0.028439654037356377, 0.1623520404100418, 0.007159229833632708, 0.4751802384853363, 0.1611820012331009, -0.6246371269226074, 0.7891812324523926, 0.09067836403846741, 0.07377154380083084, 0.3125598728656769, -0.2989092767238617, -0.150474414229393, -0.8698498010635376, 0.15134234726428986, 0.35201674699783325, -0.16463451087474823, -0.2594117522239685, 0.16738608479499817, -0.40706029534339905, 0.34842556715011597, 0.20820528268814087, -0.06627422571182251, 0.00554698146879673, 0.3395248055458069, -0.08019860088825226, -0.35942894220352173, 0.7521361708641052, -0.33059245347976685, 0.428757905960083, -0.17980855703353882, -0.4404163658618927, 0.12316187471151352, -0.17416425049304962, 0.43104901909828186, 0.3472014367580414, -0.2874496579170227, -0.2714135944843292, 0.12910182774066925, 0.7074917554855347, -0.5758455991744995, -0.015398325398564339, -0.18500901758670807, -0.22113561630249023, -0.5709086656570435, -0.3361526131629944, 0.08491800725460052, -0.11486613750457764, 0.04546589404344559, 0.15319493412971497, -2.5480287075042725, -0.31145402789115906, -0.18121974170207977, 0.5443866848945618, 0.5186281800270081, -0.7246621251106262, -0.2943692207336426, -0.017038419842720032, 0.4804840683937073, -0.41516125202178955, -0.077240951359272, 0.05092218145728111, -0.014999140985310078, 0.42095381021499634, -0.019993843510746956, 0.4802585244178772, -0.001591351581737399, -0.036075249314308167, 0.3799316883087158, -0.01747344806790352, -0.1502865105867386, 0.6093334555625916, -0.04080889746546745, 0.43990927934646606, -0.31888434290885925, 0.3959183990955353, -0.5052099227905273, 0.07378525286912918, 0.2897530198097229, -0.4366540014743805, 0.1499505639076233, -0.050888482481241226, -0.4721781611442566, -0.30336856842041016, 0.4666083753108978, -4.927366733551025, 0.19279898703098297, -0.3365342617034912, -0.03900320082902908, 0.35793429613113403, -0.5509512424468994, 0.6148678660392761, -0.34652894735336304, -0.09886466711759567, -0.2761997878551483, -0.3032895624637604, -0.023363934829831123, -0.06383301317691803, 0.9448641538619995, 0.5237005352973938, 0.21184778213500977, -0.1510327309370041, -0.49577829241752625, -0.31964412331581116, 0.557931661605835, 0.1587054282426834, -0.10251174122095108, -0.19555620849132538, 0.005416664760559797, 0.30211734771728516, 0.16078636050224304, -0.3103957176208496, 0.11182292550802231, -0.2735055685043335, -0.11513615399599075, 0.8596620559692383, -0.20033079385757446, 0.048867709934711456, -0.3544492721557617, -0.2581894099712372, -0.2894696295261383, 1.029036521911621, 0.9319853186607361, 0.34767359495162964, 0.020455410704016685, 0.03146294131875038, -0.14991220831871033, -0.032753266394138336, 0.5037968754768372, 0.274604856967926, -0.27562376856803894, 0.12707845866680145, 0.0026858763303607702, -0.45417824387550354, 0.256514310836792, -0.7052236795425415, 0.39957383275032043, 0.5277127027511597, -0.05000606179237366, -0.23878996074199677, -0.18719717860221863, 0.585039496421814, -0.0645131766796112, -0.3761219084262848, 0.016927609220147133, 0.22096200287342072, -0.43965640664100647, 0.11763960868120193, -0.4917337894439697, -0.21803930401802063, -0.685413122177124, -0.4560263156890869, -0.30580034852027893, 0.09667208790779114, -0.12042771279811859, 0.07451765984296799, -0.28130465745925903, -0.124577097594738, -0.3631379306316376, 0.05205589160323143, -0.6960128545761108, -0.14366945624351501, 0.44265016913414, 0.40391024947166443, -0.26315391063690186, 0.2570263147354126, 0.005879037547856569, -0.05727014318108559, 0.8557841777801514, 0.25950345396995544, -0.31947505474090576, 0.16679763793945312, 0.06750340014696121, -0.3691449463367462, -0.7208546996116638, 0.38144412636756897, 0.12543664872646332, -0.17556902766227722, 0.5523622035980225, -0.04103739187121391, 0.16047053039073944, -0.021090872585773468, -0.4441016912460327, 0.2746346890926361, -0.6749709248542786, 0.13956357538700104, -0.8396521806716919, -0.1661277860403061, -0.14553432166576385, -0.41098782420158386, -0.5256496667861938, -0.135679692029953, 0.047659724950790405, 0.2945743799209595, -0.16413462162017822, 0.1418410986661911, -0.10442555695772171, -0.5417192578315735, 0.3978719711303711, 0.776190459728241, -0.006520525086671114, -0.42429348826408386, 0.28197795152664185, 0.257164865732193, 0.22479398548603058, 0.03408178687095642, 0.4043322503566742, 0.4068719148635864, -0.25038227438926697, -0.26579606533050537, -0.5816662907600403, 0.3723183572292328, -0.09145090728998184, -0.4150427579879761, -0.48215246200561523, 0.3666461706161499, -0.04444274678826332, -0.2235431671142578, -0.06980000436306, -0.06535488367080688, -0.4091193377971649, 0.1351945996284485, 0.21050554513931274, 0.04015457630157471, -0.27196523547172546, -0.011255434714257717, -0.44492194056510925, 0.19216696918010712, 0.1465536504983902, 0.7034741044044495, -0.24938592314720154, -0.3905743360519409, 0.7974887490272522, -0.4130189120769501, 0.25925499200820923, -0.21806953847408295, -0.8156380653381348, 0.5189933776855469, -0.1198386624455452, -0.10860209167003632, 0.2596948742866516, -0.31944260001182556, 0.013094639405608177, 0.4735312759876251, -0.5824132561683655, 0.4363415837287903, -0.0418841578066349, -1.0953209400177002, 0.23000243306159973, 0.5572549700737, 0.3283390998840332, -0.7172902822494507, -0.18668271601200104, -0.6728060841560364, 0.5774133801460266, 0.5093066096305847, -0.7115600109100342, -0.4097265601158142, -0.6397708058357239, 0.35854238271713257, -0.10641151666641235, 0.003196072531864047, -0.06920251250267029, 0.22789974510669708, -0.7853165864944458, 0.5323799848556519, -0.7900951504707336, -0.12494147568941116, 0.23463812470436096, 0.3124566078186035, 0.19453419744968414, -0.04346095025539398, -0.5804858803749084, -0.4567567706108093, 0.06976236402988434, 0.048473380506038666, -0.09850990772247314, 0.5314956307411194, 0.29473063349723816, -0.3100094795227051, -0.44764357805252075, -0.1634877324104309, 0.15593916177749634, 0.32892560958862305, -0.04028840735554695, 0.18518096208572388, 0.27937671542167664, -0.1880076676607132, 0.18029294908046722, 0.04564457759261131, -0.04723400995135307, 0.10174600780010223, -0.14792583882808685, -0.09922686219215393, 0.25683319568634033, 0.023575689643621445, -0.3628610074520111, 0.11035739630460739, 0.3057163655757904, -0.5318121910095215, -0.10734160244464874, 0.24750126898288727, -0.03950104862451553, -0.1643088310956955, 0.019449753686785698, 0.06925453990697861, 0.0937405526638031, 0.2277124524116516, -0.41854384541511536, -0.29603368043899536, 0.014713386073708534, 0.6173365116119385, -0.7352017164230347, 0.40067559480667114, -0.44583386182785034, -0.2750151753425598, -0.24008361995220184, -0.07809638231992722, -0.22705896198749542, 0.2728070318698883, -0.11184930056333542, -0.31156229972839355, 0.03794531151652336, -0.05880533903837204, -0.22327792644500732, -0.02384120225906372, 0.44291672110557556, 0.368487149477005, -0.7328824996948242, -0.46626150608062744, 0.5534089803695679, 0.050116997212171555, -0.36973583698272705, -0.1878235787153244, 0.18827663362026215, 0.09701910614967346, -0.7749278545379639, -0.5680694580078125, -0.3872477412223816, 0.5449029207229614, 0.11154940724372864, 0.18327347934246063, 0.15064190328121185, 0.19721555709838867, 0.13967904448509216, -0.3542955219745636, 0.12142189592123032, -0.7508586049079895, 0.19810178875923157, 0.022045137360692024, -0.1015998125076294, -0.4127766191959381, 0.04677410051226616, 0.3847435712814331, 0.3289283215999603, -0.12604983150959015, -0.8440802097320557, 0.13023164868354797, 0.5131785869598389, 0.32012709975242615, 0.06738296896219254, -0.0752178430557251, -1.0507797002792358, -0.23909728229045868, 0.2069065421819687, 0.8103779554367065, 0.20394366979599, 0.3186565041542053, -0.5348736047744751, 0.3966118097305298, -0.5646948218345642, -0.058824121952056885, 0.35743117332458496, -0.3523359000682831, 0.6368474364280701, 0.10989751666784286, -0.2136961668729782, -0.49589836597442627, -0.1205659806728363, 0.013759419322013855, 0.24817633628845215, 0.06898687779903412, -0.09541928768157959, 1.0428826808929443, -0.2005900740623474, 0.021389300003647804, 1.006799578666687, 0.13852034509181976, -0.0037546001840382814, 0.5560894012451172, 0.5829060077667236, 0.45991620421409607, 0.23392145335674286, 0.21457482874393463, -0.3420133888721466, 0.23402699828147888, 0.20346716046333313, 0.5206612944602966, 0.7569513916969299, 0.021717675030231476, -0.2541479170322418, 0.5227078199386597, -0.9361622333526611, -0.023775920271873474, 0.20157335698604584, 0.1514725685119629, 0.00913901999592781, 0.5457554459571838, 0.18368050456047058, -0.139382004737854, 0.48179954290390015, -0.13850970566272736, -0.929546058177948, 0.3436996042728424, -0.33958253264427185, 0.01717258058488369, 0.2753739356994629, -0.2508431375026703, 0.677003026008606, -0.46933117508888245, 0.010522319935262203, 0.39956700801849365, -0.6015588641166687, 0.40590900182724, 0.41409921646118164, 0.33499670028686523, 0.913585364818573, 0.47689148783683777, 0.2216106355190277, -0.15752574801445007, 0.31776413321495056, -0.046122826635837555, 0.49458393454551697, -0.40683507919311523, 0.28024131059646606, -0.10357274115085602, -0.32876065373420715, 0.47572895884513855, -0.4584062099456787, -0.07524976879358292, -0.07586850225925446, 0.32659024000167847, 0.13663722574710846, -0.234663724899292, -1.782609224319458, -0.16198861598968506, 0.24097417294979095, 1.3154217004776, 0.15498554706573486, 0.2582166790962219, 0.014414013363420963, 0.7300970554351807, 0.1399042010307312, -0.3767366409301758, 0.6048793196678162, 0.17483355104923248, 0.11339719593524933, 0.2172042578458786, 0.17094101011753082, 0.03335903212428093, 0.35440459847450256, -0.5193459987640381, 0.016252275556325912, 0.06889446079730988, -0.018847089260816574, -0.004241518676280975, -0.43784892559051514, -0.5525147318840027, -0.4571765959262848, -0.32108572125434875, -0.1546129584312439, -0.19900821149349213, -0.02728160284459591, -0.15303544700145721, 0.37911394238471985, -0.06644594669342041, 0.2232968509197235, 0.43101924657821655, 0.1701168566942215, -0.8212116956710815, 0.3881475627422333, -0.3868178427219391, 0.3446134328842163, 0.013277879916131496, -0.19158586859703064, -0.17500481009483337, 0.19478103518486023, -0.3117204010486603, -0.6533733606338501, -0.5433232188224792, 0.03597651422023773, -0.5184681415557861, 0.5824087262153625, -0.28107744455337524, -0.09929780662059784, -0.1559346616268158, 0.06463776528835297, 0.1694873422384262, -0.3873726725578308, 0.7279737591743469, 0.841450035572052, 0.5889617204666138, -0.4090677797794342, -0.24939951300621033, -0.23213063180446625, 0.32057926058769226, 0.12652067840099335, 0.40449848771095276, 0.6253803968429565, -0.07576412707567215, 0.054546866565942764, -0.7010721564292908, 0.11385595053434372, -0.16256561875343323, 0.24707767367362976, -0.11547097563743591, 0.29969289898872375, -0.2725068926811218, 1.0097801685333252, 0.07621454447507858, 0.3536379635334015, 0.6159737706184387, 0.5900272130966187, 0.2587658166885376, -0.07876893877983093, -0.5602095723152161, 0.04346384480595589, 0.4990890622138977, 0.13141939043998718, -4.501786708831787, -0.40427589416503906, 0.16283303499221802, 0.04929119721055031, 0.052340708673000336, -0.31379935145378113, 0.23231391608715057, -0.02439148910343647, 0.3927668631076813, 0.30948755145072937, -0.19760894775390625, -0.14041894674301147, -0.09673795104026794, -0.15769219398498535, 0.4207587242126465, 0.5487834215164185 ]
249243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%27s%20theorem	Chebyshev's theorem	Chebyshev's theorem is any of several theorems proven by Russian mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev. Bertrand's postulate, that for every n there is a prime between n and 2n. Chebyshev's inequality, on range of standard deviations around the mean, in statistics Chebyshev's sum inequality, about sums and products of decreasing sequences Chebyshev's equioscillation theorem, on the approximation of continuous functions with polynomials The statement that if the function has a limit at infinity, then the limit is 1 (where is the prime-counting function). This result has been superseded by the prime number theorem.	[ -0.48799505829811096, 0.5435767769813538, -0.3356868326663971, -0.28405240178108215, -0.46845510601997375, 0.572144091129303, 0.38023412227630615, -0.22404511272907257, 0.002950371475890279, -0.009542781859636307, -0.06546809524297714, 0.03289693966507912, -0.6273081302642822, 0.831159234046936, 0.12148997187614441, 0.5880048871040344, 0.2380303144454956, 0.2363296002149582, -0.1780986487865448, -0.6122658848762512, 0.3392289876937866, 0.20704340934753418, -0.021574415266513824, -0.11249271035194397, -0.14728687703609467, 0.1342991441488266, -0.10883497446775436, 0.054997194558382034, -0.19495825469493866, 0.4259352684020996, -0.1080213338136673, 0.9007291793823242, 0.2726399302482605, 0.014255779795348644, 0.05029929801821709, 0.08209128677845001, 0.4385489225387573, -0.12364987283945084, -0.09520096331834793, -0.13342927396297455, 0.523296594619751, 0.08808236569166183, 0.710550844669342, -0.0565667450428009, -0.03182133287191391, -0.8304768204689026, -1.5445770025253296, 0.29551631212234497, -0.3401379883289337, -1.022514820098877, -0.051884088665246964, 0.0337231382727623, 0.8218007683753967, 0.6861732006072998, -0.8242890238761902, 0.4400155544281006, -0.6444563269615173, -0.39642176032066345, 0.8252161741256714, 0.42321836948394775, 0.664527177810669, 0.3131943941116333, 0.6019113063812256, 0.12786492705345154, 0.5593048930168152, 0.6915903687477112, -0.31480371952056885, 0.6873050928115845, -0.21247495710849762, -0.03530921787023544, -0.4464559853076935, 0.03779085725545883, 0.16379623115062714, 0.3727012574672699, -0.2121788114309311, -0.26819750666618347, 0.1463874727487564, 0.09352246671915054, 0.676591694355011, 0.12518443167209625, -0.43707501888275146, 0.322380930185318, 0.04833850637078285, 0.04230400547385216, 0.18972541391849518, 0.24508635699748993, -0.41029930114746094, 0.5475864410400391, -0.7318174839019775, 0.03290868550539017, -0.036839429289102554, -0.21207956969738007, 0.33997106552124023, 0.04758869484066963, -0.46261361241340637, 0.3733823597431183, -0.06566531956195831, 0.35742005705833435, 0.042711202055215836, 0.10721967369318008, -0.1586189717054367, 0.17021726071834564, -0.1675051748752594, -0.17608681321144104, -0.7180158495903015, -0.41688165068626404, -0.4563111960887909, -0.2506078779697418, 0.03710527718067169, 0.04590829089283943, -1.159053087234497, 0.5987680554389954, -0.04996473342180252, 0.014023583382368088, -0.23239769041538239, 0.3827958405017853, 0.5015397667884827, -0.10717201977968216, 0.08389721065759659, 0.2337678223848343, -0.37417957186698914, 0.32945457100868225, -0.2219439595937729, 0.5620671510696411, -0.4274812936782837, 0.08851348608732224, 0.16448068618774414, 0.7287618517875671, -0.4621485471725464, 0.6182471513748169, 0.16702447831630707, 1.0347001552581787, 0.39169174432754517, 0.046619340777397156, 0.15930841863155365, -0.7370243668556213, -0.20481260120868683, -0.11038181930780411, -0.9856898188591003, 0.12391775101423264, -0.7520877718925476, -0.036121200770139694, -0.664718508720398, 0.4217003881931305, 0.38530340790748596, 0.07999776303768158, -0.35447078943252563, -0.011511844582855701, -0.22478732466697693, -0.2137303203344345, 0.10113907605409622, -0.20331396162509918, -0.4613933563232422, 0.24040831625461578, -0.40748003125190735, -0.3702892065048218, 0.33280542492866516, -0.03741591423749924, 0.04254939779639244, 0.24859559535980225, 0.17702893912792206, 0.1929970234632492, -0.1703423708677292, 0.008962594904005527, -0.32108041644096375, -0.8014389872550964, 0.8802575469017029, 0.36022865772247314, -0.12618163228034973, 0.5558817386627197, -0.6219590902328491, -0.23488359153270721, 0.05967378616333008, -0.30814358592033386, 0.1222294494509697, 0.4092048108577728, 0.35249850153923035, -0.027014436200261116, 0.1662544310092926, -0.2992872893810272, -0.9207754731178284, 0.08634259551763535, -0.04724332317709923, 0.07992685586214066, 0.06998573243618011, 0.3327557444572449, 0.11235763877630234, 0.09257268160581589, 0.14389513432979584, -0.43975263833999634, -0.39984485507011414, -0.2565527558326721, 0.47738906741142273, -0.856644332408905, 1.4458212852478027, 0.5349216461181641, -0.48500242829322815, -0.06388011574745178, 0.014529603533446789, 0.6390834450721741, -0.1442100554704666, -0.5749803781509399, -0.25661763548851013, 0.5981913208961487, 0.0832376629114151, 1.0630797147750854, -0.11800754070281982, -0.05695819854736328, -0.3738415539264679, 0.8827208876609802, 0.24551261961460114, -0.041170883923769, 0.8028730750083923, -0.05104144662618637, -0.5443978905677795, -0.0545453242957592, -0.4048537015914917, 0.21705614030361176, 0.13994088768959045, 0.10492974519729614, 0.49412238597869873, 0.12864643335342407, -0.08416593819856644, 0.6621465682983398, 0.3683658242225647, 0.7799233198165894, 0.7107836008071899, 0.4196559190750122, 0.14241528511047363, -0.386058509349823, -0.9876452088356018, 0.06046447157859802, 0.42838019132614136, 0.11051232367753983, 0.13559594750404358, -0.21058021485805511, -0.003683751914650202, -0.516825795173645, 0.4683017134666443, -0.23720641434192657, 0.05849533528089523, -0.004277586005628109, -0.19752249121665955, 0.2423272430896759, -0.340493381023407, -0.2086421251296997, -0.7609990239143372, 0.45458242297172546, -0.5508764982223511, -0.10817103832960129, -0.20260784029960632, 0.23608578741550446, 0.10708211362361908, -0.12846407294273376, -0.18414023518562317, -0.013222894631326199, 0.14121243357658386, -0.2923940420150757, -0.08846613019704819, 0.3370498716831207, 0.4263596832752228, -0.011108716949820518, -0.03842249885201454, -0.0821634829044342, -0.11596127599477768, -0.6153059005737305, -0.33717799186706543, -0.1658078283071518, 0.6346471309661865, -0.20329631865024567, 0.22099630534648895, -1.0076570510864258, -0.9203050136566162, 0.02289266511797905, -0.3476909399032593, -0.05675957724452019, -0.32675284147262573, 0.10402386635541916, -1.3124783039093018, -0.07294142991304398, 0.07634413242340088, 0.7084832191467285, -0.1772717535495758, 0.04637414962053299, -0.16130463778972626, -0.3394036293029785, -0.4079699218273163, -0.17998550832271576, 0.2967234253883362, -0.44434019923210144, -0.6184682250022888, 0.30692511796951294, -0.11652462184429169, -0.40704336762428284, -0.3046116530895233, 0.9514085650444031, -0.41200387477874756, -0.49216654896736145, 0.5669155120849609, -0.1419343799352646, -0.6224258542060852, -0.05727791786193848, -0.04613901302218437, -0.4601748585700989, -0.030301116406917572, -0.01942330040037632, -0.3047816753387451, 0.38520726561546326, -5.422420501708984, 0.6866607069969177, -0.6785558462142944, 0.008813015185296535, -0.08357082307338715, 0.3859172761440277, 0.3602515757083893, -0.11673538386821747, -0.5283435583114624, -0.26209360361099243, -0.5995256304740906, -0.6633904576301575, -0.7425569891929626, 0.5409565567970276, 0.519378125667572, 0.08616464585065842, 0.4448610246181488, -0.317702978849411, 0.5432973504066467, 0.39378994703292847, -0.3634200096130371, 0.11032658070325851, -0.486985445022583, -0.12609760463237762, 0.4942021071910858, 0.7822734117507935, -0.11893033236265182, 0.4165579676628113, -0.9160662293434143, -0.02959916554391384, 0.08007582277059555, -0.23782719671726227, -0.22421994805335999, -0.27001798152923584, 0.1453779935836792, 0.6029379963874817, 0.02640664577484131, -0.03837703540921211, 0.06193903088569641, -0.051054567098617554, -0.43143925070762634, 0.5516025424003601, 0.11408286541700363, 0.5447295308113098, 0.6057841777801514, -0.21131956577301025, -0.2671688199043274, 0.43212196230888367, -0.5037236213684082, 0.08782737702131271, 0.14974001049995422, 0.05081886425614357, -0.05606703460216522, 0.023168914020061493, -0.13732673227787018, -0.06607671827077866, 0.5610021948814392, -0.45170921087265015, -0.5196136832237244, 0.7619004845619202, 0.5811426639556885, -0.43247392773628235, 0.4967060685157776, 0.009947816841304302, 0.019833292812108994, -0.4239090383052826, -0.07171760499477386, -0.5378289222717285, -0.281159907579422, 0.2742517292499542, -0.5760686993598938, 0.9756267070770264, -0.30213576555252075, -0.979566752910614, -0.3367738425731659, -0.17258240282535553, -0.5799911618232727, 0.1910838931798935, 0.25918644666671753, 0.7676686644554138, -0.1397729516029358, -1.1351077556610107, -1.0655622482299805, 0.584105908870697, 0.1605367809534073, 0.04775219038128853, -0.21942812204360962, 0.4374510645866394, -0.3399049639701843, 0.23911437392234802, 0.31540846824645996, 0.03246336057782173, 0.7105367183685303, 0.47511377930641174, 0.05034139007329941, 0.2195306122303009, 0.12168476730585098, 0.41399097442626953, 0.29700061678886414, 0.2598033845424652, -0.09686029702425003, -0.743455708026886, 0.020900705829262733, -0.3021615743637085, 0.5574315190315247, -0.4094406068325043, -0.4099089205265045, 0.02230931632220745, 0.9358386993408203, 0.059485819190740585, 0.16717582941055298, 0.09210427105426788, -0.39387044310569763, -0.30113792419433594, 0.9922860264778137, -0.258757084608078, 0.15104694664478302, 0.23197327554225922, 0.408364474773407, 0.3317384123802185, 0.13796910643577576, 0.5168015956878662, -0.4290182292461395, -0.1412656605243683, -0.36094751954078674, 0.3344026803970337, 0.3111843764781952, 0.397698312997818, -0.3697805106639862, -0.07190845161676407, -0.4889768362045288, 0.46499165892601013, -0.26977717876434326, -0.27229148149490356, 0.1587175726890564, -0.09350524097681046, -0.34397009015083313, -0.5929190516471863, 0.09486772119998932, -0.3995472490787506, 0.4964964687824249, 0.329122394323349, 0.009707764722406864, 0.17954471707344055, 0.5220438241958618, 0.07133299857378006, 0.18581858277320862, -0.18322156369686127, -0.8196873068809509, 0.6596159934997559, -0.038819823414087296, -0.6298601031303406, 0.6218689680099487, -0.3183145821094513, 0.08596141636371613, 0.27175065875053406, -0.16275453567504883, 0.07543528825044632, 0.29952332377433777, -0.12732933461666107, 0.5412319302558899, -0.3917763829231262, -0.9421235918998718, -0.6565068960189819, 0.45852282643318176, -0.7040303349494934, -0.8769749999046326, -0.004438260570168495, -0.5511766672134399, 0.7369543313980103, -0.09398100525140762, -0.11114458739757538, -0.33268898725509644, -0.14086171984672546, 0.41508591175079346, 0.07020744681358337, 0.28443416953086853, -0.031028904020786285, -0.21798209846019745, -0.8973311185836792, 0.3862937092781067, -0.2953678071498871, -0.3321985900402069, 0.7132090926170349, 0.8028884530067444, -0.3256359398365021, -0.15533213317394257, -0.1379394829273224, -0.1902105063199997, -0.32162898778915405, 0.2551800012588501, 0.2619895339012146, -0.12988249957561493, -0.19595007598400116, -0.2685525417327881, -0.4560132920742035, 0.2720610201358795, 0.2443622648715973, -0.16248708963394165, -0.24262873828411102, -0.4015620946884155, 0.0874181017279625, -0.3266505002975464, 0.38243502378463745, 0.9465118646621704, -0.9243157505989075, 0.16177891194820404, 0.09255074709653854, -0.7989974617958069, 0.40873202681541443, -0.5329262614250183, -0.8452248573303223, -0.8276928663253784, 0.014546103775501251, -0.20846979320049286, 0.14231538772583008, 0.532756507396698, -0.3674425184726715, -0.8999059796333313, -0.18612903356552124, 0.22442398965358734, -0.6955764889717102, -0.0425228625535965, -0.39327847957611084, -0.4445190131664276, -0.048075854778289795, 0.05773947015404701, -0.10696597397327423, 0.5712997317314148, -0.3929334878921509, -0.444049596786499, -0.35183456540107727, 0.4828646183013916, 0.1284703016281128, -0.7353805899620056, -0.568661093711853, -0.4046090245246887, 0.21082265675067902, -0.4369599521160126, -0.41357454657554626, 0.2974044978618622, 0.25927048921585083, 0.27602848410606384, -0.7341954112052917, 0.3326835632324219, -0.211141437292099, 0.5864537954330444, 0.12161535769701004, -0.13655336201190948, 0.4915757179260254, -0.327271431684494, 0.3561929166316986, -0.625519871711731, -0.41810327768325806, 0.6648403406143188, 0.02987644262611866, 0.09911837428808212, -0.06670574098825455, 0.8717641830444336, 0.5493111610412598, -0.16551457345485687, -0.07631815969944, -0.1919795721769333, 0.07210857421159744, -0.4052812159061432, 0.4257292151451111, 0.1927499920129776, -0.12143220752477646, -0.2618739604949951, -0.13083235919475555, -0.0026233193930238485, -1.3670765161514282, -0.15197524428367615, 0.7289077639579773, -0.6520639657974243, 0.4000128507614136, 0.1300012618303299, 0.5582411885261536, -0.18533724546432495, 0.007915829308331013, -0.5388571619987488, 0.15165723860263824, 0.16608476638793945, -0.4474002718925476, -0.34858089685440063, 0.02671080455183983, -0.010393132455646992, -0.059684041887521744, -0.20412428677082062, 0.4473801553249359, -0.7706581950187683, 0.12653309106826782, -0.3544214367866516, -0.33641111850738525, 0.12214560806751251, 0.2586507499217987, 0.32023653388023376, 0.465753972530365, 0.06251915544271469, -0.30521151423454285, -0.7001293897628784, 0.37205734848976135, 0.07719331234693527, 0.13089202344417572, 0.40244558453559875, 0.46987590193748474, 0.5487642884254456, -0.09583088010549545, -0.2838476598262787, -0.08543532341718674, 0.2684592604637146, 0.7589449882507324, -0.30557993054389954, 0.27853092551231384, -0.5267866253852844, -0.5604952573776245, 0.5638706088066101, -0.2736150622367859, -0.09816945344209671, 0.5153970122337341, 0.11229757964611053, -0.4500550925731659, 0.8910526037216187, -0.42563706636428833, -1.003759503364563, 0.4294004738330841, -0.3067173361778259, -0.07889337837696075, -0.2728182077407837, 0.3156376779079437, 0.41517695784568787, -0.11130160838365555, -0.8154231309890747, 0.7304643988609314, -0.04371882602572441, 0.05328599736094475, -0.21027863025665283, -0.9891541600227356, 0.17301060259342194, 0.2427440732717514, 0.6027590036392212, 0.4677989184856415, -0.2780858278274536, 0.25699907541275024, -0.050553008913993835, 0.5536838173866272, -0.16686037182807922, 0.38264036178588867, -0.2718748450279236, 0.3595968186855316, 0.3414419889450073, 0.1572508066892624, 0.10489378869533539, -0.2758628726005554, 0.15459677577018738, 0.021529747173190117, 0.13353124260902405, -0.41691774129867554, -0.005200031213462353, 0.2795480787754059, 0.05621211975812912, 0.16577279567718506, -0.0655922070145607, -0.022232841700315475, 0.028872976079583168, 0.4518289864063263, 0.4374687969684601, -0.27350255846977234, 0.18345345556735992, -0.21381118893623352, 0.356375128030777, 0.10296501219272614, 0.14638584852218628, 0.4805259704589844, 0.2873803973197937, -0.03626886010169983, -0.06752897053956985, 0.10935701429843903, 0.1271754503250122, -0.07580621540546417, 0.2798176109790802, 0.4850575923919678, -0.05372701957821846, -0.28298428654670715, -0.29352515935897827, -0.07940936833620071, -0.42352494597435, 0.20108751952648163, 0.4412654638290405, -0.2449539303779602, 0.2995165288448334, -0.3965481221675873, -0.039568930864334106, 0.3558523952960968, -0.5413740873336792, 0.6253863573074341, -0.8075104355812073, 0.5709996819496155, 0.7867393493652344, -0.23658989369869232, -0.14400692284107208, -0.25011390447616577, 0.2969963252544403, 0.3442418575286865, -0.49201950430870056, 0.3212341368198395, -0.4377373158931732, 0.7516162991523743, -1.0069345235824585, 0.33249279856681824, -0.21578332781791687, -0.007571849040687084, -0.2760511338710785, 0.4219907224178314, -0.14186659455299377, -0.046508148312568665, 0.8790037631988525, -0.06173180043697357, 0.20544461905956268, -0.6036915183067322, -0.409184068441391, -0.3158864974975586, -0.21316345036029816, 0.30023249983787537, 0.2195930927991867, 0.3347413241863251, 0.1480131298303604, -0.18070681393146515, 0.4019975960254669, 0.23449918627738953, -0.2828759551048279, -0.08539319038391113, -0.7158452272415161, 0.00009108455560635775, 0.16205568611621857, -0.3651271462440491, 0.886622428894043, 0.45662859082221985, -0.009043407626450062, -0.665174663066864, 0.015266620554029942, 0.02798623777925968, -0.356780469417572, 0.9851251840591431, -0.26105549931526184, 0.4275801479816437, -0.3091128468513489, -0.3491986393928528, 0.025060052052140236, 0.32296159863471985, 0.6492417454719543, 0.19679121673107147, 0.36546966433525085, -0.8566167950630188, -0.021903274580836296, 0.1072588860988617, 0.3350851833820343, -0.4411686658859253, 0.041303642094135284, 0.6406741738319397 ]
249244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20Rutland	Duke of Rutland	Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England, named after Rutland, a county in the East Midlands of England. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created three times; the ninth earl of the third creation was made duke in 1703, in whose family's line the title continues. The heir apparent to the dukedom has the privilege of using the courtesy style/title of the Marquis/Marquess of Granby. Earldom of Rutland First creation The title Earl of Rutland was created on 25 February 1390 for Edward of Norwich (1373–1415), son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and grandson of King Edward III. Upon the Duke's death in 1402 Edward became Duke of York. The title Earl of Rutland fell into disuse upon his death at the Battle of Agincourt, and was assumed by other members of the House of York including the first earl's nephew Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, the father of King Edward IV. Second creation The title Earl of Rutland was created on 29 January 1446 for Edmund (1443–1460), second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (and younger brother of the future King Edward IV). Third creation Thomas Manners (c. 1488–1543), son of the 11th Baron de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir, was created Earl of Rutland in the Peerage of England in 1525. He was the great-grandson of Richard Plantagenet. The barony of 'de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir' (sometimes spelled Ros, Roos or de Roos) was created by Simon de Montfort with a writ of summons to the House of Lords for Robert de Ros (1223–1285) in 1264. The title may pass through the female line when there is no male heir, and accordingly, when the 3rd Earl, Edward Manners (c. 1548–1587), left no sons, the barony of Ros passed to the family of his daughter Elizabeth (died 1591) who became the wife of the 2nd Earl of Exeter. The 3rd Earl was succeeded as 4th Earl by his brother John (died 1588). The barony of Ros was restored to the Manners family when Francis Manners, the 6th Earl (1578–1632), inherited it in 1618 from his cousin William Cecil (1590–1618). However, Francis died without male issue and the assumption of the courtesy title of Lord Ros for the eldest son of subsequent earls appears to have had no legal basis. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1641 the Earldom passed to his distant cousin John Manners of Haddon Hall, grandson of the second son of the first Earl. Dukedom of Rutland In 1703, the ninth Earl of Rutland was created Duke of Rutland and Marquess of Granby by Queen Anne. Marquess of Granby The most notable Marquess of Granby was John Manners (1721–1770), eldest son of the third Duke. He was an accomplished soldier and highly popular figure of his time; in 1745 he became a colonel; his military career flourished during the Seven Years' War. At the Battle of Minden (8 August 1759), although his role was small, he commanded the reserve cavalry. In 1760, at the Battle of Warburg, he led a cavalry charge which routed the French, losing his hat and wig in the process. In recognition of this, soldiers of the Blues and Royals (his former regiment) have the unique privilege in the British Army of being permitted to salute while not wearing headgear. Granby's losing his helmet and wig in the charge gave rise to the expression 'going bald-headed' at something. In 1758, the King made him Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and in 1766, as Lieutenant-General, he became Commander-in-Chief (a basically political appointment). His title was honoured by being used by a large number of pubs throughout Britain, although the reason is little known. As Colonel, he provided for his most capable soldiers such that when they could no longer be of service to the Regiment, he would give them financial support to start a pub, the sole condition being that the pub was to be named "The Marquis of Granby" after him. The towns of Granby, Quebec in Canada and Granby, Massachusetts and Granby, Connecticut in the United States as well as Granby Street in Norfolk, Virginia, USA were also named after him. so too were two forts, Fort Granby, in Tobago, and Fort Granby in South Carolina. He died before his father, and therefore did not become Duke. Subsidiary titles The subsidiary titles of the dukedom are: Marquess of Granby (created 1703), Earl of Rutland (1525), Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby (1679), and Baron Roos of Belvoir, of Belvoir in the County of Leicester (1896). The title Baron Roos of Belvoir is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; the remaining titles being in the Peerage of England. The most senior subsidiary title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Duke's eldest son and heir. Family seat The Manners family own medieval Haddon Hall, Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire that were successively extended and rebuilt until the 19th century. Some rooms in both buildings are open to the public. They are Grade I in architecture, set in listed parks, woodland and gardens and span a central water feature, which acted as models for other landscaped estates. In 2009, to mark 500 years of the occupancy of Belvoir Castle by the family two aircraft from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, bore the Duke of Rutland's Coat of Arms. On 11 June 2009, the Duke visited the station to see the aircraft—a King Air from 45 (Reserve) Sqn and a Dominie from 55 (Reserve) Sdn. Burials The traditional burial place of the Manners family was St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford. Since elevation to the dukedom in 1703 most Dukes have been buried in the grounds of the mausoleum at Belvoir Castle. The mausoleum at Belvoir Castle was built by John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland, following the death of his wife, Elizabeth Howard (1780–1825), daughter of the 5th Earl of Carlisle. After its construction, most of the 18th century monuments in Belton Church were moved to the mausoleum which then became the family's main place of burial. Literature Jorge Luis Borges recalls the duke of Rutland in his story "A Survey of the Works of Herbet Quain" in the book The Garden of Forking Paths. Earls of Rutland, first creation (1390) Other titles (1st Duke): Duke of York (1385), Duke of Aumale (1397–1399), Earl of Cambridge (1362–1461), Earl of Cork (c. 1396) Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (1373–1415), grandson of Edward III Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1411–1460), nephew of Edward of Norwich Earls of Rutland, second creation (1446) Edmund, Earl of Rutland (1443–1460), second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York Earls of Rutland, third creation (1525) Other titles (1st–3rd & 6th Earls): Baron de Ros of Helmsley (1299) Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland (c. 1492–1543), son of George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (c. 1526–1563), eldest son of the 1st Earl Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (1549–1587), elder son of the 2nd Earl, died without male issue John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland (c. 1552–1588), younger son of the 2nd Earl Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland (1576–1612), eldest son of the 4th Earl, died without issue Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland, Lord Ros (1578–1632), second son of the 4th Earl, died without male issue George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland (1580–1641), third son of the 4th Earl, died without issue John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland (1604–1679), great-grandson of the 1st Earl John Manners, 9th Earl of Rutland (1638–1711), son of the 8th Earl, created Duke of Rutland in 1703 Dukes of Rutland (1703) Other titles: Marquis of Granby (1703), Earl of Rutland (1525), Baron Manners of Haddon (1679) and Baron Roos of Belvoir (1896) John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland (1638–1711), only son of the 8th Earl John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland (1676–1721), son of the 1st Duke John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland (1696–1779), eldest son of the 2nd Duke John Manners, Marquis of Granby (1721–1770), eldest son of the 3rd Duke, predeceased his father John Manners, Lord Roos (1751–1760), eldest son of Lord Granby, died young Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland (1754–1787), second son of Lord Granby John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland (1778–1857), eldest son of the 4th Duke George John Henry Manners, Marquis of Granby (1807), eldest son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy George John Frederick Manners, Marquis of Granby (1813–1814), second son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy Charles Cecil John Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland (1815–1888), third son of the 5th Duke, died unmarried John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland (1818–1906), fourth son of the 5th Duke Henry John Brinsley Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland (1852–1925), eldest son of the 7th Duke Robert Charles John Manners, Lord Haddon (1885–1894), elder son of the 8th Duke, died young John Henry Montagu Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland (1886–1940), younger son of the 8th Duke Charles John Robert Manners, 10th Duke of Rutland (1919–1999), eldest son of the 9th Duke David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland (born 1959), eldest son of the 10th Duke The heir apparent is Charles John Montague Manners, Marquess of Granby (born 1999), elder son of the 11th Duke. Coat of arms The original coat of arms of the Manners family was plain gules in chief. The quartering in chief, with the fleurs-de-lis of France and lion passant guardant of England, was granted as an augmentation by King Henry VIII to Thomas Manners at the time of his creation as Earl of Rutland, in recognition of his descent in the maternal line from King Edward III. Family tree See also Duchess of Rutland Viscount Canterbury Belvoir Castle Baron Manners Baron de Ros Account of the Manners family in politics, and the naming of hostelries as blue in the vicinity References Further reading External links Belvoir Castle website Borough of Melton British landowners Dukedoms in the Peerage of England 1525 establishments in England 1703 establishments in England Noble titles created in 1703	[ -0.903117299079895, 0.01925775408744812, 0.08666912466287613, -0.5878497958183289, -0.46768584847450256, 0.5162991881370544, 0.5529966354370117, 0.08494025468826294, -0.6341767311096191, 0.1513144075870514, -0.4137921929359436, 0.029036952182650566, -0.6130807995796204, 0.3094767928123474, 0.14696048200130463, 0.08519871532917023, 0.1301833540201187, 0.13467173278331757, 0.1991763412952423, -1.1932896375656128, 0.2780076265335083, 0.2207365483045578, 0.17480652034282684, 0.03209378942847252, 0.3269752264022827, -0.12274882942438126, 0.6107299327850342, -0.17744441330432892, -0.5532857775688171, -0.12160380184650421, 0.1625088006258011, 0.4356030821800232, -0.3436180651187897, -0.057813916355371475, -0.015721891075372696, -0.41651588678359985, -0.27933868765830994, -0.6302844882011414, -0.6523323059082031, -0.2727576196193695, 0.52930748462677, -0.466329962015152, -0.2740405797958374, -0.04204564541578293, -0.8504868149757385, -0.5834187865257263, -1.3008947372436523, 0.7039248943328857, -0.09262841194868088, -0.6651954650878906, 0.05109405145049095, 0.6725685000419617, 0.3845992088317871, 0.3184316158294678, 0.4785178005695343, -0.028601927682757378, -0.7339168787002563, 0.24614910781383514, 0.3442230224609375, 0.060548555105924606, 0.052478957921266556, 0.7796717882156372, -0.06062041595578194, 0.08476879447698593, 0.2643287181854248, 0.014141738414764404, -0.051795314997434616, -0.2593042552471161, -0.6867442727088928, 0.060179535299539566, -0.45765796303749084, -0.21795621514320374, 0.5243892073631287, 0.808996319770813, -0.5602594017982483, 0.16603709757328033, 0.15227429568767548, 0.1170884370803833, 0.6856287717819214, -0.23391172289848328, 0.6274943351745605, -0.4696396589279175, 0.3403671383857727, 0.13025888800621033, 0.10594280809164047, 0.5980916023254395, -0.24136587977409363, 0.10207738727331161, -0.2754990756511688, 0.3871590197086334, -0.2636617422103882, 0.0941503569483757, 0.02668742835521698, 0.24450981616973877, 0.08183350414037704, -0.6445349454879761, 0.1813179850578308, -0.4919128715991974, -0.17043957114219666, -0.23311422765254974, 0.07108043879270554, 0.26868772506713867, 0.34787318110466003, -0.22858799993991852, -0.6502054333686829, -0.30421146750450134, -0.45171546936035156, -0.034408438950777054, 0.002928393194451928, 0.48517322540283203, -0.749506413936615, 0.6475374102592468, -0.07690749317407608, 0.053252819925546646, 0.2955726683139801, 0.27250418066978455, 0.09538730978965759, -0.41491392254829407, -0.18838372826576233, 0.06324592977762222, 1.0266164541244507, 0.34893208742141724, -0.04869434982538223, 0.5980490446090698, 0.1197366863489151, -0.18692141771316528, 0.17518936097621918, -0.018935153260827065, -0.0024860003031790257, 0.31255266070365906, -0.1874910145998001, 0.4003835916519165, -0.0383654423058033, 0.0662105530500412, 0.08773807436227798, -0.26364561915397644, 0.29967111349105835, -0.012277810834348202, 0.8015151023864746, 0.6452203392982483, -0.7785939574241638, 0.07161548733711243, -0.5980435013771057, -0.06565822660923004, 0.22754493355751038, -0.35031330585479736, 0.09802498668432236, -0.15809421241283417, -0.22580452263355255, 0.23584887385368347, 0.10007357597351074, 0.3524913489818573, -0.3354635536670685, -0.5385594964027405, -0.0731387808918953, -0.2695567309856415, 0.49703431129455566, 0.22212475538253784, 0.2799580693244934, -0.1629328727722168, -0.46248921751976013, -0.16342447698116302, 0.25645431876182556, -0.31383445858955383, 0.6084412336349487, -0.437205046415329, 0.3007117807865143, -0.045404646545648575, -0.6077412962913513, 0.16663803160190582, -0.5151423215866089, 0.5492554903030396, 0.5344411730766296, -0.03626014292240143, -0.7501617670059204, 0.48073655366897583, 0.5735896825790405, -0.2455262690782547, 0.5974621772766113, -0.6974074840545654, -0.574422299861908, 0.21157704293727875, 0.5883030295372009, -0.18693973124027252, 0.7468147277832031, 0.38183632493019104, 0.14239142835140228, -0.40529435873031616, -0.1728123426437378, -0.20185185968875885, 0.17568476498126984, -0.5903332233428955, -0.18637855350971222, -0.28268930315971375, 0.4159740209579468, -0.10728591680526733, -0.4704291522502899, -0.1397460252046585, 0.19230732321739197, 1.1295456886291504, 0.04984147101640701, -0.05311119183897972, 0.3565213084220886, -0.1970505565404892, -0.19606158137321472, 0.15973179042339325, -0.4108206629753113, -0.09000881761312485, 0.8794295787811279, 0.3660142421722412, 0.41375017166137695, -0.5992299914360046, 0.3918592035770416, -0.0247344933450222, 0.010023318231105804, 0.10033517330884933, -0.09802133589982986, 0.16780978441238403, 0.05806703120470047, -0.6980635523796082, 0.05205458030104637, 0.5506420135498047, 0.09343763440847397, 0.6252046227455139, -0.3504426181316376, 0.5544029474258423, -0.186700239777565, 0.1555381566286087, -0.46096673607826233, -0.5181607604026794, 0.11097226291894913, -0.12712395191192627, 0.31899160146713257, -0.35776394605636597, 0.3762236535549164, -0.6997784376144409, 0.14622746407985687, -0.045042984187603, 0.45593714714050293, -0.19378897547721863, -0.12668977677822113, 0.40754756331443787, -0.2730426490306854, 0.9349403381347656, -0.17346176505088806, 0.6178058385848999, 0.010978986509144306, 0.5700353384017944, -0.4392671585083008, -0.33593618869781494, 0.314194917678833, -0.1327328234910965, 0.2561580538749695, 0.3381766974925995, 0.07984910160303116, 0.07209476828575134, -0.5726771950721741, 0.6036791801452637, -0.12285608053207397, 0.8270815014839172, -0.30812153220176697, 0.560791552066803, -0.000031129875424085185, -0.09993782639503479, 0.01247385423630476, 0.056336402893066406, 0.2699143886566162, -0.1620815247297287, 0.8231074213981628, -0.27793118357658386, -0.19197610020637512, -0.25791704654693604, -0.5456241369247437, -0.21059483289718628, 0.049257852137088776, -0.23460136353969574, -0.021636594086885452, 0.6124525666236877, -0.8632334470748901, -0.3520134687423706, -0.1659802943468094, 0.5283750891685486, -0.40471258759498596, -0.25954899191856384, 0.010007639415562153, -0.4586905837059021, 0.43283721804618835, -0.59611576795578, 0.3019925355911255, 0.1197095438838005, 0.026229381561279297, 0.07742366939783096, -0.07772211730480194, -0.11389345675706863, -0.5094944834709167, 0.31024762988090515, 0.10327988862991333, -0.3149332106113434, -0.04268050566315651, -0.4772641658782959, -0.27585771679878235, 0.2227935791015625, -0.2267352044582367, 0.20766712725162506, 0.453307181596756, 0.12129966914653778, 0.10839547961950302, -0.14552082121372223, -5.633540153503418, -0.2042774111032486, -0.20207881927490234, 0.31890565156936646, 0.4767468571662903, 0.1660301387310028, 0.5847448110580444, -0.23632729053497314, -0.5100768208503723, -0.12106425315141678, 0.6544482111930847, -0.3185789883136749, 0.2581063210964203, 0.13036216795444489, 0.6867915391921997, 0.30508413910865784, 1.1384731531143188, -0.24761970341205597, 0.5219168066978455, 0.11562304943799973, -0.23781359195709229, 0.1398577243089676, 0.14564631879329681, 0.1763293743133545, 0.3526441752910614, 0.767606794834137, 0.14822258055210114, -0.5720945596694946, -0.984478235244751, -0.7522647976875305, -0.10351216048002243, 0.0037923071067780256, 0.31946030259132385, -0.34856125712394714, -0.5311897993087769, 0.09502431750297546, -0.0070717828348279, 0.3992491662502289, 0.6630098223686218, 0.13691478967666626, 0.17476016283035278, 0.08209693431854248, 0.22295419871807098, 0.11895167827606201, 0.21171575784683228, -0.39927300810813904, -1.1164568662643433, 0.5907043218612671, -0.10611499100923538, 0.6272212862968445, -0.13680310547351837, 0.3808227777481079, 0.2825717329978943, -0.2921695113182068, -0.28411537408828735, 0.5270289778709412, 0.3051767349243164, 0.1902301162481308, -0.7778984308242798, 0.5940570831298828, 0.6732085347175598, -0.515501856803894, 0.15399810671806335, 0.18179985880851746, -0.03349531069397926, -0.20376431941986084, -0.6211866736412048, 0.4534865915775299, 0.21221545338630676, 0.5997804403305054, -0.10115637630224228, -0.12357654422521591, 0.10369710624217987, -1.0202655792236328, 0.08016680181026459, -0.1759413182735443, -0.06194569915533066, 0.1662513017654419, 0.20876652002334595, 0.08341248333454132, -0.11813876777887344, -0.07612262666225433, -0.4214538335800171, 0.32851704955101013, -0.23253048956394196, -1.063612461090088, -0.8044917583465576, 0.545971155166626, -0.2816580832004547, -0.07560975849628448, 0.12687435746192932, -0.5124174952507019, -0.14232821762561798, 0.3217877745628357, 0.1863180547952652, -0.5764462947845459, 0.29590415954589844, -0.31901493668556213, -0.058071814477443695, -0.20814238488674164, -0.2666110396385193, -0.45992574095726013, 0.051722053438425064, -0.5747973322868347, -0.13679645955562592, 0.020539794117212296, -0.2273525893688202, 0.05378485098481178, 0.7349202036857605, -0.3449814021587372, 0.053146544843912125, -0.041072357445955276, -0.29127195477485657, -0.6410474181175232, 0.012991932220757008, -0.4206241965293884, -0.08929601311683655, -0.08718343824148178, 0.318366676568985, 0.05729451775550842, -0.41206634044647217, 0.20913565158843994, -0.42246752977371216, 0.07146959006786346, -0.8486567139625549, 0.08312385529279709, 0.5217252969741821, -0.2641673982143402, -0.6739948391914368, 0.05958996340632439, 0.2045406550168991, 0.3056551218032837, -0.14964546263217926, 0.22418347001075745, -0.3567884564399719, -0.10270076990127563, 0.20616234838962555, -0.25011295080184937, -0.3533880114555359, -0.14385679364204407, 0.01687448099255562, -0.24279946088790894, -0.21591655910015106, 0.3199031949043274, 0.17619280517101288, -0.02419138513505459, 0.06248403713107109, 0.024712393060326576, -0.2789228856563568, 0.7356144785881042, 0.17734496295452118, 0.018427157774567604, 0.7168673276901245, -0.32056277990341187, -0.2868477702140808, 0.17496918141841888, -0.4198455512523651, 0.2887817919254303, 0.09381675720214844, -0.5138534307479858, -0.02275695838034153, -0.5835756659507751, -0.5054433941841125, -0.0552438423037529, 0.6286457777023315, -0.13183625042438507, -0.25694629549980164, -0.8117444515228271, -0.3159516751766205, 0.7761621475219727, 0.1615813970565796, -0.38502731919288635, -0.38276517391204834, -0.585390567779541, 0.05853339284658432, 0.2827134430408478, 0.23708921670913696, 0.229485884308815, -0.37663641571998596, 0.22742930054664612, 0.6492416858673096, 0.13602134585380554, -0.2536866366863251, 0.382068395614624, 0.5303088426589966, -0.04012299329042435, -0.5738195180892944, -0.11137757450342178, 0.36396652460098267, -0.36305707693099976, -0.3376244306564331, -0.3726505935192108, 0.40832456946372986, -0.1800023317337036, -0.7587648034095764, -0.20133525133132935, 0.41800469160079956, 0.20003624260425568, -0.43552306294441223, -0.4993271827697754, 0.3079758286476135, 0.8489515781402588, 0.09247880429029465, 0.0811605453491211, 0.4772433340549469, -0.9407853484153748, -0.06444613635540009, -0.035281065851449966, -0.2159564346075058, 0.9239158034324646, -0.29029396176338196, -0.9166096448898315, 0.36633074283599854, 0.1242557242512703, -0.23424039781093597, 0.036060791462659836, 0.26235368847846985, -0.05033005028963089, -0.09101354330778122, -0.42708975076675415, -0.6159430742263794, -0.014508048072457314, -0.20505794882774353, -0.5438295602798462, -0.1788676679134369, -0.2689262926578522, 0.7707133293151855, 0.1307644546031952, 1.03548002243042, -0.40080365538597107, -0.2609497904777527, 0.24076245725154877, -0.5073418021202087, 0.07548230141401291, -0.5593109726905823, 0.26409590244293213, 0.7182601690292358, 0.21428142488002777, 0.13627971708774567, 0.4946862459182739, 0.6861056089401245, 1.5562200546264648, 0.26501137018203735, -0.2507793605327606, 0.4970954656600952, 0.2426290214061737, -0.012804524973034859, -0.5372764468193054, -0.3594108521938324, 0.6041858792304993, -0.14582867920398712, -0.20726874470710754, -0.7149572372436523, -0.1817411631345749, 0.9922423362731934, -1.0610917806625366, 0.33746692538261414, 0.30087554454803467, 0.4909819960594177, 0.43348580598831177, -0.0007164314738474786, 0.37739601731300354, 0.1228409931063652, 0.3671017289161682, -0.1453229784965515, 0.03161390870809555, -0.30602580308914185, 0.11431176960468292, 0.355563759803772, -0.4279991686344147, -0.10680372267961502, 0.07731186598539352, -0.15177203714847565, 0.3452020585536957, -0.07311518490314484, 0.37921637296676636, 0.19797691702842712, -0.8233181834220886, 0.736688494682312, -0.3853601813316345, -0.8695577383041382, 0.03278752788901329, 0.4022563397884369, -0.7702173590660095, 0.05926806107163429, -0.700145423412323, -0.02679217979311943, -0.10308363288640976, -0.3130156695842743, 0.06967440247535706, -0.37840357422828674, -0.3517278730869293, 0.13795112073421478, -0.11155986040830612, -0.3231230080127716, 0.08722039312124252, -0.1945725530385971, 0.12000608444213867, 0.2489890605211258, -0.07555397599935532, -0.6459335684776306, 1.0310410261154175, 0.02870621345937252, -0.1685870736837387, -0.31291261315345764, 0.3573439419269562, -0.07332802563905716, -0.3919563293457031, -0.1992601603269577, -0.2857866585254669, 0.3202219605445862, -0.32883933186531067, 0.3761959373950958, 0.5303052067756653, -0.22609174251556396, 0.016124535351991653, 0.741813063621521, -0.299576997756958, 0.1269361823797226, -0.08453144878149033, 0.11672469228506088, 0.20291796326637268, 0.03621664270758629, 0.3166736364364624, 0.09799746423959732, 0.523287832736969, -0.8656957745552063, -0.4758482873439789, -0.053460802882909775, 0.46056613326072693, 0.1548835039138794, 0.18677540123462677, -0.9177349209785461, 0.513168454170227, -0.3899330794811249, -0.3145905137062073, 0.8543688654899597, -0.3601049482822418, -0.19548200070858002, 0.5715196132659912, 0.3784169554710388, 0.4003823697566986, -0.3907468914985657, 0.1445225328207016, -0.06577098369598389, 0.44655510783195496, 0.09473773092031479, 0.028805315494537354, 0.006741011515259743, 0.10266359895467758, 0.6473286747932434, 0.05454517900943756, 0.25036200881004333, -0.38215065002441406, 0.37425360083580017, 0.7469808459281921, 0.3882037103176117, -0.22832803428173065, -0.5185191631317139, 0.07567965984344482, -0.4633256494998932, -0.44691213965415955, 0.3097587823867798, -0.0014487714506685734, -0.3293492794036865, 0.1617015153169632, 0.3497377634048462, -0.15599416196346283, 0.5363467335700989, -0.12276633083820343, 0.3185880482196808, 0.10416141897439957, 0.013117059133946896, -0.6160529851913452, -0.3037261962890625, 0.5130783319473267, 0.001056836685165763, 0.14880268275737762, -0.060615137219429016, -0.119819775223732, -0.15706858038902283, -0.1702970713376999, -0.2892858684062958, -0.7091644406318665, 0.2164459228515625, -0.03039727732539177, -0.4222276210784912, 0.2620025873184204, -0.6550716161727905, 0.2107713371515274, 0.5309219360351562, -0.6133519411087036, -0.18309879302978516, 0.05351697653532028, -0.6202173829078674, -0.030225785449147224, -0.39771005511283875, 0.35584568977355957, 0.26484325528144836, -0.48878875374794006, 0.24688772857189178, 0.5930730700492859, -0.27238598465919495, 0.38169237971305847, 0.15283703804016113, 0.4964222311973572, -0.15289226174354553, -0.5035886168479919, -0.7439633011817932, -0.14427103102207184, 0.13764628767967224, -0.46836182475090027, 0.06334473937749863, 0.5367459654808044, 0.41805440187454224, 0.2496851533651352, 0.3133167326450348, -0.20917630195617676, -0.4161997139453888, -0.20576591789722443, 0.14103259146213531, 0.3463340997695923, -0.2324294149875641, 0.07692442834377289, 0.02775471843779087, -0.10260676592588425, 0.7121951580047607, -0.09588807821273804, -0.8739911317825317, 0.4849412441253662, -0.25039875507354736, 0.23651106655597687, -0.8198442459106445, 0.07217517495155334, 0.09022276103496552, 0.0676482617855072, 0.6014244556427002, 0.9581144452095032, -0.6882414817810059, -0.06707920134067535, -0.624710202217102, 0.04369194433093071, 0.37787026166915894, 0.3730468451976776, 0.4037577509880066, -0.4578057527542114, -0.28373685479164124, -0.4037155210971832, -0.5059990286827087, 0.28876790404319763, 0.10805860906839371, 0.4877825975418091, 0.5662211775779724, -0.34799468517303467, 0.2694879472255707, -0.4069433808326721, -0.030389416962862015, -0.7092189788818359, -0.05019378289580345, 0.5621343851089478 ]
249254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique%20problem	Clique problem	In computer science, the clique problem is the computational problem of finding cliques (subsets of vertices, all adjacent to each other, also called complete subgraphs) in a graph. It has several different formulations depending on which cliques, and what information about the cliques, should be found. Common formulations of the clique problem include finding a maximum clique (a clique with the largest possible number of vertices), finding a maximum weight clique in a weighted graph, listing all maximal cliques (cliques that cannot be enlarged), and solving the decision problem of testing whether a graph contains a clique larger than a given size. The clique problem arises in the following real-world setting. Consider a social network, where the graph's vertices represent people, and the graph's edges represent mutual acquaintance. Then a clique represents a subset of people who all know each other, and algorithms for finding cliques can be used to discover these groups of mutual friends. Along with its applications in social networks, the clique problem also has many applications in bioinformatics, and computational chemistry. Most versions of the clique problem are hard. The clique decision problem is NP-complete (one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems). The problem of finding the maximum clique is both fixed-parameter intractable and hard to approximate. And, listing all maximal cliques may require exponential time as there exist graphs with exponentially many maximal cliques. Therefore, much of the theory about the clique problem is devoted to identifying special types of graph that admit more efficient algorithms, or to establishing the computational difficulty of the general problem in various models of computation. To find a maximum clique, one can systematically inspect all subsets, but this sort of brute-force search is too time-consuming to be practical for networks comprising more than a few dozen vertices. Although no polynomial time algorithm is known for this problem, more efficient algorithms than the brute-force search are known. For instance, the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm can be used to list all maximal cliques in worst-case optimal time, and it is also possible to list them in polynomial time per clique. History and applications The study of complete subgraphs in mathematics predates the "clique" terminology. For instance, complete subgraphs make an early appearance in the mathematical literature in the graph-theoretic reformulation of Ramsey theory by . But the term "clique" and the problem of algorithmically listing cliques both come from the social sciences, where complete subgraphs are used to model social cliques, groups of people who all know each other. used graphs to model social networks, and adapted the social science terminology to graph theory. They were the first to call complete subgraphs "cliques". The first algorithm for solving the clique problem is that of , who were motivated by the sociological application. Social science researchers have also defined various other types of cliques and maximal cliques in social network, "cohesive subgroups" of people or actors in the network all of whom share one of several different kinds of connectivity relation. Many of these generalized notions of cliques can also be found by constructing an undirected graph whose edges represent related pairs of actors from the social network, and then applying an algorithm for the clique problem to this graph. Since the work of Harary and Ross, many others have devised algorithms for various versions of the clique problem. In the 1970s, researchers began studying these algorithms from the point of view of worst-case analysis. See, for instance, , an early work on the worst-case complexity of the maximum clique problem. Also in the 1970s, beginning with the work of and , researchers began using the theory of NP-completeness and related intractability results to provide a mathematical explanation for the perceived difficulty of the clique problem. In the 1990s, a breakthrough series of papers beginning with and reported in The New York Times, showed that (assuming P ≠ NP) it is not even possible to approximate the problem accurately and efficiently. Clique-finding algorithms have been used in chemistry, to find chemicals that match a target structure and to model molecular docking and the binding sites of chemical reactions. They can also be used to find similar structures within different molecules. In these applications, one forms a graph in which each vertex represents a matched pair of atoms, one from each of two molecules. Two vertices are connected by an edge if the matches that they represent are compatible with each other. Being compatible may mean, for instance, that the distances between the atoms within the two molecules are approximately equal, to within some given tolerance. A clique in this graph represents a set of matched pairs of atoms in which all the matches are compatible with each other. A special case of this method is the use of the modular product of graphs to reduce the problem of finding the maximum common induced subgraph of two graphs to the problem of finding a maximum clique in their product. In automatic test pattern generation, finding cliques can help to bound the size of a test set. In bioinformatics, clique-finding algorithms have been used to infer evolutionary trees, predict protein structures, and find closely interacting clusters of proteins. Listing the cliques in a dependency graph is an important step in the analysis of certain random processes. In mathematics, Keller's conjecture on face-to-face tiling of hypercubes was disproved by , who used a clique-finding algorithm on an associated graph to find a counterexample. Definitions An undirected graph is formed by a finite set of vertices and a set of unordered pairs of vertices, which are called edges. By convention, in algorithm analysis, the number of vertices in the graph is denoted by and the number of edges is denoted by . A clique in a graph is a complete subgraph of . That is, it is a subset of the vertices such that every two vertices in are the two endpoints of an edge in . A maximal clique is a clique to which no more vertices can be added. For each vertex that is not part of a maximal clique, there must be another vertex that is in the clique and non-adjacent to , preventing from being added to the clique. A maximum clique is a clique that includes the largest possible number of vertices. The clique number is the number of vertices in a maximum clique of . Several closely related clique-finding problems have been studied. In the maximum clique problem, the input is an undirected graph, and the output is a maximum clique in the graph. If there are multiple maximum cliques, one of them may be chosen arbitrarily. In the weighted maximum clique problem, the input is an undirected graph with weights on its vertices (or, less frequently, edges) and the output is a clique with maximum total weight. The maximum clique problem is the special case in which all weights are equal. As well as the problem of optimizing the sum of weights, other more complicated bicriterion optimization problems have also been studied. In the maximal clique listing problem, the input is an undirected graph, and the output is a list of all its maximal cliques. The maximum clique problem may be solved using as a subroutine an algorithm for the maximal clique listing problem, because the maximum clique must be included among all the maximal cliques. In the -clique problem, the input is an undirected graph and a number . The output is a clique with vertices, if one exists, or a special value indicating that there is no -clique otherwise. In some variations of this problem, the output should list all cliques of size . In the clique decision problem, the input is an undirected graph and a number , and the output is a Boolean value: true if the graph contains a -clique, and false otherwise. The first four of these problems are all important in practical applications. The clique decision problem is not of practical importance; it is formulated in this way in order to apply the theory of NP-completeness to clique-finding problems. The clique problem and the independent set problem are complementary: a clique in is an independent set in the complement graph of and vice versa. Therefore, many computational results may be applied equally well to either problem, and some research papers do not clearly distinguish between the two problems. However, the two problems have different properties when applied to restricted families of graphs. For instance, the clique problem may be solved in polynomial time for planar graphs while the independent set problem remains NP-hard on planar graphs. Algorithms Finding a single maximal clique A maximal clique, sometimes called inclusion-maximal, is a clique that is not included in a larger clique. Therefore, every clique is contained in a maximal clique. Maximal cliques can be very small. A graph may contain a non-maximal clique with many vertices and a separate clique of size 2 which is maximal. While a maximum (i.e., largest) clique is necessarily maximal, the converse does not hold. There are some types of graphs in which every maximal clique is maximum; these are the complements of the well-covered graphs, in which every maximal independent set is maximum. However, other graphs have maximal cliques that are not maximum. A single maximal clique can be found by a straightforward greedy algorithm. Starting with an arbitrary clique (for instance, any single vertex or even the empty set), grow the current clique one vertex at a time by looping through the graph's remaining vertices. For each vertex that this loop examines, add to the clique if it is adjacent to every vertex that is already in the clique, and discard otherwise. This algorithm runs in linear time. Because of the ease of finding maximal cliques, and their potential small size, more attention has been given to the much harder algorithmic problem of finding a maximum or otherwise large clique. However, some research in parallel algorithms has studied the problem of finding a maximal clique. In particular, the problem of finding the lexicographically first maximal clique (the one found by the algorithm above) has been shown to be complete for the class of polynomial-time functions. This result implies that the problem is unlikely to be solvable within the parallel complexity class NC. Cliques of fixed size One can test whether a graph contains a -vertex clique, and find any such clique that it contains, using a brute force algorithm. This algorithm examines each subgraph with vertices and checks to see whether it forms a clique. It takes time , as expressed using big O notation. This is because there are subgraphs to check, each of which has edges whose presence in needs to be checked. Thus, the problem may be solved in polynomial time whenever is a fixed constant. However, when does not have a fixed value, but instead may vary as part of the input to the problem, the time is exponential. The simplest nontrivial case of the clique-finding problem is finding a triangle in a graph, or equivalently determining whether the graph is triangle-free. In a graph with edges, there may be at most triangles (using big theta notation to indicate that this bound is tight). The worst case for this formula occurs when is itself a clique. Therefore, algorithms for listing all triangles must take at least time in the worst case (using big omega notation), and algorithms are known that match this time bound. For instance, describe an algorithm that sorts the vertices in order from highest degree to lowest and then iterates through each vertex in the sorted list, looking for triangles that include and do not include any previous vertex in the list. To do so the algorithm marks all neighbors of , searches through all edges incident to a neighbor of outputting a triangle for every edge that has two marked endpoints, and then removes the marks and deletes from the graph. As the authors show, the time for this algorithm is proportional to the arboricity of the graph (denoted ) multiplied by the number of edges, which is . Since the arboricity is at most , this algorithm runs in time . More generally, all -vertex cliques can be listed by a similar algorithm that takes time proportional to the number of edges multiplied by the arboricity to the power . For graphs of constant arboricity, such as planar graphs (or in general graphs from any non-trivial minor-closed graph family), this algorithm takes time, which is optimal since it is linear in the size of the input. If one desires only a single triangle, or an assurance that the graph is triangle-free, faster algorithms are possible. As observe, the graph contains a triangle if and only if its adjacency matrix and the square of the adjacency matrix contain nonzero entries in the same cell. Therefore, fast matrix multiplication techniques can be applied to find triangles in time . used fast matrix multiplication to improve the algorithm for finding triangles to . These algorithms based on fast matrix multiplication have also been extended to problems of finding -cliques for larger values of . Listing all maximal cliques By a result of , every -vertex graph has at most maximal cliques. They can be listed by the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm, a recursive backtracking procedure of . The main recursive subroutine of this procedure has three arguments: a partially constructed (non-maximal) clique, a set of candidate vertices that could be added to the clique, and another set of vertices that should not be added (because doing so would lead to a clique that has already been found). The algorithm tries adding the candidate vertices one by one to the partial clique, making a recursive call for each one. After trying each of these vertices, it moves it to the set of vertices that should not be added again. Variants of this algorithm can be shown to have worst-case running time , matching the number of cliques that might need to be listed. Therefore, this provides a worst-case-optimal solution to the problem of listing all maximal cliques. Further, the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm has been widely reported as being faster in practice than its alternatives. However, when the number of cliques is significantly smaller than its worst case, other algorithms might be preferable. As showed, it is also possible to list all maximal cliques in a graph in an amount of time that is polynomial per generated clique. An algorithm such as theirs in which the running time depends on the output size is known as an output-sensitive algorithm. Their algorithm is based on the following two observations, relating the maximal cliques of the given graph to the maximal cliques of a graph formed by removing an arbitrary vertex from : For every maximal clique of , either continues to form a maximal clique in , or forms a maximal clique in . Therefore, has at least as many maximal cliques as does. Each maximal clique in that does not contain is a maximal clique in , and each maximal clique in that does contain can be formed from a maximal clique in by adding and removing the non-neighbors of from . Using these observations they can generate all maximal cliques in by a recursive algorithm that chooses a vertex arbitrarily and then, for each maximal clique in , outputs both and the clique formed by adding to and removing the non-neighbors of . However, some cliques of may be generated in this way from more than one parent clique of , so they eliminate duplicates by outputting a clique in only when its parent in is lexicographically maximum among all possible parent cliques. On the basis of this principle, they show that all maximal cliques in may be generated in time per clique, where is the number of edges in and is the number of vertices. improve this to per clique, where is the arboricity of the given graph. provide an alternative output-sensitive algorithm based on fast matrix multiplication. show that it is even possible to list all maximal cliques in lexicographic order with polynomial delay per clique. However, the choice of ordering is important for the efficiency of this algorithm: for the reverse of this order, there is no polynomial-delay algorithm unless P = NP. On the basis of this result, it is possible to list all maximal cliques in polynomial time, for families of graphs in which the number of cliques is polynomially bounded. These families include chordal graphs, complete graphs, triangle-free graphs, interval graphs, graphs of bounded boxicity, and planar graphs. In particular, the planar graphs have cliques, of at most constant size, that can be listed in linear time. The same is true for any family of graphs that is both sparse (having a number of edges at most a constant times the number of vertices) and closed under the operation of taking subgraphs. Finding maximum cliques in arbitrary graphs It is possible to find the maximum clique, or the clique number, of an arbitrary n-vertex graph in time by using one of the algorithms described above to list all maximal cliques in the graph and returning the largest one. However, for this variant of the clique problem better worst-case time bounds are possible. The algorithm of solves this problem in time . It is a recursive backtracking scheme similar to that of the Bron–Kerbosch algorithm, but is able to eliminate some recursive calls when it can be shown that the cliques found within the call will be suboptimal. improved the time to , and improved it to time, at the expense of greater space usage. Robson's algorithm combines a similar backtracking scheme (with a more complicated case analysis) and a dynamic programming technique in which the optimal solution is precomputed for all small connected subgraphs of the complement graph. These partial solutions are used to shortcut the backtracking recursion. The fastest algorithm known today is a refined version of this method by which runs in time . There has also been extensive research on heuristic algorithms for solving maximum clique problems without worst-case runtime guarantees, based on methods including branch and bound, local search, greedy algorithms, and constraint programming. Non-standard computing methodologies that have been suggested for finding cliques include DNA computing and adiabatic quantum computation. The maximum clique problem was the subject of an implementation challenge sponsored by DIMACS in 1992–1993, and a collection of graphs used as benchmarks for the challenge, which is publicly available. Special classes of graphs Planar graphs, and other families of sparse graphs, have been discussed above: they have linearly many maximal cliques, of bounded size, that can be listed in linear time. In particular, for planar graphs, any clique can have at most four vertices, by Kuratowski's theorem. Perfect graphs are defined by the properties that their clique number equals their chromatic number, and that this equality holds also in each of their induced subgraphs. For perfect graphs, it is possible to find a maximum clique in polynomial time, using an algorithm based on semidefinite programming. However, this method is complex and non-combinatorial, and specialized clique-finding algorithms have been developed for many subclasses of perfect graphs. In the complement graphs of bipartite graphs, Kőnig's theorem allows the maximum clique problem to be solved using techniques for matching. In another class of perfect graphs, the permutation graphs, a maximum clique is a longest decreasing subsequence of the permutation defining the graph and can be found using known algorithms for the longest decreasing subsequence problem. Conversely, every instance of the longest decreasing subsequence problem can be described equivalently as a problem of finding a maximum clique in a permutation graph. provide an alternative quadratic-time algorithm for maximum cliques in comparability graphs, a broader class of perfect graphs that includes the permutation graphs as a special case. In chordal graphs, the maximal cliques can be found by listing the vertices in an elimination ordering, and checking the clique neighborhoods of each vertex in this ordering. In some cases, these algorithms can be extended to other, non-perfect, classes of graphs as well. For instance, in a circle graph, the neighborhood of each vertex is a permutation graph, so a maximum clique in a circle graph can be found by applying the permutation graph algorithm to each neighborhood. Similarly, in a unit disk graph (with a known geometric representation), there is a polynomial time algorithm for maximum cliques based on applying the algorithm for complements of bipartite graphs to shared neighborhoods of pairs of vertices. The algorithmic problem of finding a maximum clique in a random graph drawn from the Erdős–Rényi model (in which each edge appears with probability , independently from the other edges) was suggested by . Because the maximum clique in a random graph has logarithmic size with high probability, it can be found by a brute force search in expected time . This is a quasi-polynomial time bound. Although the clique number of such graphs is usually very close to , simple greedy algorithms as well as more sophisticated randomized approximation techniques only find cliques with size , half as big. The number of maximal cliques in such graphs is with high probability exponential in , which prevents methods that list all maximal cliques from running in polynomial time. Because of the difficulty of this problem, several authors have investigated the planted clique problem, the clique problem on random graphs that have been augmented by adding large cliques. While spectral methods and semidefinite programming can detect hidden cliques of size , no polynomial-time algorithms are currently known to detect those of size (expressed using little-o notation). Approximation algorithms Several authors have considered approximation algorithms that attempt to find a clique or independent set that, although not maximum, has size as close to the maximum as can be found in polynomial time. Although much of this work has focused on independent sets in sparse graphs, a case that does not make sense for the complementary clique problem, there has also been work on approximation algorithms that do not use such sparsity assumptions. describes a polynomial time algorithm that finds a clique of size in any graph that has clique number for any constant . By using this algorithm when the clique number of a given input graph is between and , switching to a different algorithm of for graphs with higher clique numbers, and choosing a two-vertex clique if both algorithms fail to find anything, Feige provides an approximation algorithm that finds a clique with a number of vertices within a factor of of the maximum. Although the approximation ratio of this algorithm is weak, it is the best known to date. The results on hardness of approximation described below suggest that there can be no approximation algorithm with an approximation ratio significantly less than linear. Lower bounds NP-completeness The clique decision problem is NP-complete. It was one of Richard Karp's original 21 problems shown NP-complete in his 1972 paper "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems". This problem was also mentioned in Stephen Cook's paper introducing the theory of NP-complete problems. Because of the hardness of the decision problem, the problem of finding a maximum clique is also NP-hard. If one could solve it, one could also solve the decision problem, by comparing the size of the maximum clique to the size parameter given as input in the decision problem. Karp's NP-completeness proof is a many-one reduction from the Boolean satisfiability problem. It describes how to translate Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF) into equivalent instances of the maximum clique problem. Satisfiability, in turn, was proved NP-complete in the Cook–Levin theorem. From a given CNF formula, Karp forms a graph that has a vertex for every pair , where is a variable or its negation and is a clause in the formula that contains . Two of these vertices are connected by an edge if they represent compatible variable assignments for different clauses. That is, there is an edge from to whenever and and are not each other's negations. If denotes the number of clauses in the CNF formula, then the -vertex cliques in this graph represent consistent ways of assigning truth values to some of its variables in order to satisfy the formula. Therefore, the formula is satisfiable if and only if a -vertex clique exists. Some NP-complete problems (such as the travelling salesman problem in planar graphs) may be solved in time that is exponential in a sublinear function of the input size parameter , significantly faster than a brute-force search. However, it is unlikely that such a subexponential time bound is possible for the clique problem in arbitrary graphs, as it would imply similarly subexponential bounds for many other standard NP-complete problems. Circuit complexity The computational difficulty of the clique problem has led it to be used to prove several lower bounds in circuit complexity. The existence of a clique of a given size is a monotone graph property, meaning that, if a clique exists in a given graph, it will exist in any supergraph. Because this property is monotone, there must exist a monotone circuit, using only and gates and or gates, to solve the clique decision problem for a given fixed clique size. However, the size of these circuits can be proven to be a super-polynomial function of the number of vertices and the clique size, exponential in the cube root of the number of vertices. Even if a small number of NOT gates are allowed, the complexity remains superpolynomial. Additionally, the depth of a monotone circuit for the clique problem using gates of bounded fan-in must be at least a polynomial in the clique size. Decision tree complexity The (deterministic) decision tree complexity of determining a graph property is the number of questions of the form "Is there an edge between vertex and vertex ?" that have to be answered in the worst case to determine whether a graph has a particular property. That is, it is the minimum height of a boolean decision tree for the problem. There are possible questions to be asked. Therefore, any graph property can be determined with at most questions. It is also possible to define random and quantum decision tree complexity of a property, the expected number of questions (for a worst case input) that a randomized or quantum algorithm needs to have answered in order to correctly determine whether the given graph has the property. Because the property of containing a clique is monotone, it is covered by the Aanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture, which states that the deterministic decision tree complexity of determining any non-trivial monotone graph property is exactly . For arbitrary monotone graph properties, this conjecture remains unproven. However, for deterministic decision trees, and for any in the range , the property of containing a -clique was shown to have decision tree complexity exactly by . Deterministic decision trees also require exponential size to detect cliques, or large polynomial size to detect cliques of bounded size. The Aanderaa–Karp–Rosenberg conjecture also states that the randomized decision tree complexity of non-trivial monotone functions is . The conjecture again remains unproven, but has been resolved for the property of containing a clique for . This property is known to have randomized decision tree complexity . For quantum decision trees, the best known lower bound is , but no matching algorithm is known for the case of . Fixed-parameter intractability Parameterized complexity is the complexity-theoretic study of problems that are naturally equipped with a small integer parameter and for which the problem becomes more difficult as increases, such as finding -cliques in graphs. A problem is said to be fixed-parameter tractable if there is an algorithm for solving it on inputs of size , and a function , such that the algorithm runs in time . That is, it is fixed-parameter tractable if it can be solved in polynomial time for any fixed value of and moreover if the exponent of the polynomial does not depend on . For finding -vertex cliques, the brute force search algorithm has running time . Because the exponent of depends on , this algorithm is not fixed-parameter tractable. Although it can be improved by fast matrix multiplication the running time still has an exponent that is linear in Thus, although the running time of known algorithms for the clique problem is polynomial for any fixed , these algorithms do not suffice for fixed-parameter tractability. defined a hierarchy of parametrized problems, the W hierarchy, that they conjectured did not have fixed-parameter tractable algorithms. They proved that independent set (or, equivalently, clique) is hard for the first level of this hierarchy, W[1]. Thus, according to their conjecture, clique has no fixed-parameter tractable algorithm. Moreover, this result provides the basis for proofs of W[1]-hardness of many other problems, and thus serves as an analogue of the Cook–Levin theorem for parameterized complexity. showed that finding -vertex cliques cannot be done in time unless the exponential time hypothesis fails. Again, this provides evidence that no fixed-parameter tractable algorithm is possible. Although the problems of listing maximal cliques or finding maximum cliques are unlikely to be fixed-parameter tractable with the parameter , they may be fixed-parameter tractable for other parameters of instance complexity. For instance, both problems are known to be fixed-parameter tractable when parametrized by the degeneracy of the input graph. Hardness of approximation Weak results hinting that the clique problem might be hard to approximate have been known for a long time. observed that, because the clique number takes on small integer values and is NP-hard to compute, it cannot have a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme. If too accurate an approximation were available, rounding its value to an integer would give the exact clique number. However, little more was known until the early 1990s, when several authors began to make connections between the approximation of maximum cliques and probabilistically checkable proofs. They used these connections to prove hardness of approximation results for the maximum clique problem. After many improvements to these results it is now known that, for every real number , there can be no polynomial time algorithm that approximates the maximum clique to within a factor better than , unless P = NP. The rough idea of these inapproximability results is to form a graph that represents a probabilistically checkable proof system for an NP-complete problem such as the Boolean satisfiability problem. In a probabilistically checkable proof system, a proof is represented as a sequence of bits. An instance of the satisfiability problem should have a valid proof if and only if it is satisfiable. The proof is checked by an algorithm that, after a polynomial-time computation on the input to the satisfiability problem, chooses to examine a small number of randomly chosen positions of the proof string. Depending on what values are found at that sample of bits, the checker will either accept or reject the proof, without looking at the rest of the bits. False negatives are not allowed: a valid proof must always be accepted. However, an invalid proof may sometimes mistakenly be accepted. For every invalid proof, the probability that the checker will accept it must be low. To transform a probabilistically checkable proof system of this type into a clique problem, one forms a graph with a vertex for each possible accepting run of the proof checker. That is, a vertex is defined by one of the possible random choices of sets of positions to examine, and by bit values for those positions that would cause the checker to accept the proof. It can be represented by a partial word with a 0 or 1 at each examined position and a wildcard character at each remaining position. Two vertices are adjacent, in this graph, if the corresponding two accepting runs see the same bit values at every position they both examine. Each (valid or invalid) proof string corresponds to a clique, the set of accepting runs that see that proof string, and all maximal cliques arise in this way. One of these cliques is large if and only if it corresponds to a proof string that many proof checkers accept. If the original satisfiability instance is satisfiable, it will have a valid proof string, one that is accepted by all runs of the checker, and this string will correspond to a large clique in the graph. However, if the original instance is not satisfiable, then all proof strings are invalid, each proof string has only a small number of checker runs that mistakenly accept it, and all cliques are small. Therefore, if one could distinguish in polynomial time between graphs that have large cliques and graphs in which all cliques are small, or if one could accurately approximate the clique problem, then applying this approximation to the graphs generated from satisfiability instances would allow satisfiable instances to be distinguished from unsatisfiable instances. However, this is not possible unless P = NP. Notes References Surveys and textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Popular press . Research articles . . . . . . Originally presented at the 1992 Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, . . Originally presented at the 1992 Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NP-complete problems Computational problems in graph theory	[ -0.5379927754402161, 0.22346465289592743, -0.3645283579826355, 0.30872878432273865, -0.3867761194705963, 0.14442682266235352, 0.4808410704135895, 0.015231100842356682, -0.3872588872909546, -0.985590934753418, -0.4353332817554474, -0.0395359992980957, -0.8542210459709167, 0.04875065013766289, 0.08290836960077286, 0.2986849844455719, 0.6811107397079468, 0.27842631936073303, -0.3654300272464752, -0.7297356724739075, 0.05249165743589401, 0.3444225490093231, -0.3555302023887634, -0.4188132882118225, 0.3006080985069275, -0.21262100338935852, 0.36873796582221985, 0.3075605034828186, 0.34875982999801636, 0.4111868143081665, 0.13348692655563354, 0.645691454410553, 0.04636640474200249, -0.29665514826774597, -0.10357403755187988, 0.05685323476791382, 0.2578338384628296, -0.19877207279205322, 0.002024008659645915, -0.29327160120010376, 0.6830098628997803, 0.22614063322544098, 0.01876990497112274, 0.6531150937080383, -0.6389981508255005, -0.43295997381210327, -1.5716190338134766, 0.5244209170341492, 0.01925269141793251, -0.22655686736106873, -0.5617680549621582, 0.5119834542274475, 0.33355751633644104, 0.8911435604095459, -0.07433220744132996, 0.4848746061325073, -0.5329402685165405, -0.03286000341176987, 0.33165350556373596, -0.3453139364719391, -0.1952328085899353, 0.21184149384498596, 0.39295339584350586, -0.2579706907272339, -0.6246238350868225, 0.6301368474960327, 0.41409170627593994, -0.157249316573143, -0.40815117955207825, -0.1652131974697113, -0.04603096470236778, -0.6203415989875793, -0.302814781665802, 0.7762490510940552, -0.24730320274829865, 0.41119304299354553, 0.07415308058261871, 0.039308954030275345, 0.14298105239868164, 0.07896136492490768, -0.5034496188163757, 0.9347860217094421, 0.7569983601570129, 0.008707369677722454, 0.7035961747169495, -0.04472348466515541, -1.0514847040176392, 0.588042676448822, -0.6120359301567078, 0.33131736516952515, -0.12615709006786346, -0.35183849930763245, 0.1884017288684845, -0.5215888023376465, 0.42199477553367615, 0.22721019387245178, 0.539291501045227, -0.16953100264072418, 0.704522967338562, 0.22990387678146362, 0.2670324742794037, -0.338523805141449, 0.3748403787612915, 0.016596997156739235, -0.7687337398529053, -0.7684906125068665, -0.18945924937725067, -0.21040867269039154, 0.1575670689344406, -0.10568241029977798, -0.748339056968689, 0.06669274717569351, 0.3105699419975281, 0.050002794712781906, -0.04594964534044266, 0.4018690288066864, 0.024320898577570915, 0.5389822721481323, -0.25681301951408386, 0.17869168519973755, -0.4534309208393097, 0.24005940556526184, 0.3496866822242737, 0.5393638014793396, -0.3208308815956116, 0.49478012323379517, 0.4428797662258148, 1.233790636062622, -0.6692008972167969, -0.30095037817955017, -0.03293963521718979, 0.4957539439201355, 0.24398641288280487, -0.2029367834329605, -0.02176213078200817, -0.5105918049812317, -0.06762334704399109, 0.0036449660547077656, -0.05764210969209671, 0.21649770438671112, -0.5010154247283936, -0.5533932447433472, 0.009491747245192528, 0.017125790938735008, 0.4994935989379883, -0.17241248488426208, 0.14382702112197876, -0.4257068932056427, 0.11459969729185104, -0.20493853092193604, 0.4350206255912781, 0.06913026422262192, -0.3639277517795563, -0.37446561455726624, -0.454876184463501, 0.5824583768844604, 0.18182797729969025, 0.18418553471565247, -0.5726208090782166, 0.3347845673561096, 0.24053512513637543, 0.33436277508735657, -0.6860615015029907, -0.7042872309684753, 0.3308202922344208, -0.31873059272766113, -0.06649626046419144, 0.28556308150291443, 0.07613462954759598, 0.8062084913253784, -0.025209490209817886, -0.14164778590202332, 0.1851245015859604, -0.6300358176231384, 0.05487063527107239, 0.40615522861480713, 0.43437087535858154, -0.29642942547798157, 0.45505407452583313, 0.07252980768680573, -0.9709979295730591, 0.22981739044189453, 0.5919683575630188, -0.44241097569465637, -0.08284074068069458, 0.5058250427246094, 0.560029149055481, -0.4115620255470276, -0.014550268650054932, -0.5425524711608887, -0.3244364261627197, 0.10428006947040558, 0.27686363458633423, -0.9338236451148987, 2.0423007011413574, 0.3772822618484497, -0.677013099193573, 0.21384316682815552, -0.5158450603485107, 0.3330836594104767, -0.221314936876297, -0.194832906126976, 0.8269405961036682, 0.05604564771056175, -0.9866881966590881, 0.8750686645507812, -0.6127759218215942, -0.19512733817100525, -0.9779270887374878, 0.7209147214889526, 0.09845716506242752, -0.3710156977176666, 0.254176527261734, 0.1684894859790802, 0.07725802063941956, 0.32632505893707275, -0.43723103404045105, 0.04841583967208862, -0.19037924706935883, -0.5143915414810181, 0.7894086241722107, -0.01127706840634346, -0.20806078612804413, 0.3234013319015503, -0.5187928080558777, 0.8933256268501282, 0.6965373158454895, 0.5102076530456543, 0.7701339721679688, -0.572253406047821, -0.4471522271633148, 0.29830583930015564, 0.7111406326293945, -0.7562346458435059, -0.24215519428253174, -0.028452053666114807, 0.8418951034545898, -0.42967280745506287, 0.1260952204465866, -0.40569910407066345, -0.285612553358078, 0.3918273150920868, -0.5701754093170166, 0.03410017117857933, -0.1493804007768631, -0.17744922637939453, -0.3532766103744507, 0.20971621572971344, 0.05139933526515961, -0.2575691044330597, -0.1563710719347, 0.6610268354415894, 0.02288433164358139, -1.0434823036193848, -0.4654064476490021, 0.14048810303211212, 0.6947289109230042, -0.11378464847803116, 0.15530671179294586, 0.4313112199306488, 0.09859181940555573, -0.47050556540489197, -0.2940545082092285, -0.3435359597206116, -0.5262416005134583, -0.9081810116767883, -0.6951898336410522, -0.19223183393478394, 0.7094333171844482, 0.42085790634155273, 0.07671452313661575, -1.2250068187713623, -0.543673574924469, 0.33508050441741943, -0.35177770256996155, -0.4735484719276428, -0.14467477798461914, 0.288379043340683, -0.9080297350883484, -0.32808780670166016, -0.14640119671821594, 0.34002459049224854, 0.18778139352798462, -0.2912648916244507, -0.6680326461791992, 0.06060321629047394, -0.19686080515384674, -0.37541231513023376, 0.24749864637851715, -0.24659954011440277, 0.28135955333709717, 0.5720150470733643, -0.5780870914459229, -0.16804654896259308, 0.6864113807678223, 0.6289694905281067, -0.18572314083576202, -0.11285479366779327, 0.009691760875284672, -0.23902615904808044, 0.06409075111150742, -0.13961467146873474, -0.08521785587072372, -0.2758597135543823, -0.1292601376771927, 0.2613319456577301, -0.39460670948028564, -0.17036524415016174, -5.312840938568115, -0.1788511574268341, 0.36379507184028625, 0.09521600604057312, -0.926125168800354, 0.28042227029800415, 0.5676933526992798, 0.06215444952249527, -0.1826322078704834, -0.24455001950263977, -0.013429747894406319, -0.5693477988243103, -0.790495753288269, 0.9650619029998779, 0.4526197910308838, 0.18270570039749146, 0.1519697904586792, -0.7654699087142944, 0.18951638042926788, 0.32144221663475037, -0.4082746207714081, 0.11519645899534225, 0.21031835675239563, -0.13584525883197784, -0.16490083932876587, 0.345182329416275, -0.4057486951351166, -0.24911093711853027, -0.3407554030418396, 0.032699111849069595, -0.010721243917942047, -0.24397964775562286, 0.011082826182246208, -0.6442943811416626, -0.6691036224365234, 0.19699735939502716, 0.49935638904571533, 0.006510918028652668, -0.3648972809314728, -0.07011092454195023, -0.03364010900259018, 0.9072990417480469, 0.5433661937713623, 0.059802036732435226, 0.6383855938911438, 0.06379346549510956, -0.6768118143081665, -0.4845612347126007, -0.4521426558494568, 0.7666125893592834, -0.24293315410614014, 0.2785300612449646, 0.22438368201255798, 0.34797149896621704, 0.285538911819458, -0.28883096575737, 0.24736185371875763, -0.4297608733177185, -0.6288638710975647, 0.3197660744190216, 0.5833207964897156, -0.6389214396476746, 1.0259610414505005, -0.4457035958766937, -0.15752103924751282, -0.05863748490810394, -0.9139750003814697, -0.36798998713493347, 0.3602646291255951, 0.2075231969356537, -0.18382976949214935, 0.3242988586425781, -0.17433889210224152, -0.5797602534294128, -0.2098315805196762, -0.525561511516571, 0.06420081853866577, 0.08835484087467194, 0.26416900753974915, 0.34602341055870056, -0.07713949680328369, 0.04370900243520737, -0.5506411194801331, 0.5342909097671509, 0.2147001028060913, -0.23889696598052979, -0.5659552216529846, 0.37612125277519226, -0.7349020838737488, -0.02321700192987919, 0.5190439820289612, -0.14259184896945953, 0.7812843918800354, 0.6483845710754395, 0.4753543734550476, 0.12320202589035034, 0.6810227632522583, 0.28826239705085754, 0.40561503171920776, -0.1533820778131485, 0.4780109226703644, 0.05386250466108322, 0.13038520514965057, 0.18898385763168335, -0.2684800624847412, 0.08180262893438339, -0.8390378355979919, 1.0006072521209717, 0.6295307278633118, 0.13961580395698547, -0.544181764125824, -0.6484369039535522, -0.43210506439208984, 0.1000996008515358, 0.33526602387428284, 0.32105621695518494, -0.48995932936668396, -0.0199766643345356, 0.5079333186149597, 0.006219932343810797, -0.24563373625278473, 0.11980307847261429, -0.0019149566069245338, 0.2878422141075134, -0.5970841646194458, -0.4282934069633484, -0.13208261132240295, -0.1697206199169159, 0.10696529597043991, 0.07108251005411148, -0.3663593530654907, 0.8016833662986755, -0.04241703078150749, -0.08036454021930695, 0.49888888001441956, -0.2862483263015747, 0.35891082882881165, 0.4195675551891327, 0.11090252548456192, -0.558322012424469, 1.0450313091278076, -0.04986081272363663, -0.33827582001686096, -0.19943398237228394, 0.5036225318908691, 0.3103722631931305, -0.21978096663951874, -0.34892135858535767, -0.45160067081451416, 0.9921517968177795, -0.5966621041297913, -0.6521795988082886, 0.7327154278755188, -0.19189569354057312, 0.5984557867050171, -0.14092153310775757, 0.1926380693912506, 0.4341204762458801, 0.018589915707707405, -0.44170331954956055, 0.5355579853057861, -0.5018494725227356, -0.5625149011611938, -0.22639667987823486, -0.2518850564956665, 0.01845172606408596, -0.2505874037742615, -0.3063058853149414, -0.7824242115020752, 0.2131578028202057, 0.2630157768726349, -0.14355391263961792, 0.13612045347690582, -0.35491445660591125, 0.12369515001773834, -0.1284765750169754, 0.2524563670158386, 0.12744592130184174, 0.042264699935913086, -0.3610551357269287, -0.4186089038848877, -0.701332688331604, 0.028538327664136887, 0.6520257592201233, 0.8629133105278015, -0.364766925573349, 0.279936820268631, 0.5176853537559509, -0.15084555745124817, -0.378341406583786, 0.6862828731536865, -0.06314317137002945, -0.3264818489551544, -0.4258383512496948, -0.1942809671163559, -0.009722367860376835, 0.17030595242977142, -0.114395871758461, -0.14888377487659454, -0.3005414307117462, -0.0268073882907629, 0.5248956680297852, -0.4353477954864502, 0.6835663914680481, 0.9011837840080261, -0.46462956070899963, -0.1609698235988617, 0.12392598390579224, -0.8488419055938721, 0.19559244811534882, -0.6502217650413513, -0.23577989637851715, -0.25985825061798096, -0.4935464859008789, -0.5944395065307617, 0.2883492708206177, 0.033018313348293304, -0.17056596279144287, -0.1836545765399933, -0.0038779296446591616, -0.43821483850479126, -0.40868139266967773, -0.032615892589092255, -0.5223379731178284, 0.11389479041099548, 0.2438279390335083, 0.47338786721229553, -0.18445993959903717, 0.13007380068302155, 0.04391062259674072, -0.0993221178650856, -0.4066409468650818, -0.2029586136341095, -0.290262907743454, -0.37712177634239197, -0.8331092596054077, -0.26407763361930847, 0.621341347694397, 0.1545610874891281, -0.2690371572971344, 0.06544484943151474, 0.4374323785305023, -0.04220038279891014, -0.1934555172920227, 0.4316970407962799, 0.21232368052005768, 0.2915295362472534, -0.8685410022735596, -0.12197739630937576, 0.1316308081150055, -0.16686080396175385, -0.22519709169864655, 0.09783230721950531, -0.0166056789457798, 0.5448744893074036, 0.8006436824798584, -0.13045328855514526, -0.2422858029603958, 0.22774145007133484, 0.23435495793819427, -0.28376704454421997, -0.6990222334861755, 0.018551381304860115, -0.14024803042411804, -0.03909781947731972, 0.09073943644762039, 0.007045398931950331, 0.13983197510242462, 0.412291020154953, -0.27849867939949036, 0.2562824487686157, -0.6285054087638855, 0.5598639845848083, 0.15963438153266907, 0.1214306652545929, 0.07458465546369553, -0.20393113791942596, 0.4601249694824219, -0.3273881673812866, -0.10551726073026657, -0.7139167189598083, -0.11386404931545258, 0.18122614920139313, -0.02094212919473648, 0.4469093680381775, -0.12918680906295776, 0.17506363987922668, 0.7321256399154663, -0.06404219567775726, 0.10189832746982574, -1.2197719812393188, 0.2779734432697296, -0.13524788618087769, 0.5731197595596313, 0.019488904625177383, 0.20126475393772125, 0.28443461656570435, 0.7223362922668457, -0.07251530885696411, 0.15543659031391144, -0.4883614182472229, 0.11346890032291412, -0.01463705487549305, -0.7143700122833252, 0.3161555528640747, 0.43635642528533936, 0.18032285571098328, -0.9166731238365173, -0.013435269705951214, 0.08197389543056488, 0.5014008283615112, 0.0017198045970872045, -0.01415306143462658, 0.2678564488887787, -0.6650930643081665, 0.336783766746521, 0.3974822759628296, -0.4919295310974121, 0.638177216053009, 0.45912328362464905, -0.1325787454843521, 0.3362445831298828, 0.5515018701553345, -0.024714823812246323, -0.9002594351768494, 0.5658147931098938, -0.0062897345051169395, 0.5984364151954651, 0.0645323172211647, 0.5598945021629333, 0.3001900613307953, 0.3001661002635956, -0.2348726987838745, 0.5850532054901123, 0.3116384446620941, -0.4287940263748169, 0.024729056283831596, -0.5755690336227417, -0.1608022004365921, -0.15491756796836853, 0.6359068155288696, 0.3701322674751282, -0.6772674322128296, 0.1609569638967514, -0.638739287853241, 0.1530219465494156, 0.4290526509284973, -0.37651804089546204, -0.09933353215456009, 1.0279271602630615, 0.6293981075286865, 0.2425716072320938, -0.020241830497980118, 0.6245207190513611, 0.1532629281282425, 0.011018987745046616, 0.40300771594047546, -0.3661433756351471, 0.25450003147125244, 0.40644991397857666, -0.1632561832666397, -0.0683567151427269, -0.296622633934021, 0.3223045766353607, -0.6469205021858215, 0.29569265246391296, 0.254116415977478, 0.08706226199865341, 0.3073328137397766, -0.1791495680809021, -0.5206347107887268, 0.23517248034477234, 0.0788547471165657, 0.6690728664398193, -0.032560136169195175, -0.6530126929283142, -0.02744646929204464, 0.33973991870880127, -0.30775466561317444, -0.3274085521697998, 0.3745230734348297, 0.17512309551239014, -0.16404683887958527, -0.5323621034622192, -0.13081149756908417, -0.22539088129997253, 0.13489151000976562, 0.4255649149417877, 0.06802431493997574, 0.36348193883895874, 0.07960491627454758, -0.18244081735610962, 0.25904497504234314, 0.2856583595275879, 0.29798150062561035, 0.5972737669944763, -0.7035654783248901, 1.3056970834732056, 0.5604374408721924, -0.5040242671966553, -0.171226367354393, -0.8118187785148621, 0.5316936373710632, 0.2471294105052948, -0.47711649537086487, 0.15695598721504211, -0.2079678624868393, -0.08057057112455368, -0.5774388313293457, 0.1256215125322342, -0.06341350078582764, -0.11655517667531967, -0.24946752190589905, 0.31717172265052795, 0.30392393469810486, -0.28418102860450745, 0.16130301356315613, 0.010849089361727238, -0.435898095369339, -0.39935049414634705, 0.1784154623746872, 0.0643424391746521, 0.24732235074043274, 0.41794559359550476, 0.033354151993989944, -0.08830021321773529, 0.12553265690803528, -0.3153342008590698, 0.3953207731246948, 0.17843008041381836, 0.15440814197063446, -0.007222287822514772, -0.3986620008945465, 0.4918523132801056, 0.04199504107236862, -0.8206631541252136, 0.5824623107910156, 0.34641233086586, 0.3379354476928711, -0.6277245879173279, -0.08794381469488144, -0.4096379578113556, -0.5973688364028931, 0.5217939019203186, -0.3620530664920807, 0.5924170017242432, -0.271296888589859, -0.8589484691619873, -0.7596397399902344, -0.06793756783008575, 0.35980895161628723, -0.11060445010662079, -0.45510339736938477, -0.46982821822166443, -0.47377172112464905, 0.11070263385772705, 0.26687365770339966, -0.5626060962677002, -0.4099390208721161, 0.8567957878112793 ]
249266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangi%20Day	Waitangi Day	Waitangi Day (), the national day of New Zealand, marks the anniversary of the initial signing – on 6 February 1840 – of the Treaty of Waitangi, which is regarded as the founding document of the nation. The first Waitangi Day was not celebrated until 1934, and it was made a national public holiday in 1974. In present-day New Zealand, the anniversary is observed annually on 6 February and the day is usually recognised as a public holiday (if the date falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is observed as the public holiday). Ceremonies take place at Waitangi and elsewhere to commemorate the signing of the treaty. A variety of events are staged, including parties, Māori hui (social gatherings), reflections on New Zealand history, official awards and citizenship ceremonies. The commemoration has also been the focus of protest by Māori activists, and is occasionally the focus of controversy. History The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed on 6 February 1840 on the grounds of James Busby's house—now known as Treaty House—at Waitangi, in the Bay of Islands. The treaty was signed by representatives acting on behalf of the British Crown and, initially, about 45 Māori chiefs, and then grew to over 500 Maori chiefs and representatives of the British Crown. Over the course of the next seven months, copies of the treaty were toured around the country to give other chiefs the opportunity to sign. "By the end of September, around 540 Maori chiefs had signed the Maori version of the Treaty." The signing had the effect of securing British sovereignty over the islands of New Zealand, which was officially proclaimed on 21 May 1840. Previous celebrations Prior to 1934, most celebrations of New Zealand's founding as a colony were held on 29 January, the date on which William Hobson arrived in the Bay of Islands to issue the proclamation of his appointment, which had been prepared by colonial office officials in England. Hobson had no draft treaty. From the British perspective the proclamation was the key legal document, "what the treaty said was less important". In 1932, Governor-General Lord Bledisloe and his wife purchased and presented to the nation the run-down house of James Busby, where the treaty was initially signed. They subsequently donated to restore the building. The Treaty House and grounds were made a public reserve, which was dedicated on 6 February 1934. This event is considered to be the first Waitangi Day. In 1940, another event was held at the grounds, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the treaty signing. The event was a success and helped raise the profile of the treaty and its day of observance in the national consciousness. Annual commemorations Annual commemorations of the treaty signing began in 1947. The 1947 event was a Royal New Zealand Navy ceremony centring on a flagpole which the Navy had paid to erect in the grounds. The ceremony was brief and featured no Māori. The following year, a Māori speaker was added to the line-up, and subsequent additions to the ceremony were made nearly every year. From 1952, the governor-general attended, and from 1958 the prime minister also attended, although not every year. From the mid-1950s, a Māori cultural performance was usually given as part of the ceremony. Many of these early features remain a part of Waitangi Day ceremonies, including a naval salute, the Māori cultural performance (now usually a pōwhiri, a ceremonial welcome), and speeches from a range of Māori and Pākehā dignitaries. Proposed as public holiday The Labour Party stated in its 1957 election manifesto that it would make Waitangi Day a public holiday. After winning that year's election, the party said that the country could not afford another public holiday. The Waitangi Day Act of 1960 allowed localities to transfer the holiday from their existing regional public holiday to Waitangi Day. In 1963, after a change of government, the passing of the Waitangi Day Amendment Act transferred the holiday observed in Northland on Auckland Anniversary Day (the Monday closest to 29 January) to Waitangi Day, 6 February. This made Waitangi Day a holiday in Northland only. Transition to public holiday Waitangi Day became a nationwide public holiday on its observance in 1974 by first undergoing a name change. In 1971 the Labour shadow minister of Māori Affairs, Matiu Rata, introduced a private member's bill to make Waitangi Day a national holiday, to be called New Zealand Day. This was not passed into law. After the 1972 election of the third Labour government under Prime Minister Norman Kirk, it was announced that from 1974, Waitangi Day would be a national holiday known as New Zealand Day. The New Zealand Day Act legislation was passed in 1973. For Kirk, the change was simply an acceptance that New Zealand was ready to move towards a broader concept of nationhood. Diplomatic posts had for some years marked the day, and it seemed timely in view of the country's increasing role on the international stage that the national day be known as New Zealand Day. At the 1974 commemorations, the Flag of New Zealand was flown for the first time at the top of the flagstaff at Waitangi, rather than the Union Flag, and a replica of the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand was also flown. The election of the third National government in 1975 led to the day being renamed Waitangi Day because the new prime minister, Robert Muldoon, did not like the name "New Zealand Day" and many Māori felt that it debased the treaty. Another Waitangi Day Act was passed in 1976 to change the name back to Waitangi Day and restore Northland's anniversary day holiday to that of Auckland. Waitangi Day underwent 'Mondayisation' in legislation enacted in 2013, meaning the public holiday is observed on the following Monday if 6 February falls on a Saturday or Sunday. Commemorations At Waitangi Commemorations at Waitangi usually commence two or three days before Waitangi Day. At Te Tii Marae, just below the Waitangi Treaty Grounds, political dignitaries are welcomed onto the marae and hear speeches from the local iwi. These speeches often deal with the issues of the day, and vigorous and robust debate occurs. Politicians are usually granted speaking rights, but on occasion, the privilege has been withdrawn, as with Leader of the Opposition Helen Clark in 1999, Prime Ministers John Key in 2016, and Bill English in 2017. In recent years, the official pōwhiri, or welcome ceremony, for members of Parliament has moved from the "lower marae", Te Tii, to Te Whare Rūnanga, the "upper marae" on the Treaty Grounds proper. In 2018, Jacinda Ardern was the first Prime Minister to attend the commemorations in three years. According to The Guardian, "Under Ardern the celebration has taken on a more conciliatory tone, with the prime minister usually spending several days at the treaty grounds listening to Māori leaders and in 2018 memorably asking those gathered to hold her government to account." On Waitangi Day, a public service is held at dawn, organised by the Waitangi National Trust, attended by Māori elders and leaders, religious leaders, politicians, members of the diplomatic corps, and defence force personnel. In 2021, this included hīmene (hymns), religious readings, and prayers in many languages. The Royal New Zealand Navy raises flags on the flagstaff in the treaty grounds. Since 2018, members of the government, including the prime minister and Members of Parliament and their families have served a barbeque breakfast to members of the public following the dawn service. Throughout the day, cultural displays such as kapa haka (Māori dance and song), wānanga (educational discussions), and other entertainment takes place on stages throughout the Treaty Grounds. Several waka and sometimes a navy ship also take part in demonstrations in the harbour. The day closes with the flags being lowered by the Navy in a traditional ceremony. Elsewhere in New Zealand Some marae use the day as an open day and an educational experience for their local communities, giving them the opportunity to experience Māori culture and protocol, or as an opportunity to explain where they see Māori are and the way forward for Māori in New Zealand. Commemorations are largely muted in comparison to those seen on the national days of most countries. There are no mass parades or firework displays, nor truly widespread commemorations. The Governor-General hosts an annual garden party for invited guests at Government House in Wellington. At Government House in Auckland, citizenship ceremonies are usually held. As the day is a public holiday, and coincides with the warmest part of the New Zealand summer, many people take the opportunity to spend the day at the beach – an important part of New Zealand culture. Since 2014, the New Zealand Society of Authors awards the Waitangi Day Literary Honours on Waitangi Day. In Australia At the Kingston Butter Factory in Kingston, Queensland, Australia, the Te Korowai Aroha (Cloak of Love) Association held a multicultural festival to mark Waitangi Day annually from 2002. In Sydney, an estimated 8,000 people attended the 2013 Waitangi Day Festival at Holroyd Gardens. The festival featured displays of artefacts, performance of the haka, Māori cuisine and culture, tattooing and wood carving. 6 February 2015 saw the inaugural Waitangi Day Commemoration held at Nurragingy Reserve, where the focus is more on the document itself, the Treaty process and the significance to Māori and Pākehā today. It was co-hosted by the Blacktown City Council and the New South Wales Māori Wardens. In the United Kingdom In London, England, which has one of the largest New Zealand expatriate populations, the occasion is commemorated by the Waitangi Day Ball, held by the New Zealand Society UK. The focus of the event is a commemoration of New Zealand's unity and diversity as a nation. The Ball also hosts the annual UK New Zealander of the Year awards, cultural entertainment from London-based Māori group Ngāti Rānana and fine wine and cuisine from New Zealand. A service is also held by the society at the church of St Lawrence Jewry. A tradition, observed for more than 30 years , takes place on the closest Saturday to 6 February: New Zealanders, predominately Pākehā, participate in a pub crawl using the London Underground's Circle Line. Controversy arises regularly after some Pākehā New Zealanders perform drunken and semi-incomprehensible imitations of haka, which has been considered to be extremely offensive. This pub crawl has been criticised for degrading the mana of Te Tiriti. Elsewhere in the world In many other countries with a New Zealand expatriate population, Waitangi Day is commemorated privately. The day is officially commemorated by all New Zealand embassies and high commissions. For Waitangi Day 2007, Air New Zealand commissioned a number of New Zealanders living in Los Angeles and Southern California to create a sand sculpture of a silver fern on the Santa Monica Beach, creating a stir in the surrounding area. Controversy and protest By 1971, Waitangi and Waitangi Day had become a focus of protest concerning treaty injustices, with Ngā Tamatoa leading early protests. Activists initially called for greater recognition of the treaty, but by the early 1980s, they were also arguing that it was a fraud and the means by which Pākehā had conned Māori out of their land. Attempts were made by groups, including the Waitangi Action Committee, to halt the commemorations. This led to confrontations between police and protesters, sometimes resulting in dozens of arrests. When the treaty gained greater official recognition in the mid-1980s, emphasis switched back to calls to honour it, and protesters generally returned to the aim of raising awareness of it and what they saw as its neglect by the state. Some New Zealand politicians and commentators, such as Paul Holmes, have felt that Waitangi Day is too controversial to be a national day and have sought to replace it with Anzac Day. Others, for example the United Future Party's Peter Dunne, have suggested that the name be changed back to New Zealand Day. Recent activism Waitangi Day celebrations have long been an opportunity for Māori to highlight issues important to Māori, including breaches of the treaty, persistent inequality, high Māori incarceration rates, and advocating for constitutional change which entrench the Treaty of Waitangi. In the past, attempts to vandalise the flagstaff have been an objective of these protests, carrying on a tradition that dates from the 19th century when Hone Heke chopped down the British flagstaff in nearby Russell. In 2004, protesters succeeded in flying the Tino Rangatiratanga flag above the other flags on the flagstaff by flying it from the top of a nearby tree. Because of the level of protest activity that had previously occurred at Waitangi, Prime Minister Helen Clark did not attend in 2000. The official commemorations were shifted from Waitangi to Wellington for 2001. Some Māori felt that this was an insult to them and to the treaty. In 2003 and 2004, the anniversary was again officially commemorated at the Treaty Grounds at Waitangi. In 2004, Leader of the Opposition Don Brash was hit with mud as he entered the marae as a response to his controversial Orewa Speech that year. On 5 February 2009, the day before Waitangi Day, as then Prime Minister John Key was being escorted onto the lower marae, he was challenged and jostled by Wikitana and John Junior Popata, nephews of then Māori Party MP Hone Harawira. Both admitted to assault and were sentenced to 100 hours of community service. In 2011, Wikitana and John again heckled Key as he entered the marae. A wet T-shirt thrown at Queen Elizabeth II and other attacks on various prime ministers at Waitangi on 6 February have resulted in a large police presence and a large contingent of the armed forces on some years. In 2016 a nurse protesting against the proposed signing of the TPPA trade agreement threw a rubber dildo at Steven Joyce, the MP representing Prime Minister John Key, who had refused to attend, having been denied normal speaking rights. The woman was arrested but later released. In 2018, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visited Waitangi for five days, the longest any prime minister has stayed. Titewhai Harawira, a Māori activist, greeted Ardern and escorted her onto the Treaty grounds holding hands, a significant change from her response to then-Leader of the Opposition Helen Clark's visit in 1998, which brought Clark to tears. Ardern is also the first female prime minister to be given speaking rights on the marae by Ngāpuhi, who also offered to bury her child's placenta on the Treaty Grounds. Ardern was praised for her speech during her visit where she said "one day I want to be able to tell my child that I earned the right to stand here, and only you can tell me when I have done that". See also New Zealand Day Act 1973 Waitangi Day Act Sámi National Day References External links A history of Waitangi Day at NZHistory.gov.nz WaitangiTribunal.govt.nz, introducing the Treaty of Waitangi The Waitangi Collection at NZ On Screen February observances Public holidays in New Zealand Race relations in New Zealand National days Remembrance days Treaty of Waitangi 1934 establishments in New Zealand Summer events in New Zealand Summer holidays (Southern Hemisphere)	[ 0.8110131621360779, 0.22816213965415955, -0.39479291439056396, -0.5641427040100098, -0.46280816197395325, 0.47873660922050476, 1.2166804075241089, 0.2066747099161148, -0.23552779853343964, -0.11298909783363342, -0.2111780047416687, 0.08884165436029434, -0.013791189529001713, 0.8458808064460754, -0.5476662516593933, 0.5849329233169556, 0.18961738049983978, 0.06188143417239189, 0.25369754433631897, -0.08029884099960327, -0.4847918152809143, -0.30107587575912476, 0.07056216150522232, 0.23285707831382751, 0.3229654133319855, -0.2292640209197998, 0.3267832398414612, -0.02605823427438736, -0.04305711388587952, 0.09593483060598373, 0.211274653673172, 0.35513836145401, 0.049167901277542114, 0.3809567093849182, -0.052751895040273666, 0.07432235032320023, 0.3897884786128998, -0.3364543616771698, -0.11865942925214767, 0.05601741001009941, -0.11185509711503983, -0.618902862071991, 0.17856693267822266, 0.020716523751616478, -0.04906589537858963, 0.14005577564239502, -1.36937415599823, 0.3173462152481079, -0.5364789366722107, 0.36715608835220337, -0.5740241408348083, 0.15927237272262573, 0.4313751757144928, 0.32998454570770264, 0.12539656460285187, 0.6540583968162537, -0.681277871131897, 0.0006261392263695598, -0.1093667596578598, -0.3498227596282959, 0.3406101167201996, 0.20109480619430542, 0.46852102875709534, -0.5009274482727051, 0.0944085568189621, -0.12346462160348892, -0.19667868316173553, 0.619090735912323, 0.5419899821281433, -0.3628070056438446, -0.7529023289680481, -0.30509716272354126, -0.516208291053772, 0.33649149537086487, -0.21103133261203766, -0.628177285194397, -0.3172828257083893, 0.09434182941913605, -0.11431930959224701, 0.47867992520332336, -0.11886268854141235, -0.38656750321388245, 0.1660279780626297, 0.03677036240696907, 1.1903789043426514, 0.19663260877132416, -0.17644427716732025, -0.5959790349006653, 0.22677259147167206, 0.7657254338264465, -0.2639745771884918, -0.11274588108062744, 0.19604307413101196, -0.8455564975738525, -0.36559730768203735, -0.24574588239192963, -0.5427807569503784, 0.23044343292713165, 0.23432335257530212, -0.288987398147583, 0.2913445830345154, -0.5034821033477783, 1.2762129306793213, 0.03344056382775307, -0.3657466173171997, -0.6041095852851868, -0.21160981059074402, -0.2677406370639801, 0.5636790990829468, -0.7000251412391663, -0.06842860579490662, -0.16078826785087585, 0.04499885067343712, 0.2358446568250656, 0.0732865259051323, 0.37807807326316833, 0.3381029963493347, -0.5486243367195129, -0.7686231732368469, -0.2907610833644867, 0.014933395199477673, 0.0465594083070755, 0.26124557852745056, 0.5097700357437134, -0.39089661836624146, 0.7588791847229004, 0.6624045372009277, 0.6176155805587769, -0.4118765592575073, 0.3270151615142822, 0.045237887650728226, 0.6779550313949585, -0.3090626895427704, -0.82294100522995, 0.15170831978321075, -0.06923694163560867, -0.1959439367055893, -0.3620246946811676, 0.5712738037109375, 0.14800064265727997, -0.7373896837234497, -0.5862352848052979, -0.49957945942878723, 0.06221447512507439, 0.9460650682449341, 0.5056326985359192, -0.4890914559364319, -0.7492708563804626, -0.10065510869026184, -0.5103748440742493, -0.02094542235136032, -0.4640583097934723, 0.41735804080963135, 0.5290021300315857, 0.14221322536468506, -0.2099594920873642, 0.4121990501880646, 0.026906991377472878, 0.08921481668949127, 0.5107552409172058, 0.33116912841796875, 0.02282113768160343, 0.5886361002922058, 0.27720555663108826, 0.38273128867149353, 0.06868811696767807, 0.28816384077072144, 0.6479402184486389, 0.6976942420005798, -0.35432717204093933, -0.15835678577423096, -0.18613217771053314, -0.3058837056159973, -0.04416663572192192, -0.8725166916847229, -0.6867610812187195, 0.5141664147377014, -0.022160524502396584, 0.035371746867895126, -0.09743776172399521, -0.5005995035171509, 0.24165575206279755, 0.1725924015045166, 0.16151919960975647, 0.1442396193742752, -0.08757901936769485, -0.36893463134765625, 0.07185965776443481, 0.16636955738067627, 0.5990656018257141, -0.26584574580192566, 0.11887351423501968, 0.2818160057067871, -0.49885430932044983, 0.5658875703811646, 0.3764444887638092, -0.17175011336803436, 1.2298380136489868, 0.06701518595218658, 0.7965914011001587, 0.3307027220726013, 0.3325801193714142, 0.14624552428722382, -0.30206477642059326, -1.1220424175262451, 0.4048389196395874, 0.035050950944423676, 0.20235390961170197, 0.6011488437652588, -0.3437748849391937, -0.3167337477207184, -0.10198026150465012, 0.1687753051519394, 0.5145159959793091, -0.533608615398407, 0.12195029854774475, 0.4742829203605652, 0.14006784558296204, -0.04903263598680496, -0.8609399199485779, 0.23341387510299683, 0.49340471625328064, 0.14844875037670135, 0.05913456901907921, 0.44420158863067627, 0.4819277822971344, 0.2768190801143646, -0.45955783128738403, 0.39055559039115906, -0.5059189796447754, 0.3294264078140259, -0.17317615449428558, 0.36458227038383484, 0.1794256567955017, 0.22764042019844055, -0.23928748071193695, 0.3213031589984894, -1.0149439573287964, 0.3847433924674988, 0.23177827894687653, 0.4076926112174988, 0.6076047420501709, -0.17235346138477325, 0.012428521178662777, 0.8841575980186462, 0.32820791006088257, -0.051923930644989014, -0.15857017040252686, -0.5803715586662292, 0.29415562748908997, 0.09942907840013504, -0.2214154601097107, 0.2963753938674927, 0.16504432260990143, -0.22872410714626312, -0.9255343079566956, -0.3795299530029297, -0.41201916337013245, 0.35509926080703735, 0.16647431254386902, -0.12172166258096695, -0.5409839153289795, 0.5681312084197998, 0.4854128062725067, 0.09430115669965744, -0.806253969669342, -0.009215052239596844, 0.013425633311271667, -0.14725270867347717, 0.530632734298706, 1.0362569093704224, -0.42047807574272156, -0.5455406904220581, -0.17490671575069427, 0.020302841439843178, -0.5200297236442566, -0.4184422791004181, 0.3625413477420807, -0.300430029630661, -0.06949396431446075, 0.17960968613624573, 0.6903792023658752, -0.30598387122154236, -0.9588227272033691, -0.21775700151920319, 0.5851938724517822, 0.32776519656181335, -0.3314804136753082, -0.34187787771224976, 0.398139625787735, 0.16719210147857666, 0.11944034695625305, -0.052108827978372574, -0.3096245527267456, 0.5410367250442505, -0.010981730185449123, 0.20520587265491486, 0.5280368328094482, 0.4344485104084015, -0.21131858229637146, -0.03202059119939804, -0.25287410616874695, 0.22557365894317627, -0.4439120590686798, 0.03511875495314598, -0.04455322027206421, 0.08165185898542404, -0.6507826447486877, -5.288220405578613, -0.16346004605293274, 0.6190983057022095, -0.2228185087442398, -0.19470268487930298, 0.15036223828792572, 1.55525803565979, 0.36532044410705566, 0.6535414457321167, -0.2760569751262665, 0.17360186576843262, -0.06272198259830475, -0.45696789026260376, 0.23927608132362366, 0.14466659724712372, 0.48216018080711365, 0.16689179837703705, 0.5430687069892883, 0.13287214934825897, 0.3877832591533661, -0.133933424949646, -0.017777537927031517, 0.23982283473014832, 0.3573845326900482, 0.370613157749176, 0.5940533876419067, 0.04288838058710098, -0.09994325041770935, -0.40260687470436096, 0.15557225048542023, 0.2612158954143524, -0.3379864990711212, 0.6669976711273193, -1.081721305847168, -0.6382591128349304, 0.06692803651094437, 0.1444275826215744, 0.2272920459508896, -0.018872957676649094, -0.6634044647216797, -0.16281184554100037, -0.11178568005561829, 0.4647027552127838, -0.5866715908050537, 0.23226557672023773, -0.1478652060031891, 0.22487595677375793, 0.03328005596995354, -0.33002954721450806, 0.6836649179458618, 0.3034678101539612, 0.6003381609916687, 0.5493364930152893, -1.2718266248703003, -0.5767357349395752, 0.5833449363708496, 0.616736888885498, -0.3906615972518921, -0.380278617143631, 0.017191318795084953, 0.5944364666938782, -0.20256295800209045, 0.307289183139801, -0.22027651965618134, -0.3520703613758087, -0.3640238344669342, -0.36810314655303955, -0.21297422051429749, 0.12976598739624023, 0.1265503615140915, -0.2936343848705292, -0.08346932381391525, -0.6946841478347778, -1.1822552680969238, -0.23088116943836212, -1.0134401321411133, -0.5830331444740295, 0.47992703318595886, -0.032345250248909, -0.7661575078964233, -0.6401365995407104, -0.8737878799438477, -0.5725672245025635, 0.7972308993339539, 0.598503828048706, 0.5975965261459351, -0.7730634212493896, -0.29697343707084656, -0.5772297382354736, -0.4551475942134857, -0.07838568836450577, 0.10202685743570328, 0.0514405332505703, 0.07687599211931229, -0.04636019095778465, 0.5416377782821655, 0.26890724897384644, -0.21770289540290833, 0.4888903498649597, 0.1961081176996231, -0.2305906116962433, 0.1346885710954666, -0.17114698886871338, 0.0024668260011821985, -0.06043460592627525, -0.23700015246868134, -0.30203670263290405, 0.36577874422073364, 0.5237538814544678, 0.585712194442749, -0.39847803115844727, -0.3153769373893738, -0.49168264865875244, -0.29691433906555176, 0.0294050183147192, 0.13747623562812805, 0.30141782760620117, 0.02163146808743477, 0.980410635471344, -0.2910994589328766, 0.17536549270153046, 0.08814430236816406, -0.49396759271621704, 0.28130242228507996, 0.4447545111179352, -0.08137793838977814, -0.20344430208206177, -0.07580433785915375, 0.01051028911024332, 0.13425150513648987, 0.15220990777015686, -0.18055415153503418, 0.3535395860671997, 0.026613859459757805, -0.33719199895858765, 0.2682856619358063, -0.06687819957733154, -0.857921838760376, 0.18445444107055664, 0.20453646779060364, 0.1469656527042389, -0.07023606449365616, 0.0016549489228054881, 0.29824891686439514, 0.3962547183036804, 0.6719516515731812, 0.22732970118522644, -0.7659797668457031, -0.5468752980232239, 0.6764399409294128, 0.12874528765678406, -0.78615403175354, 0.1283579170703888, -0.8099796772003174, -0.46701645851135254, 0.05377307906746864, 0.29178914427757263, -0.24089415371418, -0.4032398462295532, -0.6620468497276306, -0.33727312088012695, -1.0328336954116821, -0.8648879528045654, -0.5153423547744751, -0.2279098629951477, -0.7896343469619751, -0.8930659890174866, -0.06801082193851471, -0.561924934387207, -0.4269978404045105, 0.19427505135536194, -0.7970188856124878, -0.7662714123725891, 0.4519728124141693, 0.6554396152496338, -0.5796169638633728, -0.2981950044631958, 0.46554362773895264, -0.24779433012008667, 0.01638026535511017, -0.32438889145851135, 0.13717533648014069, -0.5155705213546753, 0.21332059800624847, 0.09988657385110855, -0.5261411666870117, -0.04585552215576172, 0.3257113993167877, -0.17059868574142456, 0.41042089462280273, 0.25824281573295593, 0.6276207566261292, 0.035763490945100784, 0.3231656551361084, -0.060164276510477066, -0.6031051278114319, -0.12174771726131439, 0.27797311544418335, 0.30282798409461975, 0.006691094022244215, 0.14523100852966309, -0.059459008276462555, -0.860359787940979, -0.1821286827325821, 0.10386341065168381, 0.0410899855196476, 0.19000393152236938, 0.16375990211963654, -0.3400703966617584, 0.10937191545963287, 0.0797019749879837, -0.28382477164268494, 0.052103206515312195, 0.3873624801635742, -0.7832191586494446, 0.16635820269584656, 0.5458122491836548, -0.37718555331230164, 0.8677794337272644, -0.7303671836853027, 0.41165468096733093, 0.3737567365169525, -0.20845110714435577, -0.5454925894737244, 0.3177100419998169, 0.940477192401886, 0.5085219740867615, -0.5903454422950745, -0.1483294814825058, -0.6667922735214233, -0.03376885876059532, -0.771422803401947, -0.3438146114349365, 0.5993932485580444, -0.5327597856521606, 0.5255479216575623, -0.18646101653575897, -0.21039573848247528, 0.4665558934211731, 1.0428828001022339, -0.030940692871809006, 1.075409173965454, 0.02058807760477066, -0.6035163998603821, -0.9133012890815735, -0.12195991724729538, -0.3281109631061554, 0.2230047732591629, -0.2946389317512512, 0.0034696944057941437, -0.22575663030147552, -0.06210743263363838, -0.22099708020687103, -0.2851575016975403, -0.18281486630439758, -0.2007460594177246, 0.039851754903793335, 0.16811034083366394, -0.2984970510005951, -0.6070402264595032, 0.6673672199249268, 0.3942910134792328, -0.13354891538619995, 0.017115173861384392, 0.8490387201309204, 0.7876510620117188, -0.44167089462280273, 0.03006647899746895, 0.13713930547237396, -0.18072400987148285, -0.2518931031227112, -0.7743385434150696, 0.34557199478149414, 0.050368815660476685, 0.35366925597190857, -0.5897259712219238, -0.18044783174991608, -0.14365273714065552, 0.6071865558624268, -0.2731608748435974, 0.23209895193576813, 0.04005120322108269, 0.48603007197380066, 0.13458696007728577, 0.006716435309499502, -1.1885285377502441, -0.4650488495826721, 0.34716013073921204, -0.42924514412879944, -0.0269323643296957, -0.3223921060562134, -0.49597853422164917, -0.06265135854482651, 0.30739128589630127, -0.09273706376552582, 0.41422969102859497, 0.02553246170282364, -0.07233215123414993, -0.666191816329956, 0.1493772566318512, -0.5802882313728333, 0.9585055708885193, 0.3252289891242981, -0.08872523158788681, -0.042314473539590836, 0.36669236421585083, 0.235630065202713, -0.4241200387477875, 0.1644955724477768, 0.21072152256965637, 0.6601516604423523, 0.14857420325279236, 0.14862743020057678, 0.9391562938690186, -0.8357491493225098, 0.04471343755722046, 0.4123266935348511, -0.7118212580680847, -0.06103319302201271, 0.6134160161018372, -0.5734724402427673, -0.7901914715766907, 0.5407217741012573, 0.4958951771259308, 0.4174070954322815, 0.1108744814991951, 0.28029388189315796, 0.07463334500789642, 0.5825954079627991, 0.34969228506088257, -0.04635179415345192, 0.38984206318855286, -0.0602269284427166, 0.2689148783683777, -0.631526529788971, -0.07336430251598358, 0.14007620513439178, -0.45052820444107056, -0.8762209415435791, 1.0322750806808472, 1.0638676881790161, 0.21596083045005798, -0.04805886372923851, -0.1709965616464615, 0.5601593255996704, -0.13528577983379364, -0.10623893141746521, 0.1761620193719864, 0.9513546228408813, -0.006306640803813934, 0.38150569796562195, 0.17037418484687805, 0.2833320200443268, -0.8394890427589417, 0.4158746302127838, -0.20786945521831512, -0.18460620939731598, -0.32262739539146423, 0.26903074979782104, -0.36156535148620605, 0.030473308637738228, -0.02739112451672554, 0.4503742754459381, 0.05079175531864166, -0.13318920135498047, -0.1398395448923111, 0.5043109059333801, 0.1150122657418251, -0.4853089153766632, 0.5885434746742249, 0.35892894864082336, 0.1123398169875145, -0.39255961775779724, -0.15850093960762024, 0.16856999695301056, -0.011149005964398384, 0.274682879447937, 0.47294655442237854, 0.525945246219635, -0.1764329969882965, -0.36963748931884766, -0.6501442193984985, -0.1155325174331665, -0.9239389300346375, -0.35395047068595886, -0.8033010959625244, -0.1823626458644867, 0.07418733090162277, -0.4442375898361206, 0.26552411913871765, -0.10983121395111084, 0.12223400175571442, 0.12077869474887848, -0.3897212743759155, -0.8644680976867676, -0.07410186529159546, -0.12625767290592194, 0.572476327419281, -0.05820228159427643, -0.32374492287635803, 0.26227495074272156, 0.0730554386973381, 0.044334571808576584, -0.37245386838912964, 0.5052021741867065, 0.6573393940925598, -0.2754557132720947, 0.11561185121536255, -0.5660548210144043, 0.637975811958313, 0.12254051119089127, 0.38388684391975403, 0.09250719845294952, 0.189988911151886, -0.8117942214012146, -0.1049821749329567, 0.5241919755935669, -0.052311792969703674, -0.09403485804796219, -0.2856774628162384, -0.22012850642204285, 0.15336842834949493, -0.01746567152440548, 0.6322696208953857, -0.7045104503631592, -0.7503117322921753, -0.09987854957580566, 0.3000964820384979, -0.5645052790641785, -0.3422425091266632, 0.17143025994300842, 0.5769469738006592, 0.054557934403419495, -0.6107056736946106, -0.7852429747581482, 0.05697067081928253, 0.5199829936027527, 0.8430564403533936, 0.006759079173207283, -0.5339723825454712, 0.35936158895492554, -0.016459738835692406, 0.38264021277427673, 0.21993207931518555, 0.10809548944234848, -0.1935369074344635, -0.19978471100330353, 0.12980587780475616, -0.9553669095039368, 0.05523471534252167, 0.5813487768173218, -0.013885058462619781, 0.5104470252990723, -0.4585639536380768, -0.37756046652793884, -0.7544158101081848, 0.2716165781021118, -0.12474694848060608, 0.3938779830932617, 0.316523939371109 ]
