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11202 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849 | 1849 | 1849 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
February 8 – Start of the new Roman Republic
April 12 – Ludwig von Welden becomes commander of Austrian forces in Hungary.
May – The Second Carlist War ends in Spain.
October 7 – Edgar Allan Poe |
11211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire | Solitaire | Solitaire is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards. A player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.
There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Golf and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games.
In many countries (for example, UK), solitaire is called Patience.
Types of games
Patience, also known as "solitaire with cards", generally involves placing cards in a layout and sorting them according to specific rules.
Klondike is the most common variation of solitaire. It is included with the Windows operating system under the title Solitaire.
Mahjong solitaire
Peg solitaire is a board game in which the goal is to empty the board of pegs through movement and capturing. It is more of a puzzle than a game.
Concentration, also known as Memory, Pelmanism (UK), Shinkei-suijaku (Japan), Pexeso (Czechia) or simply Pairs, is a card game in which the cards are laid face down on a surface and two cards are flipped face up over each turn. The object of the game is to turn over pairs of matching cards.
Card games |
11213 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics | Optics | Optics is the science of light and how it interacts with the world. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors, how light refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is only a small part.
Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.
While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet through cities and around the world. |
11216 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav%20Klaus | Václav Klaus | Václav Klaus (; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician. He was the 2nd President of Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. He also served was the second and last Prime Minister of the Czech Republic.
His presidency was very controversial, because of his opinion on global warming and because of amnesty he declared.
Early life
Klaus was born in Prague during the Nazi occupation and grew up in the Vinohrady neighborhood. Klaus studied "economics of foreign trade" and graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1963. He also spent some time at universities in Italy (1966) and at Cornell University. He also studied in the United States in 1969.
He soon obtained a position in the Czechoslovak State Bank. In 1987, Klaus joined the Institute for Prognostics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1995, as Prime Minister, Klaus was awarded the title of Professor of Finance, so he is sometimes addressed as "Mr. Professor". Since that time Klaus occasionally teaches seminars in economics at the University of Economics.
Political career
At a congress 1997, Klaus was confirmed as chairman of the ODS. Klaus was elected President of the Czech Republic on 28 February 2003. He won with a majority of 142 votes out of 281.
References
1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the Czech Republic |
11217 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra%20Streisand | Barbra Streisand | Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand (born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, producer, and director. She has won multiple Emmy Awards, Grammy Awards and Golden Globe awards.
Family: The grandparents on her father's side of the family, were from Galicia. (That region is now in Ukraine and Poland.). She is of Jewish descent.
References
Other websites
1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singers from New York City |
11218 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica | Jamaica | Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean; it is part of the Greater Antilles. The island, in area, lies about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola. Its capital city is Kingston; other towns include Montego Bay, St. Ann's Bay and Spanish Town. The island is divided into three counties – Cornwall, Middlesex and Surrey – which are subdivided into 14 parishes: Kingston, St. Andrew, St. Catherine, Clarendon, Manchester, St. Elizabeth, Westmoreland, Hanover, St. James, Trelawny, St. Ann, St. Mary, Portland and St. Thomas.
Jamaica is the third-largest island country in the Greater Antilles. Its Taíno name is Xaymaca, meaning "Land of Springs". Jamaica is part of the West Indies.
History of Jamaica
The Taino indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques (chiefs of villages). The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour.
Christopher Columbus, during his second voyage to the Americas, claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there on 5 May 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay. There is some debate as to whether he landed in St. Ann's Bay or in Discovery Bay. St. Ann's Bay was named "Saint Gloria" by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land.
In 1503, during his fourth voyage, Columbus had to spend one year on the northern coast of the island, and he named the island Isla de Santiago (by Sant Iago Apostol, in Spanish Santiago).
In 1509, the new Governor of the Hispaniola, Diego Columbus, sent Juan de Esquivel, a Conquistador born in Seville, Spain, with 70 men to Jamaica to complete the conquest of that island. They first lived in the St. Ann's Bay area and soon Esquivel founded a town, Sevilla La Nueva (in English, "The New Seville") on the north coast, one mile to the west of St. Ann's Bay.
Sevilla was abandoned around 1524 because it was deemed unhealthy. The capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called Saint Jago de la Vega, in the south around 1534.
British rule
In 1654 Oliver Cromwell decided to break the Spanish control of the West Indies and he sent a fleet in an expedition) led by William Penn and General Robert Venables. The fleet arrived to the Santo Domingo island on 13 April 1655 but the British lost in two battles on 17 and 25 April and they decided to move to Jamaica.
On 10 May 1655, Penn and Venables led a successful attack on Jamaica. The Spanish surrendered to the English, freed their slaves and then fled to Cuba. It was this set of freed slaves and their descendants living in the Jamaican mountains who became known as the Maroons.
Independence
After a long period of direct British colonial rule, Jamaica gained a degree of local political control in the late 1930s, and held its first election under full universal adult suffrage in 1944. Jamaica joined nine other U.K. territories in the West Indies Federation in 1958 but withdrew after Jamaican voters rejected membership in 1961. Jamaica got its independence in 1962, remaining a member of the Commonwealth.
Government and politics
Jamaica is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II serving as the monarch. However, as Elizabeth II is shared as head of state of fifteen other countries (the Commonwealth realm) in addition to the UK and resides mostly in the United Kingdom, she is thus often represented as Queen of Jamaica in Jamaica and abroad by the Governor-General of Jamaica. The governor-general is nominated by the Prime Minister of Jamaica and appointed by the monarch. All the members of the Cabinet are appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. The monarch and the governor-general serve largely ceremonial roles.
The Parliament of Jamaica is bicameral. This means that it consists of two Houses, the Senate, also called the Upper House, and the House of Representatives, also known as the Lower House. The members of the House (known as Members of Parliament or MPs) are elected by the people of Jamaica. The leader of the political party with most members in the House of Representatives is appointed by the governor-general to be the prime minister. Senators are nominated jointly by the prime minister and the parliamentary leader of the opposition and are then appointed by the governor-general.
Tarch 2016. Prime Minister Holness acts as head of government of Jamaica.
Jamaica has traditionally had a system of two parties, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). The party with current administrative and legislative power is Jamaica Labour Party, with a two-thirds Parliamentary majority as of 2016.
Parishes
Jamaica is divided into 14 parishes, which are grouped into three historic counties that have no administrative relevance.
Population
Demographics
In 2011 (last national census), there were 2,697,983 people living in Jamaica: 1,334,533 men and 1,363,450 women. There were 1,453,438 (53.9%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 245.5 persons/km².
The following table shows the parishes with their populations in the 2011 census.
People
According to estimates about 70% of Jamaicans are Black and the rest of the 30% are composed of mostly Mixed Race people, but also includes White and Asian Jamaicans.
Language
The official language of Jamaica is English and the population also speaks Jamaican Creole English.
Religion
The people of Jamaica is 62.5% Protestant (10.8% Seventh-day Adventist Church, 9.5% Pentecostal, 8.3 Other Church of God, 7.2% Baptist, 6.3% New Testament Church of God, 4.8% Church of God in Jamaica, 4.3% Church of God of Prophecy, 3.6% Anglicans, 7.7% other Christian), 2.6% Catholics, 14.2% other or unspecified, 20.9% none.
Geography
Jamaica is between latitudes 17° 42"N and 18° 31"N and longitudes 78° 22"W and 76° 11", that is between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It has an area of .
Jamaica is the third-largest island country in the Greater Antilles, after Cuba and the Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic); it is larger than Puerto Rico. The island is from east to west; the width, from north to south, varies between to . The country is composed mainly of the mainland, but near the coast there are a few isolated small islands.
The Blue Mountains are the longest mountain range in Jamaica. They include the island's highest point, Blue Mountain Peak, at .
Rivers
The Rio Minho is the longest river in Jamaica at . It rises close to the island's geographic centre, flows generally south-southwest and reaches the Caribbean Sea at Carlisle Bay in the central south coast, to the west of the island's southernmost point, Portland Point.
The Black River is one of the longest rivers in Jamaica. At a length of , it was believed to be the longest until it was discovered that the Rio Minho was longer. It was originally called Rio Caobana.
Famous people
The island is known for the Rastafarian movement, as well as reggae artist Bob Marley. The popular sprinter Usain Bolt is also an asset from the country. Usain Bolt won gold in the 100 and 200 races in Rio 2016. England goalkeeper Joe Hart is also born in Jamaica.
References
Other websites
Commonwealth realms
English-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
1962 establishments in North America |
11219 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver | Denver | Denver is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Colorado and a county named Denver County. For this reason, Denver is the county seat of Denver County. It is at the foot of the Rocky Mountains on the South Platte River, and was founded in 1858. A nickname for Denver is The Mile High City, because Denver is very high above sea level. It is at least 5,280 feet (or 1,609 meters) above sea level at a point in the city's state capitol building. The dome at the top of the capitol building is covered in gold.
History
Denver City was founded in November 1858 during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush as a mining town in western Kansas Territory. That summer, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas, started a settlement on the banks of the South Platte River. They called it Montana City. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The settlement faded quickly. By the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold mining town of Auraria, Georgia), and St. Charles City.
The Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1, 1861, and Denver City was incorporated on November 7, 1861. Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the Territorial Capital. With its new-found importance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver. On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted to the Union.
Sports teams in Denver
Denver is the home of the Denver Broncos football team, the Denver Nuggets basketball team, the Colorado Rockies baseball team, the Colorado Avalanche hockey team, and the Colorado Rapids soccer team.
Newspapers
The Denver Post
The Rocky Mountain News
References
State capitals in the United States
1858 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Colorado
County seats in Colorado |
11220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Lewis | Carl Lewis | Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American retired track and field athlete. He has won nine Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships. Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of movies.
References
Other websites
1961 births
Living people
African-American track and field athletes
American male athletes
American movie actors
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Alabama
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Sprinters |
11228 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink | Pink | Pink is a light reddish color. Pink paint can be made by mixing red, rose, or magenta paint and white paint. Pink is an easy color to make with paint by red and white.
Meaning of Pink
Pink is the color for embarrassment, because of the pink blushing cheeks.
Around the world, pink is used to represent love and eroticism.
In the west, pink is the color for the female gender.
Pink means one is in a good condition of health. That is why there is an idiom called "in the pink"—example: These animals are in the pink today.
Pink is the stagename of American singer Alecia Moore. Her name is also spelled as "P!nk."
Meaning of Pink Elsewhere
In India, pink is the color of masculinity.
In Japan, Pink is the color most associated with springtime, and loosely associated with young men.
Tones of pink color comparison chart
<table>
Light Amour (Pink Mist) (Xona.com color list “Amour Light”) (Hex: #FDF6FA) (RGB: 253, 246, 250)
Light Pink Lace (Xona.com color list "Pink Lace Light") (Hex: #FFF1FB) (RGB: 255, 241, 251)
Amour (Red Mist) (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F9EAF3) (RGB: 249, 234, 243)
Bubble Gum (Crayola Magic Scents) (Hex: #FFD3F8) (RGB: 255, 211, 248)
Pink Lace (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDDF4) (RGB: 255, 221, 207)
Champagne Pink (Pantone TPX 12-1107) (Hex: #F1DDCF) (RGB: 241, 221, 207)
Light Cupid (Xona.com color list “Cupid Light”) (Hex: #FDE3F0) (RGB: 253, 227, 240)
Light Chantilly (Xona.com color list “Chantilly Light”) (Hex: #FCE5F2) (RGB: 252, 229, 242)
Pale Light Pink (Xona.com color list “Pink Light”) (Hex: #FFE4E9) (RGB: 255, 228, 233)
Piggy Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FDDDE6) (RGB: 253, 221, 230)
Pale Pink (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #F9CCCA) (RGB: 249, 204, 202)
Baby Pink (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #F4C2C2) (RGB: 244, 194, 194)
Pink (X11 color) (Tamarisk) (Hex: #FFC0CB) (RGB: 255, 192, 203)
Cotton Candy (Crayola) (Hex: #FFB7D5) (RGB: 255, 183, 213)
Orchid Pink (Pantone TPX 13-2010) (Hex: #F2BDCD) (RGB: 239, 187, 204)
Chantilly (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F8C3DF) (RGB: 248, 195, 223)
Cupid (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FBBEDA) (RGB: 251, 190, 218)
Cameo Pink (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #EFBBCC) (RGB: 239, 187, 204)
Spanish Pink (Pink (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #F7BFBE) (RGB: 247, 191, 150)
Light Pink (web color "Light Pink") (Hex: #FFB6C1) (RGB: 255, 182, 193)
Cherry Blossom Pink (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FFB7C5) (RGB: 255, 183, 197)
Nadashiko Pink (Hex: #F6ADC6) (RGB: 246, 173, 198)
Carnation Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FFA6C9) (RGB: 246, 166, 201)
Lavender Pink (Crayola color "Lavender [Pink]") - (Hex: #FBAED2) (RGB: 251, 174, 210)
Light Hot Pink (Xona.com color list “Hot Pink Light”) (Hex: #FFB3DE) (RGB: 255, 179, 222)
Lavender Rose (Hex: #FBA0E3) (RGB: 251, 160, 227)
Light Fuchsia Pink (Pale Magenta) (Hex: #F984EF) (RGB: 249, 132, 229)
Light Deep Pink (Xona.com color list “Deep Pink Light”) (Hex: #FF5CCD) (RGB: 255, 92, 205)
Rose Pink (Hex: #FF66CC) (RGB: 255, 102, 204)
Persian Pink (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #F77FBE) (RGB: 247, 127, 190)
Tickle Me Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FC80A5) (RGB: 252, 128, 165)
Baker-Miller Pink (Schauss Pink) (Internet) (Hex: #FF91AF) (RGB: 255, 145, 175)
Pink Sherbet (Crayola) (Hex: #F78FA7) (RGB: 247, 143, 167)
Mauvelous (Crayola) (Hex: #F091A9) (RGB: 240, 145, 169)
Amaranth Pink (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #F19CBB) (RGB: 241, 156, 187)
Charm Pink (Plochere) (Hex: #E68FAC) (RGB: 230, 143, 172)
China Pink (Plochere) (Hex: #DE6FA1) (RGB: 222, 111, 161)
Turkish Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B57281) (RGB: 181, 114, 129)
Solid Pink (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #893843) (RGB: 137, 56, 67)
Mountbatten Pink (Royal Navy) (Hex: #997A8D) (RGB: 153, 122, 141)
Silver Pink (Plochere) (Hex: #C4AEAD) (RGB: 190, 174, 123)
Queen Pink (Plochere) (Hex: #E8CCD7) (RGB: 232, 204, 215)
Pale Amaranth Pink (Hex: #DDBEC3) (RGB: 221, 190, 195)
Pink Lavender (Taro) (Pantone TPX 14-3207) (Hex: #D8B2D1) (RGB: 219, 178, 209)
Pastel Pink (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #DEA5A4) (RGB: 222, 165, 164)
New York Pink (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D7837F) (RGB: 215, 131, 127)
Puce (Hex: #CC8899) (RGB: 204, 136, 153)
Pale Violet Red (web color) (Hex: #DB7093) (RGB: 219, 112, 147)
Light Carmine Pink (Hex: #E66761) (RGB: 230, 103, 97)
Tango Pink (Plochere) (Hex: #E4717A) (RGB: 228, 113, 122)
Light Coral (web color) (Hex: #F08080) (RGB: 240, 128, 128)
Deep Pink-Orange (Hex: #FF7077) (RGB: 255, 112, 119)
Congo Pink (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #F88379) (RGB: 248, 131, 121)
Salmon (web color) (Hex: #FA8072) (RGB: 250, 128, 114)
Light Salmon Pink (Hex: #FF9999) (RGB: 255, 153, 153)
Salmon Pink (Crayola "Salmon") (Hex: #FF91A4) (RGB: 255, 145, 164)
Pink-Orange (Hex: #FF9966) (RGB: 255, 153, 102)
Coral (web color) (Hex: #FF7F50) (RGB: 255, 127, 80)
Carnation (Hex: #F95A61) (RGB: 249, 90, 97)
Carmine Pink (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #EB4C42) (RGB: 235, 76, 66)
Deep Carmine Pink (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #EF3038) (RGB: 239, 48, 36)
Strawberry (Hex: #FC5B8F) (RGB: 252, 91, 143)
Wild Watermelon (Crayola) (Hex: #F05B78) (RGB: 253, 91, 153)
Vivid Strawberry (Hex: #F70077) (RGB: 247, 0, 119)
Pink (Light Red) (web color) (Hex: #FD6C9E) (RGB: 253, 108, 158)
Brink Pink (Crayola) (Hex: #FB607F) (RGB: 251, 96, 127)
Dark Pink (Hex: #E75480) (RGB: 231, 84, 128)
Blush (Crayola) (Hex: #DB5079) (RGB: 219, 80, 127)
French Rose (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #F64A8A) (RGB: 246, 74, 138)
Violet Red (Crayola) (Hex: #F7468A) (RGB: 247, 70, 138)
Medium Pink (Hex: #FE6E9F) (RGB: 254, 110, 159)
French Pink (Pink (pourpre.com)) (Hex: #FD6C9E) (RGB: 253, 108, 158)
Hot Pink (web color) (Hex: #FF69B4) (RGB: 255, 105, 180)
Brilliant Rose (Crayola "Magenta") (Hex: #F653A6) (RGB: 246, 83, 166)
Raspberry Pink (Hex: #E25098) (RGB: 226, 80, 155)
Wild Strawberry (Crayola) - (Hex: #FF3399) (RGB: 255, 51, 153)
Bright Pink (Rose) (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #FF007F) (RGB: 255, 0, 127)
Sabria Pink (Hex: #FC0585) (RGB: 252, 5, 133)