249267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Hongzhang	Li Hongzhang	Li Hongzhang, Marquess Suyi (; also Li Hung-chang; 15 February 1823 – 7 November 1901) was a Chinese politician, general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty. He quelled several major rebellions and served in important positions in the Qing imperial court, including the Viceroy of Zhili, Huguang and Liangguang. Although he was best known in the West for his generally pro-modern stance and importance as a negotiator, Li antagonised the British with his support of Russia as a foil against Japanese expansionism in Manchuria and fell from favour with the Chinese after their defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. His image in China remains controversial, with criticism on one hand for political and military defeats and praise on the other for his success against the Taiping Rebellion, his diplomatic skills defending Chinese interests in the era of unequal treaties, and his role pioneering China's industrial and military modernisation. He was presented the Royal Victorian Order by Queen Victoria. The French newspaper Le Siècle described him as "the yellow Bismarck." Names Li Hongzhang was also known by other names. His courtesy names were Zifu () and Jianfu (). His art names were Shaoquan (), Yisou () and Shengxin (). The posthumous name awarded to him by the Qing government was Wenzhong (). He was also referred to as Li Zhongtang () and Li Fuxiang (); "Zhongtang" and "Fuxiang" referred to his honorary appointments as Grand Secretary and Crown Prince's Grand Tutor respectively. He also held the noble peerage First Class Count Suyi () and was posthumously honoured as First Class Marquis Suyi (). Biography Early life and career Li was born in a scholar-gentry family in Qunzhi Village (), Modian Township (), northeast of central Hefei, Anhui Province, China. In 1843, he sat for the entry-level imperial examination in Lu Prefecture and obtained a yougong (; or gongsheng ) position. His father, who was serving as an official in the imperial capital Beijing, was eager to see his son succeed, so he encouraged his son to come to Shuntian Prefecture to take the district-level examination. Li then travelled to Beijing. Along the way, he wrote ten poems under the collection Entering the Capital () to express his feelings. In 1844, Li obtained a juren () position in the district-level examination, but failed to make it in the metropolitan-level examination. He then started taking classes under Zeng Guofan. In 1847, he sat for the metropolitan-level examination again and obtained a jinshi () position at the young age of 24, and was admitted to the Hanlin Academy as a shujishi (). At the same time, he also continued taking classes under Zeng Guofan to improve his knowledge. Three years later, he took the sanguan () examination in the academy and earned the position of a bianxiu (; an editor). Suppressing the Taiping Rebellion In January 1851, the God Worshipping Society led by Hong Xiuquan started the Taiping Rebellion in Guangxi Province. Within about two years, the rebels had conquered many territories in southern China and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with Nanjing as their capital. In 1853, the rebels, advancing from Wuhan, captured Anqing and killed Jiang Wenqing (), the xunfu of Anhui Province. The Xianfeng Emperor commissioned Lü Xianji (), the Left Vice Secretary of Works, to travel to Anhui Province and recruit civilians to form militias to counter the rebels. Lü Xianji knew that Li was familiar with the local situation in Anhui Province so he secured permission from the imperial court to bring Li along with him as an adviser and assistant. Li was later ordered to remain in Anhui to oversee the militia. In late 1853, the Taiping rebels defeated imperial forces and captured Shucheng County; Lü Xianji committed suicide. In the following year, Jiang Zhongyuan (), the xunfu of Anhui Province, committed suicide after Lu Prefecture fell to the rebels. Li then became a subordinate of Fuji (), the new xunfu, who ordered him to lead troops to attack the rebels. Li recaptured two counties and Lu Prefecture from the rebels within the following year. For his achievements, he earned the appointment of a daotai (道台; circuit administrator) and the privilege of wearing a single-eyed peacock feather in his hat. Later, he led troops into the Huai River area, but could not get along with his subordinates and was forced to abandon his mission. In the winter of 1858, Li was reassigned to serve in Zeng Guofan's office, where he was in charge of drafting documents. Li led a carefree life, flouted rules and regulations, and often woke up late. Zeng Guofan once chided him, "Shaoquan, now that you're working in my office, I only have this piece of advice for you: 'Commitment' is the only thing that matters to us here." Li was shocked and he improved his behaviour after that. In the same year, Weng Tongshu (), the xunfu of Anhui, abandoned his post when he came under attack by the Taiping rebels. Zeng Guofan drew from Li's draft when he wrote a memorial to the imperial court to accuse Weng Tongshu of failing in his duty. The lines from Li's draft that were included in Zeng Guofan's actual memorial included: "It is my duty, as Your Majesty's subject, [to point out the failures of my colleague.] I do not dare to let this pass just because of Weng Tonghe's fame and prestige." Although Li earned Zeng Guofan's praise for drafting the memorial, he also caused Weng Tonghe (Weng Tongshu's brother) to bear a grudge against him for what he wrote. While serving under Zeng Guofan, he was put in charge of Yanjianshao Circuit () in Fujian Province but did not take up his appointment and remained with Zeng. In 1860, Li was put in command in the naval forces in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces to counter the Taiping rebels. After Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army recaptured Anqing from the rebels in 1861, Zeng wrote a memorial to the imperial court to praise Li, calling him "a talent with great potential", and sent Li back to Hefei to form a militia. Li managed to recruit enough men to form five battalions in 1862. Zeng Guofan ordered him to bring his troops along with him to Shanghai. Li and his men sailed past rebel-controlled territory along the Yangtze River in British steamboats – the rebels did not attack because Britain was a neutral party – and arrived in Shanghai, where they were commissioned as the Huai Army. Zeng Guofan recommended Li to serve as the xunfu of Jiangsu Province. After gaining ground in Jiangsu, Li focused on enhancing the Huai Army's capabilities, including equipping them with Western firearms and artillery. Within two years, the Huai Army's strength increased from 6,000 to about 60–70,000 men. Li's Huai Army combined forces later with Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army and Charles George Gordon's Ever Victorious Army and prepared to attack the Taiping rebels. From 1863 to 1864, Li led the Huai Army to attack and recapture Suzhou, Changzhou and other rebel-controlled territories. For his contributions, Li was awarded the honorary appointment Crown Prince's Grand Protector () and an imperial yellow jacket. After retaking Changzhou, and capturing and executing the rebel leader Chen Kunshu, Li received a jiduwei peerage in recognition of his achievements. An incident connected with the surrender of Suzhou soured Li's relationship with Gordon. According to an earlier arrangement with Gordon, the rebel leaders agreed to yield Nanjing to imperial forces on the condition that their lives would be spared. However, after the capture of Nanjing, Li ordered the rebel leaders to be executed. This breach of faith infuriated Gordon so much that he grabbed a rifle and wanted to shoot Li, but Li fled. By the end of 1864, the Taiping Rebellion had basically been suppressed by imperial forces. Li was awarded a noble peerage as "First Class Count Suyi" () and the privilege of wearing a double-eyed peacock feather in his hat. As Viceroy of Zhili After the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in 1864, Li assumed a civil office as the xunfu of Jiangsu Province for about two years. However, on the outbreak of the Nian Rebellion in Henan and Shandong provinces in 1866, he was ordered to lead troops into battle again. After some misadventures, Li managed to suppress the movement. In recognition of his contributions, he was appointed as Assistant Grand Secretary (). In 1867, Li was appointed as the Viceroy of Huguang, where he remained until 1870, when the Tianjin Massacre necessitated his transfer to Tianjin to handle the diplomatic crisis with the French. He was given the concurrent appointments as Viceroy of Zhili Province and Beiyang Trade Minister () to oversee various issues in Zhili, Shandong and Fengtian provinces, including trade, tariffs, diplomacy, coastal defence, and modernisation. He was also conferred the honorary position of "Grand Secretary of Wenhua Hall" (). From the time he became Viceroy of Zhili and Beiyang Trade Minister until his death, with a few intervals of retirement, he shaped the Qing Empire's foreign policy to a large extent. In 1876, he signed the Yantai Treaty with Sir Thomas Wade to end a diplomatic crisis with Britain caused by the murder of Augustus Raymond Margary in Yunnan Province. He also arranged treaties with Peru and the Tianjin Convention with Japan, and directed Chinese foreign policy in Korea. Among Li's projects to open China to the world on Chinese terms was support for the Chinese Educational Mission, which sent Chinese boys to the United States for education, starting in 1872. The mission was aborted in 1881. On the death of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1875, Li introduced a large army into the capital and effected a coup which placed the Guangxu Emperor on the throne under the regency of the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi. In 1879, Li was awarded the honorary appointment Crown Prince's Grand Tutor (). In 1886, on the conclusion of the Sino-French War, Li arranged a treaty with the French. Li was impressed with the necessity of strengthening the Qing Empire, and while he was Viceroy of Zhili, he raised a large well-drilled and well-armed force, and spent vast sums both in fortifying Port Arthur and the Dagu forts and in strengthening the navy. For years, he had watched the successful reforms effected in Japan and had a well-founded dread of coming into conflict with the Japanese. Establishing military academies In 1885, Li founded the Tianjin Military Academy () to train Chinese military officers as part of his military reforms. The move was supported by Huai Army commander Zhou Shengchuan. The academy was to serve Huai Army and Green Standard Army officers. Various practical military, mathematics and science subjects were taught at the academy. The instructors were German military officers. Another programme was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new military officers. Mathematics, practical and technical subjects, sciences, foreign languages, Chinese classics and history were taught at the school. Students also took exams. The Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools copied the Tianjin Military Academy's curriculum. The maritime defence fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy. First Sino-Japanese War Because of his prominent role in Chinese diplomacy in Korea and strong political connections in Manchuria, Li found himself directing Chinese forces during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. In fact, it was mostly the armies that he established and controlled that did the fighting, whereas other Chinese troops led by his political rivals did not come to their aid. Rampant corruption further weakened the Chinese military. For instance, one official misappropriated ammunition funds for personal use. As a result, shells ran out during battle, forcing one navy captain, Deng Shichang, to resort to ordering his ship to ram an enemy ship. The defeat of Li's modernised armed forces by the Japanese undermined his political standing, as well as the wider cause of the Self-Strengthening Movement. Li had received the privilege of wearing a three-eyed peacock feather in his hat – a rare exception because three-eyed peacock feathers had previously been restricted to only members of the imperial clan – during Empress Dowager Cixi's 60th birthday celebrations in 1894. However, after the Chinese defeat in the war, Li was disgraced and stripped of his peacock feather. The Qing imperial court initially wanted to send Zhang Yinhuan () and Shao Youlian () as their representatives to negotiate with the Japanese, but the Japanese rejected them. Li was selected to take on this mission and was given back his peacock feather. On 24 March 1895, while negotiating with Japan's Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Foreign Affairs Minister Mutsu Munemitsu in Shimonoseki, Li was attacked by an assassin, Koyama Toyotarō (), who shot him in the left cheek. Koyama was arrested by Japanese police later and he claimed that he desired for the war to continue. Due to the public embarrassment caused by the attack, the Japanese agreed to the immediate ceasefire Li had urged in the days before. On 17 April 1895, Li signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with the Japanese, thus ending the First Sino-Japanese War. Tour of Russia, Europe and North America In 1896, Li attended the coronation of Nicholas II of the Russian Empire on behalf of the Qing Empire and toured Europe, Canada and the United States, where he advocated reform of the American immigration policies that had greatly restricted Chinese immigration after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (renewed in 1892). In a famous interview published by The New York Times on September 3, 1896, Li was asked whether he favored the introduction of the newspaper into China as developed in the U.S. or in Europe. Li's answer was stunningly honest: "There are newspapers in China, but the Chinese editors, unfortunately, do not tell the truth. They do not, as your papers, tell 'the truth, whole truth, and nothing but the truth.' The editors in China are great economizers of the truth; they tell only a part of it. They do not have, therefore, the great circulations that your papers have. Because this economy of the truth, our papers fail in the mission of a great press, to be one of the means of civilization." While in Britain, he toured parts of the country by train, keeping with his desire to inspire railway development in his own country while constantly fighting against the prejudices of conservative leaders. He visited the industrial area in Barrow, North West England, and toured Lake Windermere on the steamer Tern operated by the Furness Railway Company. He also witnessed the 1896 Royal Naval Fleet Review at Spithead. It was during his visit to Britain in 1896 that Queen Victoria made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. Boxer Rebellion and death In 1900, Li once more played a major diplomatic role in negotiating a settlement with the Eight-Nation Alliance forces which had invaded Beijing to put down the Boxer Rebellion. His early position was that the Qing Empire was making a mistake by supporting the Boxers against the foreign powers. During the Siege of the International Legations, Sheng Xuanhuai and other provincial officials suggested that the Qing imperial court give Li full diplomatic power to negotiate with foreign powers. Li telegraphed back to Sheng Xuanhuai on 25 June, describing the declaration of war a "false edict". This tactic gave the "Southeast Mutual Protection" provincial officials a justification not to follow Empress Dowager Cixi's declaration of war. Li refused to accept orders from the government for more troops when they were needed to fight against the foreigners, which he had available. Li controlled the Chinese telegraph service, whose despatches asserted falsely that Chinese forces had exterminated all foreigners in the siege and convinced many foreign readers. In 1901, Li was the principal Chinese negotiator with the foreign powers which captured Beijing. On 7 September 1901, he signed the Boxer Protocol ending the Boxer Rebellion, and obtained the departure of the Eight-Nation Alliance at the price of huge indemnities for the Chinese. Exhausted from the negotiations, he died from liver inflammation two months later at Xianliang Temple in Beijing. The Guangxu Emperor posthumously honoured Li as Marquis Suyi of the First Class (). This peerage was inherited by Li Guojie, who was assassinated in Shanghai on 21February 1939, allegedly as a result of his support for the Nanking Reformed Government. Family Li's ancestral family name was actually Xǔ (). His ancestors had migrated from Hukou, Jiangxi Province to Hefei, Anhui Province. Li's eighth-great-grandfather, Xu Yingxi (), had given up his second son, Xu Shen (), for adoption by a relative, Li Xinzhuang (). Xu Shen and his descendants had taken Li () to be their family name since then. Li's father, Li Wen'an (李文安; 1801–1855), obtained a jinshi degree in the imperial examination in 1838 – the same year as Zeng Guofan. Li Wen'an also served as a langzhong () in the Ministry of Justice. Li had one elder brother and four younger brothers; he was the second son in his family. His elder brother, Li Hanzhang (; 1821–1899), served as a xunfu and zongdu in a number of provinces. His third brother, Li Hezhang (; 1825–1880), served as a military officer. His fourth brother was Li Yunzhang (), his fifth brother was Li Fengzhang (), and his sixth brother was Li Zhaoqing (; 1835–1873). Li's first primary spouse, Lady Zhou (), bore him a son, Li Jingyu (), who died prematurely. Lady Zhou died of illness in 1861. Li's second primary spouse, Zhao Xiaolian (), bore him another son, Li Jingshu (). Li Jingshu inherited his father's peerage as Marquis Suyi (), but died early. Li Jingshu's son, Li Guojie (; 1881–1939), inherited the Marquis Suyi peerage and served in a number of official positions in the final years of the Qing dynasty. He became an official and industrialist in the Republic of China later. Li Guojie also married the daughter of Natong (; 1857–1925), who served in the Grand Secretariat and Grand Council. Li's secondary spouse, Lady Mo (), bore him three sons: Li Jingyuan (), Li Jingmai (; 1876–1938) and Li Jingjin (). Among the three, only Li Jingmai survived into adulthood. He served as the Qing Empire's Ambassador to Austria-Hungary and a Right Vice Secretary () in the Ministry of Civil Affairs (). Li had three daughters. One of them, Li Ju'ou (), married Zhang Peilun (1848–1903) and bore the father of the writer Eileen Chang (1920–1995). The other two daughters married Guo Enhou (), the magistrate of Weifang County, and Ren Dehe (), the zhushi () of Yixing County. Li also adopted Li Jingfang (1855–1934), a son of his sixth brother Li Zhaoqing. Li Jingfang served as the Qing Empire's Ambassador to Japan and a Left Vice Secretary () in the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (). Li's brother Li Hanzhang () had a daughter named Li Peisheng (). Honours Imperial Order of the Double Dragon (China) Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom). Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (Germany), 14 June 1896 Legacy and assessment Li left a word as his self-evaluation: "To know me and judge me is a task for the next millennium" (). Li was regarded favourably in the United States, owing to his reputation for welcoming foreign influence and his 1896 visit to the country. He was wrongly credited with inventing the American Chinese dish chop suey during the visit. In 1913, William Francis Mannix wrote and published a fabricated Memoirs of Li Hung Chang'' which received widespread praise before being exposed as a forgery in 1923. His biographer William J. Hail argued that Li "did perhaps all he could for a land where the conservatism of the people, a reactionary officialdom, and unrestrained international rivalry made each step forward a matter of great difficulty," and praised him as "always progressive, yet patient and conciliatory, it was his fate to bear blame for failures which might have been avoided if he had had his way." The leader of China's New Culture Movement, Hu Shih, was also sympathetic, remarking that if Li had been allowed the opportunity, his achievements for China might have equalled the achievements of his Japanese counterpart, Itō Hirobumi, at the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Chinese nationalists criticised Li's relations with the Western powers and Japan. Liang Qichao's 1902 biography of Li blamed him for China's woes and set the tone for further castigation. In Liang's view, Li was the chief culprit for the Self-Strengthening Movement, which these nationalists condemned for collaborating with the European imperialists and suppressing the masses. Liang Qichao's son, Liang Sicheng, denounced Li in 1951 for "selling out" the country. History textbooks in the People's Republic of China labelled Li as a "feudalist" and a traitor to the Chinese people. It was not until the 1980s that mainland historians began a serious debate of the sort which had been taking place in Taiwan. Bribery controversy Sergei Witte dismissed some rumours during Li's visit to Europe that Li was bribed. However, according to the Russian account, Li had urged the Russian government to build a three-million rubles "Li Hongzhang Foundation" to make Li and Zhang Yinheng to support the Sino-Russia railway treaty and Lushun-Dalian Rent Treaty, and a payment of 0.5 million rubles was confirmed. Ma Wenzhong questioned whether the Russian account was reliable. Works Trade Charter Precedents Collection (通商約章成案彙編 1886) See also Battle of Shanghai (1861) Beiyang Army Military history of China (pre-1911) Self-Strengthening Movement Tune of Li Zhongtang Notes References Further reading Words on Li Hung Chang from the Papers of Charles Daniel Tenney Reminiscences of Li Hung Chang from the Papers of Charles Daniel Tenney 1823 births 1901 deaths Politicians from Hefei Chinese people of the Boxer Rebellion People of the First Sino-Japanese War People of the Sino-French War Political office-holders in Guangdong Political office-holders in Hubei Political office-holders in Tianjin Qing dynasty diplomats Qing dynasty politicians from Anhui Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Qing dynasty governors of Jiangsu Xiang Army personnel Huai Army personnel Grand Secretaries of the Qing dynasty Assistant Grand Secretaries Viceroys of Huguang Viceroys of Liangguang Viceroys of Zhili Viceroys of Liangjiang Chinese nobility Beiyang Fleet personnel Ministers of Zongli Yamen	[ -0.7488019466400146, 0.5470193028450012, -0.34564298391342163, 0.07250130921602249, -0.20589013397693634, 0.9230576753616333, -0.009793071076273918, 0.040312960743904114, -0.23060058057308197, -0.45064568519592285, -0.5640540719032288, -0.221406027674675, -0.22041761875152588, 0.16535620391368866, -0.04068503528833389, 0.020141571760177612, 0.22254617512226105, -0.0006078515434637666, -0.8025740385055542, 0.021882809698581696, -0.10003819316625595, -0.14639028906822205, -0.08656475692987442, 0.49019286036491394, 0.19417288899421692, 0.04883521422743797, 0.06563200056552887, -0.19129638373851776, 0.17912369966506958, -0.26528501510620117, 0.056539103388786316, 0.12009789049625397, -0.07126902788877487, 0.22806113958358765, -1.2451645135879517, 0.02624347060918808, -0.3951246738433838, -0.19865794479846954, 0.21204876899719238, 0.22254297137260437, -0.3039027452468872, 0.3602137267589569, 0.3072267174720764, 0.39691174030303955, -0.18623527884483337, -0.987295925617218, -1.9221209287643433, 0.32620856165885925, -0.7727174758911133, -0.594499409198761, 0.21127794682979584, 0.817227840423584, 0.3026788830757141, 0.1626921445131302, -0.24661439657211304, 0.2568647861480713, -0.8441944718360901, -0.20504508912563324, -0.31018155813217163, -0.3165101408958435, -0.08414129912853241, -0.09436023980379105, 0.8572788238525391, -0.0982017070055008, 0.39031487703323364, -0.17054115235805511, 0.05269404128193855, 0.4030231833457947, 0.25708717107772827, -0.08938160538673401, 0.32527613639831543, 0.5701565742492676, 0.26501163840293884, 0.5059232711791992, 0.18622905015945435, -0.36055177450180054, -0.09024448692798615, 0.21468697488307953, 0.08213113248348236, 0.014539501629769802, -0.3628727197647095, -0.4392107427120209, 0.4723075032234192, 0.28543660044670105, -0.4676938056945801, 0.09943073987960815, -0.3482825458049774, 1.0389951467514038, -0.30064597725868225, 0.228776752948761, -0.21188846230506897, -0.08266136795282364, 0.5711680054664612, -0.2830846309661865, -0.36347195506095886, 0.2346554696559906, 0.21745792031288147, 0.5424928069114685, -0.5597883462905884, -0.4172728359699249, -0.010138453915715218, -0.2305796891450882, 0.3345480263233185, -0.27238744497299194, -0.4610438048839569, -0.17067064344882965, -0.04585814103484154, 0.05357598885893822, -0.3290020525455475, -0.10248363018035889, -0.7448006272315979, 0.4145074784755707, -0.40391120314598083, 0.1890813708305359, 0.13916222751140594, -0.2714003324508667, -0.7393736243247986, -0.6139841675758362, -0.03445138409733772, -0.37689143419265747, -0.09963977336883545, 0.14619192481040955, 0.0016135256737470627, -0.06920216977596283, 0.34196579456329346, -0.5079573392868042, -0.09681712836027145, 0.2902401089668274, -0.7473704218864441, 0.2828711271286011, 0.7523561716079712, 0.7570559978485107, -0.6100522875785828, -0.2015397995710373, -0.29159805178642273, -0.1561218649148941, 0.053812384605407715, 0.07655491679906845, -0.3423667252063751, -0.18068619072437286, -0.7679663300514221, 0.2813989520072937, -0.46571922302246094, -0.00744188018143177, -0.5181246399879456, 0.4228885769844055, -0.033834148198366165, -0.5843918323516846, -0.652530312538147, -0.4378615915775299, -0.33258792757987976, -0.10535841435194016, -0.18964141607284546, -0.323784202337265, 0.026420090347528458, 0.7702264785766602, 0.44060957431793213, -0.15392927825450897, 0.1255122572183609, 0.2394428700208664, -0.03786896914243698, -0.2691977918148041, -0.9723708629608154, -0.31918931007385254, 0.27528950572013855, -0.08257624506950378, 0.07492754608392715, 0.5971383452415466, -0.5474874973297119, -0.30369219183921814, -0.0859159454703331, 0.07672158628702164, -0.10901251435279846, 0.09506542980670929, 0.14050330221652985, 0.8334400653839111, -0.047642674297094345, -0.2906111180782318, 0.3239169120788574, 0.16323769092559814, -0.7219685912132263, 0.2951451539993286, 0.15490584075450897, 0.5784527659416199, 0.5805227160453796, 0.6285538673400879, 0.15814976394176483, 0.057420406490564346, 0.8071601390838623, -0.4920608103275299, -0.5195629000663757, -0.8465474247932434, -0.15168826282024384, -0.044328320771455765, 0.4935225248336792, 0.5226384997367859, 0.2765984535217285, 0.33157575130462646, -0.13892029225826263, 0.35220658779144287, -0.138722762465477, -0.2050289511680603, 0.026320235803723335, 0.0024780866224318743, 0.1279640793800354, 0.4501948952674866, 0.24517349898815155, 0.22828879952430725, 0.11030350625514984, 0.5980460047721863, 0.20545530319213867, -0.4982805550098419, 0.3198835551738739, 0.3971147835254669, -0.4678703248500824, -0.3296114206314087, -0.6910260915756226, -0.48862168192863464, -0.3922364413738251, -0.3428952693939209, 0.6930525898933411, 0.1470145285129547, 0.08269041776657104, 1.582452654838562, -0.15235939621925354, 1.0364348888397217, 0.3103100061416626, 0.317225843667984, -0.317807137966156, -0.3121204078197479, -0.2880159318447113, -0.28222423791885376, 0.06194573640823364, -0.3508119583129883, 0.26649951934814453, 0.14712825417518616, 0.43812108039855957, -0.28238585591316223, 0.2453516125679016, -0.474019855260849, 0.2865407466888428, 0.3418411314487457, 0.11581416428089142, -0.0309965368360281, 0.039051540195941925, 0.43661850690841675, -0.6642668843269348, 0.13564498722553253, -0.1234765276312828, -0.23359821736812592, -0.07768650352954865, 0.4652833342552185, -0.07020097225904465, 0.09609369188547134, 0.09317012876272202, -0.8324329257011414, 0.2787412703037262, -0.006134250666946173, 0.050498515367507935, 0.2970353960990906, 0.6362571716308594, -0.2435186207294464, 0.36682191491127014, 0.18742859363555908, 0.048809122294187546, 0.30977702140808105, 0.535712718963623, -0.5980256795883179, 0.3525567054748535, 0.08895310014486313, -0.1741882711648941, -0.03370250016450882, -0.442903995513916, -0.024700861424207687, -0.4272101819515228, -0.6536131501197815, -0.45342665910720825, 0.5889155864715576, -0.5039873719215393, -1.0845237970352173, 0.26297032833099365, 0.5250517129898071, -0.36819660663604736, -0.19242841005325317, -0.49724048376083374, -0.7702900767326355, -0.5229233503341675, -0.30697816610336304, 0.3996756970882416, 0.05007534101605415, -0.42829596996307373, 0.4872749149799347, 0.034125715494155884, -0.031002884730696678, -0.20872680842876434, 0.9524458646774292, -0.40676411986351013, -0.4351440668106079, 0.483323872089386, -0.18660776317119598, -0.9419655799865723, -0.6200456619262695, 0.201518714427948, 0.31465935707092285, 0.4597952663898468, 0.18240094184875488, 0.243365079164505, -0.10229995101690292, -5.59660530090332, 0.032294001430273056, 0.5392206311225891, 0.118192657828331, -0.11981647461652756, 0.5127390623092651, 0.536361038684845, -0.1810498684644699, 0.37385886907577515, -0.17086362838745117, 0.4453352987766266, 0.01912841573357582, 0.18982110917568207, -0.16903381049633026, 0.31530800461769104, 0.45006316900253296, 0.3473156988620758, -0.2841036021709442, 0.15999235212802887, 0.3636639416217804, -0.4202100932598114, -0.07816528528928757, -0.0823800340294838, 0.8285204172134399, 0.4526304602622986, -0.03707317262887955, -0.0837993174791336, 0.1344292014837265, -0.4538143575191498, -0.3099597096443176, -0.145366370677948, 0.07684087753295898, -0.04704995080828667, 0.6179834604263306, -0.02348165772855282, -0.44538286328315735, 0.6170932650566101, 0.30112770199775696, -0.10699049383401871, 0.3021337389945984, 0.0909067690372467, 0.20581230521202087, -0.6295943856239319, 0.049136754125356674, -0.09617707878351212, -0.7494426369667053, -0.3675214648246765, -0.1765793114900589, -0.5015045404434204, 0.10804145038127899, -0.0950443297624588, 0.33173221349716187, -0.022800367325544357, -0.346305787563324, 0.3998158872127533, 0.8401392698287964, -0.4292443096637726, 0.430376261472702, -0.8725683093070984, 0.12345471978187561, 0.5757325291633606, -0.3934093713760376, -0.5213304162025452, 0.3057366609573364, 0.06745550036430359, 0.24433910846710205, -0.09932368993759155, 0.05064499378204346, -0.19832971692085266, 0.08604670315980911, -0.3091215491294861, 0.9743300676345825, 0.41987141966819763, -1.0804729461669922, 0.28108057379722595, -0.45536768436431885, -0.34235629439353943, 0.1955942064523697, -0.6093865633010864, 0.23364292085170746, 0.02287784218788147, -0.023853803053498268, 0.7023675441741943, 1.0741894245147705, 0.3694450259208679, 0.18486575782299042, 0.05472046509385109, 0.31914252042770386, 0.1577436923980713, 0.40659773349761963, 0.14153191447257996, -0.9741451740264893, 0.411086767911911, -0.14593978226184845, 0.4717402160167694, 0.01559436321258545, -0.2723057270050049, 0.47829991579055786, 0.20209507644176483, 0.09408444911241531, 0.5480911731719971, 0.3221934139728546, -0.3837909400463104, -0.17973119020462036, 0.12039733678102493, -0.20697426795959473, 0.6306067109107971, 0.3833613097667694, 1.1026636362075806, 0.4383861720561981, -0.2599029839038849, 0.5984339118003845, -0.11047997325658798, -0.07561720162630081, 0.7028204798698425, -0.2157721221446991, 0.08067146688699722, -0.1699134260416031, 0.3047794699668884, 0.34476831555366516, -0.269454687833786, 0.36632877588272095, -0.6311758756637573, -0.6472450494766235, -0.10257362574338913, 0.039142437279224396, -0.08659327775239944, 0.06185806542634964, -0.5767820477485657, -0.4772767722606659, 0.4753853976726532, -0.10690449178218842, 0.05480334162712097, 0.25270453095436096, 0.08168642222881317, -0.6459738612174988, -0.7776956558227539, -1.0139814615249634, -0.020820021629333496, 0.0881330743432045, -0.30132827162742615, -0.14973953366279602, -0.3171406090259552, 0.22736021876335144, 0.15299731492996216, -0.10242453217506409, -0.15903975069522858, 0.14788423478603363, 0.19040855765342712, 0.8327862024307251, 0.01922299712896347, -0.6153584122657776, 0.5007931590080261, -0.10936375707387924, -0.22785422205924988, 0.19374996423721313, -0.3707472085952759, -0.264326810836792, 0.3877314627170563, -0.12071799486875534, 0.1726885437965393, -0.6944634318351746, -0.6288439035415649, -0.22435536980628967, 0.025446470826864243, 0.042313914746046066, -0.007974367588758469, 0.17756296694278717, -0.39000436663627625, 0.5222306251525879, 0.5356868505477905, -0.6024946570396423, -0.11493144929409027, -0.1943044513463974, -0.22143208980560303, -0.09444461017847061, 0.17291414737701416, 0.5165732502937317, -0.2547331750392914, -0.1039186641573906, -0.5726611614227295, -0.05650452524423599, -0.19103620946407318, -0.02787850983440876, 0.2632957100868225, 0.39939743280410767, -0.20817707479000092, -0.5398810505867004, -0.04111415892839432, 0.255925714969635, -0.12951087951660156, -0.5997961759567261, -0.3650471866130829, 0.5593385100364685, -0.1140442043542862, -0.11565187573432922, -0.35039710998535156, -0.42149537801742554, -0.004342260770499706, 0.20933829247951508, -0.35275280475616455, 0.4470118284225464, 0.033756598830223083, -0.4234728217124939, -0.021787084639072418, -0.712523341178894, 0.2463928610086441, -0.23424281179904938, 0.1629670262336731, 0.3222285211086273, -0.2532729208469391, -0.8727124333381653, -0.11472683399915695, -0.04234275594353676, -0.07254640758037567, 0.2943287491798401, 0.24734455347061157, 0.1748809665441513, -0.092624232172966, -0.8838083148002625, -0.6368358135223389, -0.12477714568376541, -0.37958675622940063, -0.5319622755050659, 0.22748097777366638, 0.01106605026870966, 0.05276074633002281, 0.005808473564684391, 0.023285595700144768, -0.25886860489845276, -0.6694460511207581, 0.009686986915767193, -0.05504864081740379, 0.1442885398864746, -0.23222172260284424, -0.1765909045934677, 0.6608555316925049, -0.10875219106674194, -0.027470117434859276, -0.2542492151260376, 0.5958163738250732, 1.0948948860168457, -0.3028062880039215, -0.1584128886461258, 0.14646339416503906, 0.64580237865448, 0.1970209777355194, -0.20236057043075562, 0.040686920285224915, -0.0016224465798586607, 0.4084915816783905, -0.3291234076023102, -0.8151842951774597, -0.24209262430667877, 0.021085824817419052, -0.6669149398803711, 0.4115884304046631, 0.6132451295852661, 0.05132804811000824, 0.2696607708930969, -0.8287971019744873, -0.021053628996014595, 0.9836633801460266, -0.69514399766922, 0.2889058589935303, 0.4962945282459259, -0.20326507091522217, 0.2560238838195801, -0.22514820098876953, -0.2604844570159912, -0.11712101846933365, -0.48376792669296265, -0.19472043216228485, 0.24705883860588074, -0.6956738233566284, 0.27569204568862915, 0.05653269961476326, 0.28285208344459534, 0.17906160652637482, 0.013221780769526958, -1.2527081966400146, -0.6366689801216125, -0.052384331822395325, -0.35651645064353943, -0.4005211293697357, -0.6842119693756104, 0.5646623373031616, 0.34246283769607544, -0.13489443063735962, -0.20424804091453552, -0.7656048536300659, -0.30435118079185486, -0.14846481382846832, 0.034674763679504395, -0.009432346560060978, 0.31858405470848083, -0.38761788606643677, 0.5525957942008972, -0.2859269082546234, -0.15694677829742432, -0.28901180624961853, 0.311371773481369, 0.5577865242958069, 0.35023975372314453, 0.41311076283454895, -0.2658211886882782, 0.23925437033176422, -0.16006417572498322, 0.008576548658311367, -0.25856873393058777, 0.9313388466835022, -0.07343155890703201, 0.36373966932296753, 0.17096279561519623, -0.5617397427558899, -0.09104763716459274, 0.014103243127465248, -0.12794218957424164, -0.2661224603652954, -0.25706496834754944, 0.3397752046585083, 0.23090562224388123, 0.3207516372203827, 0.04896202310919762, 0.07985290139913559, 0.3111934959888458, 0.03737847879528999, 0.33179137110710144, -0.13667549192905426, 0.16993238031864166, -0.29112347960472107, 0.24942182004451752, -0.2339925765991211, 0.14249026775360107, 0.18777698278427124, -0.47593897581100464, 0.42812010645866394, -0.5003922581672668, 0.2392815798521042, 0.1456131786108017, 0.22857266664505005, 0.9583330750465393, -0.7790753245353699, 0.1335841566324234, 0.016794007271528244, 0.44390395283699036, -0.33819833397865295, 0.6714262366294861, -0.2528921067714691, -0.21934537589550018, 0.38363343477249146, 0.5524442195892334, 0.037851445376873016, -0.6748469471931458, 0.08176540583372116, 0.16471637785434723, 0.13725823163986206, 0.07958094775676727, 0.0918741449713707, 0.06925573945045471, 0.061475228518247604, 0.20778845250606537, 0.4546380639076233, 0.047248732298612595, 0.07788430154323578, 0.4422723054885864, -0.25399166345596313, -0.4292999804019928, -0.0688142478466034, 0.23512746393680573, -0.11884893476963043, -0.4992467761039734, 0.22809268534183502, 0.095807746052742, 0.2759796977043152, 0.23842822015285492, 0.7683966755867004, 0.14433637261390686, 0.029682766646146774, 0.41146430373191833, -0.2409895360469818, -0.03964626416563988, 0.8030596971511841, -0.7194079160690308, 0.5375093221664429, 0.40884941816329956, -0.04706764221191406, 0.02418011613190174, 0.01386816892772913, 0.1275685578584671, 0.3492058515548706, 0.10736030340194702, -0.06699234992265701, 0.4282894432544708, -0.13568778336048126, -0.07190973311662674, -0.7087103724479675, 0.8960737586021423, 0.5697669982910156, -0.11755529046058655, -0.04822862893342972, 0.006720362231135368, 0.2794521749019623, 0.23054786026477814, -0.22262929379940033, 0.7248498797416687, -0.4099917709827423, 0.39807257056236267, -0.8269705176353455, 0.10226443409919739, -0.37657102942466736, 0.17757540941238403, -0.41063469648361206, 0.29329583048820496, -0.31160202622413635, 0.32547029852867126, 0.6524541974067688, -0.028823716565966606, -0.06733758002519608, -0.18005451560020447, -0.008971164934337139, 0.09679105877876282, 0.4190419912338257, -0.02195752039551735, 0.7048723697662354, 0.4415471851825714, -0.0035079768858850002, -0.056236278265714645, -0.11491473764181137, 1.1013680696487427, -0.6858593225479126, -0.036811210215091705, -0.5485860109329224, -0.4290367662906647, 0.35023730993270874, -0.2685602903366089, 0.8880922198295593, 0.6930039525032043, 0.17386077344417572, -0.2311272770166397, 0.33181366324424744, 0.3834272623062134, -0.220071479678154, 0.19164559245109558, 0.3954501152038574, 0.2594597637653351, -0.4130120277404785, -0.12247874587774277, -0.59168541431427, 0.06482517719268799, 0.18186567723751068, -0.19395029544830322, 0.6123668551445007, -0.8895778059959412, 0.11277816444635391, -0.03377900272607803, -0.08340711891651154, -0.22435331344604492, 0.0688617154955864, 0.23503723740577698 ]
249268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20group%20theory	Glossary of group theory	A group is a set together with an associative operation which admits an identity element and such that every element has an inverse. Throughout the article, we use to denote the identity element of a group. A C D F G H I L N O P Q R S T Basic definitions Subgroup. A subset of a group which remains a group when the operation is restricted to is called a subgroup of . Given a subset of . We denote by the smallest subgroup of containing . is called the subgroup of generated by . Normal subgroup. is a normal subgroup of if for all in and in , also belongs to . Both subgroups and normal subgroups of a given group form a complete lattice under inclusion of subsets; this property and some related results are described by the lattice theorem. Group homomorphism. These are functions that have the special property that for any elements and of . Kernel of a group homomorphism. It is the preimage of the identity in the codomain of a group homomorphism. Every normal subgroup is the kernel of a group homomorphism and vice versa. Group isomorphism. Group homomorphisms that have inverse functions. The inverse of an isomorphism, it turns out, must also be a homomorphism. Isomorphic groups. Two groups are isomorphic if there exists a group isomorphism mapping from one to the other. Isomorphic groups can be thought of as essentially the same, only with different labels on the individual elements. One of the fundamental problems of group theory is the classification of groups up to isomorphism. Direct product, direct sum, and semidirect product of groups. These are ways of combining groups to construct new groups; please refer to the corresponding links for explanation. Types of groups Finitely generated group. If there exists a finite set such that then is said to be finitely generated. If can be taken to have just one element, is a cyclic group of finite order, an infinite cyclic group, or possibly a group with just one element. Simple group. Simple groups are those groups having only and themselves as normal subgroups. The name is misleading because a simple group can in fact be very complex. An example is the monster group, whose order is about 1054. Every finite group is built up from simple groups via group extensions, so the study of finite simple groups is central to the study of all finite groups. The finite simple groups are known and classified. The structure of any finite abelian group is relatively simple; every finite abelian group is the direct sum of cyclic p-groups. This can be extended to a complete classification of all finitely generated abelian groups, that is all abelian groups that are generated by a finite set. The situation is much more complicated for the non-abelian groups. Free group. Given any set , one can define a group as the smallest group containing the free semigroup of . The group consists of the finite strings (words) that can be composed by elements from , together with other elements that are necessary to form a group. Multiplication of strings is defined by concatenation, for instance Every group is basically a factor group of a free group generated by . Please refer to presentation of a group for more explanation. One can then ask algorithmic questions about these presentations, such as: Do these two presentations specify isomorphic groups?; or Does this presentation specify the trivial group? The general case of this is the word problem, and several of these questions are in fact unsolvable by any general algorithm. General linear group, denoted by GL(n, F), is the group of -by- invertible matrices, where the elements of the matrices are taken from a field such as the real numbers or the complex numbers. Group representation (not to be confused with the presentation of a group). A group representation is a homomorphism from a group to a general linear group. One basically tries to "represent" a given abstract group as a concrete group of invertible matrices which is much easier to study. See also Glossary of Lie groups and Lie algebras Glossary of ring theory Composition series Normal series Group theory	[ -0.22739779949188232, -0.013852064497768879, -0.5534396171569824, 0.007607249077409506, -0.35585805773735046, -0.0328202098608017, -0.07896922528743744, -0.09142079204320908, 0.09535679221153259, -0.3885696530342102, -0.5267127752304077, 0.0803123414516449, -0.6090755462646484, -0.1587296724319458, -0.004171275533735752, 0.1418922245502472, 0.7008220553398132, 0.049965761601924896, -0.838121235370636, -0.7124139070510864, 0.33434730768203735, 0.652158796787262, -0.08532652258872986, -0.5860198736190796, 0.39474156498908997, 0.0191632192581892, 0.25972214341163635, 0.17151518166065216, 0.49869847297668457, 0.7444748282432556, -0.13710173964500427, 0.6189096570014954, 0.10664718598127365, 0.18209142982959747, -0.07277385890483856, 0.05911661684513092, 0.5080538988113403, -0.11169123649597168, -0.08084823191165924, -0.3893243074417114, 0.4320794343948364, -0.13896913826465607, -0.10856697708368301, 0.4254133105278015, -0.6877964735031128, -0.3193824887275696, -1.4975275993347168, 0.17399895191192627, -0.5243182182312012, -0.39089927077293396, -0.32156816124916077, -0.265476793050766, 0.4872315227985382, 0.3790034353733063, -0.45002123713493347, 0.24314633011817932, -0.8301475644111633, -0.5341147780418396, 0.3803881108760834, -0.0596703439950943, -0.2354997843503952, 0.4696092903614044, 0.5856231451034546, -0.1861613690853119, 0.5661713480949402, 0.6225512027740479, -0.4278395175933838, 0.14416758716106415, -0.8928412795066833, -0.5700734853744507, -0.24775873124599457, -0.4567386507987976, -0.4595817029476166, 0.32853037118911743, -0.39498743414878845, -0.25591203570365906, 0.12695306539535522, -0.2817499041557312, 0.02718345820903778, -0.14291882514953613, -0.5113595128059387, 1.0912612676620483, 0.57377028465271, -0.49204856157302856, 0.5920030474662781, 0.2988949120044708, -0.6280162930488586, 0.8183717727661133, -0.6285204291343689, 0.3727096915245056, 0.276559054851532, -0.481109082698822, 0.34664443135261536, -0.16571100056171417, 0.36555910110473633, 0.6784195899963379, 0.08638618141412735, -0.017557600513100624, 0.3020521402359009, 0.04806281253695488, -0.18163980543613434, -0.03875090926885605, 0.05481283739209175, -0.8204763531684875, -0.5819618105888367, -0.5668656826019287, 0.2790864408016205, -0.46602681279182434, -0.14107723534107208, -0.0652708187699318, -0.915812075138092, 0.19072185456752777, 0.2088278979063034, -0.19826720654964447, 0.06264054030179977, 0.16114352643489838, 0.36262306571006775, 0.6050236225128174, -0.2313835769891739, 0.3923819363117218, -0.23106956481933594, 0.49702516198158264, -0.03230176866054535, 0.51249098777771, -0.054375723004341125, 0.14353810250759125, 0.03828202933073044, 1.2476965188980103, -0.7389342784881592, -0.4854886531829834, -0.19804221391677856, 0.5639278292655945, 0.3088788390159607, 0.41583797335624695, -0.07420512288808823, -0.6233550310134888, -0.38521984219551086, -0.5311985611915588, -0.39312422275543213, 0.15226033329963684, -0.549292802810669, -0.17584453523159027, -0.4008331298828125, -0.30379360914230347, 0.3354361653327942, -0.004149172455072403, -0.270267516374588, -0.6115491390228271, 0.04750940203666687, 0.40551847219467163, -0.24769090116024017, 0.026416480541229248, -0.3842131793498993, 0.26085928082466125, 0.14273764193058014, 0.06325456500053406, 0.42991921305656433, 0.36024677753448486, -0.6880255341529846, -0.08358430117368698, 0.21535006165504456, -0.553395688533783, -0.3415103256702423, -0.5236682295799255, 0.4606718122959137, -0.8221250176429749, 0.4174022674560547, 0.08611661940813065, 0.15474507212638855, 0.20617851614952087, -0.14863108098506927, -0.5348882079124451, -0.2212969958782196, 0.003946611657738686, 0.3088442087173462, -0.24885328114032745, -0.19733338057994843, -0.1750655472278595, 0.5203108787536621, -0.1561124175786972, -1.031102180480957, -0.11502744257450104, 0.5237717032432556, -0.4882122576236725, 0.32921889424324036, 0.039075929671525955, 0.15844126045703888, 0.5335120558738708, 0.43184706568717957, -0.09730279445648193, -0.19764411449432373, 0.2517027258872986, 0.1461917608976364, -0.5962289571762085, 1.3321794271469116, 0.044744737446308136, -0.7892904281616211, 0.2737239599227905, -0.0845738872885704, 0.14773669838905334, -0.13126929104328156, -0.4502195715904236, 0.22266797721385956, 0.3261701762676239, -0.35048189759254456, 0.7368671298027039, -0.27154770493507385, 0.22578372061252594, -0.4600408673286438, 0.3421579897403717, 0.17605794966220856, 0.34886011481285095, 0.6299867033958435, -0.20760640501976013, -0.0686224177479744, 0.12343829870223999, -0.8232945799827576, 0.4250769019126892, 0.18651214241981506, -0.08410712331533432, 1.0425406694412231, -0.4021478593349457, 0.026222025975584984, 0.2285659909248352, -0.5473172068595886, 0.4241257607936859, 0.6532102227210999, 0.30857399106025696, 0.7402688264846802, -0.7577082514762878, -0.2711710035800934, -0.5360848903656006, 0.48486948013305664, -0.044501420110464096, 0.03860010951757431, 0.7076752185821533, 0.07958953082561493, -0.35496795177459717, 0.16037136316299438, -0.7301901578903198, 0.6127185821533203, -0.1771041452884674, -0.8175908327102661, -0.052386216819286346, 0.28585922718048096, 0.1097816675901413, -0.5625322461128235, 0.28735753893852234, -0.7184691429138184, -0.16283614933490753, -0.5076916217803955, 0.013840066269040108, 0.2971709072589874, -0.7480213642120361, -0.4183451235294342, 0.05141512304544449, -0.1499028503894806, -0.12446513026952744, 0.977641224861145, 0.8030518293380737, -0.21950122714042664, -0.2074768841266632, -0.4899327754974365, -0.3353725075721741, -0.4743322730064392, -0.26871374249458313, -0.47440627217292786, 0.20117463171482086, 0.48106124997138977, 0.1999427229166031, 0.7761574387550354, -1.0471965074539185, -0.901397168636322, 0.23333626985549927, -0.7914062142372131, -0.8059124946594238, -0.20588664710521698, -0.2066493183374405, -0.8848910927772522, -0.26772499084472656, -0.1376131922006607, 0.2141081690788269, 0.5664477348327637, 0.18402957916259766, -0.6509909629821777, -0.7143193483352661, 0.05226052552461624, -0.6659408211708069, 0.16482168436050415, -0.39309224486351013, -0.09590918570756912, 0.4330267608165741, -0.1672990322113037, -0.2948542833328247, 0.22421202063560486, 0.8385395407676697, -0.08872313052415848, 0.047804445028305054, -0.2396240085363388, -0.2724752128124237, -0.7639942765235901, -0.02621232159435749, -0.15961018204689026, 0.13280369341373444, 0.08426663279533386, -0.13254980742931366, -0.1586204469203949, 0.5770509839057922, -5.39644718170166, -0.05624896287918091, -0.30783554911613464, 0.11052154749631882, -0.46478554606437683, 0.08361072838306427, 0.6225365400314331, -0.28646981716156006, -0.2672457695007324, 0.24803142249584198, -0.24400345981121063, -0.11854549497365952, -0.49138888716697693, 0.7294610738754272, 0.5376361012458801, 0.275984525680542, -0.1848209798336029, -0.05894589424133301, 0.17526689171791077, 0.5519152879714966, -0.2774443030357361, -0.1257871389389038, -0.09501893818378448, 0.07379903644323349, -0.07939013093709946, 0.3384680151939392, -0.44102784991264343, 0.6029818058013916, -0.16469012200832367, -0.24850080907344818, 0.09072087705135345, -0.1321403533220291, 0.13477537035942078, -0.44737422466278076, -0.18158239126205444, 0.5404512882232666, 0.4599072337150574, -0.04405765235424042, -0.4114105999469757, -0.8773617744445801, -0.3737219572067261, 0.8016749024391174, 0.2900242209434509, -0.37377068400382996, 0.6127002239227295, -0.027290157973766327, -0.020925922319293022, -0.5675672292709351, -0.6263532638549805, 0.8067152500152588, -0.22141136229038239, 0.10275127738714218, 0.2461162805557251, -0.4101293385028839, -0.15485502779483795, 0.31841030716896057, 0.569670557975769, -0.11960616707801819, -0.39137837290763855, 0.6184648275375366, 0.7812667489051819, -0.4754694998264313, 0.7260881662368774, -0.21187321841716766, -0.7356664538383484, 0.030348017811775208, -1.2288830280303955, 0.17357617616653442, 0.6695841550827026, -0.24887356162071228, -0.5830737352371216, 0.2706223130226135, -0.05835185945034027, -0.5037993788719177, 0.1309925615787506, -0.4467834532260895, -0.15436218678951263, 0.04648086801171303, 0.4711839556694031, 0.5242710113525391, 0.0781194344162941, -0.0930371806025505, -0.4695131480693817, 0.3774119019508362, -0.1932653784751892, 0.29295554757118225, -0.1870688498020172, 0.18059085309505463, -0.9594874382019043, 0.08563563972711563, 0.393285870552063, 0.2723649740219116, 0.2508178949356079, 0.6923625469207764, 0.29915347695350647, 0.21393252909183502, 0.4410574436187744, -0.017283398658037186, 0.4907229542732239, -0.28295573592185974, 0.6186068654060364, 0.06986457854509354, 0.10005393624305725, -0.25071457028388977, -0.020046813413500786, -0.29601770639419556, -0.6457617282867432, 1.1220974922180176, 0.8385524749755859, 0.14036962389945984, 0.2689073383808136, 0.3371814787387848, -0.42066359519958496, -0.3855205178260803, 0.5665497779846191, 0.5246095061302185, -0.7317929863929749, 0.4645025134086609, 1.1322269439697266, -0.17924168705940247, -0.3205767869949341, 0.44961798191070557, 0.0003436549741309136, -0.35521671175956726, -0.8717102408409119, -0.49999019503593445, 0.08343565464019775, 0.4159526228904724, -0.4990602433681488, -0.18906532227993011, 0.19609662890434265, 0.6408184170722961, -0.1257803738117218, -0.24296806752681732, 0.24165132641792297, -0.30348119139671326, 0.01930994726717472, 0.3453708291053772, 0.2860910892486572, -0.7951112389564514, 0.9263081550598145, 0.08307157456874847, 0.18275298178195953, -0.18083548545837402, 0.34636691212654114, -0.08131363242864609, -0.3056855797767639, -0.0558563731610775, -0.122212715446949, 0.7158114314079285, 0.36572855710983276, -0.572411060333252, 0.7213274240493774, -0.48111748695373535, 0.36349934339523315, 0.4198566973209381, -0.18019229173660278, 0.31020212173461914, 0.48464468121528625, -0.9867751002311707, 0.23658908903598785, 0.09470491856336594, -0.5658450722694397, -0.45528730750083923, -0.11784779280424118, 0.04904010519385338, -0.8621151447296143, -0.3453580141067505, -0.20582908391952515, 0.225459024310112, 0.01049069780856371, -0.15802107751369476, -0.08660916239023209, -0.39826467633247375, 0.44931092858314514, 0.055701836943626404, 0.4045574367046356, 0.224000945687294, -0.16139556467533112, -0.5281686782836914, 0.24226893484592438, -0.893564760684967, -0.0716884583234787, 0.8691397309303284, 1.0433893203735352, 0.16448749601840973, 0.3530036211013794, 0.42802053689956665, -0.8075739145278931, 0.04530211538076401, 0.2372046560049057, 0.005573744419962168, -0.27605390548706055, 0.33480116724967957, -0.02435317076742649, 0.18306194245815277, 0.5644237399101257, 0.11281992495059967, -0.1988840103149414, -0.6571312546730042, -0.39822304248809814, 0.45469146966934204, -0.2863234877586365, 0.3328312933444977, 0.6374276876449585, -0.3587178885936737, 0.01479574665427208, -0.5665939450263977, -0.2917921841144562, 0.30209362506866455, -0.17484840750694275, -0.29183828830718994, -0.7018594145774841, -1.072104811668396, -0.3527301847934723, 0.4886322617530823, 0.3624391555786133, -0.7155337929725647, -0.45893043279647827, -0.16555532813072205, 0.6475698351860046, -0.35416656732559204, 0.11561091989278793, 0.07913020998239517, 0.18039287626743317, -0.12178932130336761, 0.1037374809384346, -0.1653110831975937, 0.4452790319919586, 0.23244385421276093, -0.46107906103134155, 0.13787098228931427, -0.40944015979766846, 0.42065978050231934, -0.10300882160663605, -0.8465721011161804, -0.31646445393562317, 0.5684205889701843, -0.4349108934402466, -0.5302445292472839, 0.31571972370147705, 0.07682488113641739, -0.21269375085830688, -0.5127863883972168, -0.004865424707531929, -0.3747405707836151, 0.6587989926338196, -0.37762996554374695, 0.006856819149106741, 0.18291015923023224, 0.2680758833885193, 0.008143723011016846, 0.10369572788476944, -0.26345595717430115, 0.509453296661377, 0.6577762961387634, -0.1955224871635437, -0.6787323951721191, 0.17684899270534515, 0.22188186645507812, 0.14500902593135834, -0.20878204703330994, -0.392231822013855, 0.03472970426082611, 0.27130305767059326, 0.3137986958026886, -0.10676175355911255, 0.12548404932022095, 0.7533876895904541, -0.15954579412937164, 0.16508473455905914, -0.45784518122673035, 0.1204199343919754, 0.5822988748550415, 0.38578951358795166, -0.02454361505806446, -0.06385642290115356, 0.21526804566383362, -0.7067990303039551, 0.23521390557289124, -0.5998475551605225, -0.019320743158459663, 0.01772744581103325, -0.5765629410743713, -0.007264809682965279, -0.3291942775249481, 0.4174184501171112, 0.28079113364219666, -0.288421630859375, 0.4138462245464325, -0.5239993333816528, -0.21595034003257751, -0.21101057529449463, -0.033128973096609116, -0.33463943004608154, 0.5634412169456482, 0.13657516241073608, 0.17380963265895844, -0.19124028086662292, 0.21774831414222717, -0.48654624819755554, -0.5843576788902283, -0.05167413875460625, -0.21604102849960327, 0.293673038482666, 0.35801810026168823, 0.16573722660541534, -0.1403428614139557, -0.19821511209011078, -0.16107283532619476, 0.07287987321615219, 0.4908447265625, -0.11095105856657028, 0.4173498749732971, -0.8665537238121033, 0.2462720274925232, 0.790224015712738, -0.5886958837509155, 0.6071389317512512, 0.305073618888855, -0.07898357510566711, -0.03689763695001602, 0.4295158088207245, -0.24100123345851898, -0.8554864525794983, 0.22672761976718903, -0.4712122976779938, 0.36545825004577637, -0.19233264029026031, 0.11518294364213943, 0.6257481575012207, 0.9280208945274353, -0.40287497639656067, 0.7149100303649902, 0.019246403127908707, -0.39898917078971863, 0.3912199139595032, -0.1391962766647339, 0.30164825916290283, 0.40659597516059875, 0.7819416522979736, 0.7876128554344177, -0.28696393966674805, 0.23400570452213287, 0.2413913458585739, 0.32047873735427856, 0.10298816114664078, 0.240225151181221, -0.3071886897087097, 0.7089896202087402, 0.41269975900650024, 0.2561013698577881, 0.37043875455856323, -0.2532358765602112, -0.03301306068897247, 0.3305804431438446, 0.10570753365755081, -0.10936921834945679, 0.03734899312257767, 0.25367313623428345, 0.23604805767536163, 0.6796602010726929, -0.528336763381958, 0.1836833953857422, -0.17734354734420776, 0.37375661730766296, 0.29683542251586914, 0.07377076148986816, -0.016003379598259926, 0.4122229516506195, 0.007654770277440548, 0.4449823498725891, -0.129678413271904, 0.3089187741279602, -0.1406644880771637, -0.3964640200138092, 0.548469603061676, 0.5601159930229187, -0.2859790623188019, -0.13871720433235168, 0.2977902591228485, 0.2218591421842575, -0.1979169249534607, -0.9465650320053101, -0.1525501310825348, -0.17829029262065887, -0.016707610338926315, 0.2681697607040405, -0.5904414057731628, 0.6996310353279114, 0.10260553658008575, -0.5351430773735046, -0.44079864025115967, 0.14145278930664062, 0.1245073676109314, 0.3304862976074219, -0.7702970504760742, 1.0825530290603638, 0.2977994978427887, -0.7401188015937805, -0.3486860394477844, -0.2963816225528717, 0.37037479877471924, 0.10827889293432236, -0.10178130865097046, -0.14212262630462646, -0.5970388650894165, -0.14757484197616577, -0.45628786087036133, 0.4146929085254669, 0.7181051969528198, -0.15988580882549286, -0.1789068579673767, 0.6055883765220642, 0.1543683260679245, 0.27773624658584595, 0.5799320340156555, 0.1989148110151291, -0.21674709022045135, 0.041602712124586105, -0.06870946288108826, 0.366658091545105, 0.30100271105766296, 0.74626624584198, -0.08748600631952286, 0.5222843885421753, 0.42405346035957336, -0.2178899347782135, 0.15759672224521637, -0.01944800280034542, 0.26968976855278015, -0.06183025985956192, -0.38100478053092957, 0.371261864900589, -0.2719850540161133, -0.23279553651809692, 0.6366559863090515, -0.05285673215985298, 0.32006239891052246, -0.4302402138710022, -0.4421015679836273, -0.051507797092199326, -0.5969231724739075, 0.5890024304389954, -0.47576212882995605, 0.7453742623329163, -0.31603574752807617, -0.29758426547050476, -0.5747591853141785, 0.018906213343143463, 0.3170871436595917, -0.27307161688804626, -0.15744827687740326, -0.12477391213178635, -0.6861022710800171, 0.5025002360343933, 0.28714239597320557, -0.4124341905117035, -0.5948163866996765, 0.7341291904449463 ]
249270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minocycline	Minocycline	Minocycline, sold under the brand name Minocin among others, is a tetracycline antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections such as pneumonia. It is generally less preferred than the tetracycline doxycycline. It is also used for the treatment of acne and rheumatoid arthritis. It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic reactions, and kidney problems. Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, a lupus-like syndrome, and easy sunburning. Use in the later part of pregnancy may harm the baby and safety during breastfeeding is unclear. It works by decreasing a bacterium's ability to make protein thus stopping its growth. Minocycline was patented in 1961 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 237th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions. Medical uses Acne Minocycline and doxycycline are frequently used for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Both of these closely related antibiotics have similar levels of efficacy, although doxycycline has a slightly lower risk of adverse side effects. Historically, minocycline has been an effective treatment for acne vulgaris. However, acne that is caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing problem in many countries. In Europe and North America, a number of people with acne no longer respond well to treatment with tetracycline family antibiotics because their acne symptoms are caused by bacteria (primarily Cutibacterium acnes) that are resistant to these antibiotics. In order to reduce resistance rates as well as increase the effectiveness of treatment, oral antibiotics should be generally combined with topical acne creams such as benzoyl peroxide or a retinoid (tretinoin, adapalene, etc.). Minocycline itself is used both orally and topically in the treatment of acne. Infections Minocycline is also used for other skin infections such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Although minocycline's broader spectrum of activity, compared with other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use for prophylaxis is no longer recommended because of side effects (dizziness and vertigo). It may be used to treat certain strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection and a disease caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. A list of uses includes: Amoebic dysentery Anthrax Bubonic plague Cholera Ehrlichiosis Gonorrhea (when penicillin cannot be given) Gougerot-Carteaud syndrome (confluent and reticulated papillomatosis) Hidradenitis suppurativa For use as an adjuvant to HAART Leprosy Periodontal disease Perioral dermatitis Respiratory infections such as pneumonia Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rosacea Syphilis (when penicillin cannot be given) Urinary tract infections, rectal infections, and infections of the cervix caused by certain microbes Other Both minocycline and doxycycline have shown effectiveness in asthma due to immune-suppressing effects. Minocycline and doxycycline have modest effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis. However, the 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis does not include minocycline. Recent research indicate that centrally infused minocycline attenuates brain microglial activation, neuroinflammation and sympathetic activation during pulmonary hypertension Contraindications The drug is contraindicated in people with known hypersensitivity to tetracycline antibiotics, as there is complete cross sensitivity in this group. It is also contraindicated in people with severe liver impairment and after the 16th week of pregnancy. Side effects Minocycline may cause upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, unsteadiness, drowsiness, mouth sores, headache, and vomiting. It increases sensitivity to sunlight, and may affect the quality of sleep and rarely causes sleep disorders. It has also been linked to cases of lupus. Prolonged use of minocycline can lead to blue-gray staining of skin, fingernails, and scar tissue. This staining is not permanent, but can take a very long time for the skin color to return to normal; however, a muddy brown skin color in sun-exposed areas is usually permanent. Permanent blue discoloration of gums or teeth discoloration may also occur. Rare but serious side effects include fever, yellowing of the eyes or skin, stomach pain, sore throat, vision changes, and mental changes, including depersonalization. Occasionally, minocycline therapy may result in autoimmune disorders such as drug-related lupus and autoimmune hepatitis, which usually occurs in men who also developed minocycline-induced lupus; however, women are more likely to develop minocycline-induced lupus. Significant or complete recovery occurs in most people who develop minocycline-induced autoimmune problems within a period of a few weeks to a year of cessation of minocycline therapy. Autoimmune problems emerge during chronic therapy, but can sometimes occur after only short courses of a couple of weeks of therapy. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome can occur during the first few weeks of therapy with minocycline. Minocycline, but not other tetracyclines, can cause vestibular disturbances with dizziness, ataxia, vertigo, and tinnitus. These effects are thought to be related to minocycline's greater penetration into the central nervous system. Vestibular side effects are much more common in women than in men, occurring in 50 to 70% of women receiving minocycline. As a result of the frequency of this bothersome side effect, minocycline is rarely used in female patients. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, and trouble breathing. Minocycline has also been reported to very rarely cause idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri), a side effect also more common in female patients, potentially leading to permanent vision damage if not recognized early and treated. Contrary to most other tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline excluded), minocycline may be used in those with kidney disease, but may aggravate systemic lupus erythematosus. It may also trigger or unmask autoimmune hepatitis. Minocycline can cause the rare condition of secondary intracranial hypertension, which has initial symptoms of headache, visual disturbances, dizziness, vomiting, and confusion. Brain swelling and rheumatoid arthritis are rare side effects of minocycline in some people. Minocycline, like most tetracyclines, becomes dangerous past its expiration date. While most prescription drugs lose potency after their expiration dates, tetracyclines are known to become toxic over time. Expired tetracyclines can cause serious damage to the kidney due to the formation of a degradation product, anhydro-4-epitetracycline. Minocycline's absorption is impaired if taken at the same time of day as calcium or iron supplements. Unlike some of the other tetracycline group antibiotics, it can be taken with calcium-rich foods such as milk, although this does reduce the absorption slightly. Minocycline, like other tetracyclines, is associated with esophageal irritation and ulceration if insufficient fluids are taken with the drug before sleep. A 2007 study suggested that minocycline harms amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Patients on minocycline declined more rapidly than those on placebo. The mechanism of this side effect is unknown, although a hypothesis is that the drug exacerbated an autoimmune component of the primary disease. The effect does not seem to be dose-dependent because the patients on high doses did not do worse than those on the low doses. The use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis (see antibiotic misuse). Interactions The combination of minocycline with dairy, antacids, calcium and magnesium supplements, iron products, laxatives containing magnesium, or bile acid sequestrants may decrease minocycline's effectiveness by forming chelates. Combining it with isotretinoin, acitretin or other retinoids can increase the risk for intracranial hypertension. Minocycline significantly reduces concentrations of the anti-HIV drug atazanavir in the body. Pharmacology Mechanism of action Pharmacokinetics Minocycline is quickly and nearly completely absorbed from the upper part of the small intestine. Taking it together with food, including milk, has no relevant influence on resorption. It reaches highest blood plasma concentrations after one to two hours and has a plasma protein binding of 70–75%. The substance penetrates into almost all tissues; very high concentrations are found in the gallbladder and liver. It crosses the blood–brain barrier better than doxycycline and other tetracyclines, reaching therapeutically relevant concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and also in inflamed meninges. Minocycline is inactivated by metabolization in the liver to about 50%. The rest is predominantly excreted into the gut (in part via the gallbladder, in part directly from blood vessels) and eliminated via the feces. About 10–15% are eliminated via the kidneys. The biological half-life is 14–22 (11–26) hours in healthy people, up to 30 hours in those with kidney failure, and significantly longer in those with liver disease. Chemistry The drug is used in form of minocycline hydrochloride dihydrate, which is sparingly soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Minocycline reacts acidic in aqueous solution. History Minocycline was patented in 1961 and came into commercial use in 1971. A topical foam for treatment of acne was approved in 2019. Society and culture Trade names Many forms of minocycline are no longer covered by patent, so it is marketed under a variety of trade names: Minomycin Minostad (in Europe, for the treatment of acne) Akamin Minocin Minoderm Cyclimycin Arestin (1-mg doses administered locally into periodontal pockets, after scaling and root planing, for treatment of periodontal disease.) Aknemin Solodyn (extended-release, for the treatment of acne) Dynacin Sebomin Mino-Tabs Acnamino Minopen (in Japan) Maracyn 2 (for treatment of bacterial infections in aquarium fish and amphibians) Quatrocin (in Syria) Minox (in Ireland) Minoz (in India and Romania) Divaine (in India) Dentomycin (2% minocylcine gel for use in periodontal pockets) Amzeeq (4% foam, approved for treatment of acne United States) Zilxi (1.5% foam, approved for treatment of rosacea in the United States) StoneBridge Pharma also markets Minocycline as Cleeravue-M in combination with SteriLid eyelid cleanser in the treatment of rosacea blepharitis. Society and culture It is available as a generic medication. Research Early research has found a tentative benefit from minocycline in schizophrenia, with several trials underway. A 2014 meta-analysis found minocycline may reduce negative and total symptom scores and was well tolerated. Current research is examining the possible neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of minocycline against the progression of a group of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. As mentioned above, minocycline harms ALS patients. Minocycline is also known to indirectly inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase. A trial found no difference between minocycline and placebo in people with Alzheimers' disease. Minocycline also has been used as a "last-ditch" treatment for toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Minocycline is somewhat neuroprotective in mouse models of Huntington's disease. A 2007 study reported the impact of the antibiotic minocycline on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes and serum immune molecules in 40 MS patients over 24 months of open-label minocycline treatment. Despite a moderately high pretreatment relapse rate in the patient group prior to treatment (1.3/year pre-enrollment; 1.2/year during a three-month baseline period), no relapses occurred between months 6 and 24 on minocycline. Also, despite significant MRI disease-activity pretreatment (19/40 scans had gadolinium-enhancing activity during a three-month run-in), the only patient with gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI at 12 and 24 months was on half-dose minocycline. Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), which at high levels might antagonize the proinflammatory IL-12 receptor, were elevated over 18 months of treatment, as were levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was decreased by treatment. Clinical and MRI outcomes in this study were supported by systemic immunological changes and call for further investigation of minocycline in MS. The overall antidepressant effect size of minocycline compared to placebo in a meta-analysis was -0.78, indicative of a potential antidepressant effect. In ongoing research and trial minocycline demonstrated efficacy and seems a promising neuroprotective agent in acute stroke patients, especially in AIS subgroup. Further RCTs are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of minocycline among ICH patients. Data from cellular and animal models PARP1 inhibition Ki = 13.8 nM Neuroprotection IC50 = 10 nM Microglia full inhibition = 20 nM Suppression of the mouse's locomotor activity = 0.5 mg/kg References External links Anti-acne preparations Anti-inflammatory agents Hepatotoxins Neuroprotective agents NMDA receptor antagonists PARP inhibitors Tetracycline antibiotics Triketones Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate	[ 0.19360999763011932, 0.04666482284665108, -0.5179141163825989, -0.13645221292972565, -0.3126714527606964, 0.012656143866479397, 0.18383459746837616, 0.2708694636821747, 0.16266289353370667, -0.18408744037151337, -0.30765026807785034, 0.3283534348011017, -0.40763184428215027, 0.4212064743041992, 0.2335830181837082, 0.005223777145147324, 0.3137246072292328, 0.8848546743392944, -0.1842435747385025, -0.16606323421001434, 0.1100008487701416, -0.5390334725379944, 0.010767131112515926, -0.3470049202442169, -0.26490190625190735, 0.024017183110117912, 0.3430688679218292, 0.30472826957702637, 0.445127010345459, -0.6942587494850159, 0.01374164316803217, 0.766918957233429, 0.14200380444526672, -0.6860352754592896, 0.48443707823753357, 0.454741895198822, -0.15855298936367035, -0.2647837996482849, -0.5406531691551208, -0.46249911189079285, -0.13664740324020386, -0.09221796691417694, 0.03749460354447365, 0.32440999150276184, -0.13999755680561066, -0.031083257868885994, -1.53107750415802, 0.7470057606697083, -0.3589126765727997, -0.34721770882606506, -0.34888434410095215, -0.0784691572189331, 0.6652519702911377, -0.18189764022827148, 0.43136584758758545, 0.6953485012054443, -1.0510823726654053, -0.35577553510665894, 0.2648598849773407, 0.06976734846830368, -0.14368142187595367, -0.24619385600090027, -0.20549455285072327, 0.0376419723033905, 0.30301183462142944, 0.3358176350593567, -0.13501311838626862, 0.36341992020606995, -0.38015586137771606, -0.5281354784965515, -0.09167726337909698, -0.12271271646022797, -0.2163432389497757, 0.5487364530563354, 0.11938060820102692, -0.29217422008514404, -0.1340911090373993, -0.3334679901599884, 0.2028413861989975, 0.3566080927848816, -0.3146718144416809, 0.3945716917514801, 0.10157684981822968, 0.025045400485396385, 0.5124699473381042, -0.14730329811573029, -0.42751386761665344, 0.9308743476867676, -0.633212685585022, 0.17843714356422424, -0.4327784478664398, 0.040798842906951904, 0.8611735105514526, -0.12614195048809052, -0.18641677498817444, -0.17885839939117432, -0.6948718428611755, 0.5541898608207703, 0.1213928833603859, 0.037081897258758545, -0.32786259055137634, 0.22660742700099945, -0.2434806078672409, 0.22641724348068237, -0.6826421618461609, -0.21090957522392273, -0.5315279960632324, -0.7116551399230957, 0.08672358095645905, 0.4938225746154785, 0.07067232578992844, -0.02134348824620247, -0.15995126962661743, -0.048506081104278564, -0.09192706644535065, 0.11841680109500885, 0.03596301004290581, -0.3477415442466736, -0.5434762835502625, -0.11166301369667053, -0.7287288904190063, 0.6585704684257507, -0.008035648614168167, -0.6822222471237183, -0.4663151502609253, 0.0956784188747406, -0.06616479903459549, -0.18525460362434387, 0.08445890992879868, 0.4386233687400818, 0.14688828587532043, 0.6969842910766602, -0.27169913053512573, -0.2934996485710144, 0.35115450620651245, -0.4901687502861023, -0.10513800382614136, 0.14108353853225708, 0.9355061650276184, -0.0485319048166275, -0.35603779554367065, 0.03622766584157944, -0.5420275330543518, 0.001452615368179977, 0.058086756616830826, 0.13492296636104584, -0.4387834668159485, 0.08161813765764236, 0.1105637177824974, -0.41058194637298584, 0.3136691451072693, -0.21127356588840485, 0.014328250661492348, -0.4453054666519165, -0.17531313002109528, 0.15786896646022797, 0.2907642424106598, 0.23959589004516602, -0.3499876856803894, -0.11187201738357544, -0.013824920170009136, 0.29709553718566895, -0.180699422955513, -0.11205919831991196, 0.48684266209602356, -0.4076113998889923, 0.35173556208610535, 0.681419849395752, 0.3085424304008484, 1.022591233253479, -0.3894522488117218, -0.45153436064720154, 0.26915815472602844, -0.4309045076370239, 0.7955864071846008, 0.3137036859989166, 0.4934048056602478, 0.0903405025601387, 0.7754861116409302, -0.5036119818687439, -0.3401801288127899, 0.3199257254600525, 0.064006008207798, 0.08968337625265121, 0.6731145977973938, 0.008395669050514698, 0.6449627876281738, 0.06146647036075592, 0.48147791624069214, 0.3261438012123108, -0.8958574533462524, -0.4335712492465973, 0.6574382781982422, -0.08875273913145065, 0.9812462329864502, 0.09160593897104263, -0.6090897917747498, 0.6508159637451172, 0.44131600856781006, -0.1795516163110733, -0.44199028611183167, 0.5860305428504944, 0.40406864881515503, -0.5685129165649414, -0.8278051018714905, 0.3811585009098053, 0.05085532367229462, -0.3099919557571411, 0.36025527119636536, 0.6565114259719849, 0.7445086240768433, -0.29439884424209595, 0.6794553399085999, -0.6307440996170044, 0.04151865094900131, -0.3737258017063141, 0.2945578694343567, 0.6554161310195923, 0.02007925510406494, -0.04201069101691246, 0.19697116315364838, -0.5577239990234375, -0.1972956657409668, 0.9930869340896606, 0.05093581601977348, 0.5042424201965332, 0.1806807667016983, -0.28522300720214844, 0.48833537101745605, 0.4271467626094818, 0.411572128534317, -0.3569442629814148, -0.14588676393032074, -0.020638037472963333, -0.17013712227344513, 0.171920046210289, 0.24311695992946625, -0.29922088980674744, 0.5442110300064087, -0.02935088984668255, 0.5745812654495239, 0.16427651047706604, -0.6817634701728821, 0.04006533324718475, 0.37771663069725037, -0.07006505131721497, -0.3533482849597931, 0.651238739490509, -0.08948885649442673, -0.391508013010025, 0.6052055358886719, 0.16638493537902832, -0.17127573490142822, -0.5197787284851074, 0.27532681822776794, -0.12545490264892578, -0.3342665135860443, -0.1161949634552002, 0.465158611536026, 0.24814696609973907, -0.6617976427078247, 0.6329846382141113, 0.42549607157707214, 0.36417463421821594, 0.20969118177890778, -0.4939531087875366, -0.4502294957637787, -0.3803834617137909, 0.23980550467967987, -0.2603069245815277, 0.5928464531898499, 0.08276877552270889, -0.9502482414245605, -0.16514235734939575, -0.34392765164375305, 0.01701412722468376, 0.09401024878025055, 0.671027421951294, -0.8540368676185608, -0.04278520122170448, 0.09485379606485367, 0.3136856257915497, 0.2389516532421112, 0.1217954158782959, -0.7050670981407166, -0.22962738573551178, -0.2467309534549713, -0.3466006815433502, -0.7410560846328735, -0.19099432229995728, -0.5069044232368469, 0.5937969088554382, -0.5134523510932922, 0.7275874614715576, -0.5471959710121155, 0.2192511260509491, -0.29219695925712585, 0.07992973178625107, 0.8116182684898376, -0.472670316696167, 0.3163057267665863, -0.17212440073490143, -0.2906780242919922, 0.3243766725063324, -0.015576205216348171, 0.16920486092567444, 0.20804458856582642, 0.03670588135719299, -5.5380144119262695, 0.3106900155544281, -0.8122498393058777, 0.6260586380958557, 0.33232787251472473, -0.12306855618953705, 0.5831784605979919, -0.5088111162185669, 0.06449706852436066, -0.011570682749152184, -0.04269611835479736, 0.37595391273498535, 0.5819681882858276, -0.05445271357893944, 0.0012072762474417686, 0.10676255077123642, -0.061071474105119705, -0.4971844553947449, 0.7047792673110962, 0.16468201577663422, 0.7763180136680603, 0.3070615231990814, -0.25353917479515076, 1.1072856187820435, -0.3324178159236908, -0.1771753430366516, -0.3022311329841614, 0.9818366169929504, -0.6934124231338501, 0.06563238799571991, 0.3293314278125763, -0.4322265386581421, -0.16372257471084595, -0.2131781280040741, -0.1112213134765625, -0.18153278529644012, 0.29068705439567566, -0.46275973320007324, 0.03348337113857269, -0.43032151460647583, -0.35348203778266907, -0.22704997658729553, 0.1751633882522583, -0.2144123613834381, 0.3299574851989746, 0.16354325413703918, -0.30380621552467346, -0.5123506188392639, 0.19284504652023315, 1.0697251558303833, 0.22958935797214508, 0.014198621734976768, -0.190440371632576, 0.5709028244018555, -0.23990486562252045, 0.17728357017040253, -0.3280216455459595, -0.25648704171180725, -0.20588359236717224, 0.30650901794433594, 0.010487300343811512, 0.13640347123146057, -0.14006881415843964, -0.3098672926425934, 0.5221285223960876, -0.2754608690738678, -0.04547695443034172, -0.14051198959350586, -0.20349574089050293, -0.0858578160405159, -0.5285643339157104, 0.5691736936569214, -0.1671885848045349, -1.0055971145629883, 0.17308519780635834, -0.3159139156341553, -0.15898802876472473, -0.02986307628452778, -0.22019144892692566, 0.3597005307674408, -0.5029425621032715, -0.4679449200630188, -0.2743822932243347, 1.025057315826416, 0.3075218200683594, -0.38179102540016174, 0.06381800770759583, 0.17149586975574493, -0.35800135135650635, -0.5468139052391052, 1.018629550933838, -0.7202383279800415, 0.05023210868239403, -0.19103799760341644, -0.0911916121840477, 0.5164296627044678, -0.3263856768608093, 0.9275096654891968, 0.7970319390296936, -0.09612970799207687, 0.6314488053321838, -0.3616804778575897, -0.008202941156923771, -0.5448352694511414, 0.4644649028778076, -0.4660467505455017, -0.2768601179122925, -0.4843297302722931, 0.6757408380508423, -0.2327723652124405, -0.10294632613658905, 0.5715547204017639, -0.3522922694683075, -0.02630825899541378, 0.7420370578765869, -0.3303202688694, 0.268616646528244, -0.15750369429588318, 0.9413301348686218, 0.29690733551979065, 0.2664051651954651, 0.9725556373596191, 0.009806330315768719, -0.30654212832450867, 0.24918405711650848, -0.5137109160423279, 0.18883328139781952, 0.054960574954748154, 0.04967265576124191, 0.36844146251678467, -0.2554347515106201, 0.009171520359814167, -0.24770008027553558, -0.20359672605991364, 0.10956704616546631, -0.630362331867218, -0.6140750050544739, 0.2638218402862549, -0.50069260597229, 0.18591202795505524, -0.09706779569387436, -0.8464914560317993, -0.29671743512153625, 0.01786184124648571, 0.7890015840530396, 0.4985405206680298, 0.040624164044857025, -0.04712842032313347, -0.8966389298439026, 0.23031848669052124, 0.6460471749305725, -0.014754418283700943, 0.026125652715563774, -0.16333499550819397, -0.1799028068780899, 0.24115052819252014, 0.23989957571029663, 0.7619257569313049, 0.19811682403087616, -0.08122017234563828, 0.1388055682182312, -0.35919085144996643, -0.8528597354888916, -0.1819286048412323, -0.47563984990119934, -0.11916648596525192, 0.10634718090295792, -0.7965518832206726, -0.3220769762992859, 0.2173989862203598, -0.4342297911643982, -0.07366733998060226, -0.6953939199447632, 0.02104829251766205, 0.5016531348228455, 0.8342930674552917, -0.20806531608104706, 0.19959552586078644, -0.544501006603241, -0.5356683135032654, -0.17660608887672424, -0.3660074770450592, -0.15273085236549377, 0.21217763423919678, 0.02437463030219078, -0.622187077999115, -0.2563595473766327, -0.5984372496604919, -0.29069027304649353, -0.0855671614408493, 0.01771274395287037, -0.004127743653953075, 0.011945768259465694, -0.3072364330291748, -0.39161795377731323, -0.1895386427640915, -0.27414605021476746, 0.6901510953903198, -0.09186898171901703, -0.30430057644844055, -0.15872487425804138, 0.8631539344787598, -0.6112902164459229, 0.7422762513160706, 0.03682871535420418, -0.8352940678596497, -0.01654641330242157, 0.32424628734588623, -0.21368072926998138, 0.26200225949287415, -0.6103301644325256, -0.8288375735282898, 0.5525776743888855, 0.18800170719623566, -0.3637199401855469, 0.7126256227493286, -0.272318035364151, -0.18600896000862122, 0.10644611716270447, -0.4792686104774475, 0.01712946966290474, -0.3613443076610565, 0.18941962718963623, -0.37728169560432434, -0.5235512852668762, 0.46762919425964355, 0.5242887735366821, -0.23405779898166656, 0.18056456744670868, 0.47477492690086365, 0.2584225535392761, -0.41726154088974, 0.10950246453285217, -0.08019788563251495, -0.35507825016975403, -0.08626414835453033, -0.1943974792957306, 0.40862998366355896, -0.08370376378297806, 0.39635616540908813, 0.4752596914768219, 0.5288767218589783, 0.12188062071800232, 0.20554529130458832, -0.3453789949417114, 0.6583735346794128, 0.6002311706542969, -0.362825870513916, -0.6191326975822449, 0.48198527097702026, 0.5763896107673645, -0.4488072097301483, -0.18748612701892853, -0.9740264415740967, 0.5883167386054993, -0.6176086664199829, 0.6960054039955139, 0.06743210554122925, -0.21514678001403809, 0.350830614566803, 0.037037890404462814, 0.6247384548187256, -0.09983242303133011, 0.849036693572998, -0.31101110577583313, -0.39601317048072815, 0.0965098887681961, -0.3465348482131958, 0.4176463782787323, -0.2573077082633972, -0.2688036561012268, -0.61334627866745, 0.769650936126709, 1.047011375427246, 0.029200779274106026, 0.6082066297531128, 0.14036008715629578, -0.8789302706718445, 0.08133866637945175, -0.10615046322345734, -0.8078439831733704, 0.0752423107624054, 0.02367982640862465, -0.04391847178339958, -0.3388370871543884, -0.5532721877098083, -0.2291027009487152, -0.16335929930210114, -0.6812089085578918, 0.24072867631912231, -0.35060229897499084, 0.20010104775428772, -0.7533947229385376, 0.047163207083940506, -0.13234087824821472, 0.08539002388715744, -0.4886763393878937, 0.31192129850387573, -0.588272750377655, -0.11230600625276566, -0.6864006519317627, 0.8479698300361633, 0.8600380420684814, -0.43730226159095764, 0.024059882387518883, -0.04432449862360954, 0.19036446511745453, -0.12082833051681519, 0.035385653376579285, -0.004457777366042137, 0.3605165183544159, 0.010339764878153801, 0.26185110211372375, 0.6621463298797607, 0.12031471729278564, 0.27899789810180664, -0.14679628610610962, -0.2893533706665039, -0.41715729236602783, 0.6171931624412537, 0.544055700302124, 0.3029133677482605, -0.13260500133037567, -0.013271457515656948, -0.23103974759578705, 0.6302984952926636, -0.2658257484436035, -0.13917960226535797, 0.126078262925148, 0.8240676522254944, 0.5419060587882996, -0.04855252429842949, -0.38199931383132935, 0.4496801793575287, 0.48142245411872864, -0.23746250569820404, 0.2561171054840088, -0.5198031067848206, -0.3398253619670868, 0.07280243933200836, 0.47502246499061584, 0.22793707251548767, -0.057373546063899994, -0.24072597920894623, 0.3334912955760956, 0.49519145488739014, -0.2765197157859802, -0.16423436999320984, 0.1404189169406891, 0.11506229639053345, 0.2792234420776367, 0.04075125604867935, 0.006125671789050102, -0.6814278960227966, -0.5743861198425293, 0.30002906918525696, 0.13494107127189636, -0.15226289629936218, -0.4044574797153473, 0.166944682598114, -0.6202020049095154, -0.6917266845703125, 0.00844873022288084, -0.08678169548511505, -0.1606760174036026, -0.08332734555006027, 0.238780215382576, -0.7974103093147278, 0.08993171155452728, 0.48928332328796387, 0.30369192361831665, -0.46919116377830505, 0.26186856627464294, 0.30449774861335754, 0.8377320766448975, 0.3025462329387665, -0.041927602142095566, 0.4645640254020691, -0.1484460085630417, 0.40063726902008057, -0.5839358568191528, 0.08496953547000885, -0.177408829331398, -0.427246630191803, -0.0975201353430748, 0.16145195066928864, -0.21817469596862793, 0.06533036381006241, -0.47115960717201233, -0.12156932801008224, -0.1608506441116333, -0.31561487913131714, -0.10776331275701523, 0.15083655714988708, -0.28424036502838135, -0.2827151119709015, 0.4911660850048065, 0.5189732313156128, -0.5177882313728333, 0.366811603307724, -0.20056694746017456, -0.04548341780900955, -0.10534341633319855, 0.25490331649780273, -0.36890485882759094, 0.12345064431428909, -0.45383232831954956, 0.43403080105781555, -0.6680768728256226, 0.21867449581623077, 0.6239615678787231, 0.4815661907196045, 0.12246381491422653, 0.5879535675048828, 0.06501246988773346, 0.6545905470848083, 0.5592036247253418, -0.5617759823799133, -0.34385359287261963, -0.6419346332550049, 0.2801770865917206, -0.257245272397995, 0.029474230483174324, 0.001710251672193408, -0.35393446683883667, 0.15870778262615204, 0.1550118774175644, 0.43804699182510376, -0.12391307950019836, 0.25581052899360657, -0.430810809135437, 0.3384503126144409, -0.515447199344635, 0.2859055697917938, -0.5627066493034363, 0.19247722625732422, 0.23056010901927948, 0.9741488099098206, -0.3741860091686249, -0.029655197635293007, 0.5560162663459778, -0.7793454527854919, 0.2855245769023895, -0.5093117356300354, -0.05471116676926613, -0.15959516167640686, -0.20746475458145142, -0.28998711705207825, -0.9746655225753784, -0.31721076369285583, -0.10119055211544037, -0.18517135083675385, -0.30973491072654724, 0.36686092615127563, 0.15157973766326904, -0.24178250133991241, -0.10371449589729309, -0.4766022264957428, -0.24316053092479706, 0.5318018794059753 ]
249272	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked%20wallaby	Red-necked wallaby	The red-necked wallaby or Bennett's wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus) is a medium-sized macropod marsupial (wallaby), common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Red-necked wallabies have been introduced to several other countries, including New Zealand, the United Kingdom (in England and Scotland), Ireland, the Isle of Man, France and Germany. Description Red-necked wallabies are distinguished by their black nose and paws, white stripe on the upper lip, and grizzled medium grey coat with a reddish wash across the shoulders. They can weigh and attain a head-body length of , although males are generally bigger than females. Red-necked wallabies are very similar in appearance to the black-striped wallaby (Notamacropus dorsalis), the only difference being that red-necked wallabies are larger, lack a black stripe down the back, and have softer fur. Red-necked wallabies may live up to nine years. Distribution and habitat Red-necked wallabies are found in coastal scrub and sclerophyll forest throughout coastal and highland eastern Australia, from Bundaberg, Queensland to the South Australian border; in Tasmania and on many of the Bass Strait islands. It is unclear which of the Tasmanian islands have native populations as opposed to introduced ones. In Tasmania and coastal Queensland, their numbers have expanded over the past 30 years because of a reduction in hunting pressure and the partial clearing of forest to result in a mosaic of pastures where wallabies can feed at night, alongside bushland where they can shelter by day. For not altogether clear reasons, they are less common in Victoria. Behaviour Red-necked wallabies are mainly solitary but will gather together when there is an abundance of resources such as food, water or shelter. When they do gather in groups, they have a social hierarchy similar to other wallaby species. A recent study has demonstrated that wallabies, as other social or gregarious mammals, are able to manage conflict via reconciliation, involving the post-conflict reunion, after a fight, of former opponents, which engage in affinitive contacts. Red-necked wallabies are mainly nocturnal. They spend most of the daytime resting. A female's estrus lasts 33 days. During courting, the female first licks the male's neck. The male will then rub his cheek against the female's. Then the male and female will fight briefly, standing upright like two males. After that they finally mate. A couple will stay together for one day before separating. A female bears one offspring at a time; the young stay in the pouch for about 280 days, whereafter females and their offspring stay together for only a month. However, females may stay in the home range of their mothers for life, while males leave at the age of two. Also, red-necked wallabies engage in alloparental care, in which one individual may adopt the child of another. This is a common behavior seen in many other animal species like wolves, elephants, humans, and fathead minnows. Diet Red-necked wallabies diets consists of grasses, roots, tree leaves, and weeds. Subspecies There are three subspecies. red-necked wallaby (N. r. banksianus) (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) N. r. fruticus (Ogilby, 1838) Bennett's wallaby (N. r. rufogriseus) (Desmarest, 1817) The Tasmanian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, usually known as Bennett's wallaby, is smaller (as island subspecies or species often are), has longer, darker and shaggier fur, and breeds in the late summer, mostly between February and April. They have adapted to living in proximity to humans and can be found grazing on lawns in the fringes of Hobart and other urban areas. The mainland Australian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus banksianus, usually known as the red-necked wallaby, breeds all year round. Captive animals maintain their breeding schedules; Tasmanian females that become pregnant out of their normal season delay birth until summer, which can be anywhere up to 8 months later. Introductions to other countries There are significant introduced populations in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island. In 1870, several Bennett's wallabies were transported from Tasmania to Christchurch, New Zealand. Two females and one male from this stock were later released at Te Waimate, the property of Waimate's first European settler Michael Studholme. The year 1874 saw them freed in the Hunters Hills, where over the years their population has dramatically increased. Bennett's wallabies are now resident on approximately 350,000 ha of terrain in the Hunters Hills, including the Two Thumb Range, the Kirkliston Range and the Grampians. They have been declared an animal pest in the Canterbury region and land occupiers must contain the wallabies within specified areas. Bennett's wallaby is now widely regarded as a symbol of Waimate. There are also colonies in England in the Peak District, Derbyshire, and the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex. These were established ca. 1900. There are also other smaller groups frequently spotted in West Sussex and Hampshire. There is a small colony of red-necked wallabies on the island of Inchconnachan, Loch Lomond in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. This was founded in 1975 with two pairs taken from the Whipsnade Zoo, and had risen to 26 individuals by 1993. There is a group of red-necked wallabies living wild on the Isle of Man, which are the descendants of numerous escapes from a wildlife park on the island in the 1960s and 1970s. A 2017 study by estimated their number in the vicinity of the wildlife park to be 83 individuals, including a very small number of Parma wallaby. The Baring family, who owned Lambay Island (), off the eastern coast of Ireland introduced red-necked wallabies to the island in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, the red-necked wallaby population at the Dublin Zoo was growing out of control. Unable to find another zoo to take them, and unwilling to euthanize them, zoo director Peter Wilson donated seven individuals to the Barings. The animals have thrived since then and the current population is estimated to be between 30 and 50. In France, in the southern part of the Forest of Rambouillet, west from Paris, there is a wild group of around 50-100 Bennett's wallabies. This population has been present since the 1970s, when some individuals escaped from the zoological park of Émancé after a storm. In Germany, around 10 wallabies live as a wild population in the federated state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 2001. In October 2014, three captive Bennett's wallabies escaped into the wild in northern Austria and one of them roamed the area for three months before being recaptured, surprisingly surviving the harsh winter there. The case attracted media attention, as it humorously defeated the popular slogan "There are no kangaroos in Austria." Gallery References External links UK Wallaby Sightings Further reading Macropods Mammals described in 1817 Mammals of Tasmania Mammals of South Australia Mammals of New South Wales Mammals of Queensland Mammals of Victoria (Australia) Marsupials of Australia Waimate District Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN	[ 0.04962097853422165, 0.17116031050682068, -0.8564162254333496, -0.5150210857391357, -0.12480759620666504, 0.6860520839691162, 0.6182425618171692, 0.4266098737716675, -0.5889230966567993, -0.09487324208021164, -0.3779923915863037, 0.31470993161201477, -0.4981739819049835, -0.0625181570649147, 0.07991582900285721, 1.5693727731704712, 0.24938546121120453, 0.511119544506073, 0.09570157527923584, -0.21312038600444794, -0.3531341552734375, -1.0921978950500488, 0.04296470806002617, -0.26519230008125305, 0.7035034894943237, 0.12359489500522614, 0.7075352072715759, 0.39364317059516907, -0.013589312322437763, 0.20058797299861908, 0.12328709661960602, 0.42741522192955017, 0.4620125889778137, 0.2902747690677643, 0.38549554347991943, 0.20486515760421753, -0.12258534133434296, -0.6570494771003723, -0.07551851868629456, -0.537635087966919, -0.03872033208608627, -0.3433878719806671, 0.2766838073730469, 0.22359266877174377, -0.23579643666744232, -0.27344948053359985, -0.8875066041946411, 0.040053367614746094, -0.31160661578178406, 0.13719449937343597, -0.05510713905096054, 0.7535090446472168, -0.12229976058006287, 0.4866127371788025, 0.4323713183403015, -0.2095511108636856, -0.7326985001564026, -0.2836286723613739, 0.20143312215805054, -0.5575282573699951, -0.2991090416908264, 0.35557323694229126, -0.320144921541214, 0.45156747102737427, 0.07524081319570541, 0.756360650062561, 0.0642460361123085, 0.3868120610713959, -0.8901730179786682, 0.10795682668685913, -0.39011624455451965, -0.325422465801239, -0.13379912078380585, 0.10743201524019241, -0.4399021565914154, 0.013074572198092937, -0.43128690123558044, -0.06528430432081223, 0.7474362254142761, 0.2542424201965332, 0.15582367777824402, 0.5017259120941162, 0.6462597846984863, -0.06498251855373383, 0.4369433522224426, 0.19190794229507446, -0.7672116756439209, -0.013848078437149525, -0.13993926346302032, 0.020697306841611862, -1.0976914167404175, 0.1955088973045349, -0.006462523248046637, 0.3437485694885254, -0.6370274424552917, -0.3418658971786499, -0.3898596465587616, 0.26992088556289673, 0.3219832181930542, 0.22716055810451508, -0.28721922636032104, -0.18962334096431732, 0.6783374547958374, 0.18733522295951843, -0.7845165729522705, 0.3730294108390808, -0.27196091413497925, 0.12836961448192596, -0.6151612401008606, 0.4035140872001648, -0.7210063338279724, -0.4415833652019501, 0.35468751192092896, -0.3040892481803894, 0.33344826102256775, 0.8746001720428467, 0.04455285146832466, -0.3128249943256378, -0.1933644413948059, -0.13532626628875732, 0.4807513654232025, 0.4272557497024536, -0.3294556438922882, 0.9269592761993408, -0.060839831829071045, 0.5748515129089355, 0.47357606887817383, 0.19699949026107788, -0.32815083861351013, 0.4805476665496826, 0.23597224056720734, 1.1138653755187988, -0.021237917244434357, 0.21215543150901794, -0.4177495837211609, -0.02623702399432659, -0.4193776547908783, 0.028888225555419922, 0.3997270464897156, 0.0027116418350487947, -0.7916125059127808, -0.009224710054695606, -0.3230242431163788, -0.40252310037612915, 0.3019877076148987, 0.4672667384147644, 0.19267497956752777, -0.7785898447036743, -0.0386141873896122, -0.6058011054992676, 0.11491416394710541, -0.46459704637527466, -0.42262017726898193, -0.0778948962688446, -0.264085590839386, 0.06236971914768219, 0.7109440565109253, -0.7156910300254822, 0.574591338634491, 0.15008097887039185, 0.23006808757781982, 0.7249952554702759, -0.36934933066368103, -0.03594686836004257, 0.5474226474761963, -0.26105785369873047, -0.3692135214805603, 0.2859620153903961, 0.13185271620750427, 0.32114991545677185, -0.49237412214279175, 0.5076769590377808, 0.7492434978485107, 0.05781344324350357, -0.29989373683929443, -0.06264126300811768, -0.3132682144641876, 0.5298110842704773, 0.38127708435058594, -0.4164198637008667, -0.8198007345199585, 0.6884750127792358, 0.2558731734752655, -0.5706048607826233, -0.1061539426445961, 0.02381603606045246, 0.13417378067970276, 0.19057022035121918, 0.031574100255966187, -0.13735733926296234, -0.5349557995796204, -0.46620407700538635, 0.6660568714141846, -0.1238710805773735, 0.5743529200553894, -0.03951288387179375, -0.23061928153038025, 0.5131155252456665, -0.01227670256048441, 0.7325078248977661, -0.39516177773475647, 0.18655216693878174, 0.34804612398147583, -0.25885647535324097, -0.9505050778388977, 0.2865279018878937, 0.0010687829926609993, 0.03620529547333717, 0.4677325189113617, 0.2596348822116852, -0.21217724680900574, -0.31604698300361633, 0.036749064922332764, 0.05658739060163498, 0.1629401594400406, -0.24960917234420776, 0.12872068583965302, 0.09396933764219284, -0.47880569100379944, -0.3410102427005768, 0.8812949061393738, 0.30976957082748413, -0.25963568687438965, 0.6346273422241211, -0.2699114978313446, 0.65299391746521, 0.4613630771636963, -0.18926624953746796, 0.29766005277633667, -0.1894155740737915, -0.22556446492671967, 0.3198569118976593, 0.26788851618766785, -0.5346788763999939, -0.4512826204299927, -0.18103574216365814, -0.2850411832332611, -1.0436253547668457, -0.0832289531826973, 0.3747498691082001, 0.47964122891426086, 0.08935920894145966, 0.10896731168031693, 0.43973293900489807, 0.41028982400894165, -0.2217874974012375, 0.41375550627708435, 0.5501944422721863, -0.5061459541320801, 0.5391775369644165, 0.4634837508201599, 1.1469379663467407, 0.490339994430542, 0.09737740457057953, 0.29422104358673096, 0.497292697429657, 0.2916998267173767, -0.33361944556236267, -0.17902375757694244, 0.12078019231557846, -0.31632837653160095, 0.3882494866847992, -0.6203708648681641, 0.27354225516319275, -0.06830250471830368, -0.3645302653312683, 0.22981730103492737, 0.5803593397140503, 0.32459142804145813, 0.42430004477500916, 0.30696651339530945, -0.13832183182239532, -1.104825496673584, 0.44885826110839844, -0.3622387945652008, -0.4411562383174896, -0.5223215222358704, -0.209031343460083, -0.35722506046295166, -0.47573399543762207, 0.17529629170894623, 0.6578973531723022, 0.12779374420642853, -0.720249354839325, -0.044776804745197296, -0.1610867977142334, 0.45598912239074707, -0.31246626377105713, 0.02396535873413086, -0.6410765051841736, -0.36500608921051025, -0.07449071109294891, 0.5764876008033752, 0.31697091460227966, -1.287184715270996, -0.060148268938064575, 0.1678670048713684, 0.7235731482505798, 0.7897142767906189, -0.7676146030426025, -0.22464756667613983, -0.10064294934272766, 0.3570542335510254, -0.05706199258565903, 0.5200894474983215, -0.17006966471672058, 0.034098733216524124, -0.09701724350452423, -5.011092662811279, 0.6804587244987488, 0.16615326702594757, -0.5218964219093323, 0.4410841166973114, 0.3946160674095154, 0.3037298917770386, -0.3053397238254547, -0.24523262679576874, -0.391993910074234, 0.2873436212539673, -0.0477636381983757, -0.009008059278130531, 0.024038346484303474, 0.5872882008552551, -0.2760648727416992, 0.02401546575129032, 0.02751489169895649, 0.1123870313167572, 0.08162999153137207, -0.245709627866745, 0.3241080045700073, 0.5242511630058289, -0.2200528234243393, 0.30244189500808716, 0.41990944743156433, -0.2650336027145386, -0.8338953256607056, -0.2365904301404953, -0.9485759735107422, -0.16883373260498047, -0.6498786211013794, 0.02101854607462883, 0.058519091457128525, 0.1484285593032837, -0.2954009771347046, 0.3129713833332062, 0.36929500102996826, 0.09256681799888611, -0.26170995831489563, -0.3689711093902588, 0.07044904679059982, -0.3089812397956848, 0.23059190809726715, 0.10339786112308502, -0.3641604781150818, 0.2550186812877655, -0.6704469919204712, -0.1769537776708603, 0.9464629292488098, -0.21378658711910248, -0.11889422684907913, 0.21968945860862732, 0.7084745168685913, 0.17847760021686554, -0.1660345196723938, -0.15033353865146637, 0.20847110450267792, -0.3383984863758087, 0.47366631031036377, 0.7316832542419434, -0.32872113585472107, -0.18025320768356323, -0.768653929233551, -0.17588621377944946, 0.027021419256925583, -0.5282340049743652, 0.5730825066566467, 0.8239943981170654, -0.01341565977782011, -0.1431710124015808, 0.150826558470726, -0.41344723105430603, -1.2581161260604858, 0.9147908687591553, -0.7295960783958435, -0.10968725383281708, -0.37119364738464355, -0.23696479201316833, -0.2766190767288208, 0.09567906707525253, -0.5312999486923218, 0.05746065452694893, 0.17908687889575958, -0.23040281236171722, -0.8972486853599548, -0.5906805396080017, 0.15057863295078278, 0.40767887234687805, -0.9267134070396423, 0.007902581244707108, -0.5053998231887817, 0.21142315864562988, 0.3940940797328949, 0.4671863317489624, 0.32775187492370605, 0.7473859786987305, 0.2195350080728531, 0.4291808307170868, -0.20632480084896088, 0.6673787832260132, -0.576687216758728, -0.5598747134208679, -0.5395808219909668, 0.049392905086278915, -0.5799875259399414, -0.002442264463752508, 0.6724975109100342, 0.46681615710258484, -0.16874782741069794, 0.4844382107257843, -0.46814316511154175, -0.5245159864425659, -0.12353648245334625, 0.5966423749923706, 0.6465795040130615, -0.32838115096092224, -0.49868473410606384, 0.8751667141914368, 0.47781187295913696, 0.2600468695163727, -0.4922037422657013, -0.019244998693466187, -0.02010425738990307, 0.3660818934440613, -0.16758234798908234, 0.1493573635816574, -0.04199937731027603, -1.3397356271743774, -1.0137803554534912, 0.537745475769043, -0.3268759846687317, -0.5172257423400879, -0.02316153049468994, 0.0090506412088871, -0.18039095401763916, -0.567613422870636, -0.34414902329444885, 0.7160331010818481, 0.38544023036956787, -0.7740775942802429, -0.12033512443304062, -0.5555175542831421, 0.25032833218574524, 0.2534092664718628, 0.040018029510974884, -0.8541134595870972, -0.3357185423374176, -0.1606089025735855, 0.6428794860839844, -0.5109330415725708, -0.2808090150356293, -0.039900485426187515, -0.6182181239128113, 0.5860956907272339, -0.5354405641555786, 0.0730176493525505, -0.1623595654964447, 0.1643066704273224, -0.7034807205200195, 0.059789810329675674, -0.191170334815979, -0.6534152030944824, 0.2648985981941223, 0.06301235407590866, -0.4918610751628876, -0.7457724213600159, -0.5959755778312683, 0.2938986122608185, 0.1658506542444229, -0.015470005571842194, -0.013425357639789581, -0.3056793212890625, 0.14149297773838043, 0.3649660348892212, -0.13434948027133942, -0.816547691822052, 0.31507065892219543, 0.22201663255691528, -0.4874565899372101, -0.2025512009859085, 0.5893663763999939, -0.24092164635658264, -0.1091107651591301, 1.4540739059448242, -0.32034382224082947, -0.06048109009861946, 0.380228728055954, 0.007587120868265629, 0.3441413938999176, 0.4469554126262665, 0.7751549482345581, 0.21947742998600006, 0.41269412636756897, -0.6271593570709229, -0.10972355306148529, -0.1261187642812729, 0.428966760635376, 0.5101495385169983, -0.5256357192993164, -0.277050256729126, 0.024137020111083984, 0.08498275279998779, 0.38663119077682495, -0.0583367757499218, -0.16002358496189117, 0.7272878289222717, -0.17006544768810272, -1.0755438804626465, -0.29317110776901245, 0.4042060673236847, -0.41110238432884216, -0.36335289478302, 1.2544442415237427, -0.4345090985298157, 0.4366304576396942, 0.16912423074245453, -0.4192121624946594, -0.16989129781723022, 0.5836427211761475, -0.7975211143493652, -0.5219305157661438, 0.30085551738739014, 0.16997405886650085, -0.5183799862861633, 0.017337443307042122, 0.21821144223213196, -0.4095745086669922, 0.7435077428817749, -0.3561348617076874, 0.0661616250872612, -0.49248096346855164, 0.4668886363506317, 0.15987753868103027, -0.44551724195480347, 0.5762447118759155, -0.19744817912578583, -0.24860848486423492, -0.3300016224384308, 0.585465669631958, 0.5055071711540222, 1.7398842573165894, 0.23303695023059845, -0.9968214631080627, 0.018379079177975655, 0.2594274878501892, 0.15439577400684357, -0.14085637032985687, -0.8406323790550232, -0.5162751078605652, 0.6321474313735962, 0.15815286338329315, -0.08460257202386856, 0.6937805414199829, 0.10609734803438187, -0.11630336940288544, -0.24241454899311066, 0.12028355896472931, -0.05637107416987419, 0.07241837680339813, 0.6666749715805054, 0.21672838926315308, 0.11972347646951675, 0.8530022501945496, 0.31206393241882324, -0.57784503698349, -0.7214338183403015, -0.49412763118743896, 0.23679181933403015, -0.007549131289124489, -0.5445669889450073, -0.0850052610039711, 0.9173857569694519, 0.06557600945234299, -0.13426151871681213, 0.3944615423679352, 0.3097187280654907, -1.1634674072265625, -0.2916165590286255, -0.09877802431583405, -0.4528059661388397, -0.4492518901824951, 0.26576295495033264, -0.25803670287132263, -0.2766326665878296, -0.11539827287197113, -0.43158063292503357, -0.3291362226009369, -0.41446688771247864, -0.8672352433204651, 0.01962914504110813, -0.47757282853126526, 0.020391393452882767, -0.5273187160491943, -0.03074605017900467, 0.437208890914917, 0.2907256484031677, -0.08626142889261246, 0.16486699879169464, 0.17353905737400055, -0.5323097705841064, 0.8552756905555725, 0.1822674721479416, -0.05851604789495468, 0.7383819818496704, 0.17273138463497162, -0.2769510746002197, -0.08204502612352371, -0.00107765628490597, -0.2860799729824066, 0.8423418998718262, -0.06920518726110458, 0.07868395000696182, 0.4835159182548523, -0.4252322018146515, 0.31321731209754944, 0.40480515360832214, -0.3865494430065155, 0.8286357522010803, 0.9442005157470703, -0.23296381533145905, 0.10771777480840683, 0.41281935572624207, 0.8593473434448242, -0.20859934389591217, 0.6464645862579346, -0.5193037986755371, -0.026705889031291008, 1.0512728691101074, 0.707099974155426, 0.3292766213417053, 0.32230356335639954, -0.6205582618713379, -0.04206795245409012, -0.708107054233551, 0.14621199667453766, 0.205391526222229, -0.6729562282562256, -0.12567685544490814, 0.9657067656517029, 0.9040059447288513, 0.20242270827293396, 0.37316465377807617, -0.014630930498242378, 0.046177223324775696, 0.21334657073020935, -0.26450684666633606, -0.3848196864128113, -0.15505917370319366, -0.09284872561693192, 0.432198703289032, 0.09498155117034912, 0.08982249349355698, -0.35626181960105896, 0.2908075749874115, 0.2630078196525574, 0.2540547251701355, 0.021269293501973152, -0.7632375955581665, 0.04422641545534134, -0.3934552073478699, 0.6485564112663269, -0.3508364260196686, 0.2083474099636078, -1.074598789215088, 0.4377589523792267, -0.20767980813980103, -0.13879768550395966, -0.43671825528144836, 0.08809599280357361, 0.20591850578784943, -0.021935351192951202, -0.24570083618164062, -0.5151792168617249, 0.5047580003738403, 0.06505419313907623, 0.13594533503055573, 0.6350399255752563, -0.21577216684818268, 0.688968300819397, -0.9835806488990784, 0.11759660392999649, 0.1995633989572525, -0.49757081270217896, 0.7516921758651733, -0.5101898312568665, -0.5234812498092651, -0.31471967697143555, -0.4780222475528717, -0.20755209028720856, -0.01472906768321991, -0.7572340369224548, 0.2436095029115677, -0.07169453799724579, -0.43947216868400574, -0.4945835471153259, 0.08436840772628784, 1.3529049158096313, 0.25704270601272583, -0.31807538866996765, 0.2994603216648102, 0.3322681486606598, -0.4679267406463623, 0.014041736721992493, -0.04660021886229515, 0.9984495043754578, -0.635586142539978, 0.36553335189819336, -0.5243076682090759, 0.453545480966568, 0.18160252273082733, 0.7410896420478821, -0.2839811146259308, 0.30299627780914307, -0.28884565830230713, -0.16213364899158478, 0.6872127056121826, -0.188166543841362, -0.48673614859580994, 0.17224720120429993, -0.16517485678195953, -0.5976245999336243, 0.33145102858543396, 0.07590887695550919, -0.2803559899330139, 0.21221831440925598, 0.017357002943754196, 0.11472045630216599, -1.3821299076080322, -0.025067826732993126, -0.347074419260025, -0.1283891201019287, -1.0950536727905273, -0.09768995642662048, -0.7568501830101013, -0.37515902519226074, 0.33384454250335693, 0.5476378202438354, 0.04125739261507988, -0.26531437039375305, 0.7257519960403442, -0.1923629343509674, -0.22494669258594513, -0.22270970046520233, -0.22352972626686096, 0.6925352811813354, -0.10630302876234055, -0.718142032623291, -0.39640119671821594, 0.13300345838069916, 0.26379144191741943, -0.6690879464149475, -0.1733098030090332, -0.4486570656299591, -0.27227461338043213, -0.3016202747821808, 0.333802729845047, -0.18585245311260223, 0.22492502629756927, -0.3526984751224518 ]
249274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Rossman	Mike Rossman	Mike Rossman (born Michael Albert DePiano on July 1, 1955) is an American former professional boxer who was the WBA light heavyweight champion of the world. He is of both Italian and Jewish descent, which led to his monikers "The Kosher Butcher" and "The Jewish Bomber". Life and career Rossman was born in Turnersville, New Jersey as Michael Albert DePiano. Rossman is his mother's maiden name, which he uses rather than that of his father. Rossman's father was Italian, and his mother Jewish. He is Jewish, and boxed with a Star of David on his shorts. He began boxing at 14 and turned pro on August 10, 1973. Rossman fought Víctor Galíndez for the light heavyweight championship of the world on the undercard of an Ali–Spinks rematch in September 1978. Many thought Galindez would defeat him, but Rossman opened up cuts over Galindez's eyes and continued fighting until near the end of the 13th round, when the referee stopped the fight, and Rossman became world champion. Rossman made one successful defense before his hometown Philadelphia fans in December of the same year, stopping Italian challenger Aldo Traversaro in the fifth round after opening a wound on Aldo's forehead with a left hook. Later, after losing the title back to Galindez in 1979 (see below), his career declined as he lost several matches; he never again fought a title match. He fought into the early 1980s, and perhaps the biggest name he faced in post-championship status was the upstart Dwight Braxton (today known as Dwight Muhammad Qawi), who defeated him in seven rounds in May 1981. Rossman vs. Galindez championship rematch In February 1979, Rossman participated in what is sometimes considered one of professional boxing's most embarrassing moments (at least in modern times). At a scheduled rematch between Rossman and Galindez, Rossman was left waiting in the ring as Galindez failed to appear: A dispute about the judges of the match between the WBA and the Nevada Athletic Commission prevented the fight from being for the title, so Galindez camp refused to fight. After immediate attempts to remedy the situation failed, the fight was suspended, and rescheduled two months later in April 1979. With Rossman perhaps still fretting about boxing politics, Galindez was focused on regaining the title, and was able to defeat Rossman. Rossman apparently broke his right hand during the bout, severely limiting his boxing ability. The pain became worse over the course of the fight, and unbearable to a point where Rossman told his father-manager after the ninth round that he could not continue. Galindez was thus able to reclaim the championship. Hall of Fame Rossman was inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame. Professional boxing record \|- \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"\|44 Wins (27 knockouts), 7 Losses (4 knockouts), 3 Draws \|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;" \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Res. \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Record \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Opponent \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Type \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|RoundTime \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Date \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Location \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Notes \|- align=center \|Win\|\|44–7–3\|\|align=left\| Henry Sims \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|43–7–3\|\|align=left\| Robert White \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|42–7–3\|\|align=left\| Al Fracker \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|41–7–3\|\|align=left\| Charles Smith \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|40–7–3\|\|align=left\| Dwight Qawi \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|40–6–3\|\|align=left\| Luke Capuano \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|39–6–3\|\|align=left\| Luke Capuano \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|38–6–3\|\|align=left\| Al Bolden \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|37–6–3\|\|align=left\| Don Addison \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|36–6–3\|\|align=left\| Ramon Ranquello \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|36–5–3\|\|align=left\| Víctor Galíndez \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|36–4–3\|\|align=left\| Aldo Traversaro \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|35–4–3\|\|align=left\| Víctor Galíndez \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|34–4–3\|\|align=left\| Matt Ross \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|33–4–3\|\|align=left\| Lonnie Bennett \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|32–4–3\|\|align=left\| Yaqui López \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|32–3–3\|\|align=left\| Gary Summerhays \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|31–3–3\|\|align=left\| Marcel Clay \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|30–3–3\|\|align=left\| Mike Quarry \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|29–3–3\|\|align=left\| Ray Anderson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|28–3–3\|\|align=left\| Mike Quarry \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw\|\|27–3–3\|\|align=left\| Christy Elliott \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|27–3–2\|\|align=left\| Christy Elliott \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|26–3–2\|\|align=left\| Steven Smith \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|25–3–2\|\|align=left\| Tony Licata \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|25–2–2\|\|align=left\| José Anglada \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|24–2–2\|\|align=left\| Gene Wells \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw\|\|23–2–2\|\|align=left\| Casey Gacic \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|23–2–1\|\|align=left\| Al Styles, Jr. \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|22–2–1\|\|align=left\| Mike Quarry \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|22–1–1\|\|align=left\| Mike Nixon \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Loss\|\|21–1–1\|\|align=left\| Mike Nixon \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|21–0–1\|\|align=left\| David Adkins \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|20–0–1\|\|align=left\| Matt Donovan \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|19–0–1\|\|align=left\| Matt Donovan \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|18–0–1\|\|align=left\| Harold Richardson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|17–0–1\|\|align=left\| John Pinney \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|16–0–1\|\|align=left\| Mike Morgan \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|15–0–1\|\|align=left\| Nate Dixon \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|14–0–1\|\|align=left\| Mike Baker \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw\|\|13–0–1\|\|align=left\| Nate Dixon \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|13–0\|\|align=left\| Ray Hernandez \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|12–0\|\|align=left\| Walter Riley \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|11–0\|\|align=left\| Tyrone Freeman \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|10–0\|\|align=left\| Joey Blair \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|9–0\|\|align=left\| Greg Burch \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|8–0\|\|align=left\| Maximo Pierret \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|7–0\|\|align=left\| Elwood Townsend \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|6–0\|\|align=left\| Lester Camper \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|5–0\|\|align=left\| Nate Dixon \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|4–0\|\|align=left\| Larry Parker \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|3–0\|\|align=left\| Herman Nance \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|2–0\|\|align=left\| Robert Ziegler \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| \|- align=center \|Win\|\|1–0\|\|align=left\| Stanley Dawson \| \| \| \|align=left\| \|align=left\| Miscellaneous Rossman has a tattoo of the Star of David on the calf of his right leg. Rossman now lives in Atlantic City, New Jersey. See also List of select Jewish boxers References External links NJ Boxing Hall of Fame bio and record boxing record 1955 births American boxers of Italian descent Jewish American boxers Jewish boxers Living people Boxers from Philadelphia World boxing champions World light-heavyweight boxing champions People from Washington Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey American male boxers 21st-century American Jews	[ -0.5158588886260986, 0.22362931072711945, -0.13895823061466217, -0.447645902633667, 0.4520187973976135, 0.27104032039642334, 0.2186722457408905, 0.08708915114402771, -0.2668663561344147, -0.07781293243169785, -0.33262425661087036, 0.4905974566936493, -0.36891627311706543, -0.1147066131234169, 0.3479151725769043, 0.4285195767879486, -0.28424882888793945, -0.1366523802280426, -0.19364365935325623, -0.020158011466264725, -0.3606465756893158, -0.15106892585754395, 0.2884567379951477, 0.12588366866111755, 0.018517114222049713, 0.8341091275215149, -0.30483290553092957, -0.41981300711631775, -0.19158615171909332, 0.0776047632098198, 0.5012717247009277, -0.33049702644348145, 0.4749196171760559, -0.7517504692077637, -0.20974180102348328, -0.2763276994228363, 0.27077940106391907, -0.09076584130525589, -0.031261343508958817, 0.3831705152988434, -0.3077615201473236, 0.4835739731788635, 0.7910751700401306, 0.1549733281135559, 0.09394723922014236, -0.016067227348685265, -1.2528434991836548, -0.15565507113933563, -0.41247308254241943, -0.8770577907562256, 0.032008007168769836, 0.12452966719865799, -0.2801538109779358, 0.4978325664997101, -0.11591771245002747, -0.09196703135967255, -0.023112136870622635, -0.06974752992391586, 0.15249496698379517, -0.7580676078796387, 0.21648508310317993, -0.11160317063331604, 0.34211525321006775, -0.23530571162700653, 0.3576095998287201, 0.6670361161231995, 0.1699783205986023, 0.30525892972946167, -0.10527403652667999, -0.1544467657804489, -0.055040039122104645, -0.05751727893948555, 0.4606679081916809, -0.2514677047729492, 0.6057800650596619, -0.35752758383750916, -0.18106701970100403, 0.05336995795369148, -0.22363436222076416, 0.06619206815958023, 0.32407093048095703, -0.27599918842315674, 0.20425792038440704, 0.4126025438308716, -0.02924380451440811, -0.1194550096988678, -0.44842126965522766, 0.2721567451953888, -0.21777762472629547, 0.3328077793121338, -0.5734419822692871, 0.04477657377719879, 0.6006847620010376, 0.5188244581222534, -0.06121160835027695, -0.6132844090461731, -0.22972501814365387, 0.5716884732246399, 0.15393126010894775, -0.18031108379364014, -0.41117969155311584, -0.05235676467418671, 0.5938541293144226, -0.469017893075943, -0.3123047947883606, 0.2590610980987549, 0.623195230960846, 0.062003735452890396, -0.17140333354473114, 0.26910123229026794, -0.6746944189071655, 0.20333613455295563, 0.0884828269481659, -0.7175050377845764, 0.11734259873628616, 0.39165619015693665, 0.10258906334638596, -0.651099681854248, -0.15609422326087952, -0.25864481925964355, -0.09316910058259964, 0.5046882033348083, -0.5313243865966797, 0.8168044090270996, -0.3419363796710968, -0.012706455774605274, 0.16213861107826233, 0.4259590804576874, -0.22471219301223755, 0.6399619579315186, -0.012165703810751438, 0.4042644202709198, -0.003315383568406105, 0.5046459436416626, -0.3454558849334717, 0.6456434726715088, 0.8484064340591431, -0.1781288981437683, -0.27858734130859375, -0.04920317977666855, -0.21895651519298553, -0.3745436370372772, -0.37384337186813354, 0.15008608996868134, -0.08522968739271164, -0.27543047070503235, 0.6174054145812988, -0.2854531407356262, 0.5460544228553772, -0.32946860790252686, -0.19539354741573334, 0.3208690583705902, 0.01822827011346817, -0.40907973051071167, -0.4948370158672333, -0.04406360164284706, 0.47626233100891113, -0.5139337778091431, 0.5777164697647095, -0.18313685059547424, -0.2446907013654709, -0.2515103816986084, -0.22602085769176483, 0.47647354006767273, 0.5832036733627319, -0.11999531090259552, 0.12938626110553741, -0.6823455095291138, 0.023735983297228813, -0.15811021625995636, -0.07525062561035156, 0.1921013444662094, 0.07215806096792221, -0.3692065477371216, -0.5931969881057739, 0.3292243182659149, 0.989333987236023, 0.5766263604164124, -0.23927821218967438, -0.8742456436157227, -0.5555294752120972, -0.6310094594955444, -0.30355554819107056, 0.1657896637916565, 0.46589598059654236, -0.13832104206085205, 0.5588101148605347, -0.12016987800598145, 0.5648474097251892, 0.43641743063926697, -0.29342836141586304, -0.5876654982566833, 0.10759210586547852, -0.3219258785247803, 0.846859335899353, 0.05546773225069046, -0.5126245021820068, 0.1505751758813858, 0.4763333201408386, 0.7470992207527161, 0.030828354880213737, -0.30513787269592285, 0.26177963614463806, 0.20354391634464264, -0.06944634020328522, 0.4896045923233032, 0.44231176376342773, 0.6390672326087952, 0.4914003312587738, 0.4923352003097534, 0.4922552704811096, -0.287576824426651, -0.3979310095310211, 0.0743567943572998, -0.5230093002319336, -0.28589531779289246, -0.2554982602596283, 0.036423977464437485, 0.1939728856086731, -0.6996408104896545, 0.9822866320610046, 0.5287443399429321, -0.11551147699356079, 0.2648729085922241, 0.011605208739638329, 1.1929680109024048, -0.16488422453403473, -0.0910937562584877, -0.10044718533754349, -0.32223740220069885, 0.40408870577812195, 0.17751464247703552, -0.42728933691978455, -0.5765081644058228, 0.2120259553194046, -0.2668224573135376, 0.290147602558136, -0.6256056427955627, -0.2512614130973816, -0.4405064284801483, 0.4907150864601135, -0.21573777496814728, -0.40777140855789185, -0.23203621804714203, 0.027252454310655594, -0.0007362386677414179, 0.03803437948226929, 0.49494168162345886, -0.6631333827972412, 0.5096895098686218, 0.18340961635112762, -0.13637851178646088, 0.561566174030304, 0.25987744331359863, 0.4035026729106903, 0.5144181251525879, -0.4350080192089081, 0.21534298360347748, 0.32020193338394165, -0.48169180750846863, -0.0025215470232069492, -0.23070745170116425, 0.09314984083175659, 0.033582381904125214, 0.023396827280521393, -0.24876248836517334, -0.17564475536346436, -0.3049923777580261, 0.20709404349327087, -0.33300936222076416, 0.6542961001396179, 0.07024797052145004, -0.24020719528198242, -0.16812491416931152, 0.10445586591959, 0.6245971918106079, 0.23441042006015778, 0.09981999546289444, -0.41367271542549133, -0.5037091374397278, 0.44133421778678894, 0.33412158489227295, -0.11221031099557877, -0.07600616663694382, 0.02276109717786312, -0.2402118295431137, -0.5133394002914429, -0.4506533741950989, -0.45055150985717773, 0.06020606309175491, -0.18643102049827576, 0.560928463935852, -0.5094169974327087, 0.3524181842803955, 0.11555169522762299, 0.4290240705013275, 0.05441711097955704, -0.22256305813789368, 0.07586105912923813, -0.27456530928611755, -0.0799691453576088, 0.05799037218093872, -0.17180994153022766, 0.1025749072432518, 0.4124287962913513, -0.19230177998542786, -0.3683253526687622, -0.5780483484268188, -5.704063415527344, 0.46601641178131104, 0.0644562840461731, -0.10795921832323074, 0.45927363634109497, -0.0247038546949625, 0.3041214942932129, -0.2952873110771179, -0.08777493238449097, -0.38339900970458984, -0.35696128010749817, -0.26102858781814575, 0.3884570896625519, 0.2388409823179245, 0.21759529411792755, 0.6854793429374695, 0.336953729391098, -0.15550115704536438, 0.24004992842674255, 0.5950894951820374, 0.0774894505739212, -0.5227578282356262, -0.2355286031961441, -0.18049296736717224, 0.00022385209740605205, 0.8064125180244446, -0.3978714048862457, 0.23403580486774445, -0.21085701882839203, -0.05546648055315018, -0.15869757533073425, 0.16059760749340057, -0.5708531737327576, 0.01212679035961628, 0.2929641604423523, -0.48240482807159424, 0.9066030979156494, -0.08233172446489334, 0.3564043641090393, -0.47429734468460083, -0.06466233730316162, 0.006315046455711126, -0.8413137197494507, 0.09552950412034988, 0.34519028663635254, -0.16038095951080322, -0.37198278307914734, -0.38117069005966187, -0.15874484181404114, 0.6358397603034973, 0.4991627335548401, -0.2207464575767517, 0.20782457292079926, 0.3271843194961548, 0.6586155295372009, 0.13355499505996704, -0.1550891101360321, -0.2212199568748474, -0.17857204377651215, 0.3624999225139618, -0.2385944277048111, -0.4603351652622223, 0.020268362015485764, -0.47282567620277405, 0.23958168923854828, -0.10905183851718903, 0.5325164198875427, -0.06352416425943375, 0.4261034429073334, -0.09372850507497787, -0.08489122241735458, 0.2143372893333435, 0.21603308618068695, -1.0159618854522705, 0.12423142790794373, 0.09583321213722229, 0.195436030626297, -0.004350971896201372, -0.5533707141876221, -0.3814031481742859, 0.130109041929245, -0.49094775319099426, -0.31353700160980225, 0.05394257605075836, -0.25092872977256775, -0.20748519897460938, -0.0990486741065979, 0.9509732127189636, 0.09329012036323547, 0.2793083190917969, 0.5087799429893494, 0.020620040595531464, 0.13457123935222626, -0.0259297676384449, 0.5615285634994507, 0.2231987863779068, 0.12079401314258575, 0.08028694987297058, 0.6279134154319763, 0.5197868943214417, -0.21221555769443512, -0.6054625511169434, 0.17109732329845428, -0.9429725408554077, 0.564818799495697, -0.10537704080343246, 0.02121320553123951, -0.010288945399224758, 0.7497745156288147, -0.13843117654323578, 0.38008877635002136, 0.10978629440069199, -0.7733575701713562, 0.04005749151110649, 0.5403395295143127, -0.2721859812736511, -0.2815437316894531, -0.2792876660823822, 0.2405906766653061, 0.3671639561653137, 0.29500892758369446, 0.34538909792900085, -0.023999512195587158, -0.35706010460853577, -0.324928879737854, -0.2173643410205841, 0.16678783297538757, 0.2665041983127594, -0.4607703983783722, -0.24792072176933289, 0.09814535826444626, 0.6470144987106323, 0.10952712595462799, 0.5846342444419861, 0.20658956468105316, 0.4205664396286011, -0.028366906568408012, -0.8191372752189636, -0.051223982125520706, 0.05572940409183502, -0.2720070481300354, -0.2626176178455353, 0.23654639720916748, 0.2889043986797333, 0.0554986335337162, 0.2360324263572693, -0.07389795035123825, -0.06386181712150574, 0.058104779571294785, 0.617917537689209, 0.2755536437034607, -0.7121821045875549, 0.37620359659194946, -0.42112505435943604, -0.8561993837356567, 0.2697494626045227, -0.6980228424072266, -0.19921091198921204, -0.1954088658094406, -0.44706422090530396, 0.6900978088378906, -0.09771469980478287, -1.1905213594436646, -0.021191630512475967, 0.057637039572000504, -0.12369139492511749, -0.09126386046409607, -0.46314579248428345, -0.6502183675765991, 0.40969470143318176, 0.10754519701004028, -0.8073899745941162, -0.4458392262458801, -0.35779741406440735, 0.009154602885246277, -0.04249907284975052, -0.29468584060668945, -0.45092442631721497, 0.13814008235931396, -0.1898920238018036, 0.43502604961395264, 0.03727461025118828, -0.7838581204414368, 0.10081811994314194, 0.40791285037994385, -0.42783427238464355, -0.7926737070083618, -0.18446819484233856, -0.3016333281993866, 0.23680271208286285, 0.5510157942771912, -0.287850558757782, 0.43190857768058777, 0.49414166808128357, -0.12440986931324005, -0.007971645332872868, -0.12503744661808014, 0.0173678956925869, -0.2188323587179184, -0.19303163886070251, -0.07734772562980652, -0.3439043164253235, -0.5681142210960388, 0.2547564208507538, -0.13129496574401855, -0.48065221309661865, 0.3656320869922638, 0.24101264774799347, -0.17073073983192444, 0.5731013417243958, -0.010670102201402187, -0.08241020888090134, 0.09851469844579697, 0.7219206094741821, -0.04769551381468773, 0.32753634452819824, 0.12439510971307755, 0.5279355049133301, -0.3508998155593872, -0.7668470144271851, 0.26180025935173035, -0.5882358551025391, -0.36884328722953796, 0.3733212947845459, -0.43541139364242554, 0.4217957556247711, 0.2538692355155945, -0.09853199869394302, 0.6161945462226868, -0.32900264859199524, -0.9203723669052124, -0.14522972702980042, 0.18764477968215942, -0.13249213993549347, 0.043998993933200836, 0.4074136018753052, 0.052822209894657135, 0.5785402655601501, -0.4803790748119354, 0.025157608091831207, 0.735060453414917, 0.9990999698638916, 0.09043025970458984, 0.08254572749137878, 0.36592432856559753, 0.16929534077644348, 0.6058768630027771, -0.4200460910797119, 0.18912871181964874, -0.15808609127998352, 0.27293336391448975, -0.12778227031230927, -0.5279222130775452, 0.2657969892024994, 0.9430383443832397, -0.4689337909221649, -0.482552707195282, -0.2542434632778168, -0.11552277207374573, -0.22625841200351715, 0.0397823266685009, 0.318219393491745, -0.196592316031456, 0.14970849454402924, -0.12246647477149963, -0.054884981364011765, -0.4727576673030853, -0.15438944101333618, -0.12542229890823364, -0.6667729616165161, -0.3004838526248932, -0.2484700232744217, 0.30533328652381897, 0.5383546948432922, -0.4760112762451172, 0.7096779346466064, 0.2428026646375656, -0.35146987438201904, -0.15357306599617004, 0.046043578535318375, -0.7497931122779846, 0.06319877505302429, -0.20257389545440674, -0.9258003830909729, -0.49324703216552734, -0.6348807215690613, -0.013006252236664295, 0.15114298462867737, -0.1108447015285492, 0.42616814374923706, -0.6584176421165466, 0.27132168412208557, -0.4265519380569458, -0.4426093101501465, -0.6664995551109314, -0.321856290102005, -0.672359824180603, 0.8014227151870728, -0.2175312042236328, -0.05218958854675293, -0.3721592128276825, 0.6904386878013611, 0.3553166687488556, -0.2770862877368927, 0.4541546404361725, -0.3294947147369385, 0.08747851103544235, -0.3304389417171478, -0.08069713413715363, 0.10975885391235352, -0.20168042182922363, -0.30603787302970886, 0.026037223637104034, 0.1906910538673401, -0.8829282522201538, -0.2809157073497772, 0.8498682975769043, -0.08899049460887909, -0.2189694494009018, 0.4174310564994812, -0.014460677281022072, -0.07349927723407745, 0.8410003185272217, -0.14195169508457184, -0.02628181502223015, 0.7670769691467285, -0.4105115830898285, 0.0019659583922475576, -0.011224770918488503, -0.0176681075245142, 0.06491106748580933, -0.3572034239768982, -0.22435441613197327, 0.68543940782547, 0.11786162853240967, -0.5212370157241821, 0.2676413059234619, -0.12920939922332764, 0.18949797749519348, 0.7080464959144592, -0.24355174601078033, 1.2121609449386597, 0.346985787153244, 0.3074707090854645, -0.2155763804912567, -0.13032937049865723, -0.28916096687316895, 0.38021689653396606, 0.10774490237236023, -0.490440309047699, -0.33926987648010254, -0.2794233560562134, 0.38793233036994934, -0.4883514642715454, 0.1989281326532364, -0.22932232916355133, 0.5489093065261841, -0.644675612449646, -0.5193118453025818, 0.19010761380195618, -0.0924011692404747, -0.42482900619506836, 1.0787994861602783, 0.28321877121925354, -0.49933362007141113, -0.176124706864357, -0.6114299893379211, -0.7378414273262024, 0.08420869708061218, 0.5734296441078186, -0.4801686704158783, -0.04582621529698372, -0.06787731498479843, 0.24951060116291046, -0.051560524851083755, 0.4464511573314667, 0.022994723170995712, -0.2284126728773117, -0.7793661952018738, 0.49075111746788025, 0.030057914555072784, -0.13670848309993744, -0.5693711042404175, -0.02144986018538475, 0.25354480743408203, 0.21113304793834686, -0.3071836829185486, 0.5354960560798645, 0.32725080847740173, 0.39359286427497864, 0.19249050319194794, -0.6891467571258545, -0.16896788775920868, 0.4972352981567383, 0.43927863240242004, -0.006979198660701513, -0.21564818918704987, 0.3175109624862671, 0.8456955552101135, 0.08922787010669708, 0.05648687481880188, 0.3350408375263214, -0.07952778786420822, -0.11177091300487518, -0.8006308078765869, 0.06336865574121475, -0.22877663373947144, -0.17516370117664337, -0.14814859628677368, 0.8587126731872559, 0.10209346562623978, -0.0508953258395195, -0.14340408146381378, 0.12194446474313736, -0.6027979254722595, 0.49779412150382996, 0.9041917324066162, -0.25246819853782654, 0.12097163498401642, 0.052994515746831894, -0.21720711886882782, -0.3139422833919525, -0.0031374378595501184, 0.135056734085083, 0.35939136147499084, 0.253639817237854, 0.014906869269907475, -0.058904457837343216, -0.4281926155090332, 0.4199835956096649, 0.41498520970344543, -0.8117433190345764, -0.9350966811180115, 0.26538872718811035, -0.25792571902275085, -0.6641658544540405, 0.6185814738273621, 0.4043910503387451, 0.41668471693992615, -0.932326078414917, 0.6276849508285522, -0.02016623131930828, -0.06884054839611053, -0.575445830821991, 0.5860318541526794, -0.26166850328445435, 0.13017001748085022, -0.7289685606956482, 0.5586833953857422, 0.6422510743141174, -0.017849955707788467, -0.7789688110351562, 0.5461759567260742, -0.3102424740791321, 0.3325069546699524, 0.6414303779602051, -0.2188403457403183, 0.16512852907180786, 0.4163215458393097, -0.6261586546897888 ]
249282	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20of%20Oxford	Earl of Oxford	Earl of Oxford is a dormant title in the Peerage of England, first created for Aubrey de Vere by the Empress Matilda in 1141. His family was to hold the title for more than five and a half centuries, until the death of the 20th Earl in 1703. The de Veres were also hereditary holders of the office of Master Chamberlain of England from 1133 until the death of the 18th Earl in 1625. Their primary seat was Hedingham Castle in Essex, but they held lands in southern England and the Midlands, particularly in eastern England. The actual earldom was called 'Oxenford' until at least the end of the 17th century. Medieval sources thus refer to 'my lord of Oxenford' when speaking of the earl. Earls of Oxford (1141) Soon after his father's death in 1141, Aubrey III de Vere was recruited by Empress Matilda. Aubrey's brother-in-law, Geoffrey de Mandeville first earl of Essex, apparently negotiated the offer of the earldom of Cambridge, with a secondary offer of one of four counties if Cambridgeshire was claimed by her kinsman. Aubrey held no land in Oxfordshire at the time, but his eldest son Aubrey IV was to marry an heiress with manors in that county. Aubrey IV was supposedly an ally of King John, while his brother Robert, the 3rd Earl was one of the 25 barons of Magna Carta. His descendant, another Robert, the 9th Earl, was a favourite of King Richard II who created him Duke of Ireland. John the 13th Earl was a Lancastrian during the War of the Roses and Henry Tudor's commander at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. The 17th Earl has become the most famous of the line because of his emergence as a popular alternative candidate as the actual author of the works of William Shakespeare (see Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship). The 17th Earl was a ward and later son-in-law of Lord Burghley, Queen Elizabeth I's Secretary of State. On the death of the 20th Earl, without identifiable heirs male, the title became dormant. The Earls of Oxford held no subsidiary titles, and so their heirs apparent were styled by invented courtesy titles: initially Lord Vere, and later Viscount Bolebec (sometimes spelled Viscount Bulbeck). The principal Oxford coat of arms or shield was quarterly gules and or (red and yellow) with an argent (white) five-pointed star called a mullet or molet in the first canton. By De Vere family tradition this molet is said to refer to a reappearance of the Star of Bethlehem which showed itself to an earlier De Vere while on a Crusade and thus led him to victory. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family livery worn by their retainers was orange/tawney decorated with a white molet. A later badge associated with the De Veres is a blue boar. A later shield variation of the De Vere white molet has a smaller blue molet located within the white one but this may be a simple cadency mark – in heraldry the molet is also used in any family to indicate the third son of a title holder. The third son bears his father's arms differenced with a molet. A confusion between the De Vere white molet and Edward IV's sunburst and white rose is said to have led to the friendly fire incident between Neville men and De Vere's men at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Fighting in fog, the Nevilles (former Yorkists) fired on their De Vere (staunch Lancastrian) allies and thus brought about the collapse of the Lancastrian centre and right. Both contingents began to rout crying 'treachery'. List of title holders Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, (c. 1115–1194) Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (c. 1164–1214) Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford (c. 1173–1221) Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford (c. 1208–1263) Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford (1240–1296) (forfeit 1265, restored soon after) Robert de Vere, 6th Earl of Oxford (1257–1331) John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford (1312–1360) Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford (1337–1371) Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford (1362–1392) (forfeit 1388) Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford (1340–1400) (restored 1393) Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford (1385–1417) John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1408–1462) John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (1442–1513) (forfeit 1475, restored 1485) John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford (1499–1526) John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford (1482–1540) John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford (1516–1562) Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (1550–1604) Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford (1593–1625) Robert de Vere, 19th Earl of Oxford (1575–1632) Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (1627–1703) (dormant 1703) Earls of Oxford and Earl Mortimer (1711) The title Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer was created in the Peerage of Great Britain for Robert Harley in 1711. It became extinct in 1853. Earls of Oxford and Asquith (1925) After the extinction of the earls of Oxford and earls Mortimer, former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith was keen to choose "Earl of Oxford" for his own title. As an earldom was then traditional for former prime ministers, and Asquith had a number of connections with the city of Oxford, it seemed a logical choice and had the king's support. The proposal greatly offended the descendants of the earls, however, and, in the face of their opposition, another title had to be chosen – "Earl of Oxford and Asquith". For information on this creation, see Earl of Oxford and Asquith. See also Earl of Oxford's case Countess of Oxford (disambiguation) Duke of St. Albans Lord Great Chamberlain References Further reading External links History of Oxford Earl 1141 establishments in England 1711 establishments in England Noble titles created in 1141 Oxford Dormant earldoms in the Peerage of England	[ -0.7972519397735596, 0.21187005937099457, 0.034037187695503235, -0.4723796248435974, -0.15623851120471954, 0.9223199486732483, -0.1760241836309433, 0.05990874022245407, -0.371884286403656, -0.29084521532058716, -0.47198057174682617, 0.07009784132242203, -0.2768033742904663, 0.24266350269317627, 0.11847563832998276, 0.003259751247242093, 0.3656841218471527, -0.18019457161426544, 0.005610648076981306, -0.7960166335105896, 0.5505064129829407, 0.3709547519683838, -0.2144259661436081, 0.46545279026031494, 0.3160504400730133, -0.3123292028903961, 0.2513751685619354, -0.2614445388317108, -0.01390529703348875, -0.41153016686439514, 0.4469491243362427, 0.1760740727186203, 0.17809633910655975, -0.17755301296710968, -0.40563100576400757, -0.6851179599761963, -0.5724950432777405, -0.9008780717849731, -0.49188175797462463, 0.1693781614303589, -0.2418341189622879, -0.0956084206700325, -0.19775483012199402, 0.10841362923383713, -0.6776864528656006, -0.4093509912490845, -1.5745707750320435, 0.26589667797088623, -0.05444805696606636, -0.05448417365550995, 0.682045578956604, 0.602505624294281, 0.24665242433547974, 0.06287498027086258, 0.5473788976669312, 0.11691715568304062, -0.8557710647583008, -0.19231316447257996, 0.4944155514240265, 0.23543983697891235, 0.3710901439189911, 0.44162729382514954, 0.3698161244392395, 0.3959318995475769, -0.06034837290644646, -0.08190052956342697, 0.19827988743782043, -0.3055416941642761, -0.9347409605979919, 0.31389859318733215, -0.3508552610874176, 0.23469729721546173, 0.19068405032157898, 0.5506948828697205, -0.5170716047286987, -0.544475257396698, 0.29998207092285156, 0.4450443685054779, 0.5501678586006165, -0.07963093370199203, 0.7445055246353149, -0.16906121373176575, 0.12217938154935837, 0.1523861140012741, 0.034809660166502, 0.4049959182739258, -0.6049367785453796, 0.3231104016304016, -0.41437315940856934, -0.02508087083697319, -0.35234418511390686, 0.13655558228492737, -0.015102866105735302, -0.08104413002729416, -0.06105070188641548, -0.7839239239692688, 0.061453405767679214, -0.5802003741264343, -0.21010926365852356, -0.44555699825286865, -0.2186937928199768, 0.13651655614376068, 0.1982627809047699, -0.23480865359306335, -0.856778621673584, -0.13268010318279266, -0.42601272463798523, -0.2219153344631195, -0.017421556636691093, -0.06457319110631943, -0.4264637529850006, 0.5468573570251465, -0.1865277886390686, 0.27253472805023193, 0.3265872895717621, 0.1316145807504654, -0.14052057266235352, -0.4919268488883972, -0.533944308757782, -0.16190457344055176, 0.1891147494316101, 0.23635296523571014, 0.3651438057422638, 0.9024247527122498, 0.24315932393074036, -0.3993326425552368, 0.05599113181233406, 0.2386830598115921, -0.47828492522239685, 0.3948894143104553, 0.10564760863780975, 0.8193185329437256, -0.3796524405479431, 0.127126544713974, 0.36599525809288025, 0.22362439334392548, -0.3519377112388611, 0.079449363052845, 0.754334568977356, 0.6029921770095825, -0.8759397864341736, 0.43783891201019287, -0.3935357630252838, 0.3210625648498535, 0.2144409716129303, 0.11402250826358795, -0.2709161639213562, 0.008145023137331009, -0.5135953426361084, 0.28657805919647217, 0.08165363222360611, -0.1144622191786766, -0.2577011287212372, -0.43792232871055603, 0.2975775897502899, 0.16564689576625824, 0.3441372513771057, 0.18169137835502625, 0.28769350051879883, 0.4083370268344879, -0.2842941880226135, 0.13906952738761902, 0.022010253742337227, -0.16864360868930817, 0.599346399307251, -0.38744887709617615, 0.5745681524276733, -0.14865291118621826, -0.4155218303203583, 0.4469892680644989, -0.2885670065879822, 0.35772383213043213, 0.5331583619117737, -0.2998063564300537, -0.13479548692703247, 0.794223964214325, 0.454790323972702, -0.43752971291542053, 0.5433856248855591, -0.030006198212504387, -0.49807611107826233, 0.2112562209367752, 0.5091879367828369, -0.15165412425994873, 0.3366209864616394, 0.3002459406852722, -0.2464538961648941, -0.3996124863624573, 0.2197062373161316, 0.08280669152736664, 0.28428250551223755, -0.5206645727157593, -0.46387922763824463, -0.09173407405614853, 0.435208261013031, 0.0303571168333292, -0.47549983859062195, -0.1716308891773224, 0.006296172272413969, 1.2270201444625854, 0.14572462439537048, 0.00011417102359700948, 0.30384230613708496, -0.3291897475719452, 0.23737181723117828, -0.12156692147254944, -0.186935156583786, -0.07522475719451904, 0.530828058719635, 0.5449130535125732, 0.6317216157913208, -0.04565390199422836, 0.34160399436950684, 0.05262073874473572, 0.37563398480415344, 0.21347957849502563, 0.19108270108699799, -0.41833582520484924, -0.267499715089798, -0.718605101108551, 0.2929243743419647, 0.48141032457351685, 0.22337189316749573, 0.4492247998714447, -0.2998240888118744, 0.5602011680603027, -0.29632845520973206, 0.17549262940883636, -0.21616995334625244, -0.2664320170879364, -0.1670871376991272, -0.10438302159309387, 0.31770551204681396, -0.2696886658668518, 0.5717762112617493, -0.5110109448432922, -0.3195026218891144, -0.03433424234390259, 0.2615458369255066, 0.3787997364997864, -0.04997223615646362, 0.33169710636138916, -0.6711419224739075, 1.0147382020950317, 0.16596929728984833, -0.053723618388175964, 0.051230546087026596, 0.7021714448928833, -0.42086559534072876, -0.8907939791679382, -0.15227724611759186, 0.0204007551074028, -0.06851687282323837, 0.30981698632240295, 0.03931979089975357, -0.22539915144443512, -0.35999584197998047, 0.8086837530136108, 0.08152195066213608, 0.8133431077003479, -0.2636812925338745, 0.638122022151947, 0.14959055185317993, 0.23024702072143555, 0.36489900946617126, 0.15067268908023834, 0.28399768471717834, -0.5718002319335938, 0.21714401245117188, -0.4159197509288788, -0.5616254210472107, -0.1206318810582161, -1.0729697942733765, -0.22128230333328247, 0.08006736636161804, -0.07930596172809601, -0.025398312136530876, 0.6359675526618958, -0.7696874141693115, -0.6865057349205017, -0.21778373420238495, 0.30197328329086304, -0.27750149369239807, -0.7918954491615295, 0.09559689462184906, -0.18454602360725403, -0.14723476767539978, -0.24395190179347992, 0.03969655930995941, -0.0992855504155159, -0.33396920561790466, 0.38852429389953613, -0.001689774333499372, -0.09478859603404999, -0.07253697514533997, 0.6464164853096008, -0.03953329846262932, -0.08499091118574142, -0.41182616353034973, -0.3503163158893585, -0.05661171302199364, 0.06576470285654068, 0.27370092272758484, 0.20906586945056915, 0.8606273531913757, 0.3510980010032654, 0.4198095500469208, 0.10620172321796417, -5.53857421875, 0.22112834453582764, 0.16349665820598602, 0.33182358741760254, 0.6451868414878845, 0.0353710912168026, 0.382702499628067, -0.32227665185928345, 0.20280960202217102, -0.41657260060310364, 0.6307018399238586, -0.025493701919913292, 0.28182926774024963, 0.23528172075748444, 0.047210175544023514, 0.23476852476596832, 0.6092185974121094, 0.290469229221344, -0.03752300888299942, 0.33497893810272217, -0.8170447945594788, 0.4125068783760071, -0.32877257466316223, -0.08201334625482559, 0.2539938688278198, 0.4235084056854248, 0.16754014790058136, -0.3102661967277527, -0.3679937422275543, -0.6856498122215271, 0.4386076033115387, -0.12299628555774689, 0.8971686959266663, -0.5345051288604736, -0.7641080021858215, 0.3960670232772827, 0.40286943316459656, 0.343788206577301, -0.15975385904312134, 0.5232318043708801, 0.03002128377556801, -0.03342320770025253, 0.0012341535184532404, 0.028902212157845497, -0.10749218612909317, -0.332243412733078, -0.7026334404945374, 0.22733169794082642, 0.2565574645996094, 0.2703208923339844, -0.24276326596736908, 0.5410047173500061, 0.2837289571762085, -0.07804589718580246, 0.19578756392002106, 0.6828667521476746, -0.2534163296222687, -0.11837224662303925, -0.3733627200126648, 0.08643722534179688, 0.5391493439674377, -0.6185377240180969, -0.021343447268009186, 0.3350086808204651, 0.22585543990135193, -0.1704818606376648, -0.23532064259052277, 0.9607518911361694, 0.7487893104553223, 0.7512348294258118, 0.0521119125187397, 0.21981148421764374, 0.6117275357246399, -0.9277719259262085, -0.361954927444458, -0.2583320140838623, -0.037602804601192474, -0.15211249887943268, -0.5071232914924622, -0.06378930062055588, 0.046046365052461624, 0.2865312397480011, -1.0645196437835693, 0.26781100034713745, 0.145661860704422, -0.9600586891174316, -0.3567482829093933, 0.30042415857315063, -0.24498555064201355, -0.04644327610731125, 0.04816959798336029, -0.595727801322937, -0.5198525190353394, 0.6086384654045105, 0.16464470326900482, -0.8167902827262878, 0.00205306988209486, 0.13250450789928436, -0.37479642033576965, 0.4351778030395508, -0.562586784362793, -0.11770366877317429, -0.1256304830312729, -0.49283480644226074, -0.46038880944252014, -0.15194301307201385, 0.06748352199792862, 0.066744863986969, -0.19095388054847717, -0.3106996417045593, 0.4255419671535492, -0.05692770704627037, 0.025038057938218117, -0.4577365815639496, -0.004071212839335203, -0.061906855553388596, 0.26360851526260376, -0.1393631100654602, 0.39415350556373596, -0.12978239357471466, -0.21206629276275635, 0.539558470249176, -0.5766317844390869, -0.3476191461086273, -0.7241892218589783, 0.6276329755783081, 0.6335639953613281, -0.7215240597724915, -0.6926578879356384, 0.08734793961048126, 0.2459215223789215, 0.06422553956508636, -0.08335933089256287, 0.4549446702003479, -0.2842005789279938, -0.025042900815606117, 0.06596339493989944, -0.10941983014345169, -0.26873043179512024, -0.31229525804519653, 0.05008790269494057, -0.6299964189529419, 0.09149754792451859, -0.25440314412117004, 0.40243175625801086, 0.35874682664871216, 0.17838753759860992, 0.011159802787005901, -0.13422158360481262, 0.5050919055938721, -0.04419519752264023, 0.10142095386981964, 0.3259028196334839, -0.4133596122264862, -0.18632598221302032, 0.13486485183238983, -0.4654507040977478, -0.025259915739297867, -0.04386460781097412, -0.7286013960838318, -0.0870845690369606, -0.5111478567123413, 0.06930728256702423, -0.3775361180305481, 0.3754526674747467, 0.40837857127189636, -0.23351053893566132, -0.5999276638031006, -0.8844224214553833, 0.4123142957687378, -0.21078838407993317, -0.49243831634521484, -0.34614166617393494, -0.7658553719520569, 0.14429807662963867, -0.0765996053814888, 0.46318453550338745, 0.3849886357784271, -0.3252122402191162, 0.10984395444393158, 0.2268964797258377, 0.3798721134662628, 0.10765333473682404, 0.23456647992134094, 1.274920105934143, -0.4067566990852356, -0.7956501841545105, -0.2839003801345825, -0.027472443878650665, -0.4149409830570221, -0.5974366068840027, -0.2214512974023819, 0.6711940765380859, 0.4000369906425476, -0.4670392572879791, -0.0029400663916021585, 0.18434353172779083, -0.35169902443885803, -0.10875223577022552, -0.35667431354522705, -0.2169446349143982, 0.16272620856761932, -0.04482565075159073, 0.04727848246693611, 0.6054826378822327, -0.7231836915016174, 0.05263873189687729, -0.6586648225784302, -0.39341244101524353, 0.771978497505188, -0.12751519680023193, -1.1952463388442993, 0.2497059553861618, 0.5624716877937317, -0.4052480161190033, 0.2581002414226532, -0.11563277244567871, 0.02643902227282524, -0.03376808390021324, -0.3769950866699219, -0.5611708760261536, -0.23724044859409332, -0.20592446625232697, -0.012667958624660969, 0.05633143335580826, 0.3148631453514099, 0.5859460830688477, -0.009277800098061562, 1.052990198135376, -0.12314030528068542, 0.12664848566055298, -0.38457509875297546, -0.7386736273765564, 0.13789959251880646, -0.10103223472833633, -0.22054553031921387, 0.9956924915313721, -0.3483906686306, -0.16476568579673767, 0.5404115915298462, 0.6142979264259338, 1.6823246479034424, 0.22916732728481293, -0.22952689230442047, -0.09437661617994308, 0.5445519089698792, -0.47542816400527954, -0.13075409829616547, 0.05011904239654541, 0.766507625579834, 0.22350069880485535, -0.1342668980360031, -0.4718860387802124, -0.05605325475335121, 0.4348512887954712, -0.423630952835083, 0.21834656596183777, -0.17228855192661285, 0.20220239460468292, 0.2994539141654968, 0.063504159450531, 0.8695602416992188, 0.19509653747081757, 0.22492621839046478, 0.12699997425079346, 0.021689465269446373, -0.3842269480228424, -0.014035075902938843, 0.031230244785547256, -0.5016148686408997, -0.05457732826471329, -0.26502323150634766, -0.48513880372047424, 0.5855919122695923, -0.05895868316292763, 0.6965321898460388, -0.01348569244146347, -0.8901070356369019, 0.6935633420944214, -0.24402722716331482, -0.667608380317688, 0.17029185593128204, 0.2790449559688568, -0.3944813311100006, 0.08007960021495819, -0.22211511433124542, -0.28452619910240173, 0.060709044337272644, 0.18226173520088196, -0.13650250434875488, -0.3224547505378723, -0.29348671436309814, -0.10958696901798248, -0.03735342249274254, 0.049100473523139954, 0.6007189750671387, -0.5439937710762024, 0.026293138042092323, 0.06729927659034729, -0.191477969288826, -0.6807171702384949, 1.1162186861038208, 0.4785119593143463, 0.41073787212371826, 0.19399286806583405, 0.4155164957046509, -0.2756671607494354, -0.21534360945224762, -0.11692772805690765, 0.18589739501476288, 0.5736088156700134, -0.45686718821525574, 0.04209747537970543, 0.34823986887931824, -0.3788960576057434, -0.02035060152411461, 0.06147589907050133, 0.07684721797704697, -0.2881515324115753, -0.23716360330581665, 0.17492252588272095, 0.1156006008386612, -0.3630048930644989, -0.08141332119703293, 0.36036527156829834, 0.7794771194458008, -0.5143521428108215, -0.28666067123413086, -0.4960930347442627, 0.6000949144363403, 0.5982582569122314, -0.3176749348640442, -0.877737820148468, 0.48944681882858276, -0.36080533266067505, -0.1741168200969696, 0.17621643841266632, -0.6024071574211121, 0.5967977046966553, 0.27448025345802307, 0.18767166137695312, 0.6210299730300903, -0.8768167495727539, -0.01834125630557537, -0.390031099319458, 0.2838524580001831, -0.2216554880142212, -0.14897674322128296, 0.1685325652360916, -0.06842515617609024, 0.11176382750272751, -0.1807677447795868, 0.3571506142616272, -0.36906227469444275, 0.16701942682266235, 0.9023807644844055, 0.31623953580856323, -0.3739924132823944, -0.5234264731407166, -0.16509272158145905, -0.39221978187561035, -0.030938081443309784, 0.457478791475296, 0.392002135515213, -0.01890639029443264, -0.09949729591608047, 0.021898241713643074, 0.3687490224838257, 0.5525832772254944, -0.31201672554016113, 0.1765379160642624, 0.20108981430530548, -0.10068606585264206, -0.7990068793296814, -0.24141475558280945, 0.827519953250885, 0.0011567578185349703, 0.2614126205444336, -0.009483905509114265, -0.16025342047214508, -0.18886329233646393, -0.7596912384033203, -0.02261195331811905, -0.8695200681686401, 0.14381077885627747, -0.23485387861728668, -0.3715173006057739, 0.3194679319858551, -0.28121793270111084, -0.3832375109195709, 0.18666177988052368, -0.9631032943725586, -0.022128775715827942, 0.4489903748035431, -0.7194477319717407, -0.37949350476264954, 0.14348052442073822, 0.542107105255127, 0.7523821592330933, -0.4323641061782837, -0.19387322664260864, -0.14947575330734253, -0.6864524483680725, 0.429172158241272, -0.05519470199942589, 0.8439691066741943, 0.14880900084972382, -0.28396618366241455, -0.6623666882514954, 0.19255784153938293, 0.06456058472394943, -0.036790262907743454, 0.023136602714657784, 0.828219473361969, 0.09968576580286026, -0.18399986624717712, 0.5958458185195923, -0.11073745787143707, -0.2947058081626892, 0.3847270607948303, 0.09248514473438263, 0.40037965774536133, -0.5401710271835327, 0.22675387561321259, 0.10732495784759521, 0.09128370136022568, 0.41781386733055115, 0.10582281649112701, -0.875022828578949, 0.24546726047992706, -0.3544993996620178, 0.1607634276151657, -0.8629745841026306, 0.26649025082588196, 0.2530306577682495, 0.5100401043891907, 0.5721229314804077, 0.918617844581604, -1.0609538555145264, -0.046641137450933456, -0.3489952087402344, 0.5518273711204529, 0.38282763957977295, 0.033952128142118454, 0.05384209007024765, -0.49990537762641907, -0.25779661536216736, -0.40226128697395325, -0.6381428837776184, 0.3372521996498108, 0.03734892979264259, 0.27503353357315063, 0.9409874081611633, -0.571337103843689, 0.010793701745569706, -0.5617848038673401, -0.6095386743545532, -0.20752957463264465, 0.11824430525302887, 0.2869053781032562 ]