Fluorescent Pink (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #FF008F) (RGB: 255, 0, 143)
Deep Pink (web color) (Hex: #FF1493) (RGB: 255, 20, 147)
Cerise Pink (Hex: #EC3B83) (RGB: 236, 59, 131)
Fandango Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2033) (Hex: #DE5285) (RGB: 222, 82, 133)
Barbie Pink (Pantone 219C) (Hex: #E0218A) (RGB: 224, 33, 138)
Mexican Pink (Mexican Rose) (Mexican Tourist Board) (Hex: #E4007C) (RGB: 228, 0, 124)
Cerise (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DE3163) (RGB: 218, 49, 99)
Tyrian Pink (Bright Tyrian Purple) (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)
Amaranth Cerise (Hex: #CD2682) (RGB: 205, 38, 130)
Deep Cerise (Cerise (Crayola)) (Hex: #DA3287) (RGB: 218, 50, 135)
<tr style="background-color: #da1d81; color: white;"> Vivid Cerise <td style="outline: 1px solid #da1d81;">(Hex: #DA1D81)</td style="outline: 1px solid #da1d81;"> (RGB: 218, 29, 129)</tr>
Hollywood Cerise (Venus colored pencils) (Fashion Fuchsia) (Hex: #F400A1) (RGB: 244, 0, 161)
Persian Rose (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FE28A2) (RGB: 254, 40, 162)
Shocking Pink (Elsa Schiaparelli) (Hex: #FC0FC0) (RGB: 252, 15, 192)
Razzle Dazzle Rose (Crayola) (Hex: #FF33CC) (RGB: 255, 51, 204)
Purple Pizzaz (Crayola) (Hex: #FE4EDA) (RGB: 254, 78, 218)
Fuchsia Pink (Light Magenta) (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FF77FF) (RGB: 255, 119, 255)
Ultra Pink (Crayola) (Crayola "Shocking Pink") (Hex: #FF6FFF) (RGB: 255, 111, 255)
Pink Flamingo (Crayola) (Hex: #FF66FF) (RGB: 255, 102, 255)
Magenta (web color Fuchsia) (Hex: #FF00FF) (RGB: 255, 0, 255)
Hot Magenta (Crayola) (Hex: #FF00CC) (RGB: 255, 0, 204)
Amaranth Magenta (Hex: #ED3CCA) (RGB: 237, 60, 202)
Steel Pink (Crayola Ultra colored pencils) (Hex: #CC33CC) (RGB: 204, 51, 204)
Sky Magenta (Venus colored pencils) (Medium Lavender Pink) (Hex: #CF71AF) (RGB: 207, 113, 175)
Super Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2625) (Hex: #CF6BA9) (RGB: 207, 107, 169)
Fandango (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B55489) (RGB: 181, 84, 137)
</table>
Related pages
List of colors |
11229 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach | Bleach | Bleach is the name for a number of chemical substances which can be used to remove colors, or to make things white. Very often, they act through oxidation. Bleaches on the base of sulfur have been in use for thousands of years. Modern bleaches are usually based on chlorine or on oxygen.
Many bleaches can kill bacteria easily. For this reason, they are often used for disinfecting or sterilisation.
Dangers of using bleach
Mixing bleach with some things commonly found at home, like vinegar or even fruit juice can produce chemicals like chlorine that are irritating or even dangerous. Bleach should also not be mixed with ammonia because a hazardous chemical reaction will occur. This effect can kill people.
Certain types of bleaches produce toxic waste. Some of them produce dioxins..
Examples of bleaches
Sulfur dioxide, one bleach that is a reducing agent
Hydrogen peroxide
Sodium hypochlorite, household bleach
Bleaching powder
Bleach made from hydrogen peroxide is used to make hair lighter in color, orange, blonde, or even white. It is often used by dark-haired people to make highlights, and most hair dyes contain it.
Other websites
Bleach (MSDS)
Chemicals |
11230 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon | Polygon | A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape. It is a simple curve that is made up of straight line segments. It usually has three sides and three corners or more.
It could also be referred to as 'A closed plane figure bound by three or more straight line segments'. It has a number of sides, also called edges. A square is a polygon because it has four sides. The smallest possible polygon in a Euclidean geometry or "flat geometry" is the triangle, but on a sphere, there can be a digon and a henagon.
If the edges (lines of the polygon) do not intersect (cross each other), the polygon is called simple, otherwise it is complex.
In computer graphics, polygons (especially triangles) are often used to make graphics.
Gallery
List of polygons
References |
11232 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan is a country in the middle of Eurasia. Its official name is the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is the ninth biggest country in the world, and it is also the biggest landlocked country in the world. Before the end of the Soviet Union, it was called "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic". The president of the country from 1991 through March 2019 was Nursultan Nazarbayev. Nur-Sultan is the capital city of Kazakhstan. Almaty was the capital until 1998, when it moved to Nur-Sultan, which was called Astana at that time.
The Kazakh language, which is a Turkic language, is the native language, but Russian has equal official status for all administrative and institutional purposes. Islam is the largest religion- about 70% of the population are Muslims, with Christianity practiced by 26%; Russia leases (rents) the land for the Baikonur Cosmodrome (site of Russian spacecraft launches) from Kazakhstan.
Geography
Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country mostly in Asia with a small western part across the Ural River in Europe. It has borders with the Russian Federation in the north and west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the southwest, and China in the far east. The northern border is mostly with Siberia, Russia, so Russia has the longest border with Kazakhstan. Basically, Kazakhstan runs from the Caspian Sea in the west to the mainly Muslim Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.
Kazakhstan has no ocean shoreline, but borders the Caspian Sea, which boats use to get to neighboring countries. The Caspian Sea is an Endorheic basin without connections to any ocean.
Natural resources
Kazakhstan has plenty of petroleum, natural gas, and mining. It attracted over $40 billion in foreign investment since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output. According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest uranium, chromium, lead, and zinc reserves, the third largest manganese reserves, the fifth largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Kazakhstan has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.
Regions
Kazakhstan is divided into 14 regions. They are divided into districts.
Almaty and Nur-Sultan cities have the status of State importance and are not in any region. Baikonur city has a special status because it is leased to Russia for Baikonur cosmodrome until 2050.
Each province is headed by an Akim (provincial governor) appointed by the president. Municipal Akims are appointed by province Akims. The Government of Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Nur-Sultan on December 10, 1997.
Population
The population of Kazakhstan is 17,165,000. It takes the 62th place in the List of countries by population. Average density is one of the lowest on earth with almost 6 people/km2 ( List of countries by population density).
Related pages
Kazakhstan at the Olympics
Kazakhstan national football team
List of rivers of Kazakhstan
References
Notes
Other websites
Official Website of Kazakh Parliament, in Қазақша, Русский, and English
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |
11233 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign | Sign | A sign is something you see (or hear) which means something. A sign may be natural or man-made.
A natural sign shows something significant. Leaves turn brown and fall off deciduous trees in the autumn. Temperatures drop, daylight hours shorten. It suggests winter is coming. Many birds migrate and some mammals hibernate in response to natural signs like these. Humans, as usual, are a bit different. They make their own signs.
A man-made sign is called a signal or symbol. It is an artificial thing, which people decide means something in their society. For example, the stop sign on the road tells the person that they must stop their car there. So does a red traffic light. They are signals with a legal meaning, and people learn what these meanings are.
Sometimes a person may not know what a sign means. Feeling a cold wind could be a sign that someone left a door or window open.
In medicine, a sign is something seen, whereas a symptom is something felt, like a pain. A sign might be something like high blood pressure, which can be measured.
Road signs
A road sign or traffic sign is something that gives information by means of a symbol, or in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: Give way, Stop, Keep left, No U-turn, no parking, Zebra crossing and much more. Signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.
References
Basic English 850 words
Human communication
Semiotics
nl:Sein |
11234 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley | Barley | Barley is a member of the grass family of plants. Its seeds are a cereal grain. It is a staple food of humans and other animals, and it is one of mankind's oldest crops. It can be made into flour or beer.