249289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Five	Tom Five	__notoc__ Thomas Neil Guay (born October 11, 1965), more commonly known by his stage name Tom Five (or Tom 5), is an American guitar player who joined White Zombie while studying art at Parsons School of Design which he attended from 1985 to 1989. Guay is more widely known as Tom Five, reportedly because his style "sounded like five guitarists playing at once". He played guitar for the metal band Angel Rot from 1988 to 2003, releasing the album Unlistenable Hymns of Indulgent Damage in 1999. He was also performed in the band Sonic Medusa and in the Black Sabbath tribute band Rat Salad. He currently plays guitar for the Los Angeles band Triple T. Discography With White Zombie Psycho-Head Blowout (1987) Soul-Crusher (1987) With Angel Rot Unlistenable Hymns of Indulgent Damage (1999) References American heavy metal guitarists White Zombie (band) members Living people 1966 births	[ 0.716761589050293, 0.3159394860267639, -0.4923364818096161, -0.06677308678627014, 0.22197990119457245, 0.6277911067008972, 0.23872290551662445, 0.14170944690704346, -0.3904355764389038, -0.2034681886434555, 0.19085663557052612, 0.44931450486183167, 0.2054721564054489, 0.36952921748161316, -0.5795711278915405, 0.07149351388216019, 0.4770713746547699, -0.4016072154045105, -0.27600035071372986, -0.11717487871646881, -0.33455443382263184, 0.05111945793032646, 0.06975850462913513, -0.2669961750507355, 0.034357111901044846, 0.9557616114616394, -0.3601513206958771, -0.18343444168567657, 0.5287345051765442, 0.15339238941669464, 0.6600006222724915, 0.22765786945819855, 1.099234938621521, -0.9558491706848145, 0.15813587605953217, -0.22800976037979126, -0.6861169338226318, -0.23005634546279907, 0.16847014427185059, -0.06303904950618744, -0.39502477645874023, -0.6015197038650513, 0.11252147704362869, 0.21539628505706787, 0.1319834142923355, -0.13202820718288422, -0.749875545501709, 0.48925337195396423, -0.203432098031044, 0.5737109780311584, -0.2116491049528122, 0.05896113067865372, -0.2098080813884735, -0.06656058132648468, 0.15055683255195618, -0.7072483897209167, -0.15932032465934753, -0.37734827399253845, -0.1335086226463318, -0.47571417689323425, 0.09562011808156967, -0.07727424800395966, 0.2094096690416336, 0.13856735825538635, -0.3808182179927826, 0.29675596952438354, 0.682767391204834, 0.5406369566917419, -0.02169978804886341, -0.08986618369817734, 0.21832150220870972, 0.5507339835166931, -0.28323477506637573, -0.321340948343277, 0.014886678196489811, -0.18917930126190186, 0.4476549029350281, -0.363628625869751, 0.3613266944885254, 0.6117194294929504, 0.04653508588671684, 0.3625163435935974, 1.3429728746414185, 0.6182756423950195, 0.1535290628671646, -0.2115323841571808, -0.20201042294502258, 0.14436748623847961, -0.3659249544143677, 0.031989362090826035, -0.7856051325798035, -0.24146631360054016, 0.24780191481113434, 0.45406368374824524, -0.46301889419555664, -0.4795008599758148, -0.025883961468935013, 0.21723926067352295, 0.27975279092788696, 0.17624998092651367, 0.2275952696800232, -0.01797001250088215, 0.25964775681495667, 0.014666642062366009, -0.39345285296440125, -0.08145453780889511, -0.1257345825433731, -0.42535173892974854, -0.18213538825511932, -0.14054837822914124, -0.46342039108276367, -0.1571141928434372, 0.15015366673469543, -0.1855219006538391, 0.3109942674636841, 0.6148137450218201, -0.1126987561583519, -0.49886593222618103, -0.22535276412963867, -0.297946035861969, -0.44161564111709595, 0.03524387627840042, 0.25954532623291016, 0.6245851516723633, -0.20187367498874664, 0.22703483700752258, 0.23934277892112732, -0.21603533625602722, -0.9125837683677673, -0.27601122856140137, 0.14099524915218353, 0.9966049790382385, -0.04091833904385567, -0.30198854207992554, -0.33458787202835083, 0.3969094455242157, 0.03677419200539589, 0.5195860266685486, -0.45490384101867676, 0.03137792646884918, -0.7099524736404419, -0.27832669019699097, -0.25520962476730347, -0.4296572804450989, 0.10870873928070068, 0.06497067958116531, -0.7017461061477661, 0.14975212514400482, -0.4961894750595093, 0.4835379421710968, -0.02111722342669964, 0.057975124567747116, -0.4912547469139099, -0.6061468720436096, -0.28212031722068787, 0.41779348254203796, -0.025450166314840317, -0.04986719414591789, 0.18675082921981812, -0.21476471424102783, -0.23301443457603455, 0.3770792484283447, 0.05455079674720764, 0.22001716494560242, 0.18883393704891205, 0.016909293830394745, -0.31936606764793396, -0.6854897141456604, -0.21103161573410034, 0.05208244174718857, -0.22573715448379517, 0.38534581661224365, 0.3460766077041626, -0.3891282081604004, 0.3454431891441345, -0.006560695357620716, 0.6115261316299438, 0.08730831742286682, 0.2548215985298157, 0.05565100535750389, -0.1957705169916153, -0.1775502860546112, 0.05838755518198013, -0.05722765251994133, -0.41352131962776184, -0.25981929898262024, -0.24552899599075317, -0.2273120880126953, 0.3291334807872772, 0.07684347033500671, -0.625577449798584, -0.77201247215271, 0.38467690348625183, -0.07368430495262146, 0.9505636096000671, -0.09014281630516052, -0.10586217790842056, 0.634897768497467, 0.2692614197731018, 0.4124854505062103, -0.5715891718864441, -0.2765149176120758, 0.4265364110469818, 0.1099027693271637, -0.25595107674598694, 0.11150868982076645, 0.5755563378334045, -0.24661463499069214, 0.17623648047447205, 0.14332930743694305, 0.12788690626621246, -0.5123844146728516, -0.1539161503314972, -0.17603537440299988, 0.07757368683815002, -0.48983442783355713, -0.1271778792142868, -0.18071982264518738, -0.12807297706604004, -0.21460208296775818, 0.6435785889625549, 0.13989010453224182, -0.11974804848432541, 0.17869901657104492, 0.03301583603024483, 1.1550567150115967, -0.49751704931259155, 0.048889704048633575, -0.2534846067428589, -0.11944397538900375, -0.3420044183731079, 0.440020889043808, -0.44162827730178833, -0.07965579628944397, 0.2922825813293457, 0.09945687651634216, 0.3730167746543884, -0.43096739053726196, -0.01952301152050495, -0.9215349555015564, 0.2787564694881439, 0.10636834800243378, -0.2962697446346283, -0.28439685702323914, 0.06473764032125473, 0.054276201874017715, 0.4320875108242035, -0.05639239773154259, -0.3919149339199066, 0.6696314215660095, -0.6374929547309875, 0.2747972011566162, 0.9371364116668701, -0.1698787957429886, 0.2883967459201813, 0.4491671621799469, 0.5131365060806274, 0.29858532547950745, -0.23976197838783264, 0.08944222331047058, -0.34255993366241455, -0.015075775794684887, 0.15536807477474213, -0.22590145468711853, 0.11261196434497833, -0.5683777332305908, 0.2507117688655853, -0.06743782013654709, 1.2530372142791748, 0.42132920026779175, 0.03881199285387993, 0.13639624416828156, -0.383145272731781, 0.15423785150051117, -0.50547856092453, -0.32282376289367676, -0.24447332322597504, -0.40669551491737366, -0.013207201845943928, -1.079577922821045, 0.08633987605571747, 0.7818397283554077, -0.20335474610328674, -1.0417048931121826, 0.4851006269454956, 0.6706184148788452, -0.39158493280410767, 0.30844542384147644, -0.009647357277572155, -0.45787397027015686, -0.633934736251831, 0.3670421838760376, -0.06646117568016052, 0.4088214635848999, 0.14173990488052368, 0.21590456366539001, 0.320779025554657, -0.1600540280342102, 0.19997960329055786, 0.12023317813873291, -0.07986750453710556, -0.13762733340263367, 0.050292737782001495, -0.08027876913547516, 0.4673531651496887, -0.25675809383392334, 0.16651862859725952, 0.13159792125225067, -5.678116798400879, 0.23495399951934814, -0.37862786650657654, 0.12080438435077667, 0.907090425491333, 0.6267885565757751, 0.3455999195575714, -0.5416219234466553, 0.4376312494277954, -0.5021953582763672, -0.8430768847465515, 0.5271958708763123, -0.12416084110736847, 0.1323559582233429, -0.08047693967819214, -0.35694798827171326, -0.3374630808830261, -0.3802666664123535, 0.5695044994354248, 0.3378288149833679, -0.4187246561050415, 0.014874835498631, -0.4128587543964386, 0.2625335454940796, -0.38844311237335205, 0.1647457778453827, -0.8269147276878357, 0.15945008397102356, -0.40485233068466187, 0.26781076192855835, -0.40303510427474976, -0.10828429460525513, -0.475467324256897, -0.6281449794769287, -0.2198852300643921, -0.2828344404697418, 0.27807462215423584, -0.428557425737381, -0.09457401186227798, -0.009012021124362946, 0.2251090109348297, -0.033100854605436325, 0.34902146458625793, -0.36444056034088135, 0.4913337528705597, 0.338713139295578, -0.06743443012237549, -0.37139996886253357, -0.00402735685929656, 0.5232645869255066, 0.07065264135599136, -0.4098663926124573, 0.7160156965255737, 0.2001841813325882, 0.6268517374992371, -0.5213239192962646, 0.17229929566383362, 0.1688012182712555, 0.15549105405807495, 0.062467437237501144, 0.4926539361476898, -0.6035163998603821, 0.05034584924578667, -0.6142305731773376, -0.1406358927488327, -0.669928252696991, 0.39494192600250244, 0.45385247468948364, 0.29608216881752014, -0.16900332272052765, 0.1572478860616684, 0.0394110381603241, -0.5071009397506714, -1.2759463787078857, 0.314807265996933, -0.3263173997402191, -0.21883170306682587, 0.2037205994129181, -0.5406575798988342, 0.4150855541229248, -0.053151216357946396, -0.12288005650043488, -0.21459706127643585, 0.009315293282270432, -0.7807513475418091, -0.3467889726161957, 0.09269631654024124, -0.1025887206196785, -0.0634337067604065, 0.18163171410560608, -0.17503002285957336, -0.49158522486686707, 0.07281838357448578, -0.30430811643600464, 0.45023098587989807, -0.35663455724716187, 0.09495039284229279, 1.012168049812317, 0.14860273897647858, 0.3380996882915497, 0.19590771198272705, -0.32532861828804016, -0.018466537818312645, -0.9366582632064819, -0.07061693072319031, -0.2858457863330841, 0.4772675633430481, 0.051879845559597015, 0.4159335494041443, 0.28566378355026245, 0.32974332571029663, -0.21664553880691528, -0.5656445622444153, 0.15700000524520874, -0.14405108988285065, 0.2578992247581482, 0.1828146129846573, -0.27119773626327515, 0.0019254457438364625, 0.04973021522164345, -0.2707552909851074, 0.4527299702167511, -0.06603654474020004, 0.26400840282440186, 0.607184886932373, -0.6374316215515137, -0.4057667851448059, -0.017154518514871597, 0.3481217324733734, 0.28863030672073364, 0.2220226377248764, 0.8292925953865051, -0.46269476413726807, 0.7252159714698792, 0.18988493084907532, -0.5895792245864868, -0.6586742401123047, -0.4133490025997162, -0.1940256953239441, 0.17024363577365875, 0.13522793352603912, -0.4942755103111267, 0.09768924862146378, 0.14975716173648834, 0.642187774181366, 0.3590955138206482, -0.18462435901165009, 0.13591058552265167, -0.2797004282474518, 1.108449935913086, 0.3592032790184021, -0.42820945382118225, 0.46279817819595337, -0.2818930149078369, 0.08877640217542648, 0.06067994236946106, -0.307865709066391, -0.3179122507572174, -0.2772986590862274, 0.13110925257205963, 0.05643253028392792, -0.2370353639125824, -0.3531476557254791, -0.40558260679244995, 0.19098562002182007, -0.20972663164138794, -0.30773136019706726, -0.5635151267051697, -0.2072078138589859, 0.006625722628086805, -0.4230949878692627, -0.04781842231750488, -0.34046122431755066, -0.06105291470885277, 0.7672556042671204, 0.06240249052643776, 0.24949504435062408, 0.10307764261960983, 0.43926048278808594, -0.24320903420448303, 0.05429110303521156, 0.5877875089645386, -0.007014211732894182, -0.2310476303100586, 0.45626354217529297, -0.33138588070869446, -0.7984983325004578, -0.5285476446151733, 0.1337548941373825, 0.0290277898311615, -0.0981878936290741, -0.17834590375423431, 0.19198358058929443, 0.61176997423172, -0.18629994988441467, -0.371328204870224, 0.19484712183475494, 0.7930055856704712, -0.08768899738788605, 0.23959629237651825, 0.7771326899528503, -0.11651406437158585, -0.11247014254331589, 0.028360020369291306, 0.7637850642204285, -0.6166983246803284, 0.5936582088470459, -0.08514086157083511, -0.3078550398349762, -0.07373076677322388, 0.2092641144990921, -0.6006045937538147, -0.07761688530445099, -0.00046742582344450057, -0.32074204087257385, -0.17376667261123657, 0.3651238679885864, -0.49259626865386963, -0.2242874950170517, -0.6160093545913696, -0.2923557162284851, 0.1716385930776596, -0.07338380813598633, -0.06807149201631546, -0.912011444568634, -0.6658551096916199, 0.12098264694213867, 0.1904284656047821, 0.730356752872467, -0.13898353278636932, 0.06640216708183289, -0.021259715780615807, 0.4961498975753784, 0.7175412774085999, -0.17398174107074738, 0.041843704879283905, 0.02416272833943367, 0.12571169435977936, -0.20029136538505554, 0.4000987410545349, 0.2584448754787445, 1.1723538637161255, 0.3934608995914459, -0.3514291048049927, 0.07698637992143631, -0.3609532117843628, 0.43664002418518066, -0.11594463139772415, 0.1176978051662445, 0.17994219064712524, 0.5446261167526245, -0.2923524081707001, -0.2966502904891968, -0.19086535274982452, 0.14036595821380615, -0.10983189195394516, -0.3303444981575012, -1.0268902778625488, 0.17222647368907928, -0.0008313932339660823, -0.13592582941055298, -0.334765762090683, -0.3619527518749237, 0.1807074248790741, -0.30534645915031433, -0.10926271975040436, -0.37250757217407227, -0.361212819814682, -0.15326924622058868, -0.8880084156990051, 0.07046084851026535, -0.06399856507778168, -0.010227362625300884, 0.4064164161682129, -0.40688779950141907, 0.45936205983161926, 0.040927838534116745, -0.51652991771698, -0.18903283774852753, -0.28918153047561646, -0.0170454028993845, 0.20693643391132355, -0.43320155143737793, -0.24310730397701263, 0.4923593997955322, 0.32365304231643677, 0.16351249814033508, -0.5801472663879395, 0.6880943775177002, 0.1285247504711151, -0.44288119673728943, 0.48642855882644653, 0.44368407130241394, 0.8104023933410645, -0.13874314725399017, 0.10817822068929672, 0.2600204646587372, 0.674606204032898, 0.4218703806400299, 0.2263447791337967, -0.3573211431503296, 0.7457929253578186, 0.3861033618450165, -0.16956454515457153, -0.16588693857192993, -0.3089272677898407, -0.2577267289161682, 0.009065104648470879, -0.17375434935092926, 1.181994080543518, 0.6107133030891418, 0.00575272087007761, -0.2750988006591797, 0.35762062668800354, -0.7493489980697632, 0.11147210001945496, 0.9477864503860474, -0.6024789214134216, 0.08608140051364899, -0.4752365052700043, -0.3099154233932495, -0.020542914047837257, 0.5520156621932983, 0.25289568305015564, 0.731804370880127, 0.4548510015010834, -0.1920148730278015, -0.08759220689535141, 0.2316683679819107, 0.3900444805622101, -0.06051851436495781, 0.2828289866447449, -0.13077987730503082, -0.00029076344799250364, -0.0024894310627132654, 0.11218089610338211, -0.059973642230033875, -0.003346650395542383, -0.004030290991067886, 0.562450110912323, -0.03597399592399597, 0.6328766942024231, 0.09578585624694824, 0.4947394132614136, 0.6844942569732666, 0.16714918613433838, 0.5249453186988831, 0.31029289960861206, 0.07317226380109787, 0.703307569026947, -0.18714550137519836, -0.5316601991653442, 0.2612125277519226, -0.5579704642295837, 0.6390623450279236, -0.07282460480928421, 0.08287407457828522, -0.07928649336099625, -0.3314192295074463, 0.4381467401981354, 0.19650739431381226, -0.49050217866897583, 0.791121244430542, 0.08391179889440536, -0.5507674217224121, -0.22387102246284485, 0.014057925902307034, -0.8362342119216919, -0.1810014843940735, -0.16807100176811218, 0.20205670595169067, 0.4362943470478058, -0.46672946214675903, 0.6752055883407593, 0.0924641489982605, -0.5173378586769104, 0.26753178238868713, 0.13583439588546753, -0.5774024128913879, -0.1461525708436966, -0.502191960811615, -0.6676406860351562, -0.13194496929645538, -0.4015570282936096, 0.18676356971263885, 0.6947950720787048, 0.2632473111152649, 0.4734369218349457, -0.7494744062423706, -0.16851232945919037, 0.13176997005939484, -1.0460712909698486, -0.3433831036090851, 0.20799313485622406, -0.42753082513809204, 0.004668609704822302, -0.07233252376317978, 0.6151845455169678, 0.755333662033081, 0.6301078796386719, -0.10518358647823334, 0.47984758019447327, 0.13604775071144104, 0.08359533548355103, -0.3012753427028656, 0.4592173397541046, -1.033933401107788, -0.7431517243385315, -0.8823560476303101, 1.0299148559570312, 0.14679133892059326, 0.2725021541118622, -0.1384366750717163, 0.39926743507385254, -0.4719616174697876, 0.05990996211767197, 0.6458386778831482, -0.14384008944034576, 0.2209850698709488, -0.38973450660705566, -0.19084137678146362, 0.3756798505783081, 0.10054938495159149, 0.3553553521633148, -0.548742413520813, -0.08827841281890869, -0.07497397810220718, 0.03572525829076767, -0.3845040798187256, 0.5150231122970581, -0.40905386209487915, 0.08213894814252853, -0.26084616780281067, 0.19529804587364197, -0.49652761220932007, -0.9821426272392273, 0.23994553089141846, 0.6774884462356567, 0.6766712069511414, -0.30885034799575806, 0.6314167380332947, 0.1590924710035324, -0.3124368190765381, -0.32998982071876526, -0.34614166617393494, 0.1670455038547516, -0.6850744485855103, -0.49304434657096863, -0.9905358552932739, -0.10960514098405838, 0.11240022629499435, -0.4878399968147278, 0.1030854657292366, -0.39396294951438904, 0.39544737339019775, -0.2168831080198288, -0.29538488388061523, 0.5232384204864502, 0.2020786851644516, -0.46663764119148254 ]
249290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest%20Mouse	Modest Mouse	Modest Mouse is an American rock band formed in 1992 in Issaquah, Washington, and currently based in Portland, Oregon. The founding members are lead singer/guitarist Isaac Brock, drummer Jeremiah Green, and bassist Eric Judy. Strongly influenced by Pavement, Pixies, XTC, and Talking Heads, they rehearsed, rearranged, and recorded demos for almost two years before finally signing with small-town indie label K Records and releasing numerous singles. Since their 1996 debut album, This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About, the band's lineup has mostly centered on Brock and Green, undergoing multiple changes. The band achieved mainstream success with their fourth album, Good News for People Who Love Bad News (2004), and its singles "Float On" and "Ocean Breathes Salty". Judy performed on every Modest Mouse album until his departure in 2012. Guitarist Johnny Marr (formerly of the Smiths) joined the band in 2006, shortly following percussionist Joe Plummer (formerly of the Black Heart Procession) and multi-instrumentalist Tom Peloso, to work on the album We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank (2007). Guitarist Jim Fairchild joined the band in 2009. The band's sixth album, Strangers to Ourselves, was released on March 17, 2015. Their seventh album, The Golden Casket, released on June 25, 2021. History Formation and early years: 1992–1999 When Isaac Brock was a teenager, he was employed at a local family video store just outside Seattle, where he met bassist Eric Judy. Brock and Judy later discovered drummer Jeremiah Green, who also resided near Seattle, at a heavy metal show, at which point they decided to make music together. Brock says he made a point of the band being from Issaquah to avoid association with the music scenes of Seattle or Olympia. In 1994, at Calvin Johnson's Dub Narcotic Studios, Modest Mouse recorded its first EP, Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?, which was released by K Records. This was followed by a single, "Broke", recorded by Steve Wold (a.k.a. bluesman Seasick Steve) under Sub Pop records at Moon Studios in Olympia, Washington. During this time, Modest Mouse also recorded what would have been its first album, Sad Sappy Sucker, but constant delays caused the album to be shelved and forgotten. It was not until 2001 that it was officially released. Before the band made its way into the pop music world in 2004, many of Modest Mouse's tours included stops at DIY/punk venues. After moving to Up Records, Modest Mouse released two full-length albums and other recordings including the 1996 LP This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About. Steve Wold also recorded and produced this album (and at the time was assisting in the recordings as well, but was not officially part of the band) along with the next offering, Interstate 8. The 1997 album, The Lonesome Crowded West (also recorded at Moon Studios, by Scott Swayze) served as the band's breakthrough. The Lonesome Crowded West gained the band a cult following, and is now popularly considered to be one of the defining albums of mid-1990s indie rock. During this time, Nick Kraft became involved with the task of refining the band's sound. Prior to its release, the band had recorded the EP The Fruit That Ate Itself. In 2000, Up Records released a singles and rarities collection entitled Building Nothing Out of Something that included the entirety of Interstate 8 except for the songs "Edit the Sad Parts" and "Buttons to Push the Buttons". Critical success: 2000–2002 In 2000, Modest Mouse released The Moon & Antarctica, its first album on Epic Records. The album, produced by Califone's Brian Deck during five months of sessions in Chicago, was met with critical acclaim, including a 9.8/10 score from online music magazine Pitchfork Media, despite concerns about releasing material on a major label. The album would later receive further acclaim. The band licensed "Gravity Rides Everything" for a Nissan Quest minivan advertisement, a move that Brock has publicly acknowledged as blatantly commercial but necessary to achieve financial stability. Regarding the commercial, Brock stated, "People who don't have to make their living playing music can bitch about my principles while they spend their parents' money or wash dishes for some asshole." In 2001, Modest Mouse released the EP Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks, a collection of unused songs from the recording sessions of The Moon & Antarctica. In 2002, the band joined Cake, De La Soul, The Flaming Lips, The Hackensaw Boys and Kinky on the Unlimited Sunshine Tour. Mainstream success, Johnny Marr joins the band: 2003–2009 In March 2003, Green left the band after suffering a nervous breakdown; official reports stated he was leaving to work with his side project, Vells. The same year, he and Judy appeared on Adam Forkner's first solo album, VVRSSNN. Drummer Benjamin Weikel joined the band, replacing Green, along with Murder City Devils guitarist Dann Gallucci, who had previously played with Modest Mouse. Prior to starting the band's writing and recording process, Brock was devastated by the loss of "a couple of the most important people in my life," he said. Following these events, the band released their fourth album, Good News for People Who Love Bad News, on April 6, 2004. The following August, the album was certified Platinum, having two hits with "Float On" and "Ocean Breathes Salty" (both of which they performed on Saturday Night Live on November 13, 2004). The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album that year, and "Float On" was nominated for Best Rock Song. Later that year, Green returned to the band and Weikel returned to drumming exclusively for the Helio Sequence. The public radio program Marketplace used "Float On" as bumper music, which helped propel the group to a broader audience. In 2006, Johnny Marr (formerly of The Smiths) joined the band after Gallucci quit amicably. Modest Mouse released their next album, We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank, on March 20, 2007 after its original release date of December 19, 2006 was delayed. The album also included bonus track and single "King Rat", which actor Heath Ledger had known about before the track was released; the band was formally introduced to the actor while on their 2007 tour in Australia. Ledger proposed an outline for a music video to the group, and with his film collective, The Masses, immediately began working on it once he had the band's approval. Upon Ledger's death in January 2008, the video remained unfinished. We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank was the first Modest Mouse album to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 charts and had the hit single "Dashboard", as well as "Missed the Boat" and "We've Got Everything". Modest Mouse released singles for the songs "Satellite Skin", "Autumn Beds" and "Perpetual Motion Machine" in limited edition—a total of 4,000 copies each—vinyl 7 inches, featuring artwork by art director and illustrator Joshua Marc Levy, J. Alex Stamos, and Natasha Wheat. The band began a North American tour in June 2008. They returned to Florida, with three shows in Miami, Orlando and St. Augustine, for the first time since they were cut off stage early during the November 2006 Bang Music Festival show. Modest Mouse finished its tour supporting We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank after two years of promoting the record. Jim Fairchild replaced Marr as official guitarist after the latter left the band and joined The Cribs, beginning with the tour of No One's First and You're Next, which was released on August 4, 2009, composed of unreleased tracks from the recording sessions of Good News for People Who Love Bad News and We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank. Touring, lineup changes, and re-releases: 2010–2014 In 2010, The Moon & Antarctica was re-released on vinyl as part of Record Store Day. On July 4, 2010 the band headlined the second day of the 80/35 Music Festival in Des Moines, Iowa, and the first day of the End of the Road Festival in Dorset, England, on September 10, 2010. At the end of August 2010, Modest Mouse played on the main stage at the Leeds and Reading festivals. On May 29, Modest Mouse played two new songs during their headline of the Sasquatch festival. The songs were called "Poison the Well" and "Lampshades on Fire". They then contributed a cover of the Buddy Holly song "That'll Be the Day" to the compilation Rave On Buddy Holly, which was released on June 28, 2011. Modest Mouse played at Splendour in the Grass in Woodford, Queensland on July 29, 2011, and at The Warfield in San Francisco on January 25, 2012. In 2012, Modest Mouse underwent a significant lineup change, which included the departure of founding bassist Eric Judy and percussionist Joe Plummer, replaced by Russell Higbee (formerly of Man Man) and Berlin, NH-born Davey Brozowski, respectively. The lineup also included the additions of multi-instrumentalist and vocalist Lisa Molinaro, and percussionist Ben Massarella, the latter of whom previously played percussion on The Moon & Antarctica. In June of that same year, Pitchfork.tv released a 45-minute documentary on The Lonesome Crowded West, which included archival footage taken during live performances and original recording/mix sessions. Modest Mouse played a Saturday afternoon set at the inaugural Firefly Music Festival in July 2012. Modest Mouse was one of the main acts in the Good Vibes Festival held in Sepang, Malaysia on August 17, 2013. The lineup featured other internationally renowned bands such as Smashing Pumpkins, Ash, and Japandroids. In April 2013, Modest Mouse performed at Coachella Music Festival in Indio, California. They also performed at the 2014 Hangout Music Festival in Gulf Shores, Alabama, in May 2014. They later performed as a headliner at Shaky Knees music festival in Atlanta, Georgia on May 10, 2014, and also headlined Sunday May 25 at Boston Calling in Massachusetts. Modest Mouse then performed at Hudson Valley Music Project in Saugerties, NY in July, 2014. The band's final performance of 2014 took place in Inglewood, California during the annual KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas. In the fall of 2014 Modest Mouse re-released their first two albums, This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About and The Lonesome Crowded West, on CD and vinyl through Isaac Brock's Glacial Pace record label. Strangers to Ourselves & The Golden Casket: 2015–present Eight years after the release of We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank, Modest Mouse released Strangers to Ourselves on March 17, 2015. On December 13, 2014, the title and release date were confirmed to be in early 2015. Two days later, Modest Mouse released the lead single "Lampshades on Fire" which debuted on Twin Cities public radio station 89.3 The Current. On December 16, 2014, Modest Mouse made Strangers to Ourselves available for pre-order for CD and LP formats on the Glacial Pace website and on the iTunes store. In 2015, Brock described the follow-up album to Strangers to Ourselves as being like a part two to the latter album that they would try to release as soon as legally possible. The follow-up album has also been said to feature at least one song with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic. Throughout 2019, the band released three standalone singles; "Poison the Well" on March 29, "I'm Still Here" on April 18, and "Ice Cream Party" on November 15. Modest Mouse released their seventh studio album, The Golden Casket, on June 25, 2021. The album's first single, "We Are Between", was released on May 5, followed by its second single, “Leave a Light On”, released on May 24. Writing for the Wall Street Journal, music critic Mark Richardson gave a mixed review of the album. Richardson described the tracks on the first half of the album as "sound[ing] like busy arrangements in search of a song," and noted that "Mr. Brock’s ear for hooks just barely rescues the tracks from the seriously overstuffed production." Richardson noted that the back half of the album contained the biggest highlights, which he described as "quite good." Richardson was particularly fond of the album's stripped-down finale, "Back to the Middle," which he noted "hints at what should be [the band's] next change-up: Keep it simple. If the songs are strong and the performances are there, guitar, bass and drums will be more than enough. Members Current members Main instruments listed only Isaac Brock – lead vocals, rhythm and lead guitar (1993–present) Jeremiah Green – drums, percussion (1993–2003, 2004–present) Tom Peloso – upright bass, bass guitar (2003–present); keyboards, backing vocals (2005–present); fiddle (2003–2005) Russell Higbee – bass guitar, rhythm guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2012–present) Ben Massarella – percussion, effects (2014–present) Simon O'Connor – lead guitar, backing vocals (2021–present) Former members Eric Judy – bass guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals (1993–1994, 1995–2012) John Wickhart – bass guitar (1994–1995) Dann Gallucci – lead guitar, organ, backing vocals (1994–1995, 1997–1998, 2002–2005) Benjamin Weikel – drums, percussion (2003–2004) Joe Plummer – percussion, drums (2004–2012) Jim Fairchild – lead guitar, backing vocals (2005–2006, 2009–2021) Johnny Marr – lead guitar, backing vocals (2006–2008) Lisa Molinaro – viola, bass guitar, backing vocals (2011–2021) Davey Brozowski – percussion, drums (2012–2021) Former touring members Tyler Reilly – violin (1997–2000) Robin Peringer – lead guitar, keyboards, effects (2000–2002) Brandon Angle – bass guitar, acoustic guitar, pump organ (2007) Andy MacLeod – bass guitar, acoustic guitar, pump organ (2007) Dave Collis – lead guitar (2013) Darrin Wiener – effects, keyboards (2014–2021) Timeline Discography Studio albums This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About (1996) The Lonesome Crowded West (1997) The Moon & Antarctica (2000) Good News for People Who Love Bad News (2004) We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank (2007) Strangers to Ourselves (2015) The Golden Casket (2021) References Further reading External links Official Modest Mouse website Indie rock musical groups from Washington (state) Musical groups established in 1993 K Records artists Sub Pop artists Issaquah, Washington 1993 establishments in Washington (state) Suicide Squeeze Records artists Epic Records artists Matador Records artists	[ 0.2783214747905731, 0.19332846999168396, -0.31187745928764343, 0.0742654949426651, 0.2151142954826355, 0.3608224093914032, 0.30403003096580505, 0.38047730922698975, -0.2732502818107605, -0.17434760928153992, 0.2964065372943878, 0.05293374881148338, -0.4854455888271332, 0.12377429753541946, -0.554455578327179, 0.2432825118303299, 0.22950181365013123, 0.4120512008666992, -0.002810597885400057, 0.21069663763046265, -0.13551673293113708, -0.1999964565038681, 0.601560652256012, -0.43724024295806885, -0.06637617945671082, 0.11451210081577301, 0.39556342363357544, 0.1597842276096344, 0.02860972471535206, 0.0321180634200573, -0.13984882831573486, 0.4137740135192871, 0.7376848459243774, -0.6672873497009277, 0.4779295027256012, -0.1939919888973236, -0.3490014672279358, 0.2536366879940033, -0.22770580649375916, -0.11458234488964081, 0.42478689551353455, -0.30821338295936584, 0.22848005592823029, 0.3051929771900177, 0.005462505854666233, -0.4314836859703064, -1.1998707056045532, 1.106668472290039, -0.1768401563167572, -0.030182966962456703, -0.631959855556488, 0.1348080188035965, -0.022168179973959923, 0.32958996295928955, 0.2741159200668335, 0.06028420105576515, -0.20218564569950104, -0.031701769679784775, -0.5561651587486267, 0.009760910645127296, 0.1923132985830307, 0.26826211810112, 0.0939946100115776, -0.48556116223335266, -0.04897964745759964, 0.2783479690551758, 0.5178828835487366, 0.6195166707038879, 0.08886014670133591, -0.48004037141799927, 0.0020573686342686415, 0.23778226971626282, -0.4395962953567505, -0.07901500165462494, 0.04241848737001419, -0.27676326036453247, 0.5011485815048218, -0.00870357546955347, 0.44896766543388367, 0.634446918964386, 0.07031374424695969, 0.22794346511363983, 1.053649663925171, 0.5245473384857178, -0.13517722487449646, -0.11053510010242462, -0.03701280057430267, -0.03648965060710907, -0.3049497902393341, -0.41514188051223755, -0.39817914366722107, -0.9582186341285706, 0.37872520089149475, 0.13601629436016083, 0.16364270448684692, -0.40211251378059387, -0.23088766634464264, 0.46306636929512024, -0.03762173280119896, -0.2958764433860779, -0.22053882479667664, 0.13907024264335632, -0.4089429974555969, -0.2314000129699707, -0.5921283960342407, -0.022415151819586754, 0.27826258540153503, -0.06905514746904373, 0.1676701307296753, -0.37223681807518005, 0.22448185086250305, 0.46292099356651306, -0.043623194098472595, -0.37853312492370605, 0.522186279296875, 1.1244659423828125, 0.27915823459625244, -0.6806886792182922, -0.18502230942249298, -0.03145768865942955, 0.33179140090942383, 0.5501056909561157, -0.39708492159843445, -0.1124224066734314, -0.3994211256504059, 0.4191596806049347, 0.6988006234169006, 0.08252925425767899, -0.07012850046157837, -0.1796189248561859, -0.265548974275589, 0.6929641366004944, 0.29641422629356384, -0.5158326029777527, 0.2853997051715851, -0.378353089094162, 0.3095129132270813, 0.0038801778573542833, -0.09179221093654633, 0.014356358908116817, -0.24422848224639893, 0.15591663122177124, -0.6372260451316833, 0.07686340063810349, 0.5103798508644104, -0.00010349285003030673, 0.14611108601093292, -0.3336178958415985, -0.652562141418457, -0.30619099736213684, 0.29002612829208374, -0.26845496892929077, -0.7558339834213257, -0.2552476227283478, -0.12678232789039612, -0.33143287897109985, 0.5784112215042114, -0.3277323842048645, 0.2743805944919586, 0.013769719749689102, 0.40404579043388367, 0.04613407701253891, -0.04312450811266899, -0.09182389080524445, 0.3650282025337219, -0.25403743982315063, -0.12705761194229126, 0.02517617680132389, 0.12998420000076294, 0.40989235043525696, -0.530449390411377, 0.46434667706489563, 0.5863186717033386, 0.4887837767601013, 0.45691007375717163, -0.009113865904510021, 1.0835121870040894, 0.14793623983860016, 0.16021797060966492, 0.07017059624195099, -0.47663018107414246, -0.13769683241844177, -0.02121954970061779, 0.002671215683221817, 0.2621808350086212, -0.20118208229541779, 0.35237398743629456, 0.10304027050733566, 0.33039799332618713, -0.386681467294693, -0.5451497435569763, -0.1651233583688736, 0.2738621234893799, -0.24503588676452637, 1.2896628379821777, 0.1834489405155182, -0.5586494207382202, 0.653980016708374, 0.4298231601715088, 0.5822581648826599, -0.5558660626411438, -0.27968183159828186, 0.7863908410072327, -0.09709198772907257, -0.41732582449913025, 0.2769739627838135, 0.394084095954895, -0.5576850175857544, 0.19893969595432281, 0.40028321743011475, 0.13582877814769745, -0.5197675228118896, 0.32507362961769104, 0.4016565978527069, -0.31862661242485046, -0.2999723553657532, -0.1424742043018341, -0.19698047637939453, 0.03480786457657814, -0.1259525865316391, 0.3889494836330414, -0.15392668545246124, -0.21678747236728668, -0.11932074278593063, 0.32573094964027405, 1.1648175716400146, 0.01174398884177208, -0.11599120497703552, 0.4673803746700287, -0.1338423788547516, -0.6411435604095459, 0.2523643672466278, 0.09019875526428223, -0.49290359020233154, -0.2042093127965927, 0.4534696936607361, 0.5334393382072449, -0.30708733201026917, 0.322039395570755, -0.00020804085943382233, 0.257090300321579, 0.17177461087703705, -0.5932306051254272, 0.42654648423194885, 0.048635952174663544, 0.23521114885807037, 0.3294373154640198, -0.2154110223054886, -0.2868046760559082, 0.2805326282978058, -0.15895265340805054, 0.42237377166748047, 0.25043728947639465, -0.04102000594139099, -0.22259752452373505, 0.5692923665046692, 0.11675819009542465, -0.43373697996139526, 0.4330829083919525, 0.017099788412451744, -0.5037028193473816, 0.013109906576573849, 0.3686641454696655, 0.6094862222671509, 0.22673942148685455, -0.09212090820074081, 0.06551232933998108, -0.4425448179244995, 0.6107833981513977, 0.43815720081329346, 0.6586289405822754, 0.09500298649072647, -0.3669145703315735, 0.7481643557548523, -0.04368750751018524, -0.1091107428073883, -0.8244259357452393, 0.07658642530441284, 0.07606355100870132, -1.2516728639602661, 0.41603854298591614, 0.8763608336448669, 0.37758123874664307, -0.5931752324104309, -0.3105922043323517, 0.1018609032034874, 0.1864946186542511, -0.21899840235710144, 0.01882809028029442, -0.13770794868469238, -0.21386031806468964, -0.34999701380729675, -0.20831045508384705, 0.30021703243255615, -0.7524338960647583, 0.2258891612291336, 0.3232056796550751, -0.00013966148253530264, -0.10544071346521378, 0.35711631178855896, -0.3951990604400635, -0.47276246547698975, -0.24039305746555328, -0.1864551156759262, 0.4683290719985962, 0.15509173274040222, -0.02346573770046234, -0.14937300980091095, -5.743696689605713, 0.447716623544693, -0.021652311086654663, -0.5294923186302185, 0.1317930668592453, 0.022633664309978485, 0.3001347780227661, -0.630401611328125, -0.10147291421890259, 0.016441071406006813, -0.5039857625961304, 0.27366140484809875, -0.33417436480522156, 0.33190223574638367, 0.3587322235107422, -0.10911146551370621, 0.49636754393577576, -0.253720760345459, 0.3810020983219147, -0.006578256841748953, 0.03370174765586853, -0.08496679365634918, -0.10818865150213242, 0.18275034427642822, 0.7569912672042847, 0.8796893954277039, -0.6957047581672668, -0.3046261966228485, -0.4612382650375366, -0.3202603757381439, -0.2720581293106079, -0.2846020460128784, -0.19872698187828064, -0.6289337873458862, 0.02447400987148285, -0.027758654206991196, 0.6723717451095581, 0.15302133560180664, 0.9260671138763428, -0.7105196714401245, 0.19163459539413452, 0.2836360037326813, -0.4816349446773529, 0.04164335876703262, 0.24392801523208618, 0.3023328483104706, -0.3697453439235687, -0.09771415591239929, -0.11143534630537033, 0.9667737483978271, 0.6008307337760925, -0.5777212381362915, 0.15082113444805145, -0.20724359154701233, 0.04219165816903114, -0.33976033329963684, 0.06086323410272598, 0.1681564450263977, 0.1485111266374588, 0.3602921664714813, 0.7420130372047424, -0.10582951456308365, 0.13475322723388672, -0.375713050365448, -0.08584513515233994, -0.41647863388061523, 0.14066597819328308, 0.2786008417606354, 0.0624721422791481, -0.00920301117002964, 0.23360949754714966, -0.062714122235775, -0.6015082597732544, -1.4381413459777832, 0.024558475241065025, -0.13418017327785492, -0.07195296138525009, -0.35009655356407166, -0.11810103058815002, -0.3016487658023834, -0.5807520747184753, 0.26380398869514465, -0.11198773235082626, 0.3436388671398163, -0.7642980813980103, -0.4067091643810272, -0.18990811705589294, 0.14490941166877747, -0.7978876233100891, -0.247613325715065, 0.518009603023529, -0.7571935057640076, 0.09579356014728546, 0.006580298766493797, 0.48995885252952576, -0.15756720304489136, 1.1802594661712646, 0.33866116404533386, 0.12554794549942017, 0.2234835922718048, 0.3285430073738098, 0.2969646751880646, -0.4002566635608673, -0.6058740019798279, -0.30764299631118774, -0.05719485506415367, -0.39187371730804443, 0.10196764022111893, 1.007057785987854, -0.1003943458199501, 0.2448010891675949, 0.09515812247991562, -0.040288493037223816, -0.8410418629646301, -0.02824890799820423, 0.21953630447387695, 0.06729575991630554, -0.4421728551387787, 0.3938281238079071, 0.10060011595487595, -0.3900478184223175, 0.04833843186497688, -0.08859951794147491, 0.35820284485816956, -0.29940834641456604, 0.36006614565849304, -0.07857270538806915, 0.37441903352737427, -0.40927866101264954, -0.13668562471866608, 0.068575419485569, 0.2596743404865265, -0.3105436861515045, 0.07548599690198898, 0.0827844962477684, -0.26117315888404846, -0.5589297413825989, -0.24564287066459656, 0.4283805787563324, 0.10434011369943619, -0.07834368199110031, 0.13408395648002625, -0.4070591926574707, 0.36911752820014954, -0.3200375437736511, 0.5360826849937439, 0.3008057773113251, 0.1764630824327469, -0.04900503158569336, 0.6408220529556274, 0.4065327048301697, -0.03798909857869148, 0.9154154062271118, -0.4314844012260437, 0.5683240294456482, 0.26555201411247253, -0.4319956600666046, -0.46931105852127075, -0.06475145369768143, -0.3737124800682068, 0.1101185753941536, -0.3806665241718292, -0.7019094824790955, -0.2526992857456207, -0.17007960379123688, -0.8048343658447266, 0.3322032392024994, -0.45770880579948425, -0.21082009375095367, -0.27671343088150024, 0.14446884393692017, 0.15204709768295288, 0.35706138610839844, -0.09335057437419891, 0.25981536507606506, 0.3027424216270447, -0.14944139122962952, -0.30768445134162903, -0.3851056396961212, -0.3066110908985138, 0.10000341385602951, 0.0758349746465683, 0.010340463370084763, -0.15560978651046753, 0.3050804138183594, -0.6770268082618713, -0.3445375859737396, -0.5693331956863403, 0.12002111971378326, 0.18274977803230286, -0.5906985402107239, 0.5563729405403137, 0.4571068286895752, -0.07468362897634506, -0.2998718023300171, -0.37920305132865906, 0.36850154399871826, 0.8107588291168213, -0.6208905577659607, -0.22526352107524872, 0.04412734508514404, -0.22521284222602844, -0.3837830424308777, -0.25551363825798035, 0.41219842433929443, -0.19942086935043335, -0.01996525190770626, -0.20276470482349396, -0.20067889988422394, 0.26618510484695435, -0.5064245462417603, -0.3825240731239319, -0.17608486115932465, -0.46911007165908813, -0.32110875844955444, 0.09094464778900146, 0.25299376249313354, -0.1082635149359703, -0.4389577805995941, -0.47466638684272766, -0.6125290393829346, 0.08312398195266724, -0.21416951715946198, -0.21322008967399597, -0.3105325996875763, 0.3814100921154022, 0.21625292301177979, -0.3756433129310608, 0.09726978093385696, -0.8525922894477844, 0.033212464302778244, 0.3235988914966583, 0.006758828181773424, -0.44916337728500366, -0.6474114060401917, 0.28820571303367615, -0.0033313247840851545, 0.38779446482658386, 0.15009267628192902, 0.4161372184753418, 0.594389796257019, 0.8032829165458679, -0.3978947699069977, -0.2225995808839798, -0.11542721837759018, -0.28265243768692017, -0.15994636714458466, -0.14912034571170807, -0.6682069301605225, 0.09727352112531662, 0.35713544487953186, -0.30365660786628723, 0.0061270385049283504, -0.0375840850174427, 0.8020766973495483, -0.4256647527217865, -0.288683146238327, -0.3772872984409332, -0.047624342143535614, -0.35219651460647583, 0.28259143233299255, -0.09896432608366013, -0.6236017942428589, 0.46761924028396606, -0.0763273611664772, -0.21037203073501587, 0.06425917893648148, -0.6399548053741455, -0.27229729294776917, -0.49162188172340393, -0.3677505850791931, 0.15560314059257507, 0.6307871341705322, -0.08584247529506683, -0.8740776181221008, -0.28947022557258606, 0.12961815297603607, -0.45911699533462524, -0.37986576557159424, -0.10895926505327225, -0.5110374689102173, 0.7569960355758667, 0.4506433606147766, -0.6403490900993347, -0.06307391077280045, -0.8284175992012024, 0.23525124788284302, -0.4367600679397583, -0.3731062114238739, -0.09486249089241028, -0.0015255124308168888, -0.13412421941757202, -0.1989384889602661, 0.17270781099796295, 0.03935076296329498, 0.1182224303483963, 0.09314440935850143, 0.3967798948287964, -0.21839657425880432, -0.0962195172905922, -0.5096495747566223, 0.28332796692848206, 0.7189351320266724, -0.4894300401210785, -0.003804076462984085, -0.23605799674987793, -0.33478906750679016, -0.2558559477329254, -0.18864592909812927, 0.3287981152534485, 0.06462269276380539, -0.12675505876541138, -0.20039460062980652, 0.5728857517242432, -0.9198707938194275, -0.044624920934438705, 0.27986523509025574, -0.9071531295776367, 0.5565518736839294, 0.3625454902648926, -0.2852725684642792, -0.298551470041275, 0.10209693759679794, 0.4581969678401947, 0.06033239886164665, 0.152598038315773, -0.2852456867694855, 0.2758718729019165, 0.8539330363273621, 0.06654855608940125, 0.3733673691749573, -0.24085861444473267, -0.07107627391815186, 0.2490890920162201, -0.02057473734021187, -0.2433120757341385, -0.012255734764039516, -0.31195780634880066, -0.7458760142326355, 0.6198756694793701, 0.01029861532151699, -0.14037437736988068, -0.3169942796230316, 0.17366573214530945, 0.49787744879722595, 0.5193988680839539, 0.4767090678215027, 0.06899797171354294, 0.02831461653113365, 0.6349960565567017, 0.6765094995498657, -0.14336663484573364, -0.22754749655723572, 0.3645433485507965, 0.2515870928764343, -0.12699635326862335, 0.33892619609832764, -0.1712924838066101, -0.1168452799320221, 0.5377547740936279, 0.5204172134399414, -0.15725195407867432, -0.1674574315547943, 0.1884451061487198, -0.3206617832183838, 0.03239059075713158, 0.03873132914304733, -0.9617084860801697, 0.18088583648204803, 0.2205757349729538, 0.8577389717102051, 0.9245802164077759, -0.35274630784988403, 0.3645840287208557, -0.5596570372581482, 0.44055554270744324, 0.529422402381897, 0.46181821823120117, -0.4951227605342865, -0.27897393703460693, -0.5975378751754761, 0.5448246002197266, -0.04950053244829178, -0.08849724382162094, -0.16704054176807404, -0.10799644142389297, 0.09987420588731766, 0.26202526688575745, -0.5315219163894653, -0.5444261431694031, 0.20230312645435333, -0.8143977522850037, -0.211872860789299, -0.22373513877391815, -0.13628125190734863, -0.32240864634513855, 0.28480443358421326, 0.3885366916656494, 0.09481576085090637, 0.6677665114402771, 0.12734821438789368, -0.07766217738389969, 0.5199062824249268, 0.42696523666381836, -0.20425237715244293, 0.5133756995201111, -0.903580367565155, -0.7676301598548889, -0.693027138710022, 0.694568932056427, 0.6047556400299072, 0.289241224527359, 0.2655308246612549, 0.664273202419281, 0.09267136454582214, 0.020286068320274353, 0.34017786383628845, -0.2123212367296219, -0.15398579835891724, -0.15833742916584015, -0.2734990119934082, -0.0530073307454586, -0.16660518944263458, 0.5514404773712158, -0.5991440415382385, -0.04242886230349541, 0.4521685540676117, -0.24709951877593994, -0.44590890407562256, 0.3116965591907501, -0.34796375036239624, -0.18716737627983093, -0.6434890031814575, 0.5279856324195862, -0.32376381754875183, -0.7766319513320923, 0.2988365888595581, 0.25583788752555847, 0.5943893194198608, -0.27635616064071655, 0.561037003993988, -0.21174171566963196, -0.282926470041275, 0.2207140475511551, -0.19413232803344727, 0.5638300180435181, 0.00006532047700602561, -0.44831687211990356, -1.217341661453247, 0.3618398904800415, 0.34998658299446106, -0.32161736488342285, -0.3035264313220978, -0.5657640099525452, 0.30816566944122314, 0.2568819522857666, 0.5406994819641113, -0.05647549033164978, 0.20921094715595245, -0.027059398591518402 ]
249291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington%20Airport%20%28Texas%29	Ellington Airport (Texas)	Ellington Airport is a public and military use airport in Harris County, Texas, United States. It is owned by the City of Houston's department of aviation, Houston Airport System and located southeast of downtown Houston. Formerly known as Ellington Field, then Ellington Air Force Base, then again as Ellington Field it is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport. The airport does not have scheduled commercial passenger service. However, Continental Airlines used to operate daily regional services between Ellington and Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport between 1990 and 2004. On 17 October 2018, the City of Houston approved Phase 1 of the Houston Spaceport project on the Ellington Airport site. History Established by the Army Air Service on 21 May 1917, Ellington Field was one of the initial World War I Army Air Service installations when aviation was in its infancy. It is named for 1st Lt. Eric Ellington, a U.S. Army aviator who was killed in a plane crash in San Diego, California in 1913. Originally created as a training facility, Ellington Airport is currently used by military, commercial, NASA aircraft and general aviation sectors. Ellington Airport is one of the few airfields built for World War I training purposes still in operation today. For additional history related to Ellington's status as a military airfield, see Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base. The City of Houston annexed Ellington Field in the late 1960s. In January 2009, a name change from Ellington Field to Ellington Airport was approved by the Houston City Council. In August 2011, the city announced that the facility would be renamed Ellington International Airport. However, as of May 2013, it is still listed as Ellington Airport by the Federal Aviation Administration and the Houston Airport System. In April 2014, Sierra Nevada Corporation signed an agreement with Houston Airport System officials to explore development of Ellington as a commercial spaceport. The ultimate goal of the agreement is to use Ellington as a landing site for the company's Dream Chaser space plane. A feasibility study found it would cost US$48 million to $122 million to equip Ellington for landing and launching small space vehicles on a regular basis. With federal approval in June 2015, Ellington Airport was granted a Launch Site License from the Federal Aviation Administration that established the airport as the 10th commercial spaceport in the United States. On 17 October 2018, the city council approved Phase 1 funding of $18.8 million for improvements to streets, water, wastewater, electrical power distribution facilities and communications facilities on the site. In September 2017, the Lone Star Flight Museum moved from Galveston's Scholes International Airport at Galveston to Ellington, a move that had been in the works since the aftermath of Hurricane Ike in 2008. The Museum built a brand new facility at Ellington to house its airworthy and static aircraft, as well as its Texas Aviation Hall of Fame. The facility is complete with training centers and administrative space, allowing the Museum to operate solely from Ellington. A groundbreaking on Phase 1 was held in 2019 to include providing streets, water, wastewater, electrical power distribution facilities, and fiber optic and communications facilities necessary to attract future develop Overview Ellington Airport consists of three active runways (a ILS CAT I runway, an runway, and a runway). The airport supports the operations of the United States military, NASA and a variety of general aviation tenants. The field is a base for NASA's administrative, cargo transport and high-altitude aircraft, which also includes NASA's fleet of T-38 Talon jets bailed to the agency from USAF, Gulfstream Shuttle Training Aircraft, and a former USN C-9 nicknamed the "Weightless Wonder VI" which replaced the former USAF NKC-135 aircraft known as the Vomit Comet, a zero-g trainer. The only two WB-57F aircraft (used for atmospheric research and reconnaissance) still flying in the world today are housed at Ellington. The Texas Air National Guard, Texas Army National Guard and the U.S. Coast Guard also maintain a presence at the base. The Coast Guard facility known as Coast Guard Air Station Houston operates 3 Eurocopter MH-65C "Dolphin" Short-Range Recovery (SRR) helicopters for search and rescue (SAR) and port security roles. Several flight schools reside at the airfield. Ellington Field is also home to the largest flying club in Texas and the annual "Wings Over Houston" airshow. Ellington Field once had scheduled commercial air service: Continental Express flights between Ellington Airport and George Bush Intercontinental Airport in north Houston ended in 2004. Prior to the cessation of commercial air service, the route flown between Bush Intercontinental and Ellington Field was the shortest fixed-wing route flown in the United States at only . Flight times were as short as six minutes, depending on direction of departure. To this day, Ellington Field serves as a reliever airport for both Bush Intercontinental and the William P. Hobby Airport, and handles diverted aircraft from those two airports during bad weather events and peak traffic times. A Terminal Aerodrome Forecast is produced for the airfield 365 days a year at 20Z, 04Z, and 12Z by the 26th Operational Weather Squadron, a USAF weather squadron. Facilities and aircraft Ellington Field covers an area of at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has three runways with concrete surfaces: Runway 4/22 is Runway 17R/35L is Runway 17L/35R is For the 12-month period ending 31 December 2009, the airport had 126,702 aircraft operations, an average of 347 per day: 70% general aviation, 22% military, 6% air taxi, and 2% scheduled commercial. At that time there were 197 aircraft based at this airport: 46% single-engine, 28% jet, 12% multi-engine, 12% military, 2% helicopter, and 1% glider. The Lone Star Flight Museum, which was located at Scholes from 1985 until 2017, maintains a fleet of airworthy warbirds including: Lockheed Vega, B-17 Flying Fortress, North American B-25 Mitchell Bomber, Douglas A24 Banshee (Decorated as an SBD-5 Dauntless), Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Vought F4U Corsair, General Motors (Eastern Aircraft) TBM Avenger, Grumman F6F Hellcat, General Motors FM-2 Wildcat, North American AT-6 Texan, Beech AT-11 Kansan, Cessna AT-17 Bobcat, Stinson L-5, Douglas DC-3, and Stearman PT-17. The Air National Guard maintains ARFF equipment for use mainly on military aircraft, however they also respond to private emergencies. Statistics Annual traffic References External links Houston Airport System - Ellington Airport Master Plan Ellington Field at GlobalSecurity.org Wings Over Houston Airshow Airports in Houston Transportation buildings and structures in Harris County, Texas	[ 0.04524369165301323, 0.06995626538991928, 0.1989099532365799, -0.1852203905582428, 0.6261848211288452, -0.4260508418083191, 0.18707358837127686, 0.22625766694545746, 0.029299339279532433, -0.605800986289978, -0.7320711612701416, 0.6877381801605225, -0.567695677280426, 0.06732600927352905, -0.36216914653778076, 0.7595946192741394, 0.14178451895713806, 0.09951876103878021, 0.5296745300292969, -0.8878084421157837, -0.4970710575580597, -0.5254583358764648, 0.20002131164073944, 0.057499755173921585, -0.13426707684993744, -0.3650074005126953, -0.0460432805120945, 0.45851877331733704, -0.41598600149154663, 0.9386606812477112, -0.1304161250591278, 0.17931903898715973, -0.3673892319202423, -0.18376988172531128, 0.10074670612812042, 0.3331350088119507, 0.9355809092521667, -0.35048580169677734, 0.5098690986633301, -0.7538000345230103, -0.7520531415939331, 0.029749542474746704, 0.18884511291980743, 0.12378846853971481, -0.15386119484901428, -0.045461010187864304, -0.5527400970458984, 0.004807502496987581, -0.8621789216995239, 0.12990547716617584, -1.0228722095489502, 0.16952285170555115, -0.43092018365859985, 0.45303523540496826, 0.9351796507835388, 0.8469569087028503, -0.8028432726860046, 0.15903955698013306, -0.10402986407279968, 0.28304770588874817, 0.1412898302078247, 0.5985568165779114, 0.15164515376091003, 0.2823389768600464, 0.3100527822971344, -0.23830734193325043, 0.06996417790651321, 0.26365944743156433, 0.44617393612861633, -0.12565897405147552, 0.05538390949368477, 0.23828546702861786, -0.4935254752635956, 0.26825347542762756, 0.07499245554208755, 0.1390281617641449, 0.08231548964977264, 0.11553355306386948, -0.3673226833343506, 0.5924330949783325, 0.4103320240974426, 0.15571844577789307, 1.2877082824707031, -0.0758763924241066, 0.38294926285743713, -0.21763406693935394, -1.5910890102386475, -0.19140565395355225, -0.4039386212825775, -0.08803440630435944, -0.14387749135494232, -0.11353832483291626, 0.07232773303985596, 0.7699654698371887, -0.26133060455322266, -0.451504111289978, 0.3839501440525055, -0.08583755046129227, 0.43077316880226135, 0.6566087603569031, 0.06490185856819153, -0.09522167593240738, 0.72928786277771, -0.3868130147457123, -0.43593746423721313, -0.2714567482471466, -0.9628505706787109, -0.5076521635055542, 0.4550849497318268, 0.18051889538764954, -1.4239435195922852, 0.701335072517395, -0.07509557902812958, -1.016753911972046, -0.6468813419342041, 0.5891716480255127, 0.8658412098884583, -0.17045363783836365, 0.3837328851222992, 0.3217880129814148, 0.5180338025093079, 0.9997087121009827, -0.18330343067646027, 0.5907405018806458, -0.650081992149353, -0.030032293871045113, 0.9596094489097595, 0.6075810790061951, -0.3050808310508728, 0.14414836466312408, 0.3874465525150299, 0.4229655861854553, -0.30922746658325195, 0.39802032709121704, 0.23625995218753815, -0.3258030116558075, 0.7735523581504822, 0.2881297767162323, 0.248215913772583, 0.07575858384370804, -0.8908003568649292, -0.9814474582672119, -0.5675323605537415, -0.6134144067764282, -0.12092848122119904, -0.4343110918998718, -0.033493880182504654, -0.036530762910842896, 0.4533897936344147, 0.3181166350841522, 0.36860328912734985, 0.8223947286605835, -0.31017300486564636, 0.5305808186531067, -0.6852215528488159, -0.031297728419303894, 0.598945677280426, -0.7192510366439819, 0.129389226436615, 0.7451626062393188, 0.11859133094549179, 0.5456795692443848, 0.09273707866668701, -0.2958953380584717, 0.29052242636680603, 0.09869896620512009, 0.39273011684417725, -0.08414106070995331, -0.12985964119434357, -0.012595122680068016, 0.4135805368423462, -0.06468117982149124, 0.22163069248199463, -0.11178252100944519, -0.20624403655529022, -0.1010761559009552, 1.1197189092636108, 0.07363994419574738, 0.11337922513484955, 0.733496367931366, -0.7462314367294312, 0.24361300468444824, 0.5085691213607788, -0.24378736317157745, 0.24562108516693115, 0.11867794394493103, 0.2903732359409332, -0.6976503729820251, -0.31468725204467773, -0.7480318546295166, -0.66331547498703, -0.4885061979293823, 0.13947218656539917, -0.8091152310371399, 0.7098530530929565, -0.2483096420764923, -0.15072253346443176, 0.5666519403457642, -0.5814101099967957, 0.44637399911880493, 0.30942001938819885, -0.2599753141403198, 0.6696358919143677, 0.06610074639320374, -0.38913393020629883, 0.033102549612522125, -0.06912612169981003, -0.024679657071828842, 0.39121806621551514, 1.049794316291809, 0.8559667468070984, -0.47647520899772644, 0.15884831547737122, 0.792464017868042, 0.33052098751068115, -0.05728234350681305, -1.0629616975784302, 0.07162953168153763, 0.6553252935409546, -0.20528241991996765, 1.213850975036621, 0.3859238028526306, 0.01930900849401951, -0.2985726594924927, -0.11549081653356552, 0.5999317765235901, 0.22098767757415771, 0.3010220229625702, -0.33599942922592163, -0.3220900297164917, -0.05373244732618332, 0.03730354085564613, -0.37311404943466187, -1.2510826587677002, 0.5296669006347656, -0.43707361817359924, 0.11526834964752197, -0.3969936966896057, 0.7054105401039124, -0.2052958607673645, -0.08547767996788025, 0.3089318573474884, -0.5477137565612793, 0.5207791328430176, 0.3329242169857025, -0.0001346290810033679, -0.0814439058303833, 0.3072786331176758, 0.3663139343261719, -0.5415948033332825, 0.47251638770103455, 0.1658792346715927, 0.5956996083259583, -0.09393437206745148, 0.23128440976142883, 0.1986544281244278, -0.4645421802997589, 0.9179395437240601, -0.498759925365448, -0.6888204216957092, -0.11520922929048538, 0.30495238304138184, 0.363436222076416, -0.11927846819162369, 0.06693180650472641, -0.4089493751525879, -0.8058742880821228, -0.8828786015510559, -0.08980131894350052, 0.16826051473617554, 0.3631927967071533, -0.5986597537994385, 0.06976459175348282, -0.13784581422805786, -0.38608571887016296, 0.09191484749317169, -0.48262742161750793, -0.0029037892818450928, -1.3645652532577515, -0.37725865840911865, 1.244188666343689, 0.4123333692550659, -0.008933802135288715, -0.8068267703056335, -0.057322222739458084, -0.3461548984050751, 0.37703466415405273, -0.435824453830719, -0.454952597618103, -0.8036164045333862, -0.6325214505195618, -0.1983637511730194, -0.34347182512283325, 0.7946126461029053, -0.17313158512115479, 0.10269862413406372, 0.594770610332489, 0.4109387695789337, -0.01904967613518238, -0.6571807265281677, -0.4198288023471832, 0.7119686007499695, -0.5984139442443848, -0.39717480540275574, -0.17211593687534332, -0.290335088968277, -0.4363158345222473, -0.6713278889656067, -4.685812473297119, 1.0598114728927612, -0.8243207931518555, -0.3909457325935364, 0.2721976339817047, -0.5973606109619141, 0.18619388341903687, 0.04318968579173088, -0.38500410318374634, -0.1674424409866333, -0.06295742839574814, -0.6386545896530151, 0.08076745271682739, 0.3689320385456085, 0.12554942071437836, 0.4063805639743805, 0.8763450384140015, -0.6989156603813171, 0.5644431114196777, 0.27502262592315674, -0.05800518020987511, 0.044825438410043716, -0.34688615798950195, 0.17171548306941986, 0.398519366979599, 0.8554867506027222, -0.3496052324771881, -0.35600876808166504, -1.1285226345062256, 0.1273430734872818, 0.14468835294246674, 0.20492619276046753, -0.37457048892974854, -0.15060321986675262, 0.016941174864768982, -0.08559704571962357, -0.5336065292358398, -0.3192005753517151, -0.10121680051088333, -0.42737701535224915, 0.022267067804932594, 0.34945523738861084, -0.7116471529006958, -0.5661742091178894, 0.31149205565452576, -0.9773384928703308, -0.3157674968242645, -0.18364745378494263, -0.03084489144384861, 0.5825334787368774, -0.09819769114255905, 0.47424793243408203, 1.0388641357421875, 0.20020325481891632, -0.13854199647903442, -0.611906111240387, 0.43652135133743286, 0.484197735786438, 0.11655593663454056, 0.4381903111934662, -0.10367338359355927, -0.5136315822601318, -0.0771571695804596, -0.7121404409408569, -0.8002160787582397, 0.16753678023815155, 0.2888176143169403, -0.3721614480018616, 0.48849326372146606, 0.14319796860218048, -0.0223341453820467, 0.22975268959999084, -0.5005711913108826, -1.01427161693573, 0.2014346718788147, -0.7656416893005371, -0.45734843611717224, -0.42794346809387207, -0.6491678357124329, -0.25714096426963806, 0.29089847207069397, -0.5775673389434814, 0.02531685307621956, 0.06768862158060074, 0.25552669167518616, -0.6628167629241943, -0.28495943546295166, 0.3219142556190491, 0.4103735089302063, -0.4058419466018677, 0.6631448268890381, -0.2255621701478958, 0.7038182616233826, -0.5079582333564758, -0.1779605597257614, -0.18025070428848267, 0.14194922149181366, -0.15262559056282043, 0.351387619972229, 0.021026993170380592, 0.2960851490497589, -0.09725901484489441, -0.1678536981344223, -0.4192673861980438, -0.11339553445577621, -0.35765761137008667, 0.18502695858478546, 0.6667760014533997, 0.6389308571815491, -0.12333563715219498, -0.016358988359570503, -0.1382136344909668, -0.2518850862979889, -0.6930860877037048, 0.06688765436410904, -0.46706780791282654, -0.44360843300819397, 0.501045823097229, 0.5746226906776428, 0.5020077228546143, 0.16324201226234436, 0.15604278445243835, -0.02976657636463642, -0.2885633707046509, -1.1427192687988281, 0.036069922149181366, 0.2711329162120819, 0.46347349882125854, 0.38233065605163574, -0.45188406109809875, -0.3545566201210022, 0.6559246778488159, -0.20670022070407867, 0.35072919726371765, -0.6155453324317932, -0.23345282673835754, -0.09915952384471893, -0.41093483567237854, 0.6891591548919678, 0.13839900493621826, 0.3132123053073883, -0.049845751374959946, -0.1838722974061966, -0.021678710356354713, 0.07492853701114655, 0.8398227691650391, 0.3470025956630707, 0.1942209005355835, -0.8021585941314697, 0.5202872157096863, 0.07325726002454758, -0.6180641651153564, 0.07390658557415009, -0.15525038540363312, -0.3508525490760803, -0.08396514505147934, 0.66338711977005, 0.05348692089319229, 0.8326953053474426, -0.04558085650205612, 0.8740516901016235, -0.0031117433682084084, -0.8249671459197998, 0.2391054779291153, -0.08314613997936249, -0.2935423254966736, -0.12371470779180527, -0.13867557048797607, -0.7869777083396912, 0.7294143438339233, 0.08734915405511856, -1.391672968864441, -0.25437599420547485, -0.4013991057872772, 0.20130179822444916, -0.2634374499320984, -0.11277001351118088, 0.4128302335739136, 0.06239386275410652, 0.021173404529690742, 0.0668441504240036, -0.4455201327800751, -0.9262083768844604, 0.4164802134037018, -0.3880525231361389, -1.222894310951233, 0.2937237620353699, -0.6594690680503845, 0.5650719404220581, -0.22564366459846497, 0.25487449765205383, -0.08670876175165176, 0.2156621813774109, -0.015352177433669567, -0.3099915385246277, -0.7030258178710938, -0.10998674482107162, 0.8446005582809448, -0.5566977262496948, -0.31175634264945984, 0.2139596939086914, 0.4971253573894501, -0.2162129282951355, 0.8942601680755615, 0.3017420172691345, -0.5033647418022156, 0.4188630282878876, 0.03128013387322426, -0.37558412551879883, 0.22880615293979645, -0.3050728142261505, -0.9726591110229492, 0.6636731624603271, -0.045410238206386566, -0.7547178268432617, 0.19081197679042816, -0.5539334416389465, 0.7508671283721924, -0.5542464256286621, 0.001596694579347968, -0.3174288868904114, -0.2859496474266052, 0.08441425114870071, -0.048681508749723434, -1.2849996089935303, 0.4961099624633789, 0.006482718512415886, -0.5695971250534058, 0.572540819644928, -1.1721272468566895, -0.26635101437568665, 0.15268665552139282, -0.14429081976413727, 0.7248364090919495, -0.5050839185714722, 0.18338632583618164, -0.5268786549568176, -0.28437137603759766, -0.11093011498451233, -0.010571007616817951, 0.9446086883544922, 1.274069905281067, 0.44557300209999084, 0.23364576697349548, -0.5747115015983582, -0.01859406568109989, 0.6586777567863464, -0.6734131574630737, -0.45208829641342163, 0.2084382176399231, 0.24719077348709106, 0.3061008155345917, -0.8783866167068481, 0.15795235335826874, 0.9531075358390808, -0.05048852041363716, 0.008482210338115692, 0.6482420563697815, -0.3632383346557617, -0.06098344177007675, 0.47225067019462585, 0.11800799518823624, -0.7275176048278809, 0.21354271471500397, -0.012494733557105064, -0.5277535915374756, 0.09488476067781448, -0.3410866856575012, 0.9435417652130127, -1.128151297569275, -0.36360082030296326, -0.10466479510068893, 0.2711760401725769, 0.46150150895118713, -0.18764714896678925, 0.07075802981853485, 0.28956443071365356, -0.6523333191871643, -0.5277305841445923, 0.4168180227279663, -0.25855013728141785, -0.7183951139450073, 0.5471150875091553, -0.7745007276535034, 0.30844366550445557, -0.6315017938613892, -0.47098493576049805, -0.08962909877300262, -0.7512210607528687, -0.4565403461456299, -0.07428670674562454, -0.008649375289678574, 0.47202083468437195, -0.7907471656799316, -0.5961557030677795, 0.4495197534561157, 0.46920692920684814, 0.872114896774292, 0.1329796463251114, 0.08922098577022552, -1.1664499044418335, 0.9846634268760681, -0.41233351826667786, -0.5179238319396973, 0.44059038162231445, -1.381365180015564, 0.5662534832954407, -0.41311633586883545, 0.13574737310409546, 0.10188336670398712, 0.04290340468287468, -0.4281640946865082, 0.0014514292124658823, 0.7647190690040588, 0.08357244729995728, 0.6188587546348572, 0.17503267526626587, -0.3353601396083832, 0.07951810956001282, 0.24505002796649933, -0.5102120637893677, 0.13074222207069397, 0.9033856391906738, 0.5559589266777039, -0.8155301809310913, 1.043501377105713, 0.2285776436328888, 0.0889529213309288, 0.22175583243370056, -0.034002311527729034, 0.35102730989456177, -0.2520766258239746, -0.1931658387184143, 0.862198531627655, -0.2962648868560791, -0.18403150141239166, 0.08843464404344559, -0.405024915933609, -0.5176586508750916, 0.6618527173995972, -0.21552908420562744, 0.8779664039611816, 0.6092445254325867, 0.4772454798221588, -0.2150946408510208, -0.22435103356838226, -0.12066078186035156, 0.5144060850143433, 0.3629089593887329, -0.48702776432037354, -0.20422914624214172, 0.3566015362739563, -0.23601418733596802, -0.20754218101501465, -0.20859558880329132, 0.2306317389011383, 0.07085476815700531, -0.45026928186416626, -0.22299686074256897, 0.11012382805347443, -0.17530949413776398, 0.09681141376495361, 0.7398319840431213, 0.1223272830247879, -0.12728068232536316, -0.09106545150279999, 0.38533997535705566, -0.7820757627487183, 0.35204625129699707, 0.7364662289619446, -0.34578901529312134, 0.7528942823410034, 0.38171306252479553, 0.3153792917728424, -0.09165890514850616, 0.5286834836006165, -0.2856834828853607, 0.4346142113208771, 0.15146268904209137, -0.1395358294248581, -0.010988477617502213, -0.24424545466899872, -0.5256094932556152, -0.13833335041999817, 0.46951350569725037, 0.109499491751194, -0.00009834945376496762, 0.14463217556476593, 0.29797303676605225, -0.07661524415016174, 0.5399863719940186, -0.4366363286972046, -0.21883246302604675, 0.031717073172330856, -0.44416648149490356, 0.007674749940633774, -0.3903810679912567, 0.19378381967544556, 0.5427685379981995, 0.3298390507698059, 0.4774811565876007, 0.16628605127334595, 0.21461008489131927, 0.2856045067310333, -0.010623442940413952, 0.5655351281166077, -0.1589069664478302, 0.43306753039360046, -0.5546594262123108, 0.7422486543655396, 0.0869675800204277, 0.4515169858932495, 0.012034635990858078, 0.44815608859062195, 0.3005976974964142, 0.2922742962837219, 0.38332536816596985, -0.12261752039194107, -0.7635372877120972, -0.14768366515636444, 0.3623584806919098, -0.41376376152038574, 0.16177807748317719, 0.05792498216032982, -0.044808726757764816, -0.9069745540618896, 0.6223253607749939, 0.19571848213672638, -0.02119423821568489, 0.40185925364494324, 0.4257999658584595, -0.3343539834022522, -0.08324577659368515, -0.5880130529403687, -0.808182418346405, -0.40061506628990173, -0.2803023159503937, 1.3264849185943604, 0.762685239315033, -0.01470686960965395, 0.6133354902267456, 0.1117435023188591, 0.19869504868984222, 0.07098191231489182, 0.5528515577316284, -0.5241315960884094, -0.40546485781669617, -1.189436912536621, -0.9147418141365051, 0.8286126255989075, -0.12124552577733994, -0.29025375843048096, 0.2507193386554718, -0.057203199714422226, -0.49945908784866333, 0.3343735933303833, -0.032329101115465164, 0.2967807948589325, 0.614027738571167, 0.020643306896090508 ]
249294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81wanatanga	Kāwanatanga	Kāwanatanga, a loanword from the English word governorship, is a word in the Māori language of New Zealand. Kāwanatanga was first used in the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand, 1835. Kāwanatanga reappeared in 1840 in Article 1 of the Treaty of Waitangi, where the Māori text "te Kawanatanga katoa" corresponds to the English text "all the rights and powers of Sovereignty". Some historians believe that there was no existing suitable word in the Māori language at the time; however, many Māori believe that the word mana would have provided appropriate meaning. One supposition is that if mana had been used instead of the new, transliterated kāwanatanga, the treaty would never had been signed. Origin and etymology The first part of the word, Kāwana, is a transliteration into Māori of the English word governor. The suffix -tanga is very similar in meaning and use to the English suffix -ship, for example rangatiratanga (chieftainship) and kīngitanga (kingship). So a literal translation of the word would be governorship. From an idiomatic perspective, this word had little meaning to the chiefs signing the treaty, since the concept of being governed by an overseeing authority was alien to Māori. What understanding Māori may have had of the term was derived principally from the Bible and in particular Herod's Governorship. At the time the Bible was one of few long printed texts in Māori enjoying wide distribution. Use in the Treaty of Waitangi The meaning attached to this word, and in particular how it relates to rangatiratanga is vital to discussion of the Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty is still vitally important in modern New Zealand, and remains the object of much controversy and political debate. Māori constitutional lawyer Moana Jackson has stated that, because the New Zealand Government (identified as "Kawanatanga" in the Treaty text) is the body politic enforcing the Treaty and making settlements, "Kawanatanga" is the actual party to the Treaty, not the Crown. See also Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi List of English words of Māori origin References Constitution of New Zealand Māori politics Treaty of Waitangi Māori words and phrases mi:Kāwanatanga	[ 0.03402335196733475, -0.2401283234357834, -0.4312015771865845, -0.26652804017066956, -0.2891789972782135, 0.159482941031456, 0.4260959327220917, -0.6043907999992371, -0.5803176164627075, 0.18286702036857605, -0.01046023890376091, -0.022087493911385536, -0.5188975930213928, 0.5695163607597351, 0.18956510722637177, 0.3364637792110443, 0.38792046904563904, 0.4133751690387726, -0.16472448408603668, -0.3387765884399414, -0.4150684177875519, 0.16919152438640594, -0.06490404158830643, -0.059286799281835556, 0.38455966114997864, 0.4399217963218689, 0.4241039752960205, 0.31584084033966064, 0.06989727914333344, -0.07948872447013855, 0.14079245924949646, 0.40419161319732666, -0.008221224881708622, 0.6636229157447815, 0.18737350404262543, -0.47731804847717285, 0.281460702419281, -0.35969921946525574, -0.35534676909446716, -0.740227460861206, 0.16874279081821442, -0.11760665476322174, 0.06806991249322891, 0.3799297511577606, -0.5228433609008789, -0.45988669991493225, -1.0556308031082153, 0.13424324989318848, -0.8029781579971313, -0.05264168605208397, -0.78289395570755, 0.2055269479751587, 0.1057310700416565, 0.08360204845666885, -0.003164003835991025, 0.32687774300575256, -0.2500815689563751, 0.159016415476799, 0.16057200729846954, -0.5917791128158569, 0.05892673134803772, -0.32106563448905945, -0.04904128611087799, 0.5166664719581604, 0.09594278782606125, -0.020622648298740387, -0.14024963974952698, 0.34430161118507385, -0.12445811182260513, -0.3096379339694977, -0.6333481073379517, 0.1753653585910797, -0.07533354312181473, 0.22024615108966827, -0.36084794998168945, 0.2524646818637848, -0.44295310974121094, 0.12490321695804596, 0.4875580668449402, 0.4828510880470276, -0.6629876494407654, -0.06842000037431717, 0.18835346400737762, -0.32013562321662903, 0.408588171005249, 0.16987553238868713, -0.26191359758377075, -0.25294801592826843, -0.18800659477710724, 0.7552865147590637, -0.12340854853391647, -0.2289489209651947, 0.07380260527133942, 0.015574685297906399, -0.3513834774494171, -0.3841928541660309, -0.5542235970497131, 0.10465240478515625, 0.11275064945220947, -0.1830938160419464, -0.22954680025577545, -0.5361615419387817, 1.0162720680236816, -0.36184266209602356, -0.9813417196273804, -0.6176131367683411, -0.579702615737915, 0.10409318655729294, -0.2610089182853699, -0.10901635885238647, -0.2855347990989685, -0.13095015287399292, 0.09238432347774506, -0.3189260959625244, 0.3735024034976959, 0.11820844560861588, 0.027786647900938988, -0.2711801826953888, -0.14253827929496765, -0.30575624108314514, 0.05877657234668732, 0.4549452066421509, 0.3217475414276123, 0.37395793199539185, 0.31326526403427124, 0.05416238680481911, 0.7175388932228088, 0.011094708926975727, -0.3403508961200714, 0.3891812860965729, 0.07696900516748428, 0.5057601928710938, -0.20307350158691406, 0.41994163393974304, -0.3049294054508209, -0.3172299265861511, -0.5332242250442505, 0.20276837050914764, 0.6276675462722778, -0.19299635291099548, -0.7271880507469177, 0.3511100113391876, -0.30597710609436035, -0.00027756806230172515, 0.4719906747341156, 0.4116341173648834, -0.2561129927635193, -0.3648386001586914, -0.2852395474910736, -0.4106961786746979, -0.1218046173453331, 0.08335865288972855, 0.4437497854232788, 0.502510666847229, 0.13742785155773163, -0.37459099292755127, 0.45483434200286865, -0.11470167338848114, 0.2588535249233246, -0.047302715480327606, -0.3408239781856537, -0.053954314440488815, 0.09376675635576248, 0.33384212851524353, 0.671376645565033, -0.2892417311668396, 0.17799191176891327, 0.08940356969833374, 0.3322594463825226, 0.07738479971885681, -0.45906922221183777, -0.17835332453250885, -0.0903816893696785, 0.00981835275888443, -0.6570232510566711, -0.01795489341020584, 0.049295082688331604, 0.1392202079296112, 0.6841199994087219, -0.5523723363876343, -0.4726238250732422, -0.13041725754737854, 0.2197459191083908, 0.004300243221223354, 0.03440852090716362, 0.37902435660362244, -0.009410965256392956, 0.15722350776195526, 0.29021039605140686, 0.021869724616408348, -0.32585951685905457, -0.6084024310112, -0.0010282016592100263, -0.25851893424987793, 0.3635665476322174, 0.18161921203136444, -0.09446889162063599, 1.1860636472702026, 0.7273042798042297, 0.30682840943336487, 0.3833601176738739, -0.11231584846973419, 0.3556712865829468, -0.43983060121536255, -0.369080126285553, 0.18270830810070038, -0.197190061211586, 0.43026190996170044, 0.2935222089290619, 0.45837441086769104, -0.0703243836760521, -0.4104974567890167, 0.1295798271894455, -0.3316182494163513, 0.2129850685596466, 0.05852237716317177, -0.014911067672073841, 0.39434364438056946, 0.1739233434200287, -0.4688747823238373, 0.36571475863456726, -0.3843038082122803, -0.08321505784988403, 0.23989681899547577, -0.05774964392185211, 0.6080387830734253, 0.13885296881198883, 0.07425287365913391, 0.2210603803396225, -0.22892552614212036, 0.11832478642463684, -0.3531140685081482, 0.40867504477500916, -0.22719328105449677, 0.4061298966407776, -0.0676523819565773, 0.007254566065967083, -0.42808523774147034, 0.398054838180542, -0.3963076174259186, 0.08581990748643875, 0.36350539326667786, -0.5356960892677307, -0.10353437066078186, 1.0433684587478638, -0.05303909257054329, -0.2960889935493469, -0.16314426064491272, -0.4172847867012024, 0.475789874792099, 0.48659709095954895, -0.11626428365707397, 0.5593597292900085, 0.20550723373889923, -0.18186397850513458, -0.3274978697299957, -0.5623216032981873, -0.3333069086074829, 0.5871095061302185, 0.09037771075963974, -0.3286662995815277, 0.6593301892280579, -0.1040194034576416, -0.08940015733242035, 0.1650427132844925, -0.24516652524471283, 0.3916286826133728, -0.4862363934516907, 0.3582321107387543, 0.2782536447048187, 0.35934728384017944, -0.6543530821800232, -0.5539321303367615, -0.5064938068389893, -0.10004078596830368, -1.1477031707763672, 0.47993820905685425, 0.5392560958862305, -0.3744474947452545, -0.7085224986076355, -0.10644882917404175, 0.5149771571159363, 0.1797706037759781, -0.7549097537994385, 0.2674907445907593, -0.5064899921417236, 0.40560197830200195, -0.00632522301748395, -0.18233217298984528, 0.1785513013601303, -0.18021193146705627, -0.01755472645163536, -0.6257322430610657, -0.12459172308444977, -0.08182676136493683, 0.19168609380722046, -0.22806613147258759, 0.37545931339263916, 0.2771199643611908, -0.35544759035110474, -0.49421074986457825, -0.30312928557395935, 0.21428680419921875, -0.0682215541601181, 0.0294315405189991, 0.1545448899269104, -0.14131015539169312, -0.34732651710510254, -5.955386638641357, -0.03139764443039894, 0.04488248750567436, -0.37970393896102905, 0.12311241775751114, 0.2448236346244812, 0.5179925560951233, 0.07444756478071213, 0.40382814407348633, -0.2487286478281021, 0.10232530534267426, 0.39698928594589233, 0.27708739042282104, 0.0890377014875412, 0.18026569485664368, 0.30358073115348816, 0.4527845084667206, 0.8037939071655273, 0.03512777015566826, 0.06696457415819168, 0.11557870358228683, 0.5118576288223267, 0.26638904213905334, 0.18136510252952576, 0.2439378798007965, 0.6562837362289429, -0.17891350388526917, -0.4474187195301056, -0.2939890921115875, -0.8508657813072205, -0.4468984603881836, 0.03592967242002487, 0.20049212872982025, -0.4286862015724182, -0.3967316150665283, -0.014798582531511784, 0.39265474677085876, 0.7088430523872375, 0.4786863327026367, -0.21415384113788605, -0.14408494532108307, 0.1702204942703247, 0.4208478629589081, -0.34576615691185, 0.19439002871513367, -0.0733262225985527, -0.36253631114959717, -0.12513397634029388, -0.38813963532447815, 0.7739642858505249, -0.4112510681152344, 0.3699338436126709, 0.4222768247127533, -0.07140886038541794, 0.0824623703956604, 0.5168800950050354, 0.40831613540649414, 0.4578717350959778, -0.854162871837616, 0.5521970987319946, 0.5469598770141602, -0.5856922268867493, -0.10150443017482758, -0.6204774975776672, -0.2702356278896332, 0.13141746819019318, -0.17603439092636108, 0.6278533339500427, 0.5824029445648193, 0.15431514382362366, -0.6343304514884949, -0.1562395542860031, 0.5162500739097595, -0.9465705156326294, 0.3209604322910309, -0.68976229429245, -0.500326931476593, 0.3210987448692322, 0.019870612770318985, -0.26595816016197205, -0.3765406608581543, -0.12664145231246948, -0.24318203330039978, 0.21257925033569336, 0.24485011398792267, -0.6064950227737427, -0.6621426343917847, 0.25052374601364136, -0.37023594975471497, 0.09479156881570816, 0.2187095731496811, -0.2517659664154053, 0.24827741086483002, 0.35417962074279785, 0.550195574760437, 0.7523805499076843, 0.10279461741447449, -0.20409876108169556, 0.6304858922958374, -0.17907658219337463, 0.16142527759075165, -0.44521448016166687, 0.01401634979993105, -0.23589055240154266, 0.17972950637340546, 0.2467942088842392, -0.4351702034473419, 0.015200232155621052, 0.8754906058311462, 0.04583979770541191, 0.14894023537635803, 0.09321806579828262, 0.021208783611655235, -0.2918335497379303, 0.16310711205005646, -0.014848274178802967, -0.396568238735199, 0.21042107045650482, 0.6585543155670166, -0.14338533580303192, -0.013507813215255737, 0.5176548361778259, -0.3118431568145752, 0.2930675446987152, -0.37876540422439575, -0.223733052611351, 0.28910839557647705, -0.32513704895973206, -0.2062803953886032, 0.0368155911564827, 0.5125281810760498, -0.45871081948280334, 0.36279287934303284, -0.41937491297721863, 0.05163998529314995, -0.09996844083070755, -0.024075141176581383, -0.4749293327331543, 0.11623717844486237, -0.035060808062553406, -0.5054135322570801, -0.30753350257873535, -0.08189467340707779, 0.4383266270160675, 0.702700674533844, -0.05167223513126373, 0.18136808276176453, 0.015255013480782509, -0.4983862042427063, 0.4845837652683258, 0.11363472044467926, -0.5517387390136719, 0.3931015729904175, -1.0618023872375488, -0.37914690375328064, -0.23420275747776031, 0.07223905622959137, -0.4101122319698334, 0.20361818373203278, -0.28798460960388184, 0.1525917798280716, -0.8327383995056152, -1.0964726209640503, -0.17917445302009583, 0.017223233357071877, -0.2752099931240082, -0.42490679025650024, -0.0034398396965116262, -0.1945161372423172, -0.012257692404091358, 0.15504233539104462, -0.6906157732009888, -0.5466642379760742, 0.23078472912311554, 0.11429890245199203, -0.07195451855659485, 0.16318707168102264, 0.9279085397720337, -0.18812237679958344, 0.7196327447891235, 0.06633983552455902, 0.4766662120819092, 0.004744024947285652, 0.0496455654501915, 0.1683618724346161, -0.15079787373542786, -0.04972459003329277, 0.45933297276496887, -0.3330519497394562, 0.20843790471553802, -0.020906148478388786, 0.432625949382782, 0.3436032831668854, -0.07904334366321564, -0.012856841087341309, -0.12423977255821228, 0.0389365628361702, -0.138692706823349, 0.051096368581056595, -0.4576396942138672, 0.20818957686424255, 0.1972508281469345, 0.1356462985277176, 0.3872902989387512, -0.0008947512251324952, -0.21095693111419678, 0.4290936291217804, -0.2682291865348816, 0.12490534037351608, -0.20096606016159058, -0.38493800163269043, -0.3233499228954315, -0.2900793254375458, 0.3129380941390991, -0.3094501495361328, -0.15956398844718933, 0.1491146683692932, -0.3295290768146515, 0.27147147059440613, -0.9352359175682068, 0.37818682193756104, -0.23292256891727448, -0.208716481924057, -0.1591315120458603, 0.25193920731544495, 0.7928189635276794, 0.31777745485305786, -0.6373636722564697, 0.5877166986465454, -0.2174375057220459, -0.18906007707118988, -0.28937017917633057, 0.28137168288230896, 0.05940262973308563, -0.6297311186790466, -0.1678701639175415, -0.02174084633588791, 0.03706779703497887, 0.7381391525268555, 0.831078052520752, 0.34197017550468445, 1.790282964706421, 0.2188834846019745, -0.5459979176521301, -0.23383495211601257, 0.1700802743434906, 0.477301687002182, -0.2946819067001343, -0.41594362258911133, 0.33055710792541504, 0.3462834060192108, -0.5233741402626038, -0.4539104402065277, -0.25445401668548584, 0.7347243428230286, -0.6570815443992615, 0.4428248405456543, 0.544723391532898, 0.2976827323436737, 0.0912865623831749, 0.26210248470306396, 0.3538668751716614, -0.1639125794172287, -0.07305653393268585, 0.07309231907129288, 0.39227259159088135, -0.7071874737739563, -0.026740336790680885, 0.32389211654663086, -0.7980203628540039, -0.012293701060116291, -0.11535894125699997, -0.2947326898574829, 0.1258786916732788, 0.7764560580253601, -0.09723643958568573, -0.3562890589237213, -0.22622334957122803, 0.2793879210948944, -0.14743857085704803, -0.5691599249839783, 0.20769742131233215, 0.14194341003894806, -0.26517680287361145, -0.17387095093727112, -0.6963415145874023, -0.19948984682559967, 0.08422546833753586, -0.2609902024269104, -0.27442318201065063, -0.875252902507782, -0.2363320142030716, -0.011233805678784847, -0.14962072670459747, -0.2768736183643341, 0.057218316942453384, -0.026911037042737007, 0.1910826563835144, -0.11224807053804398, 0.2322421669960022, -0.727683961391449, 0.21592971682548523, 0.26902756094932556, 0.3053302764892578, -0.22884126007556915, -0.06807232648134232, -0.14899976551532745, -0.6256358027458191, 0.03410251811146736, -0.15992027521133423, 0.2107621431350708, 0.1408178210258484, 0.8380126357078552, 0.6268689036369324, -0.5430153608322144, 0.09438087046146393, 0.2841973900794983, -0.16270828247070312, 0.07734490185976028, 0.08930449187755585, 0.4315696358680725, -0.5718400478363037, 0.18750594556331635, 0.6316925287246704, 0.2833198010921478, 0.16086511313915253, -0.2402331829071045, -0.2954048216342926, 0.3508416414260864, 0.30387288331985474, 0.36022576689720154, 0.2472292184829712, -0.5387277007102966, 0.01535310409963131, -0.6297553181648254, -0.41160112619400024, 0.473420649766922, -0.102277472615242, -0.41798481345176697, 0.6651336550712585, 0.8050054907798767, 0.44842901825904846, -0.029070379212498665, -0.423909068107605, -0.13893955945968628, -0.3843286335468292, 0.3030290901660919, -0.08023896813392639, 0.3026474416255951, -0.023383095860481262, 0.35143187642097473, 0.09177236258983612, 0.42465633153915405, -0.41100019216537476, 0.0079805264249444, 0.3200804591178894, 0.12519539892673492, -0.393032431602478, -0.1229688972234726, -0.4275147616863251, -0.5485867261886597, -0.47572213411331177, -0.10267463326454163, 0.008369321003556252, -0.036723650991916656, -0.37458187341690063, -0.03188202530145645, -0.4286211431026459, -0.2010963261127472, -0.14902867376804352, 0.2613928020000458, 0.0948304533958435, 0.11233022809028625, -0.1406606137752533, 0.2918291687965393, 0.4322759509086609, -0.02809884585440159, 0.5200625658035278, 0.33819395303726196, -0.07699964940547943, -0.059056125581264496, -0.15931133925914764, 0.17780832946300507, -0.5372762680053711, 0.1800098717212677, -0.24555553495883942, 0.19675105810165405, 0.18838676810264587, -0.3536800742149353, 0.6582071781158447, 0.4823216497898102, -0.0890946090221405, -0.2797263264656067, 0.351958304643631, -0.17559310793876648, 0.22011631727218628, -0.4173640012741089, 0.6908467411994934, 0.5409360527992249, 0.056617412716150284, -0.05293016508221626, 0.13925769925117493, 0.0710597038269043, 0.11040609329938889, 0.38520103693008423, 0.14379079639911652, -0.041337884962558746, 0.09612032026052475, -0.7448632717132568, -0.01767793484032154, 0.6148855686187744, -0.0815761387348175, -0.05237129330635071, 0.511609673500061, 0.057319194078445435, 0.4644402265548706, 0.45239314436912537, -0.012933927588164806, -0.03652036190032959, -0.10877765715122223, -0.2469843626022339, -0.2084234654903412, 0.3492225408554077, 0.6122514605522156, -0.17941449582576752, -0.23761117458343506, 0.07418735325336456, 0.3745785355567932, -1.371665596961975, 0.22559942305088043, -0.03128940612077713, -0.2922845780849457, -0.4933777153491974, -0.060381896793842316, -0.3551575839519501, -0.04098823666572571, 0.3536294400691986, 0.9512232542037964, 0.2668174207210541, -0.4953289031982422, -0.1866041123867035, -0.10616377741098404, 0.2885838449001312, 0.00484553724527359, -0.13255853950977325, 0.15296752750873566, 0.1678779572248459, -0.5264462232589722, -0.4037885367870331, 0.20868919789791107, 0.20995895564556122, -0.10756541043519974, 0.6730989813804626, -0.7373359203338623, -0.006230274215340614, -0.4967079758644104, 0.42972713708877563, -0.36583882570266724, -0.1678488701581955, 0.14700016379356384 ]
249295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Atlantic%20%28disambiguation%29	North Atlantic (disambiguation)	The North Atlantic is the portion of the Atlantic Ocean which lies north of the Equator. North Atlantic may also refer to: North Atlantic Refining, an oil company based in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada North Atlantic Books, a publisher located in Berkeley, California See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	[ -0.05855915695428848, -0.20063184201717377, 0.41339439153671265, -0.3235153257846832, 0.13059119880199432, -0.37539640069007874, -0.0329403318464756, 0.8008585572242737, -0.42444905638694763, -0.21166349947452545, -0.3178079426288605, -0.2663783133029938, -0.29954156279563904, 0.5058383941650391, 0.2251545488834381, 0.7612820863723755, -0.1404496282339096, 0.41736331582069397, -0.26920953392982483, -0.3482273519039154, -0.26615244150161743, -0.11333473026752472, 0.09291478246450424, -0.6389251351356506, 0.24823559820652008, -0.5604585409164429, 0.21306298673152924, 0.19297444820404053, 0.028402278199791908, 0.44583916664123535, -0.07795315235853195, 0.5673875212669373, -0.7595192790031433, -0.13345275819301605, 0.05633939430117607, -0.2670827805995941, 0.1277117282152176, -0.06838780641555786, -0.5482090711593628, -0.20183496177196503, -0.32342755794525146, -0.11462822556495667, 0.17104728519916534, 0.27357950806617737, 0.24878829717636108, -0.21329206228256226, -0.63100665807724, 0.5753552913665771, -0.3284555673599243, -0.1425323188304901, -0.36784735321998596, 0.49404552578926086, -0.34582093358039856, 0.8660064339637756, -0.1475912630558014, 0.02035188116133213, -0.6036289930343628, -0.12673419713974, 0.016323333606123924, -0.39862626791000366, 0.4860050678253174, 0.7163378596305847, -0.3903839886188507, 0.3183070719242096, 0.3798547089099884, -0.014057249762117863, -0.09275273233652115, 0.5280030369758606, -0.2175963670015335, -0.5722594261169434, -0.20371265709400177, 0.17444384098052979, -0.320846289396286, 0.0782136619091034, 0.0886702761054039, 0.1013389453291893, 0.24969209730625153, 0.20511196553707123, 0.12109655141830444, -0.009859997779130936, -0.18194803595542908, -0.12784382700920105, 0.2594178020954132, -0.18246036767959595, 0.06027653440833092, 0.1356084793806076, -0.18760697543621063, -0.006285351235419512, -0.4068123996257782, 0.33676737546920776, 0.552379310131073, -0.016479160636663437, 0.37051811814308167, 0.019902121275663376, 0.08977783471345901, -0.39679935574531555, 0.053961608558893204, -0.013424007222056389, -0.09497407078742981, -0.37128573656082153, -0.5614625811576843, -0.08154306560754776, 0.5217152237892151, 0.26152026653289795, -0.39351457357406616, -0.6134215593338013, 0.10211386531591415, -0.12387333810329437, 0.7076758146286011, 0.17172293365001678, -0.2648584842681885, 0.007340926211327314, 0.2942221760749817, 0.4049939811229706, -0.42520400881767273, 0.24803683161735535, -0.18498142063617706, -0.6262127757072449, 0.31205230951309204, -0.40782323479652405, 0.21408222615718842, 0.7079885005950928, -0.13357844948768616, -0.14455780386924744, -0.0027513010427355766, 0.19891293346881866, 0.3684399724006653, -0.14177604019641876, -0.9116595387458801, 0.01529200654476881, -0.18576575815677643, 0.5306553840637207, 0.019363131374120712, 0.470293790102005, -0.004071800038218498, -0.08312340080738068, 0.17486001551151276, 0.4968641698360443, 0.35104992985725403, 0.24184539914131165, -1.0028079748153687, -0.368869423866272, -0.7384822368621826, -0.0014452680479735136, 0.4573781192302704, -0.16394688189029694, -0.0021987715736031532, -0.24333572387695312, -0.4246878921985626, 0.2758995294570923, 0.11898133903741837, 0.5164235830307007, 0.04537796601653099, 0.11630436778068542, -0.29267120361328125, -0.5159361362457275, 0.625036358833313, 0.3306284248828888, 0.14330244064331055, -0.2443775087594986, 0.2299993336200714, 0.29209834337234497, 0.450025737285614, 0.21425515413284302, 0.35137611627578735, -0.22092323005199432, 0.1811172515153885, 0.33776140213012695, -0.09365959465503693, 0.13656845688819885, 0.05135178938508034, -0.2574334740638733, 0.8236046433448792, -0.04351714998483658, -0.09589210152626038, 0.18308338522911072, 0.11458265036344528, 0.2844562828540802, 0.18371298909187317, -0.12045248597860336, -0.4256395399570465, 0.22039060294628143, 0.07816382497549057, -0.3042077422142029, -0.05242667719721794, 0.14456525444984436, 0.24317970871925354, 0.45787349343299866, -0.2757743299007416, 0.17729197442531586, 0.43894821405410767, -0.6224625706672668, -0.030980726704001427, -0.8401064872741699, 0.7061313986778259, -0.2727561891078949, -0.20129814743995667, 0.6459621787071228, -0.07869206368923187, 0.8284294009208679, -0.4146064817905426, -0.5815410614013672, 0.436787486076355, 0.29082968831062317, -0.2178489863872528, 1.0238163471221924, 0.20494991540908813, -0.09566972404718399, 0.4286990761756897, 0.47361281514167786, -0.2979264557361603, -0.577507495880127, 0.17892029881477356, 0.05466483533382416, -0.16182313859462738, -0.5318483710289001, 0.027596931904554367, -0.07839887589216232, 0.18806852400302887, -0.07118560373783112, 0.21096600592136383, 0.40026620030403137, 0.25461268424987793, -0.3656426668167114, 0.3153168857097626, 0.04570365324616432, 0.24123957753181458, 0.40316927433013916, 0.33811116218566895, -0.11817659437656403, 0.19052055478096008, 0.20145946741104126, 0.4008699357509613, -0.11334943026304245, -0.21881788969039917, -0.63648521900177, 0.26725640892982483, -0.33903685212135315, 0.1916658878326416, 0.1291375458240509, -0.09261919558048248, 0.1194361224770546, -0.427187442779541, 0.7758650183677673, -0.14726634323596954, 0.05431609973311424, 0.11308757960796356, 0.5382541418075562, -0.1612585037946701, 0.0004790158709511161, -0.1910138577222824, -0.03866669908165932, -0.07256703078746796, -0.1691124588251114, -0.07750790566205978, 0.15048201382160187, -0.04495397210121155, 0.18849359452724457, 0.7033485770225525, -0.06326881051063538, -0.1717270165681839, -0.19953812658786774, -0.14232122898101807, -0.030393116176128387, -0.16732114553451538, -0.6453450918197632, -0.558094322681427, -0.47532543540000916, 0.4698612093925476, 0.1748974323272705, 0.41842886805534363, 0.014330364763736725, -0.38918328285217285, -0.16777019202709198, -0.4652490019798279, -0.2556600272655487, 0.2441883683204651, -0.1682511419057846, -0.30020391941070557, 0.1396479308605194, 0.24808460474014282, 0.1331779509782791, -0.05551748722791672, -0.4923573136329651, 0.06717439740896225, -0.5556199550628662, 0.26341062784194946, -0.6625964045524597, 0.03817518427968025, 0.13536502420902252, 0.26959070563316345, 0.0853426530957222, -0.15186239778995514, 0.20711806416511536, -0.20345541834831238, 0.46990716457366943, 0.20395463705062866, -0.32232218980789185, 0.08070239424705505, -0.3590967357158661, -1.0171761512756348, -0.2905639708042145, 0.013560416176915169, -0.3442518711090088, 0.32243743538856506, -0.47218209505081177, -0.38829728960990906, 0.239435076713562, -5.9687581062316895, 0.3113137185573578, -0.5708373785018921, 0.09389347583055496, -0.36872410774230957, -0.322436660528183, 0.7206602096557617, 0.22804279625415802, 0.24799330532550812, -0.3681996762752533, -0.02259344980120659, 0.1985434740781784, -0.1726217418909073, 0.36312976479530334, 0.5548430681228638, 0.4148361384868622, 0.20578855276107788, -0.17482563853263855, 0.2329145073890686, 0.06106065958738327, -0.020705563947558403, 0.44405317306518555, 0.2348300963640213, 0.08862563967704773, 0.6316412091255188, 0.8166447281837463, -0.04986971989274025, 0.24005764722824097, -0.342337965965271, -0.05872128903865814, 0.09975460171699524, -0.47707393765449524, 0.05004580318927765, -0.6732141971588135, 0.13919700682163239, -0.24881921708583832, 0.23711924254894257, 0.49591195583343506, 0.11260803043842316, 0.3620886504650116, -0.026280969381332397, 0.741564929485321, 0.3474594056606293, 0.0038127570878714323, 0.06827905774116516, -0.14493060111999512, -0.19911007583141327, -0.08768681436777115, 0.3493150472640991, 0.7309874892234802, -0.23955681920051575, 0.28969383239746094, 0.13345956802368164, -0.17510248720645905, 0.03976661339402199, -0.34388434886932373, 0.19175414741039276, -0.6039426326751709, -0.8674301505088806, -0.5574111342430115, 0.7259482741355896, -0.1248505711555481, -0.3702319860458374, -0.43423163890838623, 0.4228084087371826, -0.41504722833633423, -0.7218639254570007, -0.036578837782144547, 0.5793472528457642, 0.19690652191638947, -0.36939114332199097, -0.23881208896636963, -0.012582485564053059, -0.3057672083377838, -0.5169014930725098, -0.37452733516693115, -0.42838945984840393, -0.02712971158325672, 0.10850418359041214, -0.32392948865890503, -0.49874091148376465, 0.30585628747940063, -0.6043216586112976, 1.011834740638733, 0.4606081247329712, -0.2654329836368561, -0.5040683150291443, 0.3053429424762726, -0.25262048840522766, 0.010982973501086235, 0.6202725768089294, -0.3501727879047394, 0.7360643148422241, -0.056573472917079926, -0.002527621341869235, 0.7355459928512573, -0.4952310025691986, -0.09110263735055923, 0.7638165950775146, -0.4177815318107605, 0.807986319065094, -0.23962244391441345, 0.47916996479034424, -0.022936079651117325, -0.15307438373565674, -0.33642441034317017, 0.20701947808265686, 0.4717193841934204, 0.2516332268714905, -0.2018364816904068, -0.04599525034427643, 0.12517480552196503, -0.30237486958503723, 0.07024278491735458, -0.32101869583129883, 0.10818538814783096, -0.3151881992816925, 0.4871218204498291, 0.5759076476097107, -0.17771518230438232, 0.44783487915992737, 0.2838427424430847, -0.18386706709861755, 0.15515592694282532, -0.2687269449234009, 0.022505607455968857, -0.047578927129507065, 0.3604852259159088, -0.19338732957839966, 0.5336105227470398, 0.05039559677243233, 0.02900855988264084, 0.7776886820793152, -0.3129991292953491, 0.5803402662277222, -0.09427748620510101, 0.06063752621412277, -0.04821481183171272, 0.17799147963523865, -0.3640899956226349, -0.17834694683551788, -0.09008282423019409, 0.37997153401374817, 0.3847372531890869, -0.13835114240646362, 0.11844611912965775, -0.06213020160794258, -0.4606148600578308, -0.40358972549438477, 0.7424183487892151, 0.2968203127384186, -0.16109217703342438, -0.021552400663495064, -0.0482451431453228, -0.11814725399017334, 0.03456060588359833, 0.7967472076416016, 0.1777893602848053, -0.24150031805038452, -0.22916530072689056, 0.022682348266243935, -0.6054503321647644, -0.554819643497467, 0.12491203099489212, 0.5298027396202087, -0.6281678080558777, -0.7545290589332581, 0.008477701805531979, -0.09398962557315826, 0.4555671811103821, 0.33140328526496887, -0.6959485411643982, -0.2565484046936035, -0.20512329041957855, -0.023129934445023537, 0.23563458025455475, -0.20192359387874603, 0.2182094007730484, -0.21656641364097595, -0.17698466777801514, -0.06561694294214249, -0.20996369421482086, -0.6748077273368835, 0.2756972014904022, 0.41536909341812134, -0.05239995941519737, -0.22060343623161316, 0.16643838584423065, 0.2721456289291382, -0.09493257105350494, 0.5401718616485596, 0.2819654941558838, -0.15600590407848358, 0.1301436573266983, -0.1381896585226059, 0.23095564544200897, -0.10261514037847519, 0.581952691078186, -0.20750178396701813, 0.18613824248313904, -0.04931660369038582, 0.29136529564857483, -0.1236153319478035, 0.5180075168609619, -0.2554742991924286, -0.3568286895751953, 0.6448525190353394, 0.02979237027466297, -0.9830957055091858, 0.2713654339313507, -0.596503734588623, -0.5376116037368774, -0.3084985911846161, 0.6981322169303894, -0.26764941215515137, 0.12911416590213776, 0.2039359211921692, -0.09497721493244171, -0.08449043333530426, 0.07839415222406387, 0.17321206629276276, -0.011522765271365643, -0.20457153022289276, -0.15798524022102356, 0.19601957499980927, 0.45181578397750854, 0.6335465312004089, -0.057062651962041855, 0.36325138807296753, -0.5422804355621338, 0.23548762500286102, -0.17977240681648254, -0.18460635840892792, 0.2336137592792511, -0.09644585847854614, 0.039181843400001526, 0.03980861231684685, -0.6730212569236755, 0.1221376582980156, 0.4410175681114197, 1.0430928468704224, 0.06511910259723663, 0.6171944737434387, -0.4952194392681122, -0.014214596711099148, 0.011061357334256172, 0.37586334347724915, -0.7510527968406677, -0.2680968940258026, -0.17843347787857056, -0.09129291027784348, -0.8826729655265808, -1.0129997730255127, -0.15085597336292267, 1.1487544775009155, 0.3923230469226837, -0.153997540473938, 0.2820310592651367, -0.026273541152477264, -0.4297621548175812, 0.46472251415252686, -0.38553062081336975, -0.5873193144798279, 0.22492018342018127, -0.11703269183635712, -0.36253541707992554, -0.8399389982223511, 0.3188343048095703, -0.07955734431743622, -0.023123033344745636, 0.25641465187072754, -0.1490507423877716, 0.4851554334163666, -0.09296374022960663, 0.03207723796367645, -0.11929212510585785, 0.22369350492954254, -0.08035073429346085, 0.5815601944923401, -0.07827278971672058, -0.9238688945770264, -0.41089749336242676, 0.7199413776397705, -0.2372446358203888, 0.15241119265556335, 0.008721805177628994, -0.0006697193020954728, -0.2387121617794037, 0.21472172439098358, -0.21881110966205597, -0.06863796710968018, -0.4766368865966797, -0.21589967608451843, -0.8874466419219971, -0.017863942310214043, -0.005365775432437658, 0.03376024588942528, 0.5358312129974365, 0.3209393620491028, -0.5268812775611877, -1.059504747390747, 0.5270658135414124, -0.40003713965415955, -1.0147922039031982, 0.32695838809013367, -0.2502368986606598, 0.44188442826271057, -0.1448882520198822, 0.4682466387748718, -0.05669686570763588, 0.8622961640357971, 0.29936841130256653, -0.4116654694080353, 0.8743017911911011, 0.19195742905139923, 0.018223362043499947, 0.6439831852912903, -0.29408565163612366, 0.27744781970977783, 0.4314146637916565, -0.05231643468141556, -0.10002371668815613, 0.06729406118392944, 0.21210891008377075, 0.05743139609694481, 0.19378294050693512, -0.2909902334213257, -0.18967075645923615, -0.3074566125869751, 0.3078137934207916, 0.2153618335723877, 0.090090312063694, -0.6285255551338196, 0.0177469402551651, -0.5502533316612244, 0.23929955065250397, 0.2065655142068863, -0.6474169492721558, -0.5025550723075867, 0.30052894353866577, 0.5086633563041687, 0.17087316513061523, -0.3388645052909851, -0.39209938049316406, -0.5697088837623596, -0.17387855052947998, -0.37245169281959534, 0.26839447021484375, 0.47954845428466797, 0.08264797180891037, 0.4768522381782532, -0.46290329098701477, -0.03480198234319687, -0.5174624919891357, -0.05501438304781914, 0.004882967099547386, 0.4401140809059143, -0.38954684138298035, -0.21905718743801117, -0.4537877142429352, -0.6197062134742737, 0.550072431564331, 0.2164609581232071, -0.037679292261600494, -0.1510847955942154, -0.016847243532538414, 0.6160286664962769, -0.7389679551124573, 0.054587990045547485, -0.20341511070728302, 0.32330286502838135, -0.25706085562705994, 0.08790037781000137, -0.13100790977478027, -0.2881540358066559, 0.41881051659584045, -0.30061760544776917, 0.6103277802467346, 0.16633406281471252, -0.34584447741508484, -0.3660842180252075, 0.2402248978614807, -0.2383962720632553, -0.06992386281490326, -0.15714141726493835, -0.3996000587940216, 0.22042959928512573, -0.1725015789270401, -0.8645794987678528, 0.7667063474655151, 0.08225377649068832, -0.7863731980323792, 0.025232942774891853, -0.3480012118816376, -0.4127793312072754, -0.45900800824165344, -0.0702633336186409, 0.6420448422431946, 0.1717604249715805, -0.7176991701126099, 0.2908809781074524, 0.030041394755244255, 0.42822209000587463, 0.06502275168895721, 0.054912954568862915, 0.24688908457756042, -0.24750448763370514, 0.5742817521095276, -0.21847037971019745, 0.309043288230896, 0.4041828513145447, -0.545735239982605, -0.3187086582183838, 0.12547847628593445, 0.3805146813392639, -0.1228877604007721, 0.03888053447008133, -0.3057636022567749, 0.47623351216316223, 0.06830330938100815, -0.22548772394657135, -0.41373786330223083, -0.5719967484474182, 0.32849836349487305, 0.060628246515989304, -0.14044837653636932, 0.20867247879505157, 0.3473813533782959, -0.4416145384311676, 0.9038873314857483, 0.05572737008333206, -0.2784484922885895, -1.037575364112854, 0.3897542655467987, -0.3177620470523834, -0.4657222628593445, 0.11239341646432877, 0.2438570261001587, 0.019888343289494514, -0.39216387271881104, 0.1339239627122879, 0.34934359788894653, -0.04710305482149124, 0.13409636914730072, -0.17202512919902802, -0.5370000004768372, 0.001515810377895832, -0.28337547183036804, -1.1975889205932617, 0.6141504049301147, 0.28349873423576355, 0.03066832385957241, 0.06575706601142883, -0.19096854329109192, 0.2844983637332916, -0.4393540024757385, 0.5250356793403625, -0.40125325322151184, 0.5233516693115234, 0.8246557712554932 ]
249299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu%20Bajie	Zhu Bajie	Zhu Bajie (), also named Zhu Wuneng, is one of the three helpers of Tang Sanzang and a major character of the 16th century novel Journey to the West. Zhu means "swine" and Bajie means "eight precepts". Buddhist scholars consider that both expressions are related to "Śīla pāramitā". In many English versions of the story, Zhu Bajie is called "Pigsy" or "Pig". Zhu Bajie is a complex and developed character in the novel. He looks like a terrible monster, part human and part pig, who often gets himself and his companions into trouble through his laziness, gluttony, and propensity for lusting after pretty women. He is jealous of Sun Wukong and always tries to bring him down. His Buddhist name "Zhu Wuneng", given by Bodhisattva Guanyin, means "pig (reincarnated) who is aware of ability" or "pig who rises to power", a reference to the fact that he values himself so much as to forget his own grisly appearance. Tang Sanzang gave him the nickname Bājiè which means "eight restraints" or "eight commandments" to remind him of his Buddhist diet. In the original Chinese novel, he is often called dāizi (), meaning "idiot". Sun Wukong, Tang Sanzang, and even the author consistently refers to him as "the idiot" over the course of the story. Bodhisattvas and other heavenly beings usually refer to him as "Heavenly Tumbleweed", his former name when he was a heavenly marshal. Character Zhu Bajie originally held the title of Tiānpéng Yuánshuài (天篷元帅; lit. "Marshal Canopy"), commander-in-chief of 80,000 Heavenly Navy Soldiers. However, he was later banished for misbehavior. At a party organized for all the significant figures in Heaven, Bajie saw the goddess of the Moon for the first time and was captivated by her beauty. Following a drunken attempt to seduce her, she reported this to the Jade Emperor and thus he was banished to Earth. In popular retellings, Zhu Bajie was sentenced to a thousand lives where each life would end in a love tragedy. In some retellings of the story, his banishment is linked to Sun Wukong's downfall. In any case, he was exiled from Heaven and sent to be reincarnated on Earth, where by mishap he fell into a pig well and was reborn as a man-eating pig-monster known as Zhū Gāngliè (猪刚鬛 the "strong-maned pig"). In the earlier portions of Journey to the West, Wukong and Tang Sanzang come to Gao village and find that a daughter of the village elder had been kidnapped and the abductor left a note demanding marriage. In some versions of the story Bajie has convinced the elder to allow him to marry the daughter based on his ability to do large amounts of hard work due to his prodigious strength. The elder recants when he discovers that, although Zhu Bajie manages to do quite a lot of work in the fields, he manages to eat so much that the farm is losing money anyway. After some investigations, Wukong found out that Bajie was the "villain" behind this. He fought with Wukong, who learns after beating him that he has also been recruited by Guanyin to join their pilgrimage and make atonements for his past sins. At the end of the novel, most of Bajie's fellow pilgrims achieve enlightenment and become arhats, but he does not; although much improved, he is still too much a creature of his base desires. He is instead rewarded for his part in the pilgrimage's success with a job as "Cleanser of the Altars" () and all the leftovers he can eat. However, his actual rank in relation to the others is unclear, but possibly the lowest. Pre-existence In traditional Chinese Taoism, there is a divine goddess named Doumu Yuanjun (斗姆元君) who was acclaimed as the mother of all the constellations, even the Emperor Zi-Wei is her son. She has four faces while one of them is akin to a pig's face. Tiānpéng Yuánshuài (天篷元帅; lit. "Marshal Heavenly Mugwort") is one of her most significant understrappers, which is the head general of the North Pole. According to the depiction in the chapter 217 of 《道法会元》, a biography of Taoism and Chinese mythical stories compiled in Ming Dynasty; Tiānpéng Yuánshuài was a blazing powerful marshal in the North Pole. A phrase depicts his appearance as: He was scarily imposing with three heads and six arms, red hair, red armor all over; Holding a magic seal, an axe, a firm rope in left hands and a convulsion bell, a symbolic artifact of constellations and a long sword in right. He leads 360,000 warriors; travels along with scary and dark gas, in which there is a five-colored cloud. Numerous deities with great respect always greet his arrivals. Under his reign, there are a mass of strong myrmidons, with a piece of description withdrawn from ancient books and records of Taoism, three of the most outstanding ones are: "Mahatma of heaven": with height of over a hundred feet, wearing a light-colored gown, disheveled long hair, could create incantatory power with his fingers, holding a sharp sword in his right hand. "The Great General of mixed pneuma": Wearing a high crest and golden corselet the whole body, equipped by a bow, an arrow, and a halberd. "Four-eyed thunder marshal": Aged, with four eyes and a walks with a crutch. Accompanied by two august emissaries. Also, there are 36 generals and a group of Divine warriors under his dominion; anyhow, as is depicted in myth of Chinese Taoism, he is the commander of a huge deity system in the Northern Pole, in which a great number of valiant deity generals and warriors who all controlled by the Emperor Zi-Wei. In the novel, after he is punished and becomes Zhu Bajie, there is an obvious recession in both his confidence and power which makes him less militant and lazier as we can find in many parts in the original passage. However, with the remains of power he used to have in his preexistence, he is still capable of fighting against most of the devils appear in their way of journey and in this regard, Sun Wukong always prefers to bring him together when having battles with enemies although they have intermittent personal conflicts all the way. Nine-toothed rake The nine-toothed rake (Traditional ) is the primary weapon of Zhu Bajie. This phrase depicts the first point in which Bajie's legendary nine-toothed rake had been used: The fierce and murderous ogre; Huian, imposing and able. The iron staff could pulverize the heart; The rake struck at the face. The dust thrown up darkened Heaven and Earth; The flying sand and stones startled gods and ghouls. The nine−toothed rake Gleamed and flashed As its pair of rings resounded; The lone staff Was ominously black As it whirled in its owner's hands. One was the heir of a Heavenly King, One defended the Law on Potaraka Island. The other was an evil fiend in a mountain cave. In their battle for mastery, None knew who the winner would be. In another passage, Pig tells of his legendary rake while battling against Sun Wukong: This was refined from divine ice−iron, Polished till it gleamed dazzling white, Hammered by Lord Lao Zi himself, While Ying Huo fed the fire with coal−dust. The Five Emperors of the Five Regions applied their minds to it, The Six Dings and Six jias went to great efforts. They made nine teeth of jade, Cast a pair of golden rings to hang beneath them, Decorated the body with the Six Bright Shiners and the Five planets, Designed it in accordance with the Four Seasons and the Eight Divisions. The length of top and bottom match Heaven and Earth. Positive and Negative were to left and right, dividing the sun and moon. The Six Divine Generals of the Oracular Lines are there, following the Heavenly Code; The constellations of the Eight Trigrams are set out in order. It was named the Supremely Precious Gold−imbued Rake, And served to guard the gates of the Jade Emperor's palace. As I had become a great Immortal, I now enjoyed eternal life, And was commissioned as Marshal Tian Peng, With this rake to mark my imperial office. When I raise it, fire and light stream forth; When I lower it, a snowy blizzard blows. It terrifies the Heavenly Generals, And makes the King of Hell too quake with fear. There is no other weapon matching it on Earth, Nor iron to rival it throughout the world. It changes into anything I like, And leaps about whenever I say the spell. For many a year I've carried it around, Keeping it with me every single day. I will not put it down even to eat, Nor do I when I sleep at night. I took it with me to the Peach Banquet, And carried it into the celestial court. When I sinned my sin in drunken pride, I used it to force compliance with my evil will. When Heaven sent me down to the mortal dust, I committed all kinds of wickedness down here. I used to devour people in this cave, Until I fell in love and married in Gao Village. This rake has plunged beneath the sea to stir up dragons, And climbed high mountains to smash up tigers' dens. No other blade is worth a mention Besides my rake, the sharpest weapon ever. To win a fight with it requires no effort; Of course it always brings me glory. Even if you have an iron brain in a brazen head and a body of steel, This rake will scatter your souls and send your spirit flying. During their journey, he atrociously kills many demons with his rake, usually with nine blood-spurting holes in their head. Personality Merits Respectful Despite his previous identity as a great marshal who was in charge of 80,000 celestial marines, he always claims Sun Wukong as "brother" with awe and respect while Sun has conflicts with him and often makes fun of him all the way. Of course, another reason for it is he already knows Sun's reputation of being a great fighter in his preexistence. Soft-hearted During the journey, many demons change their appearances into children and beautiful women, pretending to be in trouble to confuse them with the intention of eating their master Tang Sanzang. However, though Sun Wukong is capable of detecting demons, Zhu Bajie always manages to persuade his brother to release them rather than capturing or killing them, although his kindness often causes trouble and leads to disaster. Optimistic Though he is constantly captured by numerous demons throughout the journey, he still behaves normally; even when he is about to be eaten, he does not seem to be anxious compared to his other two mates. This is also related to his background as a marshal in preexistence; rich experience in coping with various incidents makes his emotions fluctuate less. In some readings of this book, it is said that Zhu Bajie deliberately does not use his real power on the journey as he knows every time Monkey King would come and save them all. Even if not, other deities would come and help them. Demerits Gluttony As the proverb goes, eating is the most important thing in daily lives. Zhu Bajie in this regard is the best of the best. For example, in one part of the book, he obtains a watermelon and splits it into four pieces to share with his colleagues equally. When he finds watermelon too delicious after finishing his own slice, he finds excuses to eat each piece one by one until he finishes the whole watermelon. He has a big appetite, which is fairly visible in many parts of the story. Laziness Zhu Bajie is given to laziness. He seemingly never cares about their troubles and works, and always finds excuses to procrastinate their expedition. Every time the four of them arrive in another country, the local people always welcome them with food and accommodation because they come from the Great Tang Empire, which was both culturally and economically influential to all the surrounding areas at that time. Zhu Bajie hence tends to find excuses to persuade his master to stay several more days for better abodes and food due to his greediness. Lust When he was a marshal in heaven, he dallied with Chang'e, which was the reason for his banishment. After his reincarnation he drools everytime he meets beauties. Because of his lust the group often sinks into various troubles and even disasters. All in all, he was given a name that means "eight resistances", which reminded him to resist temptations of the flesh, including lust, laziness, gluttony, and avarice. See also List of media adaptations of Journey to the West References Journey to the West characters Fictional Buddhist monks Fictional generals Fictional pigs Mythological pigs Pigs in literature	[ -0.1996511071920395, 0.5383066534996033, -0.33556148409843445, -0.37841537594795227, -0.25888919830322266, 0.5527271032333374, 0.4858856201171875, 0.05088381841778755, 0.01886642351746559, -0.6983554363250732, -0.4325368404388428, 0.035015881061553955, 0.1507263332605362, -0.07434526085853577, -0.6774343848228455, -0.037641189992427826, 0.6322635412216187, -0.12883444130420685, -0.5587106347084045, -0.21914228796958923, -0.31643688678741455, -0.22838102281093597, -0.010617793537676334, -0.5652316808700562, 0.1828935593366623, 0.007327987812459469, 0.1613379716873169, 0.1763426810503006, -0.013848798349499702, -0.06290832161903381, -0.2870096266269684, 0.5602975487709045, 0.1435999721288681, -0.15169012546539307, -0.5531213879585266, 0.26947319507598877, -0.10028377175331116, 0.017116865143179893, -0.03361864387989044, -0.029065115377306938, 0.31432443857192993, 0.37876471877098083, 0.15659593045711517, 0.7611852288246155, 0.1911870837211609, -0.5730885863304138, -2.0588228702545166, 0.25626829266548157, -0.8206573724746704, -0.7495988607406616, -0.017133044078946114, 0.7412900924682617, 0.2751312553882599, 0.40725696086883545, -0.5600716471672058, 0.4745587706565857, -1.1370621919631958, -0.965985894203186, 0.2449306845664978, -0.07775980234146118, 0.29049962759017944, 0.3378962576389313, 0.8306103348731995, 0.32353201508522034, 0.07667405903339386, -0.1322810798883438, -0.15162473917007446, 0.7848726511001587, 0.364487886428833, 0.01324569433927536, 0.42952728271484375, 0.3388223946094513, -0.5690503120422363, 0.40292537212371826, -0.645203173160553, -0.36630842089653015, 0.002502426505088806, -0.3217868208885193, 0.3430573344230652, -0.2675837576389313, -0.5528614521026611, -0.12585511803627014, 0.7012169361114502, -0.23151664435863495, -0.3157937228679657, -0.07012797892093658, 0.34811413288116455, 0.09616854041814804, -0.5607107281684875, 0.3226027190685272, -0.13131147623062134, -0.33050835132598877, -0.15555591881275177, -0.04842401668429375, -0.032611407339572906, -0.21886315941810608, 0.22307811677455902, 0.5634940266609192, -0.519809901714325, -0.20958282053470612, -0.15309664607048035, 0.43384432792663574, 0.7128434181213379, 0.39001038670539856, -0.4346073865890503, -0.03965333104133606, -0.1724541187286377, -0.5594189763069153, -0.6565839648246765, -0.2589643597602844, -0.42128583788871765, 0.26025742292404175, -0.3792891502380371, -0.0286847073584795, -0.001883714459836483, 0.04648192599415779, -0.04844324663281441, -0.810797929763794, -0.4461827874183655, -0.5431346893310547, 0.1852133423089981, 0.6801704168319702, 0.011463959701359272, -0.35762983560562134, 0.32101598381996155, -0.5230386257171631, 0.16426587104797363, 0.04831645265221596, -0.31988704204559326, -0.3193197548389435, 0.18432074785232544, 0.9313441514968872, -0.3709751069545746, -0.43646156787872314, -0.19495075941085815, -0.40013471245765686, -0.023619551211595535, 0.49226874113082886, -0.47418633103370667, -0.10719200223684311, -0.4020462930202484, 0.5008663535118103, -0.7835677266120911, 0.10270950943231583, 0.18025687336921692, 0.5310677289962769, -0.5027512311935425, -0.49899452924728394, -0.8816119432449341, -0.0026479449588805437, -0.6276156902313232, -0.13081671297550201, 0.02919822186231613, -0.0779120996594429, -0.009109552018344402, 0.8910694718360901, 0.37601256370544434, -0.016727933660149574, -0.1978028267621994, -0.23047873377799988, 0.10384330153465271, -0.36748579144477844, -0.3288866877555847, 0.0586257129907608, 0.06403367966413498, 0.06207456439733505, 0.7517117857933044, 0.6593416333198547, -0.44847655296325684, -0.3706803619861603, -0.4670310914516449, -0.21941222250461578, 0.14569191634655, -0.04735971614718437, 0.20521754026412964, 0.2627442181110382, 0.7924299836158752, -0.21166649460792542, 0.4012865722179413, -0.028211070224642754, -0.9154495596885681, 0.60922771692276, 0.02681877091526985, -0.042033158242702484, 0.5939248204231262, 0.024334562942385674, 0.2935176193714142, 0.5313072800636292, -0.030564872547984123, 0.0613003671169281, -0.4412059187889099, -0.6386752724647522, 0.11371442675590515, 0.009828123264014721, 0.3611436188220978, 0.913707435131073, 0.199149489402771, 1.1141518354415894, 0.16220377385616302, 0.2971821427345276, -0.3201429545879364, -0.4422985315322876, -0.14078031480312347, 0.33459964394569397, -0.11499439924955368, 0.2362666130065918, 0.37086817622184753, 0.5404786467552185, 0.44584208726882935, 0.23820878565311432, -0.1696857064962387, -0.12598860263824463, 0.021404482424259186, -0.07006494700908661, -0.23912237584590912, 0.1437675505876541, -0.44024893641471863, -0.23954297602176666, -0.06280864030122757, -0.4902874827384949, 0.4404401183128357, -0.14226892590522766, -0.4585249722003937, 0.7484794855117798, 0.11389763653278351, 1.1129437685012817, 0.035097040235996246, 0.17046090960502625, -0.660498857498169, -0.2506382167339325, -0.5349470376968384, -0.3177039325237274, 0.24995189905166626, 0.050087179988622665, -0.1863144338130951, -0.16513028740882874, 0.2872878611087799, -0.20676006376743317, 0.4055030643939972, -0.643191397190094, 0.4583289623260498, 0.018740922212600708, -0.0030252085998654366, 0.13742923736572266, 0.13360249996185303, -0.14720100164413452, -0.5060087442398071, 0.2082480639219284, -0.06951159238815308, -0.0894145742058754, 0.3986372649669647, 0.45745301246643066, 0.41030579805374146, -0.21696285903453827, 0.6831125617027283, -0.5369816422462463, -0.11954033374786377, -0.1356891393661499, 0.48992735147476196, 0.4878476858139038, 0.106046162545681, 0.13838109374046326, 0.17496812343597412, 0.08502163738012314, -0.21123123168945312, -0.5742841958999634, 0.5893800258636475, -0.29143068194389343, 0.7596170902252197, -0.014152911491692066, -0.45053601264953613, -0.14815673232078552, -0.32765844464302063, -0.31350523233413696, -0.03474533185362816, -0.6720799207687378, 0.1897328644990921, 0.37510284781455994, -0.5408638715744019, -0.6815583109855652, 0.09866958856582642, 0.9229258894920349, 0.008449302986264229, -0.5076544880867004, 0.061178382486104965, -0.9192364811897278, -0.5460158586502075, -0.5718310475349426, 0.6954280734062195, 0.4915132522583008, -0.6574349403381348, 0.4226216971874237, -0.12468849122524261, 0.020366957411170006, -0.5743762850761414, 0.8996877670288086, -0.1199657991528511, -0.3889888823032379, 0.7845553159713745, -0.4592091143131256, -0.4542596936225891, -0.2041570246219635, 0.4625242352485657, 0.21243257820606232, 0.6272194385528564, 0.34268665313720703, -0.024993225932121277, 0.5888974666595459, -5.672640323638916, 0.2558912932872772, -0.01768212579190731, 0.10312926024198532, -0.18381232023239136, 0.5652700662612915, 0.4434548616409302, -0.3677878677845001, 0.16115230321884155, -0.09740173071622849, -0.22245177626609802, 0.1238517239689827, 0.3449932634830475, -0.043670404702425, -0.3583832085132599, 0.2605990767478943, -0.07289645820856094, -0.24897603690624237, 0.34526485204696655, 0.6657145619392395, -0.2816316485404968, -0.20162713527679443, -0.13845200836658478, 1.0091089010238647, 0.26654982566833496, 0.0034920319449156523, -0.5035688281059265, 0.42909806966781616, -0.1971629410982132, 0.13220345973968506, 0.18819330632686615, -0.231031134724617, 0.11291955411434174, 0.4265345335006714, -0.19844946265220642, -0.3160352408885956, 0.4459109306335449, 0.22773197293281555, 0.45195889472961426, -0.0012446597684174776, -0.44192057847976685, 0.18128971755504608, -0.1616443395614624, 0.27391040325164795, 0.5862470865249634, -0.4330061376094818, -0.18317359685897827, -0.014640328474342823, -0.05278925225138664, 0.4156379699707031, 0.042431388050317764, -0.2095884382724762, -0.04929003864526749, -0.432999849319458, 0.4096248149871826, 0.006709693931043148, -0.0531311072409153, 0.04703524336218834, -0.757602334022522, -0.1381504386663437, 0.7554026246070862, -0.44299161434173584, -0.5027253031730652, 0.06640224158763885, 0.1161976307630539, -0.09223643690347672, -0.3149781823158264, -0.11114546656608582, -0.5400081276893616, 0.36870771646499634, -0.28484684228897095, 0.949475109577179, -0.21552011370658875, -1.2605440616607666, 0.16188505291938782, 0.4040357768535614, -0.5323435664176941, 0.3326544761657715, 0.11716294288635254, 0.040558598935604095, -0.41536787152290344, -0.4931084215641022, 0.4570690095424652, 0.7288628220558167, 0.4696575701236725, 0.10243336856365204, 0.19779303669929504, 0.22607281804084778, -0.35232555866241455, 0.41897809505462646, 0.5673444867134094, -0.3714323043823242, 0.37270450592041016, -0.2806117832660675, 0.34718871116638184, 0.3073529303073883, -0.04665365442633629, -0.07126293331384659, 0.6913147568702698, -0.06806358695030212, 0.8529604077339172, 0.3349264860153198, -0.19182342290878296, -0.042686235159635544, -0.17433740198612213, -0.31524229049682617, 0.5583900809288025, 1.012911319732666, 0.9378286004066467, 0.6013892889022827, -0.2851041257381439, 0.740557849407196, -0.19969111680984497, 0.1850770115852356, 0.5712835192680359, 0.0796106606721878, 0.5452848076820374, 0.01709255762398243, 0.19014544785022736, 0.4192175269126892, -0.23377113044261932, 0.8512013554573059, -0.6052930355072021, -0.4164995849132538, 0.5777758359909058, 0.11465378105640411, -0.2568984627723694, 0.5357566475868225, -0.13195733726024628, -0.293150931596756, 0.612398087978363, -0.7971122860908508, -0.13026466965675354, -0.2500453591346741, -0.1107756495475769, -0.5291799306869507, -1.0900779962539673, -0.706319272518158, -0.38000524044036865, -0.0793648213148117, -0.5097479820251465, 0.09474711120128632, 0.16894443333148956, 0.4298304319381714, 0.1771954447031021, -0.5337632298469543, -0.25917237997055054, 0.07400646805763245, -0.27836108207702637, 0.36257031559944153, 0.26944422721862793, -0.4588514268398285, 0.4276607632637024, -0.27251434326171875, -0.2715124785900116, 0.2641959488391876, -0.605421245098114, 0.0009136130684055388, 0.3017064034938812, 0.4519534111022949, 0.2962511479854584, -0.5992648005485535, -0.2157658487558365, -0.2631092071533203, -0.3244629204273224, -0.21750737726688385, 0.09880270063877106, -0.4234534800052643, 0.1751638948917389, 0.20308348536491394, 0.26916229724884033, -0.21864518523216248, -0.5056249499320984, -0.10381350666284561, 0.41267746686935425, 0.17113082110881805, 0.00892246887087822, 0.4132715165615082, -0.4288860559463501, -0.31607332825660706, -0.5566391348838806, 0.25285834074020386, -0.25766608119010925, -0.07727254182100296, 0.26012542843818665, 0.04027189686894417, 0.045537229627370834, -0.5787195563316345, -0.9114111661911011, -0.1722743660211563, -0.015478936955332756, 0.13237574696540833, -0.37983572483062744, 0.5616434812545776, -0.2500622570514679, -0.3641272187232971, 0.026134822517633438, 0.6229243874549866, -0.14290457963943481, 0.35148096084594727, -0.41283923387527466, 0.3245287835597992, 0.1966530829668045, 0.10673824697732925, 0.5124375224113464, -1.1292533874511719, 0.17812225222587585, -0.37405428290367126, 0.21364054083824158, 0.05714559927582741, -0.200309157371521, -0.6820729374885559, -0.20910723507404327, -0.2158888578414917, -0.11574270576238632, -0.05273059755563736, 0.3356142044067383, -0.23912732303142548, -0.07475890219211578, -0.5773484110832214, -0.252930223941803, 0.04282810539007187, -0.41166016459465027, -0.20840124785900116, 0.24024835228919983, 0.020588045939803123, -0.1139986589550972, -0.14029602706432343, 0.37254470586776733, -0.3404286801815033, -0.5104857087135315, 0.2669379413127899, 0.13662458956241608, 0.34766820073127747, -0.37111368775367737, -0.45544543862342834, 0.10578443855047226, 0.16386033594608307, -0.13751129806041718, 0.03705068677663803, 0.2625221014022827, 0.8526297807693481, -0.606661856174469, -0.26375648379325867, 0.19238601624965668, 0.377078115940094, -0.10708294808864594, 0.06170518696308136, 0.013644568622112274, -0.0746135488152504, 0.327195942401886, -0.09387793391942978, -0.4248802959918976, -0.4090989828109741, -0.21537543833255768, -0.3865784704685211, -0.25613418221473694, -0.05042092129588127, 0.14027337729930878, -0.12996472418308258, 0.09525483846664429, -0.21222810447216034, 0.2523500919342041, -0.35790663957595825, -0.10286454856395721, 0.517024040222168, -0.2243233472108841, -0.051655422896146774, -0.5139687657356262, -0.5510704517364502, -0.23261594772338867, -0.8865897059440613, -0.013402636162936687, 0.753508448600769, -0.7326561212539673, -0.07505879551172256, -0.06351378560066223, 0.4218903183937073, -0.1798286736011505, -0.35427093505859375, -0.6531260013580322, -0.23073726892471313, -0.36041998863220215, -0.1801384836435318, -0.2559620440006256, -0.08282593637704849, 0.4567885398864746, 0.024748479947447777, 0.46565333008766174, -0.172648087143898, -0.7722637057304382, 0.08951184153556824, -0.021538622677326202, 0.4116306006908417, -0.011464424431324005, 0.6294765472412109, 0.5667014718055725, 0.3866196870803833, -0.3356980085372925, -0.14232699573040009, -0.3086402118206024, -0.13817904889583588, 0.6763432621955872, 0.18292003870010376, 0.33880823850631714, -0.30909663438796997, 0.1560172289609909, -0.054439131170511246, -0.15361842513084412, 0.46153417229652405, 0.17047427594661713, 0.09064862877130508, -0.03039010986685753, 0.4331926703453064, 0.0826658084988594, -0.2806323766708374, 0.009859003126621246, -0.0037620444782078266, 0.03266754746437073, 0.1658555418252945, 0.2382432371377945, -0.1490919142961502, -0.0754414051771164, 0.2095484733581543, -0.23303921520709991, 0.04480243846774101, -0.21591638028621674, -0.1913810670375824, -0.02970755845308304, 0.0590871199965477, 0.021970661357045174, 0.7498510479927063, 0.008740318939089775, 0.11263270676136017, 0.04922481253743172, -0.4284180700778961, 0.2065514773130417, -0.8648092746734619, 0.12271635234355927, -0.020970821380615234, 0.4834912121295929, 0.4454326331615448, -0.5214883685112, 0.2136766016483307, 0.017362138256430626, 0.3193342685699463, 0.07808539271354675, 0.5359290242195129, -0.11640135198831558, 0.04974783584475517, 0.6004417538642883, 0.7136051058769226, 0.13700512051582336, -0.5669340491294861, 0.559932291507721, -0.014855930581688881, -0.4688164293766022, 0.4342268109321594, -0.4588616192340851, -0.07532184571027756, -0.12938432395458221, 0.4738350510597229, 0.45501503348350525, -0.4640073776245117, 0.23259055614471436, 0.6832875609397888, -0.24069005250930786, -0.9553335309028625, -0.4278887212276459, 0.9364396929740906, 0.21619345247745514, 0.10821443051099777, -0.294750839471817, 0.6305626630783081, 0.3809163570404053, -0.08499468863010406, 0.6231234073638916, 0.32143181562423706, 0.3570472300052643, -0.048838261514902115, -0.38353025913238525, 0.1315402388572693, 0.5299053192138672, -0.7923439741134644, 0.11868425458669662, 0.4306184649467468, -0.02004113607108593, 0.197362020611763, -0.42430195212364197, 0.022101104259490967, 0.1814889907836914, -0.19496940076351166, -0.2397192269563675, -0.011174464598298073, -0.04149001091718674, 0.008465071208775043, -0.5586814880371094, 1.0733126401901245, 0.2205018252134323, 0.4055666923522949, 0.07462618499994278, 0.059463970363140106, 0.4191058278083801, 0.5104798078536987, -0.03491029888391495, 0.28765350580215454, -0.4517679810523987, 0.39017507433891296, -0.7269918322563171, 0.1485772579908371, 0.26233795285224915, -0.23368653655052185, -0.23922443389892578, 0.25477296113967896, -0.23013558983802795, 0.11331462115049362, 0.2392922341823578, -0.208310067653656, 0.2774466276168823, -0.5605966448783875, -0.616028368473053, 0.48662564158439636, 0.019575556740164757, 0.24761579930782318, -0.1790715754032135, 0.01050451397895813, -0.3700762689113617, 0.0786193460226059, -0.4594837427139282, 0.5533879995346069, -0.2458290159702301, -0.4423646032810211, -0.5819683074951172, -0.24333713948726654, 0.267396479845047, -1.1326757669448853, 0.8200370669364929, 0.48426297307014465, 0.024615803733468056, 0.10249713808298111, 0.057092878967523575, 0.18886330723762512, 0.20321685075759888, 0.6245065331459045, -0.5091245770454407, 0.42781224846839905, 0.09302970767021179, -0.1312645524740219, -0.2852621078491211, 0.40342217683792114, 0.7798832654953003, 0.1437963992357254, -0.26292315125465393, -0.8959679007530212, 0.052909232676029205, 0.2414347380399704, 0.0007755786646157503, 0.03295951709151268, 0.5562472343444824, -0.02401549182832241 ]
249300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangwai%20movement	Tangwai movement	The Tangwai movement, or simply Tangwai (), was a loosely knit political movement in Taiwan in the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Although the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) had allowed contested elections for a small number of seats in the Legislative Yuan, opposition parties were still forbidden. As a result, many opponents of the KMT, officially classified as independents, ran and were elected as members "outside the party." The movement was at time tolerated and other times suppressed, the latter being the case particularly after the Kaohsiung Incident of 1979. Members of the movement eventually formed the Democratic Progressive Party, which after opposition political parties were legalized, contested elections and won the Presidency with candidate Chen Shui-bian, ending decades of single party rule in Taiwan. History Early figures associated with the movement include Kang Ning-hsiang and Huang Hsin-chieh. College professors led a series of demonstrations and open demands for political change in city streets. By 1973 the government began to arrest the leaders of this new movement and fire those professors who openly criticized the regime. While leading an authoritarian government, Chiang Ching-kuo appeared to be open minded to the possibility of political dissent. Because the majority of seats in the Legislative Yuan were held by delegates purportedly representing constituencies in mainland China, who were elected in 1947 and appointed thereafter (because the "electorate" in mainland China was unable to cast votes in an election in the Taiwan Area), pending the promised retaking of mainland China, the Tangwai movement had no possibility of gaining power. They were, however, able to use the legislature as a forum for debating the ruling KMT. In response to more native Taiwanese taking public office, the Tangwai attempted to contest elections in 1975-1976 and demand even more changes to the political system. The Tang-wai politicians were reluctant to associate themselves with the National Assembly, as those positions were ostensibly tied to constituencies on Mainland China. They had been able to win victories in contests for the Taiwan Provincial Assembly where affiliated candidates were able to win 21 out of 77 seats. They also won in four of twenty magistrate and mayoral races. Irregularities in the vote counting process in the city of Zhongli, lead to violent clashes between protesters and police in what is now known as the Zhongli incident. Shih Ming-teh was released from prison soon after Zhongli, and attempted to involve himself with a Provincial Assembly election. In 1979, the same year which the US ceased its recognition of the Republic of China, conflict between authorities and the tang-wai again turned violent in the Kaohsiung Incident. The writers of a political publication called Formosa Magazine or Mei-li-tao planned a series of political marches, first in the southern city of Kaohsiung and later a larger one in Taipei, although the Taipei rally ended up not occurring due to the arrest of the magazine's leaders. Police tapped phones and surveilled those associated with the magazine. On the day of the demonstration, activists took to the streets in a parade formation in Kaohsiung, but were diverted several times due to police blocking their intended route. They attempted to reorganize in Tainan, but many of their leaders were arrested over the next few days. Shih Ming-teh evaded arrest for several months by being harbored by members of the Presbyterian Church of Taiwan (PCT). Shih was sent to the infamous Green Island, as was PCT General Secretary Kau Chih-min The Kaohsiung incident marked the end to open demonstrations by the tang-wai. Faced with the struggle for diplomatic recognize by the international community, the Kuomintang government decided to end political dissent, determining that political activists outside of the party were giving the impression that the government was not stable. Throughout the 1980s the Chiang administration continued to limit free speech. On the other hand, scholars argue that the various other demonstrations by common citizens helped keep the tang-wai movement alive despite the mass imprisonment of its leaders. Examples of other social movements from both the middle and working classes which who staged public demonstrations included farmers protesting against corporate farms, and environmentalists opposing a proposed factory from Dupont to be built in Lukang. The Presbyterian Church of Taiwan was linked to many members of the Tangwai, and the Church itself was at the center of government censure for publishing works in Romanized Taiwanese Hokkien in the 1970s. The government confiscated these works, which led the Church to appeal to the Carter administration of the United States to highlight what it considered a human rights violation. Efforts to counter the tang-wai movement may have included the opening of the political system to Taiwanese who did not hold radical beliefs. Individuals like Y.S. Tsiang helped recruit intellectuals to work within the Kuomintang party. Sung Shih-hsuan, then chairman of the Provincial Party Committee, introduced social service orientation to local party work, perhaps in an effort to counter the social activism of the Presbyterian Church and Maryknoll order. Members of the Tangwai movement formed the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 1986. Although still illegal, the KMT did not take action against the DPP and the party was legalized in 1991. Many current politicians in Taiwan, most notably former President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu, were active in the Tangwai movement. Tangwai members, including Shih Ming-teh and Lin Yi-hsiung, were often harassed or imprisoned by the KMT government, especially in the wake of the 1979 Kaohsiung Incident. See also Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Pan-Green Coalition References Bibliography Taiwanization Political movements in Taiwan Taiwanese democracy movements	[ 0.3244951665401459, -0.3844262957572937, -0.4488755762577057, -0.35478290915489197, -0.6372790932655334, 0.19025826454162598, -0.16849546134471893, 0.3182256519794464, -0.47417932748794556, 0.2808573842048645, 0.029856912791728973, -0.1062721312046051, -0.004758468363434076, 0.30655571818351746, -0.93998783826828, -0.06447143107652664, 0.7755226492881775, -0.06597058475017548, -0.12259624898433685, 0.0915970653295517, -0.6400766968727112, -0.23138266801834106, 0.18663309514522552, 0.19685809314250946, -0.09521889686584473, 0.09364959597587585, 0.5595499873161316, 0.426901638507843, 0.18295995891094208, -0.2717837989330292, -0.10238128155469894, 0.5976578593254089, 0.5105123519897461, -0.174968421459198, 0.07261168211698532, -0.11548194289207458, -0.018704969435930252, 0.10981853306293488, -0.16797137260437012, -0.09707289189100266, -0.08943556994199753, -0.10336326062679291, 0.4482290744781494, 0.2803027033805847, 0.5119059681892395, -0.3999360501766205, -1.4952070713043213, 0.4110890030860901, -0.9814109206199646, 0.057610832154750824, -0.880609929561615, 0.5241820216178894, 0.6194397807121277, 0.25543293356895447, 0.35089901089668274, 0.47935521602630615, -0.8180046677589417, -0.3073975145816803, -0.2506149113178253, -0.20300933718681335, -0.013776767067611217, 0.3409776985645294, 0.7199053764343262, -0.45289477705955505, -0.10261345654726028, 0.16191130876541138, -0.218914195895195, 0.27809616923332214, 0.12068814784288406, -0.7964979410171509, 0.04068407043814659, 0.23747137188911438, -0.27084240317344666, 0.14356331527233124, -0.18929195404052734, -0.5547372698783875, -0.04281171038746834, -0.040996916592121124, 0.18417029082775116, -0.15702414512634277, -0.15110816061496735, 0.278451144695282, 0.5829262137413025, 0.08417318016290665, 0.6870654225349426, -0.5351759195327759, 0.3515684902667999, 0.1685006320476532, -0.039855629205703735, 0.8383508920669556, -0.26149311661720276, -0.5384499430656433, 0.6490622758865356, 0.25621289014816284, -0.43145790696144104, 0.022227467969059944, 0.30838751792907715, 0.7274961471557617, -0.06309161335229874, -0.09813569486141205, 0.2294805645942688, 0.37192055583000183, 0.5937479138374329, -0.052664902061223984, -0.6386719942092896, -0.6103442311286926, -0.21541470289230347, -0.15218131244182587, 0.15939126908779144, -0.19749315083026886, -0.7458446621894836, -0.0855308398604393, -0.23213136196136475, 0.1356029212474823, 0.3898729383945465, 0.4471898674964905, -0.11842230707406998, -0.9221236109733582, -0.2705710530281067, -0.5370162129402161, -0.22007966041564941, 0.6776557564735413, -0.4996095597743988, 0.3542327284812927, 0.37821564078330994, 0.38262036442756653, 0.596662163734436, 0.7157539129257202, -0.6711928844451904, 0.43238019943237305, 0.39960333704948425, 0.4299628436565399, -0.3236655294895172, -0.619939923286438, 0.12851135432720184, -0.33761611580848694, 0.9335370063781738, 0.03098468668758869, 0.3240063488483429, -0.104253388941288, -0.6799549460411072, 0.1564459502696991, -0.26419517397880554, -0.14433653652668, 0.12205325067043304, 0.11543921381235123, -0.19806520640850067, -1.1313787698745728, -0.5903183817863464, -0.7512984871864319, 0.2703440189361572, -0.5695828199386597, 0.06271707266569138, 0.14717170596122742, 0.11080940812826157, 0.5140305757522583, 0.8744696378707886, -0.36601489782333374, 0.5186343193054199, 0.5880549550056458, -0.14103838801383972, -0.14101535081863403, -0.28162840008735657, -0.13405431807041168, 0.524588942527771, -0.2602447271347046, -0.15250560641288757, 0.6656057834625244, 0.18469791114330292, 0.26532235741615295, -0.8454381227493286, 0.2787502706050873, -0.6220701336860657, 0.230491042137146, 0.09697563946247101, -0.21330969035625458, 0.20863576233386993, -0.003761537605896592, -0.14784987270832062, 0.0846833810210228, -0.7064328193664551, 0.9428108930587769, 0.18516181409358978, 0.13298627734184265, 0.016957132145762444, 0.4395546317100525, -0.010381328873336315, 0.015682142227888107, -0.012754203751683235, 0.2182156890630722, -0.023936767131090164, -0.6471347212791443, 0.7190202474594116, 0.0785631388425827, 0.8718670606613159, 0.6469828486442566, 0.0850207507610321, 1.1373226642608643, 0.4451340138912201, 0.44786739349365234, 0.14721310138702393, 0.03839731588959694, 0.13040056824684143, -0.03880007565021515, -0.8639517426490784, 0.05084129050374031, -0.017689580097794533, 0.5432819128036499, -0.05209570750594139, 0.03230440989136696, -0.2464175820350647, -0.24324971437454224, -0.09539107233285904, 0.31095433235168457, -0.11958405375480652, -0.5842480659484863, -0.417977899312973, -0.021788500249385834, 0.027315424755215645, -0.5017561912536621, 0.3372272253036499, -0.24541105329990387, -0.5696099400520325, 0.6243830323219299, 0.5997671484947205, 1.03288733959198, 0.31586435437202454, 0.12716278433799744, 0.38762372732162476, 0.29588741064071655, -0.1114586740732193, 0.07740841805934906, 0.09444471448659897, 0.11782371997833252, 0.47187042236328125, 0.30979427695274353, 0.09868420660495758, -0.6738344430923462, 0.4471689760684967, -0.5281908512115479, 0.41964656114578247, -0.4364263415336609, -0.1324232667684555, -0.011717135086655617, 0.04631192609667778, 0.17096728086471558, -0.9949021935462952, -0.0518350675702095, 0.12934578955173492, 0.19882598519325256, 0.38698452711105347, 0.10440967977046967, 0.04721695929765701, -0.3060223460197449, -0.10209618508815765, -0.45625466108322144, 0.14556343853473663, -0.4526604413986206, 0.2703043818473816, -0.3460344076156616, 0.1867688149213791, -0.018288634717464447, 0.42959538102149963, -0.03126921504735947, -0.03178075700998306, -0.910385251045227, 0.0008187007042579353, -0.33072420954704285, 0.3451782763004303, -0.06546204537153244, -0.22739042341709137, 0.05280382186174393, -0.7095114588737488, -0.30615147948265076, -0.7607527375221252, -0.824716329574585, -0.26223766803741455, 0.14878778159618378, -0.9558584690093994, -0.9048335552215576, -0.18596817553043365, 0.49457722902297974, 0.16775764524936676, -0.6719545125961304, -0.216954305768013, 0.4165973961353302, -0.47013741731643677, -0.30530819296836853, 0.02463698573410511, 0.17888042330741882, 0.020193148404359818, -0.21991150081157684, -0.2390584796667099, -0.28440868854522705, -0.18402217328548431, 0.46789124608039856, -0.2253008782863617, 0.41283750534057617, 0.30080172419548035, -0.06896062940359116, 0.03286266326904297, 0.03459128737449646, -0.2871910035610199, -0.06951909512281418, 0.028127679601311684, 0.0438576377928257, -0.3259862959384918, -0.13835841417312622, -5.688303470611572, 0.4948948323726654, 0.33876508474349976, 0.18949630856513977, -0.32463929057121277, 0.3805547058582306, 0.6359574794769287, -0.5827671885490417, 0.14367319643497467, -0.194533571600914, -0.4157085716724396, -0.17875519394874573, 0.35508251190185547, 0.2371346354484558, -0.05668899789452553, 0.3725898265838623, 0.10249853879213333, 0.07784855365753174, 0.4553452432155609, 0.036974579095840454, 0.0010676552774384618, -0.3494345247745514, -0.0470748171210289, 0.9237180352210999, -0.0234892088919878, 0.46036428213119507, 0.040225014090538025, 0.11761485040187836, -0.6484288573265076, 0.09336219727993011, -0.25522905588150024, 0.10440580546855927, 0.19624443352222443, 0.0036219237372279167, -0.030662070959806442, -0.2717379629611969, 0.8613995313644409, 0.49888938665390015, 0.0967191830277443, -0.45734071731567383, -0.39919936656951904, -0.14700277149677277, -0.2246793806552887, -0.150670126080513, 0.5537682771682739, 0.3413141369819641, 0.17189942300319672, -0.42107123136520386, -0.7235348224639893, 0.6679425239562988, -0.049184542149305344, -0.07969065010547638, 0.5926153659820557, -0.38866621255874634, 0.1335449516773224, 0.3837777376174927, -0.08697018772363663, -0.5671848058700562, -0.5141441226005554, 0.25091490149497986, 0.314336895942688, -0.021974101662635803, 0.2044205516576767, -0.3546229898929596, -0.32303258776664734, 0.1725487858057022, -0.3184044361114502, -0.3672029376029968, 0.381731778383255, 0.3564601242542267, -0.26952916383743286, 0.5461384057998657, -0.7085852026939392, -1.0729115009307861, 0.15308764576911926, -0.4407597780227661, -0.5353255867958069, 0.09441851824522018, 0.1817605197429657, 0.20508648455142975, 0.06406303495168686, -0.13139668107032776, -0.17747457325458527, 0.46129873394966125, -0.05147850885987282, -0.043368998914957047, 0.0783051922917366, 0.19983406364917755, -0.6673698425292969, 0.4450119137763977, 0.3905588388442993, -0.06961651146411896, 0.24566464126110077, 0.1517360359430313, 1.0765810012817383, 0.24780192971229553, 0.50432950258255, -0.40231356024742126, 0.4923279285430908, -0.2761435806751251, 0.4686334729194641, -0.5179951190948486, -0.24139301478862762, 0.07706646621227264, -0.11512025445699692, 0.024492574855685234, -0.07425802946090698, 0.5783256888389587, 0.863098680973053, -0.01140508335083723, 0.090667724609375, -0.29496634006500244, 0.37998566031455994, -0.2086327224969864, 0.31310591101646423, -0.3229517638683319, -0.13118211925029755, -0.09192541986703873, -0.04856354743242264, 0.37538039684295654, 0.25381699204444885, 0.4544181227684021, 0.13197600841522217, -0.13855938613414764, 0.35185369849205017, -0.04305131360888481, -0.13280734419822693, 0.5813397765159607, -0.17081338167190552, 0.026217902079224586, 0.9750537872314453, -0.28674882650375366, 0.2873089611530304, -0.17754285037517548, -0.10164965689182281, -0.20818884670734406, -0.7180603742599487, -0.7657654285430908, -0.2999655306339264, 0.18049469590187073, -0.12385372072458267, -0.06675780564546585, 0.057408370077610016, 0.008298986591398716, 0.38931548595428467, 0.44722849130630493, -0.2962905168533325, -0.1500280201435089, -0.40012025833129883, 0.5497148036956787, 0.26691439747810364, -0.7874008417129517, 0.9590703248977661, -0.1789424568414688, -0.2865193784236908, -0.05563835799694061, -0.025590743869543076, 0.08582627028226852, 0.15461671352386475, -0.022666171193122864, 0.08220803737640381, -0.5610821843147278, -0.8462611436843872, 0.0031704450957477093, -0.6919205784797668, -0.43268027901649475, -0.21472984552383423, 0.20710676908493042, -0.14790058135986328, 0.10799939930438995, 0.41771838068962097, -0.44755324721336365, -0.15849518775939941, 0.3507784903049469, 0.23124247789382935, -0.5939462780952454, -0.13836079835891724, 0.3722679615020752, -0.36092647910118103, -0.10507266968488693, -0.12350314110517502, 0.1394200623035431, -0.30775827169418335, 0.052452970296144485, 0.8313339352607727, -0.4005270004272461, 0.07214134186506271, -0.24880406260490417, -0.6095359325408936, 0.733534574508667, 0.5455470085144043, 0.335061252117157, 0.16758717596530914, 0.4308777153491974, -0.5412306189537048, -0.5182554125785828, -0.23039059340953827, 0.5530088543891907, -0.2259608656167984, 0.07678113132715225, 0.30207157135009766, 0.1970338076353073, -0.2313043624162674, -0.2334313988685608, 0.1464247852563858, -0.40232425928115845, 0.4560544490814209, -0.4688461422920227, -0.3464551568031311, 0.05491279438138008, -0.2832799553871155, -0.7779866456985474, -0.32488659024238586, 0.4801676273345947, -0.444227010011673, -0.01931781694293022, -0.2241249978542328, -0.5930861830711365, 0.3083943724632263, -0.5604174733161926, -0.12588028609752655, 0.0509505532681942, -0.7602348327636719, -0.3355797529220581, -0.5973065495491028, 0.5976330637931824, -0.0929802730679512, -0.5849500894546509, -0.42356282472610474, -0.17116940021514893, -0.3723470866680145, -0.43110132217407227, 0.16524432599544525, 0.11937856674194336, -0.27968814969062805, -0.03793768584728241, -0.1412266343832016, -0.01496348436921835, 0.10674285143613815, 0.7764914631843567, -0.0022532313596457243, 0.9474837183952332, -0.06788939237594604, -0.5752092003822327, -0.277873158454895, 0.5701594948768616, 0.12423241138458252, -0.2471848428249359, -0.34079888463020325, 0.20021237432956696, 0.16981051862239838, -0.2829359471797943, -0.5094316005706787, -0.2764319181442261, 0.18861590325832367, -0.8729814887046814, -0.33297520875930786, -0.10538985580205917, 0.07078051567077637, -0.4639303386211395, -0.3277353346347809, -0.28192582726478577, -0.5131195783615112, -0.7334782481193542, 0.07800853997468948, 0.6041991710662842, -0.4485330283641815, -0.2858235836029053, -0.1871178299188614, -0.3734845817089081, 0.21744900941848755, -0.5187803506851196, 0.33880868554115295, -0.061223484575748444, 0.0826462060213089, -0.35186970233917236, -0.1478644609451294, -0.34809237718582153, 0.08569769561290741, -0.2672739028930664, -0.42679694294929504, -0.3655565083026886, 0.03620580956339836, 0.07412312924861908, -0.2101154923439026, -0.7939485311508179, 0.22833602130413055, -0.025031106546521187, -0.5372220873832703, -0.13385063409805298, -0.5152795910835266, -0.1466490924358368, 0.2700970470905304, 0.50641268491745, -0.1472284197807312, 0.0818639025092125, 0.3969956636428833, -0.020788632333278656, -0.7942798733711243, -0.19328707456588745, -0.7617721557617188, 0.024042770266532898, 0.024530330672860146, 0.19353130459785461, 0.4959283769130707, -0.5922899842262268, 0.07089828699827194, -0.35791510343551636, 0.05814856290817261, 0.6764950156211853, 0.3607174754142761, 0.18332308530807495, -0.13643985986709595, 0.6131988763809204, -0.5988729596138, 0.2831750810146332, 0.1776588410139084, -0.44632405042648315, 0.3845539689064026, 0.10717429965734482, 0.1589735448360443, 0.046017125248909, 0.3704017698764801, 0.8343425989151001, 0.29414498805999756, -0.045522838830947876, -0.2930119037628174, -0.08083538711071014, 0.6166104078292847, 0.21632012724876404, 0.008807137608528137, 0.19595617055892944, 0.13988105952739716, -0.09393298625946045, -0.14727114140987396, -0.5696070194244385, 0.22556675970554352, -0.36234262585639954, -0.2588995695114136, 0.6192606091499329, 0.708113431930542, 0.17584508657455444, -0.006032384932041168, -0.29957956075668335, 0.4831128418445587, -0.2219516634941101, 0.23380257189273834, 0.24406711757183075, 0.7427315711975098, 0.1418715864419937, 0.19988204538822174, 0.09946713596582413, 0.2677677273750305, -0.6838816404342651, 0.6937360167503357, -0.12615451216697693, -0.466279536485672, -0.2786376476287842, 0.2824373245239258, -0.08120685070753098, -0.14419536292552948, 0.5672568082809448, 0.0077833025716245174, 0.2120494246482849, 0.4494208097457886, 0.4845905303955078, 0.19809408485889435, -0.44248560070991516, -0.22863124310970306, 0.5445964932441711, 0.33186277747154236, 0.07057003676891327, 0.11243819445371628, 0.518488883972168, -0.07745686173439026, 0.09243655949831009, 0.5707705616950989, 0.16366104781627655, -0.021720577031373978, 0.1604936718940735, -0.30420050024986267, -0.06238571181893349, 0.5804478526115417, -0.8486316204071045, 0.6938278675079346, 0.3494395911693573, 0.1495102047920227, 0.5388587713241577, -0.03515955060720444, 0.5842308402061462, -0.2703200876712799, -0.04526102915406227, 0.1043911799788475, 0.6069424152374268, 0.004373092204332352, 0.5047497153282166, -0.5340850949287415, 0.8332573175430298, 0.5637644529342651, 0.367516428232193, -0.6543596386909485, 0.25217318534851074, 0.19792795181274414, 0.19364188611507416, -0.04131648689508438, 0.022170627489686012, -0.5537529587745667, -0.11772722005844116, -0.7943373322486877, 0.6821845173835754, 0.5223522186279297, 1.140809416770935, 0.2732585072517395, 0.6233822107315063, -0.43448272347450256, 0.09266094118356705, 0.8903712630271912, -0.3791239261627197, -0.36142128705978394, 0.019631410017609596, -0.770368218421936, -0.682982861995697, 0.2589365839958191, 0.4537476599216461, 0.0763314887881279, -0.5329298973083496, 0.16349980235099792, -0.1015087217092514, -0.5961478352546692, 0.31705522537231445, -0.47085466980934143, 0.22840557992458344, -0.26889750361442566, -0.07739651203155518, -0.08559597283601761, 0.35572972893714905, 0.5450067520141602, 0.27515316009521484, 0.23318912088871002, -0.14049066603183746, 0.8814566135406494, -0.25947335362434387, -0.3325405418872833, 0.323457807302475, 0.28757917881011963, -0.038192667067050934, 0.625074028968811, 0.27778443694114685, -0.5589614510536194, 0.11862695217132568, 0.1619802564382553, -0.6635246276855469, 0.32737335562705994, -0.7497925758361816, -0.3246808350086212, -0.24699591100215912, 0.1600354015827179, -0.16304096579551697, -0.03433797135949135, -0.27782657742500305 ]
249302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20of%20Norfolk	Earl of Norfolk	Earl of Norfolk is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. Created in 1070, the first major dynasty to hold the title was the 12th and 13th century Bigod family, and it then was later held by the Mowbrays, who were also made Dukes of Norfolk. Due to the Bigods' descent in the female line from William Marshal, they inherited the hereditary office of Earl Marshal, still held by the Dukes of Norfolk today. The present title was created in 1644 for Thomas Howard, 18th Earl of Arundel, the heir of the Howard Dukedom of Norfolk which had been forfeit in 1572. Arundel's grandson, the 20th Earl of Arundel and 3rd Earl of Norfolk, was restored to the Dukedom as 5th Duke upon the Restoration in 1660, and the title continues to be borne by the Dukes of Norfolk. Earls of Norfolk (and Suffolk), first creation (1066/67) Ralph the Staller, 1st Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk (c. 1011–1068) Ralph de Guader, 2nd Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk (c. 1040c. 1096) (forfeit 1074) Earls of Norfolk, second creation (1141) Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1095–1177) Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (died 1221) Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (died 1225) Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (died 1270) Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (died 1306) Earls of Norfolk, third creation (1312) Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (died 1338) Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, 2nd Countess of Norfolk (died 1399) Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (1365–1399) (dukedom forfeit 1399) Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk (1385–1405) John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1392–1432) (dukedom restored 1425) John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1415–1461) John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (1444–1476) (dukedom abeyant 1476) Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (1472–1481) Earls of Norfolk, fourth creation (1477) Richard, Duke of York (1473–1483) Earls of Norfolk, fifth creation (1644) Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1585–1646) Henry Frederick Howard, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (1608–1652) Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk (dukedom restored 1660) For later Earls of Norfolk, see Duke of Norfolk. References Earldoms in the Peerage of England Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England Noble titles created in 1070 Noble titles created in 1141 Noble titles created in 1312 Noble titles created in 1477 Noble titles created in 1644 Forfeited earldoms in the Peerage of England	[ -0.7665441036224365, -0.11127613484859467, 0.12423422187566757, -0.37915706634521484, -0.4621998965740204, 0.539262056350708, -0.13620933890342712, 0.2247943878173828, -1.016602635383606, 0.18654070794582367, -0.36513304710388184, 0.25711750984191895, -0.2684870660305023, 0.4571242332458496, 0.05839915573596954, 0.06365350633859634, -0.1634841114282608, 0.08870848268270493, -0.11343526095151901, -0.9816614389419556, 0.16694748401641846, 0.467608779668808, -0.01727347820997238, -0.02185993641614914, 0.37558886408805847, -0.1475939154624939, 0.5115472674369812, -0.10221012681722641, -0.41482317447662354, -0.42295822501182556, 0.07558471709489822, 0.2574402391910553, -0.39379358291625977, 0.050631023943424225, 0.24633251130580902, -0.6034361720085144, -0.19301143288612366, -0.9630838632583618, -0.8063536286354065, -0.1915464997291565, 0.14495792984962463, -0.05581175163388252, -0.2729744613170624, 0.058608993887901306, -0.12605279684066772, -0.6334236264228821, -1.5163651704788208, -0.18306101858615875, 0.015344803221523762, -0.42096102237701416, 0.09703488647937775, 0.600768506526947, 0.10338549315929413, 0.13716928660869598, 0.6513135433197021, 0.3566630780696869, -0.7785183787345886, -0.39538970589637756, 0.41416212916374207, 0.440682053565979, 0.23543643951416016, 0.11783239990472794, -0.057860828936100006, 0.5950697064399719, 0.506017804145813, 0.08453269302845001, 0.3916859030723572, -0.045146629214286804, -0.8008393049240112, 0.19567163288593292, -0.16919206082820892, -0.08479760587215424, 0.372281014919281, 0.7730057239532471, -0.45657187700271606, 0.10055840760469437, 0.06317727267742157, 0.04399995133280754, 0.407880574464798, -0.497193843126297, 0.5752040147781372, -0.39475810527801514, 0.2718130350112915, 0.6372126340866089, -0.004236673936247826, 0.5655423998832703, -0.5054423213005066, 0.27871835231781006, -0.38694509863853455, 1.046291470527649, 0.19850116968154907, 0.049194831401109695, 0.2929209768772125, -0.16942159831523895, 0.002468335209414363, -0.3310502767562866, 0.44499096274375916, -0.34589526057243347, -0.26481327414512634, 0.05297807231545448, -0.39807695150375366, 0.7946441173553467, 0.13407814502716064, -0.36928728222846985, -0.5471826195716858, -0.21105776727199554, -0.4059702455997467, 0.33235999941825867, 0.11189701408147812, 0.049757733941078186, -0.6225265860557556, 0.597163736820221, -0.22475016117095947, 0.3649594783782959, 0.2336239218711853, 0.2929549515247345, 0.47616517543792725, -0.36761486530303955, -0.17319947481155396, 0.2533738911151886, 0.8004448413848877, 0.3041207492351532, 0.32302239537239075, 0.4041219651699066, 0.41625967621803284, -0.40119341015815735, 0.5577627420425415, 0.18172964453697205, -0.09436418861150742, 0.30880483984947205, 0.10812597721815109, 0.6365013122558594, -0.4683540463447571, -0.2825770676136017, 0.1823239028453827, 0.14167727530002594, -0.3111613988876343, -0.09426814317703247, 0.8779609203338623, 0.8354220390319824, -0.8087928295135498, -0.1851077824831009, -0.6653978824615479, -0.05026831105351448, -0.17984861135482788, -0.36641818284988403, -0.20640498399734497, -0.45646923780441284, -0.2416711449623108, 0.2579043209552765, -0.015452915802598, 0.35190752148628235, -0.15768523514270782, -0.4856329560279846, -0.17193040251731873, -0.051215339452028275, 0.8488766551017761, 0.3690214455127716, 0.6530499458312988, 0.29599735140800476, -0.3496704399585724, -0.1763680875301361, 0.27508434653282166, -0.42504432797431946, 0.5066918134689331, -0.18678931891918182, 0.47365042567253113, 0.3483184278011322, -0.5503087043762207, 0.03599049150943756, -0.7996213436126709, 0.717352032661438, 0.47822365164756775, -0.32681307196617126, -0.8349621891975403, 0.473517507314682, 0.5971280336380005, -0.11938672512769699, 0.5435897707939148, -0.6509197354316711, -0.6281977295875549, 0.26749420166015625, 0.6110163331031799, -0.2418559342622757, 0.4868042469024658, 0.23783227801322937, -0.10635067522525787, -0.434018611907959, 0.16899915039539337, -0.32030221819877625, 0.4434139132499695, -0.2652389705181122, -0.4563392698764801, -0.28709593415260315, 0.3516342341899872, -0.03443419188261032, -0.21476256847381592, 0.06878693401813507, 0.0745786800980568, 0.9925130009651184, -0.10145683586597443, 0.26932477951049805, 0.14350542426109314, 0.12365894764661789, 0.026892900466918945, -0.009654326364398003, -0.5296201109886169, 0.22859419882297516, 0.8100059628486633, 0.6087411046028137, 0.7395089268684387, -0.046602990478277206, 0.45129135251045227, -0.022110244259238243, 0.29752954840660095, 0.20852304995059967, -0.05714237317442894, 0.014934847131371498, -0.15990009903907776, -0.9082388281822205, 0.4470984637737274, 0.7992811799049377, -0.025558866560459137, 0.9324643015861511, -0.008086130954325199, 0.5369320511817932, -0.4830412268638611, 0.213878333568573, -0.6588250994682312, -0.6663667559623718, 0.16946685314178467, -0.30280300974845886, 0.2741483747959137, -0.838211715221405, -0.05559181794524193, -0.46145960688591003, -0.06082310527563095, -0.17217832803726196, -0.058658938854932785, -0.26067349314689636, -0.4422207772731781, 0.09830015152692795, 0.0970732644200325, 1.1560704708099365, 0.18725739419460297, 0.34213849902153015, -0.05674967169761658, 0.4270690977573395, -0.588199257850647, -0.817357063293457, 0.014084517024457455, -0.06518556922674179, 0.3618902862071991, 0.02937992662191391, 0.056664131581783295, -0.21412794291973114, -0.3377215266227722, 0.6721271276473999, -0.2822304964065552, 0.8115090727806091, 0.019803017377853394, 0.436893105506897, 0.20524579286575317, 0.26429182291030884, -0.18170423805713654, -0.20107272267341614, 0.48771369457244873, -0.21879343688488007, 0.15680907666683197, -0.42457398772239685, -0.29577547311782837, -0.21702726185321808, -0.8439221978187561, -0.5330839157104492, 0.21119514107704163, -0.3252371549606323, 0.18859349191188812, 0.6723874807357788, -0.6597080230712891, -0.18177376687526703, -0.3791942000389099, 0.28714725375175476, -0.5108991861343384, -0.28529787063598633, -0.06484844535589218, -0.3733914792537689, 0.05630504712462425, -0.5091820359230042, 0.3894898295402527, 0.9406179785728455, -0.19574551284313202, -0.21262140572071075, 0.12505879998207092, 0.11029907315969467, -0.4822038412094116, 0.14450541138648987, 0.007040567696094513, -0.213160902261734, -0.0963740199804306, -0.4330705404281616, -0.5992266535758972, 0.3258136808872223, -0.32928475737571716, 0.06679221242666245, 0.20858179032802582, -0.09211979806423187, -0.016566766425967216, -0.07116036117076874, -5.3215508460998535, -0.32157841324806213, -0.09779368340969086, 0.12110410630702972, 0.4186883568763733, 0.48680877685546875, 0.29964640736579895, -0.5973396301269531, -0.0828973576426506, 0.02085007168352604, 0.9326436519622803, -0.15188810229301453, 0.5458422899246216, 0.3396832346916199, 0.5686631798744202, 0.258699893951416, 0.7543134689331055, 0.2993093430995941, 0.4633544385433197, -0.12468213587999344, -0.822347104549408, 0.2092699259519577, 0.18825918436050415, 0.18417935073375702, 0.30964016914367676, 0.5059237480163574, -0.07904213666915894, -0.7528818845748901, -0.6510143876075745, -0.5148261189460754, -0.17258720099925995, 0.2690478563308716, 0.6760044097900391, -0.29058027267456055, -0.4861067831516266, -0.004089090041816235, 0.2559128403663635, 0.35341697931289673, 0.3603173792362213, 0.12071032077074051, 0.15523312985897064, 0.3235218822956085, -0.030421258881688118, 0.2467946857213974, 0.1514982432126999, -0.541041374206543, -0.7797337770462036, 0.5326681733131409, 0.036916207522153854, 0.4789075255393982, -0.11381623893976212, 0.23566600680351257, 0.31277740001678467, -0.2593819200992584, -0.0815083310008049, 0.03888312727212906, 0.4078854024410248, -0.1454421877861023, -0.6196789741516113, 0.2137899100780487, 0.639814019203186, -0.665041983127594, 0.03837297484278679, 0.5639628767967224, 0.039857350289821625, -0.3030516803264618, -0.44606834650039673, 0.5248865485191345, 0.8582658767700195, 0.4316386878490448, -0.7070752382278442, 0.09025212377309799, 0.41505154967308044, -0.9379433393478394, -0.06375361233949661, -0.07784536480903625, -0.22128170728683472, 0.2495935559272766, -0.046552807092666626, -0.14044514298439026, 0.10543805360794067, 0.016621915623545647, -0.6169618964195251, 0.08659982681274414, 0.012660559266805649, -1.135772466659546, -0.7527661919593811, 0.10543639212846756, -0.11524670571088791, -0.4126228392124176, 0.33842751383781433, -0.6276978254318237, -0.06890895962715149, 0.2321333885192871, 0.18415354192256927, -0.30144429206848145, 0.007382216397672892, -0.22380350530147552, -0.16072458028793335, -0.34106314182281494, -0.22598561644554138, -0.3102899491786957, -0.43510815501213074, -0.8492295145988464, -0.4110202193260193, -0.06378081440925598, 0.09797058254480362, 0.04394695162773132, 0.38204532861709595, -0.490163117647171, 0.26372063159942627, -0.018308963626623154, -0.10299190878868103, -0.9610802531242371, -0.020870769396424294, -0.34376397728919983, 0.00024337999639101326, 0.2759268879890442, 0.1420760154724121, 0.08030777424573898, -0.007998027838766575, 0.3760828971862793, -0.5149778127670288, 0.224600687623024, -0.6424733996391296, 0.3098350167274475, 0.6772933602333069, 0.06168479472398758, -0.5570487380027771, -0.006898671388626099, 0.7764717936515808, 0.43647730350494385, 0.07826804369688034, 0.25520873069763184, -0.10699032247066498, -0.10965066403150558, 0.05861105024814606, -0.3163948655128479, -0.3064853250980377, -0.11124458909034729, 0.25395089387893677, -0.33792808651924133, 0.048599984496831894, 0.49466708302497864, 0.24344630539417267, 0.1314818412065506, -0.0596996434032917, 0.006695906165987253, -0.3346189856529236, 0.9330328702926636, -0.07939080893993378, -0.10248292237520218, 0.865159273147583, -0.6270495653152466, -0.07741860300302505, -0.04253677278757095, -0.1887713521718979, 0.29747477173805237, -0.15421141684055328, -0.8964589834213257, -0.2490057647228241, -0.321077823638916, -0.5173227190971375, -0.4858670234680176, 0.6163088083267212, 0.15817172825336456, -0.6381112933158875, -0.08708123862743378, -0.5059088468551636, 0.9057016372680664, -0.1436968743801117, -0.5728716850280762, -0.7293044328689575, -0.4988521337509155, 0.4310356676578522, 0.18306253850460052, 0.3736360967159271, 0.8109015822410583, -0.43333688378334045, 0.15270020067691803, 0.7345714569091797, 0.35595816373825073, 0.18362204730510712, 0.08113785833120346, 0.9162473678588867, -0.4942711591720581, -0.13004925847053528, -0.2815137803554535, 0.27069011330604553, -0.4103410840034485, -0.47251057624816895, -0.05408717319369316, 0.3841690421104431, 0.050319042056798935, -0.5756774544715881, -0.12884582579135895, 0.32806336879730225, -0.017123056575655937, -0.16653525829315186, -0.3868953585624695, 0.3917483389377594, 0.9088500142097473, -0.07176177948713303, -0.020294366404414177, 0.6772373914718628, -0.9432530403137207, 0.3288862109184265, -0.2495543211698532, -0.19981426000595093, 0.9556248188018799, -0.5365387797355652, -1.2713173627853394, 0.06758223474025726, 0.2661609649658203, -0.16000603139400482, -0.02763911709189415, 0.1140018180012703, -0.1652469038963318, 0.05121878534555435, -0.5614714026451111, -0.43165308237075806, 0.0457390621304512, -0.22011224925518036, -0.2450055032968521, -0.502522885799408, -0.262170672416687, 0.9791984558105469, -0.1768576204776764, 1.1792088747024536, -0.4292810261249542, -0.02396477945148945, -0.12191302329301834, -0.39651408791542053, 0.12461202591657639, -0.38607656955718994, -0.38250869512557983, 0.8936108350753784, -0.13364143669605255, 0.21458446979522705, 0.5054265260696411, 0.30659255385398865, 1.9560620784759521, 0.08666770905256271, -0.22540594637393951, 0.1856018453836441, 0.2870607078075409, 0.2598334550857544, -0.8102046251296997, -0.3222399055957794, 0.9450697302818298, -0.004867200274020433, -0.35889291763305664, -0.8296845555305481, -0.2679566442966461, 0.484286367893219, -0.8498678207397461, 0.20479486882686615, 0.6543604135513306, 0.569931149482727, -0.04318462684750557, -0.13853009045124054, 0.2686668932437897, -0.4374825358390808, 0.16509467363357544, 0.1965552717447281, -0.04279814288020134, -0.2377891093492508, 0.12040571868419647, 0.06572587788105011, -0.343234121799469, -0.4615546762943268, -0.2139558345079422, -0.09811517596244812, 0.3176432251930237, -0.0038337260484695435, 0.5787564516067505, 0.20658618211746216, -0.7790667414665222, 0.6753501296043396, -0.28610482811927795, -0.7040929198265076, -0.06609880924224854, 0.4474986791610718, -0.6808881759643555, 0.23092350363731384, -0.5148966312408447, -0.39977723360061646, -0.1914924681186676, 0.18041129410266876, -0.3497772812843323, -0.02421628311276436, -0.5972754955291748, -0.29553309082984924, 0.04005182161927223, -0.1457480937242508, 0.22477412223815918, 0.34613287448883057, 0.18167468905448914, 0.09927704930305481, -0.25527945160865784, -0.819135844707489, 0.816959798336029, -0.02201789803802967, -0.33579349517822266, 0.13311466574668884, 0.0883457139134407, -0.07607853412628174, -0.5675452947616577, -0.3321414887905121, 0.12755949795246124, 0.4579567015171051, -0.06755457073450089, 0.31628939509391785, 0.742837131023407, 0.23607975244522095, -0.408767431974411, 0.7911162376403809, -0.5722166299819946, -0.13000598549842834, -0.2558576762676239, 0.08597342669963837, 0.1941417008638382, -0.11801178753376007, 0.1184954047203064, -0.30812475085258484, 0.6761721968650818, -0.7254194617271423, -0.5400633811950684, -0.04413196071982384, 0.6064696311950684, 0.5553271770477295, 0.19778703153133392, -1.388655662536621, 0.11159200966358185, -0.21361766755580902, -0.3381037712097168, 0.7095636129379272, -0.2519439458847046, -0.32503730058670044, 0.571243166923523, 0.6448897123336792, 0.5101844072341919, -0.2670878469944, 0.12603817880153656, -0.3240757882595062, 0.5317334532737732, 0.05423200875520706, 0.001351768965832889, 0.17420080304145813, -0.021317433565855026, 0.6841885447502136, -0.06755668669939041, 0.5561766624450684, -0.5788652896881104, 0.834380567073822, 0.6329349875450134, 0.34868723154067993, -0.4463704526424408, -0.4545729160308838, -0.23282498121261597, -0.6898519992828369, -0.39926233887672424, 0.3901008367538452, 0.3527519702911377, 0.011880047619342804, 0.13904744386672974, 0.562240719795227, 0.18028271198272705, 0.2821465730667114, -0.3340599834918976, 0.4112437665462494, 0.11057471483945847, -0.05102220177650452, -0.9824494123458862, -0.030739428475499153, 0.5166319608688354, -0.192144975066185, 0.15971380472183228, -0.3266127109527588, -0.4692748486995697, -0.2757783830165863, -0.3714323937892914, 0.10864610224962234, -1.0132421255111694, 0.14172451198101044, 0.23764915764331818, -0.18186523020267487, 0.05606825649738312, -0.5566442608833313, -0.12849582731723785, 0.48800599575042725, -0.5038014054298401, 0.050338584929704666, 0.42887282371520996, -0.929370105266571, -0.2451343536376953, -0.22478900849819183, 0.15890251100063324, 0.601293683052063, -0.3674775958061218, -0.0444650761783123, 0.6051857471466064, -0.5089814066886902, 0.5504372715950012, -0.20477783679962158, 0.4305090606212616, 0.20901939272880554, 0.06713017076253891, -0.6583487391471863, 0.03227448835968971, 0.05958082526922226, -0.23252782225608826, -0.019916696473956108, 0.6582806706428528, -0.011356290429830551, -0.18247316777706146, 0.7381996512413025, -0.5066492557525635, -0.3265974819660187, -0.1725727617740631, 0.035260699689388275, 0.30738162994384766, -0.4306999742984772, 0.032268159091472626, 0.21941311657428741, -0.012318058870732784, 0.5678712129592896, -0.22758053243160248, -0.7158450484275818, 0.519503116607666, -0.523812472820282, 0.42925360798835754, -1.2728575468063354, -0.21729838848114014, -0.06222648546099663, -0.05431335046887398, 0.7008154392242432, 1.045091986656189, -0.44220662117004395, -0.024084314703941345, -0.16562685370445251, 0.3702428340911865, 0.2032059282064438, 0.22870683670043945, 0.015728970989584923, -0.3918156325817108, -0.18978352844715118, -0.1691451370716095, -0.6526292562484741, 0.29406848549842834, 0.07717115432024002, 0.06353262066841125, 0.8627782464027405, -0.2683858871459961, 0.4341734051704407, -0.28548336029052734, 0.02961026132106781, -0.6089138388633728, -0.060740236192941666, 0.5268054604530334 ]
249303	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoul%20Mamby	Saoul Mamby	Saoul Paul Mamby (June 4, 1947 – December 19, 2019) was an American professional boxer who fought between 1969 and 2008. He held the WBC super lightweight title from 1980 to 1982. Personal Born in South Bronx, New York, Mamby, the child of mother, Victoria, of Spanish descent and father, Robert, from Jamaica, converted to Judaism at age 4. He went to Hebrew School at the Bronx's Mount Horeb Synagogue. Mamby became interested in boxing while on vacation in Jamaica. He began his boxing career in 1963 at the age of sixteen, fighting in the Golden Gloves in 1965 and 1966. He compiled an amateur record of 25–5 before turning pro in 1969. Mamby was a soldier in the U.S. Army and served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War in 1968. Boxing career He held the WBC super lightweight title once, starting his -year reign in February 1980 by going to South Korea to stop titlist Kim Sang-Hyun in the 14th round. After that, he made five successful defenses, travelling to Indonesia and Nigeria in the process. He stopped former WBC lightweight champion Esteban De Jesús in the 13th round in July 1980 on the Holmes-LeDoux undercard and decisioned Termite Watkins over 15 on the Holmes-Ali undercard. He won a 15-round nod over Jo Kimpuani on yet another undercard for a Larry Holmes fight against Leon Spinks. He then went to Indonesia to decision Thomas Americo. In his last bout leaving the ring as champion, he decisioned Obisia Nwankpa in Nigeria. He was to fight WBA champion Aaron Pryor in the summer of 1982 for a unification bout in the super lightweight division, but instead fought and lost his WBC title by split decision to Leroy Haley in June of that year. He would play the role of world title challenger twice more, once in a rematch with Haley in February 1983 which he lost in a 12-round unanimous decision. He then challenged new champion Billy Costello in November 1984 but lost another 12-round unanimous decision. Other boxers Mamby fought include Roberto Durán to whom he lost by points in a non-title fight in 1976, and Saengsak Muangsurin to whom he lost in a 15-round decision in Thailand in 1977 in an attempt to win Muangsurin's WBC title. Mamby continued to fight into his 50s, and was forced to retire by the California State athletic commission following his last loss in 2000. Comeback at 60 At the age of 60, Mamby announced a comeback which was to have taken place in Lapwai, Idaho at the Pi-Nee-Waus Community Center of the Nez Perce Tribe, in a card that was subsequently canceled. Mamby fought several weeks later, weighing 149 pounds (67 kilograms) and lost a ten-round decision to journeyman fighter Anthony Osbourne in the Cayman Islands. As a result, Mamby became one of the oldest boxers to appear in an officially sanctioned bout. It was Mamby's eleventh loss in his last 14 fights. Mamby was known for his ability to take punches well; in 85 professional bouts, he was stopped only once, that by an opponent who was several years younger, Derell Coley, in 1993. See also List of WBC world champions List of select Jewish boxers References External links 1947 births 2019 deaths Boxers from New York City Military personnel from New York City Converts to Judaism African-American Jews Jewish American boxers Jewish boxers Light-welterweight boxers Welterweight boxers World light-welterweight boxing champions World Boxing Council champions Sportspeople from the Bronx United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War American people of Spanish descent American people of Jamaican descent American male boxers United States Army soldiers Jewish American military personnel 20th-century African-American people 21st-century American Jews	[ -0.5199428200721741, 0.04523436725139618, -0.942024827003479, -0.39028313755989075, 0.1467619240283966, 0.6595830321311951, 0.14120283722877502, 0.11858269572257996, -0.41455820202827454, -0.23016290366649628, 0.3780490458011627, 0.2702628970146179, -0.7730134129524231, -0.1673259437084198, 0.23486074805259705, -0.016808927059173584, -0.14763213694095612, -0.2898455262184143, -0.06417939811944962, 0.18702714145183563, -0.4629549980163574, 0.0014529515756294131, 0.6014034748077393, 0.024740159511566162, -0.01833382248878479, 0.5986045598983765, -0.09042464196681976, 0.19762100279331207, -0.11151520907878876, 0.06780514121055603, 0.3497416079044342, 0.24929776787757874, 0.5809584259986877, -0.48022404313087463, -0.31168028712272644, -0.06058719754219055, 0.06969373673200607, 0.19221845269203186, 0.3691639006137848, -0.2571232318878174, -0.3804144859313965, 0.16439750790596008, -0.05683668702840805, 0.18956539034843445, -0.14108794927597046, -0.3972165882587433, -0.9103547930717468, -0.15450820326805115, -0.7870184183120728, -0.93592369556427, 0.14934222400188446, 0.17637382447719574, 0.21286320686340332, -0.05322793871164322, 0.19295340776443481, 0.1496063619852066, -0.5506066679954529, -0.22445522248744965, -0.34673869609832764, -0.3995579183101654, 0.708672046661377, -0.09635791927576065, 0.3297670781612396, -0.2915528416633606, -0.16571974754333496, 0.261792927980423, 0.434475839138031, -0.056134674698114395, 0.12365888059139252, 0.12072011083364487, 0.1289631873369217, 0.38937056064605713, 0.147078275680542, 0.2337997853755951, 0.48753687739372253, -0.4145875573158264, -0.08680029213428497, 0.47927233576774597, 0.2714075744152069, 0.31087562441825867, 0.034995414316654205, -0.5452423691749573, 0.4417360723018646, 0.12409608066082001, -0.32152408361434937, 0.31403666734695435, -0.4265010952949524, 0.33927807211875916, -0.33623841404914856, 0.06816060841083527, -0.640380322933197, -0.14382362365722656, -0.024496696889400482, 0.7129694819450378, -0.20050564408302307, -0.27576473355293274, -0.04230614751577377, 0.7617911100387573, 0.36207517981529236, -0.3412317931652069, 0.14607615768909454, -0.3628760874271393, 0.3177528381347656, -0.28843238949775696, -0.2616725564002991, -0.03509412705898285, 0.3419923484325409, 0.18385057151317596, -0.22962161898612976, 0.010255283676087856, -0.6343528628349304, 0.3412623107433319, 0.3539081811904907, -0.5338864326477051, 0.020289141684770584, 0.16581355035305023, 0.191280335187912, -0.48399782180786133, -0.031865935772657394, -0.372091144323349, -0.28621235489845276, 0.5490502715110779, -0.04743810370564461, 0.1473977416753769, -0.347962349653244, 0.10253939032554626, 0.010372313670814037, 0.36258551478385925, -0.324645459651947, 0.437595933675766, 0.5837096571922302, 0.4918445646762848, -0.32522550225257874, 0.025393161922693253, -0.36234018206596375, 0.12159056216478348, 0.6996576189994812, -0.3114257752895355, 0.03363366797566414, -0.3749769628047943, -0.0021959138102829456, -0.09649690240621567, -0.6991959810256958, 0.18564289808273315, 0.026100968942046165, -0.18734370172023773, 0.45203542709350586, 0.034152477979660034, 0.5671612620353699, -0.46189507842063904, -0.21954497694969177, -0.026198532432317734, 0.044531166553497314, -0.30253681540489197, -0.5277066230773926, 0.25946277379989624, 0.1445261836051941, -0.40126824378967285, 0.10047305375337601, 0.08014441281557083, 0.1636296659708023, -0.16710200905799866, -0.1977989822626114, -0.4805299937725067, 0.4079362750053406, -0.21363694965839386, 0.2512129247188568, -0.7063737511634827, -0.05613543465733528, -0.09604462236166, -0.30232810974121094, 0.12589049339294434, -0.17790839076042175, -0.3586575984954834, -0.3931942582130432, 0.039661094546318054, 1.0406821966171265, 0.19488731026649475, -0.018740899860858917, -0.5623623728752136, -0.6314229369163513, -0.3988594114780426, 0.09408886730670929, 0.46047425270080566, 1.0242079496383667, 0.21464945375919342, 0.8056577444076538, -0.11376477777957916, 0.7746410965919495, 0.28288280963897705, -0.30212557315826416, -0.2882835268974304, 0.42151331901550293, -0.08275482803583145, 0.5818114280700684, 0.05653688684105873, -0.06563986837863922, 0.5097616910934448, 0.22552980482578278, 0.5763869285583496, -0.22763624787330627, 0.031471770256757736, 0.35636094212532043, -0.2845965325832367, -0.2580861747264862, 0.5449811220169067, 0.4058665633201599, 0.585525631904602, 0.36982277035713196, 1.0407823324203491, 0.4234783351421356, -0.7176582217216492, -0.6434231400489807, 0.16668322682380676, -0.10348456352949142, -0.5451657772064209, -0.1485486477613449, -0.3110056221485138, 0.15175041556358337, -0.48133936524391174, 0.9239144921302795, 0.11992857605218887, 0.03944139927625656, 0.648492693901062, 0.04016247019171715, 0.7825751900672913, -0.21709294617176056, -0.4902097284793854, 0.27798938751220703, -0.5638694167137146, 0.2824556231498718, -0.03048432618379593, 0.168955996632576, -0.6242254972457886, -0.10281592607498169, 0.3623355031013489, 0.5105482339859009, -0.704522967338562, 0.07573995739221573, -0.26192912459373474, 0.22900810837745667, 0.3161073327064514, -0.22191528975963593, -0.2895050644874573, -0.28452348709106445, -0.05106472596526146, -0.14453637599945068, 0.2319294661283493, -0.5767788887023926, -0.09334103018045425, 0.19762693345546722, 0.5528340935707092, 0.09111406654119492, -0.17561639845371246, 0.15109148621559143, 0.4145600199699402, -0.6017856001853943, 0.23413647711277008, 0.24104158580303192, -0.6109328269958496, -0.24190732836723328, -0.4286609888076782, 0.2615627348423004, -0.0074630617164075375, 0.21892909705638885, -0.07109642028808594, -0.21964742243289948, -0.3667643070220947, -0.23696960508823395, -0.18871131539344788, 0.5601155757904053, 0.1491728574037552, -0.031744334846735, 0.04728119447827339, 0.3894464373588562, 0.5161191821098328, -0.15389063954353333, 0.270857036113739, -0.6291478872299194, -0.8661149740219116, 0.9307565689086914, 0.7652788758277893, 0.2464795857667923, -0.21297813951969147, -0.07672946155071259, -0.06598739326000214, -0.496245414018631, -0.35905736684799194, -0.2650769352912903, 0.0030513170640915632, -0.37744876742362976, 0.4259684979915619, -0.4519152045249939, 0.2174108922481537, -0.17996248602867126, -0.03500047326087952, -0.2718626856803894, -0.08731139451265335, -0.0807766541838646, -0.14114722609519958, 0.360333114862442, 0.4663161337375641, -0.1724441945552826, -0.06400977075099945, 0.6487960815429688, -0.06290459632873535, -0.40600043535232544, -0.28129005432128906, -5.934067726135254, 0.06759320199489594, 0.4138917922973633, -0.07106485217809677, 0.2089858502149582, -0.15069496631622314, 0.035225674510002136, 0.11867634207010269, 0.14060524106025696, -0.37484803795814514, -0.09181901812553406, -0.04571525752544403, 0.25242725014686584, -0.30420029163360596, 0.2393089383840561, 0.5618900656700134, 1.110011339187622, -0.2599736750125885, 0.41248124837875366, 0.7315206527709961, 0.3192080557346344, -0.27659332752227783, -0.4924304783344269, 0.1942252516746521, 0.0051404330879449844, 0.5194401144981384, -0.36355990171432495, 0.46257540583610535, -0.3847585916519165, -0.35908588767051697, -0.5757006406784058, 0.5056780576705933, -0.3425533175468445, 0.24113471806049347, 0.09498771280050278, -0.1259756237268448, 0.49362316727638245, 0.29182717204093933, -0.031406302005052567, -0.33619722723960876, -0.12002664059400558, -0.1805478036403656, -0.8503144383430481, -0.3714580833911896, 0.11165110021829605, -0.09645999222993851, -0.35660070180892944, -0.12175428122282028, -0.4168323576450348, 0.1674705445766449, 0.08473243564367294, -0.4273888170719147, -0.21097467839717865, 0.5242327451705933, 0.7949420809745789, 0.06915750354528427, -0.07113686203956604, -0.16898782551288605, -0.21706357598304749, 0.2668115198612213, -0.34055131673812866, -0.6404966711997986, -0.1508021503686905, -0.4645107686519623, 0.1001996397972107, -0.172917440533638, 0.6677359938621521, -0.18613556027412415, 0.6499149203300476, 0.15639559924602509, -0.6758970022201538, 0.5415329337120056, -0.12220512330532074, -1.0302554368972778, 0.23335270583629608, -0.06768864393234253, 0.20129960775375366, 0.033254653215408325, -0.6591147780418396, -0.39347848296165466, 0.33660706877708435, -0.45708975195884705, 0.17986252903938293, 0.126048281788826, 0.34912198781967163, -0.3187609612941742, -0.06299395114183426, 0.8111953735351562, -0.17883193492889404, 0.7476897835731506, 0.3315548598766327, -0.22872228920459747, -0.14990784227848053, 0.1407601237297058, 0.7933578491210938, 0.05389821529388428, 0.044699426740407944, 0.01783686876296997, 0.5898376703262329, -0.2767491638660431, 0.1992778182029724, -0.1728617250919342, 0.32172074913978577, -0.8139275312423706, 0.40335872769355774, 0.42928239703178406, -0.046265918761491776, 0.05731043219566345, 0.3888402581214905, 0.07814077287912369, 0.16957247257232666, -0.26477134227752686, -0.8000593185424805, 0.15869146585464478, 0.3547316789627075, -0.31807219982147217, -0.20086604356765747, -0.3258078098297119, 0.10478705167770386, 0.4338952302932739, -0.06937996298074722, 0.18080595135688782, -0.42148348689079285, -0.30359363555908203, 0.07984041422605515, -0.023197202011942863, -0.18838369846343994, 0.32067736983299255, -0.28901931643486023, 0.06754104793071747, 0.06593041867017746, 0.45136377215385437, 0.08561742305755615, 0.06214631721377373, 0.2220037281513214, -0.3033737540245056, 0.21778535842895508, -1.0011200904846191, 0.24592578411102295, 0.13814766705036163, -0.5043932795524597, -0.050132445991039276, 0.35537469387054443, 0.4107542634010315, 0.38346198201179504, 0.2313038855791092, 0.2950328290462494, -0.17550724744796753, 0.11925658583641052, 1.0531107187271118, 0.6044378280639648, -0.7174314856529236, 0.5133104920387268, -0.22929611802101135, -0.5863457918167114, 0.5311753153800964, 0.2233276069164276, -0.18225999176502228, -0.026575973257422447, -0.2112804800271988, 0.25428274273872375, -0.14221955835819244, -0.9737650752067566, 0.11446750164031982, -0.2923201620578766, 0.3212175667285919, 0.2962312400341034, -0.15874673426151276, -0.586408257484436, 0.3206041157245636, 0.44165629148483276, -0.9405744671821594, -0.7187215089797974, -0.6170483827590942, 0.08844083547592163, -0.5652877688407898, -0.19540247321128845, -0.2239067703485489, 0.24285636842250824, -0.10792309790849686, -0.4043267071247101, -0.011371252126991749, -0.5485960245132446, -0.07973875105381012, 0.36003246903419495, 0.2419019341468811, -0.16676278412342072, -0.6041072607040405, -0.14675793051719666, 0.010093475691974163, 0.45581701397895813, 0.02130841091275215, 0.2954055368900299, 0.26241007447242737, 0.351152241230011, -0.16149266064167023, -0.038244303315877914, 0.5767452716827393, -0.0683009922504425, -0.010299501940608025, 0.1410694420337677, 0.04858465492725372, -0.3947499990463257, 0.48072952032089233, 0.09187451750040054, -0.607863187789917, 0.3057292401790619, 0.0070044249296188354, 0.42046892642974854, -0.09743823856115341, -0.05931014195084572, 0.16068115830421448, -0.0684758871793747, 0.5236078500747681, 0.0564877949655056, 0.2445208728313446, 0.1539658159017563, 0.4973125457763672, -0.3277459144592285, -0.7911416888237, -0.43939054012298584, -0.5744290947914124, -0.918057382106781, -0.06873160600662231, -0.4181027412414551, 0.38149622082710266, 0.4313332736492157, -0.13214360177516937, 0.22624216973781586, 0.4109540581703186, -0.7264600396156311, -0.4338016211986542, 0.1895776093006134, 0.18010510504245758, -0.22184555232524872, -0.22180132567882538, 0.1873050481081009, 0.07566679269075394, -0.4515334367752075, -0.2726854085922241, 0.07525520026683807, 0.8319681882858276, 0.289776086807251, -0.3965243995189667, 0.2574452757835388, 0.3885095417499542, 0.38170096278190613, -0.5006304979324341, 0.19290383160114288, -0.2005496770143509, 0.35575738549232483, 0.2119491696357727, -0.8033283948898315, 0.22909463942050934, 0.640038013458252, -0.7026564478874207, -0.24406345188617706, -0.19361203908920288, 0.07885035872459412, -0.07447199523448944, 0.2763904929161072, 0.19137217104434967, -0.06767778843641281, -0.13990288972854614, -0.17994798719882965, -0.13477274775505066, -0.06694170087575912, 0.09920832514762878, 0.3577912449836731, -0.898898720741272, -0.27922600507736206, -0.29924044013023376, 0.01852726936340332, 0.5036072134971619, -0.10864294320344925, 0.052736785262823105, 0.03583809360861778, -0.03442513942718506, -0.20331965386867523, 0.27995315194129944, -0.5496750473976135, -0.04163360595703125, -0.2616230249404907, -0.5117383003234863, 0.1654789000749588, -0.7825701832771301, 0.09227636456489563, -0.08380036801099777, -0.21031454205513, -0.12589046359062195, -0.1825973093509674, 0.37586525082588196, -0.4746628403663635, 0.35193315148353577, -0.42603930830955505, 0.1348482370376587, -0.3400290906429291, 0.7601927518844604, -0.2779361605644226, -0.5262499451637268, -0.1583353877067566, 0.5942856073379517, -0.043601371347904205, 0.18088388442993164, -0.17044076323509216, -0.5128591656684875, 0.24522052705287933, -0.2436743825674057, -0.30607080459594727, 0.2650866210460663, 0.2516179382801056, -0.1812615990638733, 0.164645716547966, -0.20996110141277313, -0.620435893535614, -0.157338485121727, 0.36576658487319946, -0.2465962916612625, -0.28462210297584534, -0.08858081698417664, 0.03226187452673912, 0.13596630096435547, 0.8504565954208374, -0.03250640630722046, -0.040038030594587326, 0.46742692589759827, 0.13998304307460785, 0.05153260380029678, 0.29549992084503174, 0.20138806104660034, -0.13667243719100952, -0.2374398410320282, -0.356468141078949, 0.25752198696136475, 0.5538181662559509, -0.4046562612056732, 0.30419859290122986, -0.1702815592288971, 0.1630249321460724, 0.5237619280815125, 0.16366277635097504, 0.6871551871299744, -0.18488290905952454, -0.06019551679491997, -0.29817113280296326, -0.12539242208003998, 0.06745611876249313, 0.31299740076065063, 0.3365701735019684, -0.21786855161190033, -0.3997780382633209, -0.17466740310192108, 0.3704141676425934, -0.17318105697631836, 0.2617323696613312, -0.020875850692391396, 0.5029618740081787, -0.6627859473228455, -0.29433688521385193, 0.20576633512973785, 0.17744962871074677, -0.3228299915790558, 1.06893789768219, 0.20496341586112976, 0.056385673582553864, -0.10044775903224945, -0.5162398815155029, -0.4104824960231781, 0.06676840782165527, 0.2024811953306198, -0.12491066753864288, -0.1341925412416458, -0.16493794322013855, 0.7568143010139465, -0.12711374461650848, 0.18442969024181366, 0.005809304770082235, -0.08181182295084, -0.8455243706703186, 0.10429134219884872, 0.4689231514930725, -0.35829398036003113, -0.24166898429393768, -0.2250138372182846, 0.31839945912361145, 0.0855797603726387, -0.47648149728775024, 0.28846198320388794, -0.06313800066709518, -0.3381705582141876, 0.45046573877334595, -0.7015337944030762, -0.4890778362751007, 0.18287409842014313, 0.2823866307735443, -0.4045592248439789, -0.43353962898254395, 0.5772290229797363, 0.45761168003082275, 0.2694263756275177, 0.3189975619316101, -0.07954530417919159, -0.15878957509994507, 0.20651036500930786, -0.1141568124294281, -0.5959040522575378, -0.3348155915737152, 0.41421106457710266, -0.8202175498008728, 0.8782234787940979, 0.1631283462047577, 0.2043212503194809, 0.17129027843475342, 0.42865851521492004, 0.11630226671695709, 0.4459466338157654, 0.2239464372396469, -0.23004356026649475, -0.3230995833873749, -0.10261982679367065, 0.11956752091646194, -0.5105471014976501, -0.13082242012023926, 0.20592303574085236, 0.04030200093984604, -0.19518257677555084, 0.027667667716741562, 0.34519532322883606, -0.41880369186401367, 0.4745725393295288, 0.20188641548156738, -0.4768553078174591, -0.5790494084358215, -0.03858943283557892, -0.3556899130344391, -0.5550775527954102, 0.8650685548782349, 0.7520712018013, 0.6181091070175171, -0.7679229378700256, 0.565447986125946, -0.09963931143283844, 0.2981647551059723, -0.17253737151622772, 0.42322438955307007, -0.3513824939727783, 0.29573842883110046, -0.2857190668582916, 0.247365802526474, 0.7837600708007812, -0.33494940400123596, -0.07187778502702713, 0.2957395017147064, -0.21063335239887238, 0.2736743092536926, 0.3994603455066681, -0.19655974209308624, -0.29359495639801025, 0.04205295816063881, -0.3019692301750183 ]
249306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcerer	Sorcerer	Sorcerer may refer to: Magic Sorcerer (supernatural), a practitioner of magic that derives from supernatural or occult sources Sorcerer (fantasy), a fictional character who uses or practices magic that derives from supernatural or occult sources Film The Sorceror (film), a 1932 German film The Sorcerers, a 1967 British science fiction horror film Sorcerer (film), a 1977 American thriller film Highlander III: The Sorcerer, a 1994 American fantasy action film Games Sorcerer (board game), a 1975 board wargame Sorcerer (Dungeons & Dragons), a character class in the game Dungeons & Dragons Sorcerer (pinball), a 1985 pinball machine Sorcerer (role-playing game), a 2002 tabletop role playing game made by Ron Edwards Sorcerer (video game), a 1984 interactive fiction computer game made by Infocom Music Sorcerer (band), a Swedish epic doom band from Stockholm Sorcerer (Miles Davis album), 1967 Sorcerer (soundtrack), performed by Tangerine Dream for the film of the same name "Sorcerer" (Stevie Nicks song), a 1984 song The Sorcerer, an 1877 comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan The Sorcerer (album), a 1967 album by Gábor Szabó "The Sorcerer", a song by Herbie Hancock from his album Speak Like a Child Animals Sorcerer (horse) (1796–1821), British Thoroughbred racehorse Sorcerer (moth), of the family Noctuidae Computing Sorcerer (Linux distribution), Linux distribution Exidy Sorcerer, a home computer system released in 1978 Other uses The Sorcerer (cave art), cave painting in 'The Sanctuary' cavern, Ariège, France The Dark Tower: The Sorcerer, a comic book The Sorceror, a 2002 fantasy novel by Troy Denning See also Sourceror (disambiguation) Sorceress (disambiguation) Sorcery (disambiguation) Magician (disambiguation) Warlock (disambiguation) Wizard (disambiguation) Witch (disambiguation)	[ -0.06797121465206146, 0.6372559666633606, -0.5694242119789124, 0.6426483392715454, -0.19241900742053986, 0.012555615045130253, 0.5730665922164917, -0.2581504285335541, -0.6005126237869263, 0.0030878596007823944, -0.18606136739253998, 0.5680730938911438, 0.002769394312053919, 0.42486411333084106, -0.3781639337539673, 0.11549685150384903, 0.5074843764305115, 0.026587989181280136, -0.5157913565635681, -0.7082551121711731, -0.48671457171440125, -0.16721858084201813, 0.30080360174179077, 0.20858269929885864, -0.36221620440483093, 0.7501196265220642, -0.1881137490272522, 0.19755373895168304, -0.16463419795036316, 0.5648285746574402, 0.07255540043115616, -0.1132170557975769, -0.07190942019224167, -0.43448370695114136, -0.4829287528991699, -0.12974394857883453, -0.2518141269683838, -0.08784118294715881, -0.28009942173957825, -0.44057559967041016, 0.6063193678855896, 0.04219696670770645, 0.643837571144104, 0.45381489396095276, -1.0416457653045654, 0.3738712966442108, -1.4233020544052124, 0.30975812673568726, -0.662837564945221, 0.20435990393161774, -0.025298558175563812, 0.5379424095153809, 0.006201233249157667, 0.45480719208717346, 0.5331756472587585, 0.6259294748306274, -0.4591938257217407, 0.39014336466789246, -0.09448952227830887, -0.8771193623542786, 0.24303869903087616, 0.6171779632568359, 0.1627563089132309, 0.2310650646686554, -0.23128648102283478, 0.44184181094169617, 0.07816500216722488, 0.07779856771230698, -0.17662863433361053, -0.3922959864139557, 0.33593037724494934, -0.013937187381088734, -0.2546442747116089, 0.3518046438694, -0.012718628160655499, -0.08166490495204926, 0.3743624985218048, -0.3244466781616211, 0.12692999839782715, 0.4007683992385864, 0.029772624373435974, -0.27103936672210693, 1.3351061344146729, 0.29255810379981995, -0.04247621074318886, -0.35615044832229614, 0.17900501191616058, 0.47048327326774597, -0.33555784821510315, -0.0660584568977356, 0.2525065839290619, -0.9410334825515747, 0.23738454282283783, 0.46278637647628784, -0.5350162386894226, 0.039592307060956955, 0.25086137652397156, -0.6024974584579468, 0.2311503291130066, 0.00641095032915473, 0.1573842614889145, -0.3674105107784271, 0.07998216897249222, -0.4764344096183777, -0.806257426738739, 0.016499916091561317, -0.1496477723121643, -0.16500204801559448, -0.26937875151634216, 0.6629185080528259, -0.2799025774002075, 0.5115742683410645, -0.00800899788737297, 0.1321813464164734, -0.004182648379355669, -0.5808913707733154, -0.35471686720848083, -0.2939620018005371, -0.3021376132965088, 0.6101657152175903, 0.9656888842582703, 0.08035950362682343, 0.3547934591770172, 0.9456301331520081, 0.05505436286330223, 0.834878146648407, 0.4097122251987457, 0.535489559173584, -0.22803445160388947, -0.48425161838531494, 0.9352580904960632, 0.8535101413726807, -0.014746752567589283, 0.20149801671504974, -0.1618109792470932, 0.037116240710020065, 0.24102936685085297, 0.1677621304988861, -0.4750935733318329, 0.36903515458106995, -0.7563499212265015, -0.005155704915523529, -0.6865214705467224, -0.13277363777160645, 0.37179023027420044, -0.5854441523551941, 0.12431424856185913, -0.1052941381931305, 0.1916322410106659, 0.25191327929496765, -0.38895049691200256, 0.3853265345096588, -0.09987495094537735, -0.48349103331565857, -0.18724331259727478, 0.16468758881092072, -0.02611166425049305, -0.04490472376346588, 0.3642902374267578, -0.5837951898574829, -0.15391096472740173, 0.2586202621459961, -0.6023660898208618, 0.06125417351722717, 0.36217403411865234, -0.057617995887994766, 0.0507500134408474, 0.1920004040002823, -0.6792032718658447, 0.3093154728412628, -0.46336883306503296, 0.3590043783187866, -0.10922665148973465, 0.3331608772277832, -0.7403677701950073, -0.4374253451824188, 0.4008007049560547, 0.5558714866638184, 0.7917855978012085, -0.19773690402507782, -0.8823740482330322, -0.18482975661754608, 0.09239763766527176, -1.0125815868377686, -0.12254595756530762, 0.459615558385849, -0.14332465827465057, 0.006011229939758778, 0.11575194448232651, -0.2953842878341675, -0.4463217854499817, 0.09840168058872223, 0.3880983889102936, -0.35308143496513367, 1.3321901559829712, 0.11325797438621521, -0.5184598565101624, 0.947782576084137, -0.1385892629623413, 0.012276232242584229, 0.6097077131271362, -0.6520360708236694, 0.7448052167892456, 0.1319672167301178, -0.03542960435152054, 0.13404422998428345, -0.06543353945016861, 0.3989224135875702, 0.08406879752874374, -0.021837476640939713, 0.05120176821947098, -0.09210195392370224, -0.23020869493484497, 0.5661177635192871, -0.07694714516401291, 0.15629743039608002, -1.1281713247299194, 0.04073815792798996, 0.28554075956344604, -0.01654687710106373, 0.44991669058799744, -0.12605257332324982, -0.4256909489631653, -0.06949079781770706, 0.13090553879737854, 1.1506003141403198, 0.13922500610351562, -0.04397121071815491, 0.2833264470100403, -0.5668999552726746, -0.2683087885379791, 0.7166363000869751, 0.010777384042739868, -0.16859592497348785, 0.3295463025569916, -0.23737786710262299, 0.3081279397010803, -0.37238752841949463, 0.2824804186820984, -0.26078519225120544, 0.4492274820804596, -0.052119720727205276, -0.6069394946098328, 0.45317238569259644, 0.7072572112083435, 0.3851228654384613, 0.09375069290399551, 0.15485762059688568, -0.10583891719579697, -0.13756386935710907, -0.06275433301925659, 0.6600037813186646, 0.13084164261817932, 0.3239252269268036, 0.16525012254714966, 0.06409560143947601, -0.5894108414649963, -0.6157969832420349, 0.09719529747962952, -0.08260896801948547, -0.01939145103096962, 0.11687111109495163, -0.042698364704847336, -0.5477578043937683, 0.11646648496389389, -0.6830358505249023, -0.19669146835803986, -0.2544686496257782, 0.4807339012622833, 0.8410490155220032, 0.13134902715682983, 0.39906302094459534, -0.31351280212402344, -0.02471393719315529, -0.11013178527355194, -0.743158221244812, -0.6948212385177612, -0.12609638273715973, -0.38388943672180176, -0.5706920027732849, -0.40281447768211365, 0.25326183438301086, 0.3277583420276642, 0.026789454743266106, -0.3865160048007965, 0.1789008229970932, -0.10439810901880264, -0.7333157062530518, 0.2681836485862732, -0.28296977281570435, -0.029015762731432915, 0.513458788394928, -0.5786046981811523, -0.5239596962928772, 0.09250959008932114, 0.40280187129974365, -0.324312299489975, 0.20257873833179474, 0.1766197681427002, -0.05052857846021652, -0.3794901371002197, 0.46805059909820557, 0.15551316738128662, -0.024986397475004196, 0.0903901532292366, -0.29414254426956177, -0.28398430347442627, -0.37796440720558167, -5.616954326629639, -0.21197815239429474, -0.12568560242652893, -0.2666841745376587, -0.05983349308371544, 0.4896228313446045, 0.29980379343032837, 0.13713237643241882, -0.009497934952378273, -0.1574350744485855, 0.3540692627429962, 0.08417869359254837, -0.07597866654396057, 0.6520034074783325, 0.3831574022769928, 0.24152778089046478, 0.0565505288541317, 0.259374737739563, -0.4557853937149048, -0.08152998238801956, 0.2326364815235138, 0.23410974442958832, -0.17214512825012207, 0.6459970474243164, 0.08834080398082733, 0.0929773598909378, -0.4195697605609894, -0.5335059762001038, -0.2292197048664093, -0.3579442799091339, -0.5119789242744446, 0.3022259771823883, -0.297494500875473, 0.019051143899559975, -0.19106750190258026, 0.017455562949180603, 0.6451449394226074, -0.15512974560260773, 0.6985078454017639, -0.5561886429786682, -0.5604743361473083, 0.1479567289352417, -0.29428401589393616, -0.6327194571495056, 0.6099330186843872, -0.5445727705955505, -0.27501606941223145, 0.35675278306007385, -0.10133634507656097, 0.18948638439178467, -0.18424709141254425, -0.5416469573974609, -0.06848294287919998, 0.4622267484664917, 0.36812564730644226, 0.06258627027273178, -0.0045627024956047535, 0.26269641518592834, -0.12452859431505203, 0.5542458891868591, 0.17898699641227722, -0.22620955109596252, -0.18228843808174133, -0.5938920378684998, -0.4610387086868286, 0.2464706152677536, -0.24925436079502106, -0.36603492498397827, 0.5215567350387573, 0.4767577052116394, -0.26507940888404846, -0.44905444979667664, 0.29051947593688965, -0.8773397207260132, 0.2713566720485687, -0.2927537262439728, -0.14401684701442719, -0.20279526710510254, -0.19988034665584564, 0.665466845035553, 0.06662431359291077, -0.08786561340093613, 0.1392320692539215, -0.11978129297494888, -0.040305621922016144, -0.21639384329319, -0.6611941456794739, -0.4137975573539734, 0.1345747709274292, 0.08248588442802429, 1.134354829788208, 0.1321740597486496, 0.2858879864215851, 0.7300512790679932, 0.4716377556324005, 0.5931285619735718, 0.3604808449745178, -0.183137446641922, 0.5038905143737793, 0.217573344707489, -0.2738148272037506, -0.32253506779670715, 0.6615954041481018, -0.05066927149891853, -0.1277822107076645, -0.3054558038711548, 0.02428702637553215, 0.33522719144821167, 0.7421828508377075, -0.47144585847854614, -0.13066019117832184, -0.5705423951148987, -0.15849432349205017, -0.08140334486961365, 0.4755089282989502, -0.4165271520614624, 0.5073516964912415, 0.7457852959632874, 0.5510855913162231, -0.034577060490846634, -0.013877395540475845, 0.4303462505340576, -0.29741793870925903, -0.7771655321121216, -0.19189207255840302, -0.14420190453529358, 0.3302993178367615, 0.08778832852840424, 0.2820969521999359, -0.10063990950584412, -0.28239738941192627, 0.5416128635406494, 0.40758708119392395, 0.06908323615789413, -0.03550921007990837, -0.20124463737010956, -0.3771483600139618, -0.30110591650009155, -0.17915834486484528, -0.03917408734560013, 0.11064668744802475, -0.7529004812240601, -0.13412757217884064, 0.11787588894367218, 0.44217655062675476, -0.20531398057937622, 0.3491845428943634, -0.0071540712378919125, 0.42821529507637024, 0.7237471342086792, 0.1855277270078659, 0.4436889886856079, 1.1969629526138306, -0.36516380310058594, -0.4322085976600647, 0.02917982079088688, 0.04353073984384537, 0.5235177278518677, -0.1715857833623886, -0.43918195366859436, 0.32954472303390503, -0.0011508505558595061, -1.0245171785354614, 0.23430271446704865, 0.1791868507862091, -0.14812016487121582, -0.4851628243923187, -0.629523515701294, -0.06567789614200592, 0.24909275770187378, 0.7484885454177856, -0.38934755325317383, -0.2946295142173767, 0.48232483863830566, 0.301789253950119, 0.11556919664144516, -0.1830708086490631, 0.03356993943452835, -0.3153471350669861, -0.080137237906456, 0.12911361455917358, -0.2658606469631195, -0.3577170968055725, -0.6178919672966003, 0.2200087010860443, 0.025971902534365654, -0.29234734177589417, -0.2604452669620514, -0.37456244230270386, 0.058459870517253876, 0.19725334644317627, 0.3620128035545349, 0.4887685477733612, 0.31837424635887146, 0.27339261770248413, 0.3214501440525055, 0.0797693133354187, 0.46440449357032776, 0.3796147108078003, -0.4801178276538849, 0.5144892334938049, 0.0882376953959465, -0.582633912563324, -0.7157799005508423, 0.5649923086166382, -0.9504281282424927, 0.3428717255592346, -0.6019212603569031, -0.2163875252008438, 0.22467969357967377, -0.01033064816147089, 0.3254539668560028, 0.38923516869544983, -0.30581754446029663, -0.2442982792854309, -0.23413053154945374, 0.5291376709938049, -0.396876722574234, -0.5071438550949097, -0.04387357458472252, -0.06908369064331055, -0.11065837740898132, -0.4311438500881195, 0.1292571723461151, -0.7131531834602356, -0.6191465258598328, 0.2810720205307007, -0.44112661480903625, -0.19636046886444092, -0.11301857233047485, -0.25044313073158264, 0.4974476397037506, -0.6950410008430481, -0.40874114632606506, -0.20308469235897064, 0.04783208668231964, 0.5078377723693848, -0.039949316531419754, 0.34748566150665283, -0.20817555487155914, 0.5878218412399292, 0.6598119735717773, 0.5736920237541199, -0.12202882766723633, 0.37342333793640137, 0.31309208273887634, -0.3159400522708893, -1.146684169769287, -0.44892236590385437, 0.13313138484954834, 0.38980069756507874, -0.4190431535243988, -0.06207096204161644, -0.7112600207328796, 0.40153661370277405, -0.431445449590683, 0.3675822913646698, 0.30094796419143677, 0.08009021729230881, 0.5750380158424377, 0.12101901322603226, 0.01911911740899086, -0.8808069229125977, -0.5879188776016235, -0.2014443725347519, 0.05553410202264786, -0.6089525818824768, -0.7672746181488037, 0.20349577069282532, -0.8682680726051331, 0.5961923003196716, 0.6186522245407104, 0.5993422865867615, 0.10174176841974258, 0.615691065788269, 0.008697045035660267, -0.49140802025794983, -0.5388160943984985, -0.1559380292892456, -0.11922547966241837, -0.4857523441314697, 0.5720853805541992, 0.06405779719352722, -0.3440479338169098, -0.1985042840242386, -0.7239266633987427, 0.0727822557091713, -0.6505016088485718, -0.16882942616939545, -0.4318581521511078, -0.3779137432575226, 0.27815842628479004, 0.19581520557403564, 0.29611870646476746, 0.004754781723022461, 0.3192325234413147, -0.13913236558437347, 0.003052979940548539, -0.22143200039863586, 0.23668241500854492, -0.35251766443252563, 0.4507140517234802, 0.041086696088314056, -0.34517964720726013, -0.11838066577911377, 0.08339307457208633, 0.2909078598022461, -0.677579402923584, -0.5562573075294495, -0.014293353073298931, 0.49278008937835693, -0.5104179382324219, -0.21399962902069092, 0.2947896420955658, 0.12879474461078644, -0.16057135164737701, 0.6332696080207825, -0.30920279026031494, 0.405737966299057, 0.37152567505836487, 0.9950619339942932, 0.5343939661979675, 0.7699412703514099, -0.1269460767507553, -0.29244372248649597, 0.05924748256802559, -0.4428895115852356, 0.5089091062545776, 0.5761665105819702, -0.18907387554645538, 0.7273429036140442, -0.5075514912605286, 0.35559242963790894, 0.505965530872345, -0.6466670632362366, 0.06391352415084839, -0.10183295607566833, -0.1350044310092926, -0.17729736864566803, 0.6761357188224792, 0.2245839238166809, 0.08022826164960861, 0.03395739197731018, -0.5641140937805176, -0.12353663146495819, 0.45294296741485596, 0.24917973577976227, -0.24619434773921967, -0.32533779740333557, 0.4383942782878876, -0.28340059518814087, -0.40581610798835754, -0.2860374450683594, -0.36624428629875183, 0.15144924819469452, 0.0713106244802475, 0.5226668119430542, -0.044957034289836884, 0.5052980780601501, 0.4645911455154419, -0.1507347673177719, -0.324083149433136, 0.7075427770614624, 0.19630008935928345, -0.22118331491947174, 0.7802026867866516, -0.22667571902275085, -0.3219515085220337, 0.0023457345087081194, -0.4186743497848511, -0.35484448075294495, 0.1722661554813385, -0.6931103467941284, 0.08292508125305176, -0.22603867948055267, -0.49086400866508484, 0.5945091247558594, 0.35997629165649414, 0.08402859419584274, 0.21104414761066437, -0.38429051637649536, -0.6929299235343933, -0.5447245836257935, -0.6196388602256775, 0.4283584654331207, -0.11892548948526382, 0.12423967570066452, 0.03674715757369995, -0.18484526872634888, 0.08152572065591812, 0.29984623193740845, -0.28626927733421326, 0.2734164297580719, 0.054949045181274414, -0.3136736750602722, -0.0627765953540802, 0.10551651567220688, 0.3002680242061615, -0.23538541793823242, 0.0974656268954277, 0.40622714161872864, 0.2899157404899597, 0.6204398274421692, 0.3657102584838867, -0.43635818362236023, -0.3482961058616638, -1.0770373344421387, -0.12250905483961105, -0.5380083918571472, 0.16411566734313965, -0.0422523207962513, -0.08468899875879288, -0.06626072525978088, -0.04550984501838684, 0.12096098065376282, -0.7282633781433105, 0.45060136914253235, 0.22797748446464539, 0.004516273271292448, -0.5587435364723206, -0.5566014051437378, -0.07414852827787399, -0.22972388565540314, 0.3952926695346832, -0.04319821298122406, -0.3246006965637207, 0.3778969645500183, -0.5426195859909058, -0.45639559626579285, 0.41326260566711426, -0.03669718652963638, -0.27091318368911743, -0.47781506180763245, 0.3459972143173218, 0.02993878163397312, -0.4097774624824524, 0.31553754210472107, 0.8368951678276062, 0.40542879700660706, -0.8835962414741516, -0.3444845676422119, 0.413682758808136, -0.12361955642700195, 0.27861031889915466, -0.07771394401788712, -0.26497480273246765, -0.123357392847538, -1.00525963306427, -0.17640897631645203, 0.8637983202934265, 0.2522163689136505, -0.18301165103912354, 0.2861107885837555, -0.22146694362163544, 0.02539854682981968, 0.2222432643175125, 0.23280230164527893, -0.4751431345939636, 0.1639682948589325, 0.13869284093379974 ]
249313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachus	Lysimachus	Lysimachus (; Greek: Λυσίμαχος, Lysimachos; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became King of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon. Early life and career Lysimachus was born in circa 360 BC, to a family of Thessalian stock but they were citizens of Pella in Macedonia. He was the second son of Agathocles and his wife; there is some indication in the historical sources that this wife was perhaps named Arsinoe, and that Lysimachus' paternal grandfather may have been called Alcimachus. His father was a nobleman of high rank who was an intimate friend of Philip II of Macedon, who shared in Philip II’s councils and became a favourite in the Argead court. Lysimachus and his brothers grew up with the status of Macedonians; all these brothers enjoyed with Lysimachus prominent positions in Alexander’s circle and, like him, were educated at the Macedonian court in Pella. The historian Justin relates the story that Lysimachus smuggled poison to a person Alexander had condemned to a slow death and was himself thrown to a lion as punishment, but overcame the beast with his bare hands and became one of Alexander's favorites. Pausanias writes that Lysimachus was one of Alexander's body-guards, whom Alexander once in anger shut up in a chamber with a lion but he killed the lion and after that Alexander treated him with respect, and honored him as much as the noblest Macedonians. Some coins issued during Lysimachus's appointment had his image on one side and a lion on the other. He was probably appointed Somatophylax during the reign of Philip II. During Alexander's Persian campaigns, in 328 BC he was one of his immediate bodyguards. In 324 BC, in Susa, he was awarded a ceremonial crown in recognition of his actions in India. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, he was appointed to the government of Thrace as strategos although he faced some difficulties from the Thracian king Seuthes. Diadochi In 315 BC, Lysimachus joined Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus against Antigonus, who, however, diverted his attention by stirring up Thracian and Scythian tribes against him. However, he managed to consolidate his power in the east of his territories, suppressing a revolt of the cities on the Black Sea coast. In 309 BC, he founded Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonese with the mainland, forming a bulwark against the Odrysians. In 306/305 BC, Lysimachus followed the example of Antigonus and assumed the royal title. In 302 BC, when the second alliance between Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus was made, Lysimachus, reinforced by troops from Cassander, entered Asia Minor, where he met with little resistance. On the approach of Antigonus he retired into winter quarters near Heraclea, marrying its widowed queen Amastris, a Persian princess. Seleucus joined him in 301 BC, and at the Battle of Ipsus Antigonus was defeated and slain. Antigonus' dominions were divided among the victors. Lysimachus' share was Lydia, Ionia, Phrygia and the north coast of Asia Minor. Feeling that Seleucus was becoming dangerously powerful, Lysimachus now allied himself with Ptolemy, marrying his daughter Arsinoe II of Egypt. Amastris, who had divorced herself from him, returned to Heraclea. When Antigonus' son Demetrius I renewed hostilities (297 BC), during his absence in Greece, Lysimachus seized his towns in Asia Minor, but in 294 BC concluded a peace whereby Demetrius was recognized as ruler of Macedonia. He tried to carry his power beyond the Danube, but was defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae king Dromichaetes (or Dromihete), who, however, set him free in 292 BC on amicable terms in return for Lysimachus surrendering the Danubian lands he had captured. Demetrius subsequently threatened Thrace, but had to retire due to a sudden uprising in Boeotia and an attack from King Pyrrhus of Epirus. In 287 BC, Lysimachus and Pyrrhus in turn invaded Macedonia and drove Demetrius out of the country. Lysimachus left Pyrrhus in possession of Macedonia with the title of king for around seven months before Lysimachus invaded. For a short while the two ruled jointly but in 285 BC Lysimachus expelled Pyrrhus, seizing complete control for himself. Later years Domestic troubles embittered the last years of Lysimachus’ life. Amastris had been murdered by her two sons; Lysimachus treacherously put them to death. On his return, Arsinoe II asked the gift of Heraclea, and he granted her request, though he had promised to free the city. In 284 BC Arsinoe, desirous of gaining the succession for her sons in preference to Lysimachus’ first child, Agathocles, intrigued against him with the help of Arsinoe's paternal half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos; they accused him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles was put to death. This atrocious deed by Lysimachus aroused great indignation. Many of the cities of Asia Minor revolted, and his most trusted friends deserted him. The widow of Agathocles and their children fled to Seleucus, who at once invaded the territory of Lysimachus in Asia Minor. In 281 BC, Lysimachus crossed the Hellespont into Lydia and at the decisive Battle of Corupedium was killed. After some days his body was found on the field, protected from birds of prey by his faithful dog. Lysimachus' body was given over to another son, Alexander, by whom it was interred at Lysimachia. Marriages and children Lysimachus was married three times and his wives were: First marriage: Nicaea, a Greek (Macedonian) noblewoman and daughter of the powerful Regent Antipater. Lysimachus and Nicaea married in c. 321 BC. Nicaea bore Lysimachus three children: Son, Agathocles Daughter, Eurydice Daughter, Arsinoe I Nicaea most probably died by 302 BC. Second marriage: Persian Princess Amastris. Lysimachus married her in 302 BC. Amastris and Lysimachus’ union was brief, as he ended their marriage and divorced her in 300/299 BC. Third marriage: Ptolemaic Greek Princess Arsinoe II. Arsinoe II married Lysimachus in 300/299 BC and remained with him until his death in 281 BC. Arsinoe II bore Lysimachus three sons: Ptolemy I Epigonos Lysimachus Philip From an Odrysian concubine he had a son borne to him called Alexander. Family tree of Lysimachids See also Belevi Mausoleum References Bibliography Primary sources Secondary sources Hunerwadel, Forschungen zur Gesch. des Könige Lysimachus (1900) Possenti, Il Re Lisimaco di Tracia (1901) Ghione, "Note sul regno di Lisimaco" Atti d. real. Accad. di Torino xxxix (1903) R.A. Billows, Kings and colonists: aspects of Macedonian imperialism, BRILL, 1995 H.S. Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, Routledge, 2002 W. Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006 Lysimachus’ article at Livius.org Ptolemaic Genealogy: Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemaic Genealogy: Unknown wife of Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemaic Genealogy: Ptolemy ‘the Son’ External links Lysimachus Lysimachus' Dog & Nisaean Horses – Informative but non-scholarly essay on Lysimachus (Annotated with Sources) 360s BC births 281 BC deaths 3rd-century BC Macedonians 4th-century BC Macedonians 3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs 3rd-century BC rulers 4th-century BC rulers Ancient Greeks killed in battle Ancient Macedonian generals Ancient Pellaeans Ancient Thessalians Deaths by javelin Hellenistic generals Hellenistic Macedonia Hellenistic rulers Hellenistic Thrace Ancient Macedonian monarchs Ancient Macedonian monarchs killed in battle Non-dynastic kings of Macedonia (ancient kingdom) Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire Somatophylakes Trierarchs of Nearchus' fleet	[ 0.08925335109233856, 0.12360772490501404, -0.7277957201004028, -0.05288269370794296, 0.043346814811229706, 0.9434642195701599, 0.011126231402158737, 0.009241819381713867, -0.2733982503414154, -0.3685859143733978, 0.014287981204688549, 0.19758468866348267, -0.48794683814048767, 0.23062783479690552, -0.20484060049057007, 0.10904306173324585, -0.03977598249912262, 0.23772190511226654, 0.03586443141102791, -0.179214209318161, 0.2777532637119293, 0.13033200800418854, 0.17388449609279633, 0.030874190852046013, 0.1298673152923584, 0.14043085277080536, -0.4166913330554962, 0.27697330713272095, 0.5685034990310669, 0.03480089455842972, 0.3980668783187866, 0.8578328490257263, 0.22815929353237152, -0.19148461520671844, 0.16824473440647125, 0.1565713733434677, -0.1357097029685974, -0.17425192892551422, 0.1330927312374115, 0.13833770155906677, 0.5484362244606018, 0.4924306273460388, 0.1449909508228302, 0.32001250982284546, -0.6237098574638367, -0.2475152164697647, -1.7342504262924194, 0.30872002243995667, -0.5381548404693604, -0.30603933334350586, -0.25177136063575745, -0.10541053861379623, -0.34684595465660095, -0.025841064751148224, -0.40971460938453674, 1.1725070476531982, -1.0086287260055542, 0.05921605974435806, 0.6796007752418518, -0.17794029414653778, 0.18973492085933685, -0.14110486209392548, 0.24107646942138672, 0.824894368648529, 0.4797914922237396, 0.5689572095870972, -0.23639267683029175, 0.59758061170578, -0.5806567072868347, -0.06161889433860779, -0.2617207169532776, 0.7018137574195862, -0.3398236334323883, 0.7777949571609497, 0.1287124752998352, 0.32497531175613403, -0.6155402660369873, -0.29329532384872437, 0.7699764370918274, 0.17536941170692444, -0.02374926023185253, 0.07077594101428986, 0.6742388606071472, 0.2745791971683502, -0.20947380363941193, 0.19408176839351654, -0.8186060190200806, 0.2284930944442749, -0.06357677280902863, -0.1836719512939453, -0.16374684870243073, -0.43644896149635315, 0.33830928802490234, 0.30847588181495667, 0.05371789634227753, 0.14197644591331482, -0.5222293734550476, 0.24148935079574585, 0.10766469687223434, -0.22443144023418427, -0.763266384601593, 0.12423328310251236, -0.41511625051498413, 0.14687761664390564, -0.5802140831947327, -0.11978909373283386, 0.1077532172203064, -0.22986005246639252, -0.2922123670578003, -0.03162927180528641, -1.1991599798202515, -0.03421035781502724, -0.159799724817276, 0.029748447239398956, -0.6453883647918701, 0.05201360210776329, -0.014492236077785492, -0.693561315536499, -0.37473487854003906, -0.8450323343276978, -0.32249000668525696, 0.7649040818214417, -0.1819964349269867, 0.148897185921669, -0.16064399480819702, 0.09402434527873993, 0.10674981027841568, 0.316393107175827, -0.5407518744468689, -0.539466917514801, 0.40865591168403625, 0.7700250148773193, -0.05025223642587662, 0.44781607389450073, -0.16742253303527832, -0.20127299427986145, -0.07201921194791794, 0.21811173856258392, 0.15442579984664917, 0.3623596727848053, -0.7321495413780212, -0.08230255544185638, -1.0476104021072388, 0.12753227353096008, -0.2457854449748993, -0.0573747493326664, 0.4747491478919983, -0.004159923177212477, -0.08551393449306488, -0.5079455375671387, 0.04533851891756058, 0.15151111781597137, -0.07247287780046463, 0.1571454107761383, -0.24143847823143005, 0.06757024675607681, 0.2880243957042694, -0.16239888966083527, -0.12392699718475342, -0.02498486265540123, -0.32481467723846436, -0.13296405971050262, -0.4132121503353119, -0.16161352396011353, 0.3121142089366913, -0.25785061717033386, 0.0626194030046463, -0.2741077244281769, -0.45702245831489563, 0.3801421821117401, -0.32975709438323975, -0.008715908043086529, 0.7440436482429504, 0.4689875841140747, 0.24142831563949585, 0.040077436715364456, 0.4945742189884186, 0.5242465734481812, 0.21218512952327728, -0.972417414188385, -0.6971250176429749, -0.07424835115671158, -0.04079341143369675, 0.10819213092327118, 0.2595725655555725, 0.7252439856529236, 0.33038344979286194, 0.021640336140990257, 0.2264237254858017, -0.6860912442207336, -0.34063920378685, -0.7036303281784058, -0.4182414412498474, 0.4779142141342163, 1.5282516479492188, -0.28677135705947876, -0.4130578637123108, -0.12535662949085236, -0.20781250298023224, 0.4004911780357361, -0.7180008292198181, -0.4934753477573395, -0.025142844766378403, 0.36832815408706665, -0.5551568865776062, 0.19670480489730835, -0.19268235564231873, 0.07023447006940842, 0.18375307321548462, 0.4289723038673401, -0.0314922109246254, -0.6287678480148315, 0.2704046666622162, -0.3096482753753662, 0.08135420829057693, 0.08816710114479065, -0.379061222076416, 0.02386833168566227, -0.24517475068569183, 0.21120360493659973, 0.519985556602478, -0.6120159029960632, -0.29050859808921814, 0.12005768716335297, -0.22292184829711914, 0.6088887453079224, 0.44228529930114746, -0.05815034732222557, -0.27998214960098267, -0.9263778924942017, -0.30301037430763245, -0.640078604221344, -0.5216878056526184, -0.640658438205719, -0.3140631318092346, -0.6581622362136841, 0.163706436753273, -1.1637084484100342, 0.6031827926635742, -0.983667254447937, 0.5567238926887512, -0.48725175857543945, -0.38126543164253235, 0.12693201005458832, 0.5589993596076965, 0.4132598042488098, 0.08823023736476898, 0.021626945585012436, 0.15686388313770294, 0.30971860885620117, -0.5070493817329407, 0.5971518754959106, 0.1447540521621704, -0.14895294606685638, 0.3508123755455017, -0.4020903706550598, 0.6080709099769592, -0.05145581439137459, -0.23038740456104279, -0.8165202736854553, -0.21861474215984344, 0.4671081602573395, 0.15215259790420532, -0.41581428050994873, 0.3023366630077362, -0.2635112702846527, 0.10495313256978989, -0.29345038533210754, 0.7718539237976074, -0.04841519892215729, 0.9935327172279358, -0.06226886436343193, -0.44510337710380554, 0.23249094188213348, -0.7244571447372437, -0.6626991629600525, 0.5740662813186646, -0.1221134290099144, -0.2896699011325836, -0.7411150336265564, 0.1914147138595581, 0.43801188468933105, -0.3712766170501709, 0.3002573251724243, -0.12498711794614792, 0.02872788906097412, -0.19880178570747375, 0.21814896166324615, 0.5948649048805237, -0.7875326871871948, 0.7276566028594971, -0.26759225130081177, -0.37361469864845276, 0.4627833664417267, -0.3551650047302246, 0.4643551707267761, -0.114861860871315, -0.37446171045303345, 0.17690658569335938, -0.5052404999732971, -0.8054612278938293, 0.31621357798576355, -0.19783437252044678, 0.017387866973876953, 0.235502228140831, -0.2496453821659088, 0.03824542835354805, 0.8658546805381775, -5.5438151359558105, 0.12335716933012009, -0.1778104454278946, 0.5881015062332153, 0.5909863710403442, 0.3030395805835724, 0.35227224230766296, -0.2414013147354126, 0.34736284613609314, -0.0453566275537014, -0.07542984932661057, 0.05228780582547188, -0.445248007774353, 0.42441537976264954, 0.6150602698326111, 0.4498734474182129, -0.005539898294955492, 0.2200421541929245, -0.046100009232759476, -0.05332563444972038, -0.021487288177013397, 0.43131059408187866, -0.39380404353141785, 0.6058683395385742, -0.10870303213596344, 0.02996990457177162, 0.5927966237068176, -0.04001800715923309, -0.9547987580299377, -0.2734721899032593, -0.7864985466003418, 0.04009944200515747, 0.3055611848831177, 0.27025842666625977, -0.4154658317565918, -0.6888061761856079, 0.5528842806816101, 0.4015163779258728, 0.1977156549692154, -0.09931515157222748, -0.7592090368270874, 0.11162853240966797, -0.29274260997772217, -0.19070105254650116, 0.39949023723602295, -0.4079914093017578, -0.33446139097213745, 0.13422974944114685, -0.0825684443116188, 0.6398097276687622, 0.20879293978214264, -0.13312476873397827, 0.14446571469306946, 0.6454658508300781, 0.40324026346206665, 0.09291653335094452, 0.3375317454338074, -0.0991077646613121, -0.1712295264005661, 0.3857265114784241, 0.5988041162490845, -0.21301695704460144, -0.31827911734580994, -0.8006756901741028, 0.4719424247741699, -0.2574540674686432, -0.20656809210777283, -0.12254466861486435, -0.024105031043291092, 0.3054540753364563, -0.4018428325653076, 1.342451572418213, 0.1671910136938095, -0.9216570258140564, 0.198614239692688, 0.23451115190982819, -0.7848034501075745, 0.06699772924184799, 0.15395155549049377, 0.5522884726524353, -0.14308561384677887, -0.32910147309303284, 0.18516728281974792, 0.8040341734886169, -0.21178679168224335, -0.19746710360050201, -0.2641066610813141, 0.13948878645896912, 0.04604397714138031, -0.3141382038593292, 0.3353310227394104, 0.038788363337516785, 0.20002102851867676, 0.31888625025749207, -0.4244135916233063, 0.6251224875450134, -0.23900526762008667, 0.2735825181007385, 1.0874541997909546, 0.17645415663719177, 0.23122043907642365, -0.002518038498237729, -0.22484643757343292, 0.13730116188526154, 0.3475631773471832, -0.8273563385009766, -0.5558958053588867, 0.01835973933339119, 0.7777484059333801, -0.24597999453544617, 0.17377303540706635, -0.04779140651226044, 0.06933899223804474, -0.43704038858413696, 0.052888792008161545, -0.13536858558654785, 0.04829932376742363, 0.7434397339820862, 0.6714991927146912, 0.26322975754737854, -0.006083093583583832, 0.3710819482803345, -0.45446136593818665, -0.7049015760421753, 0.29443424940109253, -0.3176249861717224, -0.3949497938156128, -0.11555979400873184, -0.6783140301704407, 0.354116827249527, -0.09126213192939758, -0.21168102324008942, 0.4672490656375885, 0.0610172301530838, 0.027256138622760773, -0.6602827906608582, -0.47453370690345764, -0.2675127685070038, -0.07084262371063232, 0.2838052213191986, -0.3423333466053009, -0.3679012358188629, -0.2114465832710266, 0.23025143146514893, 0.38996440172195435, 0.3756040334701538, 0.026822952553629875, 0.2696191966533661, -0.3198573887348175, 0.6238546967506409, 0.19617517292499542, -0.8166794180870056, 0.31058555841445923, -0.6024637222290039, 0.47728925943374634, 0.2747117877006531, 0.02707977034151554, 0.1617792397737503, -0.09547347575426102, -0.333322674036026, -0.33489155769348145, 0.06701408326625824, -0.9163511991500854, -0.10885997116565704, 0.316220760345459, -0.46953725814819336, -0.5910107493400574, -0.7500056028366089, -0.11727247387170792, 0.14282740652561188, -0.23837077617645264, -0.08117178827524185, -0.619713544845581, 0.2773090898990631, 0.09620168060064316, -0.2466370314359665, -0.11692830920219421, -0.18241724371910095, -0.2737886309623718, -0.0700722485780716, -0.0015206955140456557, 0.1529361754655838, -0.25474727153778076, 0.430540531873703, 0.4028448164463043, 0.019160592928528786, -0.12660717964172363, -0.5977427363395691, -0.45354220271110535, 0.073670893907547, -0.10712791234254837, -0.01533281709998846, -0.27150759100914, 0.3172440528869629, 0.20875658094882965, 0.2925780713558197, 0.07464149594306946, 0.15414315462112427, 0.043309520930051804, -0.42155298590660095, -0.02955399826169014, 0.7519354820251465, 0.05461903288960457, 0.11104549467563629, -0.6786372661590576, -0.5844666957855225, 0.7229226231575012, 0.12324709445238113, -0.3654278814792633, 0.1666780561208725, -0.06593642383813858, -0.705310046672821, -0.39470162987709045, 0.4933405816555023, 0.0081483731046319, 0.6720297932624817, 0.25956496596336365, -0.1265522688627243, -0.36317816376686096, -0.9035268425941467, -0.24385719001293182, -0.9592546224594116, -0.42632707953453064, -0.5647697448730469, -0.0566420815885067, 0.6577391028404236, -0.40296661853790283, 0.09123862534761429, 0.8191899061203003, -0.15702293813228607, 0.21299263834953308, -0.14192025363445282, 0.20358550548553467, 0.0442083366215229, 0.0814061388373375, 0.1412680596113205, -0.2089041769504547, 0.08197344839572906, 0.073134645819664, 0.07030291110277176, 0.6638525724411011, 0.7959734797477722, -0.22085915505886078, 0.5809473991394043, 0.13116653263568878, 0.32788732647895813, 0.28427189588546753, -0.13481546938419342, -0.15474547445774078, -0.03180744871497154, 0.8270330429077148, -0.4203757047653198, -0.2936592698097229, -0.323525071144104, 0.8748374581336975, 0.038844943046569824, 0.5365414023399353, 0.2844567596912384, -0.049374524503946304, 0.5183118581771851, -0.20855361223220825, 0.4071924686431885, -0.0830656886100769, 0.14863790571689606, -0.20402656495571136, 0.5193877220153809, -0.3965508043766022, 0.41668474674224854, 0.6303090453147888, -0.183014914393425, -0.5990753769874573, -0.16479092836380005, 0.15005657076835632, 0.22327788174152374, -0.10002626478672028, 0.1436036378145218, -0.21317529678344727, -0.4581468105316162, 0.47646576166152954, 0.057882096618413925, -1.5220887660980225, 0.2135673612356186, -0.17959783971309662, 0.148248091340065, -0.19096532464027405, -0.12875671684741974, -0.4538338780403137, 0.2735459804534912, -0.12591765820980072, 0.02912996895611286, -0.26417863368988037, 0.09499404579401016, 0.022155165672302246, -0.12174911797046661, 0.08340705186128616, 0.15617935359477997, -0.6392245888710022, 0.4061647057533264, -0.29692503809928894, 0.725732147693634, -1.484512209892273, 0.058470726013183594, 0.2435677945613861, -0.3148208260536194, -0.024773910641670227, 0.7726269364356995, 0.20371007919311523, 0.017898960039019585, -0.011111447587609291, 0.21342569589614868, 0.4918748140335083, -0.12544883787631989, 0.030576543882489204, 0.36351582407951355, -0.28808125853538513, -0.15364699065685272, 0.4184991717338562, -0.23953299224376678, -0.06472976505756378, 0.41609007120132446, 0.3023295998573303, 0.3368711769580841, 0.4203634262084961, 0.15851089358329773, -0.29268670082092285, 0.016709763556718826, -0.6200507283210754, 0.2706086039543152, 0.17851348221302032, 0.9656968712806702, 0.2142057716846466, -0.08941289037466049, -0.5863370895385742, 0.5922459959983826, -0.029538394883275032, -0.5669512748718262, 0.0223727747797966, -1.0421477556228638, 0.009419729001820087, 0.500386118888855, 0.2608645260334015, 1.0466957092285156, -0.17372339963912964, 0.035060394555330276, -0.17582079768180847, 0.7702524065971375, -0.12047838419675827, -0.39599961042404175, 0.16335082054138184, 0.23175930976867676, 0.04849933087825775, -0.1341630071401596, 0.305001437664032, -0.7978765368461609, -0.023102419450879097, 0.15786407887935638, 0.5292006134986877, 0.05118555948138237, -0.28449827432632446, -0.2487647384405136, -0.20973512530326843, 0.14229661226272583, 0.22471842169761658, -0.049651119858026505, -0.6144649982452393, 0.27318641543388367, 0.2735919654369354, -0.4918658137321472, -0.27399471402168274, -0.07051216810941696, 0.31609272956848145, -0.17585191130638123, 0.15836641192436218, 0.044987842440605164, 0.3797954320907593, 0.40504056215286255, 0.23885735869407654, 0.21902026236057281, -0.06213021278381348, -0.13629798591136932, 0.029570892453193665, -0.007689701393246651, -0.048520807176828384, 0.021978404372930527, -0.176158145070076, 0.305563747882843, 0.3683508634567261, -0.33031535148620605, -0.09493427723646164, 0.21629531681537628, 0.3615204393863678, -0.3026837110519409, 0.04474659264087677, 0.11421960592269897, -0.31863221526145935, -0.3121565580368042, -0.15020108222961426, 0.37897971272468567, -0.052400246262550354, -0.19423004984855652, -0.349715918302536, -0.47465384006500244, 0.2728174328804016, 0.00041900857468135655, 0.1425548493862152, -0.16496826708316803, -0.4896426796913147, 0.6230223774909973, -0.9493916034698486, 0.23145663738250732, 0.47804999351501465, 0.3262999355792999, -0.11714237928390503, 0.8321101665496826, 0.13971130549907684, -0.13277892768383026, 0.35289400815963745, -0.43450868129730225, -0.13505834341049194, 0.1719881296157837, -0.11948660016059875, 0.1122257336974144, 0.005678057670593262, 0.043917957693338394, -0.058827728033065796, 0.08946205675601959, -0.11322325468063354, 0.20023919641971588, -0.30067113041877747, 0.5213203430175781, 0.09272946417331696, -0.10136173665523529, -0.5871610045433044, -0.5783154964447021, 0.3869016170501709, -0.15364108979701996, 0.5852591395378113, 0.5366505980491638, 0.24330182373523712, -0.3628406226634979, 0.6290770173072815, 0.1778274029493332, -0.4006989598274231, 0.03137059882283211, 0.19688837230205536, 0.07897810637950897, -0.7304636836051941, -0.7752512097358704, 0.23159095644950867, 0.4972873330116272, 0.7365471720695496, 0.07123567163944244, 0.8644331693649292, 0.28072237968444824, 0.04063580557703972, 0.3150869607925415, -0.20923317968845367, -0.7491151690483093, -0.05444671958684921, 0.47953736782073975 ]
249314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath	Wreath	A wreath () is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a circle . In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Christmas decoration. They are also used in ceremonial events in many cultures around the globe. They can be worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck. Etymology The word wreath comes from Middle English wrethe and from Old English writha, band. History Ancient Etruscan wreaths Wreaths were a design used in ancient times in southern Europe. The most well-known are pieces of Etruscan civilization jewelry, made of gold or other precious metals. Symbols from Greek myths often appear in the designs, embossed in precious metal at the ends of the wreath. Ancient Roman writers referred to Etruscan corona sutilis, which were wreaths with their leaves sewn onto a background. These wreaths resemble a diadem, with thin metal leaves being attached to an ornamental band. Wreaths also appear stamped into Etruscan medallions. The plants shown making the wreaths in Etruscan jewelry include ivy, oak, olive leaves, myrtle, laurel, wheat and vines. Wreaths were worn as crowns by Etruscan rulers. The Etruscan symbolism continued to be used in Ancient Greece and Rome. Roman magistrates also wore golden wreaths as crowns, as a symbolic testament to their lineage back to Rome's early Etruscan rulers. Roman magistrates also used several other prominent Etruscan symbols in addition to a golden wreath crown: fasces, a curule chair, a purple toga, and an ivory rod. Ancient Greece and Rome In the Greco-Roman world, wreaths were used as an adornment that could represent a person's occupation, rank, their achievements and status. The wreath that was commonly used was the laurel wreath. The use of this wreath comes from the Greek myth involving Apollo, Zeus’ son and the god of life and light, who fell in love with the nymph Daphne. When he pursued her she fled and asked the river god Peneus to help her. Peneus turned her into a laurel tree. From that day, Apollo wore a wreath of laurel on his head. Laurel wreaths became associated with what Apollo embodied; victory, achievement and status and would later become one of the most commonly used symbols to address achievement throughout Greece and Rome. Laurel wreaths were used to crown victorious athletes at the original Olympic Games and are still worn in Italy by university students who just graduated. Other types of plants used to make wreath crowns also had symbolic meaning. For example, oak leaves symbolized wisdom, and were associated with Zeus, who according to Greek mythology made his decisions while resting in an oak grove. The Twelve Tables, dating to 450 BC, refer to funeral wreaths as a long-standing tradition. Olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the ancient Olympic Games. Modern wreaths Harvest wreath Harvest wreaths, a common household decoration today, are a custom with ancient roots in Europe. The creation of harvest wreaths in Europe can be traced back to ancient times, and is associated with animistic spiritual beliefs. In Ancient Greece, the harvest wreath was a sacred amulet, using wheat or other harvested plants, woven together with red and white wool thread. The harvest wreath would be hung by the door year-round. Harvest wreaths were an important symbol to the community in Ancient Greece, not merely to the farmer and his family. The festivals devoted to Dionysus, the Oschophoria and Anthesteria, included a ritual procession called the eiresîonê. A harvest wreath was carried to Pyanopsia and Thargelia by young boys, who would sing during the journey. The laurel or olive wreath would be hung at the door, and then offerings were made to Helios and the Hours. It was hoped that this ritual would bring protection against crop failure and plagues. In Poland, the harvest wreath (wieniec) is a central symbol of the Harvest Festival, Dozynki. Wreaths are made of different shapes and sizes, using harvested grain plants, fruit and nuts. The wreath is then brought to a church for a blessing by a priest. The tradition includes a procession to the family home from the church, with a girl or young woman leading the procession and carrying the wreath. The procession is followed with a celebration and feast. Ukraine, Hungary, and other Eastern Europe cultures also have similar rituals that began as part of pre-Christian culture. Advent and Christmas wreaths In Christianity, wreaths are used to observe the Advent season, in preparation for Christmastide and Epiphanytide, as well as to celebrate the latter two liturgical seasons. These wreaths, as with other Advent and Christmas decorations, are often set up on the first Sunday of Advent, a custom that is sometimes done liturgically, through a hanging of the greens ceremony. The Advent wreath was first used by Lutherans in Germany in the 16th century, and in 1839, Lutheran priest Johann Hinrich Wichern used a wreath made from a cart wheel to educate children about the meaning and purpose of Christmas, as well as to help them count its approach, thus giving rise to the modern version of the Advent wreath. For every Sunday of Advent, starting with the fourth Sunday before Christmas, he would put a white candle in the wreath and for every day in between he would use a red candle. The use of the Advent wreath has since spread from the Lutheran Church to many Christian denominations, and some of these traditions, such as the Catholic Church and Moravian Church, have introduced unique variations to it. All of the Advent wreaths, however, have four candles, and many of them have a white candle in the centre, the Christ candle, which is lit on Christmas Day. Advent and Christmas wreaths are constructed of evergreens to represent everlasting life brought through Jesus and the circular shape of the wreath represents God, with no beginning and no end. Advent and Christmas wreaths are now a popular symbol in preparation for and to celebrate the coming of Christ, with the former being used to mark the beginning of the Christian Church's liturgical year and both serving as décor during Advent and Christmas festivities. While Advent wreaths are erected on stands or placed on tables, Christmas wreaths are often hung on doors or walls. Within Advent, the Church observes Saint Lucy's Day, the memorial of Saint Lucy, who is said to have brought "food and aid to Christians hiding in the catacombs" using a candle-lit wreath to "light her way and leave her hands free to carry as much food as possible"; as such, on this day, many young Christian girls dress as Saint Lucy, wearing a wreath on their head. Funeral and memorial wreaths The symbolism of wreaths has been used at funerals since at least the time of Ancient Greece, to represent a circle of eternal life. Evergreen wreaths were laid at the burial place of early Christian virgin martyrs in Europe, the evergreen representing the victory of the eternal spirit over death. In early modern England, a wreath custom existed for the funerals of "young maidens". A young woman of the same age as the one being mourned would lead the funeral procession, carrying a wreath of white flowers to represent the purity of the deceased, and "that eternal crown of glory reserved for her in heaven". By the Victorian era, the symbolism of flowers had grown to become an elaborate language, and the symbolism of funeral wreaths was no exception. Flowers represented life and resurrection. Specific flowers were used in funeral wreaths to represent particular sentiments. Cypress and willow were used for crafting wreath frames, and were associated with mourning by the Victorians. Wreaths are commonly laid at the tombs of soldiers and at memorial cenotaphs during Memorial Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies. Wreaths may also be laid in memory of persons lost at sea, either from an accident or due to navy action. In a memorial service at sea, the wreath is lowered to the water and set adrift. Wreaths worn as crowns A wreath may be used as a headdress made from leaves, flowers and branches. It is typically worn in festive occasions and on holy days. Wreaths originally were made for use with pagan rituals in Europe, and were associated with the changing seasons and fertility. Christianity accepted the symbolism of the wreath based upon its Roman association with honour and moral virtue. During the Middle Ages, Christian art featured depictions of the Virgin Mary and various saints crowned with wreaths, much as figures from Roman and Greek mythology were depicted wearing wreaths, as well as Roman and Greek rulers and heroes. Maypole wreath Wreath customs in Europe have survived over many centuries. The observance of May Day in England includes Maypole festivities, culminating in a race by young unmarried men to climb to the top of the Maypole to capture the May Day wreath perched at the top of the pole. The winner of this contest would wear the wreath as his crown, and would be recognized as the May Day King for the rest of the holiday. Plants traditionally used to make Midsummer wreaths and garlands include white lilies, green birch, fennel, St. John's Wort, wormwood, vervain and flax. The flowers used in making the Midsummer wreath had to be picked early in the morning before the dew had dried; the belief was that once the dew dried, the magical properties of the plants evaporated with the dew. Midsummer celebrations are still observed in Germany and Scandinavia as well, with Maypoles and wreaths playing a prominent role, similar to England. Wreath symbolism in England By the Renaissance period, wreaths became symbols of political and religious alliances in England. Protestant reformers such as the Puritans saw wreaths and the holidays they were associated with, such as May Day, as being pagan corrupting influences that destroyed healthy Christian morality. Soldiers confiscated wreaths in Oxford on May Day of 1648. During the Interregnum following the overthrow of Charles I of England, wreaths symbolized Royalist sympathies. In Bath, Somerset, the coronation of Charles II of England was marked with a procession of 400 maidens in white and green, carrying "gilded crowns, crowns made of flowers, and wreaths made of laurel mixed with tulips", and led by the mayor's wife. Saint Lucy's Day crown Saint Lucy is traditionally depicted in Christian artwork wearing a wreath as a crown, and on the wreath stand lit candles symbolizing the light of the world represented by Christ. Sweden in particular has a long history of observing Saint Lucy's Day (St. Lucia's Day). "St. Lucia's crowns", made of a brass wreath holding candles, are part of the customs associated with this holiday. Wreath laying ceremonies A wreath laying ceremony is a traditional practice during which funeral wreaths are laid at a grave or memorial site. It is done as a formal sign of respect towards a particular tribute (e.g. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, National Memorial). These are formal ceremonies that involve high ranking dignitaries such as heads of state. Once a wreath is laid, the person who lays the wreath goes a few steps back to bow/salute the memorial. During wreath laying ceremonies of a military nature, bugle calls such as "Last Post", "Taps", or "Sunset" are played. In the Netherlands, wreath laying () is usually held during the National Remembrance Day celebrations on 4 May. During state visits, a wreath is laid out at the National Monument in Amsterdam. In Russia, it is tradition to lay wreaths at war memorials on Days of Military Honour and commemorative military holidays, such as Defender of the Fatherland Day and Victory Day. One of the more notable laying of wreaths takes place at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Moscow's Alexander Garden, where the President of Russia, the Prime Minister of Russia, members of the Federal Assembly, military officers, religious leaders in the Russian Orthodox Church and other dignitaries are led to lay a funeral wreath close to the eternal flame. A moment of silence is then conducted, which is usually followed by a solemn march of an honour guard passes. In the United Kingdom, wreaths, are most notably laid at the Cenotaph during the National Service of Remembrance on Remembrance Day. References External links advertising Interior design Christmas decorations Seasonal traditions Etruscan religion Ancient Greek religion Floristry Christian symbols	[ 0.04997578635811806, 0.30789074301719666, -0.25624972581863403, 0.2546135485172272, 0.07198166847229004, 0.10348758101463318, 0.36766791343688965, 0.27695512771606445, -0.506498396396637, -0.06680034101009369, -0.7197373509407043, -0.206075057387352, -0.08222854137420654, 0.31789150834083557, -0.5303178429603577, 0.44474655389785767, 0.5951631665229797, 1.0039876699447632, 0.014495987445116043, -0.17430652678012848, -0.23190082609653473, -0.6696072816848755, 0.09434045106172562, -0.19773617386817932, 1.1661012172698975, -0.0728030651807785, 0.17119567096233368, 0.11098408699035645, 0.5648764371871948, 0.018791791051626205, -0.21823301911354065, 0.3983438014984131, 0.3722732961177826, -0.8392297625541687, 0.06646215915679932, -0.5137958526611328, -0.11499621719121933, -0.4819667339324951, -0.40505534410476685, -0.36028850078582764, 0.037763562053442, -0.3506619930267334, 0.28428974747657776, -0.010179894044995308, -0.03371183201670647, -0.784514307975769, -1.8485827445983887, 0.9864636659622192, -0.20232664048671722, 0.4160449206829071, -0.13994164764881134, -0.20732176303863525, 0.28008973598480225, 0.04789872467517853, 0.19468574225902557, 0.6401953101158142, -0.7171393036842346, 0.26425808668136597, 0.4985792338848114, -0.72415691614151, -0.5731680989265442, 0.09115798771381378, 0.4138634204864502, -0.10761859267950058, 0.489778071641922, 0.23033234477043152, -0.12578973174095154, 0.4173089265823364, -0.5886751413345337, -0.5495007038116455, 0.013199156150221825, -0.39848992228507996, 0.23143476247787476, 0.23665092885494232, -0.06976104527711868, -0.08236540853977203, -0.0905032530426979, -0.699446439743042, -0.03175612539052963, 0.29662081599235535, -0.7261843085289001, 0.2432565689086914, -0.23814789950847626, 0.27880048751831055, 0.3886258006095886, 0.09300065040588379, -0.669269323348999, 0.4759971499443054, -0.30731672048568726, 0.48148980736732483, 0.3701366186141968, 0.1745615452528, 0.5795875191688538, 0.19813624024391174, 0.07153648138046265, -0.13954977691173553, -0.057492755353450775, 0.26340168714523315, -0.09479008615016937, 0.2495838701725006, 0.1804458498954773, 0.15394257009029388, 0.23744362592697144, -0.4650825560092926, -1.0130729675292969, -0.05357198417186737, 0.08362825959920883, -0.4198359549045563, 0.24687662720680237, -0.03344497084617615, -0.09248584508895874, 0.009884034283459187, 0.006121460348367691, 0.2487025111913681, 0.006315276026725769, 0.5586406588554382, 0.8917737007141113, 0.17776618897914886, -0.5860778093338013, -0.021670613437891006, 0.29257282614707947, 0.20073485374450684, 0.323442280292511, -0.4594106376171112, 0.33543461561203003, -0.09788347035646439, -0.04025323688983917, 0.8542019724845886, -0.9207254648208618, -0.06327164173126221, -0.12191837280988693, 0.041301578283309937, -0.47662413120269775, -0.08887188881635666, -0.47071418166160583, -0.8555711507797241, 0.041143178939819336, -0.14702467620372772, 0.7996872663497925, 0.5384971499443054, -0.7605141997337341, 0.21992379426956177, -0.2247183918952942, -0.4275279641151428, 0.5172684788703918, -0.25194674730300903, 0.1892392784357071, -0.3422522246837616, -0.23655153810977936, -0.17283038794994354, 0.2933461368083954, -0.040571801364421844, -0.37098047137260437, 0.11379815638065338, -0.31922647356987, 0.08009647578001022, 0.054752446711063385, 0.08375804871320724, -0.22542992234230042, 0.048851266503334045, -0.22259816527366638, 0.44686558842658997, -0.33084940910339355, 0.09606173634529114, 0.0621015764772892, -0.16452836990356445, 0.004044695757329464, 0.9308348894119263, 0.05657114461064339, 0.454465389251709, -0.30153313279151917, 0.16378575563430786, 0.12697577476501465, -0.1349886655807495, -0.26891979575157166, 0.2931688129901886, 0.20726074278354645, -0.38061583042144775, 0.6754301190376282, 0.16832862794399261, -0.5364879965782166, 0.28824520111083984, 0.35258758068084717, 0.053308285772800446, -0.0005930886836722493, -0.09083473682403564, 0.23178791999816895, 0.08306144177913666, 0.22705590724945068, -0.1431952267885208, -0.5927051305770874, -0.2522834539413452, -0.27644139528274536, 0.29954007267951965, 0.6514147520065308, -0.029857967048883438, -0.1996418982744217, 0.6967015266418457, -0.15342548489570618, -0.09221918135881424, 0.33122190833091736, 0.26758795976638794, -0.187380850315094, -0.40069958567619324, -0.8486202955245972, 0.2642379403114319, 0.43687838315963745, 0.11382521688938141, -0.021979423239827156, -0.21509520709514618, 0.21282462775707245, -0.636679470539093, 0.7439787983894348, -0.20879212021827698, 0.015333836898207664, 0.5554085969924927, -0.5796502232551575, 0.32450732588768005, 0.12574288249015808, -0.3009200394153595, 0.19530591368675232, 0.008935844525694847, -0.9353255033493042, 0.0623212493956089, -0.4128083884716034, 0.47769707441329956, -0.02552618645131588, -0.08776447921991348, -0.02325764298439026, -0.6366991996765137, 0.10266800969839096, -0.5808061957359314, 0.09459220618009567, -0.11508630961179733, -0.5775661468505859, 0.48400673270225525, 0.048880435526371, -0.2906785309314728, 0.24726901948451996, -0.07312420010566711, -0.1905144900083542, -0.13342638313770294, -0.26739585399627686, -0.2693260610103607, 0.24320931732654572, -0.012105300091207027, -0.1709897667169571, -0.13879069685935974, 0.7752618789672852, 0.046547457575798035, 0.15342652797698975, 0.19957654178142548, 0.4820954501628876, 0.04264921322464943, 0.011181863956153393, -0.3576841950416565, 0.0311005599796772, 0.09965535998344421, 0.39651066064834595, 0.18572324514389038, -0.11137416958808899, 0.0592464879155159, 0.051849283277988434, -0.18592599034309387, -0.46895429491996765, 0.19278167188167572, 0.05722738057374954, 0.09191001951694489, 0.20405666530132294, 0.4928198754787445, 0.31672385334968567, 0.016824891790747643, -0.5160562992095947, -0.07384158670902252, -0.5008476376533508, -0.8298207521438599, 0.2200770229101181, -0.1340482532978058, -0.45106691122055054, -0.669000506401062, -0.10216963291168213, 0.18313194811344147, 0.6986501216888428, -0.3793187737464905, -0.019096465781331062, -0.1758272498846054, 0.5396607518196106, -0.27326881885528564, -0.08447892963886261, 0.035888269543647766, -0.21764135360717773, 0.7330822944641113, 0.06886540353298187, 0.3916020691394806, 0.5259948968887329, 0.24300049245357513, -0.36471128463745117, -0.10112403333187103, 0.12444069981575012, -0.18740960955619812, -0.1834423840045929, 0.016923312097787857, -0.338554322719574, -0.09866436570882797, -0.27458086609840393, 0.7185848355293274, 0.19311703741550446, 0.2433188259601593, -5.692807674407959, -0.21571989357471466, -0.2973550856113434, 0.08047385513782501, -0.30458927154541016, 0.6794530749320984, 0.49994051456451416, -0.19729183614253998, 0.050403889268636703, -0.0810512825846672, 0.03226836398243904, -0.2568681240081787, 0.4731051027774811, 0.415894478559494, 0.9107332229614258, 0.04340710863471031, 0.24722488224506378, -0.5526707768440247, -0.005499343387782574, 0.19883285462856293, 0.08001115173101425, 0.1842229664325714, -0.18080316483974457, 0.3702460527420044, -0.09479362517595291, -0.3830511271953583, 0.6810751557350159, -0.46485623717308044, -0.3321607708930969, 0.24999405443668365, 0.3142664134502411, -0.012370897457003593, 0.5002889633178711, -0.02961665391921997, -0.3076803684234619, -0.04069594293832779, 0.4769936501979828, -0.5597445368766785, 0.3524813950061798, 0.2652243375778198, 0.26747310161590576, -0.10417152941226959, 0.5304427146911621, 0.36750978231430054, 0.4197411835193634, -0.5974428653717041, -0.4337211847305298, -0.6036156415939331, -0.7009850740432739, 0.9587354063987732, 0.46770158410072327, 0.21217556297779083, 0.6828477382659912, -0.846797525882721, -0.43655043840408325, 0.6488879323005676, 0.6643753051757812, -0.07082146406173706, -0.9139587879180908, -0.41112956404685974, 0.5646127462387085, -0.1929067224264145, 0.5051015019416809, -0.1403665393590927, -0.2828885018825531, -0.2111937701702118, -0.7919848561286926, -0.15802529454231262, 0.16521954536437988, 0.46093520522117615, -0.3364141583442688, 0.10776080936193466, -0.7153392434120178, -0.749595046043396, 0.16156327724456787, -0.38157278299331665, -0.2208845317363739, -0.6132687926292419, 0.0604223869740963, -0.08580157160758972, -0.24911725521087646, -0.007797786965966225, 0.1418776512145996, 0.4393809735774994, -0.028533389791846275, 0.05503248795866966, -0.06917016208171844, -0.1298542320728302, -0.3019926846027374, -0.09567879885435104, 0.6254263520240784, 0.6317273378372192, -0.05471104010939598, 0.1472192108631134, 0.19177387654781342, 0.3547244966030121, 0.5465101599693298, -0.3485035300254822, 0.45873725414276123, -0.37669074535369873, 0.46485182642936707, 0.2861706614494324, 0.31938615441322327, 0.25301802158355713, -0.4852655827999115, -0.38343948125839233, -0.47540268301963806, 0.17529262602329254, 0.992079496383667, -0.2458467334508896, 0.3862881362438202, 0.10182037949562073, 0.3473420739173889, -0.19635498523712158, -0.038564953953027725, -0.04933897405862808, 0.4050980508327484, 0.28570616245269775, 0.3658735156059265, -0.40131980180740356, 0.2256799191236496, 0.284702867269516, 0.06988808512687683, -0.3346826136112213, -0.0479196198284626, -0.7505776286125183, -0.08080033957958221, -0.1659601777791977, -0.0912729799747467, -0.17107310891151428, 0.6807873249053955, 0.14785413444042206, -0.09235341101884842, -0.12402467429637909, -0.12188582122325897, 0.0412481315433979, -0.23549476265907288, -0.6551579833030701, -0.8012021780014038, -0.4976706802845001, 0.37343522906303406, -0.48624107241630554, -0.5952309370040894, 0.3344370126724243, 0.9725725054740906, 0.39138028025627136, -0.7043076753616333, -0.22287654876708984, -0.18631871044635773, 0.21806620061397552, -0.7021963000297546, 0.2337968498468399, 0.3157401382923126, -0.7514699697494507, -0.12098513543605804, -0.1578103005886078, 0.12766869366168976, 0.0879608616232872, 0.07766097784042358, -0.5808679461479187, -0.4321214258670807, -0.018083466216921806, -1.209490418434143, -0.43320679664611816, -0.6823017001152039, -0.2565404772758484, -0.37001219391822815, -0.42048144340515137, -0.06083139404654503, 0.9883425831794739, -0.057737886905670166, -0.06411483883857727, -0.450446218252182, -0.29496750235557556, 0.018729016184806824, 0.524381697177887, 0.20739388465881348, -0.4902649223804474, -0.40074050426483154, -0.43022099137306213, -0.08358177542686462, -0.5525918006896973, -0.13966698944568634, 0.5131325721740723, 0.6901736259460449, 0.029026100412011147, -0.6010407209396362, 0.2005077302455902, -1.0038496255874634, 0.34165844321250916, -0.32120245695114136, -0.6818375587463379, 0.02684452012181282, -0.09047668427228928, -0.4529825747013092, 0.06761526316404343, -0.2518584728240967, 0.32001054286956787, -0.7604159116744995, -0.17400360107421875, 0.0753529965877533, 0.09407361596822739, -1.3956727981567383, -0.000653645140118897, -0.32028862833976746, -1.01779305934906, 0.6012700796127319, 0.046818312257528305, -0.0069675566628575325, 0.4300309121608734, 0.21732261776924133, -0.11899719387292862, 0.14553679525852203, -0.0634012445807457, 0.10614267736673355, 0.20220448076725006, -0.3168550431728363, -0.25462037324905396, -0.05956731736660004, -0.6945742964744568, 0.357014000415802, -0.1672610491514206, 0.22397570312023163, 0.21464070677757263, -0.10734068602323532, 0.42594394087791443, 0.33714768290519714, -0.5202004313468933, -0.10165368020534515, 0.3927309513092041, 0.04358159750699997, -0.13982409238815308, -0.4884130358695984, -0.5549335479736328, -0.1726028174161911, -0.08933842182159424, -0.16204896569252014, -0.1759907752275467, 0.2011634111404419, 0.7677165865898132, -0.022593138739466667, 0.9885213971138, -0.34875914454460144, 0.03007650375366211, -0.42285972833633423, 0.040990252047777176, -0.09509909152984619, -0.8028157949447632, -0.31902235746383667, 0.7907214164733887, 0.19879719614982605, 0.01257841382175684, 0.3598249554634094, -0.49114784598350525, 0.04705644026398659, 0.00017070482135750353, -0.3789879083633423, 0.0823802724480629, 0.30375686287879944, 0.5039878487586975, 0.07332976162433624, 0.04495541751384735, 0.14204972982406616, -0.19454197585582733, 0.5030288696289062, -0.3704676032066345, -0.35959771275520325, -0.11748622357845306, 0.5142678022384644, -0.5521492958068848, 0.33383241295814514, 0.7984054684638977, 0.7424647808074951, 0.4089714586734772, -0.052229709923267365, 0.13065437972545624, -0.027412813156843185, -0.6038988828659058, 0.09966466575860977, -0.23445625603199005, -0.49127769470214844, -0.25808921456336975, -0.30181628465652466, 0.32837292551994324, 0.20409132540225983, -0.4916827380657196, 0.14222578704357147, 0.548466145992279, -0.38492029905319214, -0.1070784255862236, -0.49592819809913635, 0.26220521330833435, 0.05758747458457947, 0.31889578700065613, 0.15663619339466095, 0.7240832448005676, 0.5374765992164612, 0.41261187195777893, -0.15359282493591309, -0.06096169352531433, -0.7233867049217224, 0.5934233665466309, 0.4569407105445862, -1.0676735639572144, 0.17657792568206787, 0.08253863453865051, 0.08292602747678757, -0.5357879996299744, 0.16588164865970612, -0.23206035792827606, 0.14035789668560028, 0.3968935012817383, 0.4134681224822998, 0.19558653235435486, -0.6720503568649292, 0.00834109727293253, 0.22221270203590393, -0.1699078381061554, 0.33376577496528625, 0.23602937161922455, 0.28508636355400085, 0.014010860584676266, 0.12582986056804657, -0.16122165322303772, -0.37596750259399414, 0.5020780563354492, -0.20206953585147858, -0.36588767170906067, 0.24890030920505524, -0.08164630830287933, 0.39388108253479004, 0.17780989408493042, -0.22184689342975616, 0.4202944040298462, 0.24011491239070892, -0.5206655263900757, -0.10340334475040436, -0.7776204347610474, -0.3421337306499481, 1.0695600509643555, 0.397062748670578, 0.026370611041784286, 0.6515328884124756, 0.08335494250059128, 0.1279720962047577, 0.03024020418524742, 0.5019840002059937, 0.4574016034603119, 0.16173458099365234, 0.44950351119041443, 0.33872663974761963, 0.23354341089725494, 0.26091334223747253, -0.29582151770591736, 0.3026256859302521, -0.21931391954421997, 0.4922330379486084, 0.02807210199534893, -0.324247807264328, -0.27512508630752563, -0.17150042951107025, 0.8887344598770142, -0.09217984974384308, 0.1696631908416748, -0.31351467967033386, -0.10918797552585602, -0.08005431294441223, -0.08152655512094498, -0.3055839538574219, 0.36791306734085083, 0.3190501630306244, 0.26414743065834045, -0.5337857604026794, 0.36745747923851013, 0.24209101498126984, -0.16474846005439758, 0.09549401700496674, 0.5883404016494751, -0.030206473544239998, 0.3874005675315857, 0.02862962707877159, -0.03201249614357948, -0.32328659296035767, -0.4893776476383209, -0.5808261036872864, -0.2785106301307678, 0.31171464920043945, 0.2458704710006714, 0.3076912462711334, 0.1786004900932312, 0.7633501887321472, 0.6601161956787109, 0.1898379772901535, -0.14186795055866241, 0.3161177337169647, 0.7251018285751343, -0.2036345899105072, 1.2579880952835083, 0.006766133010387421, -0.5507898926734924, -0.012247798033058643, 0.1661319136619568, 0.2557729482650757, -0.02218916267156601, -0.5854737758636475, 0.3564823567867279, 0.6897867321968079, -0.35723477602005005, -0.21588081121444702, 0.10958341509103775, 0.2853637635707855, -0.636079728603363, -0.004539149813354015, -0.11733011156320572, -0.18376053869724274, -0.15786325931549072, 0.36444157361984253, 0.05198017507791519, 0.04934660345315933, -1.0462981462478638, 0.3765805661678314, -0.42261600494384766, 0.3540079891681671, 0.7823017835617065, -0.013934191316366196, -0.16832755506038666, 0.43242114782333374, 0.15215440094470978, -0.4517427682876587, 0.3695935904979706, -0.1298961192369461, -0.04273930937051773, -0.3308843672275543, 0.982343316078186, -0.074813611805439, 0.27592733502388, 0.0912993848323822, 0.20448066294193268, 0.34079259634017944, -0.4311673641204834, -0.24466294050216675, -0.3699716031551361, -0.54356449842453, -0.2738233506679535, 0.20636916160583496, 0.36766317486763, -0.2690780758857727, -0.014815141446888447, -0.3354351818561554, -0.34024322032928467, 0.12759537994861603, -0.5951659083366394, 0.3381895124912262, 0.054398149251937866, -0.44333747029304504, -0.37496092915534973, -0.18619747459888458, -0.08036923408508301, -0.7916231155395508, 0.6540085077285767 ]
249320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition%20payments	Tuition payments	Tuition payments, usually known as tuition in American English and as tuition fees in Commonwealth English, are fees charged by education institutions for instruction or other services. Besides public spending (by governments and other public bodies), private spending via tuition payments are the largest revenue sources for education institutions in some countries. In most developed countries, especially countries in Scandinavia and Continental Europe, there are no or only nominal tuition fees for all forms of education, including university and other higher education. Payment methods Some of the methods used to pay for tuition include: Scholarship Bursary Company sponsorship or funding Grant Government student loan Educational 7 (private) Family (parental) money Savings By location A number of countries, such as South Africa, the United States and the United Kingdom, have "up-front tuition policies." These policies generally include a tuition fee that is large enough to give parents or guardians "a responsibility to cover some portion of their children’s higher education costs." This responsibility can make it difficult for a low-income student to attend college without requiring a grant or one or more loans. College tuition in the United States is one of the costs of a post-secondary education. The total cost of college is called the cost of attendance (or, informally, the "sticker price") and, in addition to tuition, can include room and board and fees for facilities such as books, transportation, or commuting provided by the college. In Europe the first cycle is free in several countries: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Malta, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey. In Hungary the annual tuition at a public university may exceed 15,000 euros. Only 32 percent of the students pay tuition that averages 1,428 euros for a year at a 1st-degree level and 1,552 for a year at the 2nd-degree level. It is important to note that a student in Hungary has an opportunity to receive a scholarship of up to 3,000 euros for living expenses and nearly 4,000 euros for good grades. In Lithuania the highest tuition is nearly 12,000 euros and 37 percent of the students pay. Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were introduced in 1998, with a maximum permitted fee of £1,000. Since then, this maximum has been raised to £9,000 (more than €10,000) in most of the United Kingdom, however, only those who reach a certain salary threshold pay this fee through general taxation. The UK state pays for the poorest or low income to access a university, thus university attendance remains high. There are record levels of disadvantaged people accessing a university. Scotland and Wales have abolished tuition. There are no scholarships and the only assistance is a possible loan from the government. French tuition fees are capped based on the level of education pursued, from 183 Euros per year for undergraduate up to 388 for doctorates. Some public universities have autonomous status, meaning that they can charge much higher tuition, and all private universities charge tuition. In the German education system almost all universities and most universities of applied sciences are funded by the state and do not charge tuition fees. In exceptional cases universities may offer courses for professionals (e.g. executive MBA programs), which may require tuition payment. Some local governments have recently decided that students from non-EU countries can be charged, although ERASMUS students, students from developing countries and other special groups are exempt. In addition, some private institutions of higher education run on a tuition-based model. All Nordic countries provide higher education free of charge to their own citizens. The Nordic education systems are almost entirely publicly funded. In Nordic countries education is seen as a civil right and a public service rather than a commodity. The issue of education is seen in these countries as an issue of equality. This is in part because high levels of education are a benefit to the development of society, including business and industry. In Greece there are no tuition fees as Bachelor-level higher education and some Master-level post-graduate education is provided for free to all Hellene (Greek) citizens as a benefit of citizenship paid by taxes. Universities accept students who have excelled at high school, with the selection being done through the Panhellenic Examinations, a system of state-administered examinations. Furthermore, it is difficult for mature students to be accepted at universities. Doctorate-level higher education is often also provided for free, but some universities may charge fees for PhD degrees. Students may resort to registering at private universities (called colleges, κολέγια), which charge tuition fees, or emigrate to other countries in order to get an education. By institution Tuition is charged at different rates from one type of institution to the next. Net tuition indices mark an increase in the "relative real burden" for payments at various types of institutions for higher education; in the period between 1980 and 1995; example, this burden increased by approximately 80 percent for students at public universities and by 148 percent for students at private universities. Most students or their families who pay for tuition and other education costs do not have enough savings to pay in full while they are in school. Some students must work or borrow money to afford an education. In the United States, student financial aid is available to defray the cost of a post-secondary education: "Financial aid is typically thought to exert the most influence in [attendance], when admitted students consider whether to enroll in a particular institution." It is often the case that the lower the cost of the school, the more likely a student is to attend. Developed countries have adopted a dual scheme for education; while basic (i.e. high-school) education is supported by taxes rather than tuition, higher education usually requires tuition payments or fees. People may purchase tuition insurance to protect themselves from fees related to involuntary withdrawal (illness, death of a parent or guardian, etc.) History In medieval Europe, universities were mainly institutions of the Catholic Church. As they mainly trained clergy, most of these universities did not have any need to exact fees from the students with one notable exception: during the 12th century, while under the supervision of Pierre le Mangeur, the University of Paris began collecting two sous weekly in tuition. Later, the main duty of universities in most Protestant countries was the training of future civil servants. Again, it was not in the interest of the state to charge tuition fees, as this would have decreased the quality of civil servants. On the other hand, the number of students from the lower classes was usually kept in check by the expenses of living during the years of study, although as early as the mid-19th century there were calls for limiting the university entrance by middle-class persons. A typical family, however, could not afford educating a child or young adult, even if the education itself was free. A similar situation exists today in many Third World countries, where the expenses of "free" schooling (food, books, school uniform, etc.) prevent some children from attending any school. After World War II the tuition systems of all of today's advanced democracies still were highly similar: Education institutions in all countries charged no or only very low tuition fees. It was not before the 1950s that the countries' education systems developed in different directions. Some countries, especially the Anglo-Saxon countries (for example the United States) but also Asian countries such as Japan, introduced considerable tuition payments already in the early post-war period. Other countries, particularly in Scandinavia and continental Europe, in contrast remained tuition-free. These developments were unrelated to the massive educational expansion that took place at the same time. Since the early 1970s, the average cost of tuition has steadily outpaced the growth of the average American household. This trend continued particularly under President Reagan's higher education policies in the 1980s. Likewise, there has been a steady decrease in federal funding for grants and a rise in the interest rates of most major student loans, leaving many students struggling to pay debt for years after graduation. College tuition for undocumented students The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was introduced in the U.S. Senate. It would allow the estimated 50,000 to 65,000 undocumented students in the United States to gain in-state tuition as well as a path towards American citizenship. The Act would apply only to those students with tangible proof of residence in the United States before the age of 18. This Act has stirred debate in numerous groups, including institutions, families, and the Senate itself. As of March 2013, undocumented students in most States were required to pay the higher out-of-state students' tuition charged at public universities, often between $20,000 and $35,000 at a local public university. In addition, these students were denied federal assistance as they lacked valid Social Security numbers. Because such students often come from comparatively poor families, the costs are too high to allow many undocumented students to seek university education in the United States. See also College tuition in the United States Debt relief EdFund Free education Higher Education Price Index Tertiary education Private university Public university Right to education Student debt Student loan Student loans in the United States Tuition fees in the United Kingdom Tuition freeze Universal access to education Notes References External links Education finance Payments	[ 0.4723326563835144, 0.20657497644424438, 0.425258070230484, 0.5313146710395813, 0.1929742991924286, 0.3663980960845947, -0.2437312752008438, 0.6230350136756897, -0.14257332682609558, -0.33929628133773804, -0.5381278991699219, 0.3771733045578003, 0.8171787858009338, -0.16516469419002533, -0.16389621794223785, -0.18835683166980743, 0.41668540239334106, 0.3529685139656067, -0.37254855036735535, -0.3827674388885498, -0.7065486311912537, 0.03680168837308884, 0.5632410645484924, -0.2571713626384735, -0.338206946849823, 0.015473705716431141, 0.5015891790390015, -0.3478872776031494, -0.6712379455566406, -0.16498596966266632, 0.4954306483268738, 0.47681570053100586, 0.36638978123664856, -0.18803277611732483, 0.20956319570541382, -0.05798725411295891, -0.10063421726226807, -0.2419472187757492, -0.013074715621769428, -1.1949337720870972, 0.10474549978971481, -0.22170129418373108, -0.15096113085746765, -0.19984643161296844, -0.33089780807495117, -0.5845475792884827, -0.7813556790351868, -0.12420938909053802, -0.9002867937088013, -0.5381808280944824, -0.42154210805892944, 0.20789717137813568, -0.17354755103588104, 0.5900784134864807, 0.32475990056991577, 0.4307241439819336, -0.44964799284935, -0.36169540882110596, -0.21967044472694397, -0.6782863736152649, 0.8794594407081604, 0.3620273470878601, -0.14946292340755463, 0.18379303812980652, -0.06848626583814621, -0.051033876836299896, 0.10267385840415955, 0.4936387538909912, -0.4915149509906769, -1.3339482545852661, -0.124005027115345, -0.15084487199783325, -0.10455995053052902, -0.015535113401710987, 0.3318290114402771, 0.10703512281179428, 0.2367914915084839, -0.06871262937784195, 0.3161848187446594, -0.3426443934440613, -0.1371561735868454, 0.2767919600009918, 0.16017118096351624, -0.47839006781578064, 0.6010003089904785, -0.0758151188492775, -0.37109053134918213, 0.3518041968345642, 0.2981017529964447, 0.29150256514549255, 0.2460920512676239, 0.31431227922439575, 0.5570951700210571, 0.31408506631851196, 0.28629451990127563, -0.437678724527359, 0.17311836779117584, -0.5106643438339233, 0.6231386065483093, 0.2729644775390625, -0.08002331107854843, -0.2898484468460083, 0.37378033995628357, 0.2796352207660675, -0.09189625084400177, -0.207827627658844, -0.37826865911483765, -0.4238660931587219, 0.31185781955718994, 0.13275396823883057, -0.3744940459728241, 0.13454864919185638, -0.07410143315792084, 0.1262126863002777, -0.6332288384437561, -0.28541311621665955, 0.07971648126840591, -0.11464469879865646, -0.9742521047592163, 0.08634695410728455, -0.3689644932746887, 0.12439005821943283, 0.1161079928278923, -0.7791440486907959, 0.544431746006012, 0.6150587797164917, 0.5857951045036316, 0.5389077067375183, -0.8055213093757629, -0.25932660698890686, 0.5437294244766235, 0.17100216448307037, 0.48685789108276367, 0.3814186751842499, 0.48712998628616333, -0.3643869459629059, 0.1371016651391983, -0.4898240864276886, 0.388187974691391, 0.005012639332562685, -0.7086477279663086, -0.057705558836460114, -0.6970997452735901, -0.3687277138233185, -0.3507353961467743, -0.3177771270275116, -0.11360371857881546, 0.022038452327251434, 0.02625078149139881, 0.3789767920970917, -0.07304883748292923, 0.13816574215888977, 0.08047109842300415, 0.12090575695037842, -0.05117454752326012, -0.1511949747800827, 0.5931251049041748, 0.3680074214935303, -0.10741700232028961, 0.01344437524676323, 0.19158214330673218, 0.5400534272193909, 0.08444108068943024, -0.4785316288471222, -0.20657438039779663, 0.3135025203227997, -0.18793624639511108, 0.610231876373291, 0.19563768804073334, 0.0662422701716423, -0.5894594788551331, 0.19860418140888214, 0.4415365755558014, -0.6584708094596863, -0.15915387868881226, -0.16792982816696167, 0.023778773844242096, 0.21853357553482056, 0.9628794193267822, -0.006058831699192524, -0.4073401093482971, 0.07066155225038528, 0.8256401419639587, -0.21362127363681793, -0.48896971344947815, -0.6777780652046204, 0.1030610129237175, -0.51861971616745, 0.1157907247543335, 0.30281728506088257, -0.8224809169769287, -0.6061189770698547, -0.016605351120233536, -0.38325825333595276, 1.0255827903747559, 0.07015934586524963, -0.25824490189552307, 0.9080284237861633, -0.08493025600910187, 0.13289384543895721, -0.3722745180130005, 0.17919860780239105, 0.3795092701911926, 0.15890376269817352, -0.7532976269721985, 0.07194030284881592, 0.21579493582248688, 0.10180609673261642, 0.07666967809200287, 0.09691520035266876, 0.43020012974739075, -0.4640859365463257, 0.5842787027359009, 0.027737565338611603, -0.41656947135925293, -0.30608513951301575, -0.7553321123123169, 0.1982133388519287, 0.07662978023290634, -0.09449520707130432, 0.6526166796684265, -0.14807310700416565, 0.03704168647527695, 0.5677862763404846, -0.12334214895963669, 0.13915039598941803, -0.08507245033979416, 0.5191341042518616, 0.5759614706039429, -0.006090716924518347, 0.42002102732658386, -0.18102450668811798, 0.10739511996507645, -0.4132000505924225, 0.26887375116348267, -0.18879978358745575, -0.5658676624298096, -0.4930986762046814, 0.12223384529352188, -0.24438264966011047, -0.4550238847732544, -0.024897998198866844, -0.31774091720581055, -0.5196232795715332, -0.0807255357503891, 0.06784123182296753, -0.2792526185512543, 0.2749958336353302, 0.44835376739501953, 0.42877623438835144, 0.18067136406898499, 0.06771642714738846, -0.08624047040939331, 0.07423944771289825, 0.03006845898926258, -0.10522405803203583, 0.20435868203639984, 0.4438796043395996, -0.18777455389499664, -0.40719035267829895, -0.0727379247546196, 0.6709465384483337, 0.2924978733062744, -0.14759376645088196, 0.14465467631816864, -0.6959754824638367, -0.20851010084152222, -0.0009270358714275062, -0.5852954387664795, 0.20020365715026855, 0.1468830704689026, 0.047256965190172195, -0.42481881380081177, -0.34392309188842773, -0.8584806323051453, 0.10670381039381027, 0.602363646030426, 0.0859518051147461, -0.896899402141571, -0.5810474157333374, -0.036120347678661346, 0.1789097785949707, -0.48769712448120117, -0.8773444294929504, -0.22094158828258514, 0.012117452919483185, 0.24046160280704498, -0.3564212918281555, 0.040678080171346664, -0.060703955590724945, -0.20061253011226654, 0.3513706624507904, -0.03490779921412468, 0.40512314438819885, 0.9424659013748169, 0.1389349102973938, 0.23951415717601776, 0.029841654002666473, 0.31717103719711304, -0.39514973759651184, -0.015412225387990475, -0.19610834121704102, -0.02040533907711506, 0.03505916893482208, 0.28450268507003784, -0.2115871012210846, -0.045895837247371674, -0.20143255591392517, -5.85956335067749, 0.2645014524459839, -0.7098910212516785, -0.10204772651195526, 0.552435040473938, 0.051247578114271164, 0.9368252754211426, -0.23248805105686188, -0.3968707323074341, -0.00254877470433712, -0.07486417144536972, 0.3022128641605377, 0.09149211645126343, 0.8631876111030579, 0.25337234139442444, 0.02226005122065544, 0.629319429397583, 0.0988607108592987, -0.016624629497528076, 0.3135993182659149, 0.012364700436592102, -0.35950061678886414, -0.17855903506278992, 0.9415764212608337, -0.06185302138328552, 0.09352941066026688, 0.1522974818944931, 0.0033342838287353516, -0.7376478314399719, -0.07520724087953568, 0.30896979570388794, -0.1270931214094162, 0.3813868761062622, -0.17354127764701843, 0.08240076899528503, 0.09570863097906113, 0.5215930342674255, 0.42158669233322144, -0.08221390098333359, -0.28256911039352417, -0.021047912538051605, -0.03616325557231903, 0.07982917129993439, -0.33018478751182556, 0.0899275541305542, -0.3581264615058899, -0.05228974297642708, 0.15129347145557404, -0.22479650378227234, 0.7057753801345825, 0.12445562332868576, 0.549304187297821, 0.4117352068424225, 0.07756675034761429, -0.8278732895851135, 0.01910729706287384, 0.432576060295105, 0.2162342220544815, -0.7158582806587219, 0.49103081226348877, 0.09251325577497482, 0.27521219849586487, -0.03391554206609726, -0.35287559032440186, -0.4989936053752899, -0.3033146262168884, -0.8450624942779541, -0.36503663659095764, 0.3129515051841736, 0.586154580116272, -0.48991549015045166, -0.22098547220230103, 0.14732441306114197, -0.7365847826004028, 0.5745939016342163, -0.7513630390167236, -0.06939079612493515, 0.26097115874290466, -0.06701920181512833, 0.2984972298145294, -0.004482045769691467, -0.18299482762813568, 0.406703919172287, -0.09725961089134216, -0.0908975899219513, -0.6478783488273621, -0.37781205773353577, 0.21096262335777283, 0.4205724000930786, -0.7201108336448669, 0.7813616394996643, -0.26167553663253784, 0.5698236227035522, -0.4712819755077362, 0.05985958129167557, 0.11186110228300095, 0.07640182971954346, 0.1337478756904602, 0.39122456312179565, -0.06562178581953049, 0.24468180537223816, -0.43233177065849304, 0.24455249309539795, -0.724371612071991, -0.1971084475517273, -0.5846081376075745, -0.447014182806015, 0.45089074969291687, 0.5622666478157043, -0.08121448010206223, -0.2224169820547104, -0.2298264354467392, -0.6763520836830139, -0.3228369355201721, -0.8667427897453308, 0.3377641439437866, 0.0006982800550758839, 0.21685880422592163, 0.09016884863376617, 0.0975499078631401, 0.08028323948383331, -0.2139119952917099, 0.20701315999031067, -0.8347570896148682, 0.31672120094299316, 0.02262972854077816, -0.35301464796066284, 0.08386286348104477, 0.37463313341140747, 0.2508836090564728, 0.25477665662765503, 0.3981281816959381, -0.06272172927856445, 0.04407306760549545, -0.109272301197052, 0.07052987068891525, 0.5647600293159485, 0.18019406497478485, -0.432293176651001, -0.6863278746604919, 0.23094166815280914, -0.4400615096092224, 0.24318186938762665, 0.09777238965034485, 0.9480879306793213, -0.04570586234331131, -0.5008180141448975, 0.2762039303779602, -0.2806139886379242, 0.12208264321088791, 0.23056703805923462, -0.5188182592391968, 0.050171658396720886, 0.11968792974948883, -0.03485684096813202, -0.023013988509774208, 0.09843923151493073, 0.15607061982154846, -0.03922556713223457, -0.16791577637195587, 0.2013668715953827, -0.0468461737036705, -0.8744639754295349, -0.026027804240584373, -0.33396634459495544, 0.7644330859184265, -0.3851318061351776, -0.18369023501873016, -0.24666401743888855, 0.4063958525657654, 0.41954872012138367, -0.22746816277503967, -0.07628434896469116, -0.3294796347618103, 0.438486248254776, 0.08113396912813187, 0.005170776043087244, -0.14535628259181976, 0.18026484549045563, -0.24149344861507416, 0.26904261112213135, -0.60848468542099, -0.12021827697753906, -0.3617101013660431, 0.3153778910636902, -0.201984703540802, -0.1300671100616455, 0.07995617389678955, -0.3247506022453308, -0.158100426197052, 0.4923936426639557, -0.18608154356479645, 0.3883982300758362, 0.1608782410621643, -0.11428872495889664, -0.42301884293556213, 0.03899107873439789, 0.6777138710021973, -0.3287961184978485, 0.3184206485748291, 0.2697252333164215, 0.37853509187698364, -0.48912885785102844, 0.06008664891123772, -0.43601176142692566, -0.12132247537374496, 0.007433313876390457, 0.08204807341098785, -0.07263200730085373, 0.39330509305000305, -0.786471962928772, -0.3789910674095154, 0.2131563276052475, 0.6514119505882263, -0.17051467299461365, -0.12036214023828506, 0.024994397535920143, -0.3834106922149658, 0.05887820944190025, -0.010404356755316257, -0.033928148448467255, 0.5712311267852783, -0.492897629737854, -0.4260834753513336, -0.05013582482933998, -0.07237435132265091, 0.11747624725103378, -0.7202618718147278, -0.10371504724025726, -0.5479996800422668, 0.3222055733203888, -0.5476439595222473, 0.024247772991657257, 0.1355457454919815, 0.2930385172367096, 0.4027795195579529, -0.32644298672676086, 0.25779223442077637, 0.00294232158921659, -0.398899108171463, -0.06490790098905563, 0.5794047713279724, -0.05342011898756027, -0.49631214141845703, -0.16196134686470032, 0.6944326162338257, 0.5712497234344482, -0.33765435218811035, -0.17320771515369415, 0.7678604125976562, 0.38515064120292664, -0.2584119737148285, -0.6410769820213318, 0.16450712084770203, 0.1043439581990242, -0.48526543378829956, 0.08256083726882935, -0.029572900384664536, 0.5501134395599365, 0.6578142642974854, -0.15366719663143158, -0.2339891791343689, -0.35242095589637756, -0.11846496164798737, 0.22270657122135162, -0.3927631378173828, 0.02906724251806736, 0.14665858447551727, 0.4302642047405243, -0.44009315967559814, 0.3146616518497467, -0.23495611548423767, 0.3957493007183075, 0.1401604861021042, 0.426186203956604, -0.08829440921545029, 0.16533605754375458, -0.8072014451026917, 0.009359755553305149, -0.49231064319610596, -0.44982659816741943, 0.09802994877099991, -0.294450581073761, -0.12445927411317825, 0.26542332768440247, 0.048124682158231735, 0.10575402528047562, 0.44397687911987305, -0.5239365696907043, 0.08922446519136429, -0.1064896285533905, 0.14045120775699615, -0.4680425524711609, 0.737424373626709, -0.4456881284713745, 0.5106196999549866, 0.7000464200973511, 0.5884885787963867, 0.05246788263320923, -0.06823620945215225, -0.18090546131134033, 0.6042906641960144, 0.45220768451690674, -0.7023334503173828, 0.2531181871891022, 0.1412082314491272, 0.49764782190322876, -0.1591682881116867, 0.12579959630966187, 0.033793676644563675, 0.3162703514099121, -0.2601107060909271, 0.5504599213600159, 0.7972022294998169, 0.47523584961891174, -0.20256580412387848, 0.16518686711788177, -0.45954301953315735, -0.0859636515378952, 0.13084501028060913, 0.01096153724938631, 0.4222211539745331, 0.497467577457428, -0.16269119083881378, 0.03221115469932556, -0.07480739802122116, 0.08120325207710266, -0.3491671681404114, 0.20019033551216125, 0.0432797372341156, 0.2201196253299713, 0.1844089925289154, 0.06764437258243561, 0.18867312371730804, -0.2893499732017517, -0.4726007282733917, -0.1727294623851776, -0.6480758190155029, -0.8281838893890381, 0.7346141934394836, 0.26716557145118713, 0.17232684791088104, 0.5580571293830872, 0.06415408104658127, -0.13175302743911743, 0.6895876526832581, -0.04598241671919823, 0.7374144792556763, 0.37536299228668213, -0.40238720178604126, 0.12817423045635223, -0.13122698664665222, 0.4106512665748596, -0.571438193321228, -0.2413436472415924, -0.7105313539505005, 0.47375982999801636, -0.32668450474739075, 0.05511177331209183, -0.29120850563049316, -0.306403785943985, 0.3650725483894348, 0.43227463960647583, -0.32401803135871887, 0.20853972434997559, -0.6441468000411987, 0.7115141153335571, 0.000099243174190633, -0.299678772687912, -0.05234082415699959, 0.2083815485239029, 0.47207191586494446, -0.4375150203704834, 0.11517874151468277, 0.40067294239997864, -0.18239283561706543, -0.24800832569599152, 0.32059720158576965, 0.025839241221547127, 0.2497706413269043, 0.017907653003931046, -0.9667028188705444, -0.5588120222091675, -0.5091022849082947, -0.20884984731674194, -0.38091468811035156, 0.1520088165998459, 0.7230439186096191, -0.21725411713123322, -0.05278733745217323, 0.21578893065452576, -0.6731522679328918, 0.1763426512479782, 0.28976258635520935, -0.3308650851249695, -0.05116913095116615, -0.531926691532135, 0.41600826382637024, 0.3314671814441681, -0.20944331586360931, 0.16729554533958435, -0.015639720484614372, 0.2726443409919739, -0.5109097957611084, -0.7210537791252136, -0.0940585508942604, 0.39179497957229614, 0.5304626226425171, -0.7876563668251038, -0.09534677118062973, 0.530297040939331, 0.1538453847169876, 0.3642705976963043, 0.21008652448654175, 0.7969622611999512, 0.41319823265075684, 0.6722952127456665, -0.07289168983697891, -0.4253182113170624, -0.07601441442966461, 0.323535680770874, 0.033166732639074326, 0.5712728500366211, 0.07232075184583664, 0.3101551830768585, 0.0692557841539383, -0.02947189472615719, 0.3032548725605011, -0.17771239578723907, 0.43219128251075745, -0.5163390636444092, -0.07939024269580841, -0.6848173141479492, 0.838113009929657, -0.177143394947052, 0.19194968044757843, 0.22854220867156982, 0.3473334312438965, 0.06577584892511368, -0.33389660716056824, -0.0113624082878232, -0.22389918565750122, 0.13508003950119019, 0.07412860542535782, 0.017688142135739326, 0.2551664710044861, 0.18168756365776062, 0.12567226588726044, -0.6998120546340942, -0.1100584864616394, -0.133307546377182, -0.7327832579612732, 0.4854966402053833, 0.1493985652923584, -0.40920931100845337, -0.6155610084533691, -0.4189567565917969, -0.019386768341064453, -0.24021154642105103, 0.7772371768951416 ]