Its Latin name is Hordeum vulgare. Barley is an annual plant.
Production
References
Grains |
11235 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Vesuvius | Mount Vesuvius | Mount Vesuvius (, ) is a stratovolcano on the Gulf of Naples, Italy. It is about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Naples. It is the only volcano on the mainland of Europe that erupted in the last 100 years. The last major eruption was in 1944. Two other important active volcanos in Italy, Etna and Stromboli, are on islands.
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in A.D. 79 which destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. They were never built again. The towns were buried in ash so completely that later people who lived there forgot about them until they were accidentally discovered in the late 18th century.
The eruption also changed the way the Sarno River flowed, and raised the sea beach. Because of this, Pompeii was not on the river nor next to the coast anymore. Mount Vesuvius was also greatly changed. Many of the plants there died, and the top of the mountain looked different because of the strong eruption.
Vesuvius has erupted many times after that. Today, it is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. About 3 million people live near this explosive volcano. More people live near Mount Vesuvius than any other volcano in the world.
Vesuvius has a long tradition of history and literature. A serpent (snake) called "Vesuvius" has been used in frescos of many lararia (household temples) from Pompeii. In Capua, the words "IOVI VESVVIO" (Jupiter Vesuvius) show that he was worshipped as a power of Jupiter.
The historian Diodorus Siculus said that there was a story that Hercules once passed through the country of Cumae when he was going to Sicily. There, he found a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (phlegraion pedion, "plain of fire"). It said that it was "from a hill which anciently (from a long time ago) vomited out called Vesuvius." Giant "sons of the Earth" lived inside it. With the help of the gods, he helped the people there and went on. An ode by Martial in AD 88 suggests that Venus and Hercules were worshipped in the place that was destroyed by the eruption in AD 79.
Name
The volcano was often called "Vesuvius" in the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was also called Vesaevus, Vesevus, Vesbius, and Vesvius. Writers in ancient Greek called it "Οὐεσούιον" or "Οὐεσούιος". Many scholars think the word Vesuvius was related to the Greek word "οὔ" (not) and σβέννυμι (I quench), so that it would mean "unquenchable". Others think it might come from ἕω "hurl" and βίη "violence", "hurling violence".
Appearance
Vesuvius has a large cone (Gran Congo) which is partly surrounded by the top of a caldera which was made when an earlier and much higher structure called Monte Comma collapsed. The Gran Congo was made during the eruption of AD 79. For this reason, the volcano is also called Comma-Vesuvius or Somme-Venezuelan.
Eruption of 79 AD
Before Mount Vesuvius exploded in 79 B.C.E people who lived nearby did not even know that it was a volcano, because it had not erupted for 600 years. At about 1 PM, on August 24, AD 79, Mount Vesuvius erupted violently. It showered ash and pumice on the town of Pompeii, which was 5 miles away.
Today, people think the eruption of 79 AD lasted more than 19 hours. It was noticed by Pliny the Younger who described the mushroom cloud from the volcano as being in the shape of umbrella pine, a tree commonly found in the region. Pliny the Younger was the only person to write the story down.
There were many ways that people died. One was that the smoke that they breathed in was deadly because it dried in their lungs and formed glass. They also were buried by powdery ash from the volcano, which was all over them. Over time this ash turned to a sort of rock, protecting the bodies and the city from the weather and from robbers.
Vesuvius erupted 50 more times after the eruption in 79 AD. Vesuvius was named a national park in 1995.
Related pages
List of volcano's
Dormant
References
Bibliography
Other websites
Calderas
Volcanoes of Italy
Campania |
11237 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853 | 1853 | 1853 (MDCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.
Events
October 4–5 – the Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire begins war with the Russian Empire
Births
March 30 – Vincent van Gogh, painter
July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician
Deaths
March 30 – Abigail Fillmore, wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore |
11238 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891 | 1891 |
Births
January – June
January 1 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967)
January 7 – Zora Neale Hurston, Harlem Renaissance writer (d. 1960)
January 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957)
January 22 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer and politician (d. 1937)
January 27 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (d. 1967)
February 9 – Ronald Colman, English actor (d. 1958)
February 11 – J.W. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1965)
February 21 – Sean Heuston, Irish rebel (d. 1916)
February 27 – David Sarnoff, Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971)
March 10 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (d. 1984)
March 19 – Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1974)
March 29 – Yvan Goll, French lyricist and dramatist (d. 1950)
April 2 – Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
April 7 – Ole Kirk Christiansen, founder of the Lego group (d. 1958)
April 13 – Nella Larsen, American novelist (d. 1964)
April 15 – Wallace Reid, American actor (d. 1923)
April 17 – George Adamski, Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d. 1965)
April 23 – Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer (d. 1953)
May 7 – Harry McShane, Scottish socialist (d. 1988)
May 15
Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (d. 1940)
Fritz Feigl, Austrian-born chemist (d. 1971)
May 16 – Richard Tauber, Austrian tenor (d. 1948)
May 18 – Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
May 19 – Oswald Boelcke, German World War I pilot (d. 1916)
May 22 – Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (d. 1963)
May 23 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
May 24 – William F. Albright, American archeologist and Biblical scholar (d. 1971)
June 9 – Cole Porter, American composer and songwriter (d. 1964)
June 20 – John A. Costello, second President of Ireland (d. 1976)
June 21 – Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966)
June 28 – Carl Panzram, serial killer (d. 1930)
June 30 – Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d. 1953)
July - December
July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist (d. 1971)
August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican, longest-lived war veteran ever and last verified person born in 1891 (d. 2007)
September 3 – Bessie Delany, African American physician and writer (d. 1995)
September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965)
September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969)
September 16
Karl Dönitz, President of Germany (d. 1980)
Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972)
Julie Winnefred Bertrand, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2007)
September 26 – Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (d. 1968)
September 28 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American movie and stage actress (d. 1918)
October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945)
October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
October 24 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961)
November 14 – Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
November 15
Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (d. 1959)
Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d. 1944)
November 28 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist & politician (d. 1949)
December 9 – Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (d. 1917)
December 10 – Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
December 26 – Henry Miller, American writer (d. 1980)
Deaths
January – June
January 5 – Emma Abbott, American opera singer (b. 1849)
January 16 – Léo Delibes, French composer (b. 1836)
January 21 – Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (b. 1842)
February 14 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American Civil War General (b. 1820)
March 15
Théodore de Banville, French writer (b. 1823)
Sir Joseph Bazalgette, English civil engineer (b. 1819)
March 29 – Georges Seurat, French painter (b. 1859)
April 2 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Turkish statesman (b. 1823)
April 7 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (b. 1810)
April 24 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (b. 1800)
April 25 – Nathaniel Woodard, educationalist (b. 1811)
May 8 – Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born writer and theosophist (b. 1831)
June 6 – John A. MacDonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1815)
July – December
July 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President of the United States (b. 1809)
August 12 – James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (b. 1819)
August 14 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803)
August 29 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (b. 1843?)
September 7 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (b. 1820)
September 11 – Antero de Quental, Portuguese poet (b. 1842)
September 15 – Ivan Goncharov, Russian writer (b. 1812)
September 28 – Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819)
October 6
Charles I of Württemberg (b. 1823)
Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846)
October 15 – Gilbert Arthur a Beckett, English writer (b. 1837)
October 23 – Ambrosius of Optina, Russian Orthodox saint (b. 1812)
November 6 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (b. 1818)
November 10 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (b. 1854)
December 5 – Pedro II, Brazilian deposed emperor (b. 1826) |
11239 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1371 | 1371 |
Births
May 28 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy |
11240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy | Mineralogy | Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are things that make rocks. There are many different types of minerals. Some are hard, like diamonds. Some are soft, like talc. Some are metal, like gold or silver. Minerals are put into special groups of minerals made of similar chemicals, or that have similar structures inside. For example, the chemicals that make up some minerals line up in chains, while in other minerals, they make bow-tie shapes.
Studying minerals can be useful for figuring out certain things about a rock. Sometimes the shape or size of the mineral can tell something about the rock as well. For example, minerals in igneous rocks can help figure out how long the rock took to cool down (turn from lava into a rock). Larger minerals mean the rock cooled slowly (probably underground). Smaller minerals mean the rock cooled down quickly (probably above ground, like from a volcano). The type of mineral in a rock can also tell what kind of a rock it is, or what has happened to the rock since it formed. Many rocks are named based on what kinds of minerals they have.
Mineralogists (people who study minerals) study minerals in rocks with hand lenses (a magnifying glass), and in thin section (thin slices of rock) with microscopes. They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it. Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light. These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at.
Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like mining, jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more . Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn.