249321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koschei	Koschei	Koschei (), often given the epithet "the Immortal", or "the Deathless" (), is an archetypal male antagonist in Russian folklore. The most common feature of tales involving Koschei is a spell which prevents him from being killed. He hides his soul inside nested objects to protect it. For example, the soul (or in the tales, it is usually called "death") may be hidden in the needle that is hidden inside the egg, the egg is in the duck, the duck is in the hare, the hare is in the chest, the chest is buried or chained up on a far island. Usually he takes the role of a malevolent rival father figure, who competes for (or entraps) a male hero's love interest. The origin of the tales is unknown. The archetype may contain elements derived from the 12th-century pagan Cuman-Kipchak (Polovtsian) leader Khan Konchak, who is recorded in The Tale of Igor's Campaign; over time a balanced view of the non-Christian Cuman Khan may have been distorted or caricatured by Christian Slavic writers. Historicity and folk origins By at least the 18th century, and likely earlier, Koschei's legend had been appearing in Slavic tales. For a long period no connection was made with any historical character. Origin in Khan Konchak The origin of the tale may be related to the Polovtsian (Cuman) leader Khan Konchak, who dates from the 12th century. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign Konchak is referred to as a koshey (slave). Konchak is thought to have come/returned from Georgia (the Caucasus) to the steppe c.1126–1130; by c.1172 he is described in Russian chronicles as a leader of the Polovtsi, and as taking part in an uprising. There is not enough information to reconstruct further details of Konchak's appearance or nature from historical sources; though unusual features or abnormalities were usually recorded (often as epithets) by chroniclers, none are recorded for Konchuk. The legendary love of gold of Koschei is speculated to be a distorted record of Konchak's role as the keeper of the Kosh's resources. Koschei's epithet "the immortal" may be a reference to Konchak's longevity. He is last recorded in Russian chronicles during the 1203 capture of Kiev, if the record is correct this gives Konchak an unusually long life – possibly over 100 years – for the time this would have been over six generations. Koschei's life-protecting spell may be derived from traditional Turkic amulets, not only were these egg-shaped, but they would often contain arrowheads (cf. the needle in Koschei's egg). It is thought that many of the negative aspects of Koschei's character are distortions of a more nuanced relationship of Khan Konchak with the Christian Slavs, such as his rescuing of Prince Igor from captivity, or the marriage between Igor's son and Konchak's daughter. Konchak, as a pagan, could have been demonised over time as a stereotypical villain. Naming and etymology In the dictionary of V. I. Dal, the name Kashchei is derived from the verb “cast” - to harm, to dirty: “probably from the word to cast, but remade into koshchei, from bone, meaning a man exhausted by excessive thinness” Vasmer notes that the word "koshchei" has two meanings that have different etymologies: "thin, skinny person, walking skeleton" or "miser" - the origin of the word "bone". Old Russian "youth, boy, captive, slave" from the Turkic košči "slave", in turn from koš "camp, parking lot". Koschei, as the name of the hero of a fairy tale and as a designation for a skinny person, Max Vasmer in his dictionary considers the original Slavic word (homonym) and associates with the word bone (common Slavic * kostь), that is, it is an adjective form koštіі (nominative adjective in the nominative case singular), according to the type "God". Numerous variant names and spellings have been given to Koschei – these include Kashchei, Koshchai, Kashshei, Kovshei, Kosh, Kashch, Kashel, Kostei, Kostsei, Kashshui, Kozel, Koz'olok, Korachun, Korchun bessmertnyi, Kot bezsmertnyi, Kot Bezmertnyi, Kostii bezdushnyi; in bylinas he also appears as Koshcheiushko, Koshcheg, Koshcherishcho, Koshchui, Koshel. Kachtcheï is the standard French transliteration. The term Koshey appears in Slavic chronicles as early as the 12th century to refer to an officer or official during a military campaign. Similar terms include the Ukrainian Кошовий (Koshovyi) for the head of the 'Kish' (military) (see also Kosh otaman.) In Old Russian 'Kosh' means a camp, while in Belarussian a similar term means 'to camp' and in Turkic languages a similar term means 'a wanderer'. The use as a personal name is recorded as early as the 15th century on Novogrodian birch bark manuscripts. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign a similar sounding term is used, recorded being inscribed on coins, deriving from the Turkic for 'captive' or 'slave'. The same term also appears in the Ipatiev Chronicle, meaning 'captive'. A second mention of the term is made in The Tale of Igor's Campaign when Igor is captured by the Polovtsi; this event is recorded as a riddle: "And here Prince Igor exchanged his golden saddle of a prince for the saddle of a Koshey (slave)." Nikolai Novikov also suggested the etymological origin of koshchii meaning "youth" or "boy" or "captive", "slave", or "servant". The interpretation of "captive" is interesting because Koschei appears initially as a captive in some tales. In folk tales Koschei is a common antihero in east-Slavic folk tales. Often tales involving him are of the type AT 302 "The Giant Without A Heart" (see Aarne–Thompson classification systems); and he also appears in tales resembling type AT 313 "The Magic Flight". He usually functions as the antagonist or rival to a hero. Love rivalry and related themes are common. The typical feature of tales concerning Koschei is his protection against being killed (AT 302) – to do so he has hidden his soul inside an egg, and further nested the egg inside various animals, and then in protective containers and places. In other tales, Koschei can cast a sleep spell that can be broken by playing an enchanted gusli. Depending on the tale he has different characteristics: he may ride a three- or seven-legged horse; may have tusks or fangs; and may possess a variety of different magic objects (like cloaks and rings) that a hero is sent to obtain; or he may have other magic powers. In one tale he has eyelids so heavy he requires servants to lift them (cf. the Celtic Balor or Ysbaddaden, or Serbian Vy). Psychologically, Koschei can represent an initially benevolent, but later malevolent, father (to a bride) figure. The parallel female figure, Baba Yaga, as a rule does not appear in the same tale with Koschei, though exceptions exists where both appear together as a married couple, or as siblings. Sometimes, Baba Yaga, as an old woman figure appears in tales along with Koschei as his mother or aunt. Marya Morevna In a tale also known as "The Death of Koschei the Deathless", Ivan Tsarevitch encounters Koschei chained in his wife's (Marya Morevna's) dungeon. He releases and revives Koschei, but Koschei abducts Marya. Ivan goes to rescue Marya several times, but Koschei's swift horse allows him to easily catch up with the escaping lovers; each time the magical horse informs Koschei that he will be able to carry out several activities first and still be able to catch up. After the third unsuccessful escape, Koschei cuts up Ivan and throws his parts into the sea in a barrel. Ivan is revived with the aid of the water of life. He seeks Baba Yaga for a suitably swift horse. After trials he steals a horse and rescues Marya. Tsarevich Petr and The Wizard Tsar Bel-Belianin's wife the Tzaritza is abducted by Koschei (the Wizard). The Tsar's three sons attempt to rescue her. The first two fail to reach the wizard's palace, but the third, Petr, succeeds. He reaches the Tzaritza, conceals himself, and learns how the wizard hides his life. Initially he lies, but the third time he reveals it is in an egg, in a duck, in a hare, that nests in a hollow log, that floats in a pond, found in a forest on the island of Bouyan. Petr seeks the egg, freeing animals along the way – on coming to Bouyan the freed animals help him catch the wizard's creatures and obtain the egg. He returns to the wizard's domain and kills him by squeezing the egg – every action on the egg is mirrored on the wizard's body. The Snake Princess In "The Snake Princess" (Russian Царевна-змея), Koschei turns a princess who does not want to marry him into a snake. Ivan Sosnovich Koschei hears of three beauties in a kingdom. He kills two and wounds a third, puts the kingdom to sleep (petrifies), and abducts the princesses. Ivan Sosnovich (Russian Иван Соснович) learns of Koschei's weakness: an egg in a box hidden under a mountain, so he digs up the whole mountain, finds the egg box and smashes it, and rescues the princess. He also appears as a miser in Pushkin's Ruslan and Ludmila, though this interpretation does not reflect previous folk tale representations. Related folklore figures The Serbian Baš Čelik (Head of Steel); Hungarian 'Lead-Headed Monk'; and Slovak 'Iron Monk' also all hide their weakness inside a series of nested animals. In popular culture Film Kashchey the Immortal, Russian Кащей Бессмертный, 1945 B&W fantasy directed by Alexander Rou, with Georgy Millyar as Koschei. Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes, Russian Огонь, вода и… медные трубы, Ogon, 1968 fantasy directed by Alexander Rou, with Georgy Millyar as Koschei. Beloved Beauty, Russian Краса́ ненагля́дная, 1958 stop-animated film. Sitting on the golden porch (На златом крыльце сидели), 1986 fairy tale directed by Boris Rytsarev Opera and ballet The villain in Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov wrote an opera involving Koschei, titled Кащей бессмертный, or Kashchey the Deathless. Derivative works Film The Book of Masters, Russian Книга Мастеров, 2009 fantasy Lilac Ball, Russian Лиловый шар, 1987 science fiction After the Rain, on Thursday, Russian После дождичка в четверг, 1985 musical children's fantasy Along Unknown Paths, Russian Там, на неведомых дорожках, 1982 children's fantasy New Year Adventures of Masha and Vitya, Russian Новогодние приключения Маши и Вити, 1975 children's film Television In Little Einsteins, Koschei is a nesting doll named Katschai tried to steal the music power from the magical Firebird. Katschai used animal nesting dolls to try and stop the Little Einsteins team from getting to the Firebird which Katschai had locked up at the top of a building in Russia. Novels and comics In Sarah J Maas's A Court of Silver Flame Koschei the Deathless is the name given to an ancient being trapped by a spell in a lake and is believed to be a death god like his siblings mentioned in the previous books. In Jessica Rubinkowski's The Bright and The Pale the Pale God is named Koschei. In James Branch Cabell's Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice, and in Robert A Heinlein's retelling of the story Job: a Comedy of Justice, Koshchei the Deathless appears as the most supreme being who made things as they are and is therefore universally unappreciated before Jurgen's kind words are spoken. In Alexander Veltman's Koshchei bessmertny: Bylina starogo vremeni (Koshchei the Immortal: A Bylina of Old Times, 1833), a parody of historical adventure novels, the hero, Iva Olelkovich, imagines that his bride has been captured by Koschei. Mercedes Lackey's novel of Stravinsky's Firebird features Katschei as the main villain, retelling the classic tale for a modern audience. Catherynne Valente's novel Deathless is a retelling of the Koschei story set against a backdrop of 20th-century Russian history. In the 1965 science-fiction Monday Begins on Saturday by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, he is one of the creatures held in the NIIChaVo institute. Koschei appears as a character in John C. Wright's "War of the Dreaming" novels. He offers to save the hero's wife, if the hero will agree to take the life of a stranger. Koschei appears as a slave to Baba Yaga in the Hellboy comic book series, first appearing in Hellboy: Darkness Calls. Koschei's origin story is later revealed in backup stories to single issues of Hellboy: The Wild Hunt. The story is also collected in Hellboy: Weird Tales and expanded upon in Koshchei the Deathless. Koschei also appears in DC Comics The Sandman: Fables and Reflections. In the webcomic PS238 by Aaron Williams, the child hero 84 is currently trapped in Koschei's egg, trying to find the "eye", and in doing so, will become his new Champion of Earth to battle from now on. Koschei is the primary antagonist in Marina Frants' short fiction piece "Death Becomes Him", the sequel to "A Bone to Pick". Katherine Arden's novel, The Girl in the Tower, features Kaschei as the main antagonist. It is the second book in the Winternight trilogy, which is inspired by various Russian folktales. Games In the tabletop RPG Pathfinder, he is the inspiration for the Demon Lord Kostchtchie. Koschei appears as a character in the MMORPG RuneScape, under the name "Koschei the Deathless". In the video game series The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing, the Death of Koschei is a key plot item in the second game. In the third game, recurring supporting character Prisoner Seven is revealed to be Koschei the Deathless, and becomes the main antagonist. In the videogame Shadowrun: Hong Kong, the supporting character Racter has a drone named 'Koschei', which later in the game can gain an upgrade named "Deathless" that makes the drone unkillable. In the computer game Dominions 4: Thrones of Ascension, Koschei appears as a hero character for Bogarus, a faction inspired by medieval Russia and Slavic mythology. The legend of Koschei the Deathless serves as an inspiration for the narrative of Rise of the Tomb Raider. In the digital card game Mythgard, "Koschei, the Deathless" appears as a mythic minion in the Dreni faction. In the videogame Arknights, the duke of Ursus (a fictional country based on Russia) is named Koschei, and is hinted to possess the main antagonist after being killed by them. Koschei is a playable piece in Mantic Games' Hellboy: The Board Game. See also Erlik, Chernobog – gods of the underworld in Turkic and Slavic myth respectively Lich Notes References Sources Further reading Johns, Andreas. 2000. “The Image of Koshchei Bessmertnyi in East Slavic Folklore”. In: FOLKLORICA – Journal of the Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Folklore Association 5 (1): 7–24. https://doi.org/10.17161/folklorica.v5i1.3647. External links Russian folklore characters Fairy tale stock characters Slavic legendary creatures Male villains Slavic folklore characters	[ 0.053544022142887115, 0.3090191185474396, -0.5815916061401367, -0.05114319175481796, -0.2640821039676666, 0.8937593698501587, 0.8494530916213989, 0.24781113862991333, -0.03273875638842583, -0.018212007358670235, -1.0682051181793213, 0.14158952236175537, -0.6865450739860535, 0.3790506422519684, -0.05388879030942917, 0.04552244395017624, 0.3780800998210907, 0.5644283294677734, -0.5677846670150757, -0.5782040953636169, -0.18601132929325104, -0.430214524269104, 0.37307488918304443, -0.13498279452323914, -0.13204923272132874, 0.19326747953891754, -0.04976417496800423, 0.5215861797332764, -0.4213145673274994, 0.587226390838623, -0.23658671975135803, 0.2756129503250122, 0.11126828193664551, -0.3123530447483063, -0.4397757649421692, 0.1661403328180313, -0.5705578327178955, -0.14078179001808167, 0.19549596309661865, -0.19207294285297394, 0.3560307025909424, 0.3664793372154236, 0.3903735876083374, -0.008749919012188911, -0.5073202252388, -0.5982750058174133, -0.9840638041496277, 0.393440842628479, -0.2289438247680664, -0.09439466148614883, -0.23358969390392303, 0.45674407482147217, -0.1190236359834671, 0.31552302837371826, -0.07183559238910675, 0.4307255446910858, -0.6380140781402588, -0.10301698744297028, 0.16076157987117767, -0.1510166972875595, 0.519195020198822, 0.210943341255188, 0.6319667100906372, 0.11215708404779434, -0.04960339888930321, 1.027427077293396, 0.14957472681999207, 0.2962796688079834, -0.28594493865966797, -0.24411004781723022, 0.21999143064022064, 0.28952834010124207, -0.3438105881214142, 0.31662842631340027, -0.3252803087234497, -0.7388741374015808, -0.02668679691851139, 0.05326317623257637, 0.47074180841445923, 1.0220928192138672, 0.04438873752951622, 0.15068486332893372, 0.7665838003158569, 0.8481249809265137, -0.43284934759140015, 0.20029257237911224, 0.04799339547753334, 0.46512705087661743, -0.3619689345359802, 0.10242628306150436, 0.3612605631351471, -0.606073796749115, 0.7299903035163879, 0.10445845872163773, -0.35583797097206116, 0.2809235453605652, 0.35156357288360596, 0.0055263591930270195, -0.07223771512508392, -0.6276392936706543, 0.22371143102645874, -0.34061455726623535, 0.08655557036399841, -0.7702515721321106, -0.212172269821167, -0.18291999399662018, 0.1382877230644226, 0.028300508856773376, 0.07315997779369354, -0.017258230596780777, -1.1775734424591064, 0.10807228833436966, -0.03411396965384483, 0.22651322185993195, 0.32469579577445984, 0.39307981729507446, -0.30886656045913696, -0.6365770697593689, 0.09824099391698837, 0.27316778898239136, 0.3561837077140808, -0.21048054099082947, 0.21673449873924255, 0.4977773427963257, -0.004436710383743048, -0.3544939458370209, -0.16572201251983643, 0.12143626064062119, -0.5548202395439148, -0.2142030894756317, 0.5082204341888428, 0.6534556746482849, -0.08784305304288864, -0.283370703458786, 0.12050709873437881, -0.26693928241729736, 0.10578317195177078, -0.42318856716156006, -0.5215973854064941, 0.473483681678772, -0.8474382758140564, -0.6137906908988953, -1.0048936605453491, -0.17143316566944122, 0.22057053446769714, 0.04478415846824646, -0.27702227234840393, -0.3012169599533081, 0.5446968078613281, -0.29185372591018677, -0.4076564908027649, 0.26125267148017883, -0.04153021425008774, -0.278026282787323, 0.23699037730693817, -0.4493328630924225, 0.5853738188743591, -0.5392099022865295, 0.5854756236076355, -0.683033287525177, -0.22440196573734283, 0.04970675706863403, -0.4353220760822296, 0.3575817048549652, 0.10592623800039291, -0.46838051080703735, 0.4430767297744751, -0.07517998665571213, -0.9658715128898621, 0.12423072010278702, -0.12791375815868378, 0.13315650820732117, 0.6178904175758362, 0.013601856306195259, 0.07311075925827026, 0.46656399965286255, 0.040880970656871796, -0.07552511990070343, 0.43797817826271057, -0.8240899443626404, -0.8374597430229187, -0.09013590961694717, -0.016740707680583, -0.021826939657330513, -0.09548336267471313, 0.21293064951896667, 0.16369011998176575, 0.10435302555561066, 0.05875890329480171, -0.008121460676193237, -0.6133689880371094, -0.23275847733020782, 0.30234354734420776, 0.05239369347691536, 0.94394850730896, -0.216720849275589, -0.3280056118965149, 0.11476565897464752, 0.14338290691375732, 0.46852704882621765, -0.18493600189685822, -0.8139573931694031, 0.11827633529901505, -0.23209333419799805, -0.7146335244178772, 0.35991278290748596, -0.39590713381767273, 0.2368885725736618, 0.3216581344604492, -0.04419797658920288, 0.022721992805600166, -0.9622486233711243, 0.5710333585739136, -0.5113047957420349, -0.3193337619304657, 0.3150310516357422, -0.817251443862915, -0.12059779465198517, -0.3624449372291565, -0.10915666818618774, 0.36926352977752686, -0.4212888479232788, -0.584557294845581, -0.22517897188663483, 0.2987038493156433, 0.7657226324081421, 0.5869443416595459, -0.22250154614448547, 0.3079008162021637, -0.8367860317230225, -0.07759914547204971, -0.12829110026359558, -0.19372105598449707, 0.25193220376968384, -0.49986082315444946, -0.08129704743623734, 0.13146601617336273, -0.4076431393623352, 0.7756449580192566, -0.703163743019104, 0.322980135679245, 0.34772613644599915, 0.3786216676235199, 0.29034510254859924, 0.4076511263847351, -0.027909059077501297, -0.39091068506240845, 0.21960315108299255, -0.5496422648429871, 0.22523529827594757, -0.4486284852027893, 0.15885218977928162, -0.16493748128414154, 0.15465083718299866, 0.6414123773574829, -0.6321227550506592, 0.13441102206707, 0.2962508499622345, -0.30753034353256226, -0.19776467978954315, 0.04067337140440941, -0.1570136845111847, -0.2575277090072632, -0.12822312116622925, 0.3673279583454132, 0.09111686795949936, -0.03417316824197769, -0.5459458231925964, 0.8186811208724976, 0.5269820094108582, 0.5195331573486328, 0.18360981345176697, -0.15245380997657776, -0.17995619773864746, -0.4337884783744812, -0.30731815099716187, 0.22399090230464935, 0.3899582028388977, -0.8272233009338379, -0.5815356373786926, -0.1853257417678833, 0.2993582785129547, -0.1108735054731369, -0.25243672728538513, -0.1552719920873642, -0.847740888595581, -0.1869824081659317, -0.31441250443458557, -0.05124571546912193, -0.21247519552707672, -0.4825163185596466, 0.7934391498565674, 0.06829153746366501, -0.010553666390478611, -0.2820945084095001, 0.2637796103954315, 0.008468606509268284, 0.5917726755142212, 0.5209086537361145, -0.4730323255062103, 0.21156205236911774, 0.19464664161205292, -0.12143517285585403, -0.20807652175426483, 0.40156078338623047, -0.033218447118997574, 0.0028631368186324835, 0.841309666633606, -5.635865688323975, 0.4182679355144501, -0.23158606886863708, 0.16446061432361603, 0.4747341275215149, 0.3168541193008423, 0.4710206091403961, 0.3398014008998871, -0.3457605838775635, -0.30253058671951294, -0.24212993681430817, 0.28794413805007935, 0.4704848527908325, -0.408500611782074, -0.6472658514976501, -0.1899501085281372, -0.2928115129470825, -0.2961280941963196, -0.2597343921661377, 0.023872338235378265, -0.19851261377334595, 0.07520439475774765, -0.4412391185760498, 0.8396432995796204, -0.09490633755922318, 0.3519461452960968, -0.7412323951721191, 0.08798918128013611, -0.4583165645599365, -0.4738903045654297, -0.5541099905967712, -0.4090747535228729, 0.0455508679151535, -0.37956082820892334, 0.451890230178833, -0.3797450363636017, 0.28550946712493896, 0.2545209228992462, 0.016079891473054886, 0.09351780265569687, -0.3005710542201996, 0.12385979294776917, -0.6637424826622009, -0.15539905428886414, 1.3877352476119995, -0.49181604385375977, -0.202851340174675, -0.07551006972789764, -0.24766238033771515, -0.55123370885849, 0.39455920457839966, 0.014225147664546967, 0.05979003384709358, 0.5213924050331116, 0.8800455927848816, 0.3235575258731842, -0.09695354104042053, 0.25829049944877625, -0.060940932482481, 0.06335035711526871, 0.3511985242366791, -0.3393968641757965, -0.03772683069109917, 0.14727894961833954, -0.045120969414711, 0.11597250401973724, 0.47153905034065247, -0.4896758794784546, 0.1261293590068817, 0.23904097080230713, -0.039963603019714355, 0.9073531627655029, -0.01887199468910694, -0.8615617156028748, 0.2759442627429962, -0.06360773742198944, -0.09560784697532654, 0.2751029431819916, -0.3819058835506439, 0.05552935600280762, -0.49689075350761414, -0.7322707176208496, -0.5172156691551208, 0.18809786438941956, 0.9229357838630676, 0.015966933220624924, -0.12519201636314392, 0.12577633559703827, 0.16576014459133148, 0.329242080450058, 0.4309678375720978, -0.21076148748397827, 0.13216470181941986, 0.11604924499988556, 0.20763501524925232, 0.37336912751197815, -0.2358207404613495, 0.18353992700576782, 0.20263777673244476, 0.6976919174194336, 0.4481711983680725, 0.11662565171718597, -0.08774833381175995, -0.25452595949172974, 0.2704651653766632, -0.42832404375076294, 0.4150681793689728, 0.7086417078971863, 1.061862587928772, -0.2620711028575897, -0.32615506649017334, -0.06051257625222206, -0.24463316798210144, -0.6040465831756592, 0.5380642414093018, -0.297566294670105, 0.40193936228752136, 0.8932955265045166, 0.7442203164100647, 0.4965032637119293, -0.45164620876312256, 0.6845994591712952, -0.2186223417520523, -0.39335307478904724, 0.12379017472267151, -0.30295735597610474, -0.34033262729644775, 0.2982102632522583, 0.7266893982887268, -0.16639582812786102, -0.11625731736421585, 0.6840869188308716, -0.16987799108028412, -0.11314362287521362, 0.29473868012428284, 0.31877705454826355, -0.28686612844467163, -0.7846222519874573, -0.4837406873703003, -0.1815980076789856, -0.04604772850871086, -0.14277683198451996, -0.07608234882354736, 0.10794610530138016, 0.3129982650279999, 0.4264778792858124, -0.1414058804512024, 0.30997490882873535, -0.25709298253059387, 0.6724813580513, 0.12963318824768066, -0.3406139612197876, 0.7147004008293152, -0.6474204063415527, -0.248571515083313, 0.44559311866760254, -0.12393970787525177, 0.5593301653862, -0.31286436319351196, 0.6599465608596802, 0.37880995869636536, -0.49864259362220764, -1.0292727947235107, -0.6417993903160095, -0.03979285806417465, 0.4840303659439087, -0.8122114539146423, -0.16034813225269318, 0.032291337847709656, 0.43715691566467285, -0.06856542825698853, 0.042531076818704605, -0.23076581954956055, 0.24021732807159424, 0.20939834415912628, -0.1468411237001419, -0.7749646306037903, 0.3986538052558899, -0.163635715842247, -0.20745962858200073, 0.5836589336395264, 0.2893278896808624, 0.2702864408493042, 0.2316111922264099, 0.35440054535865784, 0.1482914239168167, 0.43870076537132263, 0.24728457629680634, -0.20876957476139069, 0.2530040442943573, -0.33230388164520264, -0.36443865299224854, -0.17455241084098816, 0.4990262985229492, -0.36254817247390747, -0.2786874771118164, -0.5298327803611755, 0.5909172892570496, 0.22358690202236176, 0.2808848023414612, 0.39403268694877625, 0.35215622186660767, -0.5173617601394653, -0.46542176604270935, 0.2974812984466553, -0.4555136263370514, 0.2743595540523529, -0.1551147699356079, -0.18638315796852112, -0.21095755696296692, -0.41340216994285583, -0.8239669799804688, -0.2560775876045227, 0.2605898976325989, -0.2250221222639084, -0.0034329709596931934, 0.2821103036403656, -0.26277706027030945, -0.0047597321681678295, -0.3595283329486847, -0.1266840398311615, 0.2319135218858719, -0.06272558867931366, 0.10931754112243652, -0.18986286222934723, -0.10247663408517838, 0.40014946460723877, -0.3425077795982361, 0.436885267496109, -0.2418644279241562, -0.13585081696510315, 0.50319504737854, -0.11196523904800415, 0.005099165719002485, -0.00017066918371710926, -0.3099993169307709, 0.8271810412406921, -0.1648399978876114, -0.015543997287750244, 0.27667000889778137, 0.6317247152328491, 0.9665829539299011, -0.31801092624664307, 0.3740275800228119, -0.08170653879642487, 0.7941702604293823, 0.27904754877090454, -0.41405320167541504, -0.33361321687698364, -0.2180359810590744, 0.26391443610191345, -0.062309641391038895, -0.16886171698570251, -0.08659488707780838, 0.6539821028709412, -0.520157516002655, 0.422635018825531, 0.06955786049365997, 0.12069733440876007, 0.08037608116865158, -0.37627193331718445, -0.018410269170999527, -0.017092201858758926, -0.09376603364944458, -0.5537242889404297, 0.6367572546005249, -0.5686795711517334, 0.06618853658437729, -0.49388301372528076, -0.2030411660671234, 0.1550368219614029, -0.08989053964614868, 0.739104151725769, 0.47646796703338623, -0.37107324600219727, 0.5424218773841858, -0.2314673364162445, 0.26494887471199036, -0.7629827857017517, -0.2951083183288574, -0.30392730236053467, 0.3532087802886963, -0.1102142333984375, -0.20081037282943726, 0.09174681454896927, -0.6067530512809753, 0.6802172064781189, -0.17273855209350586, -0.15936122834682465, -0.09896101802587509, -0.47327888011932373, 0.36479875445365906, 0.029179411008954048, 0.5871898531913757, 0.42406657338142395, 0.108950175344944, -0.19855999946594238, 0.2587602734565735, 0.5063730478286743, -0.05585460364818573, -0.675687849521637, 0.10382319986820221, 0.0764123797416687, 0.1851578652858734, -0.2548394799232483, -0.020349135622382164, -0.028921332210302353, -0.14992423355579376, -0.44151222705841064, 0.05343424528837204, 0.6350681185722351, 0.07847233861684799, -0.3033258318901062, 0.5108544826507568, 0.38457971811294556, -0.29901227355003357, 0.020857444033026695, -0.36767446994781494, -0.6579028367996216, -0.008053108118474483, 0.49854639172554016, -0.1429462432861328, 0.9145222306251526, 0.0861610546708107, -0.01764335297048092, 0.2481677532196045, 0.0156861525028944, 0.6075829267501831, 0.29363706707954407, 0.7389231324195862, 0.70696622133255, -0.15245862305164337, -0.19207043945789337, 0.32611244916915894, 0.12033608555793762, -0.5649296641349792, -0.08389708399772644, -0.46359023451805115, -0.02160668559372425, 0.42452630400657654, 0.5216153264045715, 0.21023543179035187, -0.7233951091766357, 0.15051189064979553, 0.42150866985321045, 0.4763629138469696, 0.059656772762537, -0.1322835385799408, 0.02810138650238514, -0.18089744448661804, 0.36880651116371155, -0.32248052954673767, -0.20287765562534332, -0.7440620064735413, 0.42933329939842224, 0.024683380499482155, -0.5047826766967773, -0.6571190357208252, 0.09496007859706879, 0.016115885227918625, -0.10935097187757492, -0.3720936179161072, 0.6897457242012024, -0.45026126503944397, -0.2437411993741989, 0.8069872260093689, -0.6757853627204895, -1.1009223461151123, 0.014913766644895077, -0.7717140913009644, 0.0044928123243153095, -0.23735491931438446, -0.4488772749900818, -0.1963956654071808, 0.12938834726810455, 0.4958565831184387, 0.545512318611145, 0.4543474316596985, -0.06802445650100708, -0.41234803199768066, -0.7278677225112915, 0.28859853744506836, 0.34654492139816284, -0.35969921946525574, 0.5198825597763062, -0.1430557370185852, 0.16817788779735565, -0.5734906792640686, 0.24977785348892212, -0.12158160656690598, -0.14411312341690063, -0.1512136459350586, -0.04232225939631462, 0.2683075964450836, 0.28760826587677, -0.5217141509056091, -0.28998634219169617, 0.21006160974502563, -0.5217739343643188, 0.9575908184051514, 0.31070950627326965, -0.25473085045814514, 0.13528458774089813, -0.38405272364616394, -0.4760386347770691, 0.0935501977801323, -0.4821814000606537, -0.21866647899150848, -0.5043795704841614, 0.35009878873825073, 0.7002118825912476, -0.23653343319892883, 0.25824299454689026, -0.010084273293614388, 0.026438599452376366, -0.17864105105400085, 0.3689030408859253, -0.31999072432518005, -0.028611067682504654, -0.8390559554100037, 0.24833586812019348, -0.026725338771939278, 0.6275558471679688, 0.039202239364385605, -0.6944249272346497, 0.19377611577510834, 0.24995429813861847, -0.5005624890327454, -0.1833430379629135, 0.3847947120666504, -0.47242364287376404, 0.5414817333221436, -0.261835515499115, 0.014808104373514652, -0.2009003609418869, -0.6470170617103577, 0.3787856698036194, 0.7276807427406311, 0.054495420306921005, -0.6201927661895752, 0.30870798230171204, 0.46032994985580444, -0.07139074057340622, 0.4371752440929413, 0.6894481182098389, 0.10721033811569214, -0.5608750581741333, -0.6440765857696533, -0.18185727298259735, -0.09899091720581055, -0.20106598734855652, -0.5014791488647461, 0.593737781047821, -0.2681052088737488, 0.00009821449202718213, 0.24623435735702515, 0.3377666771411896, -0.5983887314796448, 0.36209622025489807, 0.25023698806762695 ]
249324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusalka%20%28disambiguation%29	Rusalka (disambiguation)	Rusalka is a water-nymph in Slavic mythology. Rusalka may also refer to: Places Rusałka, Szczecin, a lake in Szczecin, Poland Lake Rusałka, Poznań, a lake in Poznań, Poland Rusalka, Bulgaria, a resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Rusalka Planitia, a surface feature of the planet Venus Art and culture Rusalka (opera), an opera by Antonín Dvořák , a major though unfinished verse play by Alexander Pushkin Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky), an opera by Alexander Dargomyzhsky based on Pushkin's play Rusalka (novel), a fantasy novel by C. J. Cherryh Mermaid (2007 film) (Russian: Rusalka), a Russian film by Anna Melikian Rusalka (1996 film), a 1996 Russian animated short film "Rusalka", a song by Radarmaker Others Russian monitor Rusalka, a Russian ironclad which sank near Helsinki, Finland on September 7, 1893 Russalka Memorial in Tallinn, by Amandus Adamson	[ -0.20195157825946808, 0.002980070421472192, -0.07960441708564758, -0.22646023333072662, -0.5185446739196777, 0.6190669536590576, 0.7985473275184631, 0.10129190236330032, -0.6014874577522278, 0.3707742989063263, -0.14207014441490173, -0.23776297271251678, -0.4703134596347809, 0.6060131788253784, -0.06271576136350632, 0.5283955335617065, 0.20398128032684326, 0.7610765099525452, 0.20319975912570953, -0.33316582441329956, 0.06466706097126007, -0.056266091763973236, 0.288434773683548, -0.20519882440567017, -0.13154473900794983, 0.1647440791130066, 0.5216631889343262, 0.6803668141365051, -0.31041958928108215, 0.21010982990264893, -0.6534773111343384, 0.9557483792304993, 0.13769009709358215, -0.13440662622451782, 0.2164405882358551, 0.16803619265556335, -0.24855466187000275, -0.8687568306922913, -0.457930326461792, -0.9738117456436157, 0.33257511258125305, 0.19119957089424133, -0.07288555800914764, 0.48194393515586853, -0.19113488495349884, -0.19013889133930206, -1.6449590921401978, 0.7095360159873962, -0.8110867738723755, -0.18765442073345184, -0.27276045083999634, 0.06685531884431839, 0.3282242715358734, 0.27794963121414185, -0.5188468098640442, 0.6379455924034119, -1.0453094244003296, 0.19781191647052765, 0.6916599869728088, 0.11366759985685349, 0.5982752442359924, 0.1859494149684906, 0.3114842474460602, 0.15131057798862457, 0.39651355147361755, 0.0014520284021273255, 0.05072861909866333, 0.19209513068199158, -0.42329347133636475, -0.6601896286010742, 0.14278104901313782, 0.34493404626846313, -0.3802776634693146, -0.07415391504764557, -0.8925727009773254, -0.3447003960609436, 0.14618782699108124, -0.2443678230047226, 1.117101788520813, 0.03679485619068146, -0.17450696229934692, 0.48307642340660095, 0.722471296787262, 0.4967424273490906, 0.34936583042144775, -0.49166908860206604, -0.3552544116973877, -0.40099236369132996, -0.31580251455307007, 0.4134928286075592, -0.23694773018360138, -0.4563646912574768, 0.5619120597839355, 0.1785121113061905, -0.3747146427631378, 0.21723859012126923, -0.4620998799800873, 0.12011507898569107, 0.4432087540626526, -0.611913800239563, -0.628390371799469, 0.09887762367725372, -0.2975592613220215, 0.01771821826696396, -0.3154999911785126, -0.21818199753761292, -0.6647256016731262, 0.023970816284418106, -0.1954294741153717, 0.2517092525959015, -0.8224564790725708, 0.2608519196510315, 0.27947643399238586, 0.19958217442035675, 0.22373320162296295, 0.16249528527259827, -0.10364427417516708, -0.5757602453231812, -0.2600446939468384, 0.26787468791007996, 0.05947035178542137, 0.3742002546787262, -0.10575084388256073, 0.12242462486028671, 0.26175644993782043, 0.28866609930992126, 0.5024335384368896, 0.4029417037963867, -0.9945773482322693, 0.37369781732559204, 0.1564294397830963, 0.9406366348266602, -0.43831729888916016, -0.08051762729883194, 0.3633057773113251, -0.22054757177829742, -0.4600256681442261, 0.17641545832157135, 0.030099129304289818, 0.44244086742401123, -0.9816086292266846, 0.08379215002059937, -1.0837732553482056, 0.4479617476463318, 0.8377576470375061, 0.37636128067970276, 0.2820989489555359, -0.27197331190109253, -0.32856279611587524, -0.17411594092845917, -0.25264275074005127, 0.472795307636261, -0.025952085852622986, 0.1131419762969017, -0.056442875415086746, 0.5000613331794739, 0.5191735029220581, -0.16162022948265076, 0.23307962715625763, 0.29557004570961, 0.07420147955417633, 0.26054927706718445, -0.01774204708635807, -0.08259587734937668, 0.01966656558215618, -0.5307437777519226, 0.08652183413505554, 0.17815935611724854, -0.2438640296459198, 0.10006844997406006, -0.2747284173965454, -0.1249249204993248, 0.3594472110271454, 0.25058895349502563, -0.02910090610384941, -0.10610653460025787, -0.0933321937918663, -0.3300338089466095, 0.06464308500289917, -0.03217295929789543, -0.6787871718406677, 0.3775694966316223, -0.48520737886428833, 0.1419074684381485, 0.04872402176260948, 0.5809086561203003, -0.29974544048309326, 0.6182537078857422, 0.46994563937187195, -0.4659683108329773, 0.0853910893201828, -0.6008309125900269, -0.2207995504140854, -0.1216639056801796, 0.9868097901344299, -0.0937928780913353, -0.46523964405059814, 0.17264604568481445, 0.18802738189697266, 0.07320301979780197, -0.2298283725976944, -0.3035963773727417, -0.4486827850341797, -0.0573887899518013, -0.293936550617218, 0.3880699872970581, -0.12740671634674072, 0.04671480879187584, 0.1707019805908203, 0.30134737491607666, 0.3662472367286682, -0.6699526309967041, 0.4293047785758972, -0.594305157661438, -0.21927598118782043, 0.24230387806892395, -0.5539727210998535, 0.4256012737751007, 0.3415813446044922, 0.07432487607002258, 0.8113791942596436, -0.6234537363052368, 0.0703459158539772, -0.7458157539367676, 0.10965310037136078, 0.32446473836898804, 0.2990936040878296, 0.36940261721611023, 0.2266368567943573, -0.7533220648765564, -0.28214532136917114, 0.17713478207588196, -0.029049323871731758, -0.15655604004859924, -0.9706831574440002, -0.6624139547348022, 0.09060858935117722, -0.25321120023727417, 0.7862452864646912, -0.036943938583135605, -0.10158780962228775, 0.4035874009132385, -0.05873478949069977, 0.04163038358092308, 0.1510493904352188, -0.34649673104286194, -0.3049350082874298, -0.3776693642139435, -0.11822304874658585, -0.49347057938575745, 0.13742823898792267, 0.3628316819667816, -0.4762175679206848, -0.28853273391723633, 0.3666090667247772, 0.11602267622947693, 0.22634944319725037, -0.1707727015018463, 0.31452804803848267, -0.29827025532722473, 0.25700002908706665, 0.4627106487751007, -0.38034746050834656, -0.4132246971130371, 0.42211759090423584, -0.052941497415304184, -0.15382598340511322, -0.08717669546604156, 0.8499020338058472, 0.24719177186489105, 0.16316528618335724, -0.36266598105430603, -0.27781954407691956, 0.06465809047222137, -0.0637921616435051, -0.6020789742469788, 0.6423503756523132, 0.016511324793100357, -0.2554033696651459, -0.414052277803421, -0.5227509140968323, 0.40784093737602234, 0.13738170266151428, -0.31686192750930786, -0.21265259385108948, -0.44730642437934875, 0.08747188746929169, 0.2701975703239441, 0.25103166699409485, -0.6453484892845154, -0.22287698090076447, 0.08376022428274155, -0.19236160814762115, 0.04818090796470642, -0.4540596306324005, 0.4412406384944916, -0.2975192666053772, 0.4301772117614746, 0.21154947578907013, -0.34286653995513916, -0.5687949061393738, 0.35354217886924744, -0.03410015255212784, -0.2538173794746399, 0.11859750002622604, 0.1633841097354889, -0.4363919198513031, 0.8832261562347412, -5.870978832244873, 0.04349462687969208, -0.8058891892433167, 0.004778258502483368, 0.15667283535003662, 0.05966343730688095, 0.282100111246109, 0.6331420540809631, 0.06268838047981262, -0.11219517141580582, 0.26425307989120483, -0.22350037097930908, -0.3143026828765869, 0.2867410480976105, 0.3332114815711975, 0.05956379696726799, 0.39623185992240906, -0.038083516061306, -0.06664155423641205, -0.20641078054904938, -0.07349181920289993, 0.7591346502304077, -0.6450028419494629, 0.7741532325744629, -0.367561399936676, 0.3359406888484955, 0.004158321768045425, 0.09245147556066513, -0.5387165546417236, -0.5744290947914124, -0.29124727845191956, -0.4322955906391144, 0.06676318496465683, -0.2622610330581665, 0.36728233098983765, 0.1387622058391571, 0.11937934905290604, 0.16814172267913818, 0.24715186655521393, -0.11137250065803528, -0.38040077686309814, -0.26106470823287964, -0.008730613626539707, 0.016490302979946136, 0.24555404484272003, -0.2823959290981293, -0.46939927339553833, 0.49744245409965515, -0.49151673913002014, 0.4758548140525818, -0.19222110509872437, -0.2428831160068512, 0.5065351724624634, 0.22153155505657196, 0.5649488568305969, -0.021436084061861038, 0.38014814257621765, 0.18416465818881989, -0.0846538096666336, 0.12118489295244217, 0.34642311930656433, 0.02071259543299675, 0.2769703269004822, -0.3146224915981293, -0.49923303723335266, -0.030269043520092964, -0.5627424716949463, -0.49368351697921753, -0.12740080058574677, 0.052102990448474884, -0.7114477753639221, 0.6727712154388428, -0.7324150800704956, -0.9315437078475952, 0.41143888235092163, -0.14935028553009033, -0.5287041664123535, 0.2632916271686554, 0.022262945771217346, 0.2474876195192337, -0.47436222434043884, -0.6056443452835083, -0.5071902275085449, 0.3135847747325897, 0.7742698192596436, -0.11070174723863602, -0.02481674961745739, -0.05352631211280823, -0.48983439803123474, 0.09982039034366608, 0.878595769405365, -0.006311402190476656, 0.24453966319561005, 0.5071215033531189, -0.186079740524292, 0.875322163105011, -0.14865407347679138, -0.21485599875450134, 0.8115272521972656, 0.31393420696258545, 0.66050124168396, -0.16575492918491364, 0.0655297338962555, -0.011781839653849602, 0.3444894552230835, -0.19726231694221497, -0.3527589440345764, -0.1173117533326149, 0.7870641350746155, -0.35359615087509155, 0.49407801032066345, -0.010729693807661533, 0.16591304540634155, -0.40181517601013184, 0.6912894248962402, 0.3759469985961914, 0.5633426308631897, 0.7776304483413696, 0.3926549553871155, 0.35786154866218567, 0.37240755558013916, 0.34169435501098633, 0.18751074373722076, -0.3115083575248718, 0.19992876052856445, -0.09782543778419495, 0.21151763200759888, 0.03943328931927681, -0.5190590023994446, 0.05260036140680313, 0.2695765197277069, -0.12196053564548492, 0.20409277081489563, -0.580348014831543, 0.41915565729141235, 0.25642308592796326, -0.10395075380802155, -0.2321310043334961, -0.0018594826105982065, -0.6162940263748169, -0.2604874074459076, -0.5528870820999146, 0.015387012623250484, 0.1798677146434784, 0.06317626684904099, 0.28527453541755676, 0.3107629716396332, -0.14372535049915314, -0.43663984537124634, 0.5907115340232849, -0.11973252147436142, -0.08189067244529724, 0.41119584441185, -0.4986209571361542, -0.6051753163337708, -0.4284363090991974, 0.6073582172393799, 0.472953200340271, 0.10215972363948822, 0.3109138309955597, -0.527433454990387, -0.7295324802398682, -0.9965983033180237, -0.19193293154239655, -0.16863314807415009, -0.37659135460853577, -0.5668816566467285, -0.3917950987815857, 0.1887035369873047, 0.6525570750236511, -0.08708804100751877, -0.2193818986415863, -0.6922144293785095, 0.30739134550094604, 0.5139390826225281, 0.049494609236717224, -0.21707811951637268, 0.3667657971382141, -0.4090009927749634, -0.05238241329789162, 0.2302841693162918, 0.2058473527431488, -0.24498188495635986, 0.2822644114494324, 0.653738260269165, -0.08467862755060196, -0.05533648282289505, 0.13662536442279816, -0.3957979679107666, 0.029241066426038742, -0.5339111685752869, 0.41577503085136414, 0.18963360786437988, 0.29423052072525024, -0.19174671173095703, 0.06086991727352142, -0.007273660972714424, 0.18247562646865845, 0.15921108424663544, -0.28006428480148315, 0.19460517168045044, 0.19844067096710205, -0.5245018005371094, -0.00831463560461998, 0.17141525447368622, -0.8107303977012634, 0.527656614780426, 0.452765554189682, -0.01507966872304678, -0.3105430603027344, -0.014477926306426525, -0.6690128445625305, -0.4816504120826721, 0.43007537722587585, -0.16188934445381165, 0.1183939203619957, 0.05297388508915901, -0.36660492420196533, -0.836338996887207, -0.2184421867132187, -0.14633482694625854, -0.4638691246509552, 0.2501612901687622, -0.106151282787323, -0.24711814522743225, 0.04421960934996605, 0.20646050572395325, 0.03102458454668522, 0.1782863438129425, 0.09263230860233307, 0.4520106911659241, -0.26394662261009216, -0.12684683501720428, -0.1153043583035469, 0.27988943457603455, -0.07402965426445007, -0.08388151228427887, -0.251589298248291, 0.24472716450691223, 0.4813928008079529, 0.4601481556892395, 0.7687634229660034, -0.0825081318616867, -0.15438155829906464, -0.10917370766401291, 0.20014335215091705, -0.21770058572292328, -0.24864092469215393, -0.2897437810897827, -0.009879636578261852, 0.29583367705345154, -0.39138510823249817, -0.2403898984193802, -0.38967829942703247, 1.1276416778564453, -0.3232569992542267, 0.29605844616889954, 0.011344206519424915, 0.2394590526819229, 0.25629088282585144, 0.270769864320755, 0.061448268592357635, -0.348766028881073, -0.1556999385356903, -0.6447902917861938, 0.5775111317634583, -0.5180504322052002, 0.0433814600110054, 0.0012039426947012544, -0.49067655205726624, 0.6239830255508423, -0.3513367474079132, 0.21597567200660706, 0.1816273331642151, -0.6276932954788208, 0.14960862696170807, -0.34755727648735046, -0.6402078866958618, 0.45014089345932007, -0.12071465700864792, -0.7641125917434692, 0.2535894215106964, -0.26737383008003235, 0.4160510003566742, -0.08386632055044174, 0.18450863659381866, -0.003139872569590807, -0.2918599247932434, -0.08539583534002304, -0.011885176412761211, -0.29937422275543213, 0.4514092803001404, -0.05285532400012016, 0.3537280559539795, 0.2594628632068634, -0.18050071597099304, 0.11178509145975113, 0.3696167469024658, 0.2635270655155182, 0.14123883843421936, -0.9919414520263672, 0.11937522888183594, 0.23633332550525665, -0.22374410927295685, -0.04072555527091026, 0.19489389657974243, -0.25111550092697144, -0.14066176116466522, -0.07437146455049515, 0.0105531495064497, 0.592797577381134, 0.2352098971605301, 0.12380167096853256, 0.4003634452819824, 0.06397008895874023, 0.23548462986946106, 0.03919929638504982, 0.07152500003576279, 0.0139093529433012, 0.019914746284484863, 0.575814962387085, 0.22953346371650696, 0.5568594932556152, 0.02257760986685753, -0.0938430204987526, 0.48617634177207947, -0.36242178082466125, 0.02870345115661621, 0.03429880365729332, 0.6575216054916382, 0.6730252504348755, -0.5876051187515259, -0.2993849515914917, 0.26506760716438293, 0.18717405200004578, -0.19683583080768585, 0.2939455211162567, -0.6202077269554138, -0.468159556388855, 0.7138676643371582, 0.5299813747406006, -0.16062365472316742, -0.5142465829849243, 0.1479046493768692, 0.0849166288971901, 0.5754479169845581, 0.0791643038392067, 0.0531080961227417, 0.20411372184753418, -0.10820386558771133, 0.23486930131912231, 0.024185340851545334, -0.1133052185177803, -0.9213115572929382, 0.2801818549633026, -0.023100554943084717, 0.23387572169303894, -0.4971233606338501, -0.34993746876716614, -0.3912530839443207, -0.08385983109474182, -0.08022136986255646, 0.22745874524116516, 0.07936538755893707, -0.2996201813220978, -0.2065650373697281, -0.17017917335033417, -0.3606422543525696, 0.016659555956721306, -0.3803887963294983, 0.2644575834274292, 0.0403994657099247, -0.4097525477409363, 0.39781758189201355, 0.18521708250045776, 0.6402365565299988, 0.5725952386856079, 0.3447701334953308, 0.10205456614494324, -0.30498597025871277, -0.4054574966430664, 0.8309134840965271, 0.2886873185634613, -0.19217947125434875, 0.019608233124017715, -0.48609593510627747, 0.3900182247161865, -0.035156913101673126, 0.1617199182510376, 0.19312764704227448, 0.035013239830732346, -0.13212768733501434, -0.008167721331119537, 0.3077036738395691, -0.5140146017074585, -0.22814960777759552, -0.3333427608013153, 0.5252466201782227, -0.24039988219738007, 0.5506904721260071, -0.12271113693714142, -0.4111136496067047, 0.08094687759876251, 0.5686160922050476, -0.49698418378829956, -0.09464163333177567, -0.6678954362869263, 0.006339406594634056, -0.24439659714698792, 0.3305342495441437, 0.5600436925888062, -0.4159790873527527, -0.11626692116260529, -0.21064625680446625, 0.5506479740142822, 0.015811482444405556, 0.5809199810028076, -0.16585877537727356, 0.15344993770122528, -0.29505473375320435, -0.24863757193088531, -0.5073724389076233, 0.05725964903831482, 0.32412150502204895, -0.32433652877807617, -0.0880156084895134, 0.2804330587387085, 0.06170562654733658, -0.5493000745773315, -0.22797325253486633, -0.20903664827346802, 0.2651056945323944, -0.401639848947525, 0.44317206740379333, 0.09940668195486069, 0.045683927834033966, 0.44667860865592957, 0.7180315256118774, 0.20259028673171997, -0.5725089907646179, 0.3486497104167938, -0.11748985946178436, 0.10605929791927338, -0.17050199210643768, -0.33950483798980713, 0.020143430680036545, 0.13146668672561646, -0.3451119661331177, -0.32137531042099, 0.05681537836790085, 0.015907321125268936, -0.39679673314094543, -0.05063442513346672, -0.26612740755081177, -0.12082608789205551, 0.23918990790843964, 0.2771588861942291, -0.6654953956604004, -0.006635874044150114, 0.2950543761253357 ]
249325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus	Seleucus	Seleucus may refer to: Monarchs and other people related to the Seleucid Empire Seleucus I Nicator (Satrap 311–305 BC, King 305 BC–281 BC), son of Antiochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire Seleucus II Callinicus (246–225 BC) Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) (225–223 BC) Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175 BC) Seleucus V Philometor (126/125 BC) Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator (96–95 BC) Seleucus VII Kybiosaktes or Philometor (70s BC–60s BC?) Seleucus, probable name of the father of Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator) Seleucus, a son of Antiochus I Soter and grandson to Seleucus I Seleucus, one of the sons of Antiochus VII Sidetes and Cleopatra Thea Seleucus (commandant), in 30 BC commandant of the eastern Egyptian border-fortress Pelusium Other people Seleucus, son of Bithys, Ptolemaic governor of Cyprus (c.145-130 BC), Seleucus of Alexandria, a grammarian and sophist, Seleucus of Seleucia, an astronomer, Seleucus (son of Ablabius), a rhetorician and friend of Julian the Apostate, Seleucus (Theodosian Praetorian prefect), Praetorian prefect of the Theodosian dynasty, Seleucus (Roman usurper), a Roman usurper. Other uses Seleucus (crater), a crater on Earth's moon 3288 Seleucus, an asteroid See also Seleucid Empire	[ 0.18467098474502563, 0.04032813012599945, -0.34546321630477905, 0.43903571367263794, -0.4816778302192688, 0.8928961753845215, -0.015230957418680191, 0.2905564308166504, -0.6897900700569153, -0.6672593355178833, -0.2140337973833084, -0.06795597821474075, -0.5157835483551025, -0.15210381150245667, -0.6702876091003418, 0.3124021887779236, -0.32585665583610535, 0.6891417503356934, 0.07493212074041367, -0.06111924722790718, -0.3042094111442566, 0.24718645215034485, 0.5497426986694336, -0.6371347904205322, -0.07048167288303375, 0.22952575981616974, 0.42180562019348145, -0.24043962359428406, 0.2122722566127777, -0.04784080758690834, 0.5670920014381409, 0.26934513449668884, -0.1434931457042694, -0.07145164906978607, -0.803938090801239, -0.1263229101896286, 0.04504541680216789, -0.05325448513031006, 0.133363738656044, -0.3991227447986603, -0.39593541622161865, -0.5431681871414185, 0.5100470781326294, 0.06930030882358551, -0.4907224178314209, -0.5311936736106873, -1.3173264265060425, 0.239620178937912, -0.19100283086299896, -0.09428559988737106, 0.056958939880132675, 0.19777381420135498, -0.9040126800537109, 0.5841195583343506, 0.2910574972629547, 0.32673966884613037, -0.8031739592552185, -0.8509100079536438, 0.39358288049697876, -0.0397818386554718, 0.9065914750099182, 0.2807277739048004, 0.22722996771335602, 0.45567697286605835, 0.5384515523910522, 0.11192334443330765, 0.2830987274646759, 0.8056466579437256, -0.5795246958732605, 0.2875608503818512, 0.1419280469417572, 0.3481041193008423, -0.3614926040172577, 0.30232930183410645, 0.6001883745193481, -0.14880098402500153, -0.11974819749593735, -0.19218532741069794, 0.34017884731292725, 0.1216861680150032, -0.0030715118627995253, -0.29541313648223877, 0.626714825630188, 0.33690354228019714, -0.2354489415884018, 0.31744977831840515, -0.13326969742774963, 0.3834577798843384, -0.30212536454200745, -0.48726245760917664, 0.2146783471107483, 0.24969016015529633, 0.8649416565895081, -0.4458487927913666, -0.6105341911315918, 0.6532863974571228, -0.15023986995220184, -0.1090230643749237, 0.23087334632873535, -0.2962839901447296, -0.4356074929237366, 0.566257119178772, -0.20205648243427277, -0.882191002368927, -0.625770092010498, -0.07448204606771469, 0.5285325050354004, -0.08148052543401718, -0.5333986878395081, 0.2583395540714264, -0.0692019984126091, 0.11459870636463165, 0.17260026931762695, 0.18061384558677673, -0.20993095636367798, 0.10898374021053314, -0.12274448573589325, -0.6640158295631409, -0.42733538150787354, -0.25647300481796265, 0.027073394507169724, 0.7079662084579468, 0.25447094440460205, -0.044590339064598083, 0.6145082116127014, -0.38677072525024414, 0.18311962485313416, 0.12596866488456726, -0.36386898159980774, 0.17843097448349, 0.3809297978878021, 0.7680119276046753, -0.6797183752059937, 0.34982460737228394, 0.009096694178879261, -0.0031658196821808815, 0.04001648724079132, -0.14988383650779724, 0.14136940240859985, 0.4911271631717682, -0.890139639377594, -0.07624603062868118, -0.22504279017448425, 0.6160966753959656, 0.24385900795459747, -0.28665515780448914, 0.7603691816329956, -0.0723620057106018, -0.4874371886253357, -0.2874123752117157, -0.13244716823101044, -0.6633428931236267, 0.49900737404823303, 0.41277819871902466, -0.4413149356842041, 0.0719580352306366, 0.7542780041694641, -0.08855362236499786, 0.3312073349952698, 0.5156875848770142, -0.009357367642223835, 0.17129245400428772, -0.24897055327892303, 0.10700137168169022, 1.0036005973815918, 0.16210439801216125, -0.12260040640830994, -0.1743682622909546, -0.11246155202388763, -0.3129488229751587, -0.21716807782649994, 0.135403573513031, -0.556677520275116, -0.23978672921657562, -0.10211197286844254, 0.36037012934684753, 0.7138794660568237, 0.4147191345691681, 0.15166033804416656, -0.6457250714302063, -0.615185558795929, 0.3476042151451111, -0.573179304599762, -0.2980498671531677, -0.12691015005111694, 0.15879514813423157, 0.2873193025588989, -0.2745150625705719, -0.18461784720420837, -0.5773653984069824, -0.5485039949417114, -0.4842909872531891, 0.0502413809299469, -0.4296836853027344, 1.033801794052124, -0.15930382907390594, -0.6065468192100525, 0.33212849497795105, -0.5439202189445496, 0.5476715564727783, -0.3180406093597412, -0.20698615908622742, 0.10280651599168777, 0.020054036751389503, -0.25431522727012634, 0.23845696449279785, -0.00949449185281992, 0.2791564166545868, 0.7984718084335327, 0.6649713516235352, 0.3525741398334503, -0.26275768876075745, 0.22968633472919464, -0.21681807935237885, -0.0038484465330839157, -0.144237220287323, -0.15381073951721191, -0.042975373566150665, -0.6355904936790466, 0.22541695833206177, 0.7621796131134033, -0.4974111020565033, -0.07352551817893982, 0.5374348759651184, -0.13680921494960785, -0.2320481538772583, 0.2162717878818512, -0.5356058478355408, -0.5949186086654663, -0.14680229127407074, 0.12492639571428299, -0.19116011261940002, 0.6301085948944092, -0.7183635234832764, 0.1714337170124054, -0.45785534381866455, -0.1028391420841217, -0.761795163154602, 0.031465765088796616, -0.17935146391391754, -0.13649974763393402, 0.14259953796863556, -0.11493992805480957, -0.03310597687959671, 0.20635655522346497, 0.6106194257736206, -0.2068524956703186, -0.18616913259029388, -0.32898014783859253, -0.4223152995109558, -0.5424028038978577, 0.5951343178749084, 0.18804773688316345, -0.42664721608161926, 0.4407784640789032, 0.020212825387716293, 0.3121742308139801, 0.20297428965568542, -0.15344716608524323, -0.6518625617027283, -0.48013582825660706, -0.24030427634716034, 0.12364590167999268, 0.6450095772743225, 0.45048248767852783, 0.2849200367927551, -0.0992211103439331, -0.4542905390262604, 0.12132473289966583, 0.2884947955608368, 0.9255117177963257, -0.4285756051540375, -0.5364111065864563, -0.09527727216482162, 0.4171769320964813, -0.15188132226467133, -0.6952537894248962, 0.1286565661430359, -0.048183590173721313, -0.8767695426940918, -0.053602393716573715, 0.5884025692939758, 0.2720832824707031, -0.09075777232646942, -0.023749012500047684, -0.2643930912017822, -0.07492192834615707, -0.17031049728393555, 0.586724042892456, -0.6745916604995728, 0.7315630316734314, 0.37385880947113037, 0.05105561763048172, 0.1301150619983673, 0.29284045100212097, 0.5871843695640564, -0.2543180286884308, 0.23926547169685364, 0.37978342175483704, -0.15381643176078796, -0.8811831474304199, 0.25991952419281006, -0.06076635420322418, 0.3086344003677368, 1.2208760976791382, -0.06831364333629608, -0.2244468629360199, 0.3135931193828583, -5.735185146331787, -0.24858148396015167, -0.08157270401716232, -0.023793814703822136, 0.4703487753868103, 0.2503308653831482, 0.5332691669464111, -0.43605005741119385, 0.8089845776557922, -0.20135356485843658, 0.7868112921714783, 0.0990666002035141, -0.1429848074913025, 0.23253591358661652, 0.4471836984157562, 0.6794820427894592, 0.31886810064315796, -0.13122114539146423, 0.19958099722862244, 0.10580582916736603, 0.3134855329990387, 0.2118489146232605, -0.06156519800424576, 0.8717150092124939, 0.4299905598163605, -0.3984953761100769, -0.1447819471359253, -0.12993253767490387, -0.5586647987365723, -0.33974653482437134, -0.028813552111387253, -0.12531806528568268, 0.35662999749183655, 0.05315960571169853, 0.15955553948879242, -0.2808767557144165, 0.5681053400039673, 0.3723156750202179, -0.2595004439353943, 0.11936860531568527, -0.13251863420009613, 0.2705519199371338, -0.4400366544723511, 0.2418765425682068, -0.22440126538276672, -0.15861737728118896, -0.16412873566150665, 0.5607115626335144, -0.23495282232761383, 0.7346102595329285, 0.13897928595542908, -0.09084338694810867, -0.13730208575725555, -0.10686169564723969, 0.3396299481391907, 0.3429993689060211, -0.10652901232242584, 0.5201491117477417, -0.3790487051010132, 0.5381559133529663, 0.6874892711639404, -0.4756980240345001, -0.07828175276517868, -0.49253585934638977, 0.24437811970710754, -0.4100968539714813, -0.9158996939659119, -0.07740176469087601, 0.12873712182044983, 0.40867477655410767, -0.4154788851737976, 0.46008849143981934, -0.13206860423088074, -0.7531309127807617, 0.4101782441139221, -0.5269308686256409, -0.35711243748664856, 0.358958899974823, 0.04319841042160988, 0.5753852128982544, -0.029223985970020294, -0.2049088329076767, 0.2550865709781647, 0.6504406929016113, 0.3134140074253082, 0.2658117413520813, 0.44602078199386597, -0.16454856097698212, -0.12758441269397736, 0.23038072884082794, 0.5481337904930115, -0.6839144229888916, -0.09747271239757538, 0.7603920102119446, -0.014133219607174397, 0.38672661781311035, -0.7178046107292175, -0.17446494102478027, 0.8508093953132629, 0.07897863537073135, 0.07597415894269943, 0.38178902864456177, -0.5282583236694336, -0.22439153492450714, 0.016475247219204903, -0.0774034783244133, -0.546181857585907, -0.17711104452610016, -0.0025185237172991037, -0.47110864520072937, 0.5824733972549438, -0.2028791308403015, -0.6970224380493164, -0.6689982414245605, 0.6015041470527649, -0.06212521344423294, 0.16256026923656464, 1.0110348463058472, 0.5732311010360718, -0.11901664733886719, -0.3348022401332855, 0.5388792157173157, -0.8483446836471558, -0.2317114770412445, -0.38750430941581726, -0.055490460246801376, -0.2602153718471527, 0.4733879268169403, -0.16499757766723633, 0.27625805139541626, 0.49418386816978455, -0.36979103088378906, -0.40721985697746277, 0.32526496052742004, 0.5942679047584534, -0.2492159605026245, -0.23082076013088226, -0.26988986134529114, -0.34536656737327576, -0.06024236977100372, -0.5923996567726135, -0.7639425992965698, -0.5118224620819092, 0.5188138484954834, 0.18138521909713745, 0.22156363725662231, -0.3908308446407318, 0.08206360787153244, 0.1680150330066681, 0.46904632449150085, -0.16771015524864197, 0.10473624616861343, 0.5275617241859436, -0.13469861447811127, -0.2589852511882782, -0.4531371593475342, 0.291860431432724, -0.08402740955352783, -0.13237279653549194, -0.36789464950561523, -0.6999523639678955, -0.34245267510414124, -0.7993798851966858, -0.32163697481155396, 0.23221632838249207, 0.05890689790248871, -0.4053848385810852, -0.4492851495742798, 0.11817629635334015, 0.3096437156200409, -0.12757186591625214, -0.43238207697868347, -0.24408894777297974, -0.1856229156255722, 0.3190501034259796, -0.0777692124247551, -0.20599158108234406, -0.1646948605775833, -0.15803025662899017, -0.32602474093437195, -0.3406459093093872, 0.38840386271476746, -0.17235113680362701, -0.01945974864065647, 0.3876512944698334, 0.13923753798007965, 0.01582544483244419, -0.8050135374069214, -0.7717482447624207, -0.07166261970996857, 0.017738502472639084, 0.23473069071769714, -0.22667644917964935, 0.2706654667854309, 0.24195913970470428, 0.11498665064573288, 0.3501862585544586, 0.4148198366165161, 0.2583140730857849, 0.06855602562427521, 0.1020088866353035, -0.34578773379325867, 0.16017793118953705, -0.14245465397834778, -0.4004177749156952, -0.3915666937828064, 1.009952187538147, 0.10345226526260376, -0.4856959581375122, -0.14335595071315765, -0.2577841579914093, -0.4164772927761078, -0.2410295456647873, 0.6821531057357788, -0.39041560888290405, 0.1438816785812378, 0.1317722350358963, -0.07904249429702759, -0.07510074973106384, -0.5684443712234497, 0.13899241387844086, -0.5606020092964172, -0.47932347655296326, -0.152374267578125, -0.1284806728363037, 0.5669848322868347, 0.1305030733346939, -0.34355977177619934, 0.21829363703727722, 0.0015706465346738696, 0.23612621426582336, -0.1282341331243515, 0.17046599090099335, -0.6721499562263489, -0.40490394830703735, -0.15925641357898712, 0.43472811579704285, -0.4173189699649811, -0.34992551803588867, 0.15866103768348694, 0.017375193536281586, 0.5615665912628174, 0.07259903848171234, -0.49009600281715393, 0.1543671041727066, 0.022747300565242767, 0.39060547947883606, -0.38419419527053833, 0.2758908271789551, 0.09948983043432236, 0.23697128891944885, -0.009404595009982586, -0.34174805879592896, -0.29356902837753296, 0.6805462837219238, -0.26454752683639526, -0.12906086444854736, -0.07237108051776886, 0.01880929432809353, 0.237791508436203, -0.09769847989082336, 0.6502312421798706, -0.29289329051971436, -0.007826799526810646, -0.1622866988182068, 0.2526267468929291, 0.23768305778503418, 0.3816041648387909, 0.5434727668762207, -0.13611538708209991, -0.7146225571632385, -0.7108232975006104, -0.06770255416631699, 0.4405002295970917, -0.08191099762916565, -0.2967630922794342, -0.32028505206108093, -0.08197889477014542, 0.013766654767096043, 0.4772900342941284, -1.3038650751113892, -0.8314580321311951, -0.10959575325250626, -0.011377894319593906, 0.7430559396743774, -0.900404691696167, -0.18845021724700928, 0.14870505034923553, 0.2602750062942505, 0.05906537547707558, -0.20174755156040192, 0.3420372009277344, -0.056216560304164886, 0.09461277723312378, -0.45324471592903137, 0.16581736505031586, -0.4800587594509125, 0.19523580372333527, -0.056781038641929626, 0.18817885220050812, -0.7595651149749756, -0.3372153639793396, 0.3408384919166565, 0.22925128042697906, -0.25579777359962463, 0.784834623336792, 0.06560778617858887, -0.2575452923774719, -0.3119029998779297, 0.40790024399757385, -0.09735804051160812, -0.8221580982208252, 0.4444704055786133, -0.20727063715457916, -0.7032572031021118, -0.4556640386581421, 0.45166054368019104, 0.1879187971353531, -0.203990176320076, 0.027987811714410782, 0.6298501491546631, 0.2832861542701721, 0.312217116355896, 0.0017900030361488461, -0.23697766661643982, -0.2903515100479126, 0.020802639424800873, 0.24226796627044678, -0.29570648074150085, 0.34864184260368347, 0.4935304522514343, 0.5396559834480286, -0.8504282236099243, 0.22272193431854248, 0.15218883752822876, -0.4355620741844177, 0.10063192248344421, -0.3835114538669586, 0.24689583480358124, 0.5210952162742615, 0.06788947433233261, 0.4216301441192627, 0.15864083170890808, 0.22379863262176514, 0.03845297172665596, 0.4806595742702484, -0.045809127390384674, -0.3939719796180725, 0.44341427087783813, -0.26361939311027527, 0.5194761753082275, -0.2535753548145294, 0.14047318696975708, -0.4551059603691101, 0.1197311207652092, 0.5322211384773254, 0.15702186524868011, 0.14278176426887512, -0.09769544005393982, -0.12339431792497635, 0.17394910752773285, -0.1256774216890335, 0.72730952501297, -0.04447631910443306, -0.1409214586019516, 0.3426191806793213, 0.09221408516168594, -0.3977092504501343, -0.2155902236700058, -0.4634690284729004, -0.11985471099615097, -0.46660885214805603, -0.4521583020687103, 0.22248312830924988, -0.028519846498966217, -0.0230850949883461, 0.6128795146942139, 0.2936989367008209, -0.2643720805644989, 0.09379798918962479, -0.2005683034658432, -0.18622007966041565, 0.016955779865384102, -0.7373405694961548, -0.09737563133239746, 0.48324963450431824, 0.4707474410533905, -0.3491826057434082, -0.4889867603778839, 0.12034384906291962, 0.08998371660709381, -0.3882741630077362, -0.06399906426668167, -0.03064807504415512, -0.2907286584377289, 0.2289431244134903, -0.2231735736131668, 0.7318744659423828, 0.47121912240982056, -0.3201228976249695, 0.24799993634223938, -0.3300577700138092, -0.25359871983528137, -0.02807447500526905, 0.22443626821041107, 0.23836226761341095, -0.06803372502326965, -0.10018277168273926, -0.5721460580825806, 0.7033529281616211, 0.05360238999128342, 0.5742558836936951, 0.13398049771785736, 0.7632720470428467, -0.09336904436349869, 0.05991654098033905, 0.9914317727088928, -0.0990755558013916, 0.13806262612342834, -0.1356048434972763, -0.021671708673238754, 0.0400327667593956, 0.38360658288002014, 0.290132075548172, -0.0993134081363678, 0.10088787972927094, -0.2770894467830658, 0.7779815793037415, -0.38443106412887573, 0.5519770979881287, 0.07753027230501175, -0.4945085644721985, -0.2494582086801529, -0.40419432520866394, -0.31146806478500366, 0.23488806188106537, 0.10535816848278046, 0.0980253592133522, -0.0907059982419014, -0.7586973309516907, 0.18761298060417175, 0.42914730310440063, 0.3200313150882721, -0.08270695805549622, 0.19835564494132996, -0.2230771780014038, -0.45853859186172485, -0.599011242389679, -0.5418100357055664, 0.5681846737861633, 0.5334670543670654, -0.02078293450176716, 0.6818482875823975, -0.11586344987154007, 0.358364999294281, -0.6636005640029907, 0.167986661195755, -0.5034910440444946, 0.5903204083442688, -0.28571438789367676 ]
249326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirepoix	Mirepoix	A mirepoix ( ; ) is a flavor base made from diced vegetables cooked—usually with butter, oil, or other fat—for a long time on low heat without coloring or browning, as further cooking, often with the addition of tomato purée, creates a darkened brown mixture called . It is not sautéed or otherwise hard cooked, because the intention is to sweeten the ingredients rather than caramelize them. It is a long-standing cooking technique in French cuisine. When the mirepoix is not precooked, the constituent vegetables may be cut to a larger size, depending on the overall cooking time for the dish. Usually the vegetable mixture is onions, carrots, and celery (either common 'pascal' celery or celeriac), with the traditional ratio being 2:1:1, two parts onion, one part carrot, and one part celery. Mirepoix is the flavor base for a wide variety of Western dishes: stocks, soups, stews and sauces. Similar flavor bases include the Italian , the Spanish and Portuguese / (braised onions, garlic and tomato), as well as a variation with tomato paste instead of fresh tomato of the eastern Mediterranean/Balkan region, the German (leeks, carrots and celeriac), the Polish (leeks, carrots, celery root and parsley root), the Russian/Ukrainian or (onion, carrot and possibly celery, beets or pepper), the United States Cajun/Creole holy trinity (onions, celery and bell peppers), and possibly the French duxelles (mushrooms and often onion or shallot and herbs, reduced to a paste). History Though the cooking technique is probably older, the word mirepoix dates from the 18th century and derives, as do many other appellations in French cuisine, from the aristocratic employer of the cook credited with establishing and stabilizing it: in this case, Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699–1757), French field marshal and ambassador and a member of the noble family of Lévis, lords of Mirepoix in Languedoc (nowadays in the department of Ariège) since the 11th century. According to Pierre Larousse (quoted in The Oxford Companion to Food), the unfortunate Duke of Mirepoix was "an incompetent and mediocre individual ... who owed his vast fortune to the affection Louis XV felt toward his wife and who had but one claim to fame: he gave his name to a sauce made of all kinds of meat and a variety of seasonings". The term is not encountered regularly in French culinary texts until the 19th century, so it is difficult to know what a dish was like in 18th-century France. Antoine Beauvilliers, for instance, in 1814, gives a short recipe for a which is a buttery, wine-laced stock garnished with an aromatic mixture of carrots, onions, and a . Marie-Antoine Carême, in 1816, gives a similar recipe, calling it simply "Mire-poix". By the mid-19th century, Jules Gouffé refers to mirepoix as "a term in use for such a long time that I do not hesitate to use it here". His mirepoix is listed among essences and, indeed, is a meaty concoction (laced with two bottles of Madeira), which, like all other essences, was used to enrich many a classic sauce. By the end of the 19th century, the mirepoix had taken on its modern meaning. Joseph Favre, in his Dictionnaire universel de cuisine (, reprinted 1978), uses the term to describe a mixture of ham, carrots, onions, and herbs used as an aromatic condiment when making sauces or braising meat. The is very similar to the mirepoix, except that the is designed to be brought to the table and eaten with the dish or alone as a side dish. According to the 1938 Larousse Gastronomique, a mirepoix may be prepared (with meat) or (without meat). is sometimes called a (though strictly speaking this term more accurately merely designates the technique of dicing with a knife). A contains diced ham or pork belly as an additional ingredient. Similar combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, may include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger, according to the requirements of the regional cuisine or the instructions of the particular chef or recipe. The analogous (frequently containing parsley) is the basis for many traditional dishes in classic Italian cuisine, and the serves a similar purpose in Spanish cuisines. In Cajun and Creole cuisine, a mirepoix or (jocularly so-called) "holy trinity" is a combination of onions, celery, and bell peppers. Traditionally, the weight ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots; the ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or , parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color. International versions German means 'soup greens' in German; the Dutch equivalent is . Soup greens usually come in a bundle and consists of a leek, a carrot, and a piece of celeriac. It may also contain parsley, thyme, celery leaves, rutabaga (swede), parsley root, and onions. The mix depends on regional traditions, as well as individual recipes. The vegetables used are cold-climate roots and bulbs with long shelf lives. act as herbs and impart hearty, strong flavors to the soup or sauce, providing a foil for other strong tasting ingredients such as dried peas and beans or pot roast. Large chunks of vegetables are slow cooked to make flavorful soups and stocks, and are discarded when the vegetables have given up most of their flavor. Finely chopped are browned in fat and used as a basis for a finished sauce. The vegetables may also be cooked long enough until they fall apart, and may become part of the sauce or pureed to form the sauce. Italian In Italian cuisine, in a particular type of , onions, carrots and celery are chopped to form a , and then slowly cooked in butter or olive oil, becoming . It is used as the base for most pasta sauces, such as (ragout), but occasionally it can be used as the base of other dishes, such as sauteed vegetables. For this reason, it is a fundamental component in Italian cuisine. It may also contain garlic, shallot, or leek. According to the Italian restaurateur Benedetta Vitali, means 'underfried' and describes it as "a preparation of lightly browned minced vegetables, not a dish by itself." At one time it was called "false ragout", because was thought to vaguely recall the flavor of meat sauce. Polish is the Polish word for soup vegetables or greens. The word literally means "Italian stuff" because Queen Bona Sforza, who was Italian and married Polish King Sigismund I the Old in 1518, introduced this concept to Polish cuisine. A may consist of carrots, parsnips or parsley root, celery root or celeriac, leeks, and savoy or white cabbage leaves, and sometimes celery leaves and flat-leaf parsley. The most typical, packaged combination is celery root, parsley root, carrots, and leeks. is usually cut up to uniform size and boiled to form a flavor base for soups and stews. See also Holy trinity (cooking) References External links 'Mirepoix', entry in The Food Timeline Food ingredients French cuisine Culinary terminology	[ -0.032814301550388336, 0.10258800536394119, -0.426192969083786, 0.3377397358417511, 0.23431380093097687, 0.6118720769882202, -0.041890885680913925, 0.5645450353622437, -0.12150570750236511, -0.5516937971115112, -0.3805440664291382, 0.39392831921577454, 0.16157793998718262, 0.03149747848510742, -0.29305678606033325, 0.17237761616706848, 0.8982878923416138, 0.40713369846343994, -0.2282240390777588, -0.07525825500488281, -0.11278989166021347, -0.7411949038505554, -0.15206989645957947, 0.0749259889125824, 0.4688120484352112, 0.2611928880214691, -0.06600329279899597, 0.1801542043685913, 0.45638367533683777, -0.058337703347206116, -0.13983334600925446, 0.45541876554489136, 0.6632857322692871, -0.7645090222358704, 0.3880362808704376, 0.16887244582176208, 0.18893206119537354, 0.013287599198520184, 0.008013288490474224, -0.2882314920425415, -0.10542383044958115, -0.006099869031459093, 0.5478329658508301, 0.11521880328655243, -0.2372220754623413, -0.263568252325058, -1.2653902769088745, 1.1621912717819214, -0.8331977128982544, 0.5420696139335632, -0.020604126155376434, -0.11786165833473206, 0.2726076543331146, -0.23131439089775085, -0.16789405047893524, 0.9561729431152344, -1.2604608535766602, 0.46648499369621277, 0.3513157367706299, -0.21980376541614532, -0.6135590672492981, 0.47069495916366577, 0.24721038341522217, -0.034859851002693176, -0.22633644938468933, 0.3490617573261261, -0.24519769847393036, 0.3851247727870941, -0.6241084933280945, -0.11910337209701538, 0.4324076175689697, -0.5284413695335388, 0.03690555319190025, 0.5413364171981812, -0.1232323870062828, -0.6703809499740601, -0.523804783821106, 0.09581509977579117, 0.0024589828681200743, 0.6670476198196411, -0.5049229860305786, 0.2538636028766632, 0.5247340202331543, -0.17785102128982544, 0.42684873938560486, 0.541451632976532, -0.6279401183128357, 0.6141857504844666, -0.6687406897544861, -0.15202821791172028, -0.17536787688732147, -0.01735895499587059, 1.270418643951416, 0.18531668186187744, -0.06300746649503708, -0.266245037317276, 0.15358996391296387, 0.027018001303076744, 0.2098563015460968, 0.2633642256259918, -0.3530919849872589, 0.5143092274665833, 0.7613731622695923, -0.1293959617614746, -1.0929702520370483, 0.23367176949977875, -0.8157147765159607, -0.4058173894882202, -0.1968766301870346, -0.008199786767363548, 0.039692435413599014, 0.5485250353813171, 0.1628236472606659, 0.7819859385490417, -0.1611948013305664, 0.03798067942261696, 0.33978262543678284, 0.2779855728149414, -0.48625448346138, -0.5687363743782043, 0.055523209273815155, 0.6026008129119873, 0.30826103687286377, -0.03386184573173523, 0.08877822756767273, -0.08222045004367828, 0.07601676881313324, 0.4650692641735077, -0.17544297873973846, 0.008909624069929123, 0.41401684284210205, 0.5601665377616882, -0.19213294982910156, -0.4832523465156555, -0.4592147469520569, -0.21106894314289093, 0.10132947564125061, -0.17549662292003632, 0.8423458337783813, 0.0008298956672661006, -1.2968155145645142, -0.3345506489276886, 0.04475656524300575, 0.1532607525587082, 0.01760157011449337, -0.6519027352333069, -0.04777821898460388, -0.09724658727645874, -0.08856553584337234, -0.460399329662323, 0.35679909586906433, -0.3808525800704956, -0.197056382894516, -0.4255654215812683, 0.022625073790550232, 0.31080907583236694, -0.28659188747406006, -0.037077564746141434, 0.06611213833093643, -0.16258090734481812, 0.19252778589725494, 0.11419381946325302, 0.10137947648763657, -0.7113115191459656, 0.040939558297395706, -0.2207508087158203, 0.5022784471511841, 0.37118473649024963, -0.18066707253456116, 0.8630772233009338, -0.1125873327255249, 0.010823342949151993, 0.7381600737571716, -0.3473668694496155, 0.06881198287010193, 0.20340347290039062, 0.25576093792915344, -0.20884543657302856, 0.6835542917251587, 0.18276812136173248, -0.5821072459220886, 0.19362372159957886, 0.2735828459262848, -0.32310226559638977, -0.16678616404533386, -0.39952990412712097, 0.49382278323173523, -0.5214772820472717, 0.4517425000667572, 0.4723706543445587, -1.4600398540496826, 0.03228016570210457, -0.04591238126158714, -0.5539765954017639, 1.4540947675704956, 0.2302185446023941, -0.22174639999866486, 0.8178855180740356, 0.6221309304237366, -0.2012494057416916, -0.7193530797958374, 0.18101026117801666, 0.24609483778476715, -0.1971329003572464, -0.9358205795288086, 0.3650505840778351, -0.08705843240022659, -0.17030800879001617, 0.6721653938293457, -0.0666620284318924, 0.157159686088562, -0.29168689250946045, 0.6868273019790649, -0.39517223834991455, -0.1876896172761917, -0.031059805303812027, -0.08516999334096909, 0.4384312629699707, 0.1626506894826889, -0.18848897516727448, 0.3780484199523926, -0.5899288058280945, -0.08928237855434418, 0.3624524176120758, -0.4298379421234131, 0.5993760228157043, 0.13116277754306793, -0.16869941353797913, 0.6902367472648621, -0.023146508261561394, -0.10678989440202713, -0.6290760040283203, 0.3313879072666168, -0.27194344997406006, -0.8174008131027222, 0.11392267793416977, 0.5764341354370117, -0.03586377203464508, 0.3142220079898834, -0.487568736076355, 0.37187305092811584, 0.18600186705589294, -0.3251974582672119, -0.4563215672969818, 0.2536693513393402, -0.06500885635614395, -0.29318416118621826, 0.569966733455658, 0.34559881687164307, -0.47179174423217773, 0.2492545247077942, 0.508581280708313, 0.2015615552663803, -0.15369120240211487, 0.07449433207511902, -0.32691824436187744, 0.4333980679512024, 0.6361450552940369, 0.14293108880519867, 0.37808918952941895, -0.587920069694519, -0.21379691362380981, 0.2622200846672058, -0.142781600356102, -0.12859997153282166, -0.04077918827533722, -0.4329652488231659, -0.5267537236213684, 0.6803054809570312, 0.39575058221817017, 0.43219122290611267, -0.0869908481836319, -0.9137129187583923, -0.31263887882232666, -0.3228088617324829, -0.9526236653327942, 0.3517110347747803, -0.029317079111933708, -0.8003152012825012, -0.19426244497299194, -0.17593693733215332, 0.36052781343460083, -0.13936394453048706, -0.17232657968997955, -0.4888637661933899, -0.508201539516449, 0.2899499535560608, -0.44921770691871643, -0.40987882018089294, 0.050830941647291183, -0.2962646484375, 0.4298350214958191, -0.5427930951118469, -0.09120254963636398, 0.30513614416122437, -0.12205812335014343, 0.014345441944897175, -0.12273334711790085, 0.42584294080734253, -0.3853914737701416, 0.7863052487373352, -0.09072261303663254, 0.12799040973186493, 0.21628981828689575, -0.07358582317829132, 0.346174418926239, 0.36767974495887756, 0.2177874594926834, -5.5490264892578125, -0.22904038429260254, -0.5008174180984497, -0.023758787661790848, 0.015219728462398052, -0.0732077956199646, 0.24068507552146912, -0.47378796339035034, 0.5205652117729187, -0.04304691031575203, -0.4465048909187317, -0.32178351283073425, 0.1532742977142334, 0.5192273855209351, 0.11683999001979828, 0.29713040590286255, -0.2029227763414383, 0.005726098082959652, 0.15413779020309448, 0.2247024029493332, 0.53915935754776, 0.10784579813480377, -0.2876192331314087, 1.193755030632019, -0.43652504682540894, 0.13709722459316254, -0.30667218565940857, 0.04372716695070267, -0.6860992908477783, -0.12610335648059845, -0.17789240181446075, -0.2237507551908493, 0.8426051139831543, -0.7519272565841675, -0.15137027204036713, -0.15778848528862, -0.33698973059654236, -0.14193953573703766, -0.055597539991140366, -0.05468021705746651, -0.11827315390110016, 0.613336980342865, 0.4905829131603241, -0.6734352111816406, 0.7115132808685303, -0.4815692603588104, -0.2197263389825821, -0.5566132664680481, 0.08126664161682129, 0.7316350340843201, 0.4391845762729645, -0.04741397872567177, 0.01087614893913269, 0.3204190135002136, -0.21123524010181427, 0.3250555396080017, 0.8162925243377686, 0.20408295094966888, -0.3986286520957947, -0.3369847238063812, 0.5664608478546143, -0.20379739999771118, -0.28162819147109985, -0.051640115678310394, 0.10022300481796265, -0.20675240457057953, 0.002245359355583787, 0.2732142508029938, 0.16623333096504211, 0.3559778928756714, -0.27999410033226013, 0.3077734410762787, -0.012415713630616665, -0.9024062156677246, 0.18601414561271667, 0.056089017540216446, -0.9662521481513977, -0.04109036922454834, 0.06818157434463501, 0.6400740146636963, -0.24232853949069977, -0.12838627398014069, -0.08995005488395691, 0.3303428292274475, 0.1250362992286682, -0.2969522774219513, -0.544442892074585, 0.018070222809910774, -0.9266470670700073, 0.16821463406085968, 0.9798977971076965, -0.259904146194458, 0.42708757519721985, -0.1267688125371933, 0.2638474702835083, 0.4691603481769562, 0.20973411202430725, 0.613355278968811, 0.32514917850494385, -0.20984217524528503, 0.011343282647430897, -0.09995415061712265, 0.6673814654350281, -0.025839434936642647, 0.11064339429140091, -0.06083328649401665, -0.26929837465286255, 0.5836188197135925, 0.799689531326294, 0.2671331465244293, -0.11945141851902008, 0.30673694610595703, -0.5094367265701294, -0.3965132236480713, 0.6316202282905579, 0.1304221749305725, 0.0955161526799202, 0.03148724138736725, 0.6075196862220764, -0.054217077791690826, -0.15814152359962463, 0.26397785544395447, -0.2887396812438965, 0.12820789217948914, 0.18833069503307343, -0.9282718896865845, 0.34661421179771423, -0.267916202545166, 0.4910924732685089, 0.28944268822669983, -0.11517076194286346, -0.0727744773030281, 0.0033958670683205128, -0.11343026161193848, 0.27531009912490845, -0.3579227030277252, 0.06063419207930565, -0.2850402295589447, -0.6025689840316772, -0.927294909954071, -0.1352047175168991, -0.24877630174160004, 0.11502963304519653, 0.2099914252758026, -0.051887113600969315, 0.8361239433288574, -0.2967897951602936, -0.1442110687494278, -0.2738316059112549, 0.7690514326095581, 0.1557893604040146, 0.6298962831497192, 0.059983305633068085, -0.15157343447208405, -0.26085588335990906, -0.4791361391544342, 0.45827344059944153, 0.41103193163871765, 0.5650135278701782, -0.2305469512939453, 0.2664990723133087, -0.5385875105857849, -0.9674371480941772, 0.032042745500802994, -0.44951269030570984, -0.3031141757965088, -0.18267469108104706, -0.6690101027488708, -0.5680128335952759, 0.6113417148590088, -0.6084586977958679, -0.25008395314216614, -0.5981316566467285, 0.012736504897475243, 0.3112795352935791, -0.4452283978462219, 0.4351145327091217, -0.05275248736143112, -0.34532609581947327, -0.07807853817939758, -0.08622841536998749, -0.6239618062973022, 0.4891989827156067, 0.6586103439331055, 0.4730333983898163, -0.6144570708274841, -0.06867697834968567, -0.15902048349380493, -0.4821036159992218, -0.17658929526805878, -0.6111206412315369, 0.10585150867700577, -0.12180408835411072, 0.15865571796894073, -0.4731140732765198, 0.05906625837087631, -0.5233111381530762, 0.5869619846343994, 0.20567677915096283, -0.7013307213783264, -0.1887686401605606, -0.023606223985552788, -0.5839870572090149, 0.4534544348716736, 0.5420928597450256, -0.3969082832336426, 0.23469680547714233, -0.03003930300474167, -0.06872044503688812, -0.008218955248594284, -0.4191895127296448, -0.7746901512145996, 0.5023740530014038, 0.23994648456573486, -0.19469276070594788, 0.5735430121421814, -0.013391636312007904, -0.13887570798397064, -0.04933726787567139, -0.35226327180862427, -0.1604660451412201, -0.41797029972076416, -0.06126104295253754, 0.017184486612677574, -0.3957744836807251, 0.6489781141281128, 0.2619748115539551, -0.40282556414604187, 0.5139979124069214, -0.05633673071861267, 0.5237277746200562, -0.2876240015029907, 0.019227998331189156, 0.19912594556808472, 0.11103136092424393, 0.15811976790428162, -0.21200516819953918, 0.34909120202064514, 0.29927265644073486, 0.3817375898361206, 0.6322346329689026, 0.3670305907726288, -0.07457605004310608, 0.37787508964538574, -0.6151478290557861, 0.2817261517047882, 0.42274507880210876, -0.44314485788345337, -0.4970887303352356, 0.03968247026205063, -0.061105918139219284, -0.3669545650482178, -0.326764315366745, -0.8431820869445801, 0.5954795479774475, -0.3745069205760956, 0.30100736021995544, 0.13767871260643005, -0.2818121612071991, 0.4437055289745331, -0.1423667073249817, 0.49150964617729187, 0.23871704936027527, 0.5202219486236572, 0.39343419671058655, -0.4752741754055023, -0.3047419786453247, -0.32458218932151794, 0.48121362924575806, -0.17095863819122314, 0.5712117552757263, 0.04039188474416733, 0.4840954542160034, 0.8399605751037598, -0.027044372633099556, 0.3929213583469391, -0.005190271884202957, -0.8810964226722717, 0.26645874977111816, -0.5742477774620056, -0.640296459197998, 0.05667586997151375, 0.09951362013816833, 0.17656783759593964, 0.29141348600387573, -0.5214234590530396, -0.12945683300495148, -0.02600024826824665, -0.6232122778892517, 0.35590511560440063, -0.25325852632522583, 0.29291820526123047, -0.0678546205163002, -0.1943657249212265, 0.3185442090034485, 0.4266684651374817, -0.1562497764825821, 0.24423711001873016, -0.20144802331924438, 0.15331748127937317, -1.1707133054733276, 0.48022958636283875, 0.2808971107006073, -1.0410476922988892, -0.09966714680194855, 0.26899635791778564, 0.3111778795719147, -0.07908903062343597, -0.5782527327537537, -0.037028778344392776, 0.4959295988082886, -0.28521543741226196, -0.17686210572719574, 0.18017855286598206, 0.3177500069141388, 0.49834415316581726, -0.18261432647705078, -0.8826548457145691, -0.10320558398962021, 1.228945016860962, 0.8006782531738281, -0.3796122074127197, -0.09735170751810074, 0.09671282023191452, -0.11472752690315247, 0.4138491749763489, -0.45347899198532104, -0.6356832981109619, -0.2859901487827301, 0.33579933643341064, 0.4006997048854828, 0.31488919258117676, -0.7662833333015442, 0.38265460729599, -0.34206247329711914, -0.7018694281578064, -0.055446524173021317, -0.7331994771957397, -0.3457682132720947, 0.7857154011726379, 0.8141571879386902, 0.6424049735069275, -0.5522466897964478, -0.22645002603530884, -0.1022222638130188, 0.44016531109809875, 0.027991244569420815, 0.05432364344596863, 0.0016292136861011386, 0.22000004351139069, 0.1612197458744049, -0.09356328845024109, 0.3285197913646698, -0.0006614064914174378, 0.38598018884658813, -0.0033537752460688353, -0.3015200197696686, -0.5076637864112854, -0.11973883956670761, 0.43292516469955444, -0.24337752163410187, 0.06496427208185196, 0.24767820537090302, 0.1279246211051941, -0.3312937915325165, 0.23336444795131683, -0.39356887340545654, -0.5080854296684265, -0.26705947518348694, 0.5578073859214783, -0.05041724815964699, 0.03454246371984482, -0.21112729609012604, 0.11502254754304886, -0.047102589160203934, 0.010325177572667599, 0.22605371475219727, 0.6329975128173828, -0.3043646812438965, 0.00939739216119051, -0.6171823740005493, -0.33165860176086426, -0.4810187816619873, 0.0061493730172514915, -0.3058522045612335, -0.042032696306705475, -0.3218952715396881, 0.3275851905345917, -0.2642597556114197, 0.37532326579093933, -0.20654910802841187, -0.6197855472564697, 0.10457612574100494, -0.22777990996837616, 0.19888487458229065, 0.1709737479686737, -0.25512152910232544, 0.6232061386108398, 0.3011162281036377, 0.01684724912047386, 0.07636954635381699, 0.12909279763698578, 0.05560993403196335, 0.3115028142929077, -0.505341112613678, 0.08571875095367432, -0.3157448470592499, 0.0031151275616139174, -0.949028491973877, 0.2286454439163208, 0.40784087777137756, -0.42828816175460815, 0.08997160196304321, 0.19528909027576447, -0.07812397181987762, -0.14071142673492432, 0.19266511499881744, -0.23359724879264832, 0.5568707585334778, -1.0887401103973389, 0.42924749851226807, -0.12232349812984467, 0.2678658068180084, 0.5292860865592957, -0.36520275473594666, -0.19350415468215942, -0.04410715028643608, 0.21272504329681396, -0.2636064291000366, 0.23298494517803192, 0.03345184028148651, 1.0089114904403687, -0.11425185948610306, 0.2827678620815277, -0.7016726732254028, -0.6791825890541077, 0.6091974377632141, 0.1160992980003357, -0.33743610978126526, -0.24790321290493011, -0.1635248214006424, -0.08642953634262085, -0.3781122863292694, 0.09993072599172592, -0.4464147984981537, 0.27583441138267517, 0.4140419661998749, -0.23953047394752502, -0.854364275932312, 0.1672520637512207, 0.03332830220460892, -0.5223439931869507, 0.21336965262889862, 0.4176758825778961, -0.29665935039520264, -0.035140637308359146, 0.23812426626682281, -0.3855626881122589, 0.011667405255138874, 0.2579159438610077 ]
249328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alal	Alal	In Mesopotamian myths, the alal was a kind of demon that, to tempt men, came out of the Underworld and took various forms, temptations that the inhabitants of Babylonia were able to reject by means of amulets. The Chaldean-Assyrian art represents these spirits in the form of horrible monsters, as in the bas-reliefs of the Palace of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (now Iraq), today in the British Museum) and in small bronzes and clay tablets cooked in the shape of a cylinder, cone, or stamp. Generally these demons are seen as theriocephalou, with a human body and the head of a lion with open jaws, the ears of a dog and mane of a horse. The feet are frequently replaced by bird claws of prey. The goddess to which the alal obeyed was called Alat, and was the wife of Nergal, god of war, and sister of Astarte. References See also Pazuzu Lamashtu Mesopotamian mythology Demons	[ -0.13829807937145233, 0.43890607357025146, -0.4041656255722046, -0.3789900839328766, -0.5477665662765503, 1.0426081418991089, 0.23189431428909302, 0.5478563904762268, 0.038394369184970856, 0.0469202846288681, -0.27672073245048523, 0.22460462152957916, -0.3323400020599365, 0.7650927901268005, -0.010568080469965935, 0.06395000964403152, 0.1849425882101059, 0.5307159423828125, -0.2193387746810913, -0.2211618572473526, -0.17197184264659882, -0.4239743947982788, 0.21120034158229828, 0.05312506482005119, 0.38340651988983154, -0.13645218312740326, 0.3792867362499237, 0.32771435379981995, -0.3712354898452759, -0.040895555168390274, -0.04646662250161171, 0.6448185443878174, -0.12072228640317917, -0.8503118753433228, -0.545526385307312, -0.14556065201759338, -0.2855381667613983, -0.4636668562889099, -0.41370588541030884, 0.07042107731103897, -0.14932332932949066, 0.1355706751346588, 0.11998843401670456, 0.8592261672019958, -0.8202290534973145, -0.3356970250606537, -1.8053908348083496, 0.28768324851989746, -0.9945945143699646, 0.1373123824596405, -0.3693275451660156, 0.06197921559214592, -0.41279134154319763, -0.21055884659290314, 0.43228304386138916, 0.5190544724464417, -0.553939700126648, 0.14258523285388947, 0.3011457026004791, -0.2966051399707794, 0.990130603313446, 0.11252906173467636, 0.7871037125587463, 0.15113593637943268, -0.07532856613397598, 0.665327250957489, -0.07333460450172424, 0.3006916046142578, -0.6093352437019348, -0.42636772990226746, 0.07201904058456421, 0.2081489861011505, -0.8050843477249146, 0.001733082695864141, -0.6157841682434082, -0.28538793325424194, -0.21237610280513763, -0.3789076507091522, 0.2654282748699188, 0.49916815757751465, -0.1458047330379486, 0.435051292181015, 1.3187168836593628, 0.3406039774417877, 0.09892206639051437, -0.049744557589292526, -0.35972461104393005, 0.7857377529144287, -0.18265844881534576, -0.10953717678785324, 0.04403756931424141, -0.3320854604244232, 0.2395152896642685, 0.5174566507339478, -0.3517816662788391, -0.12573423981666565, 0.3109186291694641, -0.19427765905857086, -0.46539369225502014, -0.3896141052246094, -0.00921265222132206, 0.1406257152557373, -0.20029905438423157, -0.7807539105415344, -0.4206118583679199, 0.3627414107322693, 0.2805092930793762, -0.10815204679965973, -0.4410986006259918, 0.01440517883747816, -0.8968608975410461, 0.8536881804466248, 0.09884298592805862, 0.28863292932510376, 0.16069751977920532, 0.05725725367665291, -0.4030165672302246, -0.2657926082611084, -0.4093839228153229, 0.37058985233306885, 0.35993537306785583, 0.28039589524269104, 0.4837777018547058, 0.20331348478794098, 0.15910221636295319, -0.1150679662823677, -0.12177982181310654, 0.5639376640319824, -0.720729649066925, 0.20703840255737305, 0.9628750085830688, 0.372406005859375, 0.06109932065010071, -0.09615151584148407, -0.3366177976131439, -0.5039094686508179, -0.2302549034357071, -0.0004938223864883184, 0.907849907875061, -0.021116793155670166, -1.5463531017303467, -0.2829248905181885, -0.9537711143493652, 0.2474656105041504, -0.006398660130798817, -0.12838220596313477, 0.3407582640647888, 0.00011254297714913264, -0.4274699091911316, -0.16717512905597687, 0.13467885553836823, -0.08163479715585709, 0.10343585163354874, -0.19961732625961304, 0.23232205212116241, 0.19798053801059723, 0.028278367593884468, 0.23890180885791779, 0.18776275217533112, -0.1505516767501831, -0.2562359571456909, 0.42555737495422363, -0.2594159245491028, -0.009787175804376602, 0.2676597237586975, -0.29532718658447266, 0.17117519676685333, -0.06282489001750946, 0.3981076776981354, 0.36891573667526245, -0.5769132375717163, -0.12607446312904358, 0.4006396532058716, 0.32263562083244324, -0.32535088062286377, -0.3656434118747711, 0.7521400451660156, -0.6237877011299133, 0.11780335009098053, 0.1846534013748169, -0.9724879860877991, 0.27050966024398804, -0.06553184241056442, -0.11598245799541473, -0.113301582634449, 0.12235197424888611, -0.2080041617155075, 0.10265272110700607, -0.33405497670173645, -0.5150784254074097, -0.433901309967041, -0.526107132434845, -0.05331728979945183, 0.40149855613708496, 0.6017696261405945, -0.5923506617546082, -0.8199881911277771, 0.9322860240936279, -0.0032658434938639402, 0.6704899072647095, -0.03955940529704094, -0.32016563415527344, 0.534296989440918, -0.20988374948501587, -0.7138693928718567, 0.20544035732746124, -0.45252537727355957, 0.6530646085739136, 0.10585633665323257, 0.4464521110057831, 0.4309312105178833, -0.6287268996238708, 0.11307556182146072, -0.4374141991138458, 0.049892790615558624, 0.2749268412590027, -0.32307544350624084, 0.34716659784317017, 0.13111981749534607, -0.03820187225937843, 0.4229881167411804, -0.5070528984069824, -0.3535322844982147, -0.11024121940135956, 0.010939279571175575, 0.5579783320426941, -0.05534428358078003, -0.19988998770713806, 0.006291405763477087, -0.6112668514251709, 0.09945148974657059, 0.3750550448894501, 0.06266362965106964, -0.5422506928443909, -0.7807825207710266, -0.14814114570617676, 0.10126665234565735, -0.4303678572177887, 0.49612435698509216, -0.24903279542922974, 0.025553910061717033, -0.22647273540496826, -0.2112560272216797, 0.1176033765077591, 0.32600194215774536, -0.31391456723213196, -0.1805531531572342, -0.2856581509113312, 0.15393221378326416, 0.25133776664733887, -0.286015123128891, 0.19194723665714264, 0.019096173346042633, -0.00922826025635004, 0.4212018549442291, -0.2933415174484253, -0.4516938030719757, -0.07998602092266083, 1.1855744123458862, 0.17414067685604095, -0.30847010016441345, 0.6938114166259766, -0.214862659573555, -0.6783329844474792, 0.41235536336898804, -0.5415462255477905, 0.10672486573457718, 0.024726416915655136, 0.4153064489364624, 0.572967529296875, 0.6047512888908386, 0.10410081595182419, -0.21084345877170563, -0.12055273354053497, -0.42531171441078186, -0.79067462682724, 0.6955090165138245, -0.37146300077438354, -0.27461445331573486, -0.48135268688201904, 0.2303643524646759, 0.3872208297252655, 0.3131313621997833, -0.4284050166606903, 0.039700962603092194, -0.40537789463996887, 0.08139345794916153, -0.3609292507171631, 0.47403377294540405, 0.015368854627013206, -0.07060589641332626, 0.6046933531761169, -0.4591120779514313, 0.18416514992713928, 0.06857880204916, 0.12306332588195801, -0.08762967586517334, 0.45204684138298035, 0.19315239787101746, -0.6336370706558228, -0.12573061883449554, 0.276424765586853, -0.7999143004417419, 0.07043568789958954, 0.047276247292757034, 0.43659842014312744, -0.11547211557626724, 0.5207594633102417, -5.609065055847168, 0.21168313920497894, -0.17924858629703522, -0.09624258428812027, -0.0218051727861166, 0.5257821679115295, 0.46673062443733215, 0.31777310371398926, 0.26169392466545105, -0.24055425822734833, -0.16929665207862854, -0.2979715168476105, -0.07380133122205734, 0.29696592688560486, 0.25694867968559265, 0.2569390535354614, -0.050188980996608734, -0.1722598373889923, -0.31770285964012146, 0.00214870972558856, -0.31498080492019653, 0.009725344367325306, -0.8135940432548523, 0.9799339771270752, -0.46183153986930847, -0.10102757066488266, 0.13873803615570068, -0.03744739294052124, -0.3060210645198822, -0.2144356667995453, -0.14974914491176605, -0.3394804000854492, 0.045112576335668564, -0.13338354229927063, -0.08782432973384857, 0.06642577797174454, 0.9326479434967041, -0.49212685227394104, 0.3801046907901764, -0.12846285104751587, -0.6586052775382996, -0.3631269633769989, 0.28371474146842957, 0.09680529683828354, 0.5226570963859558, -0.3532397449016571, -0.5120840072631836, -0.13882677257061005, -0.37501204013824463, 0.000567882671020925, 0.10634098201990128, -0.37302365899086, -0.29598185420036316, 0.2287416011095047, 0.12353955954313278, 0.3842695355415344, -0.3634273111820221, -0.011588380672037601, -0.39203277230262756, 0.10012420266866684, 0.5835513472557068, -0.10002733767032623, 0.0538330152630806, -0.342759907245636, 0.326355516910553, 0.5397984385490417, 0.0006458520074374974, -0.517441987991333, 0.354933500289917, 0.32595232129096985, 0.1255391389131546, 0.16910094022750854, -0.4885622560977936, -0.7930291891098022, 0.13129763305187225, 0.00850862730294466, -0.2977560758590698, 0.2475379854440689, -0.059396591037511826, -0.16753306984901428, -0.3888201415538788, -0.6593332290649414, 0.15237843990325928, 0.22198434174060822, 0.11111626029014587, -0.8313372731208801, 0.19456113874912262, -0.33880311250686646, -0.45722049474716187, 0.20499035716056824, 1.0069729089736938, -0.12168537825345993, -0.02954362891614437, 0.6074499487876892, 0.07214635610580444, 0.4863322377204895, -0.12161998450756073, 0.0951625183224678, 0.9054941534996033, 0.5005362629890442, 0.11887426674365997, 0.24135003983974457, 0.2950780391693115, 0.4524476230144501, 0.13441720604896545, 0.1076308861374855, -0.37483522295951843, 0.04690629988908768, 0.7453480958938599, -0.8921018838882446, 0.1532307267189026, 0.2805973291397095, 0.21309134364128113, 0.2406175285577774, 0.8855774402618408, 0.5012098550796509, 0.7010604739189148, 1.2757290601730347, 0.6383175253868103, -0.035358283668756485, -0.41460955142974854, 0.3854247033596039, -0.11077981442213058, -0.6106952428817749, 0.6810980439186096, -0.21102268993854523, 0.5513457655906677, 0.32781147956848145, -0.14939406514167786, 0.2734249532222748, 0.5129112601280212, -0.2638695538043976, 0.10958456248044968, -0.47800856828689575, -0.13250011205673218, -0.005771276541054249, -0.6190573573112488, -0.9167149066925049, -0.3327767252922058, -0.3158656656742096, -0.01809353567659855, -0.40994125604629517, -0.012348666787147522, 0.1768559366464615, 0.911477267742157, -0.3636786639690399, 0.30345818400382996, -0.2662639021873474, -0.2262028008699417, -0.005663642659783363, -0.3063603639602661, 0.23210178315639496, 0.8875505924224854, -0.3970954716205597, -0.5762842893600464, 0.36079758405685425, 0.20545214414596558, 0.055322252213954926, -0.6668921709060669, -0.335785835981369, -0.2297830432653427, -0.6972131729125977, -0.590682327747345, 0.2284337431192398, -0.19325971603393555, -0.022130364552140236, -0.4547819197177887, -0.35089200735092163, 0.44543778896331787, 0.33686333894729614, 0.21593454480171204, -0.20847097039222717, -0.3968416154384613, 0.1787358671426773, 0.006358544807881117, -0.05679083615541458, -0.5110452771186829, -0.13581165671348572, -0.7496669292449951, -0.26152679324150085, -0.3130931258201599, 0.03962774574756622, -0.2639012336730957, -0.2482278048992157, 0.863171398639679, 0.02052292600274086, -0.7691746354103088, 0.06599653512239456, -0.8445102572441101, 0.02131536416709423, -0.27223461866378784, -0.18571649491786957, -0.020643293857574463, 0.48100897669792175, -0.604867696762085, 0.122508704662323, -0.15040837228298187, -0.031671006232500076, 0.25484499335289, -0.5169174075126648, 0.12956835329532623, 0.24304145574569702, -0.24199463427066803, -0.03903360292315483, -0.3871903121471405, -1.1075063943862915, 0.7587239742279053, -0.0623897910118103, -0.46009671688079834, 0.21240927278995514, -0.07702524960041046, 0.08886198699474335, -0.23290519416332245, 0.4734930396080017, -0.09595087170600891, -0.006925697438418865, -0.09736214578151703, 0.09298507869243622, -0.05426696687936783, -0.5420396327972412, 0.44776201248168945, -0.37828147411346436, 0.12116289138793945, 0.16063453257083893, -0.7782701253890991, -0.10163871198892593, 0.14558045566082, -0.6800273060798645, 0.5939684510231018, 0.4404972195625305, 0.7012277245521545, 1.0118110179901123, -0.27234816551208496, 0.4952546954154968, 0.20499227941036224, -0.13467073440551758, 0.5905630588531494, -0.11141147464513779, 0.17320851981639862, 0.5191650986671448, 0.16859014332294464, -0.06187405064702034, -0.16637162864208221, 0.3847028613090515, 0.4904692471027374, 0.8118771910667419, -0.7271702289581299, -0.6877606511116028, -0.6856282353401184, -0.10511516779661179, 0.45864084362983704, -0.0880841314792633, 0.16880708932876587, -0.3463904559612274, 0.692151665687561, 0.029752535745501518, 0.23951397836208344, 0.08941122144460678, -0.11415658891201019, 0.24840372800827026, -0.04899720847606659, -0.06017784774303436, -0.15999944508075714, 0.486423134803772, -0.16990366578102112, 0.15996092557907104, -0.6729835271835327, -0.10979622602462769, 0.4974156320095062, -0.35781580209732056, 0.21930742263793945, -0.19698576629161835, 0.6538437008857727, 0.3718388080596924, -0.15068084001541138, -0.2998378276824951, -0.4087514579296112, -0.9066621661186218, 0.19297689199447632, -0.5008571147918701, -0.8015477061271667, 0.12041596323251724, 0.36519354581832886, 0.68989497423172, 0.31604525446891785, -0.5763497948646545, -0.015465239062905312, 0.2106291502714157, 0.2083148956298828, -0.6021447777748108, -0.12625853717327118, 0.8516786694526672, 0.1777055263519287, 0.28004908561706543, -0.18908743560314178, 0.7013267278671265, 0.23563523590564728, 0.07134401798248291, 0.3595588207244873, -0.5211571455001831, -0.8844510316848755, -0.2302800565958023, 0.3409343659877777, 0.16449816524982452, -0.0868188738822937, 0.3425556421279907, 0.45668914914131165, 0.2817370891571045, -0.36519649624824524, 0.11672485619783401, 0.29426100850105286, 0.16290464997291565, -0.21504661440849304, 0.7533926367759705, -0.5546460747718811, -0.032278019934892654, -0.033880967646837234, -0.29109224677085876, 0.2835172414779663, 0.4942941665649414, 0.24205337464809418, 0.267486035823822, 0.4681602716445923, 0.2884703576564789, 0.2410845160484314, 0.1530124694108963, 0.23961010575294495, 0.7052345871925354, 0.3286709487438202, 0.4268011748790741, 0.2696450352668762, -0.3292894661426544, -0.0013878123136237264, 0.26467254757881165, 0.27576056122779846, -0.45200055837631226, -0.42532455921173096, -0.728403627872467, -0.07351960241794586, 0.7023976445198059, 0.32856711745262146, 0.586395263671875, -0.20347245037555695, -0.29208463430404663, 0.03492332622408867, 0.9461007714271545, -0.07141929864883423, 0.3028421103954315, 0.46748536825180054, 0.31855010986328125, -0.22968412935733795, -0.08737252652645111, 0.22595664858818054, -0.6498798727989197, 0.20854568481445312, 0.1524214744567871, 0.3084145486354828, 0.16985055804252625, -0.44207441806793213, 0.3673979341983795, -0.3033509850502014, 0.40260034799575806, 0.6182834506034851, 0.3033183217048645, -0.529973030090332, 0.3031594753265381, -0.5527889728546143, -0.8016806244850159, -0.24738042056560516, -0.22386883199214935, 0.5018418431282043, -0.16646365821361542, -0.4490356147289276, 0.5445160865783691, 0.3847467303276062, 0.4907227158546448, 0.9283548593521118, -0.10546518862247467, -0.04052942246198654, 0.05579786002635956, 0.08390022814273834, -0.47413167357444763, 0.4443930983543396, -0.30852165818214417, -0.09172055870294571, -0.3291168510913849, -0.17488762736320496, -0.04998079687356949, -0.31854936480522156, 0.1589535027742386, 0.03077121637761593, 0.49634402990341187, 0.7023365497589111, 0.17004479467868805, 0.21601241827011108, -0.01964838244020939, -0.13570313155651093, 0.2735629081726074, -0.5129959583282471, -0.1254376918077469, -0.10383307188749313, 0.41437211632728577, 0.13059265911579132, 0.05295947566628456, -0.25951921939849854, 0.2712048590183258, -0.3530864715576172, -0.5261303186416626, -0.35824114084243774, 0.3630879819393158, 0.14527596533298492, -0.27856001257896423, 0.3936387598514557, -0.00011298143363092095, 0.44391757249832153, -0.8483896851539612, 0.12159313261508942, 0.16864557564258575, -0.1684120148420334, -0.27391156554222107, 0.15896250307559967, -0.10240334272384644, -0.6577714681625366, 0.43066102266311646, -0.1881001889705658, 0.11782581359148026, 0.2502633035182953, -0.2779831886291504, -0.49311819672584534, 0.3056582510471344, 0.026956599205732346, -0.5876935720443726, -0.7610072493553162, -0.5008141398429871, 0.01938726380467415, -0.1193409115076065, 0.23574072122573853, 0.5761823058128357, 0.5535112619400024, -0.3764383792877197, -0.16651102900505066, -0.6489562392234802, -0.11170502752065659, -0.38961949944496155, -0.04852689057588577, 0.0841856375336647, -0.20945514738559723, -0.4050042927265167, -0.3545686900615692, 0.6115293502807617, 0.1768641173839569, -0.3127143085002899, 0.09079892188310623, 0.4449180066585541, -0.3650599420070648, 0.13276080787181854, 0.20679828524589539, -0.49469295144081116, -0.19621281325817108, -0.13714109361171722 ]
249329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Doby	Larry Doby	Lawrence Eugene Doby (December 13, 1923 – June 18, 2003) was an American professional baseball player in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball (MLB) who was the second black player to break baseball's color barrier and the first black player in the American League. A native of Camden, South Carolina and three-sport all-state athlete while in high school in Paterson, New Jersey, Doby accepted a basketball scholarship from Long Island University. At 17 years of age, he began his professional baseball career with the Newark Eagles as the team's second baseman. Doby joined the United States Navy during World War II. His military service complete, Doby returned to baseball in 1946, and along with teammate Monte Irvin, helped the Eagles win the Negro League World Series. In July 1947—three months after Jackie Robinson made history with the Brooklyn Dodgers—Doby broke the MLB color barrier in the American League when he signed a contract to play with Bill Veeck's Cleveland Indians. Doby was the first player to go directly to the majors from the Negro leagues. A seven-time All-Star center fielder, Doby and teammate Satchel Paige were the first African-American players to win a World Series championship when the Indians took the crown in 1948. He helped the Indians win a Major League Baseball record 111 games and the AL pennant in 1954, finished second in the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award voting and was the AL's RBI leader and home run champion. He went on to play for the Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, and Chunichi Dragons before his retirement as a player in 1962. Doby later served as the second black manager in the majors with the Chicago White Sox, and in 1995 was appointed to a position in the AL's executive office. He also served as a director with the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998 by the Hall's Veterans Committee and died in 2003 at the age of 79. Early life Doby was born in Camden, South Carolina, to David Doby and Etta Brooks. Doby's father served in World War I. He worked as a horse groomer and played semi-pro baseball, but drowned in an accident at age 37 in New York state. Doby's mother, who had divorced David before his death, moved to Paterson, New Jersey; Doby remained in Camden. He lived with his grandmother before moving to live with his father's sister and brother-in-law from 1934 to 1938. He attended Jackson School, which was segregated under South Carolina state law. His first opportunity to play organized baseball came as a student at Boylan-Haven-Mather Academy, a private school affiliated with the Methodist church. Richard Dubose, who had managed Doby's father and was known locally in African-American circles for his baseball expertise, gave Doby some of his first baseball lessons. Reflecting on his years growing up in South Carolina, including how he and playmates used worn down broom handles for bats, Doby said, "Growing up in Camden, we didn't have baseball bats. We'd use a tree here, a tin can there, for bases." After completing eighth grade, Doby moved north to Paterson at the age of 14 to be reunited with his mother; she visited him weekly while he lived with one of her friends. At Paterson Eastside High School, Doby was a multi-sport athlete; as well as playing baseball and basketball, he was a wide receiver in football and lettered in track. After winning a state football championship, the Eastside team was invited to play in Florida, but the promoters would not allow Doby, the only black player on the team, to participate. Consequently, the team voted to forgo the trip as a gesture of support for Doby. During summer vacation Doby played baseball with a black semi-pro team, the Smart Sets, where he played with future Hall of Fame shortstop Monte Irvin. He also had a brief stint with the Harlem Renaissance, a professional basketball team, as an unpaid substitute player. Upon completing high school, he accepted an athletic scholarship to play basketball at Long Island University Brooklyn (LIU). Doby had been dating Eastside classmate Helyn Curvy since his sophomore year and, according to Doby, being able to remain close to Paterson was the "main reason" he selected LIU. In the summer before he enrolled at LIU, Doby accepted an offer to play for the Newark Eagles of the Negro National League (NNL) for the remainder of the 1942 season, and he transferred to Virginia Union University as a result. Negro leagues and World War II Negro league umpire Henry Moore advised Newark Eagles' owners Abe and Effa Manley to give Doby a tryout at Hinchliffe Stadium in Paterson, which was successful; Doby joined the Eagles in 1942 at the age of 17 for $300. The contract stated Doby would play until September when he would start classes at college; to protect his amateur status he signed using the alias "Larry Walker" and local reporters were told he originated from Los Angeles, California. On May 31, Doby appeared in his first professional game when the Eagles played against the New York Cubans at Yankee Stadium. In the 26 games where box scores have been found, Doby's batting average was .391. Doby recalled a game against catcher Josh Gibson and pitcher Ray Brown of the Homestead Grays: My first time up, Josh said, 'We're going to find out if you can hit a fastball.' I singled. Next time up, Josh said, 'We're going to find out if you can hit a curveball.' I singled. Third time up, Josh said, 'We're going to find out how you do after you're knocked down.' I popped up the first time after they knocked me down. The second time, I singled. Doby's career in Newark was interrupted for two years for service in the United States Navy. Doby spent 1943 and part of 1944 at Camp Robert Smalls at the Great Lakes Naval Training School near Chicago. He appeared on an all-black baseball squad and maintained a .342 batting average against teams composed of white players, some of which featured major leaguers. He then went to Treasure Island Naval Base in San Francisco Bay, California. Before serving in the Pacific Theater of World War II, Doby spent time at Navy sites in Ogden, Utah and San Diego, California. He was stationed on Ulithi in the Pacific Ocean in 1945. Doby heard of Jackie Robinson's minor league contract deal with the Montreal Royals of the International League from his base on Ulithi listening to Armed Forces Radio, and as a result Doby saw real hope in becoming a Major League baseball player. While in Hawaii, Doby met fellow Navy man and future teammate Mickey Vernon. Vernon, then with the Washington Senators, was so impressed with Doby's skills he wrote to Senators owner Clark Griffith, encouraging Griffith to sign Doby should the MLB ever allow integration. During his time in the Navy, Doby was described by his colleagues as quiet. Doby was discharged from the Navy in January 1946. In the summer of that year, Doby and Helyn Curvy were married. After playing for the San Juan Senators in Puerto Rico, Doby rejoined the Eagles in 1946. He made the All-Star roster, batted .360 (fourth in the NNL), hit five home runs (fifth) and led the NNL in triples (six). Manager Biz Mackey led the Eagles, including Doby, Monte Irvin and Johnny Davis, to the Negro World Series championship over Satchel Paige and the Kansas City Monarchs in seven games to conclude the 1946 season. For the Series, Doby hit .372 with one home run, five RBIs, and three stolen bases. Many in the Negro leagues believed Doby or Irvin would be first to break the MLB color barrier, not Robinson. On considering a career in the MLB, Doby said, "I never dreamed that far ahead. Growing up in a segregated society, you couldn't have thought that that was the way it was going to be. There was no bright spot as far as looking at baseball until Mr. Robinson got the opportunity to play in Montreal in '46." Major League Baseball career Integration of American League (1947) Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck proposed integrating baseball in 1942, which had been informally segregated since the turn of the century, but this was rejected by Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Veeck had begun the process of finding a young, talented player from the Negro leagues, and told a reporter in Cleveland that he would integrate the Indians' roster if he could find a black player with the necessary talent level who could withstand the taunts and pressure of being the first black athlete in the AL. The reporter suggested Doby, whom Veeck had seen at the Great Lakes Naval Training School. Doby's name was also mentioned when Veeck talked with reporters who covered the Negro leagues. Indians scout Bill Killefer rated Doby favorably and perhaps just as important for Veeck, reported Doby's off-field behavior was not a concern. The Dodgers rated Doby their top young Negro league prospect. But unlike the Brooklyn Dodgers' Branch Rickey, who signed Robinson one full season before bringing him to the National League, Veeck used a different strategy, letting Doby remain with the Eagles instead of bringing him through the Indians' farm system. He told the Pittsburgh Courier, "One afternoon when the team trots out on the field, a Negro player will be out there with it." While Rickey declined to pay for the purchasing rights of Robinson while he played for the Kansas City Monarchs, Veeck was "determined to buy Doby's contract from the Eagles" and had no problem paying purchasing rights. Effa Manley, business manager for the Eagles, believed her club's close relationship with the New York Yankees might put Doby in a Yankees uniform, but they did not take interest in him. Veeck finalized a contract deal for Doby with Manley on July 3. Veeck paid her a total of $15,000 for her second baseman—$10,000 for taking him from the Eagles and another $5,000 once it was determined he would stay with the Indians for at least 30 days. After Manley agreed to Veeck's offer, she stated to him, "If Larry Doby were white and a free agent, you'd give him $100,000 to sign as a bonus." The press were not told that Doby had been signed by the Indians as Veeck wanted to manage how fans in Cleveland would be introduced to Doby. "I moved slowly and carefully, perhaps even timidly", Veeck said. The Eagles had a doubleheader on July 4 but Doby, who had a .415 batting average and 14 home runs to that point in the season, only played in the first as Veeck sent his assistant and public relations personnel member, Louis Jones, for Doby. The two took a train from Newark to Chicago where the Indians were scheduled to play the Chicago White Sox the next day. On July 5, with the Indians in Chicago in the midst of a road trip, Doby made his debut as the second black baseball player after Robinson to play in the majors after establishment of the baseball color line. Veeck hired two plainclothes police officers to accompany Doby as he went to Comiskey Park. Player-manager Lou Boudreau initially had a hard time finding a place in the lineup for Doby, who had played second base and shortstop for most of his career. Boudreau himself was the regular shortstop, while Joe Gordon was the second baseman. That day, Doby met his new teammates for the first time. "I walked down that line, stuck out my hand, and very few hands came back in return. Most of the ones that did were cold-fish handshakes, along with a look that said, 'You don't belong here", Doby reminisced years later. Four of Doby's teammates did not shake his hand, and of those, two turned their backs to Doby when he tried to introduce himself. During warm-ups, Doby languished for minutes while his teammates interacted with one another. Not until Joe Gordon asked Doby to play catch with him was Doby given the chance to engage. Gordon befriended Doby and became one of his closest friends on the team. Doby entered the game in the seventh inning as a pinch-hitter for relief pitcher Bryan Stephens and recorded a strikeout. In the 1949 movie The Kid from Cleveland, Veeck tells the story that Gordon struck out on three swings in his immediate at-bat after Doby to save face for his new teammate. However, Doby's second strike was the result of a foul ball, both the Associated Press and Chicago Tribune stated Doby struck out on five pitches instead of three, and in addition, Gordon was standing on third base during Doby's at-bat. From Pride and Prejudice: The Biography of Larry Doby: After the game, Doby quickly showered and dressed without incident in the Cleveland clubhouse. His escort, Louis Jones, then took him not to the Del Prado Hotel downtown, where the Indians players stayed, but to the black DuSable Hotel in Chicago's predominantly black South Side, near Comiskey Park. The segregated arrangement established a pattern, on Doby's first day, that he would be compelled to follow, in spring training and during the regular season, in many cities, throughout his playing career. The Indians had a doubleheader against the White Sox on Sunday, July 6, for which 31,566 were in attendance; it was estimated that approximately 30 percent of the crowd were black. Some congregations of black churches let out early while others walked immediately from Sunday service to Comiskey Park. Boudreau had Doby pinch-hit in the first game but for the second, listed him a starter at first base, a position Doby was not expected to fill when the Indians brought him up to play at second base. Doby had played the position before with the Eagles but was without a proper mitt for first base and met much resistance when attempts were made to borrow one from teammates, including first baseman Eddie Robinson, whom Boudreau had asked Doby to replace that day. Doby said only because Gordon asked in the clubhouse to borrow one of the first baseman's mitts did he have one to use in the second game of the doubleheader as earlier direct requests from Doby were rejected. The mitt was loaned by a White Sox player. Boudreau recounts an incident where Robinson refused the mitt to Doby, but when asked by Indians traveling secretary Spud Goldstein, Robinson obliged. It was the only game Doby started for the remainder of the season. Doby recorded his first major league hit in four at-bats and had an RBI in a 5–1 Indians win. A columnist wrote in the Plain Dealer on July 8: "Cleveland's man in the street is the right sort of American, as was evidenced right solidly once more by the response to the question: 'How does the signing of Larry Doby by the Indians strike you? Said the man in the street: Can he hit? ... That's all that counts." Conversely, Doby was criticized from players both active and retired. Noted former player Rogers Hornsby said, after watching Doby play one time in 1947: Bill Veeck did the Negro race no favor when he signed Larry Doby to a Cleveland contract. If Veeck wanted to demonstrate that the Negro has no place in major league baseball, he could have used no subtler means to establish the point. If he were white he wouldn't be considered good enough to play with a semi-pro club. He is fast on his feet but that lets him out. He hasn't any other quality that could possibly recommend him. In his rookie year, Doby hit .156 (5-for-32) in 29 games. He played four games at second base and one each at first base and shortstop. Throughout the season he talked with Robinson via telephone, the two encouraging each other. "And Jackie and I agreed we shouldn't challenge anybody or cause trouble—or we'd both be out of the big leagues, just like that. We figured that if we spoke out, we would ruin things for other black players." After his rookie season, Doby again pursued time on the basketball court and appeared with the Paterson Crescents of the American Basketball League after signing a contract in January 1948. He was the first black player to join the league. Cleveland Indians 1948–1950 In 1948, Doby experienced his first spring training with the Indians in Tucson, Arizona. Unlike their white teammates, Doby, along with Satchel Paige and Minnie Miñoso, were not permitted to stay at the nearby Santa Rita hotel but instead stayed with a local black family and used a rental car provided by the Indians for transportation. During spring training, Doby read books concerning outfield play, and received instruction and encouragement from former Indians manager Tris Speaker and Indians' farm system director Hank Greenberg. Doby also credited Indians coach Bill McKechnie with helping him adjust to the majors and learning the outfield. In an exhibition game in Houston against the New York Giants, Doby hit a home run that "may have traveled 500 feet before landing far beyond the fence in center field." As Moore wrote in his biography of Doby, "With that home run, all doubts that Doby would make the 1948 Cleveland team vanished. That year, he played in 121 games and hit .301 for the season with 14 home runs and 66 RBIs. Throughout the regular season Doby was racially abused by opposing teams, and Veeck asked AL president Will Harridge for support in getting players to rein in their animosity towards Doby. Doby played a major role in Cleveland's World Series victory against the Boston Braves. In Game 4 on October 9, Doby hit the first home run by a black player in World Series history. A picture featuring an embrace between Doby and white teammate Steve Gromek, who had pitched a complete game that day, was on the cover of the next day's Plain Dealer. Richard Goldstein of The New York Times called the photograph "a signature moment in the integration of Major League Baseball." Of the picture, Doby said, "The picture was more rewarding and happy for me than actually hitting the home run. The picture finally showed a moment of a man showing his feelings for me." The Indians defeated the Braves in six games and with it, Cleveland had its first World Series championship since the 1920 season. Doby's .318 batting average during the Series led the Indians. Nationally syndicated columnist Grantland Rice argued that without Doby and Gene Bearden, who had won 20 games that year, the Indians would have finished in fourth or fifth place. After the Series, Doby received a celebratory parade in Paterson, New Jersey, and during the offseason he, along with other teammates, appeared in the 1949 film The Kid From Cleveland. With additional income available due to the post-season run and Series championship, Doby and his wife attempted to buy a home in Paterson in an all-white neighborhood but were kept out by a petition from members of the community. The Dobys were allowed to purchase their desired home when the Paterson city mayor intervened on their behalf. During the 1949 season, Doby was selected to his first MLB All-Star Game. He was one of five Indians selected by Boudreau and joined Jackie Robinson, Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe as the first black players to be amongst those chosen to participate in the 1949 All-Star Game. Boudreau fined Doby after he attempted to steal home with no outs and bases loaded in a game against the Yankees on July 20. Of the fine, Boudreau said, "It was not based only on that attempt to steal home. Larry has taken several unnecessary chances lately. This should make him more careful." His home run (24) and RBI (85) totals increased during the 1949 season, and by 1950, he was considered the best center fielder in the game by The Sporting News. By the first week in July, Doby's .370 batting average trailed only 1949 AL batting champion George Kell, who had a .375 average. He earned career-bests in batting average (.326), hits (164) and on-base percentage (OBP) (.442), while playing in 142 games. Doby hit the 100-RBI mark (102) for the first time in his career while his OBP led the AL. He finished eighth in AL MVP voting, highest among outfielders. At the end of the season, Cleveland signed him to a new, more lucrative contract. Doby was named by Cleveland sports writers as the Cleveland Baseball Man of the Year after the season, the first time a black player was chosen. 1951–1955 Doby hit 20 home runs and 69 RBIs in 1951, both fewer than the previous season, and his batting average improved to .295. His 21-game hit-streak was the second-longest for the Indians that season, behind Dale Mitchell's mark of 23 games in a row. Indians general manager Hank Greenberg reduced Doby's salary due to the lower home run numbers despite Doby, who attributed the lower numbers to tightness in his legs, stating he would not accept a pay cut. Indians manager Al López confirmed that Doby was injury-riddled throughout the season, stating that he "was beset by first one injury and then another" including "a muscle tear in his thigh, a groin pull, an ankle twist." Doby received blame for the Indians' failure to win the AL pennant and was labeled a "loner" by some in the press, including Plain Dealer sports editor Gordon Cobbledick who in an article in Sport wrote "Larry's a mixed-up guy—a badly mixed-up guy" stemming from "the emotional impact of discovering racial prejudice against him." Cobbledick also took issue with Doby's assertion that opposing pitchers were knocking him down due to Doby being black. The assertion was confirmed by Sam Lacy, who wrote in the Baltimore Afro-American, "Statistics show that eight colored players in the two major leagues were hit by pitches a total of 68 times during the 1951 campaign, an average of times per man. No other player was hit as many as eight times in the season." One month before spring training for the 1952 season, Doby employed former Olympic track and field athlete Harrison Dillard to come to his home in New Jersey to prepare his legs in hopes of eliminating injuries, which had affected him the previous season. Dillard and the Indians' team doctor prescribed lower-body warm-ups to Doby before the start of each game. Leg injuries continued to bother Doby during the start of the season. On June 4, 1952, he hit for the cycle. By the end of the 1952 season, Doby was second in the AL in RBIs to teammate Al Rosen by one, 105 to 104. His .541 slugging percentage, runs scored (104), strikeout (111), and home run (32) totals were all highest in the AL. Leading up to the 1953 season, Doby asked Greenberg and Indians management for a pay raise after earning $22,000 the previous season. In early March, the raise was granted, and he was slated to make $28,000 that year. For 1953, Doby had a .263 batting average, which was his lowest since joining the league in 1947. He led the AL in strikeouts for the second and final time in his career, a career-high 121 times, but hit 29 home runs and 102 RBIs on the year. He also had 96 walks, which was third in the AL. For the sixth time in his major league career, Doby was named an All-Star during the 1954 season, one of five Indians named. The game was held at Cleveland's Municipal Stadium and featured the second-largest crowd to watch an All-Star Game (the largest was in 1935 at the same stadium). In what would prove his final career All-Star at bat, Doby hit a pinch-hit solo home run in the eighth inning to tie the game at 9–9; the AL squad went on to win, 11–9. His home run was the first hit by a black player in an All-Star Game. The game, which had a record 17 hits by the AL and was the highest-scoring All-Star Game until 1998, was called the best ever by All-Star Game founder Arch Ward. As the regular season resumed, Doby helped the Indians to win a franchise-record 111 games and the AL pennant. His regular season 32 home runs and career-high 126 RBIs were highest in the AL, which led to him finishing second in AL MVP voting. The Indians were swept in the 1954 World Series by Doby's former Eagles teammate Monte Irvin and the New York Giants. In his last full season with the Indians in 1955, Doby was selected for his seventh consecutive and final All-Star Game. Doby's leg injuries affected him severely at this point in his career and he did not enter the game. He finished the 1955 season with 26 home runs and 75 RBIs while hitting .291 in 131 games, his fewest played since 1948. Not all in Cleveland were disappointed to see Doby leaving. Wrote one Plain Dealer columnist, Franklin Lewis: "He has been a controversial athlete. Highly gifted, he was frequently morose, sullen, and upon occasion, downright surly to his teammates ... He thought of himself, at the beginning, as the symbol of the Negro in his league." Doby responded, "I was looked on as a Black man, not as a human being. I did feel a responsibility to the Black players who came after me, but that was a responsibility, basically, to people, not just to Black people." Later years (1956–1960) After spending nine seasons with Cleveland, Doby was traded on October 25, 1955, to the Chicago White Sox for Chico Carrasquel and Jim Busby. Chicago was looking for a consistent home run hitter after finishing the season with 116 home runs as a team. "The search is over for a long ball hitter. We've certainly needed a consistent one—and we've been eying Doby for some time", said White Sox vice president Chuck Comiskey. White Sox manager Marty Marion believed Doby's bat would be a welcome addition to his club when he said, "The guy used to murder us when we played Cleveland. He'll make a big difference in the number of one-run and two-run decisions we might lose." After winning a doubleheader against the Yankees on June 22, 1956, Doby and the White Sox swept New York, the first time since the 1945 season the Yankees had been swept in a four-game series. The White Sox won eight straight games, the longest winning streak in the AL to that point in the season, and had done so with the help of Doby's six home runs during the eight-game stretch. "You know, when we dealt for Doby, we weren't worried about Larry. We knew he'd come through", Comiskey said. Doby finished the season with a .268 batting average and led the team with 24 home runs and 102 RBIs. Chicago finished 1956 in third place in the AL with an 85–69 record. In a game on August 20, 1957, against the Washington Senators, Doby helped preserve pitcher Bob Keegan's no-hitter with a backhand catch off a long line drive from Herb Plews, one of "two close calls" for Keegan that game. His 1957 home run total of 14 tied for the team-high, as he managed a .288 average and recorded 79 RBIs, second-highest on the team after former Indians teammate Minnie Miñoso. The White Sox finished second in the AL with a 90–64 record. Doby was part of a December 3, 1957, multi-player trade between the White Sox and Baltimore Orioles, then was traded again on April 1 to Cleveland along with Don Ferrarese for Gene Woodling, Bud Daley, and Dick Williams. He appeared in 89 games with the Indians that season and had a .289 batting average, 13 home runs, and 45 RBIs. He was sent to the Detroit Tigers on March 21, 1959, in exchange for Tito Francona. Tigers general manager Rick Ferrell said, "this gives us some more power and we just hope Doby hits as well in Briggs Stadium this season as he has in other years." He hit .218 with four RBIs before Detroit sold the 35-year-old Doby to the White Sox on May 13 for $20,000. After 21 games with the White Sox, he was sent to Triple-A affiliate San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League after hitting .241 with no home runs and 9 RBIs. Doby fractured an ankle while sliding into third base after hitting a triple during a road game the Padres played against Sacramento, and was sent to a local hospital in Sacramento before going to Johns Hopkins Hospital for further evaluation. Doby worked out with the White Sox before the 1960 season but, due to nagging injuries, did not earn a roster spot. In late April he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League on a trial basis but was released by the team on May 6 after X-rays showed bone deterioration in his affected ankle. Doby finished his 13-year major league career with a .283 batting average, accumulated 1,515 hits, 253 home runs and 970 RBIs in 1,533 games and 5,348 at-bats. Of his 1,533 career games, 1,146 of them were spent with the Indians. "I played against great talent in the Major Leagues and I played against great talent in the Negro Leagues. I didn't see a lot of difference", said Doby. Nippon baseball (1962) Doby had participated in baseball clinics in 1962 as a member of a travel delegation from the U.S. Department of State. That year, Doby came out of retirement and became one of the first Americans to play professional baseball in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball league when he and Don Newcombe, a former teammate with the Newark Eagles, signed contracts with the Chunichi Dragons. After the season, Doby returned to the U.S. in October and resumed his work as a liquor retailer. Managerial and executive appointments After retiring as a player, Doby became a scout with the Montreal Expos in 1969 and served as a minor league instructor with the organization in 1970. He was batting coach under manager Gene Mauch from 1971 to 1973 and again in 1976. He managed various teams during five seasons of winter league baseball in Venezuela, including Águilas del Zulia during the 1970–71 winter season. Doby rejoined the Indians for the 1974 season as first base coach for manager Ken Aspromonte. When Aspromonte was fired after the 1974 season, the Indians named Frank Robinson the club's player-manager and baseball's first black manager. After Robinson's hire as manager, Doby returned to work for the Expos. In 1976, Bill Veeck purchased the White Sox for a second time and hired Doby to be the team's batting coach. As a team, the White Sox finished the 1976 season with a .255 batting average, 586 runs scored and 73 home runs. By June 29, 1977, the team's average was .284, and had recorded 382 runs scored and 87 home runs. They finished the season second in team batting average (to the Yankees and Red Sox, each with a .281 average) and had 192 home runs and 844 runs scored as a team. After firing the White Sox's manager and former Doby teammate Bob Lemon, Veeck replaced him with Doby on June 30, 1978. At age 53, Doby became the second black manager in the majors after Robinson. "It's so nice to work for a man like Bill Veeck. You just work as hard as you can, and if the opportunity arises, you will certainly get the opportunity to fulfill your dreams", Doby said after being named White Sox manager. To that point in the season, the White Sox had a 34–40 record. On July 1 in his first game as manager, the White Sox suffered a 10–0 loss to the Minnesota Twins but Doby won his second game, 8–5, the next day against the same team. The White Sox finished 71–90, including 37–50 under Doby, in what would be Doby's sole managerial role. Veeck hired player-manager Don Kessinger to succeed Doby after deciding not to re-hire Doby, although Kessinger resigned as manager in the second half of the 1979 season. After removing Doby from the manager's role and reassigning him to batting coach, the position Doby held before being named manager, Veeck said, "Larry will always have a role on this team in some capacity." He served in that role for one additional season and resigned in October 1979. After retiring from baseball, Doby was named director of communications for the National Basketball Association's New Jersey Nets from 1980 to 1989 and also served as the Nets' director of community affairs until 1990. Doby was named special assistant to the AL's last president, Gene Budig, on April 17, 1995. Managerial record Second man The New York Times wrote, "In glorifying those who are first, the second is often forgotten ... Larry Doby integrated all those American League ball parks where Jackie Robinson never appeared. And he did it with class and clout." During the 1997 season, when the long-departed Jackie Robinson's number 42 was being retired throughout baseball, and the still-living Doby was being virtually ignored by the media, an editorial in Sports Illustrated pointed out that Doby had to suffer the same indignities that Robinson did, and with nowhere near the media attention and implicit support. Scoop Jackson in 2007 wrote, in response to the tradition of MLB players wearing jerseys in homage of Robinson, "Second place finishers in America are suckers. And so are those who make the story of history less simple than it needs to be. This happens sometimes in America. Those who don't come first or don't do things a certain way get lost. They disappear." "Jackie got all the publicity for putting up with it (racial slurs). But it was the same thing I had to deal with. He was first, but the crap I took was just as bad. Nobody said, 'We're gonna be nice to the second Black,'" Doby said. Doby served as one of the pallbearers at Robinson's funeral. As fellow Hall of Famer Joe Morgan wrote, "Anyone who knew Larry knew that he admired Robinson and was never jealous of the attention Robinson received." Former teammate Al Rosen said: Jackie was a college educated man who had been an officer in the service and who played at the Triple-A level. Jackie was brought in by Branch Rickey specifically to be the first black player in major league baseball. Larry Doby came up as a second baseman who didn't have time to get his full college education, and was forced to play a different position in his first major league season. I think, because of those circumstances, he had a more difficult time than Jackie Robinson. I don't think he has gotten the credit he deserves. Doby experienced many prejudices during his time before, during, and after the majors. One incident took place during a game as Doby was sliding into second base when the shortstop from the opposing team spat tobacco juice on him. Doby called it the worst injustice he experienced on the field. He endured many racial slurs, from the stands and elsewhere, during games. He also received death threats. After he had retired as a player, Doby recalled memories of his days as a barrier-breaker. "You know why I hit so well in Washington and St. Louis? They were major Jim Crow seating parks and when I came to bat, I knew where the noise was coming from and who was making it. I felt like a quarterback with 5,000 cheerleaders calling his name. You know most of them couldn't afford to be there. I never forgot them." Shortly after the Indians had honored Doby by naming a nearby street after him, The Plain Dealer columnist Bill Livingston wrote, "The Larry Doby way of pioneering was the same as the Jackie Robinson way in the National League, only Doby's debut occurred six short weeks later and with almost no advance preparation by Doby or the Indians." Doby threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the 1997 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Jacobs Field. The decision to have the game in Cleveland coincided with the 1997 season marking the fiftieth anniversary of Robinson breaking baseball's color barrier. It was also 50 years and 3 days since Doby became the first black player in the American League. Hall of Fame Doby was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame on March 3, 1998, by the Veterans Committee at the age of 74. "This is just a tremendous feeling. It's kind of like a bale of cotton has been on your shoulders, and now it's off", said Doby. When he received word about his election, it was by a telephone call from fellow Hall member Ted Williams. Upon hearing of Doby's election, Gene Mauch, said, "You have to be some kind of special person to go through what Larry and Jackie Robinson went through. They both are. I'm not too sure there's a player in the game today who could handle it." He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum on July 26, 1998. Doby became the first member born in South Carolina elected to the Hall. Although he was the first to play in MLB, Doby was the last member elected to the Hall of the four players to ever play in both a Negro league and MLB World Series, the others being Satchel Paige, Monte Irvin, and Willie Mays. Death and legacy Doby and his wife, Helyn, had five children, six grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. When the Dobys moved to Montclair, Yogi Berra and his wife became neighborhood friends and children of the two families played baseball and football together. Doby had a kidney removed in 1997 after a cancerous tumor was detected. Helyn, married to Doby for 55 years, died in 2001 after a six-month battle with cancer. Doby died on June 18, 2003, at his home in Montclair, New Jersey, at age 79 after suffering cancer. When Doby died, President George W. Bush made the following statement: MLB Commissioner Bud Selig (1992–2015) released a statement a day following Doby's death: Former MLB Commissioner Fay Vincent said: Long before Doby was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame came induction in the Indians Hall of Fame in August 1966. Later, in May 1973, he was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame and in 2010, the New Jersey Hall of Fame. On August 10, 2007, the Indians paid tribute to Doby on Larry Doby Day by collectively using his number (14) on their uniforms. The franchise again honored him when in 2012, Eagle Avenue, next to the Indians' Progressive Field, was renamed "Larry Doby Way" in an on-field postgame ceremony. Among those present at the ceremony were Jim "Mudcat" Grant, Indians president Mark Shapiro, Cleveland mayor Frank Jackson, and various members of Doby's family. The Indians unveiled a life-sized bronze statue of Doby outside Progressive Field on July 25, 2015. The city of Paterson, New Jersey, renamed the Eastside Park baseball field "Larry Doby Field" on June 1, 2002. The Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center has a section named the Larry Doby Wing. Of Berra, Doby said, "Yogi was one of the first opposing players to talk to me. As a catcher, Yogi talked to everybody. I finally had to tell the umpire: 'Please tell him to shut up. He asked me how my family was back in the first inning.'" In 2011, the U.S. Postal Service announced that Doby would be one of the four baseball players (along with Ted Williams, Joe DiMaggio, and Willie Stargell) to appear on a postage stamp in 2012, as part of its "Major League Baseball All-Stars" series. The stamp was released July 21, 2012. In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Doby as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Navy during World War II. See also List of Negro league baseball players List of first black Major League Baseball players List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball American expatriate baseball players in Japan California Winter League Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League Venezuelan Professional Baseball League List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of people on stamps of the United States References Further reading Larry Doby at JockBio External links , and Retrosheet and Seamheads 1923 births 2003 deaths African-American baseball coaches African-American baseball managers African Americans in World War II American expatriate baseball players in Japan American League All-Stars American League home run champions American League RBI champions United States Navy personnel of World War II Baseball players from South Carolina Chicago White Sox coaches Chicago White Sox managers Chicago White Sox players Chunichi Dragons players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians players Congressional Gold Medal recipients Deaths from bone cancer Deaths from cancer in New Jersey Detroit Tigers players Eastside High School (Paterson, New Jersey) alumni Jackie Robinson LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds baseball players Major League Baseball center fielders Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Military personnel from South Carolina Montreal Expos coaches Montreal Expos scouts National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Eagles players People from Camden, South Carolina San Diego Padres (minor league) players Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey Baseball players from Paterson, New Jersey New Jersey Nets executives	[ -0.05423422530293465, -0.27947866916656494, -1.3882228136062622, -0.30915170907974243, 0.45636633038520813, 0.50444495677948, 0.47723037004470825, 0.42844584584236145, -0.6578216552734375, -0.26790177822113037, 0.019656086340546608, 0.7052276730537415, -0.8339349031448364, 0.04197203367948532, -0.2436678260564804, 0.38699594140052795, 0.0799986943602562, -0.12992870807647705, -0.2805362641811371, -0.23898351192474365, -0.30160364508628845, -0.5218548774719238, -0.16852456331253052, 0.08884765952825546, -0.0238752830773592, -0.08152426779270172, -0.30573904514312744, 0.04354549199342728, -0.042299237102270126, 0.3827294409275055, 0.21343572437763214, -0.17544762790203094, 0.5940752625465393, -0.014138611033558846, -0.5231825709342957, -0.038865137845277786, -0.32938894629478455, -0.3448680639266968, 0.15132556855678558, 0.5638045072555542, -0.11383625864982605, 0.0014957550447434187, 0.07666078954935074, -0.09014686942100525, -0.23234453797340393, 0.5338449478149414, -1.4470561742782593, 0.27760106325149536, -0.5019413828849792, -0.3339841365814209, -0.19599086046218872, 0.05724826827645302, 0.16981740295886993, 0.40632033348083496, 0.30121544003486633, -0.1596989929676056, -0.1063406690955162, 0.3238854706287384, -0.5899117588996887, -0.6190347075462341, 0.3607342839241028, -0.325387179851532, 0.6766118407249451, -0.4334888160228729, 0.20512375235557556, 0.30258461833000183, -0.33567488193511963, 0.3135078549385071, 0.0009524046909064054, 0.061108607798814774, 0.3506922721862793, 0.12504170835018158, 0.030970996245741844, -0.14545856416225433, 0.1688780039548874, -0.6154509782791138, 0.3997535705566406, -0.08433940261602402, -0.03886698558926582, 0.21234597265720367, 0.09831272810697556, -0.47573521733283997, 0.3594507575035095, 0.453260213136673, -0.05441788211464882, -0.09141521155834198, -0.6153044104576111, 0.16472847759723663, -0.11590729653835297, -0.14777438342571259, -0.35358166694641113, -0.05699476972222328, -0.17339582741260529, 0.062472883611917496, -0.450277179479599, 0.08177358657121658, 0.023866957053542137, 0.30745553970336914, 0.2224569320678711, -0.20146816968917847, -0.18085531890392303, -0.45316776633262634, 0.5981237888336182, 0.4476218819618225, -0.5985368490219116, -0.11121944338083267, 0.7146674990653992, -0.01030341163277626, 0.05194942280650139, 0.27359265089035034, -0.22866272926330566, -0.002477759262546897, 0.3058723211288452, -0.34954559803009033, -0.46652886271476746, 0.18042173981666565, 0.473499596118927, 0.10132497549057007, -0.05655341595411301, 0.05691779404878616, -0.4269067049026489, 0.21345077455043793, -0.29294726252555847, 0.21245895326137543, -0.6969284415245056, -0.19337469339370728, -0.20051124691963196, 0.5703653693199158, -0.040809422731399536, 0.063957579433918, 0.4723568260669708, 0.7777590751647949, -0.40059342980384827, -0.26764559745788574, -0.22202734649181366, -0.10371295362710953, -0.044284842908382416, 0.21548977494239807, -0.34812235832214355, -0.15321004390716553, -0.4633577764034271, 0.18295730650424957, -0.5929188132286072, -0.18766401708126068, -0.006225926335901022, -0.5829768776893616, -0.032515525817871094, 0.54334956407547, 0.2873385548591614, -0.1948457956314087, -0.16027423739433289, -0.0497533418238163, 0.6670136451721191, -0.803795337677002, -0.5589636564254761, 0.27906134724617004, -0.2305256724357605, 0.0740470364689827, 0.16515278816223145, 0.010138627141714096, 0.16408652067184448, -0.18971996009349823, -0.47626397013664246, -0.03944583609700203, 0.26212820410728455, 0.28301185369491577, 0.13439741730690002, -0.8618665337562561, -0.5336079001426697, 0.14887851476669312, 0.5136178135871887, 0.03957003727555275, 0.5720055103302002, 0.4626022279262543, -0.4408181309700012, 0.2779792547225952, 0.2547185719013214, -0.1877371370792389, 0.39976966381073, -0.4770824909210205, -0.5506271123886108, -0.5687299966812134, 0.4200130105018616, 0.2822292745113373, 0.17597103118896484, 0.2999679446220398, 0.16365361213684082, -0.202918142080307, 0.5177949070930481, -0.3303724527359009, 0.30922049283981323, -0.7207258939743042, -0.24307647347450256, -0.6487092971801758, 0.4899199306964874, -0.33487725257873535, -0.5089154243469238, 0.3100741505622864, 0.21785658597946167, 0.1833163946866989, -0.039044030010700226, -0.48179101943969727, 0.08011303097009659, -0.34324973821640015, -0.30763983726501465, 0.45694854855537415, 0.2745113968849182, 0.5856294631958008, 0.33404070138931274, 0.6565096974372864, 0.14511515200138092, -0.31471386551856995, -0.06367719173431396, 0.4852016568183899, 0.004786012228578329, -0.4486129879951477, -0.31096556782722473, -0.19453321397304535, 0.46873703598976135, -0.8325486183166504, -0.016302552074193954, 0.24650055170059204, -0.07713522762060165, 0.10268791019916534, -0.07885398715734482, 0.9015870690345764, -0.4011233448982239, -0.09044437855482101, 0.15464119613170624, -0.46314552426338196, 0.20069780945777893, 0.44507479667663574, 0.19131743907928467, -0.3394193947315216, -0.07295334339141846, 0.07026028633117676, 0.5158367156982422, -0.162693589925766, -0.023567834869027138, -0.14217515289783478, 0.01634370908141136, -0.32974937558174133, -0.17423571646213531, -0.37079498171806335, 0.018157880753278732, -0.5263165235519409, 0.010708600282669067, -0.1530216485261917, 0.01801086962223053, -0.37745264172554016, 0.08631069213151932, 0.39685747027397156, 0.6272109746932983, -0.47783568501472473, 0.2418622225522995, 0.2007388472557068, 0.2409435212612152, -0.2699860632419586, 0.3612280488014221, -0.31820955872535706, 0.4092313349246979, 0.3829823136329651, -0.10507643222808838, -0.021153254434466362, -0.31818920373916626, -0.11856081336736679, -0.44263049960136414, 0.45206668972969055, -0.0626620352268219, 0.11594385653734207, 0.1402936726808548, 0.47179269790649414, -0.17576836049556732, 0.0030211200937628746, 0.2525739371776581, 0.2600448429584503, 0.1919679343700409, -0.10765976458787918, -0.5189960598945618, -0.7769678235054016, 0.6285322308540344, 0.558368444442749, -0.10441833734512329, -0.04357233643531799, 0.2271335870027542, -0.10865675657987595, -0.5783654451370239, -0.3628956377506256, -0.07872359454631805, -0.085386723279953, -0.6361610889434814, 0.9120902419090271, -0.4359562397003174, 0.14073854684829712, -0.31469398736953735, 0.2633703351020813, -0.4695570766925812, -0.06754421442747116, 0.3060515522956848, 0.2044069617986679, -0.4971707761287689, 0.3231522738933563, 0.24083518981933594, -0.1399514228105545, 0.6057544946670532, 0.046800512820482254, -0.4306342899799347, -0.2907662093639374, -5.955275535583496, 0.8659389615058899, -0.12632368505001068, -0.10299023240804672, -0.06833954900503159, -0.1425008624792099, 0.26399776339530945, 0.20239610970020294, 0.2937285006046295, 0.2285780906677246, -0.4719294309616089, -0.06038523465394974, -0.4730842709541321, 0.6846482753753662, 0.36374208331108093, 0.5202532410621643, 0.7668493986129761, -0.9629101753234863, -0.23222631216049194, 0.40637722611427307, -0.13066208362579346, 0.0529005229473114, -0.5312656164169312, 0.19296392798423767, 0.10920662432909012, 0.39882880449295044, -0.6818665862083435, 0.15262305736541748, -0.4121207296848297, -0.5826035141944885, 0.12484404444694519, 0.42086800932884216, -0.6027416586875916, 0.20512571930885315, 0.06637246906757355, -0.16552691161632538, -0.019081033766269684, -0.037470582872629166, -0.32453206181526184, 0.11445913463830948, 0.05773031711578369, 0.008041249588131905, -1.2115652561187744, -0.4704209864139557, 0.14337745308876038, 0.2692337930202484, -0.5468443036079407, -0.3979536294937134, -0.11549859493970871, 0.14518620073795319, 0.19197876751422882, 0.2744598388671875, -0.07538390159606934, 0.49193739891052246, 0.4551562964916229, -0.030223896726965904, 0.11832031607627869, -0.1498832255601883, -0.48371657729148865, 0.18132346868515015, 0.13081805408000946, -0.3251788020133972, -0.050937309861183167, 0.0665653869509697, -0.22735485434532166, -0.6943315267562866, 0.30031949281692505, -0.0001840750192059204, 0.3989335298538208, 0.06070617586374283, 0.02751961722970009, 0.6477329134941101, 0.2572527825832367, -1.1503822803497314, 0.4358310103416443, 0.709314227104187, 0.056992366909980774, 0.20759274065494537, -0.3281095325946808, -0.6495395302772522, 0.30664247274398804, -0.49058160185813904, 0.3828986585140228, 0.21767644584178925, 0.011267131194472313, 0.04147675260901451, -0.16859781742095947, 0.7332195043563843, -0.2285035252571106, -0.08530770242214203, 0.5108944177627563, 0.08239678293466568, 0.511368989944458, 0.05280512571334839, 0.26326116919517517, 0.15206816792488098, -0.052979107946157455, 0.5129427909851074, 0.11569999158382416, 0.2177058756351471, -0.10869237780570984, -0.39206773042678833, -0.38986462354660034, -1.0503933429718018, 0.1502063274383545, 0.006362969987094402, 0.022680042311549187, 0.08042772859334946, 0.8506984114646912, 0.12155640870332718, 0.2834525406360626, 0.5277053713798523, -0.482433557510376, 0.07729194313287735, 0.7724804878234863, -0.08950888365507126, 0.19528235495090485, 0.00009165965457214043, 0.5829280614852905, -0.09633606672286987, 0.48949745297431946, 0.17202632129192352, -0.2232648879289627, -0.14157114923000336, -0.08002594858407974, -0.0933690294623375, 0.1774376928806305, 0.09508104622364044, -0.4187583923339844, 0.0061665610410273075, -0.5074319839477539, 0.8693771958351135, -0.07308795303106308, 0.3516952395439148, -0.33910515904426575, -0.22824428975582123, -0.6309139132499695, -0.32012471556663513, -0.16501714289188385, 0.14319224655628204, -0.256660133600235, -0.35135695338249207, 0.5538638830184937, 0.3960176706314087, -0.14470961689949036, -0.21853064000606537, 0.11708550155162811, 0.10311668366193771, -0.29431572556495667, 0.4616779386997223, 0.15972383320331573, -0.5651459693908691, 0.6662690043449402, -0.40610602498054504, -0.6980557441711426, 0.051847245544195175, 0.13960076868534088, -0.09314213693141937, -0.1771162748336792, -0.348043829202652, 0.10029400140047073, -0.027873406186699867, -1.2403477430343628, 0.15734286606311798, 0.10405203700065613, -0.18932776153087616, -0.3177502453327179, 0.12057530879974365, -0.10430119931697845, 0.5190645456314087, -0.1291833072900772, -0.8723741769790649, -0.3827386200428009, 0.21184267103672028, 0.321769654750824, -0.09936760365962982, -0.12801945209503174, -0.06242547929286957, -0.20246808230876923, 0.15086711943149567, -0.07561945170164108, 0.0697314515709877, -0.8272387385368347, -0.07234206795692444, 0.4468824565410614, -0.026735609397292137, -0.304446280002594, -0.4005587697029114, -0.3120812475681305, 0.2388673722743988, -0.05337144061923027, -0.19705522060394287, 0.1706427037715912, 0.7447063326835632, -0.15094496309757233, 0.1453220397233963, 0.3085194528102875, 0.27446067333221436, -0.41182827949523926, -0.08473433554172516, -0.1531381905078888, -0.11202884465456009, -0.05339883640408516, -0.1900838315486908, 0.5553491115570068, -1.0135035514831543, -0.5526933670043945, -0.03294708579778671, -0.470132052898407, 0.5871758460998535, 0.02244831994175911, 0.02205141820013523, -0.1910410225391388, -0.16970378160476685, 0.05971084162592888, 0.49949905276298523, 0.45753663778305054, 0.4313420355319977, -0.5577421188354492, -0.17147958278656006, -0.39142507314682007, -0.38923588395118713, -0.0990791916847229, 0.081766277551651, -0.06120884791016579, -0.3417266011238098, 0.27138006687164307, 0.22173845767974854, 0.8627093434333801, 0.07219737768173218, 0.08269580453634262, -0.1266382485628128, -0.32006898522377014, 0.7912251949310303, -0.09763064235448837, -0.10786135494709015, 0.5363571643829346, 0.2950066924095154, 0.27710476517677307, 0.053344082087278366, 0.9068769812583923, 0.4633287787437439, 0.023038120940327644, -0.045604102313518524, 0.08559338003396988, -0.1936861127614975, 0.034989867359399796, -0.3798578381538391, -0.17182743549346924, 0.34928011894226074, 0.3239309787750244, -0.04351847991347313, -0.5597276091575623, 0.3129652738571167, 0.4072510004043579, 0.2091975063085556, -0.1888120472431183, -0.03715941682457924, 0.051574837416410446, 0.37349778413772583, 0.1104961633682251, 0.3854791224002838, -0.5898169279098511, -0.18308119475841522, -0.13946662843227386, -0.17867903411388397, 0.0663711205124855, 0.23668473958969116, 0.0842033326625824, -0.6156821250915527, -0.19434921443462372, -0.08557044714689255, -0.09752781689167023, 0.7979371547698975, -0.5927645564079285, 0.15260107815265656, 0.11807896196842194, -0.0862359032034874, 0.028976688161492348, -0.3024911880493164, -0.9245226383209229, -0.039477184414863586, 0.27431392669677734, -0.2585686445236206, -0.4160657227039337, -0.2221153974533081, 0.273286372423172, -0.10401799529790878, -0.018632806837558746, -0.23596175014972687, -0.4501952826976776, 0.39977240562438965, 0.20224086940288544, -0.0901908278465271, -0.4778352975845337, -0.5167627334594727, 0.14885550737380981, 0.4488395154476166, -0.07411923259496689, -0.2024705559015274, 0.024401113390922546, 0.41657984256744385, 0.1443900167942047, 0.3256725072860718, 0.3421083688735962, -0.44525113701820374, 0.3861698806285858, -0.1655445396900177, -1.0009695291519165, 0.693397581577301, 0.3541247844696045, -0.1627814918756485, -0.05396886169910431, 0.12516090273857117, -0.6151867508888245, 0.2194836288690567, 0.9423998594284058, 0.005407477729022503, -0.3327021598815918, -0.680724024772644, -0.24723441898822784, 0.23915693163871765, 0.17721034586429596, 0.1573203057050705, -0.23164837062358856, 0.5345197319984436, 0.31849563121795654, -0.15320143103599548, 0.15271832048892975, 0.5178972482681274, 0.1254192739725113, -0.35120582580566406, 0.13526061177253723, 0.2444143146276474, 0.1971139907836914, -0.28092533349990845, -0.025253500789403915, 0.017079103738069534, 0.42796576023101807, 0.7305586934089661, 0.16376107931137085, 0.574256956577301, 0.06205851584672928, 0.16875746846199036, 0.48983174562454224, -0.1806795299053192, 0.12911242246627808, 0.3711608648300171, -0.10410815477371216, 0.13618631660938263, 0.09828074276447296, 0.2414117157459259, 0.08743991702795029, -0.19117020070552826, 0.5865070819854736, -0.11011894792318344, 0.22975760698318481, -0.4766915738582611, -0.652589738368988, -0.09822043776512146, -0.07261256873607635, -0.1901758462190628, 0.7873278856277466, -0.17852197587490082, -0.2449129968881607, -0.2992416322231293, -0.10393066704273224, -0.4336091876029968, -0.1739276498556137, 0.49833187460899353, 0.07937218993902206, -0.052253227680921555, -0.2281922847032547, 0.43005332350730896, 0.18867014348506927, -0.07997928559780121, 0.524346649646759, -0.2789120078086853, 0.1861356496810913, -0.09026186913251877, -0.10627846419811249, 0.0004379103484097868, -0.5908048748970032, -0.22076402604579926, 0.15980516374111176, 0.18135236203670502, -0.2109151929616928, 0.3353205621242523, -0.38092613220214844, -0.3581007421016693, 0.1203203797340393, -0.6381900906562805, -0.5612655878067017, 0.18150240182876587, 0.01519786473363638, -0.10961108654737473, -0.5045099854469299, 0.5625668168067932, 0.42654457688331604, 0.2681422233581543, 0.6134852170944214, 0.01754864491522312, 0.10618019849061966, 0.07497385144233704, -0.5947797298431396, 0.10495138168334961, -0.2887600362300873, -0.47211161255836487, -0.6383072733879089, 0.377802312374115, 0.04311603680253029, 0.3276729881763458, -0.777217447757721, 0.48265257477760315, 0.45453527569770813, -0.09746026247739792, 0.6395680904388428, 0.012913099490106106, -0.253126859664917, -0.2459200769662857, 0.40016186237335205, -0.34770384430885315, 0.07650425285100937, 0.1735174059867859, 0.006623533554375172, 0.13158659636974335, 0.33233943581581116, -0.21856796741485596, 0.18145763874053955, 0.7224589586257935, -0.19369862973690033, -0.23719027638435364, -0.12112343311309814, -0.14957661926746368, -0.1112527921795845, -0.6695052981376648, 0.512384831905365, 0.9193385243415833, 0.8800718188285828, -0.5141856074333191, 0.5899717211723328, 0.10969225317239761, 0.09205672889947891, 0.013121434487402439, 0.43337419629096985, 0.07233036309480667, 0.15808454155921936, 0.1400427669286728, 0.21715259552001953, 0.47293075919151306, -0.6897743344306946, -0.1613590270280838, 0.23049096763134003, 0.08285310864448547, 0.37411296367645264, -0.30082884430885315, -0.07893254607915878, 0.4702262878417969, 0.14538618922233582, -0.1588902324438095 ]
249333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20wasting%20disease	Chronic wasting disease	Chronic wasting disease (CWD), sometimes called zombie deer disease, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affecting deer. TSEs are a family of diseases thought to be caused by misfolded proteins called prions and include similar diseases such as BSE (mad cow disease) in cattle, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep. In the US, CWD affects mule deer, white-tailed deer, red deer, sika deer, elk, caribou, and moose. Natural infection causing CWD affects members of the deer family. Experimental transmission of CWD to other species such as squirrel monkeys, and genetically modified mice has been shown. In 1967, CWD was first identified in mule deer at a government research facility in northern Colorado, United States. It was initially recognized as a clinical "wasting" syndrome and then in 1978, it was identified more specifically as a TSE disease. Since then, CWD has been found in free-ranging and captive animal populations in 26 US states and three Canadian provinces. In addition, CWD has been found in one Minnesota red deer farm, one wild reindeer herd in Norway (March 2016) as well as in wild moose. Single cases of CWD in moose have been found in Finland (March 2018) and in Sweden (March and May 2019, September 2020). CWD was found in South Korea in some deer imported from Canada. CWD is typified by chronic weight loss and clinical signs compatible with brain lesions, aggravated over time, always leading to death. No relationship is known between CWD and any other TSEs of animals or people. Although reports in the popular press have been made of humans being affected by CWD, by 2004 a study for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggested, "[m]ore epidemiologic and laboratory studies are needed to monitor the possibility of such transmissions". The epidemiological study further concluded, "[a]s a precaution, hunters should avoid eating deer and elk tissues known to harbor the CWD agent (e.g., brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes) from areas where CWD has been identified". History Chronic wasting disease was first discovered by American wildlife veterinarian Beth S. Williams. Williams performed necropsies on deer and elk that had died of an unknown syndrome. She recognized that the brain lesions in these animals were consistent with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). In 1978, she and neuropathologist Stuart Young cowrote the first scientific paper that named the disease and described it as a TSE. In February 2003, the Centers for Disease Control published a report of "Fatal degenerative neurologic illnesses in men who participated in wild game feasts--Wisconsin, 2002". It read in conclusion that "Although no association between (animal) CWD and (the feastors in Wisconsin who happened to have) CJD was found, continued surveillance of both diseases remains important to assess the possible risk for CWD transmission to humans." In September 2003, Hoey pointed out that one of the three patients (the 55 year-old) "presented with a 3-month history of difficulty in writing and unsteadiness of gait, followed by dementia, speech abnormalities and myoclonic jerking. Pathologic examination of the brain at autopsy 3 months later revealed widespread subcortical spongiform lesions consistent with CJD." As of 2013 Patrice Klein the CWD Program Manager at USDA/APHIS rejected the somewhat inconclusive findings of Hoey and stated that no evidence had been found of transmission to humans from deer, nor by eating animals in the deer family, but both channels remain a subject of public health surveillance and research. Quebec farm outbreak The MFFP ministry in Quebec practiced 9500 tests in the period between 2007 and autumn 2018 before they detected a seropositive case in September 2018. The September 2018 discovery of CWD on a managed operation in Grenville-sur-la-Rouge Quebec prompted a wholesale slaughter of 3500 animals in two months before the enterprise shut down permanently. The CFIA ordered the cull, as well as the decontamination of 10 inches of soil in certain places on the 1000-acre operation. Post-discovery, each animal was tested for CWD by the CFIA before it was released onto the market. Other Quebec producers lamented the glut of supply. A 400 km quarantine area was declared, in which all hunting and trapping activities were banned. The government slaughtered hundreds of wild animals over a two-month period. The routine cull for market was between 70 and 100 animals per week. When the producer was forced to close, the weekly slaughter neared 500 animals per week. One year later, 750 wild specimens had been culled in the 45 km-radius "enhanced monitoring area", and none tested positive for CWD. It came to light in August 2019 that prior to 2014 in Canada, all animals on CWD-infected farms were buried or incinerated. Since 2014, however, the CFIA has allowed animals from CWD-infected farms to enter the food chain because there is "no national requirement to have animals tested for the disease". From one CWD-infected herd in Alberta, 131 elk were sold for human consumption. For the fall 2019 hunting season in western Quebec, the provincial ministry relaxed the rules for the annual white-tailed deer (WTD) hunt, in an effort to curb the spread of CWD. Any WTD can be hunted with any weapon in certain municipalities in the Outaouais valley and the Laurentides. The MFFP hopes thereby to receive more samples to test for CWD. The quarantine around Grenville was still in place, and the ministry specifically prohibited (only) the "removal" from the quarantine "enhanced monitoring area" zone of "the head, more specifically any part of the brain, the eyes, the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and the tonsils, any part of the spinal column, the internal organs (including the liver and the heart), and the testicles." Signs and symptoms Due to CWD taking 18–24 months after initial exposure to onset, most cases of CWD occur in adult animals; the youngest animal to exhibit clinical symptoms of the disease was 15 months. The disease is progressive and always fatal. The first signs are difficulties in movement. The most obvious and consistent clinical sign of CWD is weight loss over time. Behavioral changes also occur in the majority of cases, including decreased interactions with other animals, listlessness, lowering of the head, tremors, repetitive walking in set patterns, and nervousness. Excessive salivation and grinding of the teeth also are observed. Most deer show increased drinking and urination; the increased drinking and salivation may contribute to the spread of the disease. Loss of fear of humans and appearance of confusion are also common. The APHIS summarized it as: Cause The cause of CWD (like other TSEs, such as scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a prion, a misfolded form of a normal protein, known as prion protein (PrP), that is most commonly found in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The misfolded form has been shown to be capable of converting normally folded prion protein, PrPC ("C" for cellular) into an abnormal form, PrPSc ("Sc" for scrapie), thus leading to a chain reaction. CWD is thought to be transmitted by this mechanism. The abnormality in PrP has its genetic basis in a particular variant of the protein-coding gene PRNP that is highly conserved among mammals and has been found and sequenced in deer. The build-up of PrPd in the brain is associated with widespread neurodegeneration. Genetics The allele which encodes leucine, codon 132 in the family of Elks, is either homozygous LL, homozygous MM, or heterozygous ML. Individuals with the first encoding seem to resist clinical signs of CWD, whereas individuals with either of the other two encodings have much shorter incubation periods. In white-tailed deer, polymorphisms at codons 95 (Q->H) and 96 (G->S) dramatically affect CWD progression and prion strain specification. Deer containing the 96S allele have delayed progression to clinical disease onset. When deer with the 95H polymorphism become infected, they select for altered strains of CWD. Spread Researchers in July 2019 stated that "with all the research on the malignity of prions, and the permanence of prions in the wider environment, and their resistance to destruction and degradation, it is necessary to reduce the potential sources of exposure to CWD." In fact an APHIS scientist observed that, while the longevity of CWD prion is unknown, the scrapie prion has been measured to endure for 16 years. The PrPCWD protein is insoluble in all but the strongest solvents, and highly resistant to digestion by proteases. PrPCWD converts the normal protein PrPC into more of itself upon contact, and binds together forming aggregates. Prusiner noted in 2001 that but it is noted that as of 2013, although CWD prions were transmissible within the cervidae family, CWD was not transmissible to humans or to cattle. How the prions that cause CWD spread is unknown, but recent research indicates that prions can be excreted by deer and elk, and are transmitted by eating grass growing in contaminated soil. Animals born in captivity and those born in the wild have been affected with the disease. Transmission of CWD is thought to be lateral (from animal to animal). Maternal transmission may occur, although it appears to be relatively unimportant in maintaining epidemics. An infected deer's saliva is able to spread the CWD prions. Exposure between animals is associated with sharing food and water sources contaminated with CWD prions shed by diseased deer. Direct CWD may be directly transmitted by contact with infected animals, their bodily tissues, and their bodily fluids. Spread may result from contact with infected deer regardless of if they are symptomatic. Recent research on Rocky Mountain elk found that with CWD-infected cows, many subclinical, a high rate (80%) of maternal-to-offspring transmission of CWD prions occurred, regardless of gestational period. While not dispositive relative to disease development in the fetus, this does suggest that maternal transmission may be yet another important route of direct CWD transmission. Modern news stories and anecdotal evidence from treating physicians suggest that a human may have contracted Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease via the consumption of squirrel brains infected with CWD. Experimental transmission In addition to the cervid species in which CWD is known to naturally occur, black-tailed deer and European red deer have been demonstrated to be naturally susceptible to CWD. Other cervid species, including caribou, are also suspected to be naturally vulnerable to this disease. Many other noncervid mammalian species have been experimentally infected with CWD, either orally or by intracerebral inoculation. These species include monkeys, sheep, cattle, prairie voles, mice, and ferrets. An experimental case study of oral transmission of CWD to reindeer shows certain reindeer breeds may be susceptible to CWD, while other subpopulations may be protective against CWD in free-ranging populations. None of the reindeer in the study showed symptoms of CWD, potentially signifying resistance to different CWD strains. Indirect Environmental transmission has been linked to contact with infected bodily fluids and tissues, as well as contact with contaminated environments. Once in the environment, CWD prions may remain infectious for many years. Thus, decomposition of diseased carcasses, infected "gut piles" from hunters who field dress their cervid harvests, and the urine, saliva, feces, and antler velvet of infected individuals that are deposited in the environment, all have the potential to create infectious environmental reservoirs of CWD. In 2013, researchers at the National Wildlife Research Center in Fort Collins, Colorado successfully inoculated white-tailed deer with the misfolded prion via the nasal passage, when the prions were mixed with clay. This was important because the prions had already been shown by 2006 to bind with sandy quartz clay minerals. One avian scavenger, the American crow, was recently evaluated as a potential vector for CWD. As CWD prions remain viable after passing through the bird's digestive tract, crows represent a possible mechanism for the creation of environmental reservoirs of CWD. Additionally, the crows' extensive geographic range presents ample opportunities for them to come in contact with CWD. This, coupled with the population density and longevity of communal roosting sites in both urban and rural locations, suggests that the fecal deposits at roosting sites may represent a CWD environmental reservoir. Conservative estimates for crows' fecal deposits at one winter roosting site for one winter season ranged from 391,552 to 599,032 kg. CWD prions adhere so tightly to soil surface particles that the ground becomes a source of infection and may be a major route of transmission due to frequent ground contact when animals in the deer family graze. Prevention By 2012, a voluntary system of control was published by APHIS in the US Federal Register. It depended on voluntary minimum standards methodology, and herd certification programs to avoid interstate movement of the disease vector. It was based on a risk management framework. As of August 2019, APHIS law in 9 CFR Part 55 - CONTROL OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE dealt with this problem. Introduced for the 2019 Minnesota hunting season, a no-cost deer carcass-incineration program was rolled out by Crow Wing County officials hoping to stem the spread of CWD in the region. CWD was found among wild deer in Crow Wing County for the first time in January 2019. The voluntary program encourages both residents and visiting hunters to bring harvested deer carcasses to the county landfill east of Brainerd, Minnesota for incineration and disposal. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on post mortem examination (necropsy) and testing; examination of the dead body is not definitive, as many animals die early in the course of the disease and conditions found are nonspecific; general signs of poor health and aspiration pneumonia, which may be the actual cause of death, are common. On microscopic examination, lesions of CWD in the CNS resemble those of other TSEs. In addition, scientists use immunohistochemistry to test brain, lymph, and neuroendocrine tissues for the presence of the abnormal prion protein to diagnose CWD; positive IHC findings in the obex is considered the gold standard. Conventional CWD diagnostic strategies and seeded amplification methods for amplifying CWD prions in vitro include: immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), and real time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Available tests, as of July 2019, at the CFIA were not sensitive enough to detect the prion in specimens from animals younger than a year old. Strategies are being developed to allow for the quantification of prion burden in a tissue, body fluid, or environmental sample. As of 2015, no commercially feasible diagnostic tests could be used on live animals. As early as 2001 an antemortem test was deemed urgent. Running a bioassay, taking fluids from animals in the deer family suspected of infection and incubating them in transgenic mice that express the cervid prion protein, can be used to determine whether the cervid is infected, but ethical issues exist with this, and it is not scalable. A tonsillar biopsy technique has been a reliable method of testing for CWD in live deer, but it only seems to be effective on mule deer and white-tailed deer, not elk. Biopsies of the rectal mucosa have also been effective at detecting CWD in live mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk, though detection efficacy may be influenced by numerous factors including animal age, genotype, and disease stage. It is possible for CWD prions to survive sterilization procedures involving an autoclave. Epidemiology North America The disease was first identified in 1967 in a closed herd of captive mule deer in contiguous portions of northeastern Colorado. In 1980, the disease was determined to be a TSE. It was first identified in wild elk and mule deer and white-tailed deer in the early 1980s in Colorado and Wyoming, and in farmed elk in 1997. The disease did not affect Canada until 1996. In May 2001, CWD was also found in free-ranging deer in the southwestern corner of Nebraska (adjacent to Colorado and Wyoming) and later in additional areas in western Nebraska. The limited area of northern Colorado, southern Wyoming, and western Nebraska in which free-ranging deer, moose, and/or elk positive for CWD have been found is referred to as the endemic area. The area in 2006 has expanded to six states, including parts of eastern Utah, southwestern South Dakota, and northwestern Kansas. Also, areas not contiguous (to the endemic area) areas in central Utah and central Nebraska have been found. The limits of the affected areas are not well defined, since the disease is at a low incidence and the amount of sampling may not be adequate to detect it. In 2002, CWD was detected in wild deer in south-central Wisconsin and northern Illinois and in an isolated area of southern New Mexico. In 2005, it was found in wild white-tailed deer in New York and in Hampshire County, West Virginia. In 2008, the first confirmed case of CWD in Michigan was discovered in an infected deer on an enclosed deer-breeding facility. It is also found in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In February 2011, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources reported the first confirmed case of the disease in that state. The affected animal was a white-tailed deer killed by a hunter. CWD has also been diagnosed in farmed elk and deer herds in a number of states and in two Canadian provinces. The first positive farmed-elk herd in the United States was detected in 1997 in South Dakota. Since then, additional positive elk herds and farmed white-tailed deer herds have been found in South Dakota (7), Nebraska (4), Colorado (10), Oklahoma (1), Kansas (1), Minnesota (3), Montana (1), Wisconsin (6), and New York (2). As of fall of 2006, four positive elk herds in Colorado and a positive white-tailed deer herd in Wisconsin remain under state quarantine. All of the other herds have been depopulated or have been slaughtered and tested, and the quarantine has been lifted from one herd that underwent rigorous surveillance with no further evidence of disease. CWD also has been found in farmed elk in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. A retrospective study also showed mule deer exported from Denver to the Toronto Zoo in the 1980s were affected. In June 2015, the disease was detected in a male white-tailed deer on a breeding ranch in Medina County, Texas. State officials euthanized 34 deer in an effort to contain a possible outbreak. In February 2018, the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks announced that a Mississippi deer tested positive for chronic wasting disease. Another Mississippi whitetail euthanized in Pontotoc County on 8 October 2018 tested positive for CWD. The disease was confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa on 30 October 2018. Species that have been affected with CWD include elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, and moose. Other ruminant species, including wild ruminants and domestic cattle, sheep, and goats, have been housed in wildlife facilities in direct or indirect contact with CWD-affected deer and elk, with no evidence of disease transmission. However, experimental transmission of CWD into other ruminants by intracranial inoculation does result in disease, suggesting only a weak molecular species barrier exists. Research is ongoing to further explore the possibility of transmission of CWD to other species. By April 2016, CWD had been found in captive animals in South Korea; the disease arrived there with live elk that were imported from Canada for farming in the late 1990s. In the summer of 2018, cases were discovered in the Harpur Farm herd in Grenville-sur-la-Rouge, Quebec. Over the course of 2018 fully 12% of the mule deer that were tested in Alberta, had a positive result. More than 8% of Alberta deer were deemed seropositive. Europe In 2016, the first case of CWD in Europe was from the Nordfjella wild reindeer herd in southern Norway. Scientists found the diseased female reindeer as it was dying, and routine CWD screening at necropsy was unexpectedly positive. The origin of CWD in Norway is unknown, whereas import of infected deer from Canada was the source of CWD cases in South Korea. Norway has strict legislation and rules not allowing importation of live animals and deer into the country. Norway has a scrapie surveillance program since 1997; while no reports of scrapie within the range of Nordfjella reindeer population have been identified, sheep are herded through that region and are a potential source of infection. In May and June 2016, two infected wild moose (Alces alces) were found around 300 km north from the first case, in Selbu. By the end of August, a fourth case had been confirmed in a wild reindeer shot in the same area as the first case in March. In 2017, the Environment Agency of the Norwegian government released guidelines for hunters hunting reindeer in the Nordfjella areas. The guidelines contain information on identifying animals with CWD symptoms and instructions for minimizing the risk of contamination, as well as a list of supplies given to hunters to be used for taking and submitting samples from shot reindeer. In March 2018, Finnish Food Safety Authority EVIRA stated that the first case of CWD in Finland had been diagnosed in a 15-year-old moose (Alces alces) that had died naturally in the municipality of Kuhmo in the Kainuu region. Before this case in Kuhmo, Norway was the only country in the European Economic Area where CWD has been diagnosed. The moose did not have the transmissible North American form of the disease, but similar to the Norwegian variant of CWD, an atypical or sporadic form which occurs incidentally in individual animals of the deer family. In Finland, CWD screening of fallen wild deer has been done since 2003. None of the roughly 2,500 samples analyzed so far have tested positive for the disease. The export of live animals of the deer family to other countries has been temporarily banned as a precautionary measure to stop the spread of the CWD, and moose hunters are going to be provided with more instructions before the start of the next hunting season, if appropriate. The export and sales of meat from deer will not be restricted and moose meat is considered safe to eat as only the brain and nervous tissue of infected moose contains prions. In March 2019, the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA) diagnosed the first case of CWD in Sweden. A 16-year old emaciated female moose was found in the municipality of Arjeplog in the county of Norrbotten, circling and with loss of shyness towards humans, possibly blind. The moose was euthanized and the head was sent for CWD screening in the national CWD surveillance program. The brainstem tissue, but not lymph nodes, was positive for CWD (confirmed with Western Blot). A second case of CWD was diagnosed in May 2019, with very similar case history, about 70 km east of the first case. This second case, in the municipality of Arvidsjaur, was also an emaciated and apathic 16-year-old female moose that was euthanized. The circumstances of these Swedish cases are similar to the CWD cases in moose in both Norway and Finland. The EU regulated CWD surveillance runs between 2018 - 2020. A minimum of 6 000 deer are to be tested, both free-ranging animals in the deer family, farmed red deer, and semi-domesticated reindeer. The finding of CWD-positive moose initiated an intensified surveillance in the affected municipalities. Adult hunter-harvested moose and slaughtered semi-domesticated reindeer from the area are tested for CWD. In September 2019, a third moose was found positive for CWD, a hunter-harvested 10-year-old apparently healthy female moose from Arjeplog. A fourth case of CWD in moose was verified in September 2020, in a euthanized 14-year-old lame and unshy female moose in the municipality of Robertsfors, in the county of Västerbotten, approximately 200 km from the previous moose cases in the neighboring county of Norrbotten. Research Research is focused on better ways to monitor disease in the wild, live animal diagnostic tests, developing vaccines, better ways to dispose of animals that died from the disease and to decontaminate the environment, where prions can persist in soils, and better ways to monitor the food supply. Deer harvesting and management issues are intertwined. References External links This entry incorporates public domain text originally at What is chronic wasting disease? Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance Chronic wasting disease Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Chronic wasting disease (CWD) USGS National Wildlife Health Center CWD information & testing Colorado Parks and Wildlife [https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/programs/CWD/Pages/default.aspx Chronic wasting diseas Illinois Department of Natural Resources Chronic wasting disease management Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Chronic wasting disease (CWD) Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Chronic wasting disease New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Chronic wasting disease Program Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Chronic wasting disease Pennsylvania Game Commission Chronic wasting disease Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Chronic wasting disease (CWD) Wyoming Wildlife, Wyoming Game and Fish Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Ruminant diseases Animal diseases	[ 0.22813411056995392, 0.4266631603240967, -0.7755283117294312, -0.057776205241680145, -0.09597823023796082, 0.20817750692367554, 0.6221787333488464, 0.880652904510498, -0.47298216819763184, -0.5037060379981995, -0.03877133131027222, 0.1280885636806488, -0.6381268501281738, 0.5729667544364929, 0.12848147749900818, 0.5715850591659546, 0.2731024920940399, 0.1807040423154831, -0.39073312282562256, 0.03261600434780121, -0.37841764092445374, -0.5518645644187927, 0.1499115228652954, 0.23890036344528198, -0.8814119696617126, 0.01935802958905697, 0.5860425233840942, 0.361044704914093, 0.004567148629575968, -0.682590663433075, 0.20800504088401794, 0.3429200053215027, 0.42317765951156616, -0.17218659818172455, -0.3818310499191284, 0.18135353922843933, -0.760826826095581, -0.8165075182914734, -0.32410097122192383, -0.10080450028181076, 0.04751209169626236, -0.08437792956829071, -0.2513238787651062, 0.4314629137516022, 0.20310556888580322, -0.3414498269557953, -0.9360037446022034, 0.5518537759780884, 0.05811517313122749, 0.1266600638628006, -0.2605013847351074, 0.4336276352405548, -0.1378185749053955, 0.169989213347435, 0.6985869407653809, 0.5127590298652649, -0.924408495426178, -0.36652082204818726, 0.027137743309140205, -0.6280114650726318, 0.2551170289516449, -0.6608750820159912, -0.49268215894699097, 0.24431312084197998, -0.7107337117195129, 0.39142486453056335, 0.15539847314357758, 0.9044488072395325, 0.10199848562479019, -0.44279250502586365, -0.19943735003471375, -0.23366253077983856, -0.1037730798125267, 0.5999443531036377, -0.14306840300559998, -0.22488261759281158, 0.12155954539775848, -0.6449568867683411, 0.13318049907684326, -0.0800352692604065, 0.14870445430278778, 0.38803568482398987, 0.29661211371421814, 0.3323647081851959, 0.12780572474002838, -0.002684527076780796, -0.1801854819059372, 0.8447136878967285, -0.46753039956092834, 0.8118767738342285, 0.029399923980236053, 0.7450382709503174, 0.609438955783844, -0.3156190812587738, -0.2330627292394638, 0.09885355085134506, 0.17393383383750916, 0.13932153582572937, 0.6896361112594604, 0.050446536391973495, -0.22545111179351807, -0.22537094354629517, -0.03140652924776077, -0.07270045578479767, -0.025090672075748444, 0.2378685474395752, -0.2917611300945282, -0.15718598663806915, 0.04378034546971321, -0.11697717010974884, -0.568787157535553, -0.04768405854701996, -0.26521775126457214, -0.17382200062274933, -0.43769127130508423, 0.7038129568099976, -0.1831946223974228, -0.7953650951385498, -0.6285719871520996, -0.5516242980957031, -0.26131290197372437, 0.13340112566947937, -0.08922702819108963, 0.23786722123622894, -0.6149000525474548, 0.42387858033180237, 0.05117275193333626, -0.24103325605392456, -0.00102435692679137, 0.20356079936027527, 0.3196150064468384, 0.48221278190612793, -0.4905511438846588, -0.11131833493709564, 0.322591632604599, -0.07806821167469025, 0.008637236431241035, 0.08851894736289978, -0.044874079525470734, -0.1770714819431305, -0.8730347752571106, -0.7361465096473694, -0.4054206311702728, 0.2968638837337494, 0.2247214913368225, 0.2792571485042572, -0.536827802658081, -0.03038935363292694, -0.10392781347036362, -0.12324313819408417, 0.29105299711227417, 0.27098652720451355, -0.5457608699798584, -0.20039722323417664, -0.2368876188993454, 0.34911686182022095, 0.45420709252357483, -0.2043236494064331, 0.35976171493530273, 0.1769394874572754, 0.7123066782951355, 0.053420573472976685, -0.7845503687858582, -0.3431991934776306, 0.13361449539661407, -0.2689162492752075, -0.16958527266979218, 0.1657654345035553, -0.246566504240036, -0.019651275128126144, -0.5435106754302979, 0.06000334769487381, 0.24417801201343536, -0.846705973148346, 0.7573806643486023, -0.09816918522119522, 0.041273754090070724, 0.28884127736091614, 0.6484502553939819, 0.1262836754322052, -0.42059820890426636, -0.02482069469988346, 0.6447605490684509, -0.13203184306621552, -0.1823013424873352, -0.458522230386734, 0.34197789430618286, -0.14549846947193146, 0.15002690255641937, -0.31357359886169434, -1.1241445541381836, -0.2182518094778061, 0.7627274394035339, -0.26414501667022705, 1.6157094240188599, -0.4285910129547119, -0.3845665156841278, 0.4984647333621979, 0.08345436304807663, 0.05324873700737953, -0.28830575942993164, -0.3009656071662903, 0.8128709197044373, -0.1535719931125641, -1.094992995262146, 0.056093763560056686, 0.029182912781834602, -0.2280280590057373, 0.17987051606178284, 0.48714780807495117, 0.5055258274078369, -0.6992441415786743, 0.042305707931518555, -0.23624928295612335, 0.4659000337123871, 0.312991201877594, -0.7558562159538269, -0.1691940873861313, -0.2509251534938812, -0.5448513031005859, 0.3957363963127136, -0.5696154236793518, -0.2612622082233429, 1.1220282316207886, -0.07159397006034851, 0.6916990876197815, 0.24546068906784058, 0.08332710713148117, 1.2706125974655151, -0.5904837250709534, 0.6323928236961365, 0.33545559644699097, 0.5710530281066895, -0.6398021578788757, -0.037979111075401306, 0.10783443599939346, 0.06816548854112625, -0.24810980260372162, -0.8602371215820312, 0.07940521091222763, 0.16940949857234955, 0.7678688764572144, -0.5008568167686462, -0.08336351066827774, -0.29341787099838257, -0.3488328754901886, -0.31490471959114075, 0.06535659730434418, -0.6897892355918884, -0.4871614873409271, 0.6633609533309937, 1.165703296661377, 0.41021594405174255, -0.4638550579547882, 0.2245865762233734, 0.02431800775229931, 0.38954171538352966, -0.3374200761318207, 0.48982325196266174, -0.5533328056335449, -0.018858831375837326, 0.4083535671234131, 0.24730874598026276, 0.6240947842597961, 0.019629914313554764, -0.25206321477890015, 0.016993006691336632, -0.365587443113327, -0.0002969076158478856, 0.3989425599575043, 0.6853565573692322, 0.09723000973463058, -0.8486866354942322, 0.15935949981212616, 0.08057906478643417, -0.8599313497543335, 0.10337809473276138, 0.6341851353645325, -0.5662310719490051, 0.18854613602161407, -0.2196316421031952, -0.1570436805486679, 0.5274519920349121, -0.3725632131099701, -0.15522685647010803, -0.1596236526966095, -0.6882333755493164, 0.03168826177716255, -0.502402126789093, -0.4982699751853943, -0.5432929992675781, 0.814912736415863, 0.29407674074172974, 0.864578902721405, -0.2416711151599884, -0.37836357951164246, -0.028860758990049362, 0.2618456184864044, 0.9582820534706116, -0.5319474935531616, 0.16378626227378845, 0.00758329126983881, 0.06749626249074936, 0.09471400082111359, -0.5737282037734985, 0.2650260031223297, -0.4177176356315613, -0.02024069055914879, -5.254472255706787, -0.29428771138191223, -0.43198904395103455, -0.5380526781082153, 0.1823255866765976, -0.15783055126667023, 0.7702403664588928, -0.09750893712043762, -0.028032049536705017, 0.354377418756485, 0.8301939964294434, 0.7855705618858337, 0.13678665459156036, -0.47948142886161804, -0.29666808247566223, -0.026954637840390205, -0.021446743980050087, -0.346149742603302, 0.29790759086608887, 0.43502336740493774, 0.3247780203819275, 0.34988144040107727, -0.49001428484916687, 0.6185862421989441, -0.933956503868103, 0.44372043013572693, -0.7852720022201538, 0.4623337686061859, -0.6221945881843567, 0.5543437600135803, 0.3980485200881958, -0.7228094935417175, -0.02559058926999569, -0.0935508981347084, -0.9836365580558777, 0.22272557020187378, 0.2657144069671631, 0.19349417090415955, -0.5901544690132141, -0.3019157946109772, -0.08469205349683762, -0.449688196182251, 0.0007300375145860016, 0.20501483976840973, 0.5915086269378662, 0.17799948155879974, -0.0826551541686058, 0.13682995736598969, 0.031170034781098366, 0.8184878826141357, 0.1653030961751938, -0.25862815976142883, 0.8273302316665649, 0.8961578607559204, 0.237998828291893, -0.44595468044281006, 0.30768153071403503, 0.13596469163894653, -0.007943307049572468, -0.08556898683309555, 0.07611854374408722, -0.397892564535141, -0.2570323944091797, -0.2523151934146881, -0.14007043838500977, -0.07895523309707642, -0.12505961954593658, -0.26224955916404724, 0.6138231754302979, -0.3710712492465973, -0.04269329085946083, 0.5332626104354858, 0.34023866057395935, -0.7710431218147278, 0.5024067759513855, -0.561581015586853, 0.017370684072375298, 0.0011561503633856773, -0.0400313101708889, -0.08928424119949341, -0.11249679327011108, -0.2958638668060303, 0.09552827477455139, 0.23896178603172302, 0.49402856826782227, -0.7684388756752014, -0.029832735657691956, -0.05123959854245186, 0.2349715381860733, -0.5046172738075256, 0.930946946144104, -0.5572392344474792, 0.3788248896598816, 0.5972214937210083, 0.032152291387319565, 1.0015417337417603, 0.6987907886505127, 0.9756149053573608, 0.26832857728004456, -0.0029773577116429806, 1.021000623703003, -0.42725786566734314, -0.3543577790260315, -0.9473063349723816, -0.7135103940963745, -0.3317301571369171, 0.024867843836545944, 0.5032246708869934, 0.57680743932724, -0.43670427799224854, 0.5754145383834839, -0.07002703845500946, -0.38941144943237305, -0.5808945298194885, 0.29692158102989197, 0.0688343271613121, 0.00474551459774375, 0.6894752979278564, 0.547472357749939, 0.15014611184597015, 0.23182953894138336, 0.5002895593643188, -0.6695256233215332, 0.2699457108974457, 0.44032055139541626, 0.14050115644931793, 0.4297259449958801, 0.3220970332622528, -0.5952327251434326, -0.4865744709968567, -0.6709913611412048, 0.4167335033416748, 0.24523214995861053, 0.6058463454246521, -0.014647097326815128, -0.29310742020606995, -0.3404768705368042, 0.3743394911289215, 0.1325775533914566, -0.5201230049133301, -0.06882943958044052, -0.3541923463344574, -0.4079990088939667, 0.4993220269680023, 0.1502482295036316, 0.20173873007297516, -0.2162824273109436, 0.21047939360141754, -0.24032637476921082, 0.3233715295791626, 0.0642404556274414, -0.18722888827323914, -0.011342359706759453, 0.48378556966781616, -0.5402418375015259, 0.006614943966269493, 0.08535578101873398, 0.23548054695129395, 0.04390007629990578, -0.49784204363822937, 0.3165972828865051, -0.4492678940296173, -0.9541904926300049, -0.06035403907299042, -0.3039931654930115, 0.29870346188545227, 0.31445133686065674, -1.1942373514175415, -0.09100191295146942, 0.8327999114990234, -0.5771753787994385, 0.1152748093008995, -0.49165043234825134, -0.0997992530465126, 0.642358124256134, -0.23269477486610413, -0.8016427755355835, -0.20494353771209717, 0.3339693546295166, 0.48817282915115356, 0.21780382096767426, 0.037924472242593765, 0.03684217110276222, 0.29345574975013733, 0.46872028708457947, -0.2857641577720642, -0.16347980499267578, -0.26071134209632874, -0.0016195860225707293, -0.02189408428966999, 0.4572387635707855, 0.06543723493814468, 0.8628671765327454, 0.11832307279109955, -0.26299378275871277, 0.12835921347141266, -0.39943408966064453, 0.23984722793102264, 0.1705901026725769, -0.30023324489593506, 0.02869897522032261, 0.5977845191955566, -0.15628862380981445, 0.4738259017467499, 0.8545355200767517, -0.21560589969158173, -0.22964125871658325, -0.28827139735221863, -0.7457222938537598, -0.2980421781539917, -0.221910297870636, -0.6195880174636841, 0.06170542538166046, 0.8742567300796509, -0.3756997883319855, -0.3991205394268036, -0.1741732954978943, -0.5608744025230408, -0.17383407056331635, 0.36388707160949707, -0.4022040069103241, 0.04984823614358902, -0.21617457270622253, -0.42321547865867615, -0.9359903931617737, 0.4660719931125641, 0.5869072675704956, -0.5779788494110107, 0.572261393070221, 0.06974498927593231, -0.04129510372877121, -0.3451835513114929, 0.261706680059433, -0.5873780846595764, -0.1424945741891861, -0.12080295383930206, 0.5479772090911865, 0.4291459023952484, 0.37060362100601196, 0.41282087564468384, 0.21347904205322266, 0.7951068878173828, 0.40744826197624207, -0.5820326805114746, 0.030257225036621094, -0.08010083436965942, 0.14342190325260162, -0.9858477711677551, -0.25570595264434814, 0.7831614017486572, 0.2302509844303131, -0.07004328817129135, -0.02668214961886406, 0.07801712304353714, 0.8610087633132935, -0.47669026255607605, 0.09469631314277649, -0.4112338125705719, 0.057989057153463364, -0.3824596703052521, 0.11319596320390701, 0.09069368988275528, 0.4094928801059723, 0.31619560718536377, -0.21492500603199005, -0.26395854353904724, -0.03480404615402222, -0.050428543239831924, 0.22111496329307556, -0.12623277306556702, 0.17946714162826538, -0.5952520966529846, 0.7986444234848022, 0.6186643838882446, -0.08205724507570267, 0.19259203970432281, -0.5371474027633667, -0.47152605652809143, -0.24611692130565643, 0.37881508469581604, -0.1023167073726654, -0.8996630907058716, 0.0673840194940567, -0.08645593374967575, 0.4965839385986328, -0.36446326971054077, 0.1739758402109146, -0.7732061147689819, 0.1072239950299263, -0.054356977343559265, -1.0047074556350708, 0.1620306670665741, -0.2918405830860138, 0.13437069952487946, -0.10209371149539948, -0.02693410962820053, -0.07608294486999512, 0.3230729401111603, -0.5478304028511047, -0.009530767798423767, -0.5248135924339294, 0.8102411031723022, 0.23909251391887665, -0.6770724058151245, -0.00202986691147089, -0.24581219255924225, -0.1010299026966095, -0.3242838978767395, -0.40535855293273926, 0.2588690519332886, 0.4093116521835327, -0.2558979392051697, 0.3185746669769287, 0.31209370493888855, 0.03524230048060417, 0.1809237152338028, -0.5898186564445496, -0.3989845812320709, 0.025976033881306648, 0.044481776654720306, 0.7591257691383362, 1.037051796913147, 0.6625824570655823, -0.2846308648586273, -0.1119837835431099, 0.9602888226509094, -0.24913924932479858, 0.06882262229919434, 0.497450590133667, 0.6707497835159302, 0.34577494859695435, -0.8718016147613525, -0.48894914984703064, 0.807492196559906, 0.30083563923835754, 0.48759809136390686, 0.4780378043651581, -1.197738528251648, -0.4481693208217621, -0.31232014298439026, 0.43755584955215454, 0.20476825535297394, 0.08004679530858994, 0.20513147115707397, -0.2580385208129883, 0.4044693410396576, -0.3347727358341217, -0.3082602620124817, 0.41932496428489685, -0.7696671485900879, 0.7780107259750366, -1.0108318328857422, 0.17428235709667206, -0.11796396970748901, -0.01582206040620804, 0.12528535723686218, 0.09368117898702621, -0.2719278633594513, -0.0563184954226017, 0.08490554243326187, 0.2943486273288727, -0.5385449528694153, 0.335514098405838, 0.3510497808456421, 0.42089900374412537, -0.49685007333755493, 0.07517819851636887, -0.7670570611953735, 0.17018236219882965, 0.10446900129318237, -0.1812410205602646, -0.21993449330329895, 0.15761828422546387, 0.21950529515743256, 0.8635383248329163, -0.04338854178786278, -0.1475508064031601, 0.9633634090423584, 0.0832810029387474, 0.2655218839645386, -0.846096932888031, -0.14966057240962982, -0.049240607768297195, -0.23062480986118317, -0.033872317522764206, -0.33572879433631897, -0.23280158638954163, 0.22426451742649078, 0.014316941611468792, -0.6386266350746155, -0.0748801976442337, -0.3773795962333679, 0.0856485664844513, 0.04008369892835617, 0.1765396147966385, -0.4883342981338501, 0.40055254101753235, 0.5021825432777405, -0.1833747774362564, 0.6710017919540405, -0.11885791271924973, -0.4002175033092499, -0.32976558804512024, 0.33712083101272583, -0.8790188431739807, 0.45827966928482056, 0.15424858033657074, 0.5711418390274048, -0.7677178978919983, 0.5200846195220947, 0.19416457414627075, 0.3665805459022522, 0.037740908563137054, 0.3058140277862549, -0.19151605665683746, 0.38558536767959595, 0.67280513048172, -0.8635649085044861, -0.3682103157043457, -0.9113418459892273, 0.1475525200366974, -0.7258473634719849, 0.5507648587226868, 0.4163098931312561, -0.31738024950027466, 0.007033087778836489, 0.6500470042228699, -0.18466044962406158, -0.16935832798480988, 0.42416104674339294, -0.6077855825424194, 0.5808997750282288, -0.5013923048973083, 0.35125160217285156, -0.03152342885732651, -0.6129333972930908, 0.3787817656993866, 0.4089868366718292, 0.1617385596036911, 0.2890510559082031, 0.5007558465003967, -0.7246310710906982, -0.3068107068538666, -0.45282837748527527, -0.08183679729700089, 0.12386355549097061, 0.02745445817708969, -0.6098462343215942, -0.5523848533630371, 0.2631504237651825, -0.045100294053554535, -0.7737357020378113, -0.40670666098594666, -0.016566341742873192, 0.03897210210561752, 0.14563962817192078, 0.31239011883735657, -0.30464375019073486, -0.42259615659713745, 0.07592542469501495 ]
249336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bine	Bine	Bine can mean any of the following: Bine (botany), a category of climbing plants which support themselves by the shoots growing in a helix around a support Bine language, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea Binə, Baku, a settlement in Baku, Azerbaijan Jēkabs Bīne (1895–1955), Latvian artist Binə, Khojavend, a village in Khojavend Rayon, Azerbaijan Bine Rogelj (born 1929), Yugoslavian ski jumper National Identity Bloc in Europe, Romanian electoral alliance abbreviated as BINE See also Haybine, a farm implement	[ 0.5676066875457764, 0.15109717845916748, -0.5754336714744568, 0.07241347432136536, -0.5326769351959229, 0.7127899527549744, 0.5886902809143066, -0.4916405975818634, -0.39447763562202454, 0.03464649245142937, -0.05500099062919617, -0.2832053005695343, -0.3851817846298218, 0.5935668349266052, -0.33094003796577454, 0.40028199553489685, 0.07480058073997498, 0.5238548517227173, -0.3905535638332367, -0.10525104403495789, -0.27533411979675293, -0.42199811339378357, 0.36135274171829224, -0.28623878955841064, 0.3241318166255951, 0.06526657193899155, 0.29994726181030273, 0.3654930889606476, 0.18318931758403778, 0.36719587445259094, -0.1455560177564621, 0.402364581823349, 0.22043798863887787, -0.41860225796699524, -0.019985267892479897, 0.01370555255562067, 0.2046569436788559, -0.19606530666351318, 0.24126479029655457, -0.891251266002655, 0.3660818934440613, -0.03951207920908928, -0.1361648440361023, 0.7405743598937988, -0.34265103936195374, -0.6789697408676147, -1.6043519973754883, 0.8786418437957764, -0.946169376373291, 0.046772927045822144, -0.25867530703544617, -0.3205859959125519, 0.21695783734321594, -0.056397322565317154, 0.29614925384521484, 0.5213033556938171, -0.5453283786773682, -0.31412598490715027, 0.8206714391708374, -0.717593789100647, 0.1891813427209854, 0.04089461639523506, 0.34983915090560913, 0.40761423110961914, 0.37980666756629944, 0.31943279504776, -0.19160015881061554, 0.49857112765312195, -0.4032664895057678, -0.4106852412223816, -0.18723785877227783, 0.4336390495300293, -0.0030450201593339443, 0.0009369326871819794, 0.3871704638004303, -0.4346770942211151, -0.47880131006240845, -0.21877393126487732, 0.08323667198419571, 0.35762128233909607, -0.42660969495773315, -0.14300625026226044, 0.08516409248113632, -0.5520796775817871, 0.46185046434402466, 0.2724338173866272, -0.26587024331092834, 0.17046399414539337, -0.678576648235321, -0.191401869058609, 0.2421804517507553, -0.4038017690181732, 0.05347408354282379, 0.21452166140079498, -0.2275286763906479, 0.1483764797449112, -0.3639388978481293, 0.31689226627349854, 0.1924324333667755, 0.04528702050447464, 0.33686307072639465, 0.24044635891914368, 0.26938506960868835, -0.013616920448839664, -0.5997266173362732, -0.15675337612628937, -0.34577974677085876, -0.36180463433265686, -0.31162238121032715, -0.08405011892318726, -0.09432242065668106, 0.3478780686855316, 0.409240186214447, -0.10663150995969772, 0.21077194809913635, 0.38441312313079834, 0.281837522983551, -0.471547931432724, -0.6018884778022766, 0.24485675990581512, -0.4313439130783081, 0.7186506986618042, -0.2566000819206238, 0.19135735929012299, -0.03370917961001396, -0.22983495891094208, -0.19518950581550598, 0.6062503457069397, -0.8652568459510803, 0.5099359750747681, 0.451106458902359, 0.4395044147968292, -0.23746371269226074, 0.13471917808055878, -0.26017364859580994, -0.6001899242401123, -0.31382736563682556, 0.06921952962875366, 0.38607126474380493, -0.11275281757116318, -1.2569862604141235, 0.07754559814929962, -0.10655876249074936, -0.16477440297603607, 0.47796064615249634, 0.06265398859977722, 0.11152630299329758, -0.013516630977392197, 0.26256120204925537, -0.5330826640129089, -0.08944684267044067, -0.32641032338142395, 0.3463098108768463, -0.034516479820013046, -0.5665449500083923, 0.1691114604473114, 0.04090238735079765, 0.3543459475040436, 0.41684556007385254, -0.2523009777069092, -0.28128865361213684, 0.026379577815532684, 0.19443081319332123, 0.7354454398155212, 0.28593793511390686, -0.21911229193210602, 0.35894811153411865, 0.4468396008014679, 0.29433417320251465, 0.3896409273147583, -0.17737425863742828, -0.3774136006832123, -0.05348106846213341, -0.09452539682388306, -0.35466110706329346, 0.18067927658557892, 0.2773377299308777, -0.1444014459848404, 0.2339538037776947, -0.13908368349075317, -0.4546099603176117, 0.2860965430736542, 0.05379843711853027, -0.21481648087501526, 0.12020408362150192, 0.40469807386398315, 0.03925522044301033, 0.0566549189388752, -0.05084660276770592, -0.07963083684444427, 0.06622277200222015, -0.4414704740047455, -0.20578163862228394, -0.4139658212661743, 0.9059346914291382, 0.4282975196838379, -0.49993932247161865, 0.7355728149414062, 0.3646495044231415, 0.1036122739315033, -0.2240227609872818, -0.2135365754365921, 0.4296543300151825, -0.5115774273872375, -0.38749992847442627, 0.6353737115859985, 0.571053147315979, 0.03725910559296608, 0.4116728901863098, -0.04990508779883385, 0.503582239151001, -0.6651376485824585, 0.2634808421134949, -0.4973495304584503, -0.05217835307121277, -0.2757163643836975, -0.5302380323410034, 0.6010206341743469, 0.14549943804740906, 0.2390313744544983, 0.2571960389614105, -0.23465311527252197, -0.1290857493877411, 0.20738378167152405, 0.20909379422664642, 0.6204848289489746, 0.41262128949165344, -0.04579610750079155, 0.13507889211177826, 0.08365148305892944, 0.2140500694513321, 0.1329081952571869, 0.5863399505615234, -0.07283429801464081, -0.6875695586204529, -0.11261157691478729, -0.08173026144504547, -0.4304158389568329, 0.5355708003044128, -0.225050151348114, -0.31324681639671326, 0.662804365158081, -0.36671116948127747, -0.4770761728286743, 0.9195119738578796, 0.05687723308801651, -0.0839897021651268, -0.15249882638454437, -0.05587229132652283, -0.14251089096069336, 0.3455030620098114, 0.44610917568206787, 0.28667184710502625, -0.4596973657608032, 0.1027085930109024, 0.16959600150585175, 0.14007064700126648, 0.43805813789367676, 0.40318605303764343, 0.18972091376781464, -0.8766950368881226, 0.16365307569503784, 0.05610954761505127, -0.08095502853393555, 0.20162279903888702, 0.07481663674116135, -0.09844036400318146, -0.46022602915763855, 0.5420127511024475, 0.1606663316488266, 0.8063030242919922, 0.03595916926860809, -0.4137054979801178, 0.1384955644607544, -0.3479267656803131, -0.6238035559654236, 0.011980676092207432, 0.05603841692209244, -0.7956975698471069, -0.8414287567138672, -0.09722636640071869, 0.6103443503379822, 0.17881529033184052, -0.76095050573349, 0.5073403716087341, 0.34904608130455017, -0.09800625592470169, 0.11453741788864136, -0.02196555770933628, -0.3108413815498352, 0.24875137209892273, 0.6720038652420044, -0.4515761137008667, 0.2556490898132324, 0.06745058298110962, 0.07721912115812302, -0.4914693832397461, -0.3887646496295929, 0.3930172324180603, -0.48555150628089905, -0.25538870692253113, 0.20906877517700195, -0.6435734033584595, 0.02647174708545208, 0.13988888263702393, 0.5925288796424866, 0.22630976140499115, -0.06562388688325882, -5.938782215118408, 0.15874911844730377, 0.06388231366872787, 0.33177149295806885, 0.3740155100822449, -0.4183144271373749, 0.2436997890472412, -0.1036047637462616, 0.3600499927997589, -0.11635023355484009, -0.33865728974342346, -0.3823779225349426, 0.15382863581180573, 0.3465826213359833, 0.6747083067893982, 0.3375498056411743, 0.3966754078865051, 0.6653476357460022, 0.06480143219232559, -0.13373133540153503, 0.13519586622714996, 0.2914980947971344, 0.02703080326318741, 0.5538627505302429, -0.06607368588447571, 0.05034984275698662, 0.09890516102313995, 0.17219874262809753, -0.7230947613716125, -0.41797763109207153, -0.3192947506904602, -0.6986411809921265, 0.17518708109855652, -0.07403495162725449, -0.060403287410736084, 0.07791278511285782, 0.6742721199989319, 0.18249006569385529, 0.4565015137195587, 0.2526725232601166, -0.06696955859661102, 0.35541385412216187, 0.7080901861190796, -0.5332369208335876, 0.15363097190856934, -0.16929595172405243, -0.7786217331886292, -0.2236705720424652, -0.09558142721652985, 0.6180441379547119, 0.4706719219684601, -0.19555246829986572, 0.7187634706497192, -0.15543176233768463, -0.09123412519693375, -0.014786835759878159, 0.8354160189628601, -0.09342654049396515, -0.6721796989440918, 0.6603209972381592, 0.45929577946662903, -0.039813023060560226, 0.2384597361087799, -0.7903184294700623, 0.4379791021347046, -0.3541741371154785, -0.0030038952827453613, 0.25564804673194885, -0.16729570925235748, -0.16376854479312897, -0.3583484888076782, 0.2942010760307312, -0.1642884463071823, -0.8588077425956726, 0.10524027049541473, -0.2865321636199951, -0.15901662409305573, -0.09443336725234985, -0.33871620893478394, 0.1021617203950882, -0.3560244143009186, -0.7282397150993347, -0.368604451417923, 0.49221763014793396, 0.3449588716030121, -0.35912832617759705, -0.14674854278564453, -0.012990112416446209, -0.5851327180862427, 0.4286190867424011, 0.3794679641723633, -0.22262288630008698, 0.42818939685821533, 0.17131979763507843, 0.24203385412693024, 1.0931223630905151, -0.23535573482513428, -0.03300495073199272, 0.653043806552887, -0.07111065089702606, 0.2736392319202423, -0.17162874341011047, 0.20255853235721588, 0.23178550601005554, 0.1546863317489624, -0.22301791608333588, -0.20781829953193665, 0.21123473346233368, 0.6823853850364685, -0.04487083852291107, 0.3052053153514862, 0.25690439343452454, -0.5867823362350464, -0.5680731534957886, 0.37849292159080505, -0.10309512168169022, -0.10278133302927017, 0.6723717451095581, 0.5242129564285278, -0.037944093346595764, 0.20795167982578278, 0.4142802953720093, -0.15953125059604645, -0.05591249093413353, 0.1699446737766266, -0.15950897336006165, -0.4243244528770447, -0.24652519822120667, -0.22514347732067108, -0.0736105740070343, -0.14385387301445007, 0.08253772556781769, -0.12246746569871902, -0.6126687526702881, 0.09819028526544571, 0.03999223932623863, -0.4472309648990631, -0.6338016986846924, -0.6939037442207336, -0.311430424451828, 0.032058972865343094, -0.46656081080436707, -0.24043111503124237, 0.2643474340438843, 0.40978801250457764, 0.496040403842926, -0.1655971258878708, -0.455858439207077, -0.6086357831954956, 0.3111930191516876, 0.05233316496014595, -0.11952544003725052, 0.32431289553642273, -0.43979305028915405, -0.7232105731964111, 0.049585796892642975, 0.07098349183797836, 0.31629589200019836, -0.005565941799432039, -0.4012962281703949, 0.2490546852350235, -0.29629847407341003, -0.852652907371521, 0.01681067794561386, -0.16176548600196838, 0.16917471587657928, 0.1314004808664322, 0.013307763263583183, -0.418897807598114, 0.33788588643074036, 0.11766092479228973, -0.3267911672592163, -0.7503108382225037, -0.002848092233762145, 0.01734066754579544, 0.0032806885428726673, 0.33466219902038574, -0.08127128332853317, -0.024228673428297043, -0.10083285719156265, -0.19124311208724976, 0.5374475121498108, 0.2807044982910156, 0.729519248008728, 0.6572446227073669, -0.3061119318008423, -0.2385704517364502, 0.06580721586942673, -1.2179893255233765, -0.31976133584976196, 0.30458343029022217, -0.0965103730559349, 0.5451115369796753, 0.09750498086214066, 0.004038738086819649, -0.6217331886291504, -0.052613332867622375, 0.3792751431465149, -0.3074182868003845, -0.058088455349206924, 0.18928813934326172, -0.0537516325712204, -0.10300331562757492, 0.4095868468284607, 0.025548502802848816, -0.7922108769416809, 0.28180691599845886, -0.20143193006515503, -0.22353394329547882, 0.05000859498977661, -0.1868056058883667, -0.6027039885520935, -0.011226200498640537, 0.0721340999007225, -0.17155779898166656, -0.24670585989952087, 0.3703177273273468, -0.06466423720121384, -0.481732577085495, -0.4524082541465759, 0.03758195787668228, -0.26375633478164673, 0.07915803045034409, -0.1695675551891327, -0.06070336326956749, 0.7884036898612976, 0.1438680738210678, -0.19833239912986755, 0.025512633845210075, -0.14899656176567078, -0.03708725795149803, -0.36418744921684265, 0.2298213541507721, 0.1572350561618805, -0.788034200668335, -0.04378102719783783, 0.07874710857868195, -0.02824280597269535, 0.03153296560049057, 0.3314089775085449, 0.3151859641075134, 0.48710447549819946, 0.06100683659315109, -0.20524027943611145, -0.2521221935749054, 0.2357502430677414, 0.29214853048324585, -0.2943568825721741, -0.3092186450958252, 0.16704429686069489, -0.21091124415397644, -0.06509172916412354, -0.4759546220302582, 0.01503901556134224, 0.644199013710022, -0.15751895308494568, 0.0007095864857546985, -0.06846650689840317, 0.23230846226215363, 0.3178677260875702, 0.12598273158073425, 0.3002670109272003, -0.2697027325630188, 0.33178186416625977, -0.3899863362312317, 0.07251521199941635, -0.746176540851593, -0.12134452164173126, 0.44842758774757385, -0.4895620048046112, -0.5628774166107178, 0.16250227391719818, 0.3956105411052704, 0.46183159947395325, -0.1684981733560562, 0.044547729194164276, -0.14309857785701752, -0.4031370282173157, -0.24413760006427765, -0.5290380716323853, -1.1207855939865112, -0.6394919157028198, 0.07150309532880783, -0.036087535321712494, -0.1086602732539177, -0.2993986904621124, -0.4082377851009369, 0.0913437008857727, -0.05996109917759895, 0.07915626466274261, -0.581629753112793, 0.101883664727211, -0.01000223308801651, 0.3523450195789337, -0.05138099566102028, 0.4107813835144043, -0.20984876155853271, 0.3971358835697174, -0.2978852093219757, -0.16217853128910065, -1.1852333545684814, -0.08100015670061111, 0.22368760406970978, -0.6266023516654968, 0.06447950005531311, 0.2631959319114685, 0.3380029499530792, -0.18155542016029358, 0.05629798024892807, -0.021533312276005745, 0.44482704997062683, 0.4676133692264557, 0.3275531828403473, 0.32364141941070557, -0.16840806603431702, 0.43421217799186707, 0.49962669610977173, -0.33190783858299255, 0.1262778341770172, 0.3802785277366638, 0.8764027953147888, 0.054995644837617874, 0.15601395070552826, 0.20335474610328674, 0.03203418105840683, 0.43865808844566345, 0.08612845093011856, -0.5874562859535217, -0.11022743582725525, 0.29114797711372375, 0.7132106423377991, -0.25192853808403015, -0.5560807585716248, 0.20769137144088745, -0.10046413540840149, -0.1957750767469406, -0.4890304505825043, -0.43445834517478943, 0.0716896578669548, 0.6566884517669678, 0.49989497661590576, 0.6893677711486816, -0.2719939053058624, -0.36623939871788025, 0.21418917179107666, -0.21932585537433624, 0.13019461929798126, 0.20198819041252136, 0.8616428375244141, 0.4772461950778961, 0.3165513277053833, -0.22708401083946228, 0.119240403175354, -0.7538160085678101, -0.2442125678062439, -0.32245877385139465, -0.054324716329574585, -0.16982540488243103, -0.05622371286153793, 0.2225627303123474, 0.3329683542251587, 0.04270029813051224, -0.043602168560028076, -0.25419414043426514, -0.22008322179317474, -0.2823518216609955, -0.2514902651309967, -0.36102813482284546, -0.275601863861084, 0.5425770878791809, 0.2186916321516037, -0.22612741589546204, -0.5327618718147278, 0.26949813961982727, 0.01513608731329441, 0.279364675283432, 0.1226295456290245, 0.6348185539245605, 0.09134451299905777, 0.10737333446741104, 0.3158106207847595, -0.12816336750984192, 0.010208062827587128, -0.06059270724654198, -0.040202874690294266, -0.6697520017623901, 0.4929097890853882, -0.03620976209640503, -0.056005287915468216, -0.026443874463438988, 0.49401718378067017, -0.09022064507007599, -0.5331225991249084, 0.540524423122406, -0.26926666498184204, 0.17226605117321014, -0.5114213824272156, 0.9085494875907898, 0.2713504135608673, -0.33666059374809265, -0.1362922340631485, 0.23348800837993622, 0.03276148438453674, 0.33384716510772705, -0.07388769835233688, 0.19367705285549164, -0.08644253760576248, 0.22930389642715454, -0.6741409301757812, 0.6688157916069031, 0.6647394299507141, -0.025295792147517204, 0.0465310700237751, 0.03263502195477486, -0.06494887918233871, -0.051918476819992065, 0.03264230117201805, -0.12415269762277603, -0.1875901073217392, -0.3366704285144806, 0.2961364984512329, -0.5722511410713196, 0.010914896614849567, 0.3437209129333496, -0.37835049629211426, -0.37447986006736755, -0.2837890684604645, 0.20175258815288544, -1.1007217168807983, -0.1099514588713646, 0.38672536611557007, -0.0934528261423111, -0.16489705443382263, -0.1698104292154312, -0.6384719610214233, 0.35579538345336914, 0.38481414318084717, 0.7240284085273743, 0.09550440311431885, -0.5884035229682922, 0.12038446962833405, -0.18728885054588318, 0.16202586889266968, -0.0726887509226799, 0.00028017701697535813, 0.7770954966545105, 0.07973708212375641, -0.17744868993759155, -0.27515265345573425, 0.20396432280540466, 0.027375750243663788, -0.26072731614112854, 0.3710191547870636, 0.04740389436483383, -0.16666309535503387, -0.6726318597793579, -0.07826397567987442, -0.40379416942596436, 0.31088903546333313, -0.09432873874902725 ]
249343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamashtu	Lamashtu	In Mesopotamian mythology, Lamashtu (Akkadian dLa-maš-tu; Sumerian Dimme dDim3-me or Kamadme) was a female demon, monster, malevolent goddess or demigoddess who menaced women during childbirth and, if possible, kidnapped their children while they were breastfeeding. She would gnaw on their bones and suck their blood, as well as being charged with a number of other evil deeds. She was a daughter of the Sky God Anu. Lamashtu is depicted as a mythological hybrid, with a hairy body, a lioness' head with donkey's teeth and ears, long fingers and fingernails, and the feet of a bird with sharp talons. She is often shown standing or kneeling on a donkey, nursing a pig and a dog, and holding snakes. She thus bears some functions and resemblance to the demon Lilith in Jewish mythology. Mythology Lamashtu's father was the Sky God Anu. Unlike many other usual demonic figures and depictions in Mesopotamian lore, Lamashtu was said to act in malevolence of her own accord, rather than at the gods' instructions. Along with this her name was written together with the cuneiform determinative indicating deity. This means she was a goddess or a demigoddess in her own right. She bore seven names and was described as seven witches in incantations. Her evil deeds included (but were not limited to): slaying children, unborns, and neonates; causing harm to mothers and expectant mothers; eating men and drinking their blood; disturbing sleep; bringing nightmares; killing foliage; infesting rivers and lakes; and being a bringer of disease, sickness, and death. Pazuzu, a god or demon, was invoked to protect birthing mothers and infants against Lamashtu's malevolence, usually on amulets and statues. Although Pazuzu was said to be bringer of famine and drought, he was also invoked against evil for protection, and against plague, but he was primarily and popularly invoked against his fierce, malicious rival Lamashtu. Incantation against Lamaštu: In another incantation against her, she appears to be identified with Inanna: In modern culture Lamashtu a demon lord and the goddess of monsters, called the Mother of Beasts and Mistress of Insanity, in the role-playing game setting Pathfinder. Lamashtu appears as a character in the NBC television series Constantine in the episode "The Saint of Last Resorts". Lamashtu is the title of a 2015 Audiobook by Paul E Cooley. Lamashtu appears as an antagonist in the 2018 novel "On Devil's Wings" by M. J. Meade. Lamashtu appears as the antagonist in the 2017 film Still/Born. Lamashtu appears as the song "lamashtu" by Necrophobic on their 2018 album "Mark of the Necrogram" Lamashtu is depicted on the Ankaran Sarcophagus in the videogame Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines Lamashtu appears in the book "Sebitti - Mesopotamian Magick & Demonology" by Michael W. Ford Succubus Publishing 2016 Lamashtu appears as the 2020 album theme of "Scourge of Lamashtu" by Black Funeral Iron Bonehead Productions Ritual An Akkadian incantation and ritual against Lamashtu is edited in Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments vol. 2 (1988) It is glossed as an "incantation to dispel lasting fever and Lamashtu". The prescribed ritual involves a Lamashtu figurine. A sacrifice of bread must be placed before the figurine and water must be poured over it. A black dog must be made to carry the figurine. Then it is placed near the head of the sick child for three days, with the heart of a piglet placed in its mouth. The incantation must be recited three times a day, besides further food sacrifices. At dusk on the third day, the figurine is taken outdoors and buried near the wall. See also Abyzou Akhkhazu Alû Lamia Lilin Lilith Shedim Utukku References External links Mesopotamian goddesses Mesopotamian demons Mythological hybrids Mythological hematophages Female legendary creatures Snake goddesses Evil deities Mesopotamian underworld Mythological cannibals	[ -0.07090733200311661, 0.045941006392240524, -0.7665693759918213, -0.07806502282619476, -0.8812733888626099, 1.127294898033142, 0.477563738822937, 0.1804167479276657, -0.2728706896305084, 0.27712786197662354, -0.36417144536972046, 0.3636043965816498, -0.17952857911586761, 0.7085497379302979, -0.17250962555408478, 0.051805295050144196, 0.05301908403635025, 0.5476869940757751, -0.24981661140918732, -0.09195458143949509, -0.02948637679219246, -0.557225227355957, 0.4193219840526581, -0.11615835130214691, 0.2904263436794281, 0.04234541580080986, 0.6150621175765991, 0.39714306592941284, -0.2600882053375244, 0.044258493930101395, -0.3570610284805298, 0.09531361609697342, 0.23092323541641235, -0.49236157536506653, 0.222409188747406, 0.230227991938591, -0.4378156363964081, -0.1907549649477005, -0.5161689519882202, -0.3270983099937439, -0.06966275721788406, -0.09842347353696823, -0.2588536739349365, 0.5521896481513977, -0.5470380187034607, -0.4648698568344116, -0.9243731498718262, 0.5285430550575256, -0.9307301640510559, -0.01323475781828165, -1.002634882926941, 0.2671424448490143, 0.38677242398262024, -0.33893007040023804, 0.5164881348609924, 0.572928786277771, -0.4040094316005707, 0.02144179865717888, 0.39891675114631653, 0.0022660300601273775, 0.699123740196228, -0.002610234310850501, 0.4342150092124939, 0.4589993953704834, -0.4713190495967865, 0.4557212293148041, 0.01783166080713272, 0.35727962851524353, -0.600321888923645, -0.8673930764198303, -0.37153756618499756, 0.3854874074459076, -0.521460771560669, 0.28381410241127014, -0.4828812777996063, -0.00547037972137332, -0.28553956747055054, -0.6062263250350952, 0.8874543905258179, 0.6923754215240479, -0.4401499927043915, 0.588243842124939, 1.1220166683197021, 0.23037627339363098, -0.11285929381847382, -0.09892313927412033, 0.17702551186084747, 0.4605655372142792, -0.24416446685791016, 0.45600712299346924, 0.15658161044120789, -0.23325353860855103, 0.2699756324291229, -0.2039092779159546, -0.4905323088169098, 0.2195322960615158, -0.2700812518596649, 0.028955793008208275, 0.01351077575236559, -0.33442509174346924, 0.21739695966243744, 0.03450939804315567, -0.12215744704008102, -0.5724561214447021, -0.5399050712585449, 0.15285995602607727, 0.09900674223899841, -0.3115224242210388, -0.6348677277565002, -0.31966492533683777, -0.3738630712032318, 0.6290131211280823, 0.3055260479450226, -0.15535476803779602, 0.407522588968277, 0.284218430519104, -0.5765839219093323, -0.38464054465293884, -0.4798946678638458, 0.06846556067466736, 0.05890463665127754, -0.49247652292251587, 0.5582934617996216, -0.1781785935163498, 0.26178762316703796, -0.23123574256896973, 0.3038531541824341, 0.366253525018692, -1.0736119747161865, 0.34791526198387146, 0.8205887675285339, 0.6794508099555969, -0.1758374273777008, 0.17845438420772552, -0.09726510941982269, -0.43735942244529724, 0.09665890038013458, -0.18769367039203644, 0.7303004860877991, -0.20307596027851105, -1.0956815481185913, 0.24055525660514832, -0.9026817083358765, 0.10781750828027725, 0.37074199318885803, 0.1488816738128662, 0.44040289521217346, -0.07799739390611649, -0.568625807762146, -0.38937807083129883, 0.05872528627514839, 0.1340838074684143, 0.44774454832077026, -0.4009768068790436, 0.26083943247795105, 0.10013287514448166, -0.1302005499601364, 0.4705899953842163, 0.06326427310705185, -0.31938159465789795, -0.5721939206123352, 0.6849474310874939, -0.4749561846256256, 0.16738468408584595, -0.03556553274393082, -0.15613646805286407, 0.4494481384754181, -0.26531878113746643, 0.12286453694105148, 0.1879170686006546, -0.36230960488319397, 0.35972365736961365, 0.14160923659801483, -0.2729821801185608, -0.41826677322387695, 0.4411099851131439, 0.7987754344940186, -0.1485997587442398, 0.09083577990531921, -0.33497485518455505, -0.7359384894371033, 0.33964815735816956, 0.08266691863536835, 0.20221151411533356, -0.29327067732810974, -0.12048351764678955, 0.4654100239276886, 0.0620807409286499, -0.4270697236061096, -0.3832293450832367, -0.7626404166221619, 0.09900456666946411, 0.25181713700294495, 0.4725445508956909, 0.7241265773773193, -0.35194700956344604, -0.5619288682937622, 0.7231009006500244, 0.23525792360305786, 0.4948696196079254, -0.340404748916626, -0.5308179259300232, 0.03567209094762802, -0.7259812355041504, -0.8654108643531799, -0.024072466418147087, -0.6738308668136597, 0.3568950891494751, -0.07252094149589539, 0.4221459925174713, 0.5556426644325256, -0.7359446883201599, 0.34302085638046265, -0.4263087809085846, -0.1973089724779129, 0.27164268493652344, -0.3847644627094269, 0.16867437958717346, 0.31002193689346313, -0.2716505527496338, -0.04681941866874695, -0.704414427280426, -0.37718793749809265, -0.04278084635734558, 0.09430466592311859, 0.3602956533432007, -0.11625086516141891, 0.23494112491607666, 0.124379962682724, -0.5022994875907898, -0.10313468426465988, 0.2423584908246994, 0.12461110204458237, -0.09779197722673416, -0.5445489883422852, -0.10235338658094406, 0.12068751454353333, -0.052786633372306824, 0.4256884753704071, -0.7109816074371338, -0.0708012506365776, 0.038725629448890686, 0.34152960777282715, -0.23862586915493011, 0.4295789301395416, -0.40306535363197327, -0.07569939643144608, -0.1556345671415329, -0.3573075234889984, 0.39957964420318604, -0.13561247289180756, 0.6312620043754578, 0.02756323106586933, 0.10589836537837982, -0.09546695649623871, -0.2790882885456085, -0.2135847955942154, 0.18115389347076416, 1.1109733581542969, -0.12025552988052368, 0.1284717321395874, 0.6882383823394775, -0.2495974898338318, -0.2938377261161804, 0.47052061557769775, -0.41168108582496643, 0.1271064728498459, -0.013543112203478813, 0.3590852618217468, 0.3896973431110382, 0.13084101676940918, -0.10802044719457626, -0.5678837895393372, -0.1057107150554657, -0.2803313136100769, -0.9796335697174072, 0.866053581237793, 0.2994057536125183, -0.12216559797525406, -0.4305257797241211, 0.24386140704154968, 0.4122127592563629, 0.3821541368961334, -0.6317254900932312, -0.2595856487751007, -0.3707129955291748, -0.06442254036664963, 0.02985132299363613, 0.5058873295783997, -0.29037636518478394, -0.2559574246406555, 0.3563774824142456, -0.24585334956645966, 0.10472241789102554, -0.24180735647678375, 0.15213152766227722, -0.08436419814825058, 0.4436863958835602, 0.4327182173728943, -0.2742083966732025, 0.06721827387809753, 0.11086077243089676, -0.5184754133224487, 0.09543341398239136, -0.2895490527153015, 0.41297879815101624, 0.019447194412350655, 0.0966101735830307, -5.665585994720459, -0.18104952573776245, -0.3810182809829712, -0.7048680782318115, 0.3822947144508362, 0.23214693367481232, 0.5541565418243408, 0.10695070773363113, 0.11852046847343445, -0.32536718249320984, 0.06701898574829102, -0.05697477608919144, 0.060240887105464935, -0.2923539876937866, 0.5372892618179321, -0.13720473647117615, 0.8389859795570374, 0.2638867497444153, -0.0338599793612957, -0.09772755950689316, -0.04543735459446907, 0.07656590640544891, -0.44434431195259094, 0.8689534068107605, -0.22540295124053955, -0.24514934420585632, 0.0486135259270668, -0.3799624741077423, -0.5690280795097351, -0.5498464107513428, -0.3864797353744507, -0.42756015062332153, -0.05014203116297722, 0.130796417593956, 0.1203979030251503, 0.2947748601436615, 1.2636061906814575, 0.029615135863423347, 0.4286065101623535, -0.17345060408115387, -0.3497656285762787, -0.03993001952767372, 0.36119896173477173, -0.2730727791786194, 0.8779972791671753, -0.02685290388762951, -0.39847517013549805, -0.18670031428337097, -0.4742208421230316, 0.014474478550255299, 0.2894667387008667, -0.38884487748146057, -0.03462250158190727, 0.5073999166488647, 0.1826532781124115, 0.32353872060775757, -0.017680972814559937, 0.1956743597984314, -0.46655428409576416, 0.011273553594946861, 0.43826231360435486, -0.5025385022163391, -0.2201962172985077, -0.47460266947746277, 0.1908811330795288, 0.12138736993074417, -0.18916495144367218, -0.5889847874641418, 0.1083068773150444, 0.4035370349884033, -0.20095178484916687, 0.2851158082485199, -0.017109733074903488, -0.7815800905227661, 0.32193028926849365, -0.5840824842453003, -0.15304645895957947, 0.35179194808006287, -0.43180447816848755, -0.24061110615730286, -0.18231938779354095, -0.6135630011558533, 0.2829562723636627, 0.4504668712615967, 0.34663933515548706, -0.634838342666626, 0.23964495956897736, -0.5290295481681824, -0.15826015174388885, 0.496319442987442, 0.7031120657920837, -0.104274220764637, -0.08717582374811172, 0.4032352566719055, 0.1868046522140503, 0.2062305212020874, -0.43626171350479126, 0.28532320261001587, 0.8414255380630493, -0.2249884158372879, 0.29575541615486145, 0.33907708525657654, 0.23309266567230225, -0.04707430303096771, -0.13888686895370483, 0.25540822744369507, -0.41895338892936707, 0.13839507102966309, 0.8543933629989624, -0.5221046209335327, -0.05993981659412384, 0.19528289139270782, -0.03775830939412117, -0.09002156555652618, 0.542634129524231, 0.597332239151001, 0.23377452790737152, 1.273041844367981, 0.7392362952232361, 0.1880238652229309, -0.34930700063705444, 0.31487593054771423, -0.1883162260055542, -0.6374356150627136, 0.98099285364151, -0.1700836420059204, 0.35909175872802734, 0.15200315415859222, -0.2007388174533844, 0.2475532591342926, 0.6546810269355774, -0.5060659646987915, 0.046403463929891586, -0.7165112495422363, 0.03891243785619736, 0.2327273041009903, -0.8039206266403198, -0.3776874840259552, -0.7178817391395569, 0.1564043164253235, -0.7464971542358398, -0.23651300370693207, -0.15287335216999054, 0.0799676850438118, 0.9871891736984253, -0.06391911953687668, 0.25399741530418396, -0.10374889522790909, -0.36685633659362793, 0.3664768636226654, -0.4405825138092041, -0.31408679485321045, 0.7639299631118774, -0.6417606472969055, -0.13921168446540833, -0.1277502030134201, -0.03452381119132042, 0.3992258608341217, -0.4532850682735443, -0.05303765833377838, -0.7700587511062622, -1.0010566711425781, -0.8193956613540649, 0.21979756653308868, -0.35849201679229736, 0.388959139585495, -0.3032502233982086, -0.5041776895523071, -0.11829624325037003, 0.46275898814201355, 0.16835913062095642, -0.1552533060312271, -0.7359828352928162, 0.27211567759513855, 0.4781173765659332, -0.206299290060997, -0.23987460136413574, 0.29180389642715454, -0.2282547652721405, 0.28323572874069214, -0.12691110372543335, 0.2676726281642914, 0.6183088421821594, -0.31522512435913086, 0.7495496869087219, 0.050724439322948456, -0.5052669644355774, 0.03856002539396286, -0.827967643737793, 0.4865173399448395, -0.29018187522888184, -0.08327209204435349, -0.049252040684223175, 0.17517806589603424, -0.508699357509613, 0.09532224386930466, -0.27346840500831604, 0.6654383540153503, 0.4801289737224579, 0.022554390132427216, 0.3363321125507355, 0.6402454972267151, -0.22543656826019287, 0.12472838163375854, 0.05338084697723389, -0.5889591574668884, 0.2748572826385498, 0.23073744773864746, -0.28764674067497253, 0.03405191749334335, -0.13793131709098816, -0.034980401396751404, -0.15861240029335022, 0.753358781337738, 0.06851450353860855, -0.24352124333381653, 0.018821703270077705, -0.4591190218925476, -0.1201925277709961, -0.8192077279090881, 0.11198660731315613, -0.6272891759872437, 0.12495127320289612, 0.3409166932106018, -0.444555401802063, -0.30171167850494385, 0.13760338723659515, -0.6591604948043823, 0.6909408569335938, 0.26905664801597595, 0.6974408030509949, 0.48690053820610046, 0.11306025087833405, -0.15185421705245972, 0.40767404437065125, -0.48659446835517883, 0.42938005924224854, -0.13106279075145721, 0.2075655460357666, 0.20855754613876343, 0.29230690002441406, 0.693244457244873, 0.15621645748615265, 0.20211084187030792, 0.20600256323814392, 0.7298563122749329, -0.020014772191643715, -0.9697753190994263, -0.04625966399908066, 0.1741471141576767, 0.11998586356639862, -0.03401002660393715, -0.17441679537296295, -0.29702121019363403, 0.676973819732666, -0.3182893693447113, 0.017056191340088844, -0.02794073149561882, 0.27455830574035645, 0.12038122117519379, -0.04661894217133522, 0.04637787863612175, -0.018455184996128082, 0.265123575925827, -0.2052951455116272, 0.35352250933647156, -0.6363871693611145, 0.2402014285326004, 0.2634812295436859, -0.6300023794174194, -0.17935948073863983, -0.32679229974746704, 0.556255042552948, 0.1743360310792923, -0.1609499603509903, -0.12059178203344345, -0.4549349546432495, -0.6899684071540833, 0.41759511828422546, -0.5700109601020813, -0.518149733543396, -0.15697750449180603, 0.08810433000326157, 0.23098014295101166, 0.43508172035217285, -0.5776044726371765, 0.048537738621234894, -0.012516194023191929, -0.04201587289571762, -0.20884466171264648, -0.35553011298179626, 0.9490682482719421, 0.07595306634902954, 0.8684672713279724, -0.41173824667930603, 0.6398480534553528, 0.11685248464345932, 0.29919183254241943, 0.032059963792562485, -0.13732117414474487, -0.4685129225254059, -0.4004214406013489, 0.312856525182724, 0.22831635177135468, -0.12367408722639084, -0.2867216169834137, 0.09046824276447296, 0.1100524291396141, -0.1865544319152832, 0.48967841267585754, 0.09284408390522003, 0.6106341481208801, 0.5108948945999146, 0.36382386088371277, -0.0016717537073418498, -0.12396945059299469, 0.4701248109340668, 0.02800498902797699, -0.35054296255111694, 0.19111859798431396, 0.5534244775772095, 0.356171578168869, 0.18623968958854675, -0.026273304596543312, 0.589910089969635, 0.1694888323545456, -0.05323736369609833, 0.21928100287914276, 0.4738733470439911, 0.5302522778511047, 0.25874945521354675, -0.578691840171814, -0.2403738796710968, 0.18955329060554504, 0.5166562795639038, -0.677392303943634, -0.22740747034549713, -0.1572818160057068, -0.11549146473407745, 0.4946659505367279, 0.6438185572624207, 0.5834105610847473, -0.1863323450088501, 0.05508258938789368, 0.3839366137981415, 0.6705532670021057, 0.5882093906402588, -0.12984277307987213, 0.6265142560005188, 0.10490690916776657, 0.30649152398109436, -0.552959144115448, 0.4178474545478821, -0.15909826755523682, 0.30657798051834106, 0.21224142611026764, 0.36578452587127686, 0.04616463556885719, -0.13786186277866364, 0.03959369659423828, -0.43058520555496216, -0.19370493292808533, 0.3797700107097626, -0.004438437987118959, 0.40144428610801697, -0.044387299567461014, -0.4847427308559418, -0.8715612292289734, -0.11530947685241699, -0.3858639597892761, 0.3726101219654083, 0.4412200450897217, -0.44625818729400635, 0.19635984301567078, 0.16919194161891937, 0.25997138023376465, 0.9233760833740234, 0.15140949189662933, -0.37433376908302307, -0.20075753331184387, -0.5139642953872681, -0.13540776073932648, 0.7901362776756287, -0.5653782486915588, 0.06217115744948387, -0.08352119475603104, 0.16128316521644592, -0.38111379742622375, -0.28013086318969727, -0.26120421290397644, 0.3745764195919037, 0.2935144901275635, -0.2935243844985962, 0.38771766424179077, -0.193630188703537, 0.2149425446987152, -0.5783677697181702, 0.4072045683860779, -0.27817660570144653, 0.6203274726867676, -0.21067529916763306, 0.37864673137664795, -0.2779132127761841, 0.3425668179988861, -0.28400909900665283, -0.20398685336112976, -0.3241937756538391, -0.388979434967041, -0.7121602296829224, 0.126898854970932, 0.5292723774909973, 0.07043687999248505, 0.2850241959095001, 0.20813815295696259, -0.360490083694458, -0.25354552268981934, 0.5218555331230164, -0.33763551712036133, -0.23262441158294678, -0.4452087879180908, 0.15422886610031128, -0.19533750414848328, -0.22782054543495178, 0.3591831922531128, -0.21313688158988953, 0.016000129282474518, 0.3809501528739929, -0.30566632747650146, -0.8846733570098877, 0.2999633550643921, -0.20618322491645813, -0.08444704860448837, -0.1259225606918335, -0.37539222836494446, 0.12758533656597137, -0.11809790134429932, 0.09463008493185043, 0.5576745271682739, 0.5830088257789612, -0.9464453458786011, 0.006773649249225855, -0.5423572063446045, -0.3918672800064087, -0.00859340000897646, -0.02204987220466137, 0.013921503908932209, -0.16515152156352997, -0.6326821446418762, -0.3938032388687134, 0.17241530120372772, -0.17563898861408234, -0.5061720013618469, 0.08223582804203033, -0.16932949423789978, -0.28606605529785156, 0.04918583855032921, 0.16826875507831573, -0.7373230457305908, -0.10129720717668533, 0.21543607115745544 ]
249345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta	Ninurta	Ninurta (: , "Lord [of] Urta" meaning of this name not known), also known as Ninĝirsu (: , meaning “Lord [of] Girsu”), is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with farming, healing, hunting, law, scribes, and war who was first worshipped in early Sumer. In the earliest records, he is a god of agriculture and healing, who cures humans of sicknesses and releases them from the power of demons. In later times, as Mesopotamia grew more militarized, he became a warrior deity, though he retained many of his earlier agricultural attributes. He was regarded as the son of the chief god Enlil and his main cult center in Sumer was the Eshumesha temple in Nippur. Ninĝirsu was honored by King Gudea of Lagash (ruled 2144–2124 BC), who rebuilt Ninĝirsu's temple in Lagash. Later, Ninurta became beloved by the Assyrians as a formidable warrior. The Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883–859 BC) built a massive temple for him at Kalhu, which became his most important cult center from then on. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Ninurta's statues were torn down and his temples abandoned because he had become too closely associated with the Assyrian regime, which many conquered peoples saw as tyrannical and oppressive. In the epic poem Lugal-e, Ninurta slays the demon Asag using his talking mace Sharur and uses stones to build the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to make them useful for irrigation. In a poem sometimes referred to as the "Sumerian Georgica", Ninurta provides agricultural advice to farmers. In an Akkadian myth, he was the champion of the gods against the Anzû bird after it stole the Tablet of Destinies from his father Enlil and, in a myth that is alluded to in many works but never fully preserved, he killed a group of warriors known as the "Slain Heroes". His major symbols were a perched bird and a plow. Ninurta may have been the inspiration for the figure of Nimrod, a "mighty hunter" who is mentioned in association with Kalhu in the Book of Genesis. Conversely, and more conventionally, the mythological Ninurta may have been inspired by a historical person, such as the biblical Nimrod purports to be. He may also be mentioned in the Second Book of Kings under the name Nisroch. In the nineteenth century, Assyrian stone reliefs of winged, eagle-headed figures from the temple of Ninurta at Kalhu were commonly, but erroneously, identified as "Nisrochs" and they appear in works of fantasy literature from the time period. Worship Ninurta was worshipped in Mesopotamia as early as the middle of the third millennium BC by the ancient Sumerians, and is one of the earliest attested deities in the region. His main cult center was the Eshumesha temple in the Sumerian city-state of Nippur, where he was worshipped as the god of agriculture and the son of the chief-god Enlil. Though they may have originally been separate deities, in historical times, the god Ninĝirsu, who was worshipped in the Sumerian city-state of Girsu, was always identified as a local form of Ninurta. According to the Assyriologists Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, the two gods' personalities are "closely intertwined". King Gudea of Lagash (ruled 2144–2124 BC) dedicated himself to Ninĝirsu and the Gudea cylinders, dating to 2125 BC, record how he rebuilt the temple of Ninĝirsu in Lagash as the result of a dream in which he was instructed to do so. The Gudea cylinders record the longest surviving account written in the Sumerian language known to date. Gudea's son Ur-Ninĝirsu incorporated Ninĝirsu's name as part of his own in order to honor him. As the city-state of Girsu declined in importance, Ninĝirsu became increasingly known as "Ninurta". Though Ninurta was originally worshipped solely as a god of agriculture, in later times, as Mesopotamia became more urban and militarized, he began to be increasingly seen as a warrior deity instead. He became primarily characterized by the aggressive, warlike aspect of his nature. In spite of this, however, he continued to be seen as a healer and protector, and he was commonly invoked in spells to protect against demons, disease, and other dangers. In later times, Ninurta's reputation as a fierce warrior made him immensely popular among the Assyrians. In the late second millennium BC, Assyrian kings frequently held names which included the name of Ninurta, such as Tukulti-Ninurta ("the trusted one of Ninurta"), Ninurta-apal-Ekur ("Ninurta is the heir of [Ellil's temple] Ekur"), and Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur ("Ninurta is the god Aššur's trusted one"). Tukulti-Ninurta I (ruled 1243–1207 BC) declares in one inscription that he hunts "at the command of the god Ninurta, who loves me." Similarly, Adad-nirari II (ruled 911–891 BC) claimed Ninurta and Aššur as supporters of his reign, declaring his destruction of their enemies as moral justification for his right to rule. In the ninth century BC, when Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883–859 BC) moved the capital of the Assyrian Empire to Kalhu, the first temple he built there was one dedicated to Ninurta. The walls of the temple were decorated with stone relief carvings, including one of Ninurta slaying the Anzû bird. Ashurnasirpal II's son Shalmaneser III (ruled 859–824 BC) completed Ninurta's ziggurat at Kalhu and dedicated a stone relief of himself to the god. On the carving, Shalmaneser III's boasts of his military exploits and credits all his victories to Ninurta, declaring that, without Ninurta's aid, none of them would have been possible. When Adad-nirari III (ruled 811–783 BC) dedicated a new endowment to the temple of Aššur in Assur, they were sealed with both the seal of Aššur and the seal of Ninurta. Assyrian stone reliefs from the Kalhu period show Aššur as a winged disc, with Ninurta's name written beneath it, indicating the two were seen as near-equals. After the capital of Assyria was moved away from Kalhu, Ninurta's importance in the pantheon began to decline. Sargon II favored Nabu, the god of scribes, over Ninurta. Nonetheless, Ninurta still remained an important deity. Even after the kings of Assyria left Kalhu, the inhabitants of the former capital continued to venerate Ninurta, who they called "Ninurta residing in Kalhu". Legal documents from the city record that those who violated their oaths were required to "place two minas of silver and one mina of gold in the lap of Ninurta residing in Kalhu." The last attested example of this clause dates to 669 BC, the last year of the reign of King Esarhaddon (ruled 681 – 669 BC). The temple of Ninurta at Kalhu flourished until the end of the Assyrian Empire, hiring the poor and destitute as employees. The main cultic personnel were a šangû-priest and a chief singer, who were supported by a cook, a steward, and a porter. In the late seventh century BC, the temple staff witnessed legal documents, along with the staff of the temple of Nabu at Ezida. The two temples shared a qēpu-official. Iconography In artistic representations, Ninurta is shown as a warrior, carrying a bow and arrow and clutching Sharur, his magic talking mace. He sometimes has a set of wings, raised upright, ready to attack. In Babylonian art, he is often shown standing on the back of or riding a beast with the body of a lion and the tail of a scorpion. Ninurta remained closely associated with agricultural symbolism as late as the middle of the second millennium BC. On kudurrus from the Kassite Period ( 1600 — 1155 BC), a plough is captioned as a symbol of Ninĝirsu. The plough also appears in Neo-Assyrian art, possibly as a symbol of Ninurta. A perched bird is also used as a symbol of Ninurta during the Neo-Assyrian Period. One speculative hypothesis holds that the winged disc originally symbolized Ninurta during the ninth century BC, but was later transferred to Aššur and the sun-god Shamash. This idea is based on some early representations in which the god on the winged disc appears to have the tail of a bird. Most scholars have rejected this suggestion as unfounded. Astronomers of the eighth and seventh centuries BC identified Ninurta (or Pabilsaĝ) with the constellation Sagittarius. Alternatively, others identified him with the star Sirius, which was known in Akkadian as šukūdu, meaning "arrow". The constellation of Canis Major, of which Sirius is the most visible star, was known as qaštu, meaning "bow", after the bow and arrow Ninurta was believed to carry. In Babylonian times, Ninurta was associated with the planet Saturn. Family Ninurta was believed to be the son of Enlil. In Lugal-e, his mother is identified as the goddess Ninmah, whom he renames Ninhursag, but, in Angim dimma, his mother is instead the goddess Ninlil. Under the name Ninurta, his wife is usually the goddess Gula, but, as Ninĝirsu, his wife is the goddess Bau. Gula was the goddess of healing and medicine and she was sometimes alternately said to be the wife of the god Pabilsaĝ or the minor vegetation god Abu. Bau was worshipped "almost exclusively in Lagash" and was sometimes alternately identified as the wife of the god Zababa. She and Ninĝirsu were believed to have two sons: the gods Ig-alima and Šul-šagana. Bau also had seven daughters, but Ninĝirsu was not claimed to be their father. As the son of Enlil, Ninurta's siblings include: Nanna, Nergal, Ninazu, Enbilulu, and sometimes Inanna. Mythology Lugal-e Second only to the goddess Inanna, Ninurta probably appears in more myths than any other Mesopotamian deity. In the Sumerian poem Lugal-e, also known as Ninurta's Exploits, a demon known as Asag has been causing sickness and poisoning the rivers. Ninurta's talking mace Sharur urges him to battle Asag. Ninurta confronts Asag, who is protected by an army of stone warriors. Ninurta initially "flees like a bird", but Sharur urges him to fight. Ninurta slays Asag and his armies. Then Ninurta organizes the world, using the stones from the warriors he has defeated to build the mountains, which he designs so that the streams, lakes and rivers all flow into the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, making them useful for irrigation and agriculture. Ninurta's mother Ninmah descends from Heaven to congratulate her son on his victory. Ninurta dedicates the mountain of stone to her and renames her Ninhursag, meaning "Lady of the Mountain". Nisaba, the goddess of scribes, appears and writes down Ninurta's victory, as well as Ninhursag's new name. Finally, Ninurta returns home to Nippur, where he is celebrated as a hero. This myth combines Ninurta's role as a warrior deity with his role as an agricultural deity. The title Lugal-e means "O king!" and comes from the poem opening phrase in the original Sumerian. Ninurta's Exploits is a modern title assigned to it by scholars. The poem was eventually translated into Akkadian after Sumerian became regarded as too difficult to understand. A companion work to the Lugal-e is Angim dimma, or Ninurta's Return to Nippur, which describes Ninurta's return to Nippur after slaying Asag. It contains little narrative and is mostly a praise piece, describing Ninurta in larger-than-life terms and comparing him to the god An. Angim dimma is believed to have originally been written in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur ( 2112 – 2004 BC) or the early Old Babylonian Period ( 1830 – 1531 BC), but the oldest surviving texts of it date to Old Babylonian Period. Numerous later versions of the text have also survived. It was translated into Akkadian during the Middle Babylonian Period ( 1600 — 1155 BC). Anzû myth In the Old, Middle, and Late Babylonian myth of Anzû and the Tablet of Destinies, the Anzû is a giant, monstrous bird. Enlil gives Anzû a position as the guardian of his sanctuary, but Anzû betrays Enlil and steals the Tablet of Destinies, a sacred clay tablet belonging to Enlil that grants him his authority, while Enlil is preparing for his bath. The rivers dry up and the gods are stripped of their powers. The gods send Adad, Gerra, and Shara to defeat the Anzû, but all of them fail. Finally, the god Ea proposes that the gods should send Ninurta, Enlil's son. Ninurta confronts the Anzû and shoots it with his arrows, but the Tablet of Destinies has the power to reverse time and the Anzû uses this power to make Ninurta's arrows fall apart in midair and revert to their original components: the shafts turn back into canebrake, the feathers into live birds, and the arrowheads return to the quarry. Even Ninurta's bow returns to the forest and the wool bowstring turns into a live sheep. Ninurta calls upon the south wind for aid, which rips the Anzû's wings off. Ninurta slits the Anzû's throat and takes the Tablet of Destinies. The god Dagan announces Ninurta's victory in the assembly of the gods and, as a reward, Ninurta is granted a prominent seat on the council. Enlil sends the messenger god Birdu to request Ninurta to return the Tablet of Destinies. Ninurta's reply to Birdu is fragmentary, but it is possible he may initially refuse to return the Tablet. In the end, however, Ninurta does return the Tablet of Destinies to his father. This story was particularly popular among scholars of the Assyrian royal court. The myth of Ninurta and the Turtle, recorded in UET 6/1 2, is a fragment of what was originally a much longer literary composition. In it, after defeating the Anzû, Ninurta is honored by Enki in Eridu. Ninurta has brought back a chicklet from the Anzû, for which Enki praises him. Ninurta, however, hungry for power and even greater accolades, "set[s] his sights on the whole world. Enki senses his thoughts and creates a giant turtle, which he releases behind Ninurta and which bites the hero's ankle. As they struggle, the turtle digs a pit with its claws, which both of them fall into. Enki gloats over Ninurta's defeat. The end of the story is missing; the last legible portion of the account is a lamentation from Ninurta's mother Ninmah, who seems to be considering finding a substitute for her son. According to Charles Penglase, in this account, Enki is clearly intended as the hero and his successful foiling of Ninurta's plot to seize power for himself is intended as a demonstration of Enki's supreme wisdom and cunning. Other myths In Ninurta's Journey to Eridu, Ninurta leaves the Ekur temple in Nippur and travels to the Abzu in Eridu, led by an unnamed guide. In Eridu, Ninurta sits in assembly with the gods An and Enki and Enki gives him the me for life. The poem ends with Ninurta returning to Nippur. The account probably deals with a journey in which Ninurta's cult statue was transported from one city to another and the "guide" is the person carrying the cult statue. The story closely resembles the other Sumerian myth of Inanna and Enki, in which the goddess Inanna journeys to Eridu and receives the mes from Enki. In a poem known as the "Sumerian Georgica", written sometime between 1700 and 1500 BC, Ninurta delivers detailed advice on agricultural matters, including how to plant, tend, and harvest crops, how to prepare fields for planting, and even how to drive birds away from the crops. The poem covers nearly every aspect of farm life throughout the course of the year. Though the poem starts out seeming as though the advice is being given from a father to his son, at the end, it concludes with the words: "These are the instructions of Ninurta, son of Enlil. O Ninurta, trustworthy farmer of Enlil, your praise is good." The "father" at the beginning of the poem is thereby revealed to be Ninurta himself. The myth of the Slain Heroes is alluded to in many texts, but is never preserved in full. In this myth, Ninurta must fight a variety of opponents. Black and Green describe these opponents as "bizarre minor deities"; they include the six-headed Wild Ram, the Palm Tree King, and the seven-headed serpent. Some of these foes are inanimate objects, such as the Magillum Boat, which carries the souls of the dead to the Underworld, and the strong copper, which represents a metal that was conceived as precious. This story of successive trials and victories may have been the source for the Greek legend of the Twelve Labors of Heracles. Later influence In antiquity In the late seventh century BC, Kalhu was captured by foreign invaders. Ninurta, like many other deities, had become inextricably associated with the Assyrian Empire, which was widely hated for what were perceived as cruel policies. As a result, his statues were torn down and his temples were abandoned and never restored, including his most famous one in Kalhu. Despite this, Ninurta was never completely forgotten. Most scholars agree that Ninurta was probably the inspiration for the biblical figure Nimrod, mentioned in as a "mighty hunter". Though it is still not entirely clear how the name Ninurta became Nimrod in Hebrew, the two figures bear mostly the same functions and attributes and Ninurta is currently regarded as the most plausible etymology for Nimrod's name. The city of Kalhu is specifically referenced in association with Nimrod in , where it is described as a "great city". Eventually, the ruins of the city of Kalhu itself became known in Arabic as Namrūd because of its association with Ninurta. Later in the Old Testament, in both and , King Sennacherib of Assyria is reported to have been murdered by his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer in the temple of "Nisroch", which is most likely a scribal error for "Nimrod". This hypothetical error would result from the Hebrew letter מ (mem) being replacing with ס (samekh) and the letter ד (dalet) being replaced with ך (kaf). Due to the obvious visual similarities of the letters involved and the fact that no Assyrian deity by the name of "Nisroch" has ever been attested, most scholars consider this error to be the most likely explanation for the name. If "Nisroch" is Ninurta, this would make Ninurta's temple at Kalhu the most likely location of Sennacherib's murder. Other scholars have attempted to identify Nisroch as Nusku, the Assyrian god of fire. Hans Wildberger rejects all suggested identifications as linguistically implausible. Although the Book of Genesis itself portrays Nimrod positively as the first king after the Flood of Noah and a builder of cities, the Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible refers to him as a giant and mistranslates the Hebrew words meaning "before Yahweh" as "in opposition against God." Because of this, Nimrod became envisioned as the archetypal idolator. Early works of Jewish midrash, described by the first-century AD philosopher Philo in his Quaestiones, portrayed Nimrod as the instigator of the building of the Tower of Babel, who persecuted the Jewish patriarch Abraham for refusing to participate in the project. Saint Augustine of Hippo refers to Nimrod in his book The City of God as "a deceiver, oppressor and destroyer of earth-born creatures." In modernity In the sixteenth century, Nisroch became seen as a demon. The Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer listed Nisroch in his Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (1577) as the "chief cook" of Hell. Nisroch appears in Book VI of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost (first published in 1667) as one of Satan's demons. Nisroch, who is described as frowning and wearing beaten armor, calls into question Satan's argument that the fight between the angels and demons is equal, objecting that they, as demons, can feel pain, which will break their morale. According to Milton scholar Roy Flannagan, Milton may have chosen to portray Nisroch as timid because he had consulted the Hebrew dictionary of C. Stephanus, which defined the name "Nisroch" as "Flight" or "Delicate Temptation". In the 1840s, the British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard uncovered numerous stone carvings of winged, eagle-headed genii at Kalhu. Remembering the Biblical story of Sennacherib's murder, Layard mistakenly identified these figures as "Nisrochs". Such carvings continued to be known as "Nisrochs" in popular literature throughout the remaining portion of the nineteenth century. In Edith Nesbit's classic 1906 children's novel The Story of the Amulet, the child protagonists summon an eagle-headed "Nisroch" to guide them. Nisroch opens a portal and advises them, "Walk forward without fear" and asks, "Is there aught else that the Servant of the great Name can do for those who speak that name?" Some modern works on art history still repeat the old misidentification, but Near Eastern scholars now generally refer to the "Nisroch" figure as a "griffin-demon". In 2016, during its brief conquest of the region, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) demolished Ashurnasirpal II's ziggurat of Ninurta at Kalhu. This act was in line with ISIL's longstanding policy of destroying any ancient ruins which it deemed incompatible with its militant interpretation of Islam. According to a statement from the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR)'s Cultural Heritage Initiatives, ISIL may have destroyed the temple to use its destruction for future propaganda and to demoralize the local population. In March 2020, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 5,000-year-old cultic area filled with more than 300 broken ceremonial ceramic cups, bowls, jars, animal bones and ritual processions dedicated to Ningirsu at the site of Girsu. One of the remains was a duck-shaped bronze figurine with eyes made from bark which is thought to be dedicated to Nanshe. References Notes Citations Bibliography External links Texts Narratives about Ninurta ETCSL website: Unicode version and ETCSL website: ASCII version Gateways to Babylon: ASCII English translation from the ETCSL website Gateways to Babylon: The Myth of Anzû Hymns to Ninurta ETCSL website: Unicode version and ETCSL website: ASCII version Commentary Gateways to Babylon: "Ninurta as the god of wisdom" by Amar Annus Mesopotamian gods Agricultural gods War gods Tutelary deities Health gods Savior gods Destroyer gods Hunting gods Deities in the Hebrew Bible Nimrud Nimrod Saturnian deities	[ 0.0764625295996666, 0.35208702087402344, -0.881511390209198, -0.23177841305732727, -0.7858296632766724, 1.0749989748001099, 0.2786802649497986, 0.019026152789592743, -0.2545021176338196, -0.2581266760826111, -0.1562441736459732, 0.34469300508499146, -0.13568814098834991, 0.6513243317604065, 0.23390893638134003, 0.15308018028736115, 0.24865491688251495, 0.363078236579895, -0.2163727581501007, 0.4039326012134552, -0.09030905365943909, -0.39983388781547546, 0.27756327390670776, 0.33940765261650085, 0.6177669763565063, 0.003991967998445034, 0.37948405742645264, 0.007605020888149738, -0.33817604184150696, -0.24403421580791473, -0.25664186477661133, 0.4785650670528412, -0.028479380533099174, -1.0122005939483643, 0.0016454344149678946, -0.2792104482650757, -0.274025022983551, -0.056400276720523834, -0.04927336052060127, -0.15553449094295502, -0.006404592655599117, -0.051303982734680176, 0.033851150423288345, 0.34907248616218567, -0.7612875699996948, -0.06990700215101242, -1.4108970165252686, 0.6605324149131775, -0.6721938252449036, 0.24031467735767365, -0.43602555990219116, -0.02884100377559662, -0.2930218279361725, 0.05407872796058655, 0.6022289395332336, 0.7115254998207092, -0.2618544101715088, 0.07976436614990234, -0.13867391645908356, -0.20586667954921722, 0.5140265226364136, -0.07735604047775269, 0.22824616730213165, 0.18422111868858337, 0.04527552053332329, -0.03615998476743698, -0.1220741719007492, -0.07488582283258438, -0.1690598428249359, 0.17584256827831268, -0.4540388882160187, 0.5077856779098511, -0.7613824605941772, 0.23293627798557281, -0.4554055333137512, -0.3635811507701874, -0.08021480590105057, -0.41465359926223755, 0.1772822141647339, 0.4012852609157562, -0.4392904043197632, 0.02987140789628029, 0.9783726930618286, 0.17335176467895508, 0.3613812029361725, -0.7478291392326355, -0.25623443722724915, 0.16586685180664062, -0.4022277295589447, -0.07701996713876724, 0.38657015562057495, -0.3243565857410431, 0.5069989562034607, -0.3522951602935791, -1.1594300270080566, -0.24919749796390533, -0.3082299530506134, 0.008785500191152096, -0.17778056859970093, -0.41656240820884705, -0.0710308700799942, -0.15279874205589294, 0.156362846493721, -0.6695936918258667, -0.21873383224010468, -0.003876758273690939, -0.18940484523773193, -0.8435183167457581, -0.21361824870109558, 0.19395487010478973, 0.21093925833702087, 0.9017777442932129, 0.836909294128418, -0.027623353525996208, 0.15316015481948853, 0.1894349753856659, -0.39661574363708496, -0.7955052256584167, -0.4723445773124695, -0.04890593886375427, 0.23864369094371796, -0.06640875339508057, 0.5738605260848999, 0.5366561412811279, -0.05940185487270355, -0.4635540246963501, 0.1502300500869751, -0.09409063309431076, -0.939774215221405, -0.21432411670684814, 0.5983328819274902, 0.35119494795799255, -0.30927208065986633, -0.09775691479444504, 0.006815863773226738, -0.1045306995511055, -0.5030618906021118, -0.16373547911643982, 0.8839747905731201, 0.021418189629912376, -0.8337059617042542, -0.03307287395000458, -0.28201115131378174, 0.10875014215707779, 0.39715906977653503, 0.060867324471473694, 0.4672977924346924, -0.13407203555107117, -0.3630557358264923, -0.4474657475948334, -0.0405818410217762, 0.3280249536037445, 0.46662548184394836, -0.05911553278565407, 0.03390393778681755, 0.1098393127322197, -0.2778754234313965, 0.7689308524131775, 0.17225846648216248, -0.1362885981798172, -0.48962199687957764, 0.4001239538192749, -0.5143101811408997, -0.16219192743301392, 0.2075086534023285, -0.11408694833517075, 0.1158183217048645, 0.1508338898420334, 0.5123614072799683, -0.12964308261871338, -0.4595332741737366, -0.11138768494129181, 0.3938024640083313, -0.18017931282520294, -0.3307840824127197, -0.3710533380508423, 1.0620752573013306, -0.2899153232574463, 0.32027649879455566, 0.0309725534170866, -0.7003495693206787, -0.12432786822319031, -0.47441816329956055, -0.02262893319129944, 0.14280325174331665, -0.6413541436195374, -0.35294246673583984, -0.268454372882843, 0.26531389355659485, 0.17454853653907776, -0.31080713868141174, 0.06380179524421692, -0.13607019186019897, 0.16673210263252258, 0.3981397747993469, 0.009669262915849686, -0.36152398586273193, 0.9421096444129944, 0.2654958963394165, 0.3676877021789551, -0.1508364975452423, -0.44405636191368103, 0.26262834668159485, -0.6764938831329346, 0.069051593542099, 0.3586312234401703, -0.6055867075920105, 0.6358305215835571, 0.21675966680049896, 0.5311245918273926, 0.298331618309021, -0.17071180045604706, 0.4686603248119354, -0.48309990763664246, -0.09199456870555878, 0.004836931824684143, -0.26369965076446533, 0.6634523272514343, -0.176395982503891, 0.1272154301404953, 0.7757748961448669, 0.3290756940841675, 0.02848496288061142, 0.3584180772304535, 0.11336787045001984, 0.5633904933929443, -0.028297273442149162, -0.35561084747314453, 0.09892051666975021, -0.14588746428489685, 0.566381573677063, 0.0328311063349247, 0.2689920961856842, 0.2269701510667801, -0.11868471652269363, -0.1381915807723999, 0.23844386637210846, -0.3349069356918335, 0.257362961769104, -0.3589107394218445, -0.029847877100110054, 0.41280704736709595, -0.4518795609474182, 0.2341861128807068, 0.8934094905853271, -0.1367795467376709, -0.07723350822925568, -0.3227348327636719, -0.16531464457511902, 0.6534500122070312, 0.12908358871936798, 0.13642598688602448, 0.2114478349685669, 0.11874305456876755, -0.09178484976291656, -0.45222413539886475, -0.2667633891105652, 0.3355332911014557, 1.3733110427856445, 0.26564687490463257, -0.32926496863365173, 0.4707504212856293, 0.11653903871774673, -0.44066834449768066, 0.28868600726127625, -0.5922849774360657, 0.29463037848472595, -0.26717135310173035, 0.3313673436641693, 0.0451727919280529, 0.5231583118438721, -0.2644498348236084, -0.37893158197402954, -0.026236753910779953, -0.07753384858369827, -1.2133618593215942, 0.25824400782585144, 0.5194479823112488, -0.31944185495376587, -0.619140625, 0.11373181641101837, 0.2880373001098633, -0.19989529252052307, -0.6831663846969604, -0.1882259100675583, 0.07273108512163162, 0.027782898396253586, -0.5730986595153809, 0.5131611824035645, -0.30386894941329956, -0.20397208631038666, 0.7298357486724854, 0.06116107851266861, -0.11342936009168625, 0.3126140534877777, 0.21264654397964478, 0.2524603605270386, 0.21094655990600586, 0.22713777422904968, -0.691888153553009, -0.24737514555454254, 0.5110341906547546, -0.09106546640396118, 0.39675766229629517, 0.23367683589458466, 0.34502407908439636, -0.08119088411331177, -0.1619967818260193, -5.572232246398926, -0.10898435860872269, 0.07416438311338425, -0.3149268627166748, 0.9003896713256836, 0.47708314657211304, 0.5676564574241638, 0.46954894065856934, 0.7007439732551575, -0.34611737728118896, 0.15380023419857025, -0.4438118636608124, 0.18925262987613678, 0.30507317185401917, 0.22655358910560608, 0.16262617707252502, 0.7926772236824036, 0.40046072006225586, -0.33416175842285156, 0.3675425052642822, -0.17215585708618164, -0.06940259039402008, -0.5017468333244324, 0.7594730257987976, -0.3759269416332245, -0.14837512373924255, -0.11495718359947205, -0.19084124267101288, -0.42175018787384033, -0.18759585916996002, -0.16332603991031647, -0.4740279018878937, -0.14052869379520416, -0.19170020520687103, -0.11306643486022949, 0.09416624158620834, 0.9548715949058533, -0.025046847760677338, 1.060400366783142, 0.02621305175125599, -0.2905830144882202, -0.028540637344121933, 0.46390023827552795, -0.05309879779815674, 0.4344576895236969, -0.22491441667079926, -0.6394596099853516, -0.012672599405050278, -0.36036819219589233, 0.16877177357673645, -0.03639372065663338, -0.06733879446983337, 0.3118897080421448, -0.0917329341173172, 0.1327720582485199, 0.15472319722175598, -0.3263973295688629, 0.4193030595779419, -0.671228289604187, 0.001242155209183693, 0.16720417141914368, -0.38102632761001587, 0.0010338895954191685, -0.6125931143760681, 0.17017169296741486, 0.16773788630962372, -0.12475481629371643, -0.6271020770072937, 0.43426060676574707, 0.10599435120820999, -0.4249713122844696, -0.006195418071001768, -0.2489548623561859, -0.8078113794326782, 0.38564836978912354, -0.4701322913169861, -0.21907807886600494, 0.1350277215242386, -0.45073992013931274, -0.2677812874317169, -0.2816818952560425, -0.7100202441215515, 0.2255340963602066, 0.4295404851436615, 0.3489283621311188, -0.07777553796768188, 0.5265700817108154, -0.6450153589248657, -0.19503767788410187, -0.005978764034807682, 0.9071348905563354, -0.43585899472236633, 0.01807492785155773, 0.5635641813278198, 0.26113569736480713, 0.4790545105934143, -0.4794518053531647, 0.017488723620772362, 1.074770450592041, 0.9404065608978271, 0.5911994576454163, -0.26552170515060425, 0.11804117262363434, 0.18677915632724762, -0.30253463983535767, 0.45118629932403564, -0.0685339868068695, 0.0463530458509922, 0.5995386838912964, -0.39311712980270386, -0.37307432293891907, 0.08695770800113678, -0.14208848774433136, 0.2962488532066345, 0.24397951364517212, 0.6722224354743958, 0.18138453364372253, 0.9169037938117981, 0.6717671155929565, 0.714678943157196, 0.3257231116294861, 0.6114460825920105, -0.37057170271873474, -0.693220853805542, 0.6842875480651855, -0.1878962218761444, 0.02982795611023903, -0.2587042450904846, -0.07847767323255539, -0.11172471195459366, 0.7294264435768127, -0.7707330584526062, 0.03312484174966812, 0.06937358528375626, 0.06402784585952759, 0.2850211560726166, -0.33852189779281616, -0.45553678274154663, -0.40277042984962463, 0.19534237682819366, -0.7815822958946228, -0.3651447594165802, -0.12495939433574677, -0.2935807704925537, 0.4480650722980499, 0.040230609476566315, -0.22493970394134521, -0.28242331743240356, -0.11207573860883713, 0.007100473158061504, -0.23677906394004822, -0.0851648673415184, 0.5099195241928101, -0.34181156754493713, -0.8934378027915955, -0.2034636288881302, -0.175916850566864, 0.11180867999792099, -0.25790801644325256, -0.060374703258275986, -0.583239734172821, -0.9576370120048523, -0.5731707215309143, 0.02441738173365593, -0.21308964490890503, -0.0839821994304657, -0.0402718149125576, -0.835866391658783, -0.09195295721292496, 0.3334980010986328, 0.05501563847064972, 0.2776464819908142, -0.35430148243904114, -0.08573462814092636, 0.3555038869380951, 0.37760329246520996, 0.12708188593387604, 0.3221244812011719, 0.04616884887218475, 0.3359055519104004, -0.1650993674993515, 0.4852856397628784, -0.1182912290096283, -0.5811170935630798, 0.2711404263973236, -0.3691152036190033, -0.4898870289325714, -0.1767289936542511, -0.8663948178291321, 0.1508384346961975, 0.27862194180488586, -0.26515457034111023, -0.1745985746383667, 0.19566869735717773, -0.6534965634346008, 0.0031479275785386562, 0.21006430685520172, 0.2562341094017029, -0.03008805587887764, 0.15496225655078888, 0.17284253239631653, 0.3561083674430847, -0.9698289632797241, -0.13207514584064484, -0.2860085070133209, -0.7077952027320862, 0.4351791441440582, 0.06683490425348282, -0.06822652369737625, 0.1264793574810028, -0.24542953073978424, 0.2224508672952652, -0.1147015392780304, -0.07603435963392258, -0.13612905144691467, -0.0704568400979042, -0.2645215392112732, -0.07596129179000854, 0.25252991914749146, -0.8538694381713867, 0.146661639213562, -0.2355063557624817, 0.8765772581100464, 0.4204212725162506, -0.29641294479370117, -0.2284322828054428, 0.24220143258571625, -0.6938002109527588, -0.11756239086389542, 0.16155245900154114, 0.5099943280220032, 0.4319886565208435, 0.30858710408210754, -0.24644002318382263, 0.11903790384531021, -0.556542158126831, 0.666083037853241, 0.0070226904936134815, -0.5443851351737976, 0.5410584211349487, 0.06201447919011116, 0.12959535419940948, 0.34556347131729126, 0.15526607632637024, -0.26002106070518494, 0.5339174866676331, -0.23603984713554382, -0.13902625441551208, 0.18938212096691132, -0.3395810127258301, 0.5629650950431824, -0.16009148955345154, -0.6584057807922363, -0.3875150680541992, 0.5072376132011414, -0.5790507793426514, 0.2859169542789459, 0.1534421592950821, 0.009360367432236671, -0.18146255612373352, 0.2686450183391571, -0.2639705538749695, 0.10886822640895844, -0.09019274264574051, -0.22746571898460388, 0.08748012781143188, -0.9160826206207275, -0.4622284770011902, 0.5120686292648315, -0.7115318775177002, -0.19885484874248505, -0.4582861363887787, 0.2811307907104492, -0.08597030490636826, 0.3676176071166992, -0.030417729169130325, -0.31202882528305054, -0.23498068749904633, 0.7972480058670044, -0.7831097841262817, -0.5594978928565979, -0.12969450652599335, 0.051238615065813065, 0.5380619168281555, 0.11172307282686234, -0.9360350966453552, -0.3456346392631531, 0.054632801562547684, 0.13698449730873108, -0.06749017536640167, -0.8007535338401794, 0.7064716815948486, 0.253068745136261, 0.41162702441215515, -0.6060621738433838, 0.3282008469104767, 0.2417091280221939, 0.6545059084892273, -0.28145408630371094, 0.00943676382303238, -0.5514938831329346, -0.6044811606407166, 0.8934937715530396, 0.24561181664466858, -0.3775694966316223, 0.1502896398305893, 0.48171958327293396, 0.20709863305091858, -0.7058602571487427, 0.1686875820159912, -0.1856350153684616, 0.06304359436035156, 0.9728984832763672, 0.5086228251457214, -0.6243552565574646, -0.19406111538410187, 0.9965917468070984, -0.3081752359867096, 0.144279345870018, 0.30053389072418213, 0.5537122488021851, -0.3999221920967102, -0.15318849682807922, 0.41398441791534424, 0.5537988543510437, 0.45378416776657104, 0.18726050853729248, 0.35955578088760376, 0.22749610245227814, 0.28120917081832886, 0.292840838432312, -0.5955532789230347, -0.38224130868911743, -0.006155980285257101, 0.13733410835266113, -0.24981939792633057, -0.19572874903678894, -0.6896713972091675, -0.49047839641571045, 0.6487684845924377, 0.5934383273124695, 1.1238902807235718, -0.37023305892944336, -0.13821767270565033, 0.14143335819244385, 0.5347611904144287, 0.2160397171974182, -0.06417793035507202, 0.06761360168457031, 0.04341103509068489, 0.29698196053504944, -0.12144483625888824, 0.23647601902484894, -0.42257750034332275, -0.2560594379901886, 0.2024528980255127, 0.5271122455596924, -0.15951783955097198, 0.39699429273605347, 0.1449621021747589, -0.249859020113945, 0.3095168173313141, 0.8350455164909363, -0.38098767399787903, -0.4577014744281769, -0.031066035851836205, -0.26201504468917847, -0.7127318382263184, -0.3103477656841278, -0.11759378761053085, -0.18788234889507294, 0.40225303173065186, -1.2439658641815186, 0.08525018393993378, 0.36762502789497375, 0.11438784003257751, 0.594586968421936, -0.033064424991607666, -0.7047528624534607, 0.6889272928237915, -0.3183758854866028, -0.48926857113838196, 0.2109231799840927, -0.9322696924209595, 0.03642600402235985, 0.2333270162343979, -0.013009577058255672, -0.10329524427652359, -0.9227002859115601, 0.5826502442359924, 0.06676902621984482, 0.6842790246009827, -0.2552356421947479, 0.6086894869804382, -0.31437787413597107, 0.37778156995773315, -0.4992492198944092, 0.2943747639656067, 0.019908085465431213, 0.14575286209583282, 0.5664709210395813, 0.4859061539173126, 0.29541900753974915, -0.019215211272239685, -0.06725155562162399, -0.19051626324653625, -0.006267415825277567, -0.4577225148677826, -0.412568062543869, 0.08888270705938339, 0.36098259687423706, 0.3537711799144745, 0.21577614545822144, -0.14605975151062012, -0.6019144058227539, -0.5867984890937805, 0.9517284035682678, 0.08216848224401474, 0.21606262028217316, 0.013284806162118912, -0.030363159254193306, -0.21938221156597137, -0.425201416015625, 0.6546454429626465, -0.359153687953949, -0.15306732058525085, 0.5122787952423096, 0.07906694710254669, -1.0467517375946045, 0.4945117235183716, -0.058014482259750366, -0.5752109885215759, -0.6172770857810974, -0.2400835156440735, 0.19126619398593903, -0.15464331209659576, -0.029314782470464706, 0.32538729906082153, 0.4411503076553345, -0.8169170022010803, 0.05385114997625351, 0.19526289403438568, 0.05085144191980362, -0.3298119306564331, -0.16992604732513428, 0.5372094511985779, -0.3028063178062439, -0.5719431638717651, -0.4826692044734955, 0.8164719343185425, -0.13671687245368958, -0.1392882764339447, 0.24627739191055298, 0.1577533483505249, -0.43035510182380676, -0.3401697278022766, 0.453964501619339, -0.5017707347869873, 0.7034757137298584, 0.2991759777069092 ]
249348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazuzu	Pazuzu	In ancient Mesopotamian religion, Pazuzu (Akkadian: Dpà.zu.zu; also called Fazuzu or Pazuza) was the king of the demons of the wind, brother of Humbaba and son of the god Hanbi. He also represented the southwestern wind, the bearer of storms and drought. Iconography Pazuzu is often depicted as a combination of diverse animal and human parts. He has the body of a man, the head of a lion or dog, talons of an eagle, two pairs of wings, a scorpion's tail and a serpentine penis. He has his right hand up and left hand down. Mythology Pazuzu is the demon of the southwest wind known for bringing famine during dry seasons, and locusts during rainy seasons. Pazuzu was invoked in apotropaic amulets, which combat the powers of his rival, the malicious goddess Lamashtu, who was believed to cause harm to mother and child during childbirth. Although Pazuzu is considered an evil spirit, he was called upon to ward off other malicious spirits. He would protect humans against any variety of misfortune or plague. The Exorcist In the 1971 novel The Exorcist and the film based on the novel, Pazuzu is supposedly the evil spirit that possesses the young girl Regan MacNeil. See also Baphomet Edimmu Enlil Lilith The Magician (Tarot card) Pazuzu (The Exorcist) Ugallu Umū dabrūtu References External links Figure of Pazuzu - Oriental Institute of Chicago Bronze head of Pazuzu - British Museum through Google museum Pazuzu: Beyond Good and Evil - Metropolitan Museum of Art Mesopotamian gods Mesopotamian demons Evil gods Drought gods Sky and weather gods Wind gods Mesopotamian underworld	[ -0.1864479035139084, 0.9297414422035217, -0.6622872352600098, -0.5407722592353821, -0.9535656571388245, 1.0787568092346191, 0.47029244899749756, 0.1417633295059204, 0.09288902580738068, -0.1020655483007431, -0.03718922287225723, 0.07537426054477692, -0.29716941714286804, 0.5538401007652283, -0.20573191344738007, -0.1090516448020935, -0.11920829862356186, 0.9635494947433472, 0.11393031477928162, -0.1008322536945343, 0.6680941581726074, -0.38072624802589417, 0.18566656112670898, -0.07389756292104721, 0.1794726848602295, 0.23822416365146637, 0.5741211771965027, 0.22535789012908936, -0.11501434445381165, -0.2231234610080719, -0.4445471465587616, 0.7785648703575134, 0.21610109508037567, -0.6663855910301208, 0.5532958507537842, -0.13973680138587952, 0.20049986243247986, -0.23119859397411346, -0.01188972219824791, -0.150826096534729, 0.14230158925056458, -0.23165497183799744, 0.4268496334552765, 0.7307804822921753, -0.45136764645576477, -0.7225430607795715, -1.6013418436050415, 0.5939891934394836, -0.8438229560852051, -0.6885232329368591, -0.8502349853515625, -0.07240479439496994, 0.15502384305000305, -0.0708991289138794, 0.27485933899879456, 0.893907368183136, -0.4094662070274353, 0.05835869163274765, 0.512977123260498, 0.0352531298995018, -0.22026221454143524, -0.11506616324186325, 0.5005901455879211, -0.36234238743782043, -0.13135389983654022, -0.007786646485328674, -0.40942129492759705, 0.33026155829429626, -0.05135224759578705, -0.36643049120903015, -0.6261169910430908, -0.08984887599945068, -0.7324917316436768, 0.2522694170475006, -0.7756096124649048, -0.15417058765888214, -0.4476487636566162, -0.23342232406139374, 0.7390972971916199, 0.5300711393356323, -0.30200836062431335, 0.01036121416836977, 0.7168875932693481, 0.29034990072250366, 0.11953788250684738, 0.14084745943546295, -0.3207007348537445, -0.3939220607280731, -0.33846306800842285, 0.3947436511516571, -0.3283994495868683, -0.22748129069805145, 0.06647615134716034, 0.05234692245721817, -0.6703826785087585, -0.15365177392959595, 0.010075832717120647, 0.6638066172599792, -0.38709351420402527, 0.21490687131881714, -0.2053252011537552, 0.25903284549713135, 0.13017244637012482, -0.4978000521659851, -0.017165740951895714, 0.1359231323003769, -0.5856152772903442, 0.038939204066991806, -0.2464890033006668, -0.49270936846733093, -0.2661706507205963, 0.6829770803451538, 0.15944764018058777, 0.39243870973587036, 0.017687659710645676, 0.2133442759513855, -0.5564810633659363, -0.6201729774475098, -0.27913641929626465, -0.23521669209003448, -0.11699314415454865, 0.465252548456192, 0.26634132862091064, -0.1820625513792038, 0.17775870859622955, -0.11948125809431076, 0.3623800575733185, 0.32502567768096924, -1.1767687797546387, 0.3218623399734497, 0.6133847832679749, 0.8866626024246216, 0.3426617681980133, -0.17040392756462097, -0.20959894359111786, -0.4272069036960602, -0.029065746814012527, -0.08311154693365097, 0.46079307794570923, -0.14985433220863342, -0.7882718443870544, 0.2682521343231201, -0.688734233379364, 0.357037216424942, 0.5127286911010742, 0.5424073934555054, 0.5061178207397461, -0.4015740156173706, -0.6344620585441589, -0.6267684102058411, 0.022719042375683784, -0.04760123789310455, 0.21436268091201782, 0.2932252585887909, -0.029804956167936325, 0.2483849972486496, -0.2512305676937103, 0.299018532037735, 0.03279395401477814, -0.30942073464393616, -0.38956308364868164, 0.1202797144651413, -0.12905514240264893, 0.4319140911102295, 0.17368650436401367, 0.09550531208515167, 0.5269527435302734, 0.4202221930027008, 0.3049367070198059, 0.25194230675697327, -0.6336212754249573, 0.2823462188243866, 0.007132595404982567, -0.4235967993736267, -0.068633072078228, 0.07641478627920151, 0.8619264960289001, -0.05214056745171547, 0.04925777018070221, 0.11128774285316467, -0.647465705871582, 0.0596252903342247, -0.12085746973752975, 0.12922027707099915, 0.04777636379003525, 0.00019327261543367058, 0.31442150473594666, 0.23908601701259613, -0.10879571735858917, -0.3371020257472992, -0.9232494235038757, -0.2872282862663269, -0.5310648083686829, 0.11860936880111694, 0.7784439325332642, -0.1919821798801422, -0.7195436358451843, 0.1608571708202362, 0.7287383079528809, 0.801891028881073, -0.42269766330718994, -0.3317006230354309, 0.0943305715918541, -0.8741021156311035, -0.3734740912914276, 0.253714382648468, -0.5698248147964478, 0.6279651522636414, 0.37858036160469055, 0.5683690309524536, 0.6814286708831787, -0.45566245913505554, -0.07963988184928894, -0.33868446946144104, -0.33934634923934937, -0.16148251295089722, -0.2697441577911377, 0.5771141052246094, -0.13938288390636444, 0.13078442215919495, 0.4740799367427826, -0.24301877617835999, -0.2978195250034332, 0.15414643287658691, -0.289445698261261, 0.5496245622634888, 0.32158344984054565, 0.2991754412651062, 0.21727794408798218, -0.5745549201965332, 0.3988687992095947, 0.20936065912246704, 0.052501704543828964, -0.21624921262264252, -0.4192905128002167, -0.196303591132164, 0.4158412218093872, -0.058667127043008804, 0.3283480107784271, -0.6679419875144958, 0.02447499707341194, 0.08359839022159576, 0.11674745380878448, -0.6184167861938477, 0.2636476457118988, 0.07433366030454636, -0.0633920207619667, -0.3327330946922302, -0.3130502998828888, 0.40624305605888367, 0.19994601607322693, 0.3192104697227478, 0.11829617619514465, 0.10226649045944214, 0.17642270028591156, -0.026244772598147392, -0.37354880571365356, -0.14880338311195374, 0.7554205060005188, -0.23560400307178497, 0.11558420211076736, 0.9102842211723328, 0.3055473268032074, -0.34537771344184875, 0.5680327415466309, -0.6350241899490356, 0.44193270802497864, 0.24214878678321838, 0.20510782301425934, 0.4186328947544098, -0.08438869565725327, -0.41871902346611023, -0.7187249660491943, -0.21562089025974274, -0.36006656289100647, -0.8967927098274231, 0.5354462265968323, 0.3101787269115448, -0.7579308748245239, -0.7287931442260742, 0.1858367621898651, 0.5203717947006226, 0.2193179577589035, -0.36583825945854187, -0.38280385732650757, -0.32310250401496887, -0.04119298234581947, -0.2545330226421356, 0.11551450937986374, -0.0996977910399437, 0.026767203584313393, 0.16184119880199432, 0.007562076672911644, -0.0011120979906991124, 0.14816884696483612, 0.3655104339122772, -0.15399688482284546, -0.1679190695285797, 0.7246987223625183, -0.5274855494499207, 0.060165442526340485, 0.05715334787964821, -0.33978065848350525, 0.16364742815494537, -0.28725364804267883, 0.35033172369003296, -0.503563642501831, -0.14857548475265503, -5.531069755554199, -0.020355241373181343, -0.3168703317642212, -0.7064261436462402, 0.47808408737182617, 0.4089730679988861, 0.8292089104652405, -0.22747185826301575, -0.0006949766539037228, -0.2682868540287018, 0.02239154651761055, -0.23051826655864716, -0.16001778841018677, 0.3790212869644165, 0.6205270290374756, 0.20095226168632507, 0.8391448855400085, 0.4356582760810852, -0.03233284875750542, -0.28046923875808716, -0.23574522137641907, -0.1328098624944687, -0.3133937418460846, 0.5574374794960022, 0.006817237474024296, -0.36727505922317505, 0.08765033632516861, -0.12461543828248978, -0.33886903524398804, -0.03319179266691208, 0.048846304416656494, -0.006308731622993946, 0.08585300296545029, -0.1718776524066925, -0.4534900486469269, 0.5048812031745911, 1.2342253923416138, -0.18351733684539795, 1.0652284622192383, -0.040964093059301376, -0.3574374318122864, 0.0547654926776886, 0.5146781206130981, -0.2942678928375244, 0.6877772808074951, -0.20182645320892334, -0.48080480098724365, 0.049402277916669846, -0.9159300923347473, 0.5397233963012695, 0.6665521860122681, -0.3403567969799042, 0.10185109078884125, -0.3170430660247803, -0.004297345411032438, 0.4110173285007477, 0.44082653522491455, -0.1265108734369278, -0.1985192596912384, 0.06825605779886246, 0.636799156665802, -0.34403473138809204, -0.10575952380895615, -0.9720079302787781, 0.05984387546777725, 0.32117027044296265, -0.20333248376846313, -0.4875277876853943, 0.10891597718000412, 0.3482038080692291, -0.5345794558525085, 0.09415152668952942, -0.5160388350486755, -0.9561744928359985, 0.18289715051651, -0.2694360613822937, -0.4025742709636688, 0.2299509197473526, -0.5611371994018555, 0.40050968527793884, -0.21292506158351898, -0.6603667140007019, 0.6666884422302246, 0.20196127891540527, 0.2955973446369171, -0.0010398058220744133, -0.02881418727338314, -0.24011632800102234, -0.27796471118927, 0.03665224835276604, 0.8010494709014893, -0.4673648476600647, -0.16982115805149078, 0.21667224168777466, -0.3007650375366211, 0.5068284869194031, -0.18955498933792114, -0.15926121175289154, 0.5083765387535095, -0.012221389450132847, 0.3493715524673462, 0.2422333061695099, 0.4328930377960205, 0.4267357885837555, -0.09558803588151932, 0.04842160642147064, -0.5127006769180298, 0.3678005039691925, 0.7040959000587463, -0.31587547063827515, -0.40717393159866333, 0.4005500078201294, 0.4516352117061615, -0.19225597381591797, 0.9367330074310303, 0.6964163184165955, 0.20507009327411652, 0.4592675268650055, 0.09246789664030075, 0.17838531732559204, 0.3254806697368622, 0.4238152801990509, -0.3081415295600891, -0.5721741318702698, 0.06385336816310883, -0.14789478480815887, -0.0319090373814106, -0.24403437972068787, -0.22426122426986694, 0.3543640077114105, 0.35714656114578247, -0.43343690037727356, 0.2346968799829483, -0.01983732357621193, -0.10864214599132538, 0.1444595903158188, -0.8729560971260071, -0.7775169014930725, -0.39152589440345764, -0.40478217601776123, -0.34357717633247375, -0.4152411222457886, -0.5264458060264587, -0.08082982152700424, 0.8815067410469055, 0.09722462296485901, 0.017666108906269073, -0.2585316598415375, -0.6709083914756775, 0.10287947952747345, -0.3892148733139038, -0.27531129121780396, 0.2656700909137726, -0.8077865839004517, -0.542610228061676, 0.03598747402429581, -0.2505381107330322, 0.15192270278930664, -0.3103006184101105, -0.03591720387339592, -0.30589014291763306, -1.2456846237182617, -0.9117095470428467, 0.249722421169281, -0.1784791797399521, -0.2370477020740509, 0.002687018131837249, -0.3347422182559967, -0.2271335870027542, 0.4215697944164276, 0.12596045434474945, 0.10824853181838989, -0.8360075354576111, 0.08535081148147583, 0.7461521029472351, 0.07167812436819077, 0.12028063833713531, 0.060910914093256, -0.18446117639541626, -0.24480003118515015, -0.2939216196537018, 0.1382698118686676, 0.10141988098621368, -0.6706404089927673, 0.10983626544475555, -0.17813187837600708, -0.8581715822219849, -0.3490886986255646, -0.7558165192604065, 0.021840453147888184, -0.10728030651807785, -0.33791738748550415, 0.16864760220050812, 0.02738117054104805, -0.5266423225402832, -0.42268213629722595, 0.12074876576662064, 0.16717655956745148, -0.05960651487112045, -0.7086170315742493, 0.24566994607448578, 0.39462387561798096, -0.9015571475028992, 0.3525438904762268, 0.022890729829669, -0.4860365688800812, 0.4655042290687561, 0.3112749755382538, 0.13056740164756775, -0.08623930811882019, -0.10178538411855698, -0.4680526554584503, -0.3848656117916107, 0.5380892157554626, -0.20041467249393463, 0.14881251752376556, 0.6347428560256958, 0.0941835343837738, -0.21904900670051575, -1.1370952129364014, 0.5525291562080383, -0.7332844734191895, -0.30107730627059937, 0.4613178074359894, -0.3146812915802002, 0.41736283898353577, -0.09485231339931488, -0.7233633995056152, 0.2140003740787506, 0.1409761905670166, 0.3048478364944458, 0.6515581607818604, 0.3639972507953644, -0.4531812071800232, 0.5113043785095215, -0.44017350673675537, -0.36008262634277344, -0.11572761833667755, -0.28086045384407043, 0.21487635374069214, 0.2361561357975006, 0.6755629181861877, 0.4535987079143524, 0.02878541871905327, -0.5237858295440674, 0.6547594666481018, -0.2653502821922302, -0.4371897876262665, -0.08965156227350235, 0.025288429111242294, 0.265978068113327, -0.06500926613807678, -0.34928905963897705, -0.5148928761482239, 0.4143465459346771, -0.19431458413600922, 0.1829848289489746, 0.41826164722442627, 0.2117234468460083, -0.07019894570112228, 0.09388222545385361, 0.1134219542145729, 0.3232598304748535, 0.276682049036026, -0.2427433729171753, 0.3571641147136688, -0.3346630334854126, -0.06933213025331497, 0.9647697806358337, -0.4928986728191376, -0.1560998558998108, -0.5233874320983887, 0.49674057960510254, 0.08685414493083954, 0.26694878935813904, 0.32837897539138794, -0.39905089139938354, -0.14444100856781006, 0.44391870498657227, -0.5648626685142517, -0.35941675305366516, 0.09113699197769165, 0.027005795389413834, 0.3380246162414551, -0.031577207148075104, -0.765204906463623, -0.4021317958831787, 0.22308620810508728, -0.10805626958608627, -0.22269785404205322, -0.8661515116691589, 0.768722414970398, -0.1668531894683838, 0.7864591479301453, -0.5116817951202393, 0.4164941608905792, 0.06397154182195663, 0.367240309715271, -0.25570768117904663, 0.14149874448776245, -0.13422858715057373, -0.0021186601370573044, 0.6914214491844177, -0.23452560603618622, 0.34766608476638794, 0.16655902564525604, 0.0594170019030571, 0.12355098873376846, -0.03973505645990372, 0.07759623974561691, -0.233289897441864, 0.5691284537315369, 0.7449531555175781, 0.6775515079498291, -0.2817191183567047, -0.36010292172431946, 0.662439227104187, 0.37719157338142395, -0.0022439572494477034, 0.5895174741744995, 0.12327595055103302, -0.45619940757751465, 0.24488672614097595, 0.2681924104690552, 0.44704288244247437, 0.31550565361976624, 0.16843444108963013, 0.04090305045247078, 0.3431873917579651, 0.21745653450489044, 0.4615670144557953, -0.3406660258769989, -0.01089493464678526, -0.3227679431438446, 0.25665146112442017, -0.5144016146659851, -0.7176532745361328, -0.3176753520965576, -0.2527666389942169, 0.41932493448257446, 0.21362389624118805, 0.7647300362586975, -0.12004021555185318, 0.27652043104171753, 0.551245927810669, 0.6474524736404419, 0.28526654839515686, 0.6172091960906982, 0.7133586406707764, 0.4729284644126892, 0.45287105441093445, 0.05503302440047264, 0.30656516551971436, 0.11344665288925171, -0.06998502463102341, -0.18757514655590057, 0.5782833099365234, 0.3472858667373657, -0.2926764488220215, -0.16546471416950226, 0.20840688049793243, 0.18801864981651306, 0.628040075302124, -0.14170588552951813, -0.006387213245034218, -0.2269439697265625, -0.7058257460594177, -0.9217271208763123, -0.4063437283039093, 0.42662203311920166, 0.19074280560016632, 0.7098367810249329, -0.30123138427734375, 0.7237945795059204, 0.5455275774002075, 0.07396666705608368, 0.48461973667144775, 0.5184464454650879, 0.15706714987754822, -0.013566376641392708, -0.04792354255914688, -0.19847238063812256, 0.5125125646591187, -0.5227331519126892, -0.43391621112823486, 0.02570771798491478, -0.1383211463689804, 0.1472925990819931, -0.037291500717401505, -0.14826123416423798, 0.08564576506614685, 0.5995471477508545, -0.3468628525733948, -0.23616839945316315, -0.20993517339229584, 0.2562994658946991, -0.38977348804473877, 0.3679651916027069, 0.36308959126472473, -0.24273671209812164, 0.3761482238769531, 0.21750664710998535, 0.17063936591148376, 0.16502374410629272, -0.2448311746120453, 0.2173105776309967, -0.3389645218849182, 0.03932378068566322, -0.5476359128952026, 0.4337571859359741, 0.5472205877304077, 0.008771119639277458, 0.17719340324401855, -0.01683107390999794, -0.5562515258789062, -0.253627747297287, 0.38825705647468567, -0.38176286220550537, 0.37538716197013855, -0.9887935519218445, 0.0835171565413475, -0.370512992143631, -0.11898376047611237, 0.8721888661384583, -0.02478024549782276, -0.18656568229198456, 0.7919464707374573, 0.09700558334589005, -1.1585941314697266, 0.3856891691684723, 0.4301598072052002, -0.2362760752439499, -0.35511094331741333, -0.030262328684329987, -0.2176266312599182, -0.19598150253295898, 0.06784739345312119, 0.7753702998161316, 0.4888400137424469, -0.8422295451164246, 0.25745871663093567, -0.10972055047750473, -0.4597075283527374, -0.2688989043235779, -0.2316914200782776, -0.040531840175390244, -0.11750052124261856, -0.7630904912948608, -0.27588385343551636, 0.41718024015426636, 0.3000800609588623, -0.4689304232597351, 0.10770852863788605, -0.058047566562891006, -0.1858372688293457, -0.39649781584739685, 0.20203305780887604, -0.7960206270217896, 0.42930343747138977, 0.0702352225780487 ]