Other websites
International Mineralogical Association
Mineralogical Association of Canada
Virtual Museum of the History of Mineralogy
The Giant Crystal Project
The Geological Society of America
subfields of geology |
11242 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket | Supermarket | A supermarket, grocery store (or just grocery) is a retail store that sells food. Most grocery stores sell fresh fruit, vegetables, seafood, meat, and other prepared foods.
The person who controls a grocery store is called a grocer. A grocer will order food from farmers or other people who send out farmers food to other grocery stores and restaurants.
Types of grocery stores
There are a range of different types and sizes of grocery stores. Some grocery stores are small community stores with a limited range of items. Other grocery stores are large stores with a vast selection of food items.
They may also sell household cleaning and laundry supplies, and hygiene items (soap, toothpaste, etc.). They may also contain a pharmacy (known as a drug store or chemist in some places).
Items at a grocery store can be sold in one of two ways. Most fruits, vegetables, meat, and seafood are usually sold by weight (for example, apples cost 99 cents per pound), while other items are usually sold by quantity (for example, table salt costs $1.59 for each box). Not all items are the same price at each grocery store. Also, every week, some items at grocery stores cost less that what it normally would cost (we say that these items are "on sale"), so people would want to go buy them since they don't have to pay as much as they would normally have to get that item. Many grocery stores print a flyer that shows which items are on sale that week. These flyers are then sent to other people in the mail, who would read the flyer and go to the store to buy the items shown in it.
Supermarkets
Supermarkets are large grocery stores that sell a large variety of fresh and packaged food and other consumer or household products. Supermarkets are divided into sections, such as bakery, dairy, produce (fruits and vegetables), frozen, meat, and deli, along with a "general grocery" section where one can find packaged goods, cleaning supplies, and personal hygiene items. Many supermarkets today now also sell hot, prepared food that is ready to eat, or contains a food court with different fast food shops. The term "supermarket" usually refers to a larger store than the term "grocery store."
Hypermarkets
A hypermarket is a very large supermarket that is part of a larger general merchandise store such as Walmart, which also sells clothes, electronics, household hardware, and other items. It can be said to be a hybrid (or combination) of a grocery store and a department store. These stores are mainly found in suburbs where there is a lot of room to build and near where people live.
How to shop at a grocery store
In the past, grocery stores used to be small. The owner, called a shopkeeper, would ask the customer what he or she would like to buy. The shopkeeper would then get the items, bring it to the customer, and put them in bags which the customer would take with them. He would then calculate how much the customer has to pay, and take the money from the customer. The customer then takes the bags of items out of the store by him/herself.
Today, most groceries stores are too big for one person to take care of. Because of this, the customer has to find the items he or she wants by him/herself. Most often, the customer would take a shopping basket or shopping cart and put the items he or she wants to buy into the basket or cart. For some items, like meat and seafood, the customer still has to have an employee get or prepare the item. Once the customer is done shopping, he or she then brings the items to the "checkout", where a person called a cashier scans the customer's items into a cash register (or a computer as part of a point of sale system) and then takes the customer's payment. Supermarkets typically accept payment by cash, debit cards, and/or credit cards. Recently, there are so-called self-checkout systems where the customer scans the items on his or her own.
Many large supermarkets also have a loyalty program, where a customer can earn points by purchasing products. When a customer has enough points, a discount or reward is given. These programs are meant to make customers come back to the same store again and again.
Buildings and structures
Food and drink
Retail markets |
11243 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador | Ecuador | Ecuador is a small country in South America. It used to be part of the Spanish Empire. Spain was interested in finding gold in Ecuador. Before Spain, Ecuador was part of the Inca Empire.
The President of Ecuador is Guillermo Lasso since 2021.
Ecuador produces bananas and cocoa.
Geography
Ecuador is along the equator. There are jungles and mountains such as the Andes mountains. Ecuador has many active volcanoes and also one of the highest densities of volcanoes in the world. Ecuador's coast is on the Pacific Ocean.
The capital of the country is Quito. This city is high up in the Andes, which makes it hard for some new visitors to breathe. The biggest city is Guayaquil on the coast. Cuenca is famous for its old buildings and colonial architecture.
Peru borders Ecuador to the south, and Colombia borders it to the north. The Galápagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean are also part of Ecuador and are famous for lots of animals. Charles Darwin travelled to the Galápagos Islands.
Population
In 2011, 14,440,000 people lived in Ecuador. These people are 65% Mestizo, 25% Amerindian, 7% white, and 3% black. About 27% of the people live below the national poverty line.
The official language is Spanish. Many other indigenous languages are spoken. Most of the people in Ecuador are Roman Catholics, although Ecuador has religious freedom and people can follow any religion they choose.
Provinces
Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces. Each has its own administrative capital.
The provinces are divided into cantons. The cantons are divided into parishes.
Historic Center of Quito
The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas. This center was, together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978. The Historic Centre of Quito is in the center south of the capital on an area of 320 hectares (790 acres), and is considered one of the most important historic areas in Latin America.There are about 130 monumental buildings (which hosts a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly of religious inspired in a multi-faceted range of schools and styles) and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties.
Presidential Palace
Carondelet Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Carondelet) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador in the historical center of Quito. Axis is the nerve of the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colonial name), around which were built in addition the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral. The history of this emblematic building dating back to colonial times, around 1570, with the acquisition of the former royal houses in the city of Quito
During the Republican era, almost all the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have dispatched from this building, which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador. In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence, a luxurious colonial-style apartment in which they live the President and his family. Rafael Correa, president since 2007, considering that Carondelet Palace and its agencies are Ecuadoran heritages, converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it. To this end, areas were organized to locate objects within their cultural contexts to make them accessible to the world. Several rooms and spaces within the palace are used for this purpose.
Church of La Compañía de Jesús
Construction began in 1605, with Mastrilli laying the first stone. The building was not completed until 1765. La Compañía is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central nave, which is profusely decorated with gold leaf, gilded plaster and wood carvings. Inspired by two Roman Jesuit churches—the Chiesa del Gesù and the Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola—La Compañía is one of the most significant works of Spanish Baroque architecture in South America.
Independence Square
Also known as Big Square (Spanish: Plaza de la Independencia, Plaza Grande). Historic public square of Quito (Ecuador), in the heart of the old city. This is the central square of the city and one of the symbols of the executive power of the nation. Its main feature is the monument to the independence heroes of August 10, 1809, date remembered as the First Cry of Independence of the Royal Audience of Quito from Spanish monarchy. The environment of the square is flanked by the Carondelet Palace, the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace and the Plaza Grande Hotel.
Church of San Fransisco
The Iglesia y Monasterio de San Francisco (English: Church and Monastery of St. Francis), colloquially known as El San Francisco, is a colonial-styled church and monastery in Quito, Ecuador. Construction of the building began a few weeks after the founding of the city in 1534 and ended in 1604. The founder of the church was Franciscan missionary Jodoco Ricke.
The building's construction began around 1550, sixteen years after Quito was founded by Spanish conquistadors, and was finished in approximately 1680. The building was officially inaugurated in 1605. It is not known who designed the original plans for the complex, though the most-accepted theory is that they were sent from Spain, based on the topographical study of Ricke and Gosseal. It is also possible that architects came from Spain for the construction of the monastery, or that Ricke and Gosseal managed the entire construction.
Church of El Sagrario
In colonial times, the Church of El Sagrario was one of the largest architectural marvels of Quito. The construction is of the Italian Renaissance style and was built in the late 17th century. It has a screen that supports its sculptures and decorations. This structure was built by Bernardo de Legarda. Its central arch leads to a dome decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes featuring archangels, work by Francisco Albán. The altarpiece was gilded by Legarda. It is on Calle García Moreno, near the Cathedral.
Church of Santo Domingo
Although they arrived in Quito in 1541, in 1580 the Dominicans started to build their temple, using the plans and direction of Francisco Becerra. The work was completed in the first half of the 17th century. Inside the church are valuable structures, such as the neo-Gothic main altar. This was placed in the late 19th century by Italian Dominicans. The roof of the Mudéjar style church features paintings of martyrs of the Order of Saint Dominic. The roof of the nave is composed of a pair and knuckle frame, coated inside by pieces of tracery. In the museum on the north side of the lower cloister are wonderful pieces of great Quito sculptors such as the Saint Dominic de Guzmán by Father Carlos, the Saint John of God by Caspicara, and the Saint Thomas Aquinas by Legarda. Another Baroque piece that stands is the Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which is a recognizable feature of the architecture of Quito. This chapel was built beside the church, in the gospel side. In this was founded the largest fraternity in the city of Quito.