249349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbi	Hanbi	In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology (and Mesopotamian mythology in general) Hanbi or Hanpa (more commonly known in western text) was the god of evil, god of all evil forces and the father of Pazuzu and Humbaba. Aside from his relationship with Pazuzu, very little is known of this figure. See also List of Mesopotamian deities References Mesopotamian gods Mesopotamian demons Evil gods	[ -0.13964992761611938, 0.5574124455451965, -0.8257065415382385, -0.4865072965621948, -0.9018741250038147, 0.8243150115013123, 0.49043887853622437, 0.25267019867897034, -0.16688914597034454, -0.024785194545984268, -0.012384804897010326, 0.21864627301692963, -0.9849144816398621, 0.6612371206283569, 0.1496376395225525, 0.24485591053962708, 0.0359855592250824, 0.6480262279510498, -0.28940948843955994, 0.479964941740036, 0.3025098145008087, -0.2886859178543091, 0.17133836448192596, -0.037262558937072754, 0.5595477819442749, -0.23564375936985016, 0.6136263608932495, 0.5394570827484131, -0.08587416261434555, -0.5354866981506348, -0.1521320641040802, 0.3166484832763672, 0.2184915989637375, -0.8047794103622437, -0.08482655137777328, -0.20884500443935394, -0.21968254446983337, -0.12290241569280624, -0.21939913928508759, 0.1933170109987259, -0.10479865968227386, 0.08324577659368515, -0.06496409326791763, 0.41974934935569763, -0.40049758553504944, -0.49463143944740295, -1.248279094696045, 0.75562983751297, -0.7108635902404785, -0.28450316190719604, -0.5349571704864502, 0.1962803453207016, -0.1276191771030426, 0.008498928509652615, 0.4296881854534149, 0.418940007686615, -0.40129396319389343, -0.1775161325931549, 0.26019391417503357, -0.24998119473457336, 0.6492704153060913, -0.24131253361701965, 0.4265655279159546, 0.29933828115463257, -0.03720064461231232, 0.3509592115879059, -0.3398437201976776, 0.2479170560836792, -0.42358216643333435, -0.038670603185892105, -0.5868885517120361, 0.4745636582374573, -0.9609333872795105, -0.18025949597358704, -0.6843046545982361, -0.6531272530555725, -0.11390309035778046, -0.5413970351219177, 0.45393723249435425, 0.3283287286758423, 0.05547473952174187, -0.6124885678291321, 0.4704339802265167, 0.26461464166641235, 0.056000903248786926, 0.1906791776418686, -0.19073262810707092, 0.031243056058883667, -0.36516591906547546, 0.15573018789291382, -0.07766894996166229, 0.0025126782711595297, 0.2538434565067291, 0.005343135446310043, -0.5120366215705872, 0.023532239720225334, 0.16983604431152344, -0.04285067692399025, -0.014243120327591896, -0.48278409242630005, -0.038018882274627686, 0.23666872084140778, 0.019002052024006844, -0.201277956366539, -0.15205930173397064, 0.06245329603552818, 0.1514311283826828, -0.8213655948638916, -0.29088038206100464, 0.10217039287090302, -0.19432887434959412, 0.5034683346748352, 0.588155210018158, -0.17308712005615234, 0.3687484562397003, 0.3177921175956726, -0.9523003101348877, -0.7078424692153931, 0.10853340476751328, 0.385852187871933, -0.1400492638349533, 0.4713713228702545, -0.3950329124927521, 0.4729703962802887, -0.07026473432779312, -0.4793681204319, -0.36258724331855774, 0.06807030737400055, -0.6300578117370605, 0.21624219417572021, 0.6820691227912903, 0.44865384697914124, -0.10679290443658829, -0.08638104796409607, -0.15526503324508667, -0.4483804404735565, -0.1170768216252327, 0.055181507021188736, 0.12701846659183502, -0.24228903651237488, -0.7789408564567566, -0.4063032269477844, -0.20607852935791016, -0.08897658437490463, 0.4450281858444214, 0.02555764466524124, 0.1932145059108734, -0.34902727603912354, -0.4789806306362152, -0.6611296534538269, -0.17322823405265808, 0.11066865175962448, 0.18141619861125946, 0.0833541601896286, -0.0036238355096429586, 0.7190633416175842, -0.20441485941410065, 0.2862667143344879, -0.35493728518486023, -0.024707473814487457, -0.5900355577468872, 0.28762322664260864, -0.2477693259716034, -0.3735625147819519, 0.23770488798618317, -0.18161188066005707, 0.2793140113353729, 0.12249058485031128, -0.10443929582834244, -0.19712217152118683, -0.26605284214019775, -0.19426903128623962, 0.44395625591278076, -0.3646484911441803, 0.014680410735309124, -0.04230424761772156, 1.1350525617599487, -0.35610973834991455, 0.3939098119735718, -0.20984654128551483, -0.6293208003044128, 0.2856314778327942, -0.2721860110759735, 0.6424688100814819, -0.19350306689739227, -0.104661725461483, -0.3877689242362976, -0.2515149414539337, 0.4235137701034546, -0.24246901273727417, -0.05603044480085373, -0.2151559591293335, -0.04765823110938072, 0.026427119970321655, 0.6874845623970032, -0.17442387342453003, -0.4686164855957031, -0.003123104339465499, 0.21636083722114563, 0.42151686549186707, -0.5229047536849976, -0.11204168200492859, 0.4174221456050873, -0.45871585607528687, -0.028782552108168602, 0.4530819356441498, -0.4603062570095062, 0.9194070100784302, 0.41803228855133057, 0.49169760942459106, 0.23721615970134735, -0.4638092815876007, 0.565539538860321, -0.7513204216957092, -0.16169430315494537, -0.09968379139900208, -0.4622526168823242, 0.4964199960231781, 0.12853336334228516, -0.41394224762916565, 0.3723834455013275, -0.3840154707431793, -0.4920843243598938, 0.33161717653274536, 0.11748170107603073, 0.4892102777957916, 0.4579154849052429, -0.2606653869152069, -0.1169811338186264, -0.5120770931243896, 0.7682923078536987, 0.46696218848228455, 0.3884449601173401, -0.16198483109474182, -0.9713341593742371, 0.03384546935558319, 0.17427819967269897, 0.008151057176291943, 0.7160129547119141, -0.3116847276687622, -0.34955716133117676, 0.3931628167629242, -0.15123429894447327, -0.2342517375946045, 0.3141496181488037, -0.5002091526985168, 0.11626166850328445, -0.3533826470375061, -0.7027941346168518, 0.9649394750595093, 0.015623653307557106, 0.22807051241397858, 0.6649158596992493, -0.23853811621665955, 0.5021010041236877, -0.37294137477874756, -0.25049346685409546, 0.0355561301112175, 1.1224079132080078, 0.1742285192012787, -0.3355904817581177, 0.21012890338897705, 0.09768479317426682, -0.43553486466407776, 0.11446882784366608, -0.15956367552280426, 0.38899582624435425, 0.628482460975647, -0.07615123689174652, 0.21713416278362274, 0.2769639194011688, 0.020598838105797768, -0.09697559475898743, -0.19993363320827484, 0.2693524956703186, -0.9544470310211182, 0.820024847984314, 0.1160285472869873, -0.23117181658744812, -0.10607306659221649, 0.13179822266101837, 0.658501923084259, -0.4384925365447998, -0.6008628606796265, -0.17198403179645538, -0.4867413341999054, -0.15414486825466156, -0.1866132616996765, 0.5526154637336731, 0.33095428347587585, -0.36160528659820557, 0.5546764135360718, -0.3276394009590149, 0.119258813560009, -0.3391640782356262, 0.41856199502944946, -0.2528156042098999, 0.12081524729728699, 0.37040582299232483, -0.5154098272323608, 0.09205487370491028, 0.5420114994049072, -0.18168166279792786, 0.3417789041996002, 0.2763482332229614, 0.77899569272995, -1.0113577842712402, 0.6177719235420227, -5.802680492401123, 0.33303728699684143, -0.4310317635536194, -0.05914825201034546, 0.2556668519973755, 0.3476317822933197, 0.1453925222158432, 0.05669289082288742, 0.48270606994628906, -0.28967705368995667, -0.09305454045534134, -0.6064807772636414, -0.17532815039157867, 0.11999562382698059, 0.2999362349510193, 0.10128126293420792, 0.32024985551834106, -0.42341211438179016, 0.07992032170295715, 0.21562638878822327, -0.2532386779785156, 0.09899179637432098, -0.7715977430343628, 0.5114012360572815, -0.31403177976608276, 0.10938626527786255, -0.06484058499336243, -0.15557877719402313, -0.32812371850013733, -0.057829421013593674, 0.07543455809354782, -0.18917964398860931, -0.4170135259628296, 0.05360698327422142, 0.004128726199269295, 0.07176797091960907, 0.7053399085998535, -0.020475810393691063, 0.7746807932853699, 0.468992680311203, -0.20792004466056824, -0.0480361171066761, -0.3973921835422516, 0.08144066482782364, 0.6778559684753418, -0.41684040427207947, -0.8344820141792297, 0.29734599590301514, -1.0653486251831055, 0.14272372424602509, 0.26793551445007324, -0.3682088553905487, -0.3093021810054779, 0.010544806718826294, 0.24120491743087769, 0.5011996626853943, 0.14573413133621216, -0.0026200483553111553, -0.29109591245651245, 0.00873886700719595, 0.621733546257019, -0.5103957653045654, -0.12389126420021057, -0.0641259029507637, 0.5479457378387451, 0.1515902429819107, 0.26415035128593445, -0.6137647032737732, 0.3364279568195343, -0.12671150267124176, 0.03347723186016083, 0.016822854056954384, -0.18604454398155212, -0.8364137411117554, 0.09494423866271973, 0.4061703681945801, -0.1844175159931183, 0.30265697836875916, -0.10225743055343628, -0.18023282289505005, -0.07709585875272751, -0.5452427268028259, 0.0713903158903122, 0.23611992597579956, 0.08592725545167923, -0.1506517082452774, 0.26565104722976685, -0.19844970107078552, -0.2472408264875412, 0.5423241257667542, 0.8705346584320068, -0.4369772970676422, 0.22530882060527802, 0.3220534920692444, 0.18286891281604767, 0.8036988377571106, -0.4566977918148041, -0.20717130601406097, 0.6837958693504333, 0.055447325110435486, 0.6133937835693359, -0.20547187328338623, 0.056237682700157166, -0.15401963889598846, 0.19983194768428802, 0.44829708337783813, -0.013948728330433369, 0.17187529802322388, 0.37100961804389954, -0.2919304668903351, 0.013353177346289158, 0.1819903552532196, -0.0804816260933876, 0.1713067591190338, 0.8502667546272278, 0.4961649179458618, 0.08844035863876343, 1.1411442756652832, 0.6016298532485962, 0.7462774515151978, -0.09059429913759232, 0.6671150922775269, -0.3609471023082733, -0.6350577473640442, 0.5082749724388123, -0.033681102097034454, -0.5314645171165466, 0.35032492876052856, 0.15081684291362762, -0.2197735458612442, 0.8004728555679321, -0.6102784276008606, -0.16784663498401642, 0.03636717423796654, 0.12357832491397858, -0.21374335885047913, -0.4104623794555664, -0.7111391425132751, -0.6329602003097534, -0.36669403314590454, -0.41813817620277405, -0.11573818325996399, 0.134751096367836, -0.05552060902118683, 0.3280639350414276, -0.34413081407546997, -0.026487061753869057, -0.5458180904388428, 0.056977733969688416, 0.24475844204425812, 0.07591715455055237, -0.06325595080852509, 0.4224098026752472, -0.198182612657547, -1.0482321977615356, 0.10846416652202606, -0.20816971361637115, 0.037949491292238235, -0.25879713892936707, 0.09711208194494247, -0.2593591809272766, -0.866804301738739, -0.892467200756073, -0.1486368477344513, -0.2623934745788574, 0.23059159517288208, -0.101058229804039, -0.5874746441841125, -0.047851160168647766, 0.5353031158447266, 0.298786461353302, -0.22229312360286713, -0.8841217756271362, -0.19317932426929474, 0.4914686977863312, 0.14348101615905762, -0.19235467910766602, -0.24008768796920776, 0.1781993955373764, 0.14209330081939697, -0.1885663866996765, 0.014913669787347317, -0.17776058614253998, -0.31841331720352173, 0.33958256244659424, -0.14689390361309052, -0.2779276371002197, -0.2996322512626648, -0.6473513841629028, -0.10422014445066452, 0.16995471715927124, -0.357187956571579, 0.20131994783878326, 0.16505876183509827, -0.24230970442295074, -0.3083970248699188, -0.18349921703338623, 0.12173136323690414, 0.10661306977272034, -0.3834797441959381, 0.08120403438806534, 0.38730162382125854, -0.7924480438232422, 0.15364721417427063, 0.16805602610111237, -0.6664949655532837, 0.6553334593772888, -0.0624149814248085, 0.19580921530723572, 0.41160064935684204, -0.17616181075572968, -0.08608220517635345, -0.4818512499332428, 0.47109168767929077, 0.05839403718709946, -0.03683291748166084, 0.21982836723327637, 0.03647058829665184, -0.18768683075904846, -0.8355454802513123, 0.07879184931516647, -0.6686761379241943, 0.1422460526227951, 0.0184639785438776, -0.20189368724822998, -0.18193627893924713, 0.33223894238471985, -0.05608218163251877, 0.5351480841636658, 0.1095937117934227, 0.40899530053138733, 0.3704847991466522, 0.3065057694911957, 0.20854902267456055, -0.11850330233573914, -0.2734980881214142, 0.19950051605701447, -0.16719236969947815, -0.28440386056900024, 0.14768671989440918, 0.5234256982803345, 0.4991903603076935, -0.0016670172335579991, 0.3099400997161865, 0.2690400779247284, 0.5862239003181458, -0.33937135338783264, -0.5235920548439026, 0.058360256254673004, -0.4825957119464874, 0.008794169872999191, -0.11173573136329651, -0.34981054067611694, -0.13301987946033478, 0.5607895851135254, -0.3590116500854492, 0.22422082722187042, 0.3257339894771576, 0.23136259615421295, -0.11402659863233566, 0.035813141614198685, -0.1062595322728157, 0.3130500316619873, 0.05932536721229553, -0.7247378826141357, -0.031761497259140015, -0.8243972063064575, -0.1976647675037384, 0.5266733765602112, -0.40954849123954773, 0.12952065467834473, -0.48024114966392517, 0.5144768357276917, 0.5318816900253296, -0.3690125048160553, 0.2828565239906311, -0.7196475863456726, -0.35460424423217773, 0.2174203246831894, -0.4170733690261841, -0.7371940016746521, 0.017173636704683304, 0.00670564966276288, 0.0661226361989975, 0.30371424555778503, -0.8381949663162231, 0.45423251390457153, 0.06466268748044968, 0.37793242931365967, -0.0708991140127182, -0.6599292755126953, 0.8129515647888184, 0.3111726641654968, 0.4017055034637451, -0.7444851398468018, 0.27444419264793396, -0.17634476721286774, 0.6670177578926086, 0.07181405276060104, -0.28710561990737915, -0.28874555230140686, -0.31103238463401794, 0.3915712535381317, 0.08793338388204575, 0.14767266809940338, 0.12539967894554138, -0.0024515471886843443, 0.43860864639282227, -0.4789671003818512, 0.130623459815979, -0.11877613514661789, 0.2102806717157364, 0.18436358869075775, 0.2723827362060547, -0.47902023792266846, 0.10518383234739304, 0.5800966024398804, -0.2608250677585602, 0.20927420258522034, 0.2620179355144501, 0.3344793915748596, -0.06559109687805176, 0.026197219267487526, -0.12063092738389969, 0.45352286100387573, 0.13077610731124878, 0.20617642998695374, 0.4352988600730896, 0.2805626690387726, 0.26743462681770325, -0.0662396252155304, -0.6022919416427612, -0.3915559947490692, -0.11669564992189407, -0.04402231052517891, -0.29731908440589905, 0.3619286119937897, -0.3443252146244049, -0.3567120432853699, 0.5087249279022217, 0.38067319989204407, 0.758009672164917, -0.47413185238838196, 0.2668397128582001, 0.11657606810331345, 0.5312115550041199, 0.22410805523395538, 0.09938868135213852, 0.02104875072836876, 0.41770824790000916, 0.06952866166830063, -0.013392932713031769, 0.5505767464637756, -0.4219871759414673, 0.29251304268836975, 0.27438050508499146, 0.6325665712356567, 0.16025517880916595, -0.17693251371383667, 0.20142963528633118, 0.036036938428878784, 0.22777701914310455, 1.0176163911819458, -0.04556919261813164, -0.03605484217405319, 0.23307044804096222, -0.38226163387298584, -0.7408581376075745, -0.3632587194442749, 0.2704985737800598, -0.37408456206321716, 0.23590098321437836, -0.24175631999969482, 0.2849665582180023, 0.42216575145721436, 0.7284972667694092, 0.8040479421615601, 0.021568914875388145, -0.2423522025346756, 0.4536319375038147, -0.06456102430820465, -0.3837473392486572, 0.08853066712617874, -0.5043914914131165, 0.1863047033548355, 0.09661824256181717, 0.21192261576652527, 0.24502550065517426, -0.9009835124015808, 0.2858215868473053, 0.31205132603645325, 0.17465442419052124, -0.13176336884498596, 0.258975088596344, 0.032831549644470215, 0.27110859751701355, -0.6083307862281799, 0.6836309432983398, -0.1507387012243271, -0.08403261005878448, 0.5531028509140015, 0.36792874336242676, -0.18784978985786438, 0.6149958372116089, -0.196719229221344, -0.4063706696033478, 0.041432712227106094, -0.314640611410141, -0.6420851349830627, 0.42469605803489685, 0.4348573386669159, 0.0361054353415966, -0.11519427597522736, -0.1899462640285492, -0.3386053740978241, -0.04878207668662071, 0.535743236541748, -0.34822601079940796, 0.04577752575278282, -0.4608880579471588, 0.2524288594722748, -0.19088992476463318, -0.4690743386745453, 0.287600040435791, -0.221812441945076, 0.09512457996606827, 0.5308948159217834, -0.05653591454029083, -0.5116252899169922, 0.5394879579544067, -0.14374157786369324, -0.6412068605422974, -0.31364870071411133, -0.22037500143051147, 0.13169315457344055, -0.7408487796783447, 0.6008166074752808, 0.6687203645706177, -0.06596822291612625, -0.7127348780632019, 0.453914076089859, -0.2609443664550781, 0.045702412724494934, -0.45298346877098083, -0.32243257761001587, 0.08333735913038254, 0.01728685013949871, -0.4059022068977356, 0.009188283234834671, 0.6518071889877319, 0.010999156162142754, -0.4771152138710022, 0.037236422300338745, 0.17801150679588318, 0.032676536589860916, 0.13732005655765533, -0.11131761223077774, -0.5963124632835388, 0.35597455501556396, -0.19778580963611603 ]
249352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabisu	Rabisu	In Akkadian mythology the Rabisu ("the lurker"; Sumerian Maškim, "deputy, attorney"), or possibly Rabasa, are evil vampiric spirits or demons that are always menacing the entrance to the houses and hiding in dark corners, lurking to attack people. It is said that pure sea salt can ban them as the salt represents incorruptible life (salt preserves, and life was first born from the sea). In Hell, they live in the Desert of Anguish, attacking newly arrived souls as they travel down the Road of Bone to the City of the Dead. The book The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria by Theophilus G. Pinches describes the Rabisu as being "the seizer" which is "regarded as a spirit which lay in wait to pounce upon his prey". Chapter 4, lines 6 and 7 of the Book of Genesis read: or in Genesis 4:7: The New American Bible among others believes that "Demon lurking", which in Hebrew means "the croucher", is similar to the word Rabisu. Therefore, it is possible that this displays a continued tradition in the emerging culture of the Hebrews. Rabisu is listed in the rituals of Shurpu which have to do with burning, such as the symbolic burning of witches. The Shurpu ritual allows the banishment of Rabisu described as "a demon that springs unawares on its victims". In the book Simon Necronomicon, which contains a blend of myths including Sumerian, Rabisu are described as ancient demons. It talks about the god Marduk who battled Tiamat, Kingu, and Azag-Thoth. Among the Fifty Names of Marduk is the name Nariluggaldimmerankia, which is the sixth. Nariluggaldimmerankia is said to be the sub-commander of wind demons, described as the foe of Rabisu and all maskim who haunt humans. Marduk's seventh name, Asaruludu, is said to have the power using his sacred word Banmaskim to banish all Maskim and Rabisu. References Mesopotamian legendary creatures Vampires Mesopotamian demons	[ 0.5260500907897949, 0.4657214879989624, -0.7831959128379822, -0.5260706543922424, -0.4664577841758728, 0.5991360545158386, 0.772741973400116, -0.0936557874083519, -0.13365958631038666, 0.2451496124267578, -0.650044858455658, 0.2527344226837158, -0.666657567024231, 0.5690209269523621, -0.08716041594743729, 0.26865285634994507, 0.30592167377471924, 0.5493706464767456, 0.1174456998705864, -0.24335883557796478, -0.0021327922586351633, -0.025320056825876236, 0.26979896426200867, -0.30071213841438293, 0.36501798033714294, 0.5045613646507263, 0.3360980153083801, 0.5516501665115356, -0.5092697739601135, -0.4816512167453766, 0.1757420301437378, 0.3246020972728729, 0.27832096815109253, -0.7137987017631531, 0.7837831377983093, -0.2788633704185486, -0.39940881729125977, -0.463267058134079, -0.16492339968681335, -0.13559632003307343, -0.07273086160421371, 0.030693918466567993, 0.3617549538612366, 0.6497947573661804, -0.7607157230377197, -0.6692179441452026, -1.216065526008606, 0.504352867603302, -0.7362369894981384, -0.19119712710380554, -0.22835886478424072, 0.5236415863037109, 0.13689956068992615, -0.018045393750071526, 0.33673447370529175, 0.5256897211074829, -0.6154024600982666, -0.17842461168766022, 0.552376925945282, -0.39212143421173096, 0.7688345313072205, -0.11331745237112045, 0.31097325682640076, 0.11498355120420456, 0.04046276584267616, 0.5464592576026917, 0.16464388370513916, -0.0678301528096199, -0.1467076689004898, -0.17384354770183563, -0.572857677936554, 0.5489029288291931, -0.6498388648033142, -0.26820647716522217, -0.9216559529304504, -0.004846722353249788, -0.033124182373285294, -0.3519068956375122, 0.7158811688423157, 0.48608681559562683, -0.07498209923505783, 0.2979464530944824, 0.4301126003265381, 0.11135829985141754, 0.2642614543437958, 0.36123883724212646, -0.4466319680213928, -0.31584876775741577, -0.07410577684640884, 0.18047328293323517, -0.04162859171628952, -0.22418591380119324, 0.49086257815361023, 0.3106766641139984, -1.165624737739563, 0.036842893809080124, 0.5309837460517883, -0.20445699989795685, 0.1077868863940239, -0.08876229077577591, -0.3701416850090027, 0.010651430115103722, 0.5106791257858276, -0.15897192060947418, -0.30791324377059937, 0.34738418459892273, -0.446262001991272, -0.061371322721242905, -0.6338108777999878, 0.048349883407354355, -0.2325456589460373, 0.6902264356613159, 0.0009913963731378317, -0.02314755879342556, 0.24666599929332733, -0.22876329720020294, -0.17229053378105164, -0.29021555185317993, -0.4833398163318634, 0.07386750727891922, 0.28756317496299744, 0.008412486873567104, 0.3474672734737396, 0.5075347423553467, 0.12845592200756073, -0.36656370759010315, 0.04339320957660675, 0.1516813188791275, -0.758095383644104, 0.14100760221481323, 0.9196346998214722, 0.7443291544914246, -0.08625281602144241, -0.004959370940923691, -0.29891055822372437, 0.04136534407734871, -0.22658994793891907, -0.026553325355052948, 0.7112791538238525, -0.08551647514104843, -1.1000314950942993, -0.2360309362411499, -0.5638279914855957, 0.3895081579685211, 0.31478336453437805, -0.3108823895454407, 0.022232677787542343, -0.2737022638320923, -0.5032238960266113, -0.4210527837276459, 0.14463971555233002, 0.16645805537700653, 0.021651308983564377, 0.04017746075987816, 0.2451324462890625, 0.1990695595741272, -0.11703254282474518, -0.27806639671325684, 0.10840192437171936, -0.47424831986427307, -0.4983043372631073, 0.5476393103599548, -0.7249711751937866, 0.2768504023551941, 0.2545749545097351, -0.15823276340961456, -0.09263470768928528, -0.10330113023519516, 0.18404985964298248, 0.39634376764297485, -0.6984900832176208, 0.16937991976737976, 0.18468910455703735, -0.98096764087677, -0.5072513222694397, 0.45887836813926697, 0.7066102027893066, -0.32366693019866943, 0.1917494386434555, -0.050443194806575775, -0.5932039618492126, -0.11548704653978348, -0.5261272192001343, -0.08882071077823639, -0.4753466844558716, -0.3025401532649994, 0.01855851709842682, -0.0016183288535103202, -0.10766758769750595, -0.40954485535621643, -0.6878253221511841, 0.06556554138660431, 0.43247202038764954, 0.1943242847919464, 0.8548601269721985, -0.37491095066070557, -0.28169283270835876, 1.0476973056793213, 0.2740738093852997, 0.19412042200565338, -0.5730792880058289, 0.2149924486875534, 0.44846224784851074, -0.39043548703193665, -0.6892118453979492, 0.24642913043498993, -0.1901387870311737, 0.5417042970657349, 0.6373978853225708, 0.13245175778865814, 0.6095965504646301, -0.5999441146850586, 0.492294043302536, -0.7425919771194458, 0.32501253485679626, 0.011684633791446686, -0.6835311055183411, 0.33284932374954224, 0.2450953722000122, -0.4690536558628082, 0.28230521082878113, -0.4049247205257416, -0.4189762771129608, -0.06692012399435043, -0.3030254542827606, 0.6003089547157288, 0.32358497381210327, -0.1709224134683609, 0.324611634016037, -0.679875373840332, 0.7313530445098877, 0.12772895395755768, 0.1610257625579834, -0.35618025064468384, -1.1946555376052856, -0.012299636378884315, 0.10407271236181259, -0.3924775719642639, 0.47590750455856323, -0.4142588973045349, 0.0033479647245258093, -0.0674528256058693, -0.4106699824333191, -0.42726483941078186, 0.633672297000885, -0.22513853013515472, -0.154761403799057, 0.26759669184684753, -0.42214229702949524, 0.7472866773605347, 0.09451442956924438, 0.2640341818332672, 0.30072489380836487, -0.24173134565353394, 1.239315390586853, -0.30566632747650146, -0.3314727246761322, -0.09285256266593933, 0.9084082841873169, -0.6277652382850647, -0.5579996109008789, 0.46743956208229065, 0.17989535629749298, -0.40577659010887146, 0.1369246244430542, -0.08816628903150558, 0.19461269676685333, -0.14014670252799988, 0.38010331988334656, 0.41878315806388855, 0.0964847132563591, -0.14636369049549103, -0.736536979675293, 0.08577785640954971, 0.10622131079435349, -0.5629506707191467, 0.9979624152183533, 0.07849498838186264, 0.24918906390666962, -0.16509601473808289, -0.05145520716905594, 0.09438514709472656, 0.0985579714179039, -1.0381656885147095, -0.11739400774240494, -0.5373440384864807, 0.04844837263226509, -0.09212324023246765, 0.2222694456577301, 0.08153709024190903, -0.5375984311103821, 0.06261429190635681, -0.18311594426631927, 0.17385560274124146, -0.20714503526687622, 0.12511825561523438, -0.3654220402240753, 0.5807492136955261, 0.1798096001148224, -0.8099642395973206, 0.6161940097808838, -0.2147555649280548, -0.4877006411552429, 0.06355036050081253, -0.01486328523606062, 0.5327420830726624, -0.3788275420665741, 0.596642255783081, -5.650048732757568, -0.12998756766319275, -0.4685058295726776, -0.07471408694982529, 0.20067036151885986, 0.4943735897541046, 0.7680557370185852, -0.10179785639047623, 0.11955242604017258, -0.46513813734054565, -0.22033174335956573, -0.46486547589302063, 0.5847633481025696, 0.24437455832958221, 0.04715954512357712, 0.11550531536340714, 0.3437628149986267, 0.24564599990844727, -0.31771528720855713, 0.4992351830005646, -0.23819446563720703, 0.13984236121177673, -0.8625012636184692, 0.1932038515806198, -0.15759515762329102, -0.23211652040481567, -0.4157201051712036, -0.2500162124633789, -0.4757216274738312, -0.22800809144973755, -0.18732407689094543, -0.19560310244560242, -0.23733682930469513, -0.4327084720134735, 0.04550020396709442, 0.3234488368034363, 0.7477137446403503, -0.18809719383716583, 0.4613867998123169, 0.09368918091058731, -0.4281330108642578, 0.11122018843889236, 0.05357041582465172, -0.09061890095472336, 0.629743754863739, -0.18797960877418518, -0.656038224697113, 0.05154956504702568, -0.6871344447135925, 0.3199617266654968, 0.21711793541908264, -0.057461000978946686, 0.22021721303462982, 0.547766387462616, 0.3276306390762329, -0.05877029895782471, -0.08703929930925369, 0.1889774054288864, -0.015227111056447029, -0.03831029310822487, 0.6041709184646606, -0.6354667544364929, 0.053071483969688416, -0.23550675809383392, 0.4353069067001343, 0.11735131591558456, 0.051508333534002304, -0.37481799721717834, 0.4677656888961792, 0.31045302748680115, -0.08272875100374222, -0.3006199896335602, -0.24327494204044342, -0.9986743330955505, 0.2522161304950714, 0.13530808687210083, -0.06806681305170059, -0.10453087836503983, 0.06442701816558838, 0.12991465628147125, -0.08071718364953995, -0.24329285323619843, -0.5426499843597412, -0.0286081675440073, 0.2901521325111389, -0.8541258573532104, 0.20278401672840118, 0.09647612273693085, -0.950518012046814, -0.10874994844198227, 0.7747146487236023, 0.118755042552948, 0.13855710625648499, 0.45939624309539795, 0.14989179372787476, 0.7569051384925842, -0.421623557806015, -0.22120822966098785, 0.980549693107605, 0.15673120319843292, 0.5762609839439392, -0.06471431255340576, 0.08374924957752228, -0.01580541953444481, 0.1460450440645218, -0.013250009156763554, -0.10391021519899368, 0.3325566351413727, 0.3921496868133545, -0.25715798139572144, -0.531857967376709, 0.03329136222600937, -0.10967417806386948, 0.46941953897476196, 1.1594775915145874, 0.23859764635562897, 0.2720121145248413, 0.9297141432762146, 0.5082839131355286, 0.02667856775224209, -0.14877991378307343, 0.43789142370224, -0.3195666968822479, -0.024235567077994347, 0.027935238555073738, -0.17550206184387207, -0.1552002876996994, -0.027092766016721725, 0.04964339733123779, 0.013324125669896603, 0.7072617411613464, -0.3055340349674225, 0.08593859523534775, -0.0341852642595768, 0.1890830397605896, -0.11406027525663376, -0.26970696449279785, -0.7179950475692749, -0.5655330419540405, -0.45525771379470825, -0.28009161353111267, -0.4792673587799072, 0.5993692278862, 0.3993079364299774, 0.5782703161239624, 0.3115222454071045, 0.3724595308303833, -0.22561942040920258, -0.32280561327934265, 0.5497925877571106, -0.1569231152534485, 0.11494458466768265, 0.6506416201591492, -0.6757489442825317, -0.4288126528263092, -0.36606189608573914, 0.16428036987781525, 0.11035481095314026, -0.0951089859008789, -0.3164352476596832, 0.054450009018182755, -0.7554500102996826, -1.0284641981124878, 0.04394114762544632, -0.5677937269210815, -0.09886890649795532, -0.31262868642807007, -0.5372304916381836, -0.0426340214908123, 0.34839102625846863, -0.47637394070625305, 0.03377406299114227, -0.825613796710968, 0.172588050365448, 0.573062002658844, -0.24671512842178345, -0.4512864947319031, 0.18021848797798157, -0.3641981780529022, -0.3639368712902069, -0.21760089695453644, 0.6159501671791077, 0.17620749771595, -0.35176458954811096, 0.8775812983512878, -0.02420353889465332, -0.1690531075000763, -0.33185842633247375, -0.5603516101837158, -0.14160333573818207, 0.04880056157708168, 0.07078354060649872, 0.3566523492336273, 0.28362831473350525, -0.47962674498558044, -0.40356114506721497, -0.18324775993824005, 0.5050188302993774, -0.16880086064338684, -0.15396437048912048, 0.5287427306175232, 0.21700774133205414, -0.4819072186946869, 0.49178701639175415, 0.1953340321779251, -0.154149129986763, 0.7624148726463318, 0.11574199050664902, -0.30375680327415466, 0.42217373847961426, -0.1313217431306839, 0.22710971534252167, -0.6469271779060364, 0.5549765229225159, -0.4084712862968445, -0.06399452686309814, -0.0515984408557415, -0.3568289577960968, -0.1989360898733139, -1.0613349676132202, 0.2209971398115158, -0.5655754208564758, 0.3771485686302185, 0.1796867996454239, -0.447795569896698, -0.10552050918340683, 0.23282083868980408, -0.6115922331809998, 0.43104255199432373, 0.4222293794155121, 0.20887763798236847, 0.6750728487968445, 0.4230971038341522, -0.5082421898841858, -0.5011061429977417, 0.22409744560718536, 0.060406431555747986, -0.1293662190437317, 0.3568532466888428, 0.8321097493171692, 0.16338397562503815, 0.7853113412857056, 0.05377856642007828, -0.23981736600399017, 0.14298173785209656, 0.82621169090271, -0.1830122023820877, -0.32295459508895874, -0.0908287763595581, -0.26743271946907043, 0.13989166915416718, -0.060143522918224335, 0.21653684973716736, -0.11724695563316345, 0.745315432548523, -0.4189254939556122, 0.41511547565460205, 0.16026471555233002, 0.3066333532333374, -0.13632823526859283, 0.22841724753379822, -0.3088190257549286, 0.1459769606590271, -0.08878570795059204, -0.20698295533657074, 0.05337817966938019, -0.5108874440193176, 0.12777334451675415, 0.6271874904632568, -0.4768223762512207, 0.3051135241985321, 0.03597782924771309, 0.7169057130813599, 0.3435877561569214, 0.05194089934229851, -0.13805076479911804, -0.4200569689273834, -0.757802426815033, -0.08858904987573624, -0.19942419230937958, -0.2873874604701996, 0.10101496428251266, -0.21675561368465424, 0.24240022897720337, 0.7168610692024231, -0.46132180094718933, 0.2895222008228302, 0.3164742588996887, -0.06200587749481201, -0.4687156081199646, -0.5280027985572815, 0.6363715529441833, 0.40618959069252014, 1.0600647926330566, -0.21591947972774506, 0.656288743019104, 0.4713786542415619, 0.47436901926994324, 0.558978796005249, 0.17160022258758545, -0.5678738951683044, -0.22660133242607117, 0.37341538071632385, 0.24360668659210205, 0.12062856554985046, -0.0815451592206955, 0.01667357236146927, -0.06093977019190788, -0.43408989906311035, 0.02994730696082115, -0.06772484630346298, 0.25873199105262756, 0.37088239192962646, 0.6862518787384033, -0.5826696157455444, 0.09667915105819702, 0.32037872076034546, -0.24829213321208954, -0.2611845135688782, 0.3272181749343872, 0.42926374077796936, -0.28443092107772827, 0.46727246046066284, -0.03959893062710762, 0.5882471203804016, 0.036306142807006836, -0.11769194900989532, 0.24577532708644867, 0.25311002135276794, 0.23054906725883484, 0.6157411932945251, -0.17301839590072632, -0.4423390328884125, 0.26727309823036194, -0.2813864052295685, -0.2040126621723175, 0.1904193013906479, -0.6930087208747864, -0.4468476176261902, 0.39793506264686584, 0.7876362800598145, 0.18747709691524506, -0.46179109811782837, -0.039685674011707306, -0.006544479168951511, 0.4953908920288086, 0.6133164167404175, -0.35447895526885986, 0.041985925287008286, 0.7434871196746826, -0.05815533176064491, -0.13883493840694427, 0.5356797575950623, -0.19132883846759796, 0.40441805124282837, 0.12665025889873505, 0.16632504761219025, 0.11918121576309204, -0.1800234466791153, -0.03038008324801922, -0.1721443235874176, 0.11157571524381638, 0.7347808480262756, 0.21399708092212677, -0.5807721018791199, -0.010878645814955235, -0.6345425248146057, -0.7638701796531677, -0.22856013476848602, -0.3899902403354645, -0.042827192693948746, 0.4234769940376282, -0.8552803993225098, -0.03660154342651367, 0.33160948753356934, 0.14128652215003967, 0.708150327205658, 0.19102057814598083, -0.24735359847545624, 0.20266789197921753, -0.14527662098407745, -0.01605370081961155, 0.22314393520355225, -0.7381092309951782, 0.1894754022359848, 0.2733502984046936, 0.026072483509778976, -0.2413523942232132, -0.2545093297958374, 0.1274741291999817, 0.35161009430885315, 0.13143938779830933, -0.09549358487129211, -0.10335516929626465, 0.149478480219841, 0.20370228588581085, -0.5200214385986328, 0.3823045790195465, 0.00013074895832687616, 0.19237688183784485, 0.34521815180778503, 0.4209505319595337, -0.1445419192314148, 0.19930996000766754, -0.5374320149421692, 0.13812309503555298, -0.47911912202835083, -0.5650687217712402, -0.4599491059780121, 0.48994794487953186, 0.3389379680156708, -0.40051037073135376, 0.46770164370536804, 0.22004497051239014, -0.10426045954227448, 0.20853157341480255, 0.7250739336013794, -0.12178914994001389, -0.15981583297252655, 0.006662311498075724, -0.0070725372061133385, 0.21003367006778717, 0.013462084345519543, 0.2315535694360733, -0.2934836447238922, -0.16625814139842987, 0.010726924985647202, -0.5087080597877502, -0.7755116820335388, 0.08225539326667786, -0.0027316708583384752, -0.5143848061561584, -0.35138359665870667, 0.21262216567993164, -0.24458365142345428, -0.7457114458084106, 0.53441321849823, 0.5304458141326904, 0.6635500192642212, -0.4602265954017639, 0.20163209736347198, -0.23758664727210999, 0.21780943870544434, -0.407383531332016, -0.4117077887058258, 0.1497114598751068, -0.48448431491851807, -0.9752172827720642, 0.08920305967330933, -0.09578502178192139, 0.027858706191182137, -0.8325432538986206, -0.2559337913990021, 0.13030286133289337, -0.368982195854187, -0.0030908400658518076, 0.30234092473983765, -0.48402139544487, -0.01944340579211712, -0.11531945317983627 ]
249357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepwalking	Sleepwalking	Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a phenomenon of combined sleep and wakefulness. It is classified as a sleep disorder belonging to the parasomnia family. It occurs during slow wave stage of sleep, in a state of low consciousness, with performance of activities that are usually performed during a state of full consciousness. These activities can be as benign as talking, sitting up in bed, walking to a bathroom, consuming food, and cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking, driving a motor vehicle, violent gestures and grabbing at hallucinated objects. Although sleepwalking cases generally consist of simple, repeated behaviors, there are occasionally reports of people performing complex behaviors while asleep, although their legitimacy is often disputed. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the incident, as their consciousness has altered into a state in which memories are difficult to recall. Although their eyes are open, their expression is dim and glazed over. This may last from 30 seconds to 30 minutes. Sleepwalking occurs during slow-wave sleep (N3) of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep) cycles. It typically occurs within the first third of the night when slow-wave sleep is most prominent. Usually, it will occur once in a night, if at all. Signs and symptoms Sleepwalking is characterized by: partial arousal during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, typically during the first third of the night dream content that may or may not be recalled when awake dream-congruent motor behavior that may be simple or complex impaired perception of the environment impaired judgement, planning and problem-solving. The sleepwalker's eyes are open but may appear as a glassy-eyed stare or blank expression and pupils are dilated. They are often disoriented, consequent to awakening: the sleepwalker may be confused and perplexed, and might not know why or how they got out of bed; however, the disorientation will fade within minutes. They may talk while sleepwalking, but the talk typically does not make sense to the observer. There are varying degrees of amnesia associated with sleepwalking, ranging from no memory at all, vague memories or a narrative. Associated disorders In the study "Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors in Prepubertal Children" it was found that, if a child had another sleep disordersuch as restless leg syndrome (RLS) or sleep-disorder breathing (SDB)there was a greater chance of sleepwalking. The study found that children with chronic parasomnias may often also present SDB or, to a lesser extent, RLS. Furthermore, the disappearance of the parasomnias after the treatment of the SDB or RLS periodic limb movement syndrome suggests that the latter may trigger the former. The high frequency of SDB in family members of children with parasomnia provided additional evidence that SDB may manifest as parasomnias in children. Children with parasomnias are not systematically monitored during sleep, although past studies have suggested that patients with sleep terrors or sleepwalking have an elevated level of brief EEG arousals. When children receive polysomnographies, discrete patterns (e.g., nasal flow limitation, abnormal respiratory effort, bursts of high or slow EEG frequencies) should be sought; apneas are rarely found in children. Children's respiration during sleep should be monitored with nasal cannula or pressure transducer system or esophageal manometry, which are more sensitive than the thermistors or thermocouples currently used in many laboratories. The clear, prompt improvement of severe parasomnia in children who are treated for SDB, as defined here, provides important evidence that subtle SDB can have substantial health-related significance. Also noteworthy is the report of familial presence of parasomnia. Studies of twin cohorts and families with sleep terror and sleepwalking suggest genetic involvement of parasomnias. RLS and SDB have been shown to have familial recurrence. RLS has been shown to have genetic involvement. Sleepwalking may also accompany the related phenomenon of night terrors, especially in children. In the midst of a night terror, the affected person may wander in a distressed state while still asleep, and examples of sufferers attempting to run or aggressively defend themselves during these incidents have been reported in medical literature. In some cases, sleepwalking in adults may be a symptom of a psychological disorder. One study suggests higher levels of dissociation in adult sleepwalkers, since test subjects scored unusually high on the hysteria portion of the "Crown-Crisp Experiential Index". Another suggested that "A higher incidence [of sleepwalking events] has been reported in patients with schizophrenia, hysteria and anxiety neuroses". Also, patients with migraine headaches or Tourette syndrome are 4–6 times more likely to sleepwalk. Consequences Most sleepwalkers get injuries at some point during sleepwalking, often minor injuries such as cuts or bruises. In rare occasions, however, sleepwalkers have fractured bones and died as the result of a fall. Sleepwalkers may also face embarrassment of being found naked in public. Causes The cause of sleepwalking is unknown. A number of, as yet unproven, hypotheses are suggested for why it might occur, including: delay in the maturity of the central nervous system, increased slow wave sleep, sleep deprivation, fever, and excessive tiredness. There may be a genetic component to sleepwalking. One study found that sleepwalking occurred in 45% of children who have one parent who sleepwalked, and in 60% of children if both parents sleepwalked. Thus, heritable factors may predispose an individual to sleepwalking, but expression of the behavior may also be influenced by environmental factors. Genetic studies using common fruit flies as experimental models reveal a link between night sleep and brain development mediated by evolutionary conserved transcription factors such as AP-2 Sleepwalking may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance. Genome-wide multipoint parametric linkage analysis for sleepwalking revealed a maximum logarithm of the odds score of 3.14 at chromosome 20q12-q13.12 between 55.6 and 61.4 cM. Sleepwalking has been hypothesized to be linked to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which also appears to be metabolized differently in migraine patients and people with Tourette syndrome, both populations being four to nine times more likely to experience an episode of sleepwalking. Hormonal fluctuations have been found to contribute to sleepwalking episodes in women, with the likeliness to sleepwalk being higher before the onset of menstruation. It also appears that hormonal changes during pregnancy decrease the likelihood of engaging in sleepwalking Medications, primarily in four classes—benzodiazepine receptor agonists and other GABA modulators, antidepressants and other serotonergic agents, antipsychotics, and β-blockers— have been associated with sleepwalking. The best evidence of medications causing sleepwalking is for Zolpidem and sodium oxybate; all other reports are based on associations noted in case reports. A number of conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, are thought to trigger sleepwalking in people without a previous history of sleepwalking. Diagnosis Polysomnography is the only accurate assessment of a sleepwalking episode. Because this is costly and sleepwalking episodes are usually infrequent, other measures commonly used include self-, parent-, or partner-report. Three common diagnostic systems that are generally used for sleepwalking disorders are International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual defines two subcategories of sleepwalking, although sleepwalking does not need to involve either behaviours: sleepwalking with sleep-related eating. sleepwalking with sleep-related sexual behavior (sexsomnia). Sleep eating involves consuming food while asleep. These sleep eating disorders are more often than not induced for stress related reasons. Another major cause of this sleep eating subtype of sleepwalking is sleep medication, such as Ambien for example (Mayo Clinic). There are a few others, but Ambien is a more widely used sleep aid. Because many sleep eaters prepare the food they consume, there are risks involving burns and such with ovens and other appliances. As expected, weight gain is also a common outcome of this disorder, because food that is frequently consumed contains high carbohydrates. As with sleepwalking, there are ways that sleep eating disorders can be maintained. There are some medications that calm the sleeper so they can get longer and better-quality rest, but activities such as yoga can also be introduced to reduce the stress and anxiety causing the action. Differential diagnoses Sleepwalking should not be confused with alcohol- or drug-induced blackouts, which can result in amnesia for events similar to sleepwalking. During an alcohol-induced blackout (drug-related amnesia), a person is able to actively engage and respond to their environment (e.g. having conversations or driving a vehicle), however the brain does not create memories for the events. Alcohol-induced blackouts can occur with blood alcohol levels higher than 0.06g/dl. A systematic review of the literature found that approximately 50% of drinkers have experienced memory loss during a drinking episode and have had associated negative consequences similar to sleepwalkers, including injury and death. Other differential diagnoses include Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, confusional arousals, and night terrors. Assessment An assessment of sleepwalking via polysomnography poses the problem that sleepwalking is less likely to occur in the sleep laboratory, and if an episode occurs, it is usually less complex than what the patient experiences at home. Therefore, the diagnosis can often be made by assessment of sleep history, time-course and content of the sleep related behaviors. Sometimes, home videos can provide additional information and should be considered in the diagnostic process. Some features that should always be assessed include: Age of onset When the episode occurs during the sleep period How often these episodes occur (frequency) and how long they last (duration) Description of the episode, including behavior, emotions, and thoughts during and after the event How responsive the patient is to external stimuli during the episode How conscious or aware the patient is, when awakened from an episode If the episode is remembered afterwards The triggers or precipitating factors Sleep–wake pattern and sleep environment Daytime sleepiness Other sleep disorders that might be present Family history for NREM parasomnias and other sleep disorders Medical, psychiatric, and neurological history Medication and substance use history The assessment should rule out differential diagnoses. Treatment There have been no clinical trials to show that any psychological or pharmacological intervention is effective in preventing sleepwalking episodes. Despite this, a wide range of treatments have been used with sleepwalkers. Psychological interventions have included psychoanalysis, hypnosis, scheduled or anticipatory waking, assertion training, relaxation training, managing aggressive feelings, sleep hygiene, classical conditioning (including electric shock), and play therapy. Pharmacological treatments have included tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine), an anticholinergic (biperiden), antiepileptics (carbamazepine, valproate), an antipsychotic (quetiapine), benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam, flurazepam and triazolam), melatonin, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine), a barbiturate (sodium amytal) and herbs. There is no evidence to show that waking sleepwalkers is harmful or not, though the sleepwalker is likely to be disoriented if awakened as sleepwalking occurs during the deepest stage of sleep. Unlike other sleep disorders, sleepwalking is not associated with daytime behavioral or emotional problems. This may be because the sleepwalker's sleep is not disturbed—unless they are woken, they are still in a sleep state while sleepwalking. Maintaining the safety of the sleepwalker and others and seeking treatment for other sleep problems is recommended. Reassurance is recommended if sleepwalking is not causing any problems. However, if it causes distress or there is risk of harm, hypnosis and scheduled waking are recommended as treatments. Safety planning For those whose sleepwalking episodes turn to be hazardous, a door alarm may offer a measure of protection. There are various kinds of door alarms that can attach to a bedroom door and when the door is opened, the alarm sounds. The intention is that the sound will fully awaken the person and interrupt the sleepwalking episode, or if the sleepwalker lives with others, the sound will prompt them to check on the person. Sleepwalkers should aim to have their bedrooms on the ground floor of a home, apartment, dorm, hotel, etc. Sleepwalkers should not have easily accessible weapons (loaded guns, knives) in the bedroom or any room of the house for that matter. If there are weapons, they should be locked away with keys secluded from the sleepwalker. For partners of sleepwalkers who are violent or disturb their sleep, sleeping in another room may lead to better sleep quality and quantity. Epidemiology The lifetime prevalence of sleepwalking is estimated to be 4.6%–10.3%. A meta-analysis of 51 studies, that included more than 100,000 children and adults, found that sleepwalking is more common in children with an estimated 5%, compared with 1.5% of adults, sleepwalking at least once in the previous 12 months. The rate of sleepwalking has not been found to vary across ages during childhood. History Sleepwalking has attracted a sense of mystery, but was not seriously investigated and diagnosed until the 19th century. The German chemist and parapsychologist Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach (1788–1869) made extensive studies of sleepwalkers and used his discoveries to formulate his theory of the Odic force. Sleepwalking was initially thought to be a dreamer acting out a dream. For example, in one study published by the Society for Science & the Public in 1954, this was the conclusion: "Repression of hostile feelings against the father caused the patients to react by acting out in a dream world with sleepwalking, the distorted fantasies they had about all authoritarian figures, such as fathers, officers and stern superiors." This same group published an article twelve years later with a new conclusion: "Sleepwalking, contrary to most belief, apparently has little to do with dreaming. In fact, it occurs when the sleeper is enjoying his most oblivious, deepest sleep—a stage in which dreams are not usually reported." More recent research has discovered that sleepwalking is actually a disorder of NREM (non-rapid eye movement) arousal. Acting out a dream is the basis for a REM (rapid eye movement) sleep disorder called REM Behavior Disorder (or REM Sleep Behavior Disorder). More accurate data about sleep is due to the invention of technologies, such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) by Hans Berger in 1924 and BEAM by Frank Duffy in the early 1980s. In 1907, Sigmund Freud spoke about sleepwalking to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society (Nunberg and Federn). He believed that sleepwalking was connected to fulfilling sexual wishes and was surprised that a person could move without interrupting their dream. At that time, Freud suggested that the essence of this phenomenon was the desire to go to sleep in the same area as the individual had slept in childhood. Ten years later, he speculated about somnambulism in the article "A Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams" (1916–17 [1915]). In this essay, he clarified and expanded his hypothetical ideas on dreams. He described the dream as a fragile equilibrium that is destabilized by the repressed unconscious impulses of the unconscious system, which does not obey the wishes of the ego. Certain preconscious daytime thoughts can be resistant and these can retain a part of their cathexis as well. Unconscious impulses and day residues can come together and result in a conflict. Freud then wondered about the outcome of this wishful impulse: an unconscious instinctual demand that becomes a dream wish in the preconscious. Freud stated that this unconscious impulse could be expressed as mobility during sleep. This would be what is observed in somnambulism, though what actually makes it possible remains unknown. As of 2002, sleepwalking has not been detected in non-human primates. It is unclear whether it simply hasn't been observed yet, or whether sleepwalking is a uniquely human phenomenon. Society and culture Opera Vincenzo Bellini's 1831 Italian opera semiseria, La sonnambula, the plot of which is centered on the question of the innocence of the betrothed and soon-to-be married Amina, who, upon having been discovered in the bedchamber of a stranger, and despite the assurances of that stranger that Amina was entirely innocent, has been rejected by her enraged fiancé, Elvino — who, then, decides to marry another. In fact, when stressed, Amina was susceptible to somnambulism; and had come to be in the stranger's bedchamber by sleep-walking along a high parapet (in full view of the opera's audience). Elvino, who later observes the (exhausted by all the fuss) Amina, sleep-walking across a very high, very unstable, and very rickety bridge at the local mill, realizes his mistake, abandons his plans of marriage to the other woman, and re-unites with Amina. Jenny Lind and James Braid In August 1847, the famous soprano Jenny Lind visited Manchester, and gave two performances as Amina. The outstanding difference between Lind and her contemporaries was that, "whilst the beauty of her voice was far greater than any other in living memory (thus, the Swedish Nightingale), what really set her apart was her outstanding ability to act"; and, moreover, in performing as Amina, rather than walking along a wide and well-protected walkway (as the others did), she routinely acrobatically balanced her way along narrow planks. While she was in Manchester—on the basis that, at the time, many characterized "hypnotism" as "artificial somnambulism", and that, from a rather different perspective, her stage performance could also be described as one of "artificial" (rather than spontaneous) somnambulism—her friends arranged for her to visit the local surgeon James Braid, who had discovered hypnotism in 1841: "Mr. Braid, surgeon, whose discoveries in hypnotism are well known, having invited the fair impersonator of a somnambulist to witness some of the abnormal feats of a real somnambulist, artificially thrown into that state, it was arranged that a private séance should take place [on Friday, 3 September 1847]." Manchester Guardian, 8 September 1847. Drama The sleepwalking scene (Act V Scene 1) from William Shakespeare's tragic play Macbeth (1606) is one of the most famous scenes in all of literature. In Walley Chamberlain Oulton's two act farce The Sleep-Walker; or, Which is the Lady (1812), "Somno", a histrionic failed-actor-turned-manservant relives his wished-for roles when sleepwalking. Literature In Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, the character Lucy Westenra is described as a sleepwalker. It is while sleepwalking that Count Dracula lures and attacks her. Sleepwalking as a legal defense As sleepwalking behaviours occur without volition, sleepwalking can be used as a legal defense, as a form of legal automatism. An individual can be accused of non-insane or insane automatism. The first is used as a defense for temporary insanity or involuntary conduct, resulting in acquittal. The latter results in a "special verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity." This verdict of insanity can result in a court order to attend a mental institution. In the 1963 case Bratty v A-G for Northern Ireland, Lord Morris stated, "Each set of facts must require a careful examination of its own circumstances, but if by way of taking an illustration it were considered possible for a person to walk in his sleep and to commit a violent crime while genuinely unconscious, then such a person would not be criminally liable for that act." While the veracity of the cases are disputed, there have been acts of homicide where the prime suspect may have committed the act while sleepwalking. Alternative explanations to homicidal or violent sleepwalking include malingering, drug-induced amnesia, and other disorders in which sleep-related violence may occur, such as REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, fugue states, and episodic wandering. Historical cases 1846, Albert Tirrell used sleepwalking as a defense against charges of murdering Maria Bickford, a prostitute living in a Boston brothel. 1961, Sergeant Willis Boshears confessed to strangling a local woman named Jean Constable in the early hours on New Years Day 1961, but claimed that he was asleep and only woke to realize what he had done. He pled not guilty on the basis of being asleep at the time he committed the offence and was acquitted. In 1981, Steven Steinberg of Scottsdale, Arizona was accused of killing his wife and acquitted on the grounds of temporary insanity. 1991, R v Burgess: Burgess was accused of hitting his girlfriend on the head with a wine bottle and then a video tape recorder. He was found not guilty at Bristol Crown Court, by reason of insane automatism. 1992, R. v. Parks: Parks was accused of killing his mother-in-law and attempting to kill his father-in-law. He was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Canada. 1994, Pennsylvania v. Ricksgers: Ricksgers was accused of killing his wife. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole. 1999, Arizona v. Falater: Falater, of Phoenix, Arizona, was accused of killing his wife. The court concluded that the murder was too complex to be committed while sleepwalking. Falater was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life with no possibility of parole. 2001, California v. Reitz: Stephen Reitz killed his lover, Eva Weinfurtner. He told police he had no recollection of the attack but he had "flashbacks" of believing he was in a scuffle with a male intruder. His parents testified in court that he had been a sleepwalker from childhood. The court convicted Reitz of first-degree murder in 2004. In 2001, Antonio Nieto murdered his wife and mother-in-law and attempted to murder his daughter and son, before being disarmed. Nieto claimed to have been asleep during the attack and dreaming that he was defending himself against aggressive ostriches. However, his children stated that he had recognized them and had told his son to not turn on the lights because their mother (gravely injured already) was sleeping. In 2007, Nieto was sentenced to 10 years internment in a psychiatric hospital and ordered to pay 171,100 euros as compensation to the victims. Jules Lowe confessed to causing the death of his father Edward in 2004, but did not remember committing the act. Jules used automatism as his defense, and was found not guilty by reason of insanity and detained indefinitely in a secure hospital. He was released after ten months. Brian Thomas was accused of killing his wife in 2008 while dreaming that he was fighting off intruders. He was freed in 2009 by a judge, who found him not guilty of murder. See also Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder References Sources Walker, N., Crime and Insanity in England Volume One: The Historical Perspective, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1968) External links Parasomnias Sleep disorders	[ 0.5266789197921753, -0.1763586848974228, -0.2746773660182953, -0.15483473241329193, 0.014558641240000725, 0.04692380875349045, 0.6877898573875427, 0.3221868872642517, -0.5655982494354248, -0.4436304271221161, -0.5087374448776245, 0.05337737128138542, -0.48382821679115295, -0.004490832332521677, -0.45902693271636963, 0.19918811321258545, 0.725995659828186, 0.2477683275938034, 0.1457327902317047, -0.30548691749572754, -0.21843601763248444, 0.08597616106271744, -0.32799381017684937, -0.6050719022750854, -0.18211758136749268, -0.3937133252620697, -0.21540267765522003, 0.14089153707027435, -0.04210047051310539, -0.17543533444404602, -0.16416946053504944, 0.5072894096374512, 0.7109955549240112, 0.03892121836543083, 0.3848336637020111, 0.3848760724067688, -0.1876809149980545, -0.6857282519340515, -0.34854593873023987, -0.17681439220905304, -0.17186672985553741, -0.04850441589951515, 0.12866820394992828, -0.06350934505462646, -0.13027776777744293, -0.6071834564208984, -1.1884926557540894, 0.0540778748691082, -0.06805173307657242, -0.20221346616744995, -0.2680181562900543, 0.2426808774471283, 0.7476450204849243, 0.40237489342689514, 0.20928175747394562, 0.45030850172042847, -0.48269370198249817, -0.07321656495332718, 0.38105887174606323, 0.12651611864566803, 0.15085990726947784, -0.14133726060390472, -0.09591403603553772, -0.07971419394016266, -0.28337475657463074, 0.16693437099456787, 0.06864713877439499, 0.09555110335350037, 0.02096245251595974, -0.3179854452610016, -0.3753019869327545, 0.019138740375638008, -0.039317257702350616, 0.32235953211784363, -0.5569126009941101, -0.047507915645837784, 0.4999612867832184, -0.19441166520118713, 0.32964083552360535, -0.1851581335067749, -0.5884770750999451, 1.0893192291259766, 0.6138882637023926, 0.4785899221897125, 0.2839796841144562, -0.24260340631008148, -0.4370653033256531, 0.9689742922782898, -0.006938737351447344, 0.40396150946617126, -0.04695213586091995, 0.11792890727519989, 0.27389028668403625, 0.159962996840477, -0.4816010892391205, 0.14327411353588104, 0.09940510243177414, 0.0019323324086144567, 0.11423593014478683, -0.15851888060569763, 0.06662159413099289, 0.02103772945702076, 0.5280483365058899, 0.14004427194595337, 0.3641577959060669, -0.34375324845314026, -0.047922443598508835, -0.09066348522901535, 0.18518859148025513, -0.40912148356437683, -0.9263898134231567, 0.08819136768579483, -0.3442475199699402, -0.1503702700138092, -0.3904510736465454, 0.26901745796203613, -0.14744450151920319, 0.26116612553596497, -0.6328457593917847, -0.41328829526901245, 0.009275564923882484, 0.08823767304420471, 0.0014082109555602074, -0.33188509941101074, -0.2831130027770996, 0.36129939556121826, 0.4205547273159027, -0.005201165098696947, -0.743313193321228, 0.36632174253463745, 0.1612110137939453, 0.8574629426002502, -0.1743377149105072, -0.24311380088329315, 0.09878216683864594, 0.2367316633462906, 0.6768152117729187, 0.3711378872394562, 0.6106145977973938, 0.09339645504951477, -0.6928830742835999, -0.3722521662712097, -0.8948145508766174, 0.29705455899238586, 0.3023269772529602, 0.009459443390369415, 0.06796806305646896, 0.01172323152422905, -0.45329272747039795, -0.13026350736618042, -0.4443482458591461, 0.04690602794289589, -0.15595312416553497, -0.25628817081451416, -0.10732380300760269, 0.009509689174592495, 0.4781050980091095, -0.5594592094421387, 0.5452312231063843, -0.04803140088915825, -0.20662808418273926, 0.2564203143119812, -0.5156760811805725, -0.1497117280960083, -0.19025391340255737, -0.4459023177623749, 0.19208672642707825, 0.5561851859092712, 0.10591203719377518, 0.4153001606464386, -0.32393699884414673, 0.4100533723831177, 0.04036587476730347, -0.599414587020874, 0.11506810039281845, 0.03896068036556244, 0.5722023248672485, 0.6402175426483154, 0.1306900829076767, 0.04756681248545647, -0.6280040144920349, 0.12751413881778717, 0.31252655386924744, 0.017198797315359116, 0.2589733600616455, -0.2360941469669342, 0.15159283578395844, 0.17992599308490753, -0.549740195274353, -0.403071790933609, -0.6159594655036926, -0.329886794090271, 0.6239805221557617, -0.015317469835281372, 0.779055118560791, 0.12605921924114227, -0.6251658797264099, 0.8019410967826843, 0.05851459503173828, 0.0629720464348793, 0.21003153920173645, 0.1602085828781128, -0.15592113137245178, 0.2524693012237549, -0.49495792388916016, 1.0010755062103271, 0.3260040581226349, -0.06814653426408768, -0.3193981945514679, 0.037836480885744095, 0.608771800994873, -0.389776349067688, -0.11451666802167892, -0.1410551518201828, 0.12874506413936615, -0.1854753941297531, -0.4391591250896454, 0.31548064947128296, -0.3337174355983734, -0.137216717004776, 0.17094749212265015, -0.12301106750965118, -0.5127097964286804, 0.43279966711997986, 0.46293890476226807, 1.135600209236145, 0.041391875594854355, 0.1741408109664917, 0.47071588039398193, -0.15055328607559204, -0.6196181178092957, 0.06568268686532974, -0.410634309053421, 0.047963839024305344, -0.15845948457717896, 0.21213200688362122, 0.5039269328117371, -0.6658108830451965, 0.08378840982913971, -0.696395754814148, -0.24954526126384735, -0.3071986734867096, -0.0881245955824852, 0.26006776094436646, 0.08631044626235962, -0.03508729487657547, -0.5666490793228149, 0.16818423569202423, -0.8139756917953491, 0.49368852376937866, -0.10440058261156082, 0.5954146385192871, -0.1995040327310562, -0.36513474583625793, 0.24981802701950073, -0.23147445917129517, -0.28504565358161926, -0.2540842592716217, 0.5010412335395813, -0.2587094008922577, 0.13162215054035187, 0.4919169843196869, 0.26056286692619324, -0.15369245409965515, -0.21366532146930695, -0.7350300550460815, -0.10709773749113083, -0.17406979203224182, 0.22223243117332458, 0.059403687715530396, 0.912624180316925, -0.6918159127235413, -0.6584748029708862, -0.2909230589866638, -0.7950779795646667, -0.6038174033164978, 0.3763728141784668, 0.004981849808245897, -0.29407909512519836, -0.2838810980319977, 0.5145013332366943, 0.5744985938072205, 0.39592528343200684, -0.04349059239029884, -0.38243305683135986, -0.2954314947128296, -0.04563620686531067, 0.32359951734542847, 0.16376790404319763, -0.2511463463306427, -0.3905155658721924, 0.7719180583953857, 0.3525109589099884, -0.10063045471906662, -0.13601791858673096, 0.44296154379844666, -0.09674978256225586, 0.42910036444664, 0.1456039845943451, -0.008642025291919708, -0.3960556089878082, -0.04902956634759903, -0.15392440557479858, -0.33693477511405945, -0.31539487838745117, -0.1829049289226532, -0.3293468952178955, -0.11810724437236786, -5.793152332305908, 0.33269888162612915, 0.13437537848949432, -0.14722296595573425, -0.40694737434387207, 0.3980019986629486, 0.7894101142883301, -0.1285453587770462, -0.4655466377735138, 0.10142537951469421, -0.29708874225616455, -0.25585201382637024, 0.14362677931785583, 0.1873282641172409, -0.0779537484049797, -0.240888312458992, -0.10896680504083633, -0.19013367593288422, 0.6297745704650879, 0.6795862913131714, 0.18916428089141846, 0.4480411410331726, -0.005016564391553402, 0.3096885085105896, -0.1434670090675354, 0.45632800459861755, -0.16149410605430603, 0.020698094740509987, -0.2879287898540497, 0.006907041650265455, 0.25113484263420105, -0.25305208563804626, 0.3438766300678253, 0.21607719361782074, 0.3126922845840454, 0.7678340673446655, 0.45902952551841736, 0.09723786264657974, 0.15251438319683075, -0.07939110696315765, -0.20375023782253265, 0.3610524535179138, -0.027511760592460632, 0.16010414063930511, 0.49712440371513367, 0.47615939378738403, -0.08062049746513367, -0.7042778730392456, 0.06960806995630264, 0.3645683228969574, 0.08502917736768723, 0.03784177079796791, -0.036846354603767395, 0.10005781799554825, -0.08778946101665497, 0.1851305067539215, -0.008128996938467026, -0.5909188389778137, -0.15462204813957214, 0.4022764265537262, 0.3485490083694458, -0.2726934850215912, 0.1895117312669754, -0.9809034466743469, 0.22575490176677704, 0.13256321847438812, -0.1902160346508026, -0.17068687081336975, 0.9645547270774841, 0.2147585153579712, 0.009290404617786407, 0.3360406756401062, 0.514481246471405, -0.885281503200531, 0.27022063732147217, -0.6319354176521301, -0.7223052382469177, -0.451367050409317, 0.2575801908969879, -0.012538161128759384, -0.2880196273326874, -0.2632668912410736, -0.2237628847360611, -0.20373138785362244, 0.44708073139190674, -0.5603901147842407, -0.19339364767074585, 0.495108038187027, -0.5108082294464111, 0.30906379222869873, 0.37772244215011597, -0.02782154269516468, -0.2947191298007965, 0.2304854542016983, 0.6937917470932007, 0.8101476430892944, -0.2769390940666199, 0.4474795162677765, 0.9502798914909363, 0.06543175876140594, 0.07547558844089508, -0.6793323159217834, 0.09380481392145157, -0.3209879398345947, 0.11158677935600281, 0.26134705543518066, -0.12835104763507843, 0.1885349303483963, 0.8697564005851746, -0.07578528672456741, -0.07147087901830673, 0.5624698996543884, -0.13401605188846588, -0.3795612156391144, 0.3569788336753845, -0.09545847773551941, -0.6550004482269287, 0.16828890144824982, 0.344952255487442, -0.13749848306179047, 0.17939810454845428, 0.2564585506916046, -0.05673839524388313, -0.2214798480272293, 0.6685041785240173, 0.08457144349813461, -0.12733598053455353, 0.16556565463542938, 0.10277087241411209, 0.06873208284378052, 0.5067831873893738, 0.4238438010215759, 0.27965372800827026, -0.01647365838289261, -0.30455824732780457, -0.8980822563171387, -0.43936342000961304, 0.41451653838157654, -0.17590093612670898, -0.5242281556129456, -0.010779240168631077, -0.23177149891853333, -0.03498876467347145, 0.27658477425575256, 0.4490448534488678, -0.2404266595840454, -0.14868035912513733, -0.5791652202606201, -0.388688325881958, 0.4871063828468323, 0.3396320641040802, -0.404783695936203, 0.39743903279304504, -0.19086675345897675, 0.10902879387140274, -0.32170331478118896, 0.30419421195983887, 0.159359410405159, 0.40046972036361694, -0.584983766078949, 0.08787684887647629, -0.6729120016098022, -0.9103915691375732, -0.22509482502937317, -0.7188757061958313, -0.1841113120317459, -0.6811975240707397, -0.5136731266975403, -0.30019092559814453, 0.13470041751861572, -0.28097769618034363, -0.5524756908416748, -0.3411900997161865, -0.01874551735818386, 0.00009678278001956642, -0.02265174686908722, -0.21339762210845947, 0.24463067948818207, -0.24696505069732666, -0.3132278621196747, -0.2394302636384964, -0.029061313718557358, -0.23568254709243774, 0.04360286891460419, 0.46297523379325867, -0.20967549085617065, 0.24552929401397705, 0.1343488246202469, -0.312446653842926, 0.0956834927201271, 0.11235053837299347, 0.7893117666244507, 0.31728801131248474, 0.16360114514827728, 0.07152583450078964, -0.025084810331463814, -0.08600147813558578, 0.355094313621521, -0.04137800261378288, -0.04215731844305992, 0.2517242133617401, -0.16768872737884521, -0.5786139965057373, 0.2913675308227539, 0.7805712223052979, -0.6047104597091675, 0.08020509779453278, -0.03154199570417404, -0.1860232651233673, 0.0007222546846605837, -0.6618667840957642, -0.1932748556137085, -0.25575852394104004, 0.23044881224632263, -0.4625425338745117, 0.3822171986103058, -0.08329010754823685, -0.7134762406349182, 0.1476357877254486, -0.28657999634742737, 0.4589289426803589, -0.24924597144126892, -0.5592069625854492, -0.014688920229673386, -0.7477623820304871, -0.42952558398246765, 0.199828639626503, -0.28964677453041077, 0.6411167979240417, -0.06348483264446259, -0.17895585298538208, -0.2643754780292511, -0.1394011229276657, 0.21545948088169098, -0.40766528248786926, -0.40060102939605713, 0.3510904312133789, -0.08460589498281479, 0.38303762674331665, 0.17985768616199493, 0.5642929673194885, 0.9399939775466919, -0.10043486207723618, -0.5279518961906433, -0.47075727581977844, 0.7391883730888367, 0.2256345897912979, -0.6215909123420715, -0.32709625363349915, -0.08654796332120895, 0.8505610823631287, -0.2751840054988861, -0.24204960465431213, 0.048825766891241074, 0.42681872844696045, 0.09438725560903549, -0.220120370388031, -0.541347861289978, 0.18653695285320282, -0.047573480755090714, 0.5157800316810608, -0.48762640357017517, -0.20045742392539978, -0.034350521862506866, -0.09130392223596573, -0.15753307938575745, 0.008494800888001919, 0.7315104007720947, -0.10896974802017212, -0.7040560841560364, 0.08977988362312317, -0.4257195293903351, 0.07744848728179932, 0.21092963218688965, 0.2221960574388504, 0.38923799991607666, 0.015628479421138763, -0.7420082092285156, 0.04001164808869362, 0.20842309296131134, 0.08446235954761505, -0.1836739480495453, -0.2144552618265152, -0.7493603229522705, 0.1916322410106659, -0.40676525235176086, 0.30387628078460693, -0.5183002352714539, -0.6073247194290161, -0.4387764632701874, -0.5019352436065674, 0.4297288954257965, 0.18187128007411957, 0.36410781741142273, 0.03353690728545189, -0.016712849959731102, 0.1395477056503296, 0.29119741916656494, -0.26350829005241394, -0.8011153340339661, -0.6975675225257874, -0.0028122584335505962, 0.12412282824516296, -0.5710165500640869, 0.45710060000419617, -0.23367230594158173, -0.3798307180404663, -0.9096304178237915, 0.11335587501525879, 0.01591363176703453, 0.3189781606197357, 0.22672158479690552, 0.1305350810289383, 1.0251986980438232, -0.4470766484737396, 0.2535093128681183, 0.35807791352272034, -0.17483139038085938, 0.36794450879096985, 0.7129262685775757, 0.4348078966140747, 0.04487696662545204, 0.48887118697166443, -0.5882501006126404, 0.22303636372089386, 0.11202454566955566, 0.5107179284095764, 0.23249423503875732, 0.7805325984954834, 0.30556976795196533, 0.4469934105873108, -0.34494468569755554, 0.6800033450126648, 0.6615915298461914, 0.3892638683319092, -0.5772759914398193, 0.38134440779685974, -0.16284209489822388, -1.0426949262619019, 0.38221490383148193, 0.5462773442268372, 0.16525907814502716, -0.16323250532150269, 0.43362873792648315, 0.04863625019788742, 0.19896209239959717, 0.701545774936676, 0.6361870169639587, -0.09175864607095718, -0.18411017954349518, 0.39062583446502686, -0.10893045365810394, 0.5789957642555237, -0.24553921818733215, 0.48611903190612793, -0.32253220677375793, 0.5292295813560486, -0.20009273290634155, -0.48067039251327515, -0.2679454982280731, 0.085440993309021, 0.42695561051368713, 0.500527560710907, 0.22883804142475128, 0.5963152050971985, -0.5994505286216736, 0.29912248253822327, -0.4667365252971649, 0.029666969552636147, 0.16093313694000244, 0.5517017245292664, 0.6425561308860779, -0.3184092938899994, 0.3203604519367218, 0.2374768853187561, -0.22221127152442932, 0.09548895061016083, 0.5480273365974426, -0.011851955205202103, -0.5825686454772949, 0.23108260333538055, -0.27586403489112854, 0.10342496633529663, -0.3810357451438904, 0.23566177487373352, 0.22124549746513367, -0.23650389909744263, 0.41005128622055054, -0.15170609951019287, -0.08667219430208206, -0.12748652696609497, 0.13481685519218445, 0.05749901384115219, 0.015813834965229034, 0.28364598751068115, 0.19460202753543854, 0.1548030525445938, 0.6916220784187317, -0.019071431830525398, -0.3548648953437805, 0.21231389045715332, 0.17325004935264587, 0.14753834903240204, 0.024442261084914207, -0.9358420968055725, 0.12582793831825256, -0.5991378426551819, 0.050574880093336105, -1.0700756311416626, 0.6411252617835999, 0.243020161986351, 0.20325033366680145, -0.196470707654953, 0.4899273216724396, 0.3795774281024933, 0.5239889025688171, 0.5269866585731506, -0.748151957988739, -0.20448733866214752, -0.43579190969467163, 0.3447369933128357, 0.057522792369127274, 0.148050919175148, -0.011488020420074463, -0.3280996084213257, -0.1932092010974884, 0.33976444602012634, -0.12540963292121887, -0.47332316637039185, 0.29005008935928345, -0.4560672342777252, 0.22397767007350922, -0.5476394891738892, 0.213705375790596, -0.38246604800224304, -0.4269302487373352, 0.32074806094169617, 0.6757583618164062, 0.6637912392616272, -0.7050604820251465, 0.5273855924606323, -0.6070060729980469, -0.40311118960380554, -0.1400894969701767, -1.1460119485855103, -0.6164949536323547, 0.09460034221410751, -0.30547624826431274, -0.20404429733753204, -0.15194186568260193, 0.416806161403656, -0.6095326542854309, -0.07441726326942444, -0.598031222820282, 0.3078441023826599, 0.535305917263031, 0.18046389520168304, -0.22651776671409607, -0.18721501529216766, 0.3236329257488251 ]
249360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Beaufort%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Somerset	Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset	Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (26 January 143615 May 1464) was an important Lancastrian military commander during the English Wars of the Roses. He is sometimes numbered the 2nd Duke of Somerset, because the title was re-created for his father after his uncle died. He also held the subsidiary titles of 5th Earl of Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Dorset and 2nd Earl of Dorset. Biography Somerset, born about January 1436, was the son of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, and Eleanor, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and widow of Thomas, fourteenth baron Roos of Hamlake. From 1443 to 1448 Henry was styled Count of Mortain or Morteign, and from 1448 to 1455 Earl of Dorset. While still a youth he fought at the First Battle of St Albans (1455), where he was wounded and his father was killed; thereby he inherited the title of 3rd Duke of Somerset. He was regarded as "the hope of the [Lancastrian] party", but he also inherited the "enmities entailed upon him by his father's name". He was brought to the council at Coventry, where in October 1456 an effort was made to reconcile the two parties; but the meeting was disturbed by quarrels between Somerset and Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and by a brawl between Somerset's men and the town watch of Coventry. In 1457 Queen Margaret of Anjou suggested a marriage between Somerset and his cousin Joan, sister of James II of Scotland, but the proposal came to nothing. On 14 October of that year Somerset was made lieutenant of the Isle of Wight and warden of Carisbrooke Castle. Early in 1458 he took part in the council at London which again endeavoured to effect a political reconciliation, and it was agreed that Richard, Duke of York should pay the widowed Duchess of Somerset and her children an annual pension of five thousand marks as compensation for the death of the 2nd Duke. He then participated in The Love Day with the King, Queen and other leading nobles. The truce, however, was hollow; Margaret continued to intrigue against York, and in October 1458 proposed that Somerset should be appointed captain of Calais in place of Warwick. War broke out in 1459, and Somerset nearly encountered Warwick at Coleshill just before the Battle of Blore Heath. After the defeat of Lancastrians at Blore Heath and before the Lancastrian victory at Ludford Bridge, he was on 9 October nominated captain of Calais. He crossed the Channel and was refused admittance to Calais by Warwick's adherents, but made himself master of the outlying fortress of Guisnes (appointing Andrew Trollope its bailiff). Somerset fought several skirmishes with the Yorkists between Calais and Guisnes until on 23 April 1460 he suffered a decisive reverse at the Battle of Newnham Bridge (called Pont de Neullay by the French). During his absence the Yorkists had won the Battle of Northampton, but Somerset joined the Lancastrians at Pontefract in December 1460, captured a portion of the Yorkist forces at Worksop on 21 December, and won the Lancastrian victory at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December. He marched south with Margaret and fought at the Second Battle of St Albans (17 February 1461). This second victory was not followed up; the Lancastrians retired north, and on 29 March Edward IV won the Battle of Towton (29 March 1461). Somerset escaped from the battlefield, and in the following July was sent by Margaret to seek aid from Charles VII of France. Charles died before their arrival, but Louis XI summoned Somerset to Tours and sent him back in March 1462 laden with promises of support, but with very little else. Somerset now began to consider making his peace with Edward IV. He had been attainted by parliament on 4 November 1461, and most of his lands had been granted to Edward's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester and other Yorkists. On his return from France he took command of the Lancastrian forces in Scotland while Margaret went to France, and in the autumn of 1462 he was holding Bamburgh Castle for the Lancastrians. On 24 December, however, he and Sir Ralph Percy, the Governor of Bamburgh Castle, surrendered the castle and submitted to King Edward. The king took him to London, and treated him with marked favour. He received a general pardon on 10 March 1462/1463, and was restored to his dignities by act of the parliament which met on 29 April following. Somerset, however, soon returned to his old allegiance. Early in 1464 he escaped from Holt Castle in North Wales, where he seems to have been kept in some sort of confinement, and after nearly being recaptured made his way to Margaret on the borders. The Lancastrians now made one more effort to recover the crown, but at the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464 they were utterly defeated by John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu. Somerset was captured in a barn at the site of what is now known as Dukes House, and beheaded shortly afterwards that same day. He was buried at Hexham Abbey. Parliament annulled the act restoring him to his dignities, which again became forfeit and were never restored. Somerset was unmarried, and his younger brother, Edmund Beaufort, was styled 4th Duke of Somerset by the Lancastrians. In 1485, some twenty-one years after his death, Somerset, along with Jasper Tudor, had all acts of attainder against him annulled in the first Parliament of Henry VII, "for their true and faithfull Allegeaunces and Services doune to the said blessed King Herrie [VI]." Character Somerset was described by Chastellain as "un très grand seigneur et un des plus beaulx josnes chevaliers qui fust au royaume anglais" ("A very great lord and one of the most handsome knights in the English kingdom"). He was probably as competent as any of the Lancastrian leaders, but their military capacity was not great. Illegitimate progeny By his mistress Joan Hill he had an illegitimate son: Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, 1st Baron Herbert (c.1460-1526), KG, who was given the surname "Somerset" and was created Baron Herbert in 1506 and Earl of Worcester in 1513. From him descend the Earls and Marquesses of Worcester and the Dukes of Beaufort, who are the last known surviving male-line descendants of King Henry II (1154-1189) of England, Count of Anjou, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty, of which King Richard III (1483-1485) was the last ruling member in the male line. Ancestry Notes References Attribution Endnotes: Cal. Rot. Pat. Rymer's Fœdera Rotuli Parl. William of Worcester and Stevenson's Letters (Rolls Ser.) English Chron., ed. Davies, Gregory's Collections, Three English Chron., and Warkworth's Chron. (Camden Soc) Polydore Vergil Hall's Chronicle Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner Fortcseue's Governance of England, ed. Plummer Arthur de Richemont, Matthieu D'Eseouchy and Chastellain's Chroniques (Soc. de l'Hist. de France) Beaucourt's Charles VII Stubbs's Const. Hist. vol. iii. passim Ramsay's Lancaster and York Doyle's Official Baronage G. E. Cokayne's Complete Peerage 1436 births 1464 deaths Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset 202 Marquesses of Dorset People of the Wars of the Roses People executed under the Yorkists Executed English people People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation Burials at Hexham Abbey Earls of Somerset	[ -0.7925328016281128, -0.3652745187282562, 0.012625860050320625, -0.2490483671426773, -0.06283251196146011, 0.8922880291938782, 0.5831296443939209, -0.3972490429878235, 0.0517718568444252, -0.3076995611190796, -0.14818666875362396, 0.16433139145374298, -0.2579900026321411, 0.23975598812103271, -0.19073742628097534, 0.5452693700790405, 0.05207671970129013, -0.2773415446281433, 0.05437057092785835, -0.29479309916496277, 0.13677068054676056, -0.3009689152240753, 0.4288247525691986, 0.10618769377470016, 0.13425202667713165, -0.18897011876106262, 0.7254920601844788, -0.05361241474747658, 0.08750928938388824, -0.20832613110542297, 0.25264590978622437, 0.5916669964790344, 0.14724399149417877, -0.5836569666862488, -0.5302439332008362, -0.4594009518623352, -0.354687362909317, -0.38620638847351074, -0.08299178630113602, -0.17988571524620056, -0.09267350286245346, 0.05322249233722687, 0.17866481840610504, 0.2948301434516907, 0.11020392179489136, -0.7121871709823608, -1.283170223236084, 0.2124372273683548, -0.09472433477640152, -0.4334278106689453, 0.5323169231414795, 0.6594606041908264, -0.08264319598674774, -0.21075549721717834, 0.37755629420280457, 0.23125271499156952, -0.9449489116668701, -0.3968556225299835, 0.34995877742767334, 0.05649671331048012, 0.6318948864936829, 0.492339164018631, 0.25736525654792786, 0.3173210024833679, -0.04911163076758385, -0.5230478644371033, 0.3444139063358307, 0.05550233647227287, -0.33062875270843506, -0.5414854884147644, 0.3145769238471985, 0.38254979252815247, 0.2046990841627121, 0.658866822719574, -0.046047601848840714, -0.12752486765384674, 0.08217033743858337, 0.10365128517150879, 0.5915966033935547, 0.19595281779766083, 0.36207038164138794, -0.6497071981430054, 0.7653256058692932, 0.4035438299179077, 0.03552370145916939, 0.9041053652763367, 0.43129125237464905, 0.5500613451004028, -0.41915932297706604, -0.35599958896636963, -0.1219104677438736, -0.28605329990386963, 0.32245177030563354, -0.39695221185684204, -0.2437271922826767, 0.06455592066049576, -0.030429914593696594, -0.2468995451927185, -0.4378258287906647, -0.4041917622089386, -0.3944856524467468, 0.45177367329597473, -0.37353503704071045, -0.10661210119724274, -1.2720587253570557, 0.1525988131761551, -0.2382858842611313, -0.31394755840301514, -0.5884128212928772, 0.1864686757326126, -0.378781795501709, 0.21059194207191467, -0.10263562202453613, -0.43542739748954773, 0.14463698863983154, 0.05595884099602699, 0.18491998314857483, -1.1303536891937256, -0.3737705647945404, 0.0986010879278183, -0.2024749368429184, 0.25708359479904175, -0.349294513463974, 0.7233843803405762, -0.1860521137714386, -0.3951207101345062, 0.9828328490257263, -0.22211866080760956, 0.3644578158855438, 0.13204418122768402, 0.5377623438835144, 1.104297161102295, -0.6430359482765198, -0.36841025948524475, 0.33879590034484863, -0.47303837537765503, -0.17131881415843964, 0.221334308385849, 0.0822465643286705, -0.05221237242221832, -0.5881697535514832, -0.1853998452425003, -0.06455349177122116, 0.17356295883655548, 0.35946762561798096, 0.13300670683383942, -0.08535817265510559, -0.020894309505820274, -0.32508447766304016, -0.09413642436265945, 0.0970330461859703, 0.5041821002960205, -0.43630415201187134, -0.21532289683818817, 0.04672306776046753, 0.45104458928108215, 1.0071220397949219, -0.5142827033996582, 0.047202471643686295, 0.5700834393501282, -0.17441247403621674, -0.11937353760004044, -0.0798037201166153, -0.02026713266968727, 0.8638778924942017, -0.0792858749628067, 0.0178606528788805, -0.12411780655384064, -0.8476241230964661, 0.0654757022857666, -0.6174575686454773, 0.2336135059595108, -0.07311637699604034, -0.29125842452049255, 0.26804035902023315, 0.8226532936096191, 0.7410750389099121, 0.1408309042453766, 0.6673029065132141, -0.522903323173523, -0.37096673250198364, 0.0508071631193161, 0.459918349981308, -0.09596636891365051, 0.33868563175201416, 0.45547959208488464, 0.37393075227737427, -0.5361688137054443, 0.43523719906806946, -0.09160475432872772, 0.12184443324804306, -0.7415977716445923, -0.2462332546710968, -0.1635163575410843, 0.7111288905143738, -0.07090843468904495, -0.6450508832931519, 0.25920599699020386, 0.3092551529407501, 0.6053596138954163, 0.17525427043437958, -0.11697207391262054, 0.5758126378059387, 0.04794061556458473, 0.17954100668430328, -0.18182751536369324, -0.09964248538017273, -0.3236587345600128, 0.6367148756980896, 1.086658239364624, 0.19082191586494446, -0.0143276983872056, -0.36390843987464905, 0.17729279398918152, -0.1571563333272934, -0.7558070421218872, -0.08145709335803986, 0.07019233703613281, 0.5079366564750671, -0.8160333037376404, 0.0911034345626831, 0.20533964037895203, -0.22781187295913696, 0.787568211555481, -0.06603412330150604, 0.4201710522174835, -0.41832441091537476, -0.05724910646677017, -0.6040021777153015, -0.9896988868713379, -0.8683462142944336, 0.2877427041530609, 0.052253592759370804, -0.12826459109783173, 0.3267652690410614, 0.11639399081468582, -0.11850346624851227, 0.10568249225616455, 0.3095717132091522, -0.3757932484149933, 0.029567070305347443, 0.6794933080673218, -0.19870932400226593, 0.6837000846862793, -0.5147777795791626, 0.760189414024353, -0.10474401712417603, -0.015438816510140896, 0.17532505095005035, -0.4033636152744293, 0.15876725316047668, 0.1319715678691864, -0.37263795733451843, -0.10957691818475723, 0.49203377962112427, -0.3884459435939789, 0.11480078846216202, -0.038011349737644196, -0.22741611301898956, 0.6540507078170776, -0.17358821630477905, 0.30553483963012695, -0.19608590006828308, 0.49118560552597046, 0.7992715835571289, 0.11689451336860657, -0.3083150386810303, -0.5039561986923218, 0.6581392884254456, -0.2856876850128174, 0.23056553304195404, -0.5238391160964966, -0.28155648708343506, -0.2466460019350052, 0.44369640946388245, -0.32545173168182373, -0.13602286577224731, 0.7624498605728149, -0.2095804512500763, -0.8059563040733337, 0.2921636700630188, 0.400143563747406, -0.08613308519124985, 0.12603285908699036, -0.2495223730802536, 0.06923411041498184, 0.3107861876487732, -0.11797605454921722, -0.016951998695731163, -0.15176533162593842, -0.24897444248199463, 0.0830533429980278, -0.23845037817955017, 0.03562405705451965, -0.656464695930481, 0.4920820891857147, -0.9979785680770874, -0.2619757056236267, -0.06495815515518188, 0.049817197024822235, -0.7131288051605225, 0.2198314219713211, 0.07367206364870071, -0.06064309924840927, 0.7432476878166199, -0.02789873257279396, 0.0029164236038923264, -0.009152204729616642, -5.391729831695557, -0.008567538112401962, -0.09254038333892822, 0.18225516378879547, 0.3655073344707489, -0.15775424242019653, 0.4046603739261627, -0.5068947076797485, 0.06580132991075516, -0.1311362236738205, 0.9051001667976379, 0.04258885979652405, 0.14788854122161865, 0.018410827964544296, 0.9834620952606201, -0.03411225229501724, 0.9049116373062134, -0.4919123351573944, 0.9015336036682129, 0.24342720210552216, -0.5306515097618103, 0.21009206771850586, -0.25629404187202454, -0.06706645339727402, 0.4474407136440277, 0.4224669337272644, 0.1611786186695099, -0.22867265343666077, -0.7728989124298096, -0.41500362753868103, -0.12781788408756256, 0.4006006121635437, 0.43534865975379944, 0.2983526885509491, -0.5639824271202087, -0.09097235649824142, -0.31083524227142334, 0.6064842939376831, 0.3881414234638214, 0.11426028609275818, -0.0188613161444664, -0.28801923990249634, -0.8408290147781372, 0.3616308271884918, -0.2338838428258896, -0.520343005657196, -0.8750841021537781, 0.637319803237915, -0.12382357567548752, 0.47886714339256287, 0.059753816574811935, 0.28618478775024414, 0.21465593576431274, -0.0990239754319191, -0.2091020941734314, 0.5773494243621826, -0.2106044590473175, -0.07591229677200317, -0.2695058286190033, 0.3455018699169159, 0.25358474254608154, -0.769251823425293, 0.35915109515190125, 0.6023666858673096, 0.14753462374210358, -0.17537043988704681, 0.180580273270607, -0.27478083968162537, 0.15685193240642548, 0.22503310441970825, 0.05168503150343895, 0.41601014137268066, 0.6576933860778809, -1.0209828615188599, 0.12177413702011108, -0.24968893826007843, -0.4639037251472473, -0.034978386014699936, 0.23557795584201813, -0.1953037679195404, -0.05302644520998001, -0.5696346163749695, -0.017719633877277374, 0.17828382551670074, -0.09412229806184769, -0.31205010414123535, -0.17601782083511353, -0.17465336620807648, -0.008835281245410442, -0.11057557910680771, 0.36614668369293213, -0.6007592082023621, -0.17511068284511566, 0.10695067048072815, -0.17289717495441437, -0.012993774376809597, 0.057829078286886215, 0.3803207278251648, 0.13322319090366364, 0.13614022731781006, -0.28995078802108765, 0.08548645675182343, -0.4552048444747925, -0.6045054197311401, 0.11692118644714355, -0.14301812648773193, -0.14742550253868103, 0.1285928636789322, 0.4199516177177429, -0.1580735296010971, 0.6067245006561279, -0.012682488188147545, -0.23224790394306183, -0.5603030920028687, -0.03318493813276291, -0.5779251456260681, 0.02620602771639824, 0.013660124503076077, 0.8633136749267578, -0.0513390377163887, -0.4516166150569916, 0.46669501066207886, -0.09532811492681503, -0.47985565662384033, 0.08523521572351456, 0.496267169713974, 0.5092887282371521, -0.061693403869867325, -0.6937475800514221, 0.49905210733413696, 0.6773340702056885, 0.21101556718349457, -0.44099947810173035, 0.18353058397769928, -0.0533706396818161, -0.5711129307746887, -0.05353129282593727, -0.4357711374759674, 0.31699445843696594, 0.1690932661294937, -0.6434969902038574, 0.051956161856651306, -0.10454857349395752, 0.1617143154144287, 0.48412734270095825, 0.021154146641492844, 0.9024670720100403, -0.05984030291438103, -0.02161303348839283, 0.9392189979553223, -0.06862226873636246, 0.02038496918976307, 0.5326641201972961, -0.260439395904541, -0.45548027753829956, -0.22034068405628204, -0.5200770497322083, -0.16332781314849854, -0.25309497117996216, -0.20908471941947937, -0.2785497307777405, 0.43681907653808594, -0.9165810942649841, 0.022810760885477066, 0.39778828620910645, -0.09505750983953476, -0.50458824634552, -0.6636410355567932, -0.671828031539917, 0.35200005769729614, -0.09746506065130234, -0.3760102093219757, -0.062334511429071426, 0.0959506556391716, -0.3132878243923187, -0.26599404215812683, -0.03433365374803543, 0.18683281540870667, -0.3112937808036804, -0.05274694412946701, 0.3330845832824707, 0.2564104497432709, -0.7652928829193115, -0.10534719377756119, 0.7159150838851929, -0.2930566966533661, -0.603079617023468, -0.8142324686050415, 0.17204174399375916, 0.06416774541139603, -0.7562708854675293, -0.26628056168556213, 0.4857977628707886, 0.5736702084541321, -0.18354876339435577, 0.1260078251361847, 0.36617740988731384, 0.27179381251335144, 0.08199826627969742, -0.6889896988868713, -0.22274582087993622, 0.8093880414962769, -0.21989119052886963, -0.15821056067943573, 0.09227276593446732, -0.6480206251144409, 0.16615228354930878, -0.1915467530488968, 0.20164604485034943, 0.4814661741256714, -0.058113209903240204, -0.80244380235672, 0.3610997796058655, 0.32216179370880127, -0.11376754939556122, 0.1201275959610939, -0.3038703501224518, 0.33765432238578796, 0.20883840322494507, -0.9949122071266174, -0.27868345379829407, -0.41688427329063416, -0.6281722187995911, -0.21161283552646637, -0.6132668852806091, 0.0334639847278595, 0.8449185490608215, -0.6150853633880615, 1.3741106986999512, 0.22375155985355377, 0.10653523355722427, -0.07380345463752747, -0.04570292308926582, 0.9161832332611084, -0.1532783806324005, -0.18291804194450378, 0.41271844506263733, -0.03013278916478157, -0.4979652166366577, 0.06651315838098526, 0.442198246717453, 1.6611608266830444, 0.2518807649612427, -0.6882875561714172, 0.014831317588686943, 0.0868329331278801, -0.18289823830127716, -0.7260496020317078, 0.06649865210056305, -0.14075112342834473, 0.3262019753456116, -0.5553193688392639, -0.2128431349992752, -0.004092490766197443, 0.5808011293411255, -0.6690160036087036, 0.30827242136001587, 0.42711201310157776, 0.5347561240196228, 0.3569566011428833, -0.33533376455307007, 0.3001638948917389, -0.05907600000500679, 0.2803751230239868, 0.031525515019893646, -0.10278131067752838, 0.10232293605804443, -0.030430437996983528, -0.5051035284996033, -0.07242768257856369, -0.7487679123878479, -0.36417636275291443, -0.3588322103023529, 0.46436619758605957, -0.08957279473543167, -0.04554213210940361, 0.17633409798145294, -1.0194588899612427, 0.9229821562767029, -0.28905370831489563, -1.2221640348434448, -0.2873571813106537, 0.4162050485610962, -0.41144853830337524, -0.07107443362474442, -0.6620010137557983, 0.2631473243236542, 0.24523137509822845, -0.056778669357299805, 0.20339156687259674, 0.004809514619410038, -0.22576993703842163, -0.23480138182640076, -0.4876369833946228, 0.4058350920677185, 0.4090336561203003, -0.7506275177001953, -0.013734606094658375, 0.18508091568946838, -0.26223716139793396, -0.6615076661109924, 0.8245924711227417, 0.533767580986023, 0.07483218610286713, 0.23180429637432098, -0.06819562613964081, -0.022268421947956085, -0.5848966836929321, -0.5640192031860352, 0.3923845589160919, 0.5166915059089661, -0.2212047278881073, 0.0412006601691246, 0.37857508659362793, -0.55910325050354, -0.20095215737819672, 0.31861138343811035, -0.2175004780292511, -0.1853867769241333, -0.19284091889858246, -0.06848703324794769, 0.08497587591409683, 0.21595704555511475, -0.11128067225217819, 0.27542179822921753, 0.9393361210823059, -0.6876219511032104, 0.18271386623382568, 0.0952717587351799, 0.47035112977027893, 0.3489658832550049, 0.11904936283826828, -1.016917109489441, 1.2806458473205566, -0.04878531023859978, -0.1634095162153244, 0.31392279267311096, -0.5862588882446289, 0.18104739487171173, 0.1877337545156479, 0.4116035997867584, 0.47974857687950134, -0.3675684332847595, -0.2172909379005432, -0.2536662518978119, 0.8901618123054504, -0.11936251819133759, -0.08398154377937317, 0.3076763153076172, 0.13500022888183594, 0.5671360492706299, -0.11891775578260422, 0.22194716334342957, -0.6973598003387451, -0.1456434279680252, 0.728009045124054, 0.8342459201812744, -0.32754677534103394, -0.7922107577323914, -0.38887450098991394, 0.17843420803546906, -0.6730360388755798, 0.9286964535713196, -0.45372384786605835, -0.21597912907600403, 0.08575841039419174, 0.46634650230407715, -0.13282981514930725, 0.24061466753482819, 0.04379977658390999, 0.3045041561126709, -0.20965924859046936, -0.0015932356473058462, -0.3393981456756592, 0.2621082365512848, 0.3094506561756134, 0.23832157254219055, 0.08234777301549911, 0.21896855533123016, -0.20706802606582642, -0.7567014098167419, -0.4253961741924286, 0.24002592265605927, -0.6044948101043701, -0.24558332562446594, 0.0830238088965416, -0.3953026235103607, 0.04968969151377678, -0.9115689396858215, -0.892555832862854, 0.18406951427459717, -0.6523594856262207, -0.39041435718536377, -0.0919036716222763, -0.9642654657363892, 0.1330263912677765, 0.19489596784114838, 1.1493465900421143, 0.5585142374038696, -0.2561442255973816, -0.11953192949295044, 0.1389443278312683, -0.42246314883232117, 0.49070438742637634, -0.13543786108493805, 0.6077666282653809, -0.45582059025764465, -0.5289687514305115, -0.9516296982765198, 0.6790204048156738, 0.3647348880767822, -0.12854218482971191, -0.1920211911201477, 0.5903232097625732, -0.40864938497543335, 0.30078455805778503, 0.5138304233551025, -0.3002794682979584, -0.35209885239601135, -0.523804783821106, 0.17109254002571106, -0.054058488458395004, 0.06317857652902603, -0.1876024752855301, 0.14053282141685486, -0.15608780086040497, 0.47879064083099365, 0.2737847566604614, -1.0066769123077393, 0.49952372908592224, -0.13290587067604065, -0.1705772429704666, -0.7732775807380676, -0.23940058052539825, 0.0885503739118576, 0.34146666526794434, 1.091249942779541, 0.8199271559715271, -0.1585136353969574, -0.14991463720798492, 0.07326791435480118, -0.1902189552783966, 0.7050583958625793, -0.08827625215053558, 0.5128974914550781, -0.5275027751922607, 0.1530037224292755, -0.3142660856246948, 0.03258984908461571, 0.8463611006736755, 0.08496635407209396, 0.7328978776931763, 0.5791816711425781, -0.8301568627357483, 0.4883876442909241, 0.16328488290309906, -0.29791465401649475, -0.06771781295537949, 0.19271355867385864, 0.22607851028442383 ]
249370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor%20the%20Engine	Ivor the Engine	Ivor the Engine is a British cutout animation television series created by Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin's Smallfilms company. It follows the adventures of a small green steam locomotive who lives in the "top left-hand corner of Wales" and works for The Merioneth and Llantisilly Railway Traction Company Limited. His friends include Jones the Steam, Evans the Song and Dai Station, among many other characters. Background Having produced the live Alexander the Mouse, and the stop motion animated The Journey of Master Ho for his employers Associated Rediffusion/ITV in partnership with Firmin, Oliver Postgate and his partner set up Smallfilms in a disused cow shed at Firmin's home in Blean, near Canterbury, Kent. Ivor the Engine was Smallfilms' first production, and drew inspiration from Postgate's World War II encounter with Welshman Denzyl Ellis, a former railway locomotive fireman with the Royal Scot train, who described how steam engines came to life when you spent time steaming them up in the morning. Postgate decided to locate the story to North Wales, as it was more inspirational than the flat terrain of the English Midlands. The story lines drew heavily on, and were influenced by, the works of South Wales poet Dylan Thomas. Production Ivor the Engine used stop motion animation, of cardboard cut-outs painted with watercolours. The series was originally made for black and white television by Smallfilms for Associated Rediffusion in 1958, but was later revived in 1975 when new episodes in colour were produced for the BBC. The series was written, animated and narrated by Oliver Postgate. Peter Firmin provided the artwork. The sound effects were endearingly low-tech, with the sound of Ivor's puffing made vocally by Postgate himself. The music was composed by Vernon Elliott and predominantly featured a solo bassoon, to reflect the three notes of Ivor's whistle. Voices were performed by Oliver Postgate, Anthony Jackson and Olwen Griffiths. Anthony Jackson provided the voices for Dai Station, Evans the Song and Mr. Dinwiddy. Episodes The original series was in black and white and comprised six episodes which told how Ivor wanted to sing in the choir, and how his whistle was replaced with steam organ pipes from the fairground organ on Mr Morgan's roundabout. There then followed two thirteen-episode series, also in black and white. Black and white episodes were 10 minutes each. In the 1970s, the two longer black and white series were re-made in colour, with some alterations to the stories, but they did not revisit the original six. The colour series consisted of 40 five-minute films. These would often each form part of a longer story. Although the six original black and white episodes were subsequently released on video, the two longer black and white series (totaling 26 episodes) were not and for many years were thought to have been lost. In October 2010, however, film copies of all 26 episodes were discovered in a pig shed. When the colour series was subsequently released on DVD, some of the episodes whose content linked, were edited together, with the relevant closing and opening titles and credits removed. The colour series episodes were:- Home releases Throughout the 1980s and the early '90s, the BBC released a few videos of Ivor the Engine. In 1984 a single 57-minute compiled video called Ivor the Engine and the Dragons with 13 stories joined up together as an omnibus. In 1985 a single 58-minute compiled video called Ivor the Engine and the Elephants with 13 stories joined up together as an omnibus. In 1995 The video was re-released in different packaging. In the early 1990s a video with six black and white stories of the very first Ivor the Engine series in the late-1950s (previously broadcast on Associated-Rediffusion) and seven colour episodes of the 1970s BBC series of Ivor the Engine, all shown as single episodes, was released. The video was introduced by Oliver Postgate. In 2000, a video called The Complete Ivor The Engine containing all 26 colour episodes was released by Universal Characters Ivor Ivor is the steam locomotive of the Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited. Unlike real ones, he has a mind of his own. Ivor can drive himself and use his whistle to communicate. His fondest dream is to sing with the Grumbly and District Choral Society, a dream that is realised when his whistle is replaced with three pipes from an old fairground organ. He becomes the first bass of the choir, as well as providing them with a means of getting from place to place. Ivor enjoys doing all sorts of things that humans do. As well as singing in the choir, he likes visiting the seaside, making tea from his boiler and spending time with his friends. He is fond of animals, and has several of them among his friends. He can be wilful and disobedient at times, and it is not unknown for him to go and do his own thing when he should be working. He dislikes shunting and timetables. Jones the Steam Edwin Jones is Ivor's driver. He is a cheerful and kind-hearted man who perhaps sympathises more than most railway staff with Ivor's idiosyncrasies. Postgate and Firmin describe him as "an ordinary engine driver who is there to cope with whatever needs to be coped with". People who are new to the area find him rather eccentric for talking to his engine. When not driving Ivor or helping the engine with his latest flight of fancy, he enjoys fishing and day-dreaming. Dai Station The station master at Llaniog. He is a stickler for the regulations of the railway, but sometimes bends the rules to help his friends. His life is made a little difficult by the fact that Ivor really doesn't care much for regulations at all. Although he is often gloomy and overly strict, he is a good person at heart. Owen the Signal Owen the Signal inhabits a signal box near Ivor's shed and makes an occasional appearance in the episodes. Evans the Song Evan Evans is the portly choirmaster of the Grumbly and District Choral Society. He is also Jones the Steam's wife's uncle. Mrs. Porty A rich and eccentric aristocratic lady who enjoys the occasional glass of port and has new hats sent from London every week. She is also technically the owner of the railway, having bought it when the line was threatened with nationalisation. However, she does not bother much with the day-to-day running and things remained much the same after she bought it. Mr. Dinwiddy A very odd, possibly insane miner who lives in the hills and digs for gold. He enjoys explosions and mining. In fact, his mountain is full of gold, but as soon as he digs it up, he puts it back again. He often has need of new boots. He is something of an amateur scientist. He describes himself as "educated" and knows "something about rock". He has constructed a few odd devices, including a donkey carriage and a bubble-blowing machine. Bani Moukerjee An elephant keeper from India, who works for Charlie Banger's Circus. He is in charge of the elephants Alice, George, Margaret and Clarence, who all obey him without question. Charlie Banger The eponymous and larger-than-life owner of Charlie Banger's Circus, who arranges a free show for the town in order to thank Jones, Evans and Mr Hughes for their help in looking after Alice the Elephant following her injury. Idris the Dragon A small, red Welsh dragon who also sings in the choir for a time. Having been hatched from an egg in Ivor's fire, he lives with his wife Olwen and any of their twins, Daian and Blodwen, in the extinct volcano Smoke Hill. As well as singing, he proves useful by cooking fish and chips for the choir using his fiery breath. Unfortunately, Idris runs into trouble when Smoke Hill goes cold and needs to be kept hot in order to survive. The gasboard provide a temporary furnace, but when that became too expensive (and decimalisation renders the slot-machine inoperable), the only other option for the dragons is a heated cage. Luckily, Mr Dinwiddy is able to provide a solution, and they now live in a geothermally-heated cave under the ground. Alice the Elephant A circus elephant with Charlie Banger's Circus. She is normally placid, but does not like taking medicine or being bathed by anyone except her owner, Bani Moukerjee. When Ivor met her, she had escaped and was asleep on the track with an injured foot. Since then they have become friends. She and her elephant friends were able to help Ivor when he got stuck in the snow. Bluebell the Donkey A donkey who lives at Mrs Porty's house. She cannot talk, but she and Ivor just enjoy sitting around together. As the Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited has only one locomotive (apart from the short service of Juggernaut), Bluebell is sometimes called upon to provide motive power. Examples include the towing by chain of the broken down locomotive Juggernaut and also the pulling of Mrs Porty's donkey cart when this was temporarily set on the railway tracks to pursue 'robbers' when Ivor had been 'stolen' in the episode The Lost Engine; in this latter case, like a locomotive, Bluebell strictly observed the railway signals, halting the chase until Owen the Signal had raised the signal arm. Morgan the Roundabout Mr Morgan is the fairground owner. He gave Ivor some pipes from the steam organ on his roundabout, so that Ivor could sing in the choir. He only appeared in the very first black and white series. Claude Gilbert Claude Gilbert was the station master of Tan-y-Gylch station in the original black-and-white series, and would share a cup of tea with Jones whilst Ivor rested at the platform. It was he who directed Jones and Dai to Mr Jenkins the Builder when they were searching for organ pipes to replace Ivor's whistle. Like Mr. Morgan, he only appeared in the first black and white series and was not seen again. Mr Hughes The Gasworks The gruff but kind-hearted proprietor of the local gasworks, he is well known for keeping pets, in particular budgerigars. He is asked to provide shelter for Alice the Elephant when she has an injured foot, and, despite his initial reluctance, he more than rises to the occasion. Miss Ludgrove The local vet, with a dry sense of humour, who comes to examine Alice's injured foot. Mr. Brangwyn A robust and larger-than-life pigeon-fancier, who occupies a house by the railway, and is engaged to Miss Price from Llangubbin. It is Mr. Brangwyn who provides the elephant's boot for Alice: he obtained said boot during the time he once spent in India. Mrs. Williams The local postmistress, who is a bit batty and a bit of a gossip. She occasionally interacts with Jones and Ivor. Eli The Baker The feisty but big-hearted and hard-working local baker. Mrs. Thomas The local fish-and-chip shop owner. A plump woman with a big voice, she is kind and cheerful and serves the choir with food after their sessions. Policeman Gregory Mainly known as P.C. Gregory. The local and only village policeman. One of his most notable happenings is after Ivor went to keep the chickens warm on his boiler. Jones and Dai find 3 small eggs in Ivor's coal bunker, and after a small "finders-keepers" argument they are interrupted by P.C. Gregory, who then removes his helmet (which was padded on the inside) and takes the eggs, after he leaves Dai asks if the farmer will ever see those 3 eggs again, as P.C. Gregory "Dai* likes a good egg in the mornin' " Professor Longfellow This seemingly batty professor was only seen in a few episodes. He was famously known for ordering a telescope cover; however, as it was one of Ivor's deliveries, Mrs. Porty believes it is her newest hat, and wears it to a meeting later in the episode. He was also notable for telling Jones, Idris, and Dai, that the closest active volcano to the now extinct "Smoke Hill" is in southern Italy. Mr. Mervin The local bank manager. He only appears in a few episodes; his most notable appearance is his and Jones's adventure to find more half-crowns for the gas meter powering "Smoke-Hill" (half-crowns are a pre-decimalisation form of currency, worth then 30 old pennies or two shillings and sixpence. Now with inflation and so-forth estimated at around 60-75 pence,) But as this episode takes place when decimalisation occurs, Jones must inform Idris and Co. that there are no more half-crowns in Wales and that "you have had the lot". But shortly they go and find in a small shop, an old tin teapot full to the brim with half-crowns. And so "Smoke-Hill" is gas fired for the final time until the dragons go to Mr. Dinwiddy and his geothermal heated cave Mrs. Griffiths Juggernaut The Juggernaut is a diesel rail lorry made out of bits, bobs and flanged wheels, which appears towards the end of the series. Due to its inadequate brakes, it runs down a hill and falls into the lake soon after starting service, nearly killing Idris, whom it was carrying on a chestnut barrow. Books Ivor the Engine published by Abelard Schuman in 1962. Six story books, based upon the TV series were published in the 1970s and were reprinted in 2006/07: The First Story Snowdrifts Ivor the Engine and the Dragon Ivor the Engine and the Elephant Ivor the Engine and the Foxes Ivor's Birthday also The Ivor the Engine Annual c.1978 As the books were published in the early days of political correctness, London Borough of Hackney Public Libraries banned the entire series because of the Indian elephant keeper, called Bani. They thought ethnic minorities might be offended by him. Influences and future appearances Postgate and Firmin created a map of their fictional railway which was adhered to rigidly during filming. The Who include a character named 'Ivor The Engine Driver' in their song "A Quick One, While He's Away", which appears on their 1966 album 'A Quick One'. British ska band Bad Manners also name check Ivor, on their 1980 album Loonee Tunes! with a track called "The Undersea Adventures of Ivor the Engine". In The Amazing Adventures of Morph episode "The Magic Wand", when Gobbledygook the alien is trying to change Chas back into a dog, Ivor, painted in navy blue with his name "Ivor" in black, makes a cameo appearance. In 2007 'All Aboard with Ivor' events were held at various heritage railways around the UK following the modification of a small Peckett industrial locomotive to resemble Ivor. Railways hosting the event include the Battlefield Line Railway in Leicestershire, the Watercress Line in Hampshire and the Cholsey and Wallingford Railway in Oxfordshire. BBC2 Wales revived Ivor for a series of promotional spots advertising their new digital television channel "2W" for Wales. Oliver Postgate and Anthony Jackson provided new dialogue for these spots. Some of the artwork from production is on display at the Rupert the Bear Museum, along with several other items from Smallfilm's history. The Rupert Bear Museum is now part of the Canterbury Heritage Museum in Stour Street, Canterbury. In April 2011, Smallfilms collaborated with mobile gaming company Dreadnought Design to launch an Ivor the Engine game under the newly created Smallworlds brand. In June 2014, Smallfilms collaborated with board game company Surprised Stare Games to launch an Ivor the Engine boardgame Gideon Coe uses Ivor's Cruising Theme as the musical bed over his last song leading up to midnight on BBC 6 Music to say nighty night. The Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway hold an annual Ivor the Engine Weekend in August. Functional programming language Idris was named after the dragon in the show. References External links Smallfilms – Ivor last updated 2007 BBC Wales Arts – Ivor the Engine British Film Institute Screen Online Television series by Smallfilms British children's animated adventure television series BBC children's television shows British stop-motion animated television series English-language television shows Fictional locomotives ITV children's television shows Fiction about rail transport 1959 British television series debuts 1959 British television series endings 1975 British television series debuts 1977 British television series endings 1950s British children's television series 1970s British children's television series Welsh short stories	[ -0.678561806678772, 0.45737534761428833, 0.2582274079322815, -0.05671211704611778, -0.11551617085933685, 0.1669045239686966, -0.05682295560836792, -0.37965527176856995, 0.35357174277305603, 0.5714371800422668, -0.4506986141204834, 0.32318583130836487, 0.05699319392442703, 0.4800449311733246, 0.26407721638679504, -0.019023941829800606, -0.10222924500703812, 0.438872367143631, -0.4916350245475769, -0.3634563088417053, 0.1537247747182846, -0.5262438058853149, 0.15079304575920105, 0.26491883397102356, -0.20938782393932343, 0.11130184680223465, 0.375801682472229, -0.14705529808998108, -0.6352654695510864, 0.19402357935905457, 0.011802952736616135, 0.726057767868042, 0.061146099120378494, -0.46505147218704224, -0.3989005982875824, -0.45048362016677856, -0.15193669497966766, -0.3457736670970917, -0.0697677731513977, -0.4821578860282898, 0.25191420316696167, 0.26235753297805786, 0.40472492575645447, 0.18060968816280365, -0.10681789368391037, 0.09136120975017548, -1.575142502784729, -0.11079452931880951, -0.3363473117351532, 0.08853358775377274, -0.019221007823944092, 0.5941863656044006, 1.0128376483917236, 0.16149897873401642, -0.22456282377243042, 0.8414654731750488, 0.19253292679786682, 0.08078392595052719, 0.1184113398194313, -0.17434634268283844, 0.5333032608032227, 0.3077195882797241, 0.08233996480703354, 0.12230494618415833, 0.0769364982843399, 0.07435331493616104, -0.26947131752967834, 0.4069438874721527, -0.3507061302661896, 0.2538904845714569, -0.3922218382358551, -0.687071681022644, 0.11981113255023956, -0.03941412642598152, 0.1125670075416565, -0.22112365067005157, 0.5672769546508789, -0.26362696290016174, 0.3111990988254547, 0.40332522988319397, 0.29482582211494446, 0.16020050644874573, 0.4268154501914978, 0.6992314457893372, 0.4460376501083374, 0.11335162818431854, -0.19119708240032196, 0.3528500497341156, -0.32306742668151855, 0.09309395402669907, -0.5710201263427734, -0.7360684871673584, 0.027004962787032127, -0.002631681738421321, -0.20537728071212769, -0.5215477347373962, 0.2742260694503784, 0.011145932599902153, -0.11731923371553421, 0.44802772998809814, -0.09556484967470169, 0.3663848638534546, -0.021205568686127663, -0.058867815881967545, -0.4609347879886627, -0.09952167421579361, -0.6190622448921204, -0.7023501992225647, 0.4042651057243347, 0.5594985485076904, -0.3114079236984253, 0.019988004118204117, -0.28315818309783936, -0.050092581659555435, -0.13612335920333862, -0.1819542646408081, 0.04440690949559212, -0.4380841553211212, -0.20645369589328766, 0.6195180416107178, 0.46545788645744324, 0.39887726306915283, 0.13633811473846436, 0.3817240595817566, -0.45004668831825256, 0.035313982516527176, 0.258023738861084, 0.4825414717197418, -0.4739398658275604, 0.051838427782058716, 0.287100613117218, 0.9692338109016418, 0.14478138089179993, -0.6745699644088745, -0.01982748880982399, 0.10628608614206314, 0.1326034665107727, 0.40226221084594727, 0.017976177856326103, 0.2833508551120758, -0.33717650175094604, -0.14863018691539764, -0.5838806629180908, -0.18788382411003113, -0.33466407656669617, -0.09633715450763702, -0.42356452345848083, -0.030685562640428543, -0.03180314972996712, -0.19555136561393738, 0.001228321809321642, 0.15888485312461853, -0.1293145716190338, -0.6423566937446594, -0.07705078274011612, 0.20969687402248383, 0.2690774202346802, -0.5307242274284363, 0.11050667613744736, -0.24090103805065155, -0.34881630539894104, -0.3867741823196411, -0.4086149334907532, -0.1495155245065689, -0.07651736587285995, -0.2888215482234955, 0.9209333062171936, -0.18681272864341736, -0.24842247366905212, -0.32966241240501404, -0.4921894073486328, -0.0002249485842185095, 1.0861643552780151, -0.2134966105222702, 0.2427881360054016, -0.11542489379644394, 1.6454347372055054, 0.2992038130760193, 0.3744443356990814, 0.08226009458303452, -0.5988033413887024, -0.1162034422159195, -0.15440666675567627, -0.09948395937681198, 0.8202751278877258, 0.4508165121078491, 0.17810851335525513, -0.3164154887199402, -0.13322438299655914, -0.03172943368554115, -0.3687536120414734, -0.6826041340827942, 0.5082913041114807, -0.43052995204925537, 0.6583693623542786, 0.11929153650999069, -0.40733227133750916, -0.3886273503303528, 0.4881477952003479, 0.6090454459190369, -0.12027498334646225, 0.10065167397260666, 0.5618306398391724, -0.39146533608436584, -0.05959388613700867, -0.1463751345872879, 0.32511135935783386, 0.049056246876716614, 0.12058710306882858, 0.6780620217323303, -0.12606355547904968, -0.15092937648296356, 0.6927663683891296, -0.3295985162258148, -0.126813605427742, -0.3256866931915283, -0.1785161942243576, -0.048142336308956146, -0.2656797468662262, -0.11058209836483002, 0.3216850757598877, 0.4333518147468567, -0.6519743204116821, 0.3720528483390808, -0.5102452039718628, 0.6290435791015625, 0.4636210799217224, -0.29908210039138794, 0.4591502547264099, -0.3792564868927002, -0.19791027903556824, 0.9057113528251648, -0.04108647629618645, -0.3316045105457306, -0.27703702449798584, 0.013174562714993954, 0.1258144974708557, -0.0723457857966423, 0.5668415427207947, 0.030630173161625862, 0.32617977261543274, 0.37754541635513306, -0.8352105021476746, 0.41666120290756226, 0.23200206458568573, -0.07230272889137268, -0.07638385891914368, 0.4673588275909424, -0.06443963199853897, -0.071597158908844, 0.5809259414672852, 0.10692406445741653, 0.3274877667427063, -0.33050182461738586, 0.3784067928791046, -0.22794531285762787, -0.2989177107810974, -0.30511388182640076, 0.17554858326911926, 0.8174147605895996, 0.05164612829685211, 0.07675023376941681, -0.06909972429275513, 0.039910491555929184, 0.45889851450920105, -1.1298099756240845, -0.4934402108192444, -0.6964900493621826, 0.04178943857550621, 0.46062618494033813, 0.08175329864025116, 0.3269476294517517, 0.1492898315191269, -0.22892743349075317, 0.1600404530763626, 0.05064720660448074, -0.14920935034751892, 0.1894650012254715, -0.24077573418617249, -0.5113040804862976, 0.22894375026226044, 0.8888639807701111, -0.4963306188583374, -0.36013537645339966, -0.19080713391304016, 0.7777966856956482, 0.000180884831934236, -0.643543541431427, -0.06330130249261856, -0.1834251880645752, -0.08450523018836975, 0.16269733011722565, -0.14382699131965637, 0.5829731225967407, 0.10794604569673538, 0.7348929047584534, -0.11959285289049149, -0.31503260135650635, -0.01704191043972969, -0.5349811911582947, -0.3177777826786041, 0.5121499300003052, -0.8959367871284485, -0.22335150837898254, -0.18421676754951477, 0.18289466202259064, -0.5327227115631104, -0.5311564803123474, -5.787540435791016, -0.34572920203208923, -0.25484612584114075, -0.05211362615227699, 0.8133410811424255, 0.391160249710083, -0.011484257876873016, -0.0006868851487524807, -0.21830089390277863, -0.035942208021879196, -0.532067060470581, 0.10529971867799759, -0.1497374176979065, 0.9067345261573792, 0.2572225332260132, 0.4136350452899933, 0.16132062673568726, 0.26066067814826965, 0.15279445052146912, -0.179609477519989, -0.17299003899097443, -0.34202057123184204, -0.5079118013381958, 0.040628544986248016, 0.3236861824989319, 0.3485639691352844, -0.3763177692890167, 0.43574586510658264, -0.8550260066986084, 0.421123743057251, -0.1262727975845337, -0.3719150424003601, -0.18376487493515015, 0.07665814459323883, -0.012128917500376701, -0.07956364750862122, 0.2389485239982605, 0.2718660533428192, 1.0185564756393433, -0.13096493482589722, -0.43153563141822815, -0.3739987909793854, 0.18232548236846924, 0.37792345881462097, 0.3115738034248352, -0.37682002782821655, -0.4690423607826233, -0.6354979276657104, 0.08930715918540955, 0.4512280821800232, 0.07199536263942719, 0.48166707158088684, 0.740845263004303, 0.09975018352270126, 0.43807950615882874, -0.12605689465999603, 0.206802636384964, 0.2992618978023529, -0.16123822331428528, -0.376005619764328, -0.06796927750110626, -0.4023825228214264, -0.3986970782279968, 0.16928577423095703, -0.5198673009872437, -0.13562504947185516, 0.07282579690217972, -0.48568204045295715, 0.10167458653450012, -0.19005195796489716, -0.14308203756809235, 0.4818407893180847, 0.0821092501282692, -1.1238152980804443, 0.06158336624503136, 0.23718206584453583, 0.4049101173877716, 0.40019842982292175, -0.34927672147750854, -0.17450828850269318, -0.714068591594696, -0.5396494269371033, -0.8135712146759033, -0.12020576000213623, -0.5544320344924927, -0.30272164940834045, -0.3566104471683502, -0.21536628901958466, 0.09644009172916412, 0.007608726620674133, 0.4792160987854004, -0.5980387330055237, -0.2395208179950714, 0.41809120774269104, 0.7469862699508667, 0.17621178925037384, 0.001991634489968419, 0.2593685984611511, 0.4243831932544708, -0.13064788281917572, -0.6344689726829529, -0.4200313985347748, 0.10221917927265167, 0.10794428735971451, -0.06706257164478302, -0.45337170362472534, 0.0066542671993374825, 0.023391399532556534, 0.9708772897720337, 0.33679038286209106, -0.049067359417676926, -0.14310510456562042, -0.6237362623214722, 0.0213187113404274, 0.20022214949131012, 0.3537779152393341, 0.3312963545322418, 0.14019718766212463, 0.43776389956474304, 0.17414501309394836, 0.0929054543375969, 0.23687691986560822, -0.5618936419487, -0.4616353511810303, -0.3348415493965149, 0.8528363704681396, 0.6949857473373413, 0.043621502816677094, 0.31209856271743774, -0.0064152502454817295, -0.7986322641372681, 0.0841481164097786, -0.20765112340450287, 0.43962451815605164, -0.14825759828090668, -0.6350362300872803, -0.615491509437561, 0.12198638170957565, 0.07463464140892029, 0.18584668636322021, 0.1939273476600647, -0.09896501153707504, 0.37037238478660583, -0.46191978454589844, 0.546107292175293, 0.17963603138923645, 0.2418539822101593, -0.2512061297893524, 0.11295537650585175, -0.15336839854717255, -0.19134853780269623, -0.3005097508430481, 0.4507438540458679, -0.8311383128166199, -0.3935163915157318, -0.1941462606191635, -0.6625524759292603, 0.05745140463113785, -0.16682451963424683, -0.3612132668495178, 0.6454238891601562, -0.2492532581090927, -0.7519989609718323, -0.10443101823329926, 0.41139763593673706, 0.5300323963165283, 0.2602002024650574, -0.5925729274749756, 0.11754162609577179, 0.9083009362220764, 0.058699656277894974, 0.6807156205177307, -0.593451201915741, -0.5571378469467163, 0.81072598695755, 0.10320765525102615, -0.3011673092842102, 0.18969254195690155, 0.3214329183101654, -0.161086305975914, -0.0023719200398772955, 0.5755144953727722, -0.4703463017940521, 0.18724046647548676, -0.21536453068256378, -0.6596847772598267, -0.37050876021385193, 0.23664966225624084, 0.03660903498530388, -0.118733249604702, -0.25450873374938965, 0.5436897277832031, 0.5707805752754211, 0.08852171152830124, -1.1189870834350586, -0.3337104022502899, 0.17760252952575684, 0.14955788850784302, -0.07820963114500046, -0.8897982835769653, -0.00923172291368246, 0.2213870882987976, -0.18051551282405853, -0.09276530891656876, 0.576402485370636, -0.9646666049957275, -0.04900222644209862, -0.4306192994117737, -0.21294641494750977, 0.9119853377342224, 0.1627945452928543, -0.8229993581771851, -0.15877804160118103, 0.3982947766780853, -0.5418407917022705, -0.14174038171768188, 0.11566761136054993, 0.13886098563671112, 0.13209374248981476, -0.49781808257102966, -0.72441565990448, 0.09218341112136841, -0.4477919936180115, 0.12352481484413147, -0.5282132029533386, -0.13448451459407806, 0.4143676161766052, -0.4956921637058258, 0.03140270709991455, -0.565360426902771, 0.16063137352466583, 0.3108784556388855, 0.049109384417533875, 0.4709898829460144, 0.1532948762178421, -0.48610758781433105, 0.07294455915689468, 0.5355000495910645, -0.14362689852714539, 0.21582449972629547, 0.8830252885818481, 0.6504834890365601, 0.4450240731239319, -0.5249386429786682, 0.23449963331222534, 0.7487362027168274, -0.02811519242823124, -0.4728116989135742, -0.4892653226852417, 0.2122190296649933, 0.2759782373905182, 0.04551071301102638, -0.865827202796936, -0.18454615771770477, 0.6542214155197144, -0.9745251536369324, -0.012319616973400116, -0.03956767916679382, 0.14945921301841736, -0.10332471132278442, 0.0019660976249724627, 0.6768282055854797, 0.028943315148353577, 0.34034156799316406, -0.03513997420668602, 0.7216501832008362, -0.176143079996109, -0.677435040473938, 0.33985328674316406, -0.580808699131012, 0.21171244978904724, 0.4713912606239319, 0.15544715523719788, 0.3036700189113617, 0.13636110723018646, -0.15068408846855164, -0.1146429032087326, -0.5536983013153076, 0.43423932790756226, -0.22523993253707886, -0.15532265603542328, 1.0359506607055664, 0.22918078303337097, -0.4288474917411804, -0.11883693933486938, 0.20281405746936798, 0.06104092672467232, -0.22475862503051758, 0.4775511920452118, 0.15119817852973938, -0.207120880484581, 0.05638130381703377, -0.08522890508174896, 0.47759002447128296, 0.19957558810710907, -0.12481648474931717, -0.09676168113946915, 0.08813462406396866, -0.3171146810054779, -0.19643621146678925, -0.43123966455459595, 1.155498743057251, 0.3344074785709381, -0.26060137152671814, 0.5244128704071045, 0.0646580159664154, -0.16074538230895996, 0.11704467236995697, -0.3760009706020355, -0.3610159754753113, 0.22550800442695618, -0.577880322933197, -0.41558030247688293, 0.8899484276771545, -0.19259226322174072, -0.18165692687034607, 0.6686625480651855, -0.2855547368526459, 0.25338467955589294, 0.4535735547542572, 0.13797850906848907, -0.2738068401813507, -0.018715478479862213, -0.6459172964096069, -0.8063262701034546, 0.5049751400947571, -0.7731155157089233, 0.08105047047138214, 0.32967978715896606, 0.30336180329322815, 0.4080526530742645, -0.11047626286745071, -0.6057568192481995, 0.24671196937561035, -0.4071804881095886, -0.13860519230365753, 0.21564702689647675, -0.30107221007347107, 0.13796429336071014, 0.11683569103479385, -0.4268127679824829, 0.14490742981433868, -0.1642456352710724, -0.25676867365837097, -0.0025918767787516117, 0.12709522247314453, 0.05462362617254257, -0.16106274724006653, -0.08753795921802521, 0.57270348072052, -0.27581703662872314, 0.15714392066001892, 0.30948781967163086, -0.5900334119796753, -0.011626497842371464, -0.20835848152637482, 0.621396005153656, -0.5463523268699646, 0.17919465899467468, 0.49429386854171753, 0.12891294062137604, -0.02196691371500492, -0.1646832823753357, 0.08452067524194717, 0.261231005191803, 0.27878138422966003, 0.273559033870697, -0.6504549980163574, 0.08274869620800018, 0.09127964824438095, 0.33179739117622375, -0.1704319268465042, 0.06864427030086517, 0.30054691433906555, 0.21192152798175812, 0.1214943677186966, 0.49063873291015625, -0.031589291989803314, -0.17911562323570251, 0.2201380580663681, -0.2554094195365906, 0.3311009705066681, -0.13003753125667572, -0.243139386177063, 0.06640000641345978, -0.23488940298557281, -0.23044545948505402, -0.17218610644340515, 0.2594754099845886, -0.2929001748561859, -0.21721020340919495, -0.8845164775848389, -0.8809637427330017, 0.16982951760292053, -0.9204583764076233, -0.8151006102561951, -0.37913912534713745, 0.07237893342971802, 0.12445520609617233, 0.13588546216487885, 0.10288451611995697, 0.4074822664260864, 0.07766270637512207, 0.40050116181373596, 0.0002504490257706493, 0.30472680926322937, -0.08812037110328674, -0.04598371312022209, -0.5185164213180542, 0.7335202097892761, -0.3559284210205078, -0.04738833010196686, -0.01599191501736641, 0.33030542731285095, -0.511142373085022, -0.6947881579399109, 0.23244233429431915, -0.10761412978172302, 0.5780501961708069, -0.01639646477997303, -0.07249720394611359, -0.07445894181728363, 0.25416263937950134, 0.047888223081827164, -0.22498731315135956, -0.044422682374715805, 0.1298356056213379, -0.3891597092151642, -0.1483420431613922, 0.48570168018341064, -0.45545637607574463, 0.8172567486763, -0.7768716812133789, 0.16870565712451935, -0.35977768898010254, -0.22164234519004822, 0.3564791977405548, 0.5388614535331726, 0.2541455924510956, 0.08229706436395645, 0.19728747010231018, 0.019989382475614548, 0.00785969477146864, 0.3024705946445465, -0.5343129634857178, -0.09907705336809158, -0.292244017124176, 0.09513552486896515, 0.18722760677337646, 0.43207359313964844, 0.36557552218437195, 0.3879646360874176, -0.14096133410930634, -0.5077052712440491, 0.22262077033519745, -0.3720593750476837, 0.07709328085184097, -0.3614746928215027, 0.6220259070396423, 0.08432219922542572 ]
249372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efteling	Efteling	Efteling () is a fantasy-themed amusement park in Kaatsheuvel, the Netherlands. The attractions reflect elements from ancient myths and legends, fairy tales, fables, and folklore. The park was opened on May 31, 1952. It evolved from a nature park with a playground and a Fairytale Forest into a full-sized theme park. It now caters to both children and adults with its cultural, romantic, and nostalgic themes, in addition to its wide array of amusement rides including six roller coasters and four dark rides. It is the largest theme park in the Netherlands and one of the oldest theme parks in the world. It is twice as large as the original Disneyland park in California and predates it by three years. Annually, the park has more than 5 million visitors. In 2020, it was the most visited theme park in Europe, before Disneyland Park (Paris) History Efteling is one of the oldest theme parks still in existence. Its roots go back to 1935, when the R. K. Sport en Wandelpark was inaugurated. In 1950, Efteling Nature Park Foundation (Stichting Natuurpark de Efteling) was founded by the mayor of Loon op Zand, R.J. van der Heijden, filmmaker Peter Reijnders, and designer artist Anton Pieck (1895-1987). The foundation was named after a 16th-century farm named Ersteling. Efteling officially opened on May 31, 1952, when the Fairy Tale Forest (het Sprookjesbos), designed by the famous Dutch illustrator Anton Pieck, was opened to the public. Initially, the Fairy Tale Forest was home to some 10 different fairy tales, all of them brought to life using original drawings by Pieck alongside mechanics, lighting and sound effects designed by the Dutch filmmaker Peter Reijnders. The life-sized dioramas, displayed together in an atmospheric forest, were a tremendous success. In 1952 alone, Efteling welcomed 240,000 visitors. Since 1978, the park has been expanded and grown to become one of the most popular theme parks in the world. In the same year, English singer Kate Bush performed in the park in De Efteling Special, which was broadcast on 11 May 1978. In early 1978, the amusement park's Haunted Castle was completed and the opening was scheduled on 10 May that year. Bush, who just had a big hit in the Netherlands with "Wuthering Heights", made her debut on Dutch television in the special. Her popularity was used to draw the attention to the Haunted Castle. The Dutch climate and the integral role of natural greenery in the park's appearance prevented the opening of the park year-round. In 2010, Efteling announced plans to remain open year-round. From November through about February, the 'Winter Efteling' theme remains in place. However, attractions that involve water, such as the rapids ride 'Piraña' or the water coaster 'Vliegende Hollander' (Flying Dutchman), are closed. Gisela Williams, a reporter for The Wall Street Journal, wrote a review of the park in early 2014. Williams praised Efteling but criticized the teacups-style ride Monsieur Cannibale due to ethnic stereotypes. Her review was later mentioned in De Telegraaf, a daily newspaper in the Netherlands, and drew several angry comments from its readership. Williams also received her first death threat for her comments about the controversial attraction. In recent years, activists have repeatedly requested the Efteling to remove or re-theme the attraction. In June 2021, the park closed the ride for an extensive renovation including a re-theme. The park received its 123,456,789th guest on June 19, 2015. The Efteling opened the trackless darkride Symbolica in 2017. With a price tag of 35 million euros, it is the most expensive investment in Efteling history. Beside the theme park, the Efteling operates two hotels, a theatre, a golf course, and two holiday villages. The Efteling inaugurated its 30th fairytale in 2019. Design The success of Efteling has been attributed largely to its ride designs, architecture and atmosphere. When Anton Pieck was asked to design the initial fairy tales for the Efteling, he made sure the park would live up to his personal high standards. There would be no use of cheap building materials, plastic, or concrete. Pieck's illustration style, somewhat grim and dark, but also romantic and nostalgic, was the thematic base on which nearly all future expansions were built. Pieck worked for Efteling until the mid-1970s, when his position as chief designer was passed on to the younger Ton van de Ven. Van de Ven had already been working for Efteling for several years and Pieck was very pleased with his work. The Haunted Castle (het Spookslot), which opened in 1978 as the park's first new large attraction, was Efteling's first to be designed entirely by Van de Ven. Van de Ven continued his work until 2002, when he retired. A new team of imagineers works on new Efteling attractions, still in a style suitable to the Efteling. Divisions The Efteling Theme Park Resort now comprises several divisions: the theme park (1952), the four-star Efteling Hotel (1992), the 18-hole golf course (1995), Efteling Theatre (2002), accommodation parks: Efteling Bosrijk (2009) & Het Loonsche Land (2017). The theatre, which was once used for park shows, is one of the five biggest theatres in the Netherlands and can house big theatre productions, which will not be included in park admissions. Besides using it as a home base for shows/musicals created by the Efteling itself (like "Droomvlucht") it also lends itself out for other big productions, events, and business events. The hotel was operated by Golden Tulip for several years, but Efteling decided in 2004 to manage it independently. All divisions are now profitable, although it took the golf course several years to break even. The divisions are each contained in commercial corporations, but all shares are still held by the nonprofit Efteling Nature Park Foundation (Stichting Natuurpark de Efteling). The park The theme park covers . This area has changed only marginally over the course of its history. The Efteling Theme Park Resort also offers the Efteling hotel, the Efteling hotel Loonsche Land, a theatre, a golf course, Villa Pardoes, and two holiday villages (Efteling Bosrijk and Efteling Loonsche Land) on . The park's foundation owns a total of also including young forest, nature reserve, some grassland, fields and roads. The park is divided into five themed areas or 'realms'. Originally, the park was divided into four areas called North, West, East, and South, with most of the park's historical rides and attractions, such as the Fairy Tale Forest, located in West. When the park reorganized its infrastructure in the late 1990s, adding the Pardoes Promenade (named after Efteling's mascot Pardoes, a court jester) and a central hub called Efteling Brink, it also changed the areas' names. North was changed to Reizenrijk (Travel Realm), West became Marerijk (Fairy Realm), East became Ruigrijk (Adventure Realm), and South became Anderrijk (Other Realm). In 2017 a fifth realm opened in the center of the park called Fantasierijk (Fantasy Realm). Although the park was not built with these divisions in mind and the names may seem cryptic, they do make sense. Perhaps the area most suited to its name is Ruigrijk, where most fast rides such as the double-loop roller coaster Python (constructed in 1981) are located. Marerijk is the home to the Fairy Tale Forest and the Fairies of the Droomvlucht, Anderrijk has some rides that are inspired by non-Western cultures (e.g. Fata Morgana and Piraña), while Reizenrijk has the Carnaval Festival ride, which travels through several different 'countries'. The Fantasierijk got its name from the darkride Symbolica: Palace of Fantasy. Efteling was largely built in an existing pine forest located in a rural area, giving it a 'nature park' feeling. Together with its large ponds and gardens, its abundant green space is rather unusual among the world's leading theme parks. Attractions and rides in Efteling and their designers Attractions not operating in winter or when weather is freezing are marked with 1952 - Fairytale Forest (Dutch: Sprookjesbos; Anton Pieck, Peter Reijnders, Ton van de Ven, Henny Knoet, Michel den Dulk, Karel Willemen and Pim-Martijn Sanders) 1954 - Children's Railway (Dutch: Kinderspoor), (pedal trains, Anton Pieck and Peter Reijnders) 1954 - Anton Pieck Square (Dutch: Anton Pieckplein), (square with nostalgic rides, Anton Pieck and Michel den Dulk) 1956 - Stoomcarrousel (carousel, bought from L. Janvier) 1969 - Stoomtrein (a narrow-gauge heritage railway) 1971 - Diorama (Model railway/ Diorama, Anton Pieck) 1978 - Haunted Castle (Dutch: Spookslot) (haunted attraction, Ton van de Ven and Anton Pieck) 1981 - Python (double loop corkscrew roller coaster, Vekoma) (original demolished in 2018, replaced by a replica 3 months later) when freezing 1981 - Gondoletta (tow boat ride, Ton van de Ven) 1982 - Half Moon (Dutch: Halve Maen) (ship swing, Ton van de Ven) 1983 - Piraña (river rafting ride, Ton van de Ven) 1984 - Carnival Festival (dark ride, Geesink) 1984 - Tin Lizzies (Dutch: De Oude Tuffer) (car ride, Ton van de Ven) 1986 - Fata Morgana (dark, tow boat ride, Ton van de Ven) 1987 - Pagode (observation tower, Ton van de Ven) 1990 - The People of Laaf (Dutch: Volk van Laaf) (Ton van de Ven) 1993 - Dreamflight (Dutch: Droomvlucht) (dark ride, Ton van de Ven) 1996 - The House of the Five Senses (Dutch: Het huis van de 5 zintuigen) (park entrance, Ton van de Ven) 1996 - Villa Volta (madhouse, Ton van de Ven) 1998 - Bird Rok (Dutch: Vogel Rok) (enclosed roller coaster, Ton van de Ven) 2007 - The Flying Dutchman (Dutch: De Vliegende Hollander) (water coaster / dark ride, Karel Willemen) when freezing 2010 - George and the Dragon (Dutch: Joris en de Draak) (wooden racing coaster, Karel Willemen) 2011 - Ravelin (Dutch: Raveleijn) (theatre, Sander de Bruijn) 2012 - Aquanura (Musical Fountain, WET) 2015 - Baron 1898 (dive coaster Bolliger & Mabillard, Sander de Bruijn) 2017 - Symbolica (dark ride, ETF Ride Systems/Sander de Bruijn and others) 2019 - Fabula replaces the former PandaVision (€3.5 million renovation by Efteling and Aardman Animations) 2020 - Max & Moritz (double roller coaster, Mack Rides), Robbert Jaap Janssen Former attractions: 1953 - Rowing Pond (Dutch: Roeivijver), replaced by Aquanura 1953 - Swimming Pool (Dutch: Zwembad), closed in 1989 1966 - Water Organ (Dutch: Waterorgel), in use as a TV studio since 2010 1984 - Polka Marina (a combination of a carousel and a minirollercoaster, Ton van de Ven) 1985 - Bob Track (Dutch: Bobbaan) (bobsled roller coaster, Intamin Ton van de Ven), demolished in 2019, replaced by Max & Moritz 1988 - Monsieur Cannibale (teacups ride, Henny Knoet) Replaced by Sirocco 1991 - Pegasus (junior wooden roller coaster, demolished in 2009), replaced by George and the Dragon 2002 - PandaVision (Dutch: Pandadroom) (a 4-D film cinema, Van Doorn and associates), replaced by Fabula Other ventures operating independently from the amusement park: 1992 - Tower Realm (Dutch: Torenrijk) (theme hotel) 1995 - Efteling Golf course (Dutch: Golfclub Efteling) (golf course) 2002 - Efteling Theatre (theatre, Ton van de Ven) 2008 - Efteling Radio (radio station) 2009 - Forest Realm (Dutch: Bosrijk) (accommodation area, Karel Willemen) 2017 - The Loonsche Land (Dutch: Het Loonsche Land) (accommodation) Awards In 1971, the Efteling was the first theme park to receive the Pomme d'Or (Golden Apple), in recognition of superior efforts in promoting and raising Europe's level of tourism. The Pomme d'Or is the highest award in the European tourist industry. In 1992, the Efteling was awarded the IAAPA Applause Award for best theme park in the world. In 1997, Villa Volta, as the first 'new style' madhouse in the world, received the Thea Attraction Award. In 2005, the Efteling received the Thea Classic Award for the year 2004, a notable token of recognition of quality awarded by other people in the themed entertainment industry. Efteling is the second park to receive a prize for their entire oeuvre, the first being Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, the Efteling won the award for the best holiday park in the Netherlands according to the booking sites BungalowSpecials.nl, BungalowSpecials.be, FerienparkSpecials.de and HolidayParkSpecials.co.uk. These awards were based solely on ratings from guests who have stayed at the Efteling. In 2017, the Efteling was titled 'Best Themepark' in the world by Theme Park Insider, based on overall reader and visitor ratings. In 2018, Symbolica received the TEA Award For Outstanding Achievement. In 2018, 'Best Themepark' and 'Best new dark ride' in the world by Theme Park Insider. In 2019, 'Best Themepark' in The Netherlands & Belgium. Diamond Theme Park Awards 2019. Economy and governance Structure The Efteling is a private company limited by shares. The Efteling Nature Park Foundation (Stichting Natuurpark de Efteling) is the only shareholder. The foundation was founded in 1950 by R.J.Th. van der Heijden, Peter Reijnders, and Anton Pieck. The company is led by two directors. They manage four sections: the theme park, the Efteling Hotel, the Efteling Golf course, and the Efteling Theatre. Since April 17, 2014, the company's CEO has been Fons Jurgens. Employees In the high season, Efteling employs 2,500 workers. In 2000, the number was 1670, of which 400 had a permanent contract (24%), 450 were seasonal employees (27%) and 820 had temp jobs (49%). Visitors Disneyland Paris, #2 amusement park in Europe of annual attendance Efteling, #1 amusement park in Europe of annual attendance Efteling welcomed 3,240,000 visitors in 2007, making it the most popular theme park in the Netherlands. In 2009, the park's attendance surpassed for the first time since its opening 4,000,000 visitors and in 2017 roughly 5,180,000 visitors went to the park, making it the most popular tourist daytrip destination in all categories. The objective was to reach 5 million admissions in 2020. It is reached in 2017, three years earlier than expected. In its opening year (1952), the park had 222,941 visitors. In 1954, the millionth visitor since the official opening was welcomed. In 1983, the attendance increases by 30%. Efteling is the leading leisure park in Europe with 1.9 million visitors per year. In 1989, Efteling leads European parks in terms of attendance, 2.1 million people go to the park, including 1.6 million from the Netherlands. In 1991, Efteling is on the top step of the European podium with 2.6 million visitors. On the second step, three parks have 2 million admissions: Europa-Park, Alton Towers and Phantasialand. On the third step, two parks show 1.4 million admissions: Walibi Wavre and Parc Astérix. Most of the visitors are Dutch; 94% of the Dutch population has visited the park. About 16% of visitors live in areas such as Flanders (Belgium), Westphalia (Germany) and Southern England (UK). A graph of the number of visitors of the Efteling during the period 1952–2018: Ticket price A graph of the ticket price in euros of the Efteling during the period 1952-2014: From 1952 to 2002, the ticket price was set in Dutch guilders. These prices were converted to euros using a conversion factor of 0,45378. In 1952, the ticket price was 0,80 Dutch guilders (0,36 euro). From 1956 to 1965, the ticket price was 1 Dutch guilder. The price had risen to 42 Dutch guilders by 2001 and was converted to 21 euros in 2002, during the switch to the euro in the Netherlands. tickets cost 42.00 Euros or 40.00 Euros by "low season". There are also "luxe" tickets for €68.00 that include i.a. lunch, dinner and free parking. Tickets ordered online are sold with a discount of 2 euros. Admission is free for children under 4. Investments On December 11, 2008, theme park officials announced that they would spend EUR40 million during 2009-2012 on three large construction projects: a convention centre accommodating 1500 visitors (de Burcht), an arena from the Middle Ages for 750 show spectators (Raveleijn), and a redesign for snack bar "De Likkebaerd" to turn it into a station for the park's steam train. They also said they did not expect to suffer from the Financial crisis of 2007–2008. In 2009, the Efteling announced that the Burcht has been cancelled. The park announced in 2015 that they had the ambition to welcome 7 million guests by 2030. For this they drew up a zoning plan in the period from 2015 to 2018 called 'Bestemmingsplan Wereld van de Efteling 2030'. The park will at first expand to the east as far as the road De Horst and the highway N261. After the eastern expansion, the park will expand in a western direction on the site where parking spaces are currently located. In 2018, the zoning plan was unanimously adopted within the municipality of Loon op Zand, after which three objections were submitted to the Raad van State. Two objections were investigated by the council and in the meantime the council decided that De Efteling was not allowed to start implementing the plan. With an adjustment on a number of points, the council approved the zoning plan in June 2021. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that led to the multiple closures of the park, the park had to review its investments. It decided to postpone the expansion towards the east side for a few years and to focus on expansions within the existing park boundaries. On January 24, 2022, the company announced that it would invest €75 million in the construction of a new hotel within the park on the square behind the entrance and in an attraction that will replace Spookslot. The Disney connection Efteling has a good relationship with the Disney theme parks. Disneyland Paris consulted Efteling during its construction and design phase, to adapt the American park to European tastes. As a token of appreciation, the Disney Company gave Efteling a small statue. Ton van de Ven, who designed many of Efteling's attractions, was also a good friend of Disney's Tony Baxter (senior vice president of Walt Disney Imagineering). The relationship between the two parks was emphasized when Efteling won the 2004 Thea Classic Award, the highest honor awarded by the Themed Entertainment Association: Efteling had, as it turned out, been nominated by Tony Baxter. Also, a popular legend further links Disney and Efteling. For years, rumors have circulated that Walt Disney derived his inspiration for Disneyland (which opened in 1955), from Efteling (which opened in 1952). According to the legend, in the early 1950s, Walt Disney traveled to Europe a few times and visited several tourist attractions. Reportedly, a brochure from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions even states that Disney "spent a great deal of time studying Pieck's work at Efteling before beginning his own park." However, the rumor was later discredited by Efteling. An off-hand remark by a PR person for Efteling during a presentation for a group of reporters further extend the legend's longevity. Disney likely never actually visited Efteling, though he did visit Madurodam and Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen. The latter actually did provide some inspiration for Disneyland. References External links 1952 establishments in the Netherlands Amusement parks in the Netherlands Buildings and structures in North Brabant Tourist attractions in North Brabant Loon op Zand Amusement parks opened in 1952	[ 0.07605674117803574, -0.08561403304338455, 0.6693093180656433, -0.21639254689216614, 0.7084446549415588, -0.0706155076622963, 0.09556890279054642, 0.3136110305786133, -0.38262343406677246, 0.13006049394607544, 0.017246998846530914, -0.24392786622047424, -0.04389479011297226, 0.5743184089660645, -0.13901272416114807, -0.09635389596223831, 0.33216744661331177, 0.6359121799468994, -0.2029380053281784, -0.7635524868965149, 0.22852249443531036, -0.758955180644989, 0.38570350408554077, 0.2888414263725281, 0.10370749235153198, -0.7906351089477539, 0.10003350675106049, -0.1567719578742981, 0.05006757751107216, -0.004464852623641491, -0.43429625034332275, 0.8552133440971375, -0.2169613242149353, -0.39790457487106323, 0.07362588495016098, 0.12837457656860352, -0.18817447125911713, -0.2784545421600342, -0.32265347242355347, -0.4015522003173828, 0.15243376791477203, -0.026762153953313828, -0.13613355159759521, 0.16948629915714264, -0.46014612913131714, -0.5681312084197998, -1.5324071645736694, 0.055266860872507095, -1.0631778240203857, 0.3509271442890167, -0.45484939217567444, -0.0629379004240036, -0.11438010632991791, 0.6861286759376526, 0.6322216391563416, 0.5205091834068298, -0.7709725499153137, -0.23735962808132172, 0.4787718653678894, 0.20832277834415436, 0.39427587389945984, 0.1893378347158432, -0.1102621853351593, 0.1875474452972412, -0.10145343095064163, 0.30617019534111023, -0.17939753830432892, 0.38200560212135315, 0.46468544006347656, -0.47495993971824646, 0.0791674554347992, 0.020833395421504974, -0.11199294030666351, -0.49069228768348694, 0.24359361827373505, 0.057511378079652786, 0.04111277312040329, -0.02825673297047615, 0.30414462089538574, 0.5846109390258789, 0.02661418542265892, -0.5636298656463623, 1.6239242553710938, -0.22939527034759521, 0.4831552803516388, 0.589625358581543, -0.19315117597579956, -0.6531222462654114, -0.6086264252662659, -0.23410652577877045, -0.19486214220523834, -0.6592510938644409, 0.08415590226650238, 0.23320913314819336, 0.0416019931435585, -0.001836324343457818, -0.09808317571878433, 0.32891130447387695, -0.040725577622652054, 0.8180717825889587, 0.22865676879882812, 0.30327510833740234, -0.5698249340057373, -0.32755184173583984, -0.48059090971946716, -0.3839607536792755, 0.19939957559108734, -0.7325636148452759, 0.31637704372406006, -0.5620735883712769, -1.1054590940475464, 0.5546848177909851, 0.09000976383686066, 0.001977442065253854, 0.21384185552597046, 0.5767720341682434, 0.5514780282974243, 0.1405349224805832, -0.11496816575527191, 0.29598310589790344, 0.2392566055059433, 0.41112518310546875, 0.31154027581214905, 0.08753184974193573, -0.08887907862663269, 0.04203952103853226, -0.16647286713123322, 0.6215687990188599, -0.4480164647102356, -0.011690283194184303, 0.9893310070037842, -0.015717431902885437, -0.1726152002811432, -0.1263577789068222, -0.03533390536904335, 0.03921378403902054, 0.4960852265357971, 0.21880492568016052, 0.36740055680274963, 0.613365888595581, -0.7844536900520325, -0.22074848413467407, -0.574986457824707, -0.2114631086587906, -0.08165993541479111, -0.28485700488090515, -0.3892759084701538, -0.602120578289032, -0.3008270561695099, 0.12010382115840912, 0.15106673538684845, 0.31930243968963623, -0.7528116703033447, -0.10626913607120514, -0.22498419880867004, 0.5838080644607544, 0.03470141440629959, -0.1637633740901947, 0.04535505920648575, 0.13429699838161469, -0.12417074292898178, -0.21421334147453308, -0.03687379136681557, 0.26191312074661255, 0.03262070566415787, -0.3776918649673462, 0.5395202040672302, 0.34060999751091003, 0.12718668580055237, 0.2596418559551239, -0.4529566168785095, 0.2723367214202881, 0.6006841659545898, 0.1376778930425644, 0.11580519378185272, 0.041111890226602554, 0.8936017751693726, -0.12030137330293655, -0.04948906600475311, 0.6357845067977905, -0.822928786277771, 0.11650808900594711, 0.28475379943847656, -0.20196466147899628, 0.18264256417751312, -0.14738115668296814, -0.08611735701560974, 0.19505491852760315, 0.07454109936952591, 0.13562116026878357, -0.1381143480539322, -0.6821696162223816, 0.5968170166015625, -0.09772083908319473, 0.7099087834358215, 0.007550692185759544, -0.6477000117301941, 0.7572302222251892, -0.4122627377510071, 0.49890366196632385, -0.2458755373954773, -0.5205942988395691, 0.4685693681240082, 0.13335740566253662, -0.28383657336235046, 0.22586290538311005, -0.30929914116859436, -0.6429651379585266, -0.4620702564716339, 0.6687842011451721, 0.08723146468400955, 0.019279720261693, 0.5257217288017273, 0.17656752467155457, 0.11160474270582199, -0.6877328753471375, -0.25996920466423035, 0.10298409312963486, -0.10163664072751999, -0.1931537240743637, 0.22159747779369354, 0.4730626940727234, -0.5726277232170105, 0.28592488169670105, -0.2816977798938751, 0.26160284876823425, 0.3805314600467682, 0.09523268043994904, 0.7286720275878906, -0.479580283164978, -0.22637736797332764, 0.443331778049469, 0.20663540065288544, -0.15221044421195984, 0.37098556756973267, 0.18171221017837524, 0.30342555046081543, -0.18619202077388763, 0.5414857268333435, -0.00642811506986618, -0.18164527416229248, 0.3885102868080139, -0.7628778219223022, 0.5473450422286987, 0.6096758842468262, 0.7938070893287659, -0.28935685753822327, 0.6727123856544495, -0.8621507883071899, -0.24011240899562836, -0.023966528475284576, -0.16396309435367584, -0.013423546217381954, -0.13283413648605347, 0.15418295562267303, -0.3555704951286316, 0.09246976673603058, 0.21848446130752563, 0.14950279891490936, 0.18154650926589966, -0.46071988344192505, -0.6411988735198975, 0.4286954998970032, 0.4760414659976959, 0.1494961827993393, -0.2933419942855835, -0.0759911835193634, -0.6378309726715088, 0.36061495542526245, 0.5007445812225342, 0.14236806333065033, 0.09416453540325165, -0.3679492175579071, 0.02717806026339531, -0.2132655829191208, -0.47329115867614746, -0.18962080776691437, 0.2872764468193054, -0.018820766359567642, -0.3963042199611664, -0.11096116900444031, 0.7106579542160034, 0.25229692459106445, -0.5297278761863708, 0.5633639097213745, 0.13196222484111786, -0.16986188292503357, -0.48440420627593994, -0.2745439410209656, -0.20429746806621552, 0.34811916947364807, -0.1274498850107193, -0.28624123334884644, 0.13088244199752808, -0.05616486072540283, 0.13659349083900452, -0.21990877389907837, -0.02641342207789421, 0.2787555158138275, 0.1396428644657135, 0.06764005124568939, 0.32823726534843445, -0.08115944266319275, 0.21843558549880981, -0.2766772508621216, -0.18783164024353027, -0.2298261672258377, -0.2552657723426819, -5.828999996185303, 0.33935078978538513, 0.32028141617774963, 0.21351417899131775, -0.6168053150177002, -0.10412764549255371, 0.49323099851608276, 0.1334766447544098, 0.03154106065630913, 0.11136811971664429, 0.10585413128137589, -0.7497023940086365, 0.09669030457735062, 0.45260027050971985, 0.19537390768527985, 0.5619641542434692, 0.6156673431396484, 0.07029389590024948, 0.07097040861845016, -0.08309543877840042, -0.39401987195014954, -0.18614912033081055, -0.06643769145011902, 0.3787742555141449, 0.7632030248641968, 0.19212953746318817, -0.3092648983001709, -0.14958859980106354, -1.0144044160842896, -0.29997551441192627, 0.052287615835666656, -0.5793033838272095, -0.07828665524721146, 0.11618901044130325, 0.15586107969284058, 0.277877539396286, 0.8201876282691956, 0.15507523715496063, 0.4222346842288971, -0.4613293707370758, 0.15207813680171967, 0.6402148604393005, -0.3554675877094269, 0.06729000061750412, 0.117328941822052, -0.7766659259796143, -0.4280315041542053, 0.3294645845890045, -0.6018592119216919, 0.3943924605846405, 0.43172487616539, -0.17101077735424042, 0.6984685659408569, 0.35222792625427246, 0.25152480602264404, -0.3748776614665985, -0.23783816397190094, -0.06075941398739815, 0.10225153714418411, 0.19364811480045319, 0.4749458432197571, -0.21989871561527252, 0.017223931849002838, -0.631887674331665, -0.29406046867370605, -0.15272364020347595, 0.11853332072496414, -0.08196999877691269, 0.413325697183609, -0.2773752212524414, 0.2415456473827362, -0.5657407641410828, 0.14661705493927002, -0.994454026222229, -0.02795179933309555, 0.22488099336624146, -0.4676300585269928, -0.29080426692962646, 0.21676068007946014, -0.2654575705528259, -0.3683865964412689, -0.30794650316238403, -0.00552814407274127, 0.5783010721206665, 0.021483680233359337, -0.23428715765476227, -0.4843420684337616, -0.28953537344932556, -0.32848891615867615, -0.08764263987541199, 0.3727896511554718, 0.2771890461444855, 0.019361009821295738, -0.1186932772397995, -0.695570707321167, 0.47284606099128723, 0.13079112768173218, -0.21829715371131897, -0.04310910031199455, -0.05148034542798996, 0.3968544602394104, -0.09783513098955154, 0.06751192361116409, 0.22991804778575897, -0.22243386507034302, -0.20175980031490326, 0.26203328371047974, 0.4171574115753174, 0.5918663144111633, -0.2858697474002838, -0.2131258249282837, 0.6889008283615112, -0.0638807862997055, -0.45746126770973206, 0.31400781869888306, -0.23619091510772705, -0.6608970761299133, 0.5736944079399109, 0.3751687705516815, -0.26564541459083557, -0.07121593505144119, 0.7936239838600159, -0.007698237895965576, -0.345735639333725, 0.022153906524181366, 0.16407659649848938, -0.17425492405891418, 0.1771867275238037, -0.13898895680904388, -0.29281777143478394, -0.42359694838523865, -0.012219217605888844, 0.2530796229839325, -0.5818091630935669, -0.07341422140598297, -0.8146116733551025, -0.3235880136489868, -0.7293025851249695, -0.05708283185958862, -0.05548367276787758, 0.5219433903694153, -0.22202779352664948, 0.07403701543807983, 0.5776363611221313, -0.02764463610947132, 0.2657420039176941, 0.38706648349761963, -0.3535428047180176, -0.6034328937530518, -0.2784823179244995, -0.12304581701755524, 0.0780581459403038, 0.5960549712181091, -0.39979687333106995, -0.11024865508079529, 0.0380764976143837, -0.2982296347618103, -0.12053385376930237, 0.38545000553131104, -0.14897380769252777, 0.6723657846450806, -0.47062093019485474, -0.990397572517395, 0.21572016179561615, 0.23286066949367523, 0.42507514357566833, -0.2268376648426056, -0.23662269115447998, -0.7706520557403564, 0.17267952859401703, 0.29691198468208313, -0.5722827911376953, -0.6871413588523865, -0.34015437960624695, 0.025829095393419266, -0.21495603024959564, -0.2996825873851776, -0.3607200086116791, 0.11724846810102463, -0.5039560198783875, 0.15534423291683197, 0.20424717664718628, -0.13345709443092346, 0.5836945176124573, 0.5416167974472046, -0.8925936222076416, -0.23867957293987274, 0.1278706192970276, -0.32207468152046204, -0.2968009412288666, 0.3838830888271332, 0.19397681951522827, 0.49565085768699646, 0.18771418929100037, -0.33736875653266907, -0.556254506111145, -0.12359078228473663, 0.562731921672821, 0.04321764409542084, -0.011368202045559883, -0.2980833351612091, 0.007045899983495474, -0.47616541385650635, 0.3769412040710449, 0.27421796321868896, -0.22138164937496185, 0.09380900859832764, -0.3674995005130768, 0.21655458211898804, 0.24402643740177155, -0.843727171421051, -0.6494208574295044, -0.21939833462238312, 0.1787930727005005, -0.6202836036682129, 0.15368394553661346, 0.28813374042510986, -0.6193960905075073, -0.6801040768623352, 0.1325988620519638, -0.20586451888084412, -0.12028593569993973, -0.5886892080307007, -0.359637588262558, -0.5866830945014954, 0.4428180158138275, 0.7527844309806824, -0.4706220030784607, 0.21725812554359436, 0.1856517642736435, -0.09904441237449646, 0.1803532987833023, -0.031030330806970596, 0.31447315216064453, 0.053504880517721176, 0.3737186789512634, 0.3549617528915405, 0.5157031416893005, 0.4205637276172638, 0.21489550173282623, 0.3877911865711212, -0.26679912209510803, -0.29827484488487244, -0.7389379143714905, 0.08879818767309189, 0.7878701686859131, -0.12934385240077972, -0.4228017032146454, -0.8135535717010498, 0.2460453063249588, -0.2143067568540573, -0.07322758436203003, -0.3592619299888611, 0.2218502312898636, 1.4004580974578857, -0.6434656381607056, 0.2589767873287201, 0.7410810589790344, 0.18788458406925201, -0.1861039698123932, -0.009131835773587227, -0.06834480911493301, -0.33421412110328674, 0.5772123336791992, 0.2784484028816223, -0.21328772604465485, -0.5744076371192932, -0.14731121063232422, -0.38947129249572754, -0.22199442982673645, -0.14886514842510223, -0.1100519448518753, 0.8102649450302124, 0.17746561765670776, -0.019525106996297836, -0.3546164631843567, -0.22198660671710968, -0.865430474281311, 0.25336000323295593, -0.19799721240997314, -0.27857545018196106, 0.14914503693580627, 0.009057442657649517, -0.15658079087734222, 0.006295180879533291, -0.5812119245529175, -0.6601307988166809, -0.19403815269470215, -0.3891763985157013, 0.1586116999387741, 0.06657391041517258, -0.5951557159423828, -0.19260694086551666, -0.17827625572681427, 0.45657145977020264, 0.39602822065353394, 0.21109125018119812, -0.10782609134912491, 0.17677854001522064, -0.40849101543426514, -0.9119515419006348, 0.6374188661575317, 0.47407156229019165, -0.38812196254730225, 0.20450201630592346, -0.0706913098692894, 0.03880612924695015, 0.008821072988212109, 0.08279207348823547, 0.21195539832115173, 0.060252152383327484, 0.14490120112895966, -0.6339759230613708, 0.682846188545227, -0.0719197690486908, 0.21737319231033325, 0.5773459672927856, -0.6372755169868469, -0.16667121648788452, 0.2756609320640564, -0.10221002250909805, -0.1826574206352234, 0.4289573132991791, 0.26832517981529236, -0.040025826543569565, 0.862186849117279, 0.3916614055633545, 0.10198604315519333, 0.5527562499046326, -0.04622631147503853, 0.3456905484199524, -0.0857853889465332, -0.4397158622741699, 0.8392172455787659, -0.23473569750785828, 0.27010032534599304, -0.37137067317962646, -0.048499591648578644, -0.2101050764322281, 0.6013253927230835, 0.3339456617832184, 0.6460561156272888, -0.30003324151039124, -0.029250595718622208, -0.13575811684131622, 0.05468882992863655, 0.7086332440376282, -0.0020443000830709934, 0.16729456186294556, 0.07312915474176407, 0.47223493456840515, -0.6518422961235046, -0.04210253804922104, -0.8129798173904419, -0.1518723964691162, -0.025209607556462288, 0.0883190929889679, 0.006817864254117012, 0.17204315960407257, 0.45141738653182983, 0.5407800078392029, 0.15856285393238068, -0.16446739435195923, -0.03830688074231148, 0.22622641921043396, -0.21192097663879395, -0.411733478307724, -0.022091027349233627, -0.15856091678142548, 0.4993540346622467, 0.3541526198387146, 0.2609069347381592, 0.04891993850469589, -0.33325791358947754, -0.24190738797187805, 0.5870254635810852, 0.18123051524162292, 0.006591236684471369, -0.017928853631019592, 0.4324488341808319, -0.31035295128822327, 0.23731845617294312, 0.29001137614250183, 0.8435105681419373, 0.21805013716220856, -0.6040306687355042, 0.13533850014209747, 0.29102271795272827, -0.37444958090782166, -0.022194750607013702, -0.03624090924859047, -0.1326836496591568, 0.03160404786467552, -0.05389006808400154, -0.29716241359710693, -0.054109569638967514, -0.2140568643808365, 0.6754956245422363, -0.3760221302509308, -0.16710829734802246, -0.34487777948379517, 0.22016318142414093, 0.177792489528656, -0.010502279736101627, -0.34279105067253113, 0.5475450754165649, -0.3548794686794281, 0.13710317015647888, -0.1748952716588974, 0.39003583788871765, 0.7746354937553406, -0.4092322885990143, 0.2973563075065613, 0.03371787071228027, 0.0006571710691787302, -0.3626899719238281, 0.34492313861846924, -0.012534885667264462, -0.15062551200389862, -0.10748868435621262, -0.16846700012683868, -0.3780694007873535, -0.13934262096881866, 0.06824798136949539, 0.08159320801496506, -0.26361221075057983, 0.35338690876960754, -0.24665583670139313, -0.2159261554479599, 0.33570581674575806, -0.02677496336400509, -0.6275167465209961, -0.4032551944255829, 0.8378543257713318, -0.8142706751823425, -0.15755942463874817, 0.47443297505378723, 0.4940582513809204, 0.29327529668807983, 0.0875922366976738, -0.16447842121124268, 0.22466662526130676, 0.09708122909069061, 0.27446380257606506, -0.4073292315006256, 0.07495109736919403, 0.08083771169185638, 0.4960913360118866, -0.6654152274131775, -0.27290356159210205, 0.6928982138633728, -0.5160778760910034, 0.16128142178058624, -0.2440127581357956, -0.18143372237682343, -0.09049148857593536, -0.08577961474657059, -0.40181300044059753, 0.7040326595306396, 0.01865857094526291 ]
249373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Johnson%27s	Howard Johnson's	Howard Johnson's, or Howard Johnson by Wyndham, is an American-owned chain of worldwide hotels and motels, located primarily throughout the United States. It was also a chain of restaurants for over 90 years and widely known for that alone. Founded by Howard Deering Johnson, it was the largest restaurant chain in the U.S. throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with more than 1,000 combined company-owned and franchised outlets. Howard Johnson hotels and motels are now part of Wyndham Hotels and Resorts. Howard Johnson's restaurants were franchised separately from the hotel brand beginning in 1986, but in the years that followed, severely dwindled in number and all but disappeared by the turn of the century. As of 2016, only one Howard Johnson's restaurant remains: in Lake George, New York. The food and beverage rights to the brand are currently owned by Wyndham Hotels & Resorts. The line of branded supermarket frozen foods, including ice cream, is no longer manufactured. History Early years In 1925, Howard Deering Johnson borrowed $2,000 to buy and operate a small corner pharmacy in Wollaston, a neighborhood in Quincy, Massachusetts. Johnson was surprised to find it easy to pay back the money lent to him, after discovering his recently installed soda fountain had become the busiest part of his drugstore. Eager to ensure that his store would remain successful, Johnson decided to devise a new ice cream recipe. Some sources say the recipe was based on his mother's homemade ice creams and desserts, while others say that it was from a local German immigrant, who either sold or gave Johnson the ice cream recipe. The new recipe made the ice cream more flavorful due to increased butterfat content. Eventually Johnson created 28 flavors of ice cream. He is quoted as saying, "I thought I had every flavor in the world. That '28' (flavors of ice cream) became my trademark." Throughout the summers of the late 1920s, Johnson opened concession stands on beachfront property along the coast of Massachusetts. The stands sold soft drinks, hot dogs, and ice cream. Each stand was successful. With his success becoming more noticeable every year, Johnson convinced local bankers to lend him funds to operate a sit-down restaurant. Negotiations were made and, toward the end of the decade, the first Howard Johnson's restaurant opened in Quincy. It featured fried clams, baked beans, chicken pot pies, frankfurters, ice cream, and soft drinks. The first Howard Johnson's restaurant received a tremendous boost in 1929, owing to an unusual set of circumstances: The mayor of nearby Boston, Malcolm Nichols, banned the production of Eugene O'Neill's play, Strange Interlude in Boston. Rather than fight the mayor, the Theatre Guild moved the production to Quincy. The five-hour play was presented in two parts with a dinner break. The first Howard Johnson's restaurant was near the theater, and hundreds of influential Bostonians flocked to the restaurant. Through word of mouth, more Americans became familiar with the Howard Johnson Company. Expansion in the 1930s and 1940s Johnson wanted to expand his company, but the stock market crash of 1929 prevented this. After waiting a few years and maintaining his business, Johnson persuaded an acquaintance in 1932 to open a second Howard Johnson's restaurant in Orleans, Massachusetts. The second restaurant was franchised and not company-owned. This was one of America's first franchising agreements. By the end of 1936 there were 39 more franchised restaurants, creating a total of 41 Howard Johnson's restaurants. By 1939, there were 107 Howard Johnson's restaurants along American East Coast highways, generating revenues of $10.5 million. In less than 14 years, Johnson directed a franchise network of over 10,000 employees with 170 restaurants, many serving 1.5 million people a year. Johnson’s success gave him added opportunity to capitalize on getting his name around. When wealthy socialite Dorothy May Kinnicutt Parish (known as Sister Parish) began her decorating business in the 1930s, Johnson hired her to decorate the restaurant he built in Somerville, New Jersey. She told a reporter from The New York Times, “I dressed the waitresses in aqua, did the walls in aqua, I made the placemats in aqua. I guess I must have thought it was quite chic, but I haven’t done a thing in aqua since.” (quoted in A History of Howard Johnson’s by Anthony Mitchell Sammarco). The unique icons of orange roofs, cupolas, and weather vanes on Howard Johnson properties helped patrons identify the chain's restaurants and motels. The restaurant's trademark Simple Simon and the Pieman logo was created by artist John Alcott in the 1930s while the fiberglass signs were sculptured by Charles Pizzano. There were 200 Howard Johnson's restaurants when America entered World War II. By 1944, only 12 Howard Johnson's restaurants remained in business. The effects of war rationing had crippled the company. Johnson managed to maintain his business by serving commissary food to war workers and U.S. Army recruits. When the Pennsylvania Turnpike (1940), and later the Ohio Turnpike, New Jersey Turnpike and Connecticut Turnpike were built, Johnson bid for and won exclusive rights to serve drivers at service station turnoffs through the turnpike systems. In the process of recovering from these losses, in 1947 the Howard Johnson Company began construction of 200 new restaurants throughout the American Southeast and Midwest. By 1951, the sales of the Howard Johnson Company totaled $115 million. Entering the hotel business By 1954, there were 400 Howard Johnson's restaurants in 32 states, about 10% of which were extremely profitable company-owned turnpike restaurants; the rest were franchises. This was one of the first nationwide restaurant chains. While many places sold "fried clams", they were whole, which was not universally accepted by the American dining public. Howard Johnson popularized Soffron Brothers Clam Company's fried clam strips, the "foot" of hard-shelled sea clams. They became popular to eat in this fashion throughout the country. In 1954, the company opened the first Howard Johnson's motor lodge in Savannah, Georgia. The company employed architects Rufus Nims and Karl Koch to oversee the design of the rooms and gate lodge. Nims had previously worked with the company, designing restaurants. The restaurant's trademark Simple Simon and the Pieman was now joined by a lamplighter character in the firm's marketing of its motels. According to cultural historians, the chain became synonymous with travel among American motorists and vacationers in part because of Johnson's ubiquitous outdoor advertising displays. In 1959, Howard Deering Johnson, who had founded and managed the company since 1925, turned control over to his son, then 26-year-old Howard Brennan Johnson. The elder Johnson observed his son's running of the company until his death in 1972 at the age of 75. Howard Johnson Company went public in 1961; there were 605 restaurants, 265 company-owned and 340 franchised, as well as 88 franchised Howard Johnson's motor lodges in 32 states and The Bahamas. In 1961, Johnson hired New York chefs Pierre Franey and Jacques Pépin to oversee food development at the company's main commissary in Brockton, Massachusetts. Franey and Pépin developed recipes for the company's signature dishes that could be flash frozen and delivered across the country, guaranteeing a consistent product. Civil rights While the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision by the United States Supreme Court in 1954 struck down segregation in public schools, the segregation and maintenance of whites-only public facilities continued in other domains, including the Howard Johnson chain. Segregation in Howard Johnson's restaurants provoked an international crisis in 1957, when a Howard Johnson eatery in Dover, Delaware refused service to Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, the finance minister of Ghana, prompting a public apology from President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Congress of Racial Equality, or CORE, was instrumental in organizing protests and sit-ins at Howard Johnson locations in multiple states. The city of Durham, North Carolina, became notable as a focus for action against segregated restaurants and hotels, including Howard Johnson's. On 12 August 1962, attorney and civil rights activist Floyd McKissick initiated the first of multiple rallies and demonstrations against segregated establishments in Durham, including the Howard Johnson's restaurant on Chapel Hill Boulevard, culminating in multiple protests on 18–20 May 1963 resulting in mass arrests as well as an eventual rapprochement with the city government. Future senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders, while a student at the University of Chicago in 1962, helped organize picketing of a Howard Johnson's location in Cicero, Illinois, during his time as a student activist for CORE. By 7 December 1962, the Howard Johnson Company issued a statement to the press opposing racial segregation in its restaurants, citing its corporate policy against discrimination: "Where it has been possible to change the operation of our company-operated restaurants in the South to conform to our national policy of service without discrimination, this has been done." The letter, written in conjunction with CORE and the NAACP, praised the organizations and aligned company policy with their outlook that segregation was "not defensible." Howard Johnson's restaurants by the 1960s were known to be accommodating to members of the LGBTQ community, particularly in metropolitan New York. On April 21, 1966, at the Howard Johnson's in the Greenwich Village neighborhood, Dick Leitsch, Craig Rodwell, and John Timmins, all members of the New York chapter of the Mattachine Society, an early American gay rights group, patronized the restaurant as part of a 'Sip-In' demonstration in protest of New York liquor laws that prevented serving gay customers. The men were served drinks without incident at the restaurant; they later visited Julius' Bar where they were denied service, eventually leading to changes in the laws. In the late 1960s, gay liberation activist and self-identified drag queen Marsha P. Johnson decided on the drag queen name "Marsha P. Johnson", getting Johnson from the Howard Johnson's restaurant on 42nd Street. New chains and a changing public In the 1930s, H.D. Johnson bought the Wayland Red Coach Grill and used it as the model for a new concept, a more upscale steakhouse restaurant chain called Red Coach Grills. While they had some success, they were not sufficiently profitable. Eventually the last 15 Red Coach Grills were sold in 1983 to a company executive who closed them. In 1969, Johnson again tried a new restaurant concept, Ground Round. It was successful. Though not a Howard Johnson's restaurant, the Ground Round chain was company-owned and franchised, thus increasing the Howard Johnson Company profit. The 28 flavors of ice cream and piggybank-sensitive meal prices made it possible to lure families. The company also started some child-friendly promotions. One was a birthday club. Children signed up in advance and were sent birthday cards redeemable for a free meal, a cake, and in some locations, balloons and lollipops. Family members’ meals were charged at normal rates. The Springfield, New Jersey, restaurant sent out 10,000 cards one year, and they had a 50 percent return on those who came to take advantage of the birthday offer. Children’s menus were an attractive staple of Howard Johnson’s. In addition to offering kid-friendly food at lower prices, industrial designer John Alcott’s firm created a variety of menus that kept the kids entertained. Some were maps of the United States, one was a guide to the metric system. Another menu could be converted to a mask if string was added at home. Howard Johnson’s also held contests. If a person submitted proof via a check-off coupon that they had sampled all 28 flavors of ice cream, the next ice cream cone was free. By 1975, the Howard Johnson Company had more than 1,000 restaurants and more than 500 motor lodges in 42 states and Canada. The company reached its peak that year, but the late 1970s marked the beginning of the end for the Howard Johnson Company. Because of the oil embargo of 1974, the Howard Johnson's restaurants and motor lodges, which received 85% of revenue from travelers, lost profits when Americans could not afford long trips or frequent vacations. Rather than promoting the restaurants to travelers, management knew it had to focus on nearby population centers. Also, the company model of serving pre-made food with high-quality ingredients in traditional dining rooms was costly when compared to the innovations introduced by fast food outlets like McDonald's, which designed its products and restaurants to appeal to families with younger children. Around this time, the chain introduced "Hojo Cola" and other private-label sodas, which disappointed some customers who preferred familiar products such as Coca-Cola or Pepsi. The company suffered from two infamous incidents at a property in the New Orleans Central Business District within 18 months of one another. The first was a July 1971 fire, set by two irate guests who had been ejected from the hotel, which killed six people. The second, in January 1973, was a harrowing day-long siege. Former Black Panther Mark Essex used the hotel's roof as a sniper's perch, killing three police officers, the hotel's general manager and assistant general manager, and a couple from Virginia, who were on a belated honeymoon. He also wounded policemen, firemen and civilians. Then, in Jericho, New York, on 8 November 1974, singer-actress Connie Francis was raped at the Jericho Turnpike Howard Johnson's Lodge. She sued the motel chain for their lapse in security and won a judgment of $2.5 million, one of the largest such judgments at that time, leading to a reform in hotel security. Her rapist was never found. H. B. Johnson attempted to streamline company operations and cut costs, such as serving cheaper food and having fewer employees. This strategy was unsuccessful, because patrons compared this new era of Howard Johnson's restaurants and motor lodges unfavorably to the services they had previously come to know. In a further effort to make the company more successful and profitable, Johnson created other concepts, such as HoJos Campgrounds and 3 Penny Inns for lodging, as well as Deli Baker Ice Cream Maker, and Chatt's for restaurants. All of these concepts failed, furthering the company's demise. In the late 1990s, the Howard Johnson's Candy Factory and Executive Offices in Wollaston were purchased and renovated by the Eastern Nazarene College to form the Adams Executive Center. Changes in ownership In 1979, Johnson accepted an acquisition bid of more than $630 million from Imperial Group PLC of London, England. Imperial obtained 1,040 restaurants (75% company owned/25% franchised) and 520 motor lodges (75% franchised/25% company owned). In 1981 Imperial recruited G. Michael Hostage, then CEO of Continental Baking Company and formerly executive vice president of Marriott Corporation, to replace Johnson as CEO. After four years, despite progress in a turnaround, Imperial reversed course and sold the company. Having declined to entertain Hostage's proposal to lead a leveraged buyout, Imperial employed Goldman Sachs who, with Hostage's assistance, sold the company to Marriott in 1986. In a contemporaneous transaction, Marriott sold the motor lodge business and the Howard Johnson trademark to Prime Motor Inns, a New Jersey company. Marriott was interested in the company-owned restaurants for the real estate. Marriott already owned Big Boy Restaurants and Roy Rogers Restaurants. In 1982, it acquired Host International, which had operated a number of highway rest stops. Many of the established Howard Johnson sites were in prime highway locations which could be profitably converted to Big Boy or various fast food banners. As Marriott quickly demolished the company owned restaurants or converted them to the Bob's Big Boy restaurant chain, the number of Howard Johnson's restaurants remaining circa 1985 was sharply reduced. Only the franchised restaurants remained untouched. Marriott left all company-owned and franchised motor lodges untouched, as the deal called for them to be sold a year later (in 1986) to Prime Motors Inns, an existing franchisee with 63 motels. Divestment of motor lodges Prime Motors Inns continued to preserve the lodges, just as Marriott had, until weak hotel and real estate markets caused it to sell off its assets and cease operations in 1990. Those involved with the company owned and franchised motor lodges banded together and formed the Howard Johnson Acquisition Corporation. They successfully obtained all the rights to operate and maintain the company owned and franchised lodges. With these rights maintained, they changed their name to "Howard Johnson International Incorporated," which became a subsidiary of "Hospitality Franchise Systems Incorporated," which eventually merged with other companies to form Cendant. In 2006, Cendant split itself into Wyndham Worldwide and three other companies. Wyndham operated the Howard Johnson brand under many "tiers" based on price, level of amenities, and services offered. Under Cendant/Wyndham, the chain became a parking place for franchise conversions, which were existing independent motels which had been renovated and added to the chain in order to provide them with access to a nationally recognised name and central reservation infrastructure. As these properties were not originally constructed as Howard Johnson sites, they lacked the distinctive architecture and some had no restaurant at all. Howard Johnson Express Inns, Howard Johnson Inns, Howard Johnson Hotels, and Howard Johnson Plaza Hotels range from limited-service motels to full-service properties with on-site concierges and business centers. Howard Johnson began offering a "Rise 'N' Dine" continental breakfast at some economy limited service locations. The chain abolished the multiple price tiers by 2015. Divestment of restaurant brand While the Howard Johnson Company-owned and franchised motor lodges have stood the test of time since being sold by the Howard Johnson Company in 1979, the restaurants have not. Because Marriott eliminated all the company-owned restaurants, the owners of the franchised restaurants feared elimination and banded together in 1986 and created "Franchise Associates Incorporated" or (FAI). In 1986, Marriott gave FAI the rights to operate and maintain Howard Johnson's restaurants. When Cendant acquired the Howard Johnson's motor lodges, they offered to work together with FAI to ensure the expansion of the restaurant chain. As early as 1987, FAI chairman George Carter acknowledged that "We have the concept, but it desperately needs to be modernized, internally and externally. Howard Johnson was allowed to become tired and stale. We must get rid of that plastic image... Anything can be salvageable if a great deal of time and money and effort is put in it. And Howard Johnson needs all those same things." While the Howard Johnson's restaurant chain was preserved, FAI did not have enough money to expand to new locations or revamp the brand. With the exception of one Howard Johnson's ice cream parlor in Puerto Rico, FAI never opened a new restaurant or expanded the chain. 1990s In 1990, an existing restaurant in Canton, Massachusetts, was remodeled as a prototype for a new era of Howard Johnson's restaurants, but the concept failed, and after less than a decade of operation, the prototype restaurant closed in the spring of 2000. Attempts were made to revamp 25% of the menu and create new signage, but these efforts proved insufficient as the long-neglected chain continued to lose ground to mass-market fast food operations. By March 1995, it was clear the number of restaurants were in decline, with FAI's official directory listing 84 restaurants remaining in the US and Canada. 2000s By 2005, there were fewer than eight surviving restaurants. A combination of no vision, no reinvestment of capital, aging restaurants, a stale menu, lack of marketing or new ideas, and competition from other chains had taken their toll; restaurants were closing their doors. FAI ceased operations in 2005, the same year that the Springfield, Vermont, location and the last New York City restaurant in the chain closed. Cendant acquired the rights to operate and maintain the remaining Howard Johnson's restaurants. In 2006, Cendant sold them to La Mancha Group LLC, which had proposed an aggressive expansion of the restaurant chain that never materialized. After the Waterbury, Connecticut restaurant became The Brass House Restaurant in April 2007, only three locations remained. Cendant split into four smaller companies in 2006; its hotel group became Wyndham Worldwide while other pieces were spun off separately to become Avis Budget Group, Realogy, Travelport and Affinion Group. A line of Howard Johnson-branded frozen foods disappeared from grocery stores after Fairfield Farms Kitchens shut down its Brockton, Massachusetts plant in 2006 and America's Kitchen of Atlanta, Georgia shut down in May 2008. 2010s In spring 2012, one of the last three original Howard Johnson's restaurants closed, in Lake George, and was listed for sale. Television personality, chef and author Rachael Ray once worked at that site while living in Lake George as a teenager. By 2013 only two original restaurants remained open, but the Bangor (hotel and restaurant) no longer had the distinctive orange roof. While the highest tier in the hotel franchise (HoJo Hotel Plaza) does include a restaurant, there is no requirement that these replicate menus, format or branding of the former Howard Johnson restaurant chain. With La Mancha Group LLC no longer active, Wyndham Hotel Group now owned the rights to the HoJo's food business as well as the Howard Johnson hotel chain. In 2013, Wyndham proposed a Howard Johnson Brand Reinvigoration which would bring select flavors of ice cream back to the hotels, adopt a new logo, phase out the multiple branding tiers, give the properties a facelift and redesign as a lower-midscale chain starting in 2015. However, the plan was scrapped and Wyndham instead chose a guestroom renovation program, with a nod to retro color schemes and styles of the brand's past. On 31 March 2015, the Lake Placid, N.Y., Howard Johnson's closed, leaving only one location remaining. Then in September 2016, the Bangor restaurant–the last continuously operating restaurant from the original chain, closed; the last remaining location out of the original 1,000-plus. 2015: Reopened restaurant On 10 January 2015, the "Lake George Family Restaurant" diner opened inside the former Howard Johnson's Lake George restaurant (1953-2012), after its lease was transferred from its original owners, DeSantis Enterprises, to John Larock in August 2014. Choosing to take advantage of a grandfather clause, John Larock reopened it as a Howard Johnson's restaurant, bringing the number of restaurants remaining back up to one (for a very brief time, it operated concurrently with the last two original restaurants before they permanently closed). Despite its proclaimed resilience as "The Last One Standing", its authenticity as a true Howard Johnson's restaurant has been questioned due to its dissimilar menu and negative reviews. A new from the ground up operation, it lacks a kitchen staff and crew formerly connected or experienced with the Howard Johnson's Restaurant chain (excluding Larock, who worked at low-level jobs at this location during the 1980's). While it retains an original building and trademark name, it has no official connection with Wyndham or the defunct FAI, operating entirely as an independent entity. The future of this independent restaurant has been put in question. In January 2017 its land went up for sale and redevelopment projects have been proposed for the site. On October 12, 2017, owner John Larock was arrested and convicted of sexual harassment of female employees, and on October 31, 2018 began serving a six-month jail sentence. The restaurant continues to operate with Larock as owner, but open sporadically, with limited days and hours. In popular culture To produce the 1958 Norman Rockwell painting The Runaway, Rockwell staged the lunch counter scene at a Pittsfield, MA location. All references to the restaurant chain, including the Dairy Bar mirrors, were removed in the final piece. The film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) was "one of the first to carry 'product placements' for companies" such as Howard Johnson's, whose logos appear aboard the space station. The chain's lamplighter was also updated to the "Earthlight Room" on the space station, a Howard Johnson's lounge for passengers taking the Moon shuttle. In the scene where the Russian scientists share a drink with Dr. Floyd, it is shown that the restaurant chain servicing the space station is Howard Johnson's. The chain featured a 2001 tie-in in its children's menu. A substantial portion of the Mad Men season 5 episode, "Far Away Places", involves Don and Megan Draper's trip to the Howard Johnson's Restaurant and Motor Lodge in Plattsburgh, New York. However, exteriors were actually shot in Baldwin Park, California. In response, Howard Johnson's launched a promotion referencing the appearance, to include a letter addressed to the character of Don Draper in the style of letterhead used in that era. In the 1974 film Blazing Saddles, which is set in 1874, a joke is made of recreating the town of Rock Ridge "right down to the orange roof on Howard Johnson's outhouse" and signage boasting "1 flavor". The character named Howard Johnson was played by John Hillerman. In the 1984 comedy film Top Secret!, set in East Germany, a spy arranges to meet one of the main characters at Howard Johnson's, which never had any locations in East Germany. In the season 3 episode of Arrested Development "The Ocean Walker", George Sr. recounts that he married Lucille "because some cheap waitress at a HoJo said she used an IUD", to which she responds "It was Stuckey's", prompting George Sr. to retort "But I believed you!" The hotel was featured in the 2019 film The Irishman. In the 1964 Hitchcock thriller Marnie, Sean Connery and Tippi Hedren were filmed arriving at and dining inside the Howard Johnson's in the Springfield Shopping Center in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The 1972 NRBQ album Scraps features a song called "Howard Johnson's Got His Ho-Jo Working" (Terry Adams). The song is a tongue-in-cheek protest to the monopoly that Howard Johnson's had on many turnpike service plazas across the country, charging ridiculously high prices for food. Frank Zappa and the Mothers song "Billy the Mountain" references Howard Johnsons, as the Main character Billy, and his wife Ethel are traveling cross country. "There's a Howard Johnsons...wanna eat some clams?" References Further reading External links America's Landmark—Under the Orange Roof HoJo site with guides to locations of existing restaurants, history of former locations, etc. American companies established in 1925 Hotels established in 1925 Wyndham brands Restaurant franchises Companies based in Massachusetts Defunct restaurant chains in the United States Defunct restaurant chains in Canada Restaurants established in 1925	[ 0.08200879395008087, 0.37718653678894043, 0.49692225456237793, 0.12342973798513412, 0.8764829635620117, 0.13225537538528442, 0.2739839255809784, 0.6787211298942566, 0.08383168280124664, -0.09921158105134964, -0.960587739944458, 0.22158190608024597, -0.168141707777977, 0.9374235272407532, -0.10057487338781357, 0.07403165102005005, 0.5022950172424316, 0.048676446080207825, -0.21019911766052246, -0.5012269020080566, -0.3148183524608612, -0.048735395073890686, 0.15508583188056946, -0.24563758075237274, -0.3056677579879761, -0.038805123418569565, -0.456020712852478, -0.27218252420425415, -0.688214898109436, 0.4106284976005554, 0.3797706663608551, 0.5436537265777588, -0.04143344610929489, -0.23005495965480804, 0.13729482889175415, -0.11408300697803497, 0.17282834649085999, -0.1743389070034027, -0.4307892620563507, -0.7491368055343628, 0.3785540759563446, -0.1501164734363556, 0.6232243180274963, 0.543979823589325, -0.23008401691913605, -0.19092129170894623, -1.1519157886505127, -0.2139885127544403, -1.0045868158340454, -0.528335452079773, -0.012616166844964027, 0.49704495072364807, 0.07551229000091553, -0.06029827520251274, 0.45129674673080444, 0.6465762853622437, -0.479009747505188, 0.07789070159196854, 0.37459784746170044, -0.38134005665779114, 0.6383677124977112, -0.0021230867132544518, 0.4278247058391571, 0.21438951790332794, -0.35570529103279114, 0.23050269484519958, 0.16384918987751007, -0.06651628017425537, 0.23866912722587585, 0.5266345739364624, -0.14226320385932922, 0.3172057569026947, 0.11766356229782104, 0.0887899175286293, -0.2439306676387787, -0.07199487090110779, -0.22950822114944458, -0.17109933495521545, 0.19537602365016937, 0.24170492589473724, -0.3811693787574768, 0.3224875032901764, 0.37247434258461, -0.037451352924108505, -0.22904278337955475, 0.44590845704078674, -0.431170254945755, -0.44858670234680176, -0.009227476082742214, 0.2148129791021347, -0.6542468070983887, 0.45538070797920227, 0.37967079877853394, -0.044461194425821304, -0.8755590319633484, -0.8746780753135681, 0.4786929488182068, 0.05019773170351982, 0.6451023817062378, 0.46842730045318604, -0.31608808040618896, 0.035602323710918427, -0.1321174055337906, -0.05999952182173729, -0.29587322473526, 0.1484186351299286, -0.17574945092201233, -0.09127029031515121, 0.31346726417541504, 0.4425226151943207, -0.9577917456626892, 0.10685423016548157, 0.26298707723617554, 0.07165167480707169, -0.2022935003042221, -0.019271038472652435, 0.0038849003612995148, -0.23562133312225342, -0.5945571660995483, -0.3350745737552643, -0.15643973648548126, -0.24843351542949677, -0.15119270980358124, 0.338300883769989, 0.011140846647322178, 0.12905101478099823, 0.08196883648633957, 0.055779509246349335, -0.4617258608341217, -0.25816553831100464, 0.23765932023525238, -0.07215964049100876, 0.017492052167654037, 0.03237900510430336, -0.10870496928691864, 0.08692550659179688, 0.042489420622587204, -0.3582955598831177, 0.4260522425174713, 0.13279052078723907, -0.793097198009491, -0.05805712565779686, -1.008610725402832, 0.047844890505075455, 0.23773913085460663, -0.4362148642539978, 0.2970789968967438, -0.44071996212005615, -0.2928009331226349, -0.06452788412570953, 0.17081457376480103, 0.47409147024154663, -0.33303675055503845, -0.06421175599098206, -0.5106164216995239, 0.40140023827552795, 0.11980754137039185, -0.1768912374973297, 0.12084236741065979, -0.16529695689678192, -0.6402666568756104, 0.5979110598564148, -0.035472720861434937, -0.0067122504115104675, -0.29643261432647705, -0.4114091992378235, -0.07653265446424484, -0.2657506465911865, -0.7635310292243958, 0.2830672562122345, -0.3189908564090729, 0.3666967749595642, 0.17020903527736664, 0.09801416844129562, -0.5561898946762085, 0.37152132391929626, 0.7433872222900391, 0.18990477919578552, 0.28374379873275757, 0.0008804313256405294, -0.5709326267242432, 0.3525126278400421, 0.35690534114837646, -0.15333226323127747, 0.3218817710876465, -0.3859298825263977, 0.14870847761631012, -0.2945295572280884, 0.13622693717479706, -0.524891197681427, -0.20721399784088135, -0.41709116101264954, 0.05075588822364807, 0.11064567416906357, 0.4199053645133972, 0.12864229083061218, -0.47462525963783264, 0.9920610785484314, -0.40792569518089294, 0.11105439811944962, 0.04657401517033577, -0.028176160529255867, 0.038120873272418976, -0.39772772789001465, -0.6024905443191528, 0.2768561840057373, 0.18393807113170624, -0.09405794739723206, 0.23430128395557404, 0.26417413353919983, 0.7610147595405579, -0.4136008322238922, 0.4719676673412323, 0.035755936056375504, 0.5988591909408569, -0.41718146204948425, -0.026228001341223717, 0.11824250966310501, 0.17931035161018372, -0.2731199860572815, 1.1443839073181152, 0.26346951723098755, -0.020952725782990456, 0.46380606293678284, -0.31518691778182983, 0.410561203956604, -0.40533050894737244, -0.07803046703338623, -0.12135215848684311, 0.75312739610672, -0.2050473392009735, -0.21869179606437683, 0.22885434329509735, -0.2684229910373688, 0.4908081591129303, 0.2717594504356384, 0.0865648090839386, -0.323811799287796, 0.21058648824691772, -0.12894533574581146, 0.24568887054920197, -0.6478667855262756, -0.14715155959129333, 0.2706414461135864, 0.29230552911758423, -0.26220905780792236, -0.26634183526039124, -0.05586792901158333, -0.30755889415740967, -0.2007058560848236, -0.14673902094364166, -0.2683537006378174, 0.5749356150627136, 0.37794461846351624, 0.6042599678039551, 0.10506680607795715, 0.22031095623970032, 0.49075034260749817, -0.26258543133735657, 0.20955708622932434, -0.09162121266126633, 0.2437925785779953, -0.05068079009652138, 0.071886345744133, -0.09753058105707169, -0.4788345694541931, -0.23297074437141418, -0.4628942012786865, -0.0032555803190916777, 0.3450974225997925, 0.008700769394636154, 0.14515504240989685, -0.6818283796310425, 0.07983821630477905, -0.21431483328342438, -0.2106272131204605, 0.13170981407165527, 0.33430519700050354, -0.13165950775146484, -0.35769394040107727, 0.592816948890686, -0.012860420159995556, 0.275051474571228, -0.6081563234329224, 0.17835372686386108, -0.31379592418670654, -0.23978720605373383, -0.41861602663993835, -0.6404333114624023, 0.0754135474562645, -0.28746160864830017, 0.1300092339515686, -0.5506030917167664, -0.18567170202732086, 0.01026860997080803, 0.4456801116466522, -0.11093720048666, -0.0654040053486824, -0.20741385221481323, -0.06530387699604034, -0.2079828828573227, 0.21388867497444153, -0.23303011059761047, -0.14376556873321533, 0.4455515146255493, -0.6454170942306519, 0.106468066573143, -0.5216568112373352, -5.971742630004883, 0.3850661814212799, -0.10969407111406326, -0.4602932631969452, 0.6032766103744507, -0.34385865926742554, 0.5829346776008606, -0.11187329888343811, -0.031197404488921165, -0.34820714592933655, 0.02877909690141678, -0.6044532060623169, -0.035900212824344635, 0.12645533680915833, 0.07714579999446869, 0.1346709132194519, 0.4785444438457489, 0.5302056074142456, 0.1417216807603836, -0.019328422844409943, 0.41437432169914246, -0.6022031903266907, 0.20276884734630585, -0.013152861967682838, -0.24536366760730743, 0.8545463681221008, -0.3594058156013489, 0.08208751678466797, -1.2034848928451538, -0.30003127455711365, -0.551800549030304, 0.18741506338119507, -0.15551097691059113, -0.05768844857811928, 0.126571923494339, 0.1780763417482376, -0.10164135694503784, -0.1643388420343399, 0.5478554368019104, -0.47278329730033875, 0.3265470564365387, 0.4295143485069275, -0.07496529072523117, -0.3104606866836548, 0.26602670550346375, -0.3360055088996887, -0.3061881363391876, -0.00324246590025723, -0.6334444880485535, 0.30655261874198914, 0.3616742193698883, 0.215007945895195, 0.31093329191207886, 0.43562278151512146, 0.03981401026248932, -0.5218246579170227, -0.19935841858386993, 0.2888890504837036, 0.12987931072711945, 0.2578498125076294, 0.09058011323213577, 0.01911412551999092, 0.5625349283218384, -0.6097646951675415, -0.31285014748573303, -0.4037809371948242, -0.11785762012004852, 0.6123672127723694, 0.3603246510028839, -0.020318912342190742, 0.11031626909971237, -0.02684078738093376, 0.7002246975898743, -0.7385861873626709, 0.334358811378479, -0.34666019678115845, 0.33614295721054077, -0.40537798404693604, 0.27160412073135376, -0.11396702378988266, 0.21082577109336853, 0.21883779764175415, -0.5959766507148743, -0.15507270395755768, -0.16166481375694275, -1.222269892692566, -0.1501014530658722, 0.5242661237716675, -0.44530925154685974, -0.8455631136894226, 0.14918893575668335, -0.15785683691501617, 0.4346179664134979, -0.053233422338962555, 0.2841072976589203, 0.06047927215695381, 0.009389565326273441, 0.5875047445297241, 0.30693331360816956, -0.11877276003360748, 0.36871346831321716, -0.7067362070083618, 0.3372648358345032, -0.3503391742706299, 0.3485732674598694, -0.37184253334999084, 0.5569762587547302, -0.2817976772785187, 0.6405127048492432, 0.15102988481521606, 0.024102196097373962, 0.25105684995651245, -0.5947743058204651, -0.9796558618545532, 0.3090898096561432, -0.4511530101299286, -0.3809245228767395, 0.24428987503051758, -0.30155307054519653, 0.22494299709796906, 0.24578911066055298, 0.36563190817832947, 0.37385258078575134, -0.45595720410346985, -0.18846172094345093, 0.15080365538597107, 0.17556896805763245, -0.4035484194755554, 0.24635373055934906, -0.07749740034341812, 0.5298488736152649, 0.3820223808288574, 0.6569986939430237, 0.18081870675086975, -0.31195124983787537, -0.1398540735244751, 0.044503312557935715, -0.3195330798625946, -0.5093124508857727, 0.05050263926386833, -0.09413482248783112, 0.21669864654541016, -0.3663823902606964, 0.618327796459198, 0.2754897177219391, 0.43750980496406555, -0.21677999198436737, 0.2899000346660614, -0.38389700651168823, 0.34969189763069153, -0.34680232405662537, -0.4761870801448822, 0.7060259580612183, -0.2876870036125183, -0.25108256936073303, -0.05537837743759155, 0.049005765467882156, 0.5930976271629333, -0.17175163328647614, -0.22022154927253723, 0.17579224705696106, -0.5334320664405823, -0.5524175763130188, 0.40154656767845154, -0.07975845783948898, 0.26668089628219604, -0.35394227504730225, 0.009434089064598083, -0.6011350750923157, 0.7286218404769897, 0.23669221997261047, 0.3719503581523895, -0.5777484774589539, 0.04229798540472984, 0.16072221100330353, 0.1835079789161682, -0.15529367327690125, 0.0432070717215538, 0.1921789050102234, -0.0038176439702510834, 0.0771186351776123, -0.3688719868659973, -0.6555325388908386, 0.13056737184524536, 0.4064735472202301, -0.9099491834640503, -0.22611942887306213, -0.2526925504207611, 0.17160643637180328, 0.13504135608673096, 0.3562813103199005, -0.35159188508987427, 0.31270158290863037, 0.4526989161968231, 0.09834761172533035, -0.131641685962677, -0.04859479144215584, 0.45684346556663513, -0.3240128457546234, 0.08039000630378723, -0.4101223647594452, 0.24800829589366913, -0.8210937976837158, 0.2183617502450943, 0.6250776052474976, -0.751888632774353, 0.572104811668396, -0.2526591122150421, 0.3516346216201782, 0.40011316537857056, -0.7350651025772095, -0.3032255470752716, 0.24646636843681335, 0.1538371741771698, -0.18013456463813782, -0.3809090852737427, -0.02976837009191513, -0.46893706917762756, -0.2999405264854431, -0.4110790193080902, 0.10410788655281067, -0.8237691521644592, -0.5195052623748779, -0.22837162017822266, -0.49793684482574463, 0.6509473919868469, -0.06681594997644424, -0.24124343693256378, 0.3031519651412964, -0.38370513916015625, 0.04223891347646713, 0.051287271082401276, 0.0058122919872403145, 0.40133827924728394, 0.29981568455696106, 0.05208854004740715, 0.14572462439537048, 0.07253239303827286, 0.26073509454727173, 0.21394839882850647, 0.14140307903289795, 0.7589548230171204, 0.3309394419193268, -0.6682146191596985, -0.23941734433174133, 0.43538767099380493, 0.30993321537971497, 0.15145154297351837, -0.20421366393566132, 0.2629208564758301, 0.1331004649400711, -0.7754907011985779, -0.2681010663509369, -0.1310618668794632, 0.6284391283988953, -0.15203392505645752, 0.5988227725028992, 0.03777084872126579, 0.04148820787668228, -0.002266210736706853, -0.21980129182338715, 0.05387749895453453, -0.6621274352073669, 0.4266059696674347, -0.0005928801838308573, 0.37229883670806885, -0.3227056860923767, -0.1308085024356842, -0.24254664778709412, -0.4893721044063568, 0.23324978351593018, -0.10920533537864685, 0.06068778783082962, 0.7031713724136353, 0.1346459984779358, 0.22310614585876465, 0.5441494584083557, -0.8074860572814941, -0.020943433046340942, -0.04826219379901886, -0.3906622529029846, -0.011049731634557247, -0.2517089247703552, -0.29883554577827454, 0.27888941764831543, -0.49712634086608887, -0.5048911571502686, 0.10313935577869415, -0.5894235372543335, 0.13898403942584991, 0.06575290858745575, 0.028728988021612167, 0.018538663163781166, 0.1683683544397354, -0.6980435252189636, -0.12047189474105835, 1.0585107803344727, 0.5752437114715576, -0.18259812891483307, 0.401981920003891, -0.5399654507637024, 0.30700597167015076, -0.1240166574716568, -0.020173564553260803, 0.8752126097679138, -0.2003178894519806, -0.05813009664416313, -0.3161453306674957, -0.3383733332157135, -0.1499813348054886, 0.15333084762096405, -0.4272415041923523, 0.3923196494579315, 0.4867077171802521, -0.49141329526901245, -0.27715033292770386, 0.6317029595375061, -0.0882188156247139, 0.09138421714305878, 0.2213512808084488, 0.05277471989393234, 0.34954768419265747, -0.07906664907932281, 0.05921275541186333, 0.4145912826061249, 0.7191768884658813, -0.342393696308136, 0.2808915674686432, 0.2589757740497589, -0.08016756922006607, 0.5755283236503601, -0.3857538402080536, -0.44263818860054016, -0.06628549844026566, -0.2822873890399933, -0.5678533911705017, -0.30639004707336426, -0.6218753457069397, -0.7448482513427734, 0.2830989956855774, 0.7358415722846985, -0.2448008507490158, -0.2780313491821289, 0.35090455412864685, -0.1803169697523117, 0.38126513361930847, 0.3505118489265442, 0.17495839297771454, -0.22892996668815613, -0.09383908659219742, 0.047353703528642654, 0.036088135093450546, 0.4122403860092163, -0.36798685789108276, 0.3612947165966034, 0.16550295054912567, 0.028518924489617348, -0.5600376725196838, -0.06620486080646515, -0.09728936851024628, 0.16536282002925873, 0.01813044212758541, 0.6310523152351379, -0.29252442717552185, 0.08016860485076904, -0.18577399849891663, 0.0017099186079576612, -0.5280863642692566, 0.39394089579582214, 0.5867546200752258, 0.2765895426273346, 0.6118273735046387, -0.6330558061599731, 0.17244157195091248, -0.011959736235439777, 0.48536717891693115, 0.04654340818524361, 0.7361571788787842, 0.5548174381256104, 0.10375658422708511, -0.04409830644726753, -0.2652038335800171, 0.249728724360466, 0.23438726365566254, -0.042239997535943985, 0.08748014271259308, -0.36718836426734924, 0.353587806224823, -0.07353950291872025, 0.3652026653289795, 0.41858741641044617, -0.5807571411132812, -0.5081217885017395, 0.38231223821640015, 0.4318068027496338, 0.17576222121715546, 0.09270597249269485, 0.371792733669281, -0.5783646106719971, 0.36229220032691956, -0.09766241908073425, 0.1967616230249405, 0.5080103874206543, -0.06748125702142715, -0.2021348476409912, 0.3139665722846985, -0.21273395419120789, -0.03089926764369011, -0.21515300869941711, 0.4529254734516144, -0.48017463088035583, 0.057902418076992035, -0.09815862029790878, 0.15603548288345337, 0.04094727709889412, -0.07820719480514526, 0.7221719622612, 0.3728705048561096, 0.16227462887763977, -0.16026529669761658, -0.24041441082954407, -0.25635939836502075, -0.17720051109790802, -0.021135713905096054, -0.25583815574645996, -0.09642774611711502, 0.3904208540916443, -0.25260624289512634, -0.8706484436988831, 1.1536517143249512, 0.22240228950977325, -0.5197387337684631, -0.38876980543136597, -0.06757193803787231, -0.6664320826530457, -0.23241189122200012, 0.3583407998085022, 1.057370662689209, 0.30663377046585083, 0.14511437714099884, 0.13236133754253387, -0.23756612837314606, -0.2957061529159546, -0.13118357956409454, 0.343399316072464, 0.12227936089038849, 0.11205656826496124, -0.35670366883277893, -0.5321742296218872, 0.07903782278299332, 0.18389302492141724, -0.550209641456604, -0.03978477045893669, -0.04952038824558258, 0.3883969187736511, 0.12367313355207443, 0.07459744065999985, -0.16000930964946747, 0.8709781765937805, 0.043005093932151794 ]
249374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaquil	Tanaquil	Tanaquil (Etruscan: Thanchvil) was the queen of Rome by marriage to Tarquinius Priscus, fifth king of Rome. Life The daughter of a powerful Etruscan family in Tarquinii, Etruria, Tanaquil thought her husband would make a good leader, but since he was the son of an immigrant, he would not be able to gain power in Tarquinii, where they lived. Knowing this, Tanaquil encouraged him to move to Rome, which was not at the time dominated by a strong local aristocracy. Her prophetic abilities helped her to install Tarquin as king and later Servius Tullius as the next king. While on the road to Rome, an eagle flew off with Tarquin's hat and then returned it to his head. Tanaquil interpreted this as a sign that the gods wanted him to become a king. Tanaquil's prophecy was eventually realized for Tarquin - he eventually became friends with King Ancus Marcius, who made Tarquin guardian of his children. When the king died before his children were old enough to become successors to the throne, Tarquin used his popularity in the Comitia to be elected the fifth king of Rome. He ruled from 616 to 579 BC. She had four children, two daughters and two sons, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last king of Rome, and Arruns Tarquinius, co-conspirator in the foundation of the Republic of Rome. One of her daughters, Tarquinia, married Servius Tullius after he had succeeded Tarquinius Priscus as king. Tanaquil played a role in the rise of Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome. Raising him as her own child, Tanaquil believed Servius would be the next successor to the throne. Her dreams would be realized when, one day Servius was sleeping and his head was surrounded with flames. The fires danced around his head without hurting him and when Servius awoke, the fire disappeared. Taking this as an omen, Tanaquil knew Servius would one day be king. When Tarquin was assassinated, Tanaquil hid his death from her subjects, instead telling them that Tarquin had been wounded and had Servius himself appointed regent until he got better. After gaining the people's respect and commanding the kingship, Servius and Tanaquil announced Tarquin's death. The Senate named Servius king and Tanaquil's son, Arruns Tarquinius, married Servius' daughter, Tullia. Gaia Caecilia In an alternate tradition reported by several Roman chroniclers, Tanaquil changed her name to Gaia Caecilia when she arrived at Rome. Under this name she was regarded as the model of womanly virtue, skilled in the domestic arts, particularly spinning and weaving, and she was associated with the origin of various Roman wedding customs. Pliny reports that in his day, six hundred years later, her spindle and distaff were preserved in the Temple of Sancus, where stood a bronze statue of the queen, together with a purple tunic she had woven for Servius Tullius, and according to some authorities a belt upon which Tanaquil had placed a number of healing charms, and to which miraculous properties were ascribed. Tanaquil was said to have woven the first tunica recta, the dress traditionally woven by Roman brides for their wedding day, and it was even supposed that the ancient wedding formula recited by the bride and groom, "ubi tu Gaius, ego Gaia" (as you are Gaius, I am Gaia), was a reference to Tanaquil. During the Renaissance, Boccaccio cited Gaia Caecilia (under the name "Gaia Cyrilla") in his De Mulieribus Claris (On Famous Women) as a model of frugality and the simple living style of Roman antiquity. See also Tanaquil (painting) Notes References Pliny the Elder, Natural Histories VIII.74.194 Livy, Ab urbe condita I.34, 39, 41 Cassius Dio, Roman History, II Tanaquil. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: . Raia, Ann R. and Sebesta, Judith Lynn. The World of State. 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2007: . Spalding, Tim. The Ancient Library 2005. Retrieved May 9, 2007: . Thayer, Bill. Roman History, vol.1 Loeb Classical Library edition, 1914. Web page made 2003. Retrieved May 9, 2007: . Bowder, Diana. Who was who in the Roman World. Oxford: Phaidon Press Limited, 1980. Lightman, Marjorie, and Benjamin Lightman. Biographical dictionary of ancient Greek and Roman women: notable women from Sappho to Helena. New York: Facts On File, 2000. Salisbury, Joyce E. Encyclopedia of women in the ancient world. Santa Barbara, Calif.:Abc-Clio, 2001. External links Stemma Tarquiniorum, Tarquinius family tree 7th-century BC Roman women 6th-century BC Roman women Etruscans Queens of Rome	[ -0.3588436543941498, -0.15380029380321503, -0.19519498944282532, 0.0650549903512001, 0.1516191065311432, 1.2069491147994995, -0.037125591188669205, 0.23154595494270325, -0.2700149714946747, -0.1884509027004242, 0.11611523479223251, 0.4303785562515259, -0.010905051603913307, 0.2227439135313034, -0.39364826679229736, -0.18660037219524384, 0.3370179831981659, 0.31972014904022217, 0.023929821327328682, -0.5911334156990051, 0.11172416806221008, -0.24458910524845123, 0.05649806931614876, -0.06770158559083939, 0.4526958167552948, 0.33329981565475464, 0.2415994256734848, 0.4285283386707306, 0.021792571991682053, -0.1503159999847412, 0.39064741134643555, -0.11363673955202103, -0.06342660635709763, -0.47930318117141724, -0.4261290431022644, -0.09915673732757568, 0.3072151243686676, 0.17249716818332672, -0.5018547773361206, -0.3887284994125366, -0.2333761751651764, 0.3296816051006317, 0.3470849096775055, 0.3629428744316101, -0.49588918685913086, 0.017288105562329292, -1.0539413690567017, 0.38007602095603943, -0.24211126565933228, -0.46962326765060425, 0.1732197105884552, -0.0683651864528656, 0.09180691838264465, 0.36410075426101685, 0.44842612743377686, 0.4974203109741211, -1.2505245208740234, -0.14070872962474823, -0.05202798917889595, 0.021180935204029083, 0.7935540676116943, -0.048939596861600876, 0.4990975260734558, 0.07065969705581665, 0.1468268632888794, 0.34332412481307983, 0.197905495762825, 0.16384486854076385, -0.0695650726556778, -0.2258920669555664, 0.27204522490501404, 0.871680498123169, -0.18954482674598694, 0.5003153085708618, -0.39977020025253296, 0.07056808471679688, -0.4584363102912903, -0.4449514150619507, 0.9732896089553833, 0.22997809946537018, -0.46782657504081726, -0.011494562961161137, 0.7530756592750549, -0.035574279725551605, 0.3370102643966675, -0.07662872225046158, 0.19856776297092438, 0.47692620754241943, -0.7467331290245056, -0.06248469650745392, -0.38843896985054016, -0.1148553341627121, -0.07493126392364502, -0.017232418060302734, -0.4056055247783661, 0.08185393363237381, -0.04176359251141548, -0.06437153369188309, 0.14587675034999847, -0.35998234152793884, -0.11863604187965393, -0.2925572097301483, -0.38737764954566956, -0.7133184671401978, -1.0094469785690308, -0.019966086372733116, -0.04283204674720764, -0.025022918358445168, -0.6584950089454651, -0.06372664868831635, -0.002374969655647874, 0.10811121761798859, 0.2933729290962219, -0.3524080812931061, -0.4983687400817871, -0.03631449490785599, -0.38527101278305054, -0.3603324592113495, -0.29836487770080566, -0.2003049999475479, 0.2823312282562256, -0.1462906450033188, 0.307237446308136, -0.27810534834861755, 0.10107505321502686, -0.03872516751289368, 0.20201662182807922, 0.3011205792427063, -0.3488878011703491, 0.35827767848968506, 0.5003047585487366, 0.3569672405719757, -0.8072384595870972, 0.28392285108566284, 0.4169168472290039, -0.236826092004776, -0.10505742579698563, -0.07672984153032303, 0.46130549907684326, 0.16132782399654388, -1.0341945886611938, 0.6563766598701477, -0.21575863659381866, 0.09713094681501389, 0.35553014278411865, -0.07727888971567154, 0.6490567922592163, 0.029867757111787796, -0.06127587705850601, 0.09728480130434036, -0.00512138893827796, -0.1793641299009323, 0.09872898459434509, -0.3231491148471832, -0.22847804427146912, -0.487986296415329, 0.4058367908000946, 0.26409226655960083, 0.12873747944831848, 0.5376359820365906, -0.146780863404274, 0.6236025094985962, -0.14107808470726013, -0.03652702271938324, 0.49272969365119934, 0.2298671007156372, 0.022063812240958214, 0.36264121532440186, -0.3814818263053894, 0.07152973115444183, -0.4338483214378357, 0.1666146218776703, -0.29710903763771057, 0.18171994388103485, -0.5222785472869873, 0.5261270999908447, 0.419322669506073, -0.16074424982070923, -0.37497034668922424, -0.704667866230011, -0.49879011511802673, 0.8806965351104736, -0.16078634560108185, 0.428671658039093, 0.5836867690086365, 0.3221000134944916, -0.024257075041532516, -0.13618125021457672, 0.010188999585807323, -0.5518543124198914, -0.6622982621192932, -0.16425257921218872, 0.12896305322647095, -0.04083426669239998, 0.5548323392868042, -0.39542651176452637, -0.2739633023738861, 0.33661478757858276, -0.1843874305486679, 0.11149358749389648, -0.40377506613731384, -0.3669895529747009, 0.4543798565864563, -0.45615631341934204, -0.2955155372619629, 0.09538951516151428, 0.13931302726268768, 0.3349725902080536, 0.49220794439315796, 0.9763939380645752, 0.29232490062713623, 0.3120828866958618, -0.0417407788336277, 0.22086350619792938, -0.7328267693519592, -0.17251531779766083, -0.2188403457403183, 0.49036896228790283, 0.7056183815002441, 0.1769150197505951, 1.0806366205215454, -0.32980966567993164, -0.4797435402870178, -0.03712128847837448, -0.3226655125617981, 0.7684330344200134, -0.3088251054286957, 0.05370118096470833, -0.5063440799713135, 0.1494722217321396, -0.4114152789115906, 0.6846926808357239, 0.3515622019767761, -0.2251410037279129, 0.25135910511016846, -0.20933306217193604, -0.019819432869553566, -0.06076757237315178, 0.398263156414032, -0.19139240682125092, -0.013036859221756458, 0.36191001534461975, -0.20975825190544128, 0.8400169014930725, -0.12612906098365784, -0.04378926381468773, -0.06789123266935349, -0.17268463969230652, 0.169394388794899, -0.8692425489425659, -0.025997033342719078, 0.33800241351127625, -0.28237125277519226, 0.015879496932029724, 0.08047330379486084, -0.5716447234153748, 0.021005697548389435, 0.5660408139228821, 0.4072040021419525, 0.14217311143875122, -0.31501150131225586, 0.4371471703052521, 0.2901779115200043, 0.53229159116745, 0.4936007857322693, 0.07322771847248077, -0.029750676825642586, -0.6099981665611267, 0.03168611600995064, 0.20117157697677612, 0.2956831157207489, -0.13305798172950745, -0.6165466904640198, -0.3337395191192627, -0.08828216046094894, -0.2945423722267151, -0.4640010595321655, 0.5528416633605957, -0.4549947679042816, -0.810106098651886, 0.1045728474855423, 0.44202980399131775, -0.16189754009246826, -0.4509353041648865, -0.3999846875667572, 0.09667902439832687, 0.20348979532718658, -0.4993789494037628, 0.21548223495483398, -0.24978704750537872, 0.15408262610435486, 0.04661263898015022, -0.46839624643325806, -0.021592577919363976, 0.17579476535320282, 0.6767804622650146, 0.1281002014875412, 0.4588702917098999, 0.5181502103805542, -0.531971275806427, -0.44724583625793457, 0.24539697170257568, -0.06372549384832382, 0.376137912273407, 0.6706537008285522, -0.046546708792448044, 0.4479939639568329, -0.2005685716867447, -5.848612308502197, 0.5650031566619873, 0.0368754118680954, -0.2804734408855438, 0.3273215591907501, -0.029860885813832283, 0.413318008184433, -0.1659986823797226, 0.6357012987136841, -0.4780038595199585, 0.27591800689697266, -0.07381344586610794, -0.25951704382896423, 0.011333740316331387, 0.39101508259773254, 0.18916568160057068, 0.13145732879638672, 0.02231915295124054, -0.16860993206501007, 0.32582807540893555, -0.08760745823383331, 0.41782742738723755, -0.24010521173477173, 0.6555664539337158, 0.1536863148212433, -0.1942693591117859, -0.22050507366657257, -0.6611352562904358, -0.9453580975532532, -0.14884550869464874, 0.11729445308446884, 0.10642006993293762, 0.5676268339157104, -0.10643790662288666, -0.034618228673934937, -0.19617553055286407, 0.45033717155456543, 0.03720808029174805, 0.7463316917419434, -0.2393883466720581, -0.7054575085639954, 0.32590898871421814, 0.12409701943397522, 0.3847694396972656, -0.13402652740478516, -0.125691220164299, -0.5481452941894531, -0.025583531707525253, 0.02187003381550312, 0.622215747833252, -0.2941734194755554, -0.37062668800354004, -0.24063682556152344, -0.14337891340255737, -0.06716272979974747, 0.24625863134860992, -0.6659713983535767, 0.13452936708927155, -0.5455436110496521, 0.6431008577346802, 0.7130208015441895, -0.6381556987762451, 0.3322908878326416, -0.17137333750724792, -0.10034368932247162, -0.2016083300113678, -0.2511231601238251, -0.04754411801695824, -0.1273803561925888, 0.48328897356987, 0.11454422771930695, 0.28503742814064026, -0.04854666069149971, -0.8166886568069458, 0.34966978430747986, -0.8437350392341614, -0.8178712725639343, 0.24750517308712006, -0.003944473806768656, -0.4721693694591522, 0.3086867332458496, -0.6056987047195435, 0.08689212054014206, 0.3823406398296356, 0.15673118829727173, -0.37156420946121216, 0.38972771167755127, -0.30170494318008423, -0.2706547677516937, -0.21532349288463593, 0.2975296676158905, -0.9238746166229248, 0.044702284038066864, 0.3631618618965149, -0.3150255084037781, 0.5732768177986145, -0.753974199295044, 0.08298902958631516, 0.7754773497581482, 0.3250456154346466, 0.16383934020996094, 0.190171480178833, 0.27678632736206055, -0.12499680370092392, 0.10179219394922256, -0.24938887357711792, -0.14569154381752014, 0.02871125563979149, 0.28984302282333374, -0.30969148874282837, 0.2224537879228592, -0.2290603518486023, -0.16770358383655548, -0.2882804572582245, 0.0820392444729805, -0.5769711136817932, -0.3009628355503082, 0.5109391212463379, 0.8590611815452576, -0.07054003328084946, -0.13344460725784302, 0.36533233523368835, -0.34681424498558044, -0.5564523935317993, 0.025131581351161003, -0.2053672820329666, 0.37160536646842957, 0.02278420887887478, -0.208685040473938, 0.4947555363178253, -0.4698359966278076, -0.6027659177780151, -0.0717141255736351, -0.4320469796657562, 0.05564163252711296, -0.5328517556190491, -0.3232831358909607, -0.5659622550010681, -0.3768775761127472, 0.4203738868236542, -0.5728520154953003, -0.00795881450176239, -0.8307305574417114, 0.2931346595287323, 0.5298305749893188, 0.34125712513923645, 0.04664584621787071, 0.07369381189346313, -0.22600795328617096, 0.6096020936965942, -0.416759192943573, -0.3304532766342163, 0.7632070183753967, -0.451673686504364, -0.6845930814743042, 0.05320429429411888, 0.619437575340271, 0.45383894443511963, -0.5109609365463257, 0.06367727369070053, -0.906908392906189, -0.8879788517951965, -0.8020846843719482, 0.26419195532798767, 0.05882770195603371, 0.21728315949440002, -0.1703851819038391, -0.449186235666275, -0.6436373591423035, 0.5926558375358582, 0.0734209343791008, -0.3376493752002716, 0.16310448944568634, -0.15402524173259735, -0.2565809488296509, -0.17495714128017426, 0.09951762855052948, 0.42719709873199463, 0.065943144261837, 0.19073231518268585, -0.5204130411148071, 0.22692705690860748, -0.22710713744163513, 0.23650546371936798, 0.6311383843421936, 0.02912840247154236, -0.6256594061851501, -0.44357702136039734, -0.9335119724273682, 0.256045937538147, 0.03942545875906944, 0.14320068061351776, -0.3334448039531708, 0.14330440759658813, -0.49621397256851196, 0.0958716943860054, -0.20968730747699738, -0.09594850242137909, 0.12551946938037872, 0.1348697543144226, -0.607134222984314, 0.7812633514404297, -0.28332093358039856, 0.13626156747341156, -0.455424427986145, -0.8248449563980103, 0.6777302026748657, -0.07252184301614761, -0.582083523273468, 0.15374420583248138, -0.21653223037719727, -0.2728006839752197, 0.3633921146392822, 1.2346739768981934, -0.21267125010490417, 0.43653804063796997, -0.3522312343120575, -0.12168076634407043, 0.017501872032880783, -0.7423521876335144, -0.032265666872262955, -1.0030087232589722, -0.14214488863945007, -0.29535621404647827, -0.39775317907333374, 0.36920076608657837, 0.18387246131896973, -0.1207209974527359, 0.7649585604667664, 0.0350273922085762, 0.18932346999645233, 0.2879859507083893, 0.07018178701400757, -0.2669065594673157, -0.18301759660243988, -0.47963714599609375, 0.6296804547309875, -0.22849184274673462, -0.06273479759693146, -0.1604243814945221, 0.8543787598609924, 0.29292982816696167, 0.08263436704874039, -0.10357251018285751, 0.010732432827353477, 0.25348934531211853, -0.3795427978038788, -0.03929920867085457, 0.37662357091903687, -0.4059516489505768, 0.10070174932479858, -0.4065878987312317, -0.3817582130432129, -0.2583928406238556, 0.5928332805633545, -0.008538900874555111, 0.03300436958670616, -0.09169407933950424, -0.19071412086486816, -0.08589724451303482, 0.13296149671077728, 0.22313478589057922, -0.22225850820541382, 0.347879022359848, -0.3322373032569885, 0.42615070939064026, -0.09601180255413055, 0.16092275083065033, 0.16808933019638062, -0.13615436851978302, -0.4145667254924774, -0.6655178666114807, 0.34383419156074524, -0.2900865972042084, -0.378836065530777, 0.12761545181274414, 0.4819325804710388, -0.25068360567092896, 1.0081474781036377, -0.23374207317829132, -0.7728821635246277, -0.14922727644443512, -0.28600242733955383, 0.1445150226354599, 0.29394176602363586, -0.21066054701805115, -0.20671217143535614, -0.02079823799431324, 0.12624764442443848, 0.2480333000421524, -0.07920043915510178, 0.02948162704706192, 0.7554219961166382, 0.15957467257976532, -0.07246214151382446, 0.5502164363861084, -0.7193707227706909, 0.14904718101024628, 0.09150133281946182, -0.2802380323410034, -0.5774427056312561, 0.2829633355140686, 0.5464028120040894, 0.18763752281665802, 0.019048498943448067, 0.3980252742767334, -0.020167656242847443, -0.14269858598709106, 0.1543782651424408, 0.5590752363204956, -0.21950839459896088, 0.007991380989551544, 0.04420618340373039, -0.17914822697639465, -0.249241903424263, -0.403065025806427, 0.07897058874368668, -0.17373915016651154, -0.05622877925634384, 0.20506304502487183, 0.3259877562522888, 0.14205381274223328, 0.15254786610603333, 0.35583993792533875, 0.4020119309425354, 0.4190152585506439, -0.2294101119041443, 0.361506849527359, -0.005129598081111908, 0.5285189151763916, 0.18948626518249512, -0.04254205524921417, -0.31919410824775696, 0.22018516063690186, -0.24355679750442505, -0.41286444664001465, -0.13774284720420837, -0.5541054010391235, 0.37035730481147766, 0.7733765840530396, 0.5185350179672241, 0.6020748615264893, -0.6869534850120544, 0.03861186280846596, 0.17172428965568542, 0.6453766822814941, -0.29995477199554443, 0.2571731209754944, 0.6735354661941528, -0.20701804757118225, 0.26794925332069397, -0.25198081135749817, 0.017438435927033424, -0.81102454662323, 0.18038217723369598, 0.6505436301231384, 0.4618837833404541, 0.04513844475150108, -0.253183513879776, -0.28667837381362915, -0.23655523359775543, -0.20417237281799316, 1.1866947412490845, -0.16923493146896362, -0.26577305793762207, -0.09821709990501404, -0.5038576722145081, -0.09446687251329422, 0.1505148857831955, 0.04557232931256294, 0.22834014892578125, 0.05565894767642021, -0.4230009913444519, -0.032184623181819916, 0.19978351891040802, 0.3162011504173279, -0.10698994994163513, 0.4617956578731537, -0.35368645191192627, -0.41343918442726135, -0.814033031463623, -0.2941058278083801, 0.15482324361801147, -0.1792854219675064, -0.3300769329071045, 0.19064031541347504, 0.39892464876174927, -0.2762208878993988, -0.3681163489818573, 0.1148274764418602, 0.6111429333686829, 0.2336106300354004, 0.47922277450561523, -0.035917993634939194, -0.13071630895137787, 0.1219157800078392, 0.37132760882377625, 0.6086772680282593, 0.5755689144134521, 0.2179512083530426, -0.15309302508831024, 0.04434401914477348, 0.005959643516689539, 0.21305948495864868, 0.39501670002937317, 0.1879059225320816, 0.3092946410179138, 0.37041303515434265, -0.3794863522052765, -0.1867481917142868, 0.30463916063308716, 0.054436732083559036, 0.023178422823548317, 0.37419673800468445, -0.09060061722993851, -0.22118085622787476, 0.6060742735862732, 0.27505436539649963, -0.3382686376571655, 0.2412884384393692, 0.06456336379051208, -0.23564212024211884, 0.04946063831448555, 0.3286775052547455, -0.03371833264827728, 0.04128868505358696, -0.15225505828857422, -0.1889774054288864, -0.7521306276321411, 0.5221397280693054, 0.1525004357099533, 0.13261140882968903, 0.3418271243572235, -0.22482194006443024, -0.04823080077767372, 0.059244606643915176, 0.20977163314819336, -0.5458112359046936, -0.027187757194042206, -0.010475486516952515, 0.1492776870727539, 0.06952797621488571, 0.3817499876022339, -0.02690383978188038, 0.30696532130241394, -0.17378532886505127, 0.029711956158280373, -0.6549029350280762, -0.7964866161346436, 0.2245134562253952, 0.04886706918478012, -0.1949462890625, 0.4642413854598999, -0.5356281995773315, -0.3346516489982605, -0.4135952293872833, 0.24925179779529572, -0.6256502866744995, 0.25990134477615356, 0.3042649030685425 ]
249378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th%20Annual%20Grammy%20Awards	5th Annual Grammy Awards	The 5th Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 15, 1963, at Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City. They recognized accomplishments by musicians for the year 1962. Tony Bennett and Igor Stravinsky each won 3 awards. Award winners Record of the Year Tony Bennett for "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" Album of the Year (other than classical) Vaughn Meader for The First Family Song of the Year Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) for "What Kind of Fool Am I?" performed by Sammy Davis, Jr. Best New Artist Robert Goulet Children's Best Recording for Children Leonard Bernstein (conductor) for Saint-Saëns: Carnival of the Animals/Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra Classical Best Classical Performance - Orchestra Igor Stravinsky (conductor) & the Columbia Symphony Orchestra for Stravinsky: The Firebird Ballet Best Classical Performance - Vocal Soloist (with or without orchestra) Leonard Bernstein (conductor), Eileen Farrell & the New York Philharmonic for Götterdämmerung - Brunnhilde's Immolation Scene/Wesendonck Songs Best Opera Recording Georg Solti (conductor), Robert Merrill, Leontyne Price, Giorgio Tozzi, Jon Vickers, & the Rome Opera House Orchestra for Verdi: Aida Best Classical Performance - Choral (other than opera) Otto Klemperer (conductor), Wilhelm Pitz (choir director) & the Philharmonia Orchestra & Chorus for Bach: St. Matthew Passion Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with orchestra) Igor Stravinsky (conductor), Isaac Stern & the Columbia Symphony Orchestra for Stravinsky: Violin Concerto in D Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Duo (without orchestra) Vladimir Horowitz for Columbia Records Presents Vladimir Horowitz Best Classical Performance - Chamber Music Jascha Heifetz, Gregor Piatigorsky & William Primrose for The Heifetz-Piatigorsky Concerts With Primrose, Pennario and Guests Best Contemporary Composition Igor Stravinsky (composer and conductor) for Stravinsky: The Flood Album of the Year - Classical Vladimir Horowitz for Columbia Records Presents Vladimir Horowitz Composing and arranging Best Instrumental Theme Bobby Scott & Ric Marlowe (composers) for "A Taste of Honey" Best Instrumental Arrangement Henry Mancini (arranger) for "Baby Elephant Walk" Best Background Arrangement Marty Manning (arranger) for "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" performed by Tony Bennett Country Best Country & Western Recording Burl Ives for "Funny Way of Laughin'" Folk Best Folk Recording Peter, Paul and Mary for "If I Had a Hammer" Gospel Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording Mahalia Jackson for Great Songs of Love and Faith Jazz Best Jazz Performance - Soloist Or Small Group (Instrumental) Stan Getz for "Desafinado" Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) Stan Kenton for Adventures In Jazz Best Original Jazz Composition Vince Guaraldi (composer) for "Cast Your Fate to the Wind" performed by the Vince Guaraldi Trio Musical show Best Original Cast Show Album Richard Rodgers (composer) & the original cast (Richard Kiley, Diahann Carroll, Bernice Mass, Noelle Adam, Don Chastain, Mitchell Gregg & Noelle Adam) for No Strings Packaging and notes Best Album Cover - Classical Marvin Schwartz (art director) for The Intimate Bach performed by Laurindo Almeida, Virginia Majewski & Vincent DeRosa Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical Robert M. Jones (art director) for Lena...Lovely and Alive performed by Lena Horne Pop Best Solo Vocal Performance, Female Ella Fitzgerald for Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson Best Solo Vocal Performance, Male Tony Bennett for "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" Best Performance by a Vocal Group Peter, Paul and Mary for "If I Had a Hammer" Best Performance by a Chorus The New Christy Minstrels for Presenting The New Christy Minstrels Best Performance by an Orchestra - for Dancing Joe Harnell for Fly Me to the Moon and the Bossa Nova Pops Best Performance by an Orchestra or Instrumentalist with Orchestra, Not for Jazz or Dancing Peter Nero for The Colorful Peter Nero Best Rock and Roll Recording Bent Fabric for "Alley Cat" Production and engineering Best Engineering Contribution - Other Than Novelty and Other Than Classical Al Schmitt (engineer) for Hatari! performed by Henry Mancini Best Engineered Recording - Classical Lewis W. Layton (engineer), Fritz Reiner (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra Best Engineering Contribution - Novelty Robert Fine (engineer) for The Civil War, Vol. I performed by Martin Gabel & Frederick Fennell R&B Best Rhythm & Blues Recording Ray Charles for "I Can't Stop Loving You" Spoken Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) Charles Laughton for The Story-Teller: A Session With Charles Laughton References 005 1963 in Los Angeles 1963 in Illinois 1963 in New York City 1963 music awards 1960s in Chicago Events in Los Angeles Events in New York City 1963 in American music May 1963 events in the United States Events in Chicago	[ -0.6017009019851685, 0.07281599193811417, 0.5561778545379639, 0.40509042143821716, -0.048585642129182816, -0.1127157136797905, 0.14175067842006683, -0.378334641456604, -0.5151023864746094, 0.1336601972579956, 0.10594984143972397, 0.9670464396476746, 0.024100957438349724, 0.19669823348522186, -0.4479599595069885, -0.024449525400996208, 0.6129947304725647, -0.08149408549070358, 0.2197599858045578, -1.0180853605270386, -0.054297931492328644, 0.07349251955747604, 0.6343578100204468, 0.23058800399303436, -0.13831280171871185, 0.03906518965959549, -0.4340498149394989, -0.28087183833122253, 0.06910917162895203, 0.03158215433359146, 0.13820607960224152, 0.02122451737523079, -0.16530507802963257, 0.2903877794742584, -0.21130242943763733, 0.23759125173091888, 0.09285281598567963, -0.7168006300926208, -0.24668678641319275, -0.9923334717750549, 0.41679152846336365, -0.19757425785064697, 0.34563952684402466, 0.46198326349258423, -0.2847835123538971, 0.0738576352596283, -1.3864719867706299, 0.06249665096402168, -0.3159087300300598, 0.003667354816570878, -0.0397699810564518, 0.615341305732727, -0.7153936624526978, 0.3199975788593292, 0.2984556555747986, 0.5166732668876648, -0.03939017280936241, -0.027449442073702812, -1.048487663269043, -0.22300094366073608, -0.07615749537944794, 0.41293099522590637, 0.09162946045398712, 0.013803007081151009, 0.48066291213035583, 0.1449112892150879, 0.1806010603904724, 0.02741844393312931, -0.07634463906288147, -0.28513017296791077, -0.032286711037158966, 0.5033004879951477, -0.2687216103076935, -0.22283664345741272, 0.22194062173366547, -0.7100058794021606, 0.18402519822120667, -0.6010023355484009, -0.16145333647727966, -0.06850744783878326, -0.10645259916782379, -0.6855337023735046, 0.48682713508605957, 0.15256807208061218, 0.04500429332256317, -0.8109819889068604, -0.32760390639305115, -0.3806610405445099, -0.5029662847518921, -0.006798321846872568, -0.002590946387499571, -0.4733825623989105, 0.42908361554145813, 1.6006355285644531, -0.08283476531505585, -0.6992172598838806, 0.33359619975090027, -0.10423452407121658, 0.35891252756118774, -0.00951977726072073, -0.04731868952512741, -0.21158210933208466, -0.18129652738571167, -0.06258486211299896, -0.9511887431144714, -0.0867147445678711, -0.0533427819609642, -1.0251306295394897, -0.054916758090257645, 0.04945112764835358, -0.0038566822186112404, 0.25645607709884644, 0.23247109353542328, -0.11671769618988037, -0.29411450028419495, -0.14384663105010986, 0.22236387431621552, -0.3614192605018616, -0.6603966951370239, 0.439220130443573, 0.7414124011993408, 0.8867080211639404, -0.3681541681289673, 0.6034760475158691, -0.2713252604007721, 0.5200187563896179, 0.8083227276802063, 1.2272056341171265, -0.14592409133911133, -0.6588869094848633, -0.5275027751922607, -0.10891657322645187, -0.018695427104830742, 0.3609250783920288, -0.17979009449481964, -0.3362014889717102, 0.6119647026062012, -0.35328802466392517, -0.6387161612510681, 0.3203870952129364, -0.606025218963623, -0.4731115996837616, -0.6185149550437927, -0.5754988193511963, -0.07795851677656174, -0.7976837754249573, -0.32959991693496704, 0.21932761371135712, 0.005032817833125591, -0.1566624641418457, 0.9627944231033325, -0.3299579918384552, -0.10211451351642609, -0.6324334144592285, 0.04867113009095192, 0.09175623953342438, 0.12453760206699371, 0.06150401011109352, 0.47629398107528687, 0.0987965390086174, 0.00006920475425431505, -0.17100436985492706, -0.22530241310596466, -0.1173243299126625, -0.5993320941925049, -0.0005653785192407668, -0.2834477722644806, 0.8146332502365112, -0.5839029550552368, -0.26296886801719666, 0.26560258865356445, 0.45352882146835327, -0.19455040991306305, 0.21144014596939087, -0.005682747345417738, -0.6763938069343567, 0.20734095573425293, 0.6078795790672302, -0.030045809224247932, 0.09073073416948318, -0.41575267910957336, 0.45825740694999695, 0.1761092096567154, -0.3907128870487213, 0.8791378140449524, 0.6919992566108704, -0.3507652282714844, 0.011170998215675354, 0.46400630474090576, -0.11578737199306488, -0.2702966332435608, -0.7255940437316895, -0.7050027251243591, -0.0881812572479248, 0.4398258924484253, 0.1489855945110321, 0.4667932093143463, 0.5048739314079285, -0.19506433606147766, 0.3003332018852234, 0.01451919600367546, -0.0950222909450531, 1.08274507522583, -0.31527137756347656, -0.42568239569664, -0.24088604748249054, -0.17509861290454865, -0.605419933795929, 0.3348381221294403, 0.46836134791374207, 0.3676612079143524, 0.00833747535943985, -0.14754503965377808, 0.8315958380699158, 0.466012567281723, 0.016978930681943893, -0.5534210205078125, 0.19885335862636566, 0.14322718977928162, -0.5667442679405212, 0.21486154198646545, 0.8603447079658508, 0.4627307951450348, 0.804007351398468, -0.16281689703464508, 1.1856123208999634, -0.20706845819950104, -0.24711909890174866, -0.05033646151423454, -0.03932015597820282, -0.09149669110774994, 0.5046477913856506, 0.08086058497428894, -0.3724522292613983, -0.5051312446594238, -0.21749262511730194, 0.5958048701286316, -0.1112639531493187, -0.15065746009349823, 0.034457795321941376, -0.09526532888412476, -0.46612033247947693, -1.0160597562789917, 0.9359737634658813, -0.3932093679904938, 0.267049640417099, -0.30025848746299744, -0.3178475499153137, 0.407899409532547, -0.1521880179643631, 0.48290953040122986, 0.18141187727451324, 0.6055357456207275, 0.13847967982292175, -0.20976833999156952, 0.31131821870803833, -0.38445568084716797, -0.663993239402771, -0.060366302728652954, 0.02834269218146801, 0.0586971715092659, 0.14280185103416443, -0.09607859700918198, -0.26289886236190796, 0.47050878405570984, -0.530659556388855, -0.3882240056991577, 0.07163608819246292, 0.258226215839386, 0.11128636449575424, -0.5715405344963074, 0.580149233341217, 0.17620524764060974, 0.27972424030303955, -0.49534621834754944, -0.34410467743873596, -0.18113631010055542, 0.23086364567279816, -0.33835312724113464, -1.119438648223877, 0.5269147753715515, -0.07798779755830765, -0.3289557695388794, -0.22880949079990387, 0.12490479648113251, 0.590390682220459, -0.1711830496788025, -0.3160831332206726, 0.4084477126598358, 0.10605297237634659, -0.030287733301520348, 0.47582000494003296, -0.24571113288402557, 0.22601567208766937, 0.3252871334552765, 0.1339760273694992, 0.33477964997291565, 0.095137819647789, -0.7623899579048157, -0.023827461525797844, -0.3500812351703644, 0.06729785352945328, -0.05954457074403763, -0.06601163744926453, 0.662797212600708, 0.022579610347747803, -0.47135958075523376, -0.3594476282596588, -5.261988162994385, -0.1281183958053589, -0.4177674651145935, 0.2858060598373413, -0.17281882464885712, 0.4700362980365753, -0.14860844612121582, -0.36613282561302185, -0.1622069776058197, -0.12411952763795853, -0.34207913279533386, -0.054137181490659714, -0.8677859902381897, 0.5340909957885742, 0.398711234331131, -0.37873443961143494, 0.2374648153781891, -0.4804353415966034, 0.10044294595718384, -0.22409862279891968, 0.015916947275400162, -0.4309011697769165, 0.292208731174469, 0.5132430791854858, 0.2899634540081024, 0.5828498005867004, -0.17209389805793762, 0.3005545139312744, 0.12215136736631393, -0.3799628019332886, -0.06541341543197632, -0.18449127674102783, -0.2762901782989502, -0.30470985174179077, -0.23839214444160461, 0.8972055912017822, -0.18580928444862366, -0.7218571901321411, 0.6888085603713989, -0.06627269834280014, 0.4749602973461151, -0.4983719289302826, 0.4911001920700073, -0.06197725608944893, 0.28624287247657776, -0.5181156396865845, 0.31264492869377136, -0.2519989013671875, -0.3413178026676178, 0.8825164437294006, 0.5441457629203796, 0.7885316610336304, 0.4282415509223938, 0.23364993929862976, 0.050812844187021255, -0.3918021619319916, 0.18450681865215302, -0.1897309124469757, -0.4167901575565338, -0.245328888297081, 0.6412723064422607, 0.6904512643814087, 0.43206682801246643, -0.8758328557014465, 0.007684799842536449, -0.8083356022834778, -0.8863000869750977, 0.3524901866912842, 0.289582222700119, 0.32295912504196167, 0.22719457745552063, 0.24073295295238495, -0.6426737904548645, -0.9317476153373718, -0.19017797708511353, 0.09438648819923401, 0.15184922516345978, 0.2638600170612335, 0.26035088300704956, 0.09697449952363968, -0.338887095451355, 0.09173513948917389, -0.06847655773162842, 0.5810253024101257, -0.8088832497596741, -0.4881784915924072, -0.5417976975440979, 0.3371145725250244, -0.33198532462120056, -0.3177126348018646, -0.03704917058348656, -0.284597247838974, -0.6586569547653198, 0.5024940967559814, -0.21738497912883759, -0.2555880844593048, 0.32290926575660706, 0.6359018087387085, 1.150342583656311, 0.23843635618686676, -0.7680627107620239, -0.3166085183620453, 0.8479741811752319, -0.41839978098869324, -0.49560844898223877, -0.7568084001541138, -0.9898947477340698, -0.09449533373117447, 0.2818984091281891, -0.4821208119392395, 0.151638925075531, -0.7143047451972961, 0.23611705005168915, -0.5074694752693176, 0.2613087594509125, -0.3319076597690582, 0.3696673810482025, 0.6588872671127319, 0.32851529121398926, -0.2894507348537445, 0.7297148704528809, 0.3394244909286499, -0.04034344106912613, 0.3717946410179138, 0.13437707722187042, 0.48220279812812805, -0.48532214760780334, -0.18063241243362427, -0.24786874651908875, 0.509310245513916, 0.48666322231292725, 0.40590739250183105, 0.24434794485569, 0.6015123724937439, 0.2951628565788269, -0.32426732778549194, -0.15761761367321014, -0.2855416536331177, -0.5894908905029297, -0.9033985137939453, 0.2623690664768219, -0.5392878651618958, 0.030388901010155678, 0.03416901454329491, 0.22307980060577393, -0.0507965162396431, 0.2673249840736389, -0.7848386168479919, 0.1890069842338562, -0.18180811405181885, -0.1200820729136467, -0.1306285411119461, 0.41781532764434814, -0.07391178607940674, 0.04156658798456192, 0.6097332835197449, -0.12639740109443665, -0.4156314730644226, -0.19438913464546204, -0.6278786063194275, -0.08855421096086502, -0.09059485048055649, -0.6178223490715027, -0.38805997371673584, 0.01440050546079874, -0.5237315893173218, -0.6698740720748901, 0.36138439178466797, -0.7801362872123718, 0.7253599762916565, 0.46913209557533264, 0.5020934343338013, -0.48411163687705994, -0.26691779494285583, 0.08834724128246307, -0.22415947914123535, 0.7616016268730164, -0.5072931051254272, 0.23390553891658783, -0.236302450299263, -0.04638201370835304, -0.5277389287948608, -0.38295847177505493, -0.02036338672041893, 0.011689934879541397, -0.1160728707909584, -0.8056867718696594, -0.46418026089668274, -0.5587911009788513, 0.4506399929523468, -0.09254569560289383, -0.28636741638183594, 0.4946444034576416, -0.2312982827425003, -0.9278581142425537, 0.10633391886949539, 0.1462259739637375, 0.2272070348262787, -0.7317180037498474, -0.057146668434143066, -0.4414878189563751, 0.02387259341776371, -0.06061294674873352, 0.05176428332924843, -0.20501811802387238, -1.0986655950546265, 0.20801815390586853, 1.007088541984558, -0.4523278772830963, 0.9442079663276672, -0.006804346572607756, -0.0794883444905281, -0.0838412195444107, -0.005101063288748264, -0.23691308498382568, 0.43475401401519775, 0.20349964499473572, 0.04454541951417923, -0.18030917644500732, 0.022059038281440735, -0.30602970719337463, 0.2202576994895935, -0.4030740261077881, -0.08127284049987793, -0.39462682604789734, 0.03735395520925522, -0.44122809171676636, 0.05468526855111122, -0.3705274164676666, -0.5276785492897034, -0.353392630815506, 0.026048457249999046, -0.23270758986473083, 0.11794593930244446, 0.0063077486120164394, -0.4339970052242279, 0.1635531634092331, 0.4558562934398651, -0.3248384892940521, 0.29125210642814636, 0.6627545952796936, 0.2953895628452301, 0.1179899051785469, 0.42691680788993835, 0.17369990050792694, 0.709679365158081, 0.3222404420375824, 0.2515625059604645, 0.07713183015584946, 0.5386838316917419, 0.563163697719574, 0.40269914269447327, -0.9493476152420044, -0.314832866191864, 0.2682335674762726, -0.24852491915225983, -0.5500837564468384, 0.06520109623670578, -0.2977669835090637, 0.5617108941078186, 0.011840627528727055, 0.45420435070991516, -0.8912806510925293, -0.17094238102436066, -0.05763338506221771, 0.6857097148895264, -0.07261645793914795, 0.024549219757318497, -0.31483012437820435, -0.1759706735610962, 0.3203989565372467, 0.6488226056098938, 0.027932308614253998, 0.8560079336166382, 0.41203945875167847, 0.17745614051818848, -0.252828449010849, -0.2294411063194275, 0.04735390469431877, -0.2968548536300659, -0.21683865785598755, 0.08217502385377884, -0.8617584109306335, -0.21281254291534424, 0.1756146103143692, -0.9298524856567383, -0.3505896329879761, 0.36698874831199646, 0.4241870641708374, 0.0009728504810482264, -0.042648982256650925, 0.00013217783998697996, 0.6277320981025696, 0.042860135436058044, -0.030628837645053864, 0.27511265873908997, 0.4315811097621918, 0.833456814289093, 0.1364903599023819, 0.1494058072566986, -1.2466144561767578, 0.3325030505657196, 0.03387818485498428, -0.7236241698265076, -0.12514472007751465, 0.4267578125, 0.6643030047416687, 0.20723116397857666, -0.8004353642463684, 0.8241403102874756, -0.16773481667041779, -0.13762548565864563, -0.28097793459892273, 0.6710195541381836, -1.0743225812911987, 0.15628288686275482, 1.1542129516601562, -0.5966053605079651, 0.44997480511665344, 0.5281931161880493, -0.3393654525279999, -0.05404485762119293, 0.038347188383340836, 0.10666246712207794, 0.1713102012872696, 0.09798833727836609, -0.6908631324768066, 0.1965222805738449, 0.7527502775192261, 0.21206505596637726, 0.4300338327884674, 0.4939674139022827, -0.16775400936603546, 0.6662947535514832, -0.3561370372772217, -0.41778799891471863, -0.9770891666412354, -1.0561119318008423, -0.2800397574901581, 0.2746678590774536, 0.46197035908699036, 0.15064737200737, 0.11668095737695694, 0.1030268743634224, -0.26344284415245056, -0.210081085562706, -0.39424654841423035, 0.07520683109760284, 0.3486422896385193, -0.3929746150970459, 0.3941146731376648, 0.012802639044821262, -0.0882086530327797, -0.6892389059066772, 1.4057691097259521, 0.010163881815969944, 0.41292646527290344, 0.6368454694747925, 0.7517385482788086, -0.05784732848405838, -0.0005586410406976938, 0.6192030310630798, 0.8819197416305542, 0.197454035282135, -0.16647858917713165, -0.43224483728408813, 0.055036623030900955, 0.9835458993911743, -0.0816974937915802, 0.5822092294692993, 0.12188143283128738, 0.22609439492225647, -0.5854994058609009, -0.41294971108436584, -0.13608017563819885, 0.37295833230018616, 0.1484842449426651, -0.3940267264842987, -0.2520175576210022, 0.72786945104599, 0.15096315741539001, 0.16612683236598969, -0.7359557151794434, -0.5070162415504456, -0.9517525434494019, -0.06463120877742767, 0.17110463976860046, 0.047033797949552536, 0.6854280829429626, -0.5505456328392029, 0.8488316535949707, -0.03704226016998291, -0.015550396405160427, -0.09687065333127975, -0.3422289788722992, -0.06344674527645111, -0.15479643642902374, -0.06232193112373352, 0.11574424058198929, 0.4055119454860687, -0.47729822993278503, 0.26791104674339294, 0.039285287261009216, 0.34007129073143005, -0.06553584337234497, 0.35362955927848816, 0.25478193163871765, -0.2448093444108963, -0.26072490215301514, 0.5973069667816162, -0.20523974299430847, -0.5075654983520508, -0.3538450300693512, 0.6667910814285278, -0.5330647826194763, -0.20567886531352997, 0.9732069373130798, 0.15907049179077148, 0.5014429688453674, -0.102638840675354, 0.4518067538738251, 0.1475386768579483, -0.6793704628944397, 0.3741866648197174, 0.21432551741600037, -0.5545216798782349, 0.709680438041687, -0.041545573621988297, 0.2422376275062561, 0.20870734751224518, 0.7622103095054626, -0.5038025975227356, -0.1204671785235405, -0.5498894453048706, -0.6674119234085083, 0.19833426177501678, 0.39878347516059875, 0.5415080189704895, -0.14168119430541992, 0.20052824914455414, 0.01878488063812256, 0.02137128636240959, 0.4462651014328003, -0.16871938109397888, 0.03680003806948662, 0.03353366255760193, 0.24353113770484924, 0.021083462983369827, -0.6232319474220276, 0.6972874402999878, -0.05929477512836456, 0.0601813830435276, 0.19064664840698242, -0.1837417036294937, -0.19469121098518372, -0.0967252254486084, -0.3516855537891388, -0.03188776969909668, 0.5348509550094604, 0.14111453294754028 ]
249379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th%20Annual%20Grammy%20Awards	6th Annual Grammy Awards	The 6th Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 12, 1964, at Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. They recognized accomplishments by musicians for the year 1963. Henry Mancini won 4 awards. Award winners Record of the Year Henry Mancini for "Days of Wine and Roses" Album of the Year (other than classical) Barbra Streisand for The Barbra Streisand Album Song of the Year Henry Mancini & Johnny Mercer (songwriters) for "Days of Wine and Roses" performed by Henry Mancini Best New Artist Ward Swingle (The Swingle Singers) Children's Best Recording for Children Leonard Bernstein (conductor) for Bernstein Conducts for Young People performed by the New York Philharmonic Classical Best Classical Performance - Orchestra Erich Leinsdorf (conductor) & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Bartók: Concerto for Orchestra Best Classical Performance - Vocal Soloist (with or without orchestra) Skitch Henderson (conductor), Leontyne Price & the RCA Orchestra for Great Scenes From Gershwin's Porgy and Bess Best Opera Recording Erich Leinsdorf (conductor), Rosalind Elias, Leontyne Price, Richard Tucker & the RCA Italiana Opera Orchestra for Puccini: Madama Butterfly Best Classical Performance - Choral (other than opera) Benjamin Britten (conductor), Edward Chapman, David Willcocks (choir directors), the Bach Choir, Highgate School Choir & the London Symphony Orchestra & Choir for Britten: War Requiem Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with orchestra) Erich Leinsdorf (conductor), Arthur Rubinstein & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1 in B Flat Minor Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Duo (without orchestra) Vladimir Horowitz for The Sound of Horowitz Best Classical Music Performance - Chamber Music Julian Bream for Evening of Elizabethan Music performed by the Julian Bream Consort Best Classical Composition by a Contemporary Composer Benjamin Britten (composer & conductor) & the London Symphony Orchestra for Britten: War Requiem Best Classical Album Benjamin Britten (conductor) & the London Symphony Orchestra for Britten: War Requiem Most Promising New Classical Recording Artist André Watts Comedy Best Comedy Performance Allan Sherman for "Hello Mudduh, Hello Faddah" Composing and arranging Best Instrumental Theme Riz Ortolani (composer) for "More - Theme From Mondo Cane" Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show John Addison (composer) for Tom Jones Best Instrumental Arrangement Quincy Jones (arranger) for "I Can't Stop Loving You" performed by Count Basie Best Background Arrangement Henry Mancini (arranger) for "Days of Wine and Roses" Country Best Country & Western Recording Bobby Bare for "Detroit City" Folk Best Folk Recording Peter, Paul and Mary for "Blowin' in the Wind" Gospel Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording (Musical) Soeur Sourire for "Dominique" Jazz Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Soloist or Small Group Bill Evans for Conversations with Myself Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Woody Herman for Encore: Woody Herman, 1963 Best Original Jazz Composition Steve Allen & Ray Brown (composers) for "Gravy Waltz" performed by Steve Allen Musical show Best Score From an Original Cast Show Album Jerry Bock, Sheldon Harnick (composers) & the original cast (Barbara Cook, Jack Cassidy, Barbara Baxley, Daniel Massey, Nathaniel Frey, Ralph Williams & Jo Wilder) for She Loves Me Packaging and notes Best Album Cover - Classical Robert M. Jones (art director) for Puccini: Madama Butterfly conducted by Erich Leinsdorf Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical John Berg for The Barbra Streisand Album performed by Barbra Streisand Best Album Notes Stanley Dance & Leonard Feather (notes writers) for The Ellington Era performed by Duke Ellington Pop Best Vocal Performance, Female Barbra Streisand for The Barbra Streisand Album Best Vocal Performance, Male Jack Jones for "Wives and Lovers" Best Performance by a Vocal Group Peter, Paul and Mary for "Blowin' in the Wind" Best Performance by a Chorus Ward Swingle for Bach's Greatest Hits performed by the Swingle Singers Best Performance by an Orchestra - for Dancing Count Basie for This Time by Basie! Hits of the 50s and 60s Best Performance by an Orchestra or Instrumentalist with Orchestra, Not for Jazz or Dancing Al Hirt for "Java" Best Rock and Roll Recording April Stevens & Nino Tempo for "Deep Purple" Production and engineering Best Engineered Recording - Other Than Classical James Malloy (engineer) for Charade performed by Henry Mancini Best Engineered Recording - Classical Lewis W. Layton (engineer), Erich Leinsdorf (conductor) & the RCA Italiana Opera Orchestra for Puccini: Madama Butterfly Best Engineered Recording - Special or Novel Effects Robert Fine (engineer) for Civil War Vol. II performed by Frederick Fennell R&B Best Rhythm & Blues Recording Ray Charles for "Busted" Spoken Best Documentary, Spoken Word or Drama Recording (other than comedy) Edward Albee (playwright) for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? performed by Melinda Dillon, George Grizzard, Uta Hagen & Arthur Hill References 006 1964 in Los Angeles 1964 in Illinois 1964 in New York City 1964 music awards 1960s in Chicago Events in Los Angeles Events in New York City 1964 in American music May 1964 events in the United States Events in Chicago	[ -0.5517287850379944, 0.1204075887799263, 0.5508217811584473, 0.31070685386657715, -0.21018505096435547, 0.017659541219472885, 0.2765274941921234, -0.32390961050987244, -0.39304879307746887, 0.023665400221943855, 0.0031429980881512165, 0.7975901961326599, -0.055768318474292755, 0.19585856795310974, -0.2473641186952591, -0.07317633926868439, 0.5270968675613403, -0.1968320906162262, 0.2380353808403015, -1.0872819423675537, -0.040632214397192, 0.16003571450710297, 0.6994908452033997, -0.0020214137621223927, -0.15130992233753204, -0.09947507083415985, -0.3584432899951935, -0.27701765298843384, -0.006450686138123274, -0.005146515090018511, 0.09482745081186295, 0.052191879600286484, -0.17804323136806488, 0.2500290274620056, -0.08868773281574249, 0.48292359709739685, 0.025435470044612885, -0.5674981474876404, -0.34115856885910034, -0.8893484473228455, 0.37940260767936707, -0.3000200092792511, 0.27536025643348694, 0.2987394332885742, -0.20114393532276154, -0.06882220506668091, -1.2188454866409302, 0.025262383744120598, -0.2992371916770935, -0.058004721999168396, -0.00861596129834652, 0.8100710511207581, -0.672985315322876, 0.24084998667240143, 0.2534652352333069, 0.6103748083114624, 0.07712026685476303, 0.0002498497487977147, -1.0971544981002808, -0.2846525311470032, -0.11040686815977097, 0.3979591131210327, 0.11752063035964966, 0.005244321655482054, 0.5328029990196228, 0.20986783504486084, 0.21350106596946716, 0.08330259472131729, -0.17284679412841797, -0.40374213457107544, -0.07446778565645218, 0.3002444803714752, -0.2464783787727356, -0.26359322667121887, 0.29117074608802795, -0.6938666105270386, 0.10812587291002274, -0.6164632439613342, -0.21974273025989532, -0.13416028022766113, -0.2207537293434143, -0.5375849008560181, 0.4125800132751465, 0.10291513055562973, 0.18229003250598907, -0.8570408821105957, -0.2547167241573334, -0.3389338254928589, -0.5153295397758484, 0.06023230403661728, -0.028817666694521904, -0.5253590941429138, 0.5816337466239929, 1.5464848279953003, -0.14760124683380127, -0.5214417576789856, 0.2576330006122589, -0.05121077224612236, 0.294050008058548, 0.09512610733509064, -0.07901249825954437, -0.017371537163853645, 0.0037165898829698563, 0.010555124841630459, -0.9059436321258545, -0.13161024451255798, -0.09689240157604218, -1.066918134689331, -0.05652441829442978, 0.014715468510985374, -0.015882978215813637, 0.24525783956050873, 0.27876827120780945, -0.04680185765028, -0.29458966851234436, -0.10954976826906204, 0.09562710672616959, -0.3506222665309906, -0.6965075731277466, 0.3988342583179474, 0.9710449576377869, 1.0094894170761108, -0.4989627003669739, 0.5264818072319031, -0.3717504143714905, 0.48122724890708923, 0.7369436621665955, 1.0535553693771362, -0.13102076947689056, -0.5115464329719543, -0.5183908939361572, -0.08419398218393326, 0.040475692600011826, 0.35683807730674744, -0.20881739258766174, -0.190224751830101, 0.6071544289588928, -0.27262574434280396, -0.4963856637477875, 0.3476928770542145, -0.70064377784729, -0.32119739055633545, -0.8076756596565247, -0.5737935900688171, -0.0923151969909668, -0.7074391841888428, -0.2706214189529419, 0.2831651270389557, 0.06119281426072121, -0.14267148077487946, 0.8190693259239197, -0.4139954745769501, 0.06746134161949158, -0.5352339744567871, 0.000201148766791448, 0.1221119612455368, 0.09701618552207947, 0.1227494329214096, 0.6072661280632019, 0.009148203767836094, 0.1620633900165558, -0.08491341024637222, -0.17070508003234863, -0.017156479880213737, -0.5739955306053162, 0.11422967165708542, -0.3366772532463074, 0.8518633246421814, -0.46657946705818176, -0.43029698729515076, 0.3616272807121277, 0.3472469747066498, -0.1717681586742401, 0.10227911919355392, -0.20575882494449615, -0.6849625706672668, 0.3812786638736725, 0.6691173315048218, 0.15136829018592834, 0.1181713119149208, -0.42063048481941223, 0.31964999437332153, 0.1425221711397171, -0.11882656812667847, 1.0050725936889648, 0.7128835916519165, -0.26412662863731384, 0.01781504414975643, 0.4515170753002167, -0.28115469217300415, -0.42455053329467773, -0.7378298044204712, -0.6731849908828735, -0.08751371502876282, 0.30369868874549866, 0.25211039185523987, 0.18040969967842102, 0.5435283184051514, -0.06066771596670151, 0.33711907267570496, 0.0944192111492157, -0.07238201051950455, 0.9443830251693726, -0.24879731237888336, -0.41219401359558105, -0.04671713337302208, -0.08464460074901581, -0.5076496005058289, 0.2996823489665985, 0.38282838463783264, 0.28901660442352295, -0.2606419324874878, -0.25562357902526855, 0.9035826921463013, 0.38561466336250305, 0.08294227719306946, -0.49913567304611206, 0.1663805991411209, 0.24133388698101044, -0.6188129186630249, 0.04641806334257126, 0.7394494414329529, 0.41895177960395813, 0.6193488836288452, -0.1042710691690445, 1.219812035560608, -0.33862316608428955, -0.1792595386505127, -0.036390747874975204, -0.052986789494752884, -0.07164968550205231, 0.6533396244049072, 0.04088255390524864, -0.22429203987121582, -0.5861495733261108, -0.22652339935302734, 0.627199113368988, -0.1428985893726349, -0.35619252920150757, 0.06896912306547165, -0.1750878542661667, -0.2641373574733734, -0.8951745629310608, 0.995722234249115, -0.4352641701698303, 0.29745444655418396, -0.07103162258863449, -0.3822072744369507, 0.307145893573761, -0.04621919244527817, 0.49841997027397156, 0.23131871223449707, 0.5398220419883728, 0.10378654301166534, -0.4120618402957916, 0.5610935091972351, -0.5165583491325378, -0.7936822772026062, -0.003147068666294217, -0.0009222588851116598, 0.02305770479142666, 0.028306404128670692, -0.04732048511505127, -0.2453238070011139, 0.3331175446510315, -0.6013995409011841, -0.4928019046783447, -0.008462673984467983, 0.2946028411388397, -0.01578691601753235, -0.5774734020233154, 0.36658772826194763, 0.05411238968372345, 0.27364227175712585, -0.38877469301223755, -0.2678416073322296, -0.13985617458820343, -0.07385797798633575, -0.4845665395259857, -1.1224385499954224, 0.7002125382423401, 0.026998547837138176, -0.22140535712242126, -0.23796309530735016, 0.08683238923549652, 0.45862075686454773, -0.018205299973487854, -0.208402618765831, 0.5410908460617065, 0.3508695065975189, -0.14004164934158325, 0.4964635968208313, -0.32345038652420044, 0.1909007877111435, 0.4255298674106598, 0.16821764409542084, 0.4127371311187744, -0.002445661462843418, -0.5849192142486572, -0.05823931843042374, -0.6365782618522644, -0.12517951428890228, -0.33492860198020935, -0.01698629930615425, 0.7666191458702087, -0.0029544152785092592, -0.5871885418891907, -0.3020211160182953, -5.307347297668457, -0.13284891843795776, -0.342647910118103, 0.27569037675857544, -0.025105208158493042, 0.5351033806800842, -0.17853447794914246, -0.400004118680954, -0.2302805483341217, -0.1772484928369522, -0.2718689739704132, 0.009283835999667645, -0.6549761891365051, 0.6822854280471802, 0.3311307728290558, -0.37935519218444824, 0.23821987211704254, -0.4383804202079773, 0.2285369634628296, -0.2844374477863312, 0.08260698616504669, -0.41725313663482666, 0.028289126232266426, 0.4476788640022278, 0.23169991374015808, 0.7155261635780334, -0.03643841668963432, 0.3164807856082916, 0.16806629300117493, -0.6057478785514832, -0.19197066128253937, -0.2629217803478241, -0.39538437128067017, -0.18812279403209686, -0.21825218200683594, 0.6986707448959351, -0.28000980615615845, -0.798354983329773, 0.8742033839225769, -0.11531108617782593, 0.6370402574539185, -0.33766600489616394, 0.5290701389312744, -0.09147609770298004, 0.24215610325336456, -0.5903257131576538, -0.03444873169064522, -0.39536070823669434, -0.16387459635734558, 0.8853959441184998, 0.5971449017524719, 0.7221840023994446, 0.25562581419944763, 0.230538010597229, -0.025241782888770103, -0.3060549199581146, 0.17423191666603088, -0.27057087421417236, -0.48549968004226685, -0.27631163597106934, 0.6089081168174744, 0.7218869924545288, 0.43047836422920227, -0.9423450827598572, 0.09007717669010162, -0.8544260263442993, -0.8119331002235413, 0.34335896372795105, 0.14397837221622467, 0.2834874093532562, 0.35144925117492676, 0.1451132595539093, -0.7203018069267273, -0.8714075684547424, -0.1733718365430832, 0.27898740768432617, 0.1473679095506668, 0.24911653995513916, 0.2164636254310608, -0.07787048071622849, -0.4431000053882599, 0.20151826739311218, -0.05176205933094025, 0.5217075943946838, -0.6259546279907227, -0.5862883925437927, -0.4411320090293884, 0.3827846050262451, -0.40266889333724976, -0.2769445478916168, -0.10095122456550598, -0.38786086440086365, -0.6278932094573975, 0.5272302627563477, -0.05205121263861656, -0.17264966666698456, 0.25675150752067566, 0.7674184441566467, 1.2354716062545776, 0.17422647774219513, -0.6904468536376953, -0.5702272057533264, 0.8805618286132812, -0.45406103134155273, -0.5625561475753784, -0.45266810059547424, -0.8455691337585449, -0.15615101158618927, 0.22176319360733032, -0.3916068375110626, 0.037396129220724106, -0.7964392900466919, 0.34214845299720764, -0.4293287396430969, 0.2786638140678406, -0.42719215154647827, 0.2726325988769531, 0.7967060804367065, 0.20471246540546417, -0.23718541860580444, 0.7604515552520752, 0.24372312426567078, 0.008751058019697666, 0.3929130434989929, 0.20831939578056335, 0.40948042273521423, -0.48964014649391174, -0.09071139991283417, -0.34133559465408325, 0.47710293531417847, 0.4762870669364929, 0.3978527784347534, 0.3014485836029053, 0.46213704347610474, 0.11298537999391556, -0.30258214473724365, -0.16936998069286346, -0.07251893728971481, -0.5454375743865967, -0.8943172693252563, 0.1646673083305359, -0.4727829694747925, 0.029321232810616493, 0.15891365706920624, 0.12960882484912872, -0.10592801868915558, 0.33907467126846313, -0.6186590790748596, 0.1294545978307724, -0.25298404693603516, -0.08254041522741318, -0.2089233547449112, 0.5402222871780396, -0.06706704944372177, 0.08539839833974838, 0.5659937262535095, -0.052045490592718124, -0.3218421936035156, -0.07695238292217255, -0.6202735304832458, -0.2222580760717392, -0.028360268101096153, -0.7697418332099915, -0.20048630237579346, -0.07539578527212143, -0.5799681544303894, -0.42524203658103943, 0.3390257954597473, -0.6304724216461182, 0.7369511127471924, 0.5532154440879822, 0.5061057806015015, -0.2179178148508072, -0.26435086131095886, 0.01901094615459442, -0.22201547026634216, 0.685432493686676, -0.6762124300003052, 0.16079667210578918, -0.26653987169265747, -0.21707144379615784, -0.5267893671989441, -0.5624781250953674, 0.04523776099085808, -0.10515280812978745, 0.06580592691898346, -0.769453227519989, -0.45204755663871765, -0.6095688939094543, 0.38926011323928833, -0.28032317757606506, -0.22623413801193237, 0.4736521542072296, -0.2615526020526886, -1.0448471307754517, 0.21872028708457947, 0.3050099313259125, 0.19960419833660126, -0.8300113677978516, -0.1080450490117073, -0.3180631697177887, 0.058719929307699203, -0.22597190737724304, 0.2048366516828537, -0.09115906804800034, -1.167056679725647, 0.22362980246543884, 1.028493881225586, -0.3117135465145111, 0.987858235836029, -0.28127503395080566, 0.09322728961706161, 0.027112256735563278, 0.09845681488513947, -0.19611968100070953, 0.3518049716949463, 0.1412525326013565, 0.16066336631774902, -0.20345285534858704, -0.08582510054111481, -0.26445087790489197, 0.18554405868053436, -0.3584417700767517, 0.0753205418586731, -0.34947332739830017, -0.023293206468224525, -0.29422202706336975, -0.12473174929618835, -0.3016713261604309, -0.6516809463500977, -0.25770488381385803, 0.11631526052951813, -0.20186978578567505, 0.20338891446590424, 0.012701135128736496, -0.42518165707588196, 0.01606193371117115, 0.3466673195362091, -0.30139005184173584, 0.20271220803260803, 0.7174175381660461, 0.19121384620666504, 0.038701679557561874, 0.3730725646018982, 0.12808945775032043, 0.6033869981765747, 0.2458871603012085, 0.21202874183654785, 0.056529317051172256, 0.5595585107803345, 0.6527329683303833, 0.4362204074859619, -0.9424100518226624, -0.19389748573303223, 0.5163419246673584, -0.3110378086566925, -0.5517656803131104, 0.05047003924846649, -0.2822057902812958, 0.5788612365722656, 0.06824072450399399, 0.4495003819465637, -0.7913333773612976, -0.1545494794845581, -0.061317551881074905, 0.5915330052375793, -0.04235173016786575, 0.1518951952457428, -0.2162538766860962, -0.05864311382174492, 0.2099878042936325, 0.7509947419166565, -0.043165065348148346, 0.7500489354133606, 0.25017422437667847, -0.07425939291715622, -0.015057616867125034, -0.23151187598705292, 0.21130581200122833, -0.16177654266357422, -0.3696964979171753, 0.20405390858650208, -0.6461769342422485, -0.30000191926956177, 0.13500362634658813, -1.059035062789917, -0.12602992355823517, 0.3279886841773987, 0.4045357406139374, -0.19176621735095978, 0.14613163471221924, -0.04025068134069443, 0.5973489880561829, -0.053910888731479645, -0.31306660175323486, 0.06821800768375397, 0.3718280792236328, 0.7192914485931396, 0.16268692910671234, 0.10816236585378647, -1.2680376768112183, 0.2209043651819229, -0.15655182301998138, -0.719290554523468, -0.11663701385259628, 0.33574217557907104, 0.7115178108215332, 0.09418579936027527, -0.8542971014976501, 0.8921343088150024, -0.12992063164710999, -0.13311071693897247, -0.19188201427459717, 0.6958691477775574, -1.1127805709838867, 0.16645441949367523, 0.9902157783508301, -0.6161090135574341, 0.4503728449344635, 0.5785240530967712, -0.39033642411231995, -0.04332021623849869, 0.06433393061161041, 0.21584688127040863, 0.18337279558181763, 0.08354885131120682, -0.5085811018943787, 0.09898725897073746, 0.7182164788246155, 0.06853275746107101, 0.38443341851234436, 0.26875659823417664, -0.038664862513542175, 0.6503802537918091, -0.2606430947780609, -0.4919586181640625, -0.839478075504303, -1.0431259870529175, -0.2540503442287445, 0.2309097945690155, 0.4840403199195862, 0.06005873903632164, 0.19669654965400696, 0.11802585422992706, -0.2314499467611313, -0.24128928780555725, -0.6163937449455261, 0.11183615773916245, 0.36764076352119446, -0.42204225063323975, 0.3350176215171814, 0.19153571128845215, -0.17935079336166382, -0.6532999873161316, 1.4889038801193237, -0.04334080591797829, 0.49497005343437195, 0.5598430037498474, 0.6451127529144287, 0.008341497741639614, 0.073372982442379, 0.7042703628540039, 0.7854565382003784, 0.29484739899635315, 0.007027295883744955, -0.6182596683502197, -0.003403683891519904, 0.8365164995193481, -0.026572134345769882, 0.6372833847999573, 0.3613545000553131, 0.3731522858142853, -0.6019824743270874, -0.28969448804855347, -0.1483704000711441, 0.39950740337371826, 0.16332478821277618, -0.3681972920894623, -0.19966435432434082, 0.5686074495315552, 0.16463425755500793, 0.22128380835056305, -0.7544098496437073, -0.40813687443733215, -1.0956650972366333, -0.2892347574234009, 0.28252774477005005, 0.08337186276912689, 0.7437562346458435, -0.5410285592079163, 0.8404636383056641, 0.03159892186522484, -0.1515911966562271, -0.30593985319137573, -0.4586185812950134, -0.04520172253251076, -0.23114396631717682, -0.006094108335673809, 0.04620184376835823, 0.4194251000881195, -0.1871766597032547, 0.3198453187942505, 0.015138896182179451, 0.443143755197525, -0.15073040127754211, 0.1707051396369934, 0.2570420205593109, -0.15605153143405914, -0.3803125023841858, 0.43099114298820496, -0.06005769595503807, -0.5234960913658142, -0.2377101182937622, 0.6550071239471436, -0.26004600524902344, -0.16677892208099365, 0.9220715165138245, 0.05322527140378952, 0.5003767013549805, -0.06825168430805206, 0.5235757231712341, 0.09326989948749542, -0.7284449338912964, 0.46980538964271545, 0.2143726348876953, -0.36895814538002014, 0.7677481770515442, 0.03203344717621803, 0.2765451967716217, 0.24604155123233795, 0.8529346585273743, -0.505881130695343, -0.10684344172477722, -0.5349861979484558, -0.5725234746932983, 0.13790163397789001, 0.31944531202316284, 0.564116358757019, -0.13150657713413239, -0.0532149076461792, -0.21807244420051575, -0.012980932369828224, 0.5256713628768921, -0.14334149658679962, -0.08100508153438568, -0.08829055726528168, 0.26593559980392456, 0.0358319915831089, -0.5790227055549622, 0.8602075576782227, -0.17805638909339905, 0.1563989222049713, 0.025918198749423027, 0.055398788303136826, -0.07016616314649582, 0.07939616590738297, -0.30967018008232117, 0.011137906461954117, 0.45191001892089844, 0.1342339962720871 ]
249380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th%20Annual%20Grammy%20Awards	7th Annual Grammy Awards	The 7th Annual Grammy Awards were held on April 13, 1965, at Beverly Hilton Hotel, Beverly Hills. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1964. João Gilberto & Stan Getz won 4 awards. Award winners Record of the Year Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz for "The Girl from Ipanema" Album of the Year João Gilberto & Stan Getz for Getz/Gilberto Song of the Year Jerry Herman (songwriter) for "Hello, Dolly!" performed by Louis Armstrong Best New Artist The Beatles Children's Best Recording for Children Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, Glynis Johns, David Tomlinson & Ed Wynn for Mary Poppins Classical Best Performance - Orchestra Erich Leinsdorf (conductor) & the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Mahler: Symphony No. 5/Berg: Wozzeck Excerpts Best Vocal Soloist Performance (with or without orchestra) Fritz Reiner (conductor), Leontyne Price & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Berlioz: Nuits d'Ete (Song Cycle)/Falla: El Amor Brujo Best Opera Recording Herbert von Karajan (conductor) Franco Corelli, Mirella Freni, Robert Merrill, Leontyne Price & the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for Bizet: Carmen Best Choral Performance (other than opera) Robert Shaw (choir director) & the Robert Shaw Chorale for Britten: A Ceremony of Carols Best Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with orchestra) Eugene Ormandy (conductor), Isaac Stern & the Philadelphia Orchestra for Prokofiev: Violin Concerto No. 1 in D Best Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (without orchestra) Vladimir Horowitz for Vladimir Horowitz Plays Beethoven, Debussy, Chopin Best Chamber Music Performance - Vocal Noah Greenberg (conductor) & the New York Pro Musica for It Was a Lover and His Lass Best Chamber Music Performance - Instrumental Jascha Heifetz, Jacob Lateiner & Gregor Piatigorsky for Beethoven: Trio No. 1 in E Flat, Op.1 #1 Best Composition by a Contemporary Composer Samuel Barber for Concerto performed by John Browning Best Classical Album Leonard Bernstein (conductor) & the New York Philharmonic for Bernstein: Symphony No. 3 "Kaddish" Most Promising New Classical Recording Artist Marilyn Horne Comedy Best Comedy Performance Bill Cosby for I Started Out as a Child Composing and arranging Best Instrumental Composition (other than jazz) Henry Mancini (composer) for "The Pink Panther Theme" Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Show Richard M. Sherman & Robert B. Sherman (composers) for Mary Poppins performed by Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke & various artists Best Instrumental Arrangement Henry Mancini (arranger) for "The Pink Panther Theme" Best Accompaniment Arrangement for Vocalist(s) or Instrumentalist(s) Peter Matz (arranger) for "People" performed by Barbra Streisand Country Best Country & Western Vocal Performance - Female Dottie West for "Here Comes My Baby" Best Country & Western Vocal Performance - Male Roger Miller for "Dang Me" Best Country & Western Single Roger Miller for "Dang Me" Best Country & Western Song Roger Miller (songwriter) for "Dang Me" Best Country & Western Album Roger Miller for Dang Me/Chug-A-Lug Best New Country & Western Artist Roger Miller Folk Best Folk Recording Gale Garnett for We'll Sing in the Sunshine Gospel Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording (Musical) Tennessee Ernie Ford for Great Gospel Songs Jazz Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Small Group or Soloist with Small Group Stan Getz for Getz/Gilberto Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group or Soloist with Large Group Laurindo Almeida for Guitar from Ipanema Best Original Jazz Composition Lalo Schifrin (composer) for "The Cat" Musical show Best Score From an Original Cast Show Album Jule Styne & Robert Merrill (composers) & the original cast (Barbra Streisand, Sydney Chaplin, Danny Meehan, Kay Medford, Jean Stapleton & John Lankston) for Funny Girl Packaging and notes Best Album Cover - Classical Robert M. Jones (art director) & Jan Balet (graphic artist) for Saint-Saens: Carnival of the Animals/Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra conducted by Arthur Fiedler Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical Robert Cato (art director) & Don Bronstein (photographer) for People performed by Barbra Streisand Best Album Notes Stanton Catlin (album notes writer) for Mexico (Legacy Collection) performed by Carlos Chavez Pop Best Vocal Performance, Female Barbra Streisand for People Best Vocal Performance, Male Louis Armstrong for "Hello, Dolly!" Best Performance by a Vocal Group The Beatles for A Hard Day's Night Best Performance by a Chorus Ward Swingle for The Swingle Singers Going Baroque performed by The Swingle Singers Best Instrumental Performance - Non-Jazz Mason Williams for "Classical Gas" Best Rock and Roll Recording Petula Clark for "Downtown" Production and engineering Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical Phil Ramone (engineer) for Getz/Gilberto performed by Stan Getz & João Gilberto Best Engineered Recording Douglas Larter (engineer), Carlo Maria Giulini (conductor) & the Philharmonia Orchestra for Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra Best Engineered Recording - Special or Novel Effects David Hassinger (engineer) for The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles performed by The Chipmunks R&B Best Rhythm & Blues Recording Nancy Wilson for "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am" Spoken Best Documentary, Spoken Word or Drama Recording (other than comedy) That Was The Week That Was for BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy performed by the That Was the Week That Was cast References 007 1965 in California 1965 music awards Beverly Hills, California 1965 in American music April 1965 events in the United States	[ -0.6954219937324524, 0.13293151557445526, 1.094377040863037, 0.2177562564611435, -0.16210569441318512, 0.034703224897384644, 0.43055999279022217, -0.20192256569862366, -0.6080090999603271, 0.3251991271972656, 0.002104257931932807, 1.100118637084961, 0.04826792702078819, 0.23299941420555115, -0.23441961407661438, 0.037324145436286926, 0.3708738088607788, -0.12275449931621552, 0.27582037448883057, -1.0127830505371094, -0.11292214691638947, 0.11819776892662048, 0.6048648357391357, -0.12987832725048065, -0.2973945438861847, -0.23743635416030884, -0.07862589508295059, -0.3006053566932678, 0.12418074905872345, 0.10465093702077866, 0.1315925568342209, -0.06199384108185768, -0.18361595273017883, 0.011225443333387375, -0.20994681119918823, 0.24654756486415863, 0.19850289821624756, -0.392500638961792, -0.3527843952178955, -0.51779705286026, 0.307235985994339, -0.43263310194015503, 0.18702785670757294, 0.3183063268661499, -0.33048340678215027, -0.11276473104953766, -1.191493034362793, -0.30959755182266235, -0.5807973146438599, -0.037138886749744415, 0.06042339652776718, 0.8542108535766602, -0.8341742157936096, 0.2131563425064087, 0.5032640695571899, 0.49053069949150085, 0.021271875128149986, 0.23979894816875458, -0.9189022779464722, -0.2210616171360016, -0.1537109911441803, 0.2381916046142578, 0.018186919391155243, -0.10698439180850983, 0.259503036737442, 0.2947606146335602, 0.2460784763097763, 0.14179424941539764, -0.23769347369670868, -0.3035135269165039, -0.13778844475746155, 0.18070679903030396, -0.40191030502319336, -0.4460616707801819, 0.41439536213874817, -0.605898380279541, 0.04448314011096954, -0.4527914226055145, -0.1324610412120819, 0.038090504705905914, -0.12680667638778687, -0.6745227575302124, 0.5453767776489258, 0.2946222424507141, -0.06652183830738068, -0.6222848296165466, -0.2880776524543762, -0.26614147424697876, -0.4211943745613098, 0.15985967218875885, -0.3536601662635803, -0.2616393566131592, 0.45701155066490173, 1.3655269145965576, 0.06127426400780678, -0.8486095070838928, 0.18599462509155273, -0.046573299914598465, 0.36675944924354553, 0.15785884857177734, -0.16230961680412292, 0.020272141322493553, -0.059461865574121475, -0.07996527850627899, -0.8808186650276184, -0.0713689997792244, -0.21237397193908691, -1.168558955192566, -0.1185341626405716, 0.047447338700294495, -0.4279211461544037, 0.08291205763816833, 0.40956443548202515, -0.1354048252105713, -0.32456886768341064, -0.023005198687314987, 0.12249701470136642, -0.4563397467136383, -0.5515342950820923, 0.4743870794773102, 1.0777537822723389, 0.676582396030426, -0.28954803943634033, 0.5123297572135925, -0.10024014115333557, 0.515575647354126, 0.6469643712043762, 1.0557215213775635, -0.07841342687606812, -0.2800563871860504, -0.3880300223827362, -0.29082950949668884, -0.0002742893120739609, 0.7284983992576599, -0.04246369004249573, -0.30356380343437195, 0.5141767263412476, -0.41870418190956116, -0.3175896108150482, 0.12430277466773987, -0.7362610101699829, -0.251299113035202, -0.7203912734985352, -0.46159470081329346, 0.08503814786672592, -0.5553587675094604, -0.3351726531982422, 0.1643119603395462, -0.25961363315582275, -0.33311641216278076, 0.7180905342102051, -0.5152528285980225, 0.14982914924621582, -0.6487976312637329, -0.06396809220314026, 0.2765635550022125, 0.24138109385967255, 0.16676336526870728, 0.4186171293258667, 0.1732587367296219, 0.11683709174394608, 0.04137185588479042, -0.28802162408828735, 0.19001244008541107, -0.43088921904563904, 0.1292678266763687, -0.5184416174888611, 0.8524339199066162, -0.28858423233032227, -0.30658820271492004, 0.2668856084346771, 0.5511060953140259, -0.010173090733587742, 0.048189595341682434, -0.25439319014549255, -0.6273467540740967, 0.44785836338996887, 0.5617377161979675, 0.01717936061322689, 0.06299006938934326, -0.40409377217292786, 0.2707608640193939, 0.20630967617034912, -0.11361919343471527, 0.8369715809822083, 0.7135930061340332, -0.14067241549491882, 0.11270514875650406, 0.4470022916793823, -0.37175461649894714, -0.47060441970825195, -0.5673695802688599, -0.4672633409500122, -0.10518714040517807, 0.3646085858345032, 0.15565328299999237, -0.03511962294578552, 0.6987522840499878, 0.03494180366396904, 0.5417639017105103, 0.07027247548103333, -0.24457813799381256, 0.8644911050796509, -0.08090521395206451, -0.42328256368637085, -0.1551513522863388, -0.32380205392837524, -0.4487048387527466, 0.46343284845352173, 0.6098101139068604, 0.09808839857578278, -0.21799783408641815, -0.16565702855587006, 0.8613708019256592, 0.25440773367881775, 0.06639545410871506, -0.561055600643158, 0.009293269366025925, 0.1541128158569336, -0.8164093494415283, 0.012302420102059841, 0.734566330909729, 0.36210307478904724, 0.6303038001060486, -0.15706060826778412, 1.2202616930007935, -0.5255463719367981, -0.28082355856895447, 0.1433117687702179, 0.14872249960899353, -0.05902640521526337, 0.6792427897453308, 0.26979172229766846, -0.007278862409293652, -0.20788833498954773, -0.29049286246299744, 0.6984032988548279, -0.06993357092142105, -0.5857754945755005, 0.13361799716949463, -0.1296418458223343, -0.41666722297668457, -0.8877678513526917, 0.8318315744400024, -0.646507203578949, 0.11445686221122742, -0.24272994697093964, -0.25216180086135864, 0.19774311780929565, -0.14664578437805176, 0.4802556037902832, 0.04015578702092171, 0.38474494218826294, 0.5200888514518738, -0.44323161244392395, 0.7477939128875732, -0.5502684116363525, -0.45284178853034973, -0.06346949934959412, 0.021658597514033318, 0.03582830727100372, 0.11569225788116455, 0.02746003307402134, 0.13163770735263824, 0.2986300587654114, -0.5486072301864624, -0.10308270901441574, 0.08947192877531052, 0.2701311707496643, 0.1958187073469162, -0.4348871409893036, 0.2590480148792267, 0.05715843290090561, 0.41631945967674255, -0.24090683460235596, -0.5207751989364624, -0.24616438150405884, 0.04771023988723755, -0.3747665584087372, -1.2125887870788574, 0.6376149654388428, 0.15949495136737823, 0.11350331455469131, -0.04514024406671524, 0.14410077035427094, 0.34434381127357483, -0.20175901055335999, -0.18940655887126923, 0.3962130844593048, 0.15592318773269653, -0.1653079390525818, 0.654014527797699, -0.4402725100517273, 0.05267738178372383, 0.2573767602443695, 0.2345363348722458, 0.697300374507904, -0.12617559731006622, -0.3072754442691803, 0.04330794885754585, -0.5791571736335754, -0.03725782781839371, -0.16782791912555695, -0.05078656226396561, 0.650118350982666, 0.0876542180776596, -0.4852054715156555, -0.6041351556777954, -5.27534818649292, -0.17686811089515686, -0.2917971611022949, 0.03569895401597023, 0.2518949508666992, 0.4613991975784302, 0.005938404239714146, -0.4133473336696625, -0.14382262527942657, -0.34460172057151794, -0.27982521057128906, -0.049069710075855255, -0.5784602761268616, 0.5557318329811096, 0.40701428055763245, -0.39972445368766785, 0.4368196427822113, -0.5904685854911804, 0.22441822290420532, -0.35692524909973145, 0.057486630976200104, -0.5984035134315491, 0.12762495875358582, 0.3823520243167877, 0.09338992834091187, 0.9404083490371704, -0.2544409930706024, 0.3184695839881897, 0.15003207325935364, -0.42132771015167236, -0.18869030475616455, -0.29451411962509155, -0.6073615550994873, -0.39259570837020874, -0.3076803684234619, 0.6559160947799683, -0.06341123580932617, -0.8833889365196228, 0.881604790687561, -0.08374223858118057, 0.6011195182800293, -0.3134489953517914, 0.5124287009239197, -0.07853268831968307, 0.27954068779945374, -0.5179244875907898, -0.021731959655880928, -0.09917249530553818, 0.019913630560040474, 0.8028032183647156, 0.48529288172721863, 0.8093138337135315, 0.3454415798187256, 0.2887817919254303, 0.058761876076459885, -0.22522589564323425, 0.28483009338378906, -0.04417625442147255, -0.31467410922050476, -0.2693370282649994, 0.8067572116851807, 0.6671245694160461, 0.5344243049621582, -1.0963987112045288, 0.04356667026877403, -0.8161913752555847, -0.5622004866600037, 0.4732380211353302, 0.35874080657958984, 0.22443081438541412, 0.22167900204658508, 0.04666367545723915, -0.7166253328323364, -0.9115390777587891, 0.026413146406412125, 0.25452959537506104, 0.07013699412345886, 0.04680705443024635, 0.017617665231227875, -0.03635215759277344, 0.026574471965432167, 0.17358648777008057, 0.09548082947731018, 0.2772842049598694, -0.6366425156593323, -0.5410891771316528, -0.5303648710250854, 0.3275575041770935, -0.27419182658195496, -0.366322785615921, -0.10202741622924805, -0.3029807209968567, -0.7410179376602173, 0.35656484961509705, -0.2768299877643585, -0.066630519926548, 0.24116025865077972, 0.7945681810379028, 1.079775094985962, 0.2634168267250061, -0.7704532146453857, -0.7809198498725891, 1.040418028831482, -0.4182559549808502, -0.5655226707458496, -0.47615480422973633, -0.8924568891525269, -0.12777437269687653, 0.11748938262462616, -0.6244520545005798, 0.22932185232639313, -0.7024281024932861, 0.32371190190315247, -0.482597678899765, 0.2584620416164398, -0.3991960287094116, 0.01601186953485012, 0.8597003221511841, 0.04130762070417404, -0.3574818968772888, 0.7880050539970398, -0.200748473405838, -0.24116122722625732, 0.19799233973026276, 0.19560790061950684, 0.3743579685688019, -0.34607890248298645, -0.292715847492218, -0.3301389217376709, 0.24204301834106445, 0.5659523010253906, 0.3722941279411316, 0.11097918450832367, 0.7210049033164978, 0.3642042279243469, -0.21084541082382202, -0.11709095537662506, -0.5149613618850708, -0.44006431102752686, -0.8219187259674072, 0.10989785939455032, -0.571695864200592, -0.02812797576189041, 0.17132574319839478, 0.16046297550201416, -0.09907519817352295, 0.22588369250297546, -0.8354490995407104, 0.10807979106903076, -0.07120420038700104, -0.2890630066394806, 0.09011146426200867, 0.42412951588630676, -0.1939496546983719, -0.22148142755031586, 0.5305019617080688, -0.1362960785627365, -0.3438915014266968, -0.40114304423332214, -0.7458158731460571, -0.44723939895629883, -0.3197654187679291, -0.7671365141868591, -0.07021701335906982, -0.1540939211845398, -0.5063372254371643, -0.591404378414154, 0.5488582253456116, -0.600527286529541, 0.8187321424484253, 0.4362739622592926, 0.6082298159599304, -0.27230414748191833, -0.40016835927963257, -0.010369895026087761, -0.17502255737781525, 0.8144158124923706, -0.5996072292327881, 0.20285329222679138, -0.1514066606760025, -0.21865175664424896, -0.38422706723213196, -0.33390602469444275, -0.14372318983078003, -0.02291070856153965, -0.09618911147117615, -0.9751723408699036, -0.4306866526603699, -0.5560177564620972, 0.3338606655597687, -0.289741188287735, -0.20885010063648224, 0.5648117661476135, -0.4581221640110016, -0.96232670545578, 0.1861700862646103, 0.23715868592262268, 0.3009325861930847, -0.5916763544082642, -0.001889765844680369, -0.37782707810401917, -0.0046479240991175175, -0.22925762832164764, 0.43791326880455017, -0.12516608834266663, -1.1761653423309326, 0.25890955328941345, 0.9823232889175415, -0.3328227698802948, 1.0048061609268188, -0.10589119791984558, -0.035452406853437424, -0.012578616850078106, 0.17564530670642853, 0.10381578654050827, 0.2574823796749115, 0.08844321221113205, 0.2775707244873047, -0.20513638854026794, -0.1433318704366684, -0.2781321704387665, 0.028247274458408356, -0.5207486152648926, 0.04097528010606766, -0.6844701766967773, 0.12369529902935028, -0.23129865527153015, -0.39551788568496704, -0.3593181073665619, -0.6757710576057434, -0.046391259878873825, -0.06811262667179108, -0.09577514976263046, 0.2961486577987671, -0.03286103531718254, -0.0757102444767952, 0.10920452326536179, 0.19261953234672546, -0.456961452960968, 0.3371599316596985, 0.5058226585388184, 0.018354613333940506, -0.01573099009692669, 0.07534056901931763, 0.15764400362968445, 0.2994328439235687, 0.4198564291000366, 0.2979581356048584, 0.21082647144794464, 0.7270002961158752, 0.41924721002578735, 0.2282722443342209, -0.7653743624687195, -0.013149498030543327, 0.34819209575653076, -0.41020023822784424, -0.5519018173217773, -0.05212435871362686, -0.24205386638641357, 0.37856563925743103, 0.04063096269965172, 0.5138510465621948, -0.9037969708442688, -0.054028965532779694, -0.0505635030567646, 0.48142778873443604, -0.1463126540184021, 0.20769020915031433, -0.2853747010231018, 0.07514294236898422, 0.19496510922908783, 0.6723549962043762, -0.3688305616378784, 0.759050726890564, 0.22011561691761017, -0.02856258675456047, -0.0675118938088417, -0.4592438042163849, 0.1240546777844429, -0.07727548480033875, -0.5345137119293213, -0.07149561494588852, -1.0172048807144165, -0.33707085251808167, 0.09570206701755524, -1.123258113861084, -0.15555208921432495, 0.395150750875473, 0.061274778097867966, 0.04298575222492218, -0.18775367736816406, 0.41012194752693176, 0.6948399543762207, -0.10033702850341797, -0.1496591717004776, 0.3458876311779022, 0.4052157998085022, 0.6520774960517883, -0.02729623392224312, 0.29130107164382935, -1.0038349628448486, 0.2376272976398468, -0.022656450048089027, -0.46785593032836914, -0.12561970949172974, 0.24829158186912537, 0.7405500411987305, 0.18042168021202087, -0.6119768619537354, 0.8117071986198425, -0.1983465999364853, 0.010733213275671005, -0.2490883469581604, 0.6896491050720215, -0.9510096907615662, -0.12130109965801239, 1.049485206604004, -0.5263530611991882, 0.4433101415634155, 0.6138182878494263, -0.4602906405925751, -0.061498481780290604, 0.07263071835041046, 0.1298334300518036, 0.16915692389011383, 0.23522454500198364, -0.6007371544837952, 0.10950031876564026, 0.7175183892250061, 0.2567702829837799, 0.43516016006469727, 0.25488898158073425, -0.004488776437938213, 0.46766266226768494, -0.34802764654159546, -0.5647349953651428, -0.7927926778793335, -1.2091795206069946, -0.12782227993011475, 0.09301705658435822, 0.5650911331176758, 0.2186347097158432, 0.12487189471721649, 0.002768391976132989, 0.0021840583067387342, -0.3556239902973175, -0.6223461031913757, 0.1411878615617752, 0.4543236196041107, -0.5111035108566284, 0.2612178325653076, -0.12710575759410858, 0.0615936741232872, -0.7149474024772644, 1.5564302206039429, 0.0701901838183403, 0.5601075887680054, 0.433661550283432, 0.5244056582450867, 0.04737081006169319, -0.05343836173415184, 0.800395131111145, 0.6563857197761536, 0.40194374322891235, -0.12421155720949173, -0.5003429055213928, -0.08245431631803513, 0.9952381253242493, 0.028610404580831528, 1.020201325416565, 0.4221925437450409, 0.4269702136516571, -0.46351754665374756, -0.19216388463974, -0.1550886183977127, 0.7168282866477966, 0.2617577910423279, -0.34392452239990234, -0.05717091262340546, 0.7865265011787415, 0.19405965507030487, 0.13971294462680817, -0.5678728818893433, -0.1399151235818863, -0.909417986869812, -0.2454412430524826, 0.049427155405282974, 0.32571080327033997, 0.7369670271873474, -0.5823974013328552, 0.8356809616088867, 0.05960222706198692, 0.09435848146677017, -0.3794823884963989, -0.32967105507850647, 0.14128389954566956, -0.05973859503865242, -0.228940948843956, 0.26620596647262573, 0.2438672035932541, -0.443746417760849, 0.5928686857223511, -0.06153403967618942, 0.44747328758239746, -0.13030174374580383, 0.16062548756599426, 0.25147634744644165, -0.12690865993499756, -0.26759812235832214, 0.5339657664299011, -0.11685159802436829, -0.513635516166687, -0.24339120090007782, 0.49934715032577515, -0.5656620264053345, -0.4125763773918152, 0.8973143100738525, 0.10052072256803513, 0.31453046202659607, -0.10937071591615677, 0.3340541422367096, -0.12193720042705536, -0.5265162587165833, 0.5782291889190674, 0.32024112343788147, -0.3926229774951935, 0.6845524311065674, -0.04721968621015549, -0.0037151568103581667, 0.24197299778461456, 0.9445525407791138, -0.769612193107605, 0.02754380740225315, -0.6030179858207703, -0.5658396482467651, 0.26284077763557434, 0.4108191728591919, 0.6446573138237, 0.008106963708996773, -0.04024777188897133, -0.11388187110424042, 0.12349001318216324, 0.46631118655204773, -0.4251927137374878, 0.0996600016951561, -0.061083968728780746, 0.24141405522823334, 0.0759580060839653, -0.7591686248779297, 0.6906891465187073, -0.10072721540927887, -0.02300134114921093, 0.19795015454292297, -0.2544451057910919, -0.17008152604103088, 0.014354543760418892, -0.07359610497951508, 0.18113289773464203, 0.24452684819698334, 0.2683391273021698 ]

Subsets and Splits

No saved queries yet

Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.