El Panecillo
El Panecillo is a hill in the middle west of the city at an altitude of about 3,016 metres (9,895 ft) above sea level. A monument to the Virgin Mary is on top of El Panecillo and is visible from most of the city of Quito. In 1976, the Spanish artist Agustín de la Herrán Matorras was commissioned by the religious order of the Oblates to build a 41 metres (135 ft)–tall aluminum monument of a madonna, which was assembled on a high pedestal on the top of Panecillo.
The Quito School
The Quito School originated in the school of Artes y Oficios, founded in 1552 by the Franciscan priest Jodoco Ricke, who together with Friar Pedro Gocial transformed the San Andrés seminary, where the first indigenous artists were trained. As a cultural expression, it is the result of a long process of acculturation between indigenous peoples and Europeans, and it is one of the richest expressions of miscegenation (mestizaje) and of syncretism, in which the participation of the vanquished Indian is seemingly of minor importance as compared to the dominant European contribution.
The Quito School (Escuela Quiteña) is an artistic tradition that developed in the territory of the Royal Audience of Quito, from Pasto and Popayán in the north to Piura and Cajamarca in the south, during the colonial period (1542-1824). This artistic production was one of the most important activities in the economy of the Royal Audience of Quito.
The major artists of the Quito School are the sculptors Bernardo de Legarda , Manuel Chili (Caspicara) and Miguel Angel Tejada Zambrado and the painters Fray Pedro Gosseal, Fray Pedro Bedón, Nicolás Javier Goríbar, Hernando de la Cruz, Miguel de Santiago, Manuel de Samaniego
Basilica del Voto Nacional
The Basilica of the National Vow is a Roman Catholic church in the historic center of Quito, Ecuador. It is sometimes also called the Catedral Consagración de Jesús or the Basílica de San Juan. It is the largest neo-Gothic basilica in the Americas.
The basilica arose from the idea, proposed by father Julio Matovelle in 1883, of building a monument as a perpetual reminder of the consecration of Ecuador to the Sacred Heart, President Luis Cordero issued the decree on July 23, 1883, and it was carried out by president José María Plácido Caamaño on March 5, 1884. The congress, in accordance with the year's budget, designated 12,000 pesos for the construction - 1,000 pesos per month, beginning in 1884. By the decree of July 3, 1885, the fourth Quitense Provincial Council turned the construction of the basilica into a religious commitment in the name of the country. The basilica remains technically "unfinished." & local legend says that when the Basílica is completed, the end of the world will come.
Metropolitan Cathedral
Construction began in 1562, seventeen years after the diocese of Quito was created (1545) and in the heart of the historic city and its status as the main church of the city, is one of the largest religious symbols of spiritual value for the Catholic community in the city.
Church of San Agustín
It is one of the seven monumental churches of the 16th and 17th centuries whose main portico was built on stone in the Spanish Baroque-architecture style.
The church includes a small atrium (decorated by a large stone cross), an inside yard with a large garden and a large session hall where the frayers held dissertations or "capitulations" of faith.
The cloister and convent have a separate entrance which leads to the garden. The bell tower reaches a high of twenty-two meters (seventy feet) and houses two bronze bells of the period.
Climate
Ecuador is a country of variety. Its climate and landscape varies from one end of the country to the other. However, it is more hot and humid along the coast and in the Amazon jungle lowlands than it is in the mountains.
Plants and animals
Ecuador is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world. In addition to the mainland, Ecuador owns the Galápagos Islands. This is what the country is best known for.
Ecuador has 1,600 bird species and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos. In addition to over 16,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly. The Galápagos Islands are famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Many different kinds of potatoes and corn are grown in Ecuador. There are also large banana farms. On the coast, many people eat seafood and fish. Cuy is a famous indigenous food that means guinea pig.
Economy
Besides gold, oil is one of Ecuador's natural resources.
Ecuador used to have its own currency called the sucre, which was in use from 1884 until 2000. Since then, the country uses the United States dollar for money, but its coins (not the banknotes) are different from those in the US.
Gallery of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
Related pages
Ecuador at the Olympics
Ecuador national football team
List of rivers of Ecuador
References
Other websites
Spanish-speaking countries
1809 establishments
19th-century establishments in South America |
11244 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1515 | 1515 | Year 1515 (MDXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January 25 – Coronation of Francis I of France
August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.
September 22 – Anne of Cleves
1510s
16th century
Years |
11245 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1495 | 1495 | Year 1495 (MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Births
March 28 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France (died 1533) |
11246 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%2C%20Florida | Orlando, Florida | Orlando is a city in the center of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Orange County. It contains 307,573 people as of 2020. It is number four among cities in Florida by number of people. The current mayor, or leader, of Orlando is Buddy Dyer.
History
Orlando was created in 1836 when someone found a tree where the name "Orlando Reeves" was carved. Thinking it was a place of burial, they named the site "Orlando's grave". It was cut to Orlando later.
Before the American Civil War, Orlando was a center of trade in cattle. After the war, many people came to the town. Orlando became a city in 1875. Before 1900, Orlando was a center of orange farming. After 1900, it became a popular place for visitors.
Orlando was an important base for the military during World War II, as home of Pinecastle Army Air Field. Lockheed Martin (once Martin Marietta) opened a manufacturing site in Orlando in 1956.
In 1965, Walt Disney said that he would build a large amusement park southwest of the city. That place, Walt Disney World Resort, opened in 1971. After Walt Disney World opened, Orlando is now very popular as a tourism city, attracting millions of visitors each year from every place in the world.
Three hurricanes moved over Orlando in 2004, causing billions of U.S. dollars of damage.
Climate
Orlando has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall.
Transport
A major road in Orlando is Interstate 4. Another major road is State Road 408. They meet downtown. Florida's Turnpike also meets Interstate 4 southwest of the city.
Orlando International Airport is one of the biggest airports in the United States.
Amtrak trains and Greyhound buses also go to Orlando.
Sports
The Orlando Magic are an NBA basketball team in Orlando. They play at TD Waterhouse Centre.
The Orlando Predators are an football team with the Arena Football League in Orlando. They play at the TD Waterhouse Centre.
References
Other websites
The Orlando Travel & Visitors Bureau
The Orlando Regional Chamber of Commerce
County seats in Florida
1836 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Florida Territory |
11248 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1397 | 1397 |
Events
Richard II takes revenge on his political opponents, the Lords Appellant. |
11250 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20%28disambiguation%29 | Orlando (disambiguation) | The word Orlando has several meanings:
There are several places that have the name:
Orlando, Florida, in the United States of America
Orlando, Oklahoma, in the United States of America
Orlando, Soweto, in the Republic of South Africa
There are several artistic works that use the name:
Orlando can be a character in literature or music from the 16th and 17th centuries
Orlando is the name of an opera composed by George Frideric Handel in 1733
Orlando: A Biography is a novel written by Virginia Woolf in 1928
Orlando is the title of a movie based on the above novel, produced in 1992
Orlando is the title of a British television series in the 1960s
Orlando is the name of a British indie-pop band in the 1990s
Orlando is the name of a fictional cat that stars in a series of children's illustrated books by Kathleen Hale
The following people use "Orlando" as their surname, or family name:
Vittorio Orlando, an Italian diplomat and politician
Tony Orlando, an American singer
The following people use "Orlando" as their given name:
Orlando Bloom, a British actor
Orlando Cepeda, a former Hispanic-American baseball player in the Baseball Hall of Fame
Orlando Cabrera, a current Hispanic-American baseball player. He plays in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. |
11252 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary | Glossary | A glossary is a list of words and what they mean. They are usually found at the end of a book or report that uses hard words to read or special words. Websites about complicated subjects also sometimes have glossaries.
For example, in a book about philosophy that has the word "epistemology", there might be a glossary at the end of the book with the definition of this word.
Words
Reference |
11257 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1527 | 1527 |
Events
January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat River in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
May 6 – Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome (the infamous Sacco di Roma), forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V.
May 16 – Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes a republic.
Spanish conquest of Guatemala highlands completed; first Guatemala City founded (Ciudad Vieja).
Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo invades Yucatán.
Battle of Tokay: Ferdinand of Austria defeats John Zapolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Turks for help.
Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.
Ahmed Gragn of Somalia defeats the Ethiopian army with his new firearms.
People of the University of Wittenberg flee plague to Jena.
Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, UK is founded by Bishop John Vesey.
Births
March 21 – Hermann Finck, German composer and music theorist (died 1558)
April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, cartographer and geographer (died 1598)
July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (died 1608)
July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1576)
Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian artist (died 1593)
Charles of Guise, French Cardinal and member of the powerful House of Guise (died 1574)
Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (died 1590)
Luis Ponce de León, Spanish lyric poet (died 1591)
Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (died 1581)
Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (died 1575)
Philip II of Spain
Deaths
January 21 – Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conquistador (born 1489)
June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (born 1469)
July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador and explorer (born 1460)
Boabdil, last Moorish king of Granada (of the Nasrid dynasty)
Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (born 1490)
Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest (born 1433)
Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (born 1458)
Felix Manz, co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren Anabaptist congregation in Zürich
Cristoforo Solari, Italian sculptor and architect
Jan "Ciezki" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman |
11258 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1373 | 1373 |
Year 1373 (MCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
March 24 – The Treaty of Santarém is signed between D. Fernando of Portugal and Henrique II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.
May 13 – Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen Revelations of Divine Love.
Date unknown
Bristol is made an independent county.
The Anglo-Portuguese alliance is signed (currently the oldest active treaty in the world).
The city of Phnom Penh (now the capital city of Cambodia) is founded.
Philip II of Taranto hands over the rule of Achaea (now southern Greece) to his cousin, Joanna I of Naples.
Leo VI succeeds his distant cousin, Constantine VI, as King of Armenian Cilicia (now southern Turkey).
A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.
Tran Kinh succeeds Tran Phu as King of Vietnam.
Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.
The death of Sultan Muhammad as-Said begins a period of political instability in Morocco.
Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.
The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.
The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new jinshi degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.
Births
March 29 – Marie of Alencon, French princess (d. 1417)
June 23 – Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
September 22 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (d. 1400)
date unknown
Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (d. 1415)
Margery Kempe, writer of the first autobiography in English
Deaths
January 16 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (b. 1342)
February – Ibn Kathir, Islamic scholar (b. 1301)
July 23 – Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (b. 1303)
November 3 – Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343)
December 7 – Rafał z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1330)
date unknown
Constantine VI of Armenia (assassinated)
Robert le Coq, French bishop and councillor
References |
11259 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian | Comedian | A comedian is a person who tells jokes, or acts in comedies. Some people use the French loanword comedienne to refer to female comedians. A comedian can also be called a comic or a comic actor.
Entertainment occupations |
11262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin | Turin | Turin ( , Piedmontese: ; ; , then Taurinum) is a major industrial city on the west bank of the Po river in Piedmont, northwest Italy. Over a 900,000 people live in it. Turin is the fourth largest city in Italy, after Rome, Milan and Naples. Turin is the capital of Piedmont. Fiat's first car factory was in Turin. The city was the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. In Turin there are two major rivers the Po and the Dora, and two minor rivers the Stura and the Sangone.
Turin was the first capital of Italy in 1861. It had previously been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and before that it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy. Filippo Juvarra designed many churches and palaces in the city.
Regional capitals in Italy
Olympic cities |
11264 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart | Hobart | Hobart (Palawa Kani: Nipaluna) is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of Tasmania, and it has about 200,000 people. It is on the western shore of the Derwent River, although some of its suburbs are on the eastern shore. In the western suburbs of Hobart is Kunyani/Mount Wellington.
Hobart was founded in 1803 as a penal colony. Today it is a busy seaport, and is the home port of Antarctic expeditions. Tourist attractions include Salamanca Markets, the Cadbury chocolate factory and the Cascade Brewery.
Hobart has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
References
Other websites
1803 establishments
19th-century establishments in Australia |
11265 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Testament | New Testament | The New Testament is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity. It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity. It was written in Koine Greek.
Structure
The New Testament is made up of different parts. In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions. The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament. The Ethopian Churches do not have a common canon.
Overview
Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the young Messiah, who Christians believe is the "Son of God who is born to save the world from sin". Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other. The other books tell about the history of the church and explain the Christian faith through letters written to persons and groups that have believed in Jesus
The Four Gospels
The traditional author is listed after each entry.
The Gospel of Matthew, traditionally the Apostle Matthew, son of Alphaeus.
The Gospel of Mark, traditionally Mark, who wrote down the narrative given by the Apostle Simon, called Peter.
The Gospel of Luke, traditionally Luke, who was a companion of the Apostle Paul, who was formerly called Saul.
The Gospel of John, traditionally John the Apostle.
Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles (or Acts), the story of the apostles after the Gospels' story
Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters believed to be written by Saint Paul the Apostle. They are named for the person or group to which they were sent.
Romans
First Corinthians
Second Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
First Thessalonians
Second Thessalonians
First Timothy
Second Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews was traditionally attributed to Paul, but nowhere is the author mentioned.
General epistles
General epistles are other letters which are named for the person traditionally believed to have written them.
James
First Peter
Second Peter
First John
Second John
Third John
Jude
Book of Revelation
Book of Revelation
References
Other websites
The New Testament Gateway
Full text in original Greek |
11266 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel | Gospel | The word gospel came from the Old English word "gōdspel", which literally means "good news", since it narrates Jesus Christ's life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to save the world from sin and make humans truly know God as a Father. It includes the Death and Resurrection of Jesus.
The Gospel was originally spoken, not written.
Eventually gospel came to mean an ancient book about Jesus, especially one of the four books collected by the Church in the Bible.
These books are the first part of the New Testament of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John.
Related pages
Gospel music
References
Other websites
Christian theology |
11270 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%20%28region%29 | Palestine (region) | Palestine is a region in the Middle East. It is in the Levant, between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Many cultures have lived in Palestine through history and built their civilizations, such as the Philistines, Phoenicians and Arabs. It is also called the Holy Land. It is where Judaism and Christianity began.
Today, the region is divided into two states: Israel and the State of Palestine. The territories in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have been disputed between Israel and Palestine. Many cities in the region are sacred to Abrahamic religions: Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth and Hebron are among the most important. Now Palestine only owns a quarter of the country.
In English it is usually written Philistine. The Philistines were a people who invaded the area. They were probably Romans who did not speak Arabic, not too surprising as the Arabs came to Palestine nearly 2000 years later.
State of Palestine
The State of Palestine, also known simply as Palestine, is a de jure sovereign state in the Middle East with Jerusalem as its capital. It is recognized by 141 UN members. Since 2012 it has non-member observer state in the United Nations. This amounts to a de facto, or implicit, recognition of statehood.
The State of Palestine claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as its territory. Its independence was declared on 15 November 1988.
History
Ancient times
The first people to migrate to the land of Palestine were Canaanites, who came from north of Arabia and normally spoke Arabic. They have also adopted the idea of alphabets from those who lived in the current Lebanon. This migration occurred ca. 5000 b.c. After 3000 years came Israelites who are the sons of Jackob, son of Abraham.
Israelites ruled over the region of today's Palestine, which at the time was in an area known as Southern Canaan or the Land of Palestine. The area went from Tyre in the north to Beersheba in the south. After the death of King Solomon, the land was split into a Northern Kingdom known as Samaria and Southern Kingdom known as Judea. The Northern Kingdom was conquered by Assyrian King Sennacherib, expelling most of its Israelite residents. Ava was conquered by the Babylonians more than 100 years later, and much of its Jewish population was expelled as well. However, despite the destruction, some Jews and Samaritans remained in the land. After Persian takeover of the Babylonian Empire, then Jakereturned to Judea and slowly rebuilt their civilization. The area remained under direct Persian rule for 200 years more, with Jews having a limited autonomy. Now most Palestinians go to different countries like Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
Macedonian period
With conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon, the area became dominated by Hellenistic rulers - first Alexander himself, later Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt and finally Seleucids. In second century before common era, the Jewish population of the area revolted against Seleucids and founded an independent Hesmonean kingdom. The Jewish kingdom expanded over the region in the next decades, conquering neighbouring Samaritans, Edomeans and Nabateans. Slowly however, the region became dominated by the Roman Empire.
Roman period
After a semi-independent rule of King Herod, Judea was turned into a Roman Province. Jews violently revolted against the Romans twice, but the Romans reconquered the whole area and finally renamed it Syria-Palaestina after one of Judea's ancient enemies, the Philistines. After two centuries, the Eastern Roman Empire became known as Byzantium, which became a Christian Empire. Byzantium kept its rule over the country, with Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda districts of the Oriens Province with majorly Byzantine Christian population and big groups of Samaritans, Jews, Greek Byzantines and Christian Arabs.
Middle Ages and Ottomans
Over the next centuries, the region was briefly conquered by Persians, became part of Arab Muslim Empire, the Crusader kingdom, the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire. During World War 1, General Allenby attacked the Turkish army in the valley of Megiddo ( Identified as Armageddon in the Bible), from 19 to 25 September 1918. Today Jordan comprises 81% and Israel 19% of Palestine Mandate. Trans-Jordan was established on 25 May 1946, with the intention of Israel being the remaining 19% . Mandate Palestine is divided into Trans- Jordan/Jordan (81%) and Israel (19%), as today the Jordanian capture of East Jerusalem and West Bank has been reversed. The Gaza strip was captured by Israel from Egypt in 1967, and Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005.The region is often named Holy Land, and is sacred for Christians, Jews and Muslims who recognize the Ten Commandments.
Images
References |
11271 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20the%20Apostle | Paul the Apostle | Paul the Apostle, (born as Saul of Tarsus) and also often called St Paul (2BC–67), was a Messianic Jewish-Roman writer and rabbi. He was a convert to Christianity. It is believed that he wrote thirteen books of the Bible, together called the Pauline epistles. They are letters to churches and Christians. He wrote these letters to encourage them, to help them understand Christian teaching, and to help them to live Christian lives.
Life
Beginnings
Paul's name was originally Saul (not to be confused with King Saul from the books of Samuel in the Old Testament). He grew up learning both the Jewish law and the Greek ways of discussing things. We are first introduced to Saul in the Bible near the end of Acts 7. The Christian movement had begun with the resurrection and ascension of Jesus. Saul was strongly against this, and he was happy as he watched Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Jesus, being killed by stoning after giving a speech that made the Jewish court angry. He worked for the Roman Government and helped lead the arrests and killing of many Christians in Israel and the nearby area.
Later on, Saul was told to go to Damascus to find and bring back Christians there to be punished. On the way, God came down from heaven and spoke to Saul. The Bible tells of what happened like this:
Saul becomes Paul
When Saul reached Damascus, he was taken to Ananias, one of Jesus's disciples, where he got his sight back and was baptized as a Christian. He spent the next three years studying the Jewish scriptures again to find explanations for the Christian teachings. His experiences changed his view on Christianity completely. In Acts 13:9, he begins to be called Paul. This was the Hellenized version of the name Saul. He used his earlier education to explain his new faith to other people and to discuss things with people who had other beliefs.
He traveled around the Roman Empire, teaching others about Christianity, and wrote letters back and forth with the churches he helped to begin. The letters contain many important parts of Christian teaching and have since been part of the New Testament of the Bible, coming between the Acts of the Apostles and the General Epistles. It is not known whether Paul actually wrote all of these letters, or whether other people could have written the letters for him. Part of these letters are read at Mass as the second of two readings that come before the Gospel.
Although the Bible does not say how Paul died, it was told of that Paul was put to death by orders of the emperor Nero in Rome, in 67 AD. He had the rights of a Roman citizen, which meant that he could be put to death by having his head cut off with a sword, rather than by crucifixion.
Related pages
Twelve Apostles
Other websites
Online study about the early Christians in simple English
Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)
"Saint Paul, the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
0s BC births
67 deaths
Early Christian saints
Jews who converted to Christianity
New Testament people
People executed by decapitation |
11272 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Testament | Old Testament | In Christianity, the Old Testament is the name of the first part of the Bible which was completed before Jesus Christ was born. Scholars prefer the term Hebrew Bible.
Tertullian was probably the first person to call these books the "Old Testament." He used the Latin namevetus testamentum in the 2nd century.
The collection contains different texts, called "books", about God, and the people of Israel. It can be divided into several sections: the Torah, the History of Israel, the Prophets and Wisdom books. In Judaism, this collection of books is known as Tanakh because it is divided into three parts (Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim). Most Jews and many Christians believe these texts to be holy. According to them, God inspired people to write them.
Different religious communities include (or exclude) certain books from the Old Testament. The Catholic Church uses Saint Jerome's Latin translation of the Old Testament called Vulgate. The Eastern Orthodox church uses the ancient Greek translation of Jewish sacred writings called the Septuagint. The Eastern Orthodox list of sacred books has a few more books than the Roman Catholic list. Protestant Bibles stick more closely to the books in the Tanakh but list them in a different order.
Themes
In the Old Testament, Almighty God is the one who created the world. The God of the Old Testament is not always presented as the only God who exists Even though there may be other gods, the God of the Old Testament is always shown as the only God whom Israel is to worship. The God of the Old Testament is the one "true God"; only Yahweh is Almighty. Both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible (both the "Old" and "New" Testaments) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God.
The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people, Israel, but includes instructions for proselytes as well. This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant (contract) between the two, received by Moses. The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to God, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter. The Jewish Study Bible denies that covenant means contract.
Other themes in the Old Testament include salvation, redemption, divine judgment, obedience and disobedience, faith and faithfulness. Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity. God demands both.
According to the Old Testament, it is important to be fair and to help those who are vulnerable. Those in power should not be biased when they judge people. The Old Testament forbids corruption, deceiving people when trading. It is also against some sexual practices, which are seen as sinful. All morality is traced back to God, who is the source of all goodness.
The problem of evil plays a large part in the Old Testament. The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster (meaning notably, but not only, the Babylonian exile) upon his people. The theme is played out, with many variations, in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles, the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah, and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes.
The books of the Bible
The Old Testament
Genesis (50 Chapters)
Exodus (40 Chapters)
Leviticus (27 Chapters)
Numbers (36 Chapters) good chapter
Deuteronomy (34 Chapters)
Joshua (24 Chapters)
Judges (21 Chapters)
Ruth (4 chapters)
1 Samuel (31 Chapters)
2 Samuel (24 Chapters)
1 Kings (22 Chapters)
2 Kings (25 Chapters)
1 Chronicles (29 Chapters)
2 Chronicles (36 Chapters)
Ezra (10 Chapters)
Book of Nehemiah (13 Chapters)
Esther (10 Chapters)
Job (42 Chapters)
Psalms (150 Chapters)
Proverbs (31 Chapters)
Ecclesiastes (12 Chapters)
The Song of Solomon (8 Chapters) Song of Songs
Isaiah (66 Chapters)
Jeremiah (52 Chapters)
Lamentations (5 Chapters)
Ezekiel (48 Chapters)
Daniel (12 Chapters)
Hosea (14 Chapters)
Joel (3 Chapters)
Amos (9 Chapters)
Obadiah (1 Chapter)
Jonah (4 Chapters)
Micah (7 Chapters)
Nahum (3 Chapters)
Habakkuk (3 Chapters)
Zephaniah (3 Chapters)
Haggai (2 Chapters)
Zechariah (14 Chapters)
Malachi (4 Chapters)
The New Testament
Matthew (28 Chapters)
Mark (16 Chapters)
Luke (24 Chapters)
John (21 Chapters)
Acts (28 Chapters)
Romans (16 Chapters)
1 Corinthians (16 Chapters)
2 Corinthians (13 Chapters)
Galatians (6 Chapters)
Ephesians (6 Chapters)
Philippians (4 Chapters)
Colossians (4 Chapters)
1 Thessalonians (5 Chapters)
2 Thessalonians (3 Chapters)
1 Timothy (6 Chapters)
2 Timothy (4 Chapters)
Titus (3 Chapters)
Philemon (1 Chapters)
Hebrews (13 Chapters)
James (5 Chapters)
1 Peter (5 Chapters)
2 Peter (3 Chapters)
1 John (5 Chapters)
2 John (1 chapter)
3 John (1 Chapter)
Jude (1 Chapter)
Revelation (22 Chapters)
References
Notes
a – Orthodox version: There is an additional book called 1 Ezra, this makes the current Ezra -> 2 Genesis/
b – Catholic and Orthodox versions; lacking in Protestant versions
c – Can only be found in Orthodox version
d – Catholic and Orthodox versions contain verses not found in the original Hebrew
e – Not in Protestant version
f - The first five books of the Bible are called the Pentateuch. In the Jewish Bible they are called "the Torah" |
11274 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting | Painting | Painting is using colors to make visual art. It is also the word for a painted work of art. Many kinds of paints are used to create art. They include watercolors, acrylics and oils. Other artists like working with pencil or chalk. Sometimes charcoal can be used.
Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, the Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci. People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art. There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.
There is a basic difference between drawing and painting. In drawing, a single layer is the entire image. In painting, one layer is painted over another to get the final image. As a result, most of the time the image will not be clear until it gets to the final stage.
There are four basic stages in painting: preparation, divide, layer, and touchup.
Preparation: most artists prepare a canvas or other surface. A thin uniform cover or "wash" of white or other color is laid on the whole surface. This may help the later layers to get the same fix all over the surface. Also, the unseen wash may help the refection of light from the surface, thus improving the effect for the viewer. For really uneven or colored surfaces, such as wood or rough canvas, a more substantial covering is needed. That is called gesso, traditionally a mixture of chalk and gelatin, but nowadays available as a thick white acrylic. Painting on some surfaces requires a special technique. Painting on plaster uses the fresco method.
In the divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint), and background for those areas are plotted.
In the layer stage, a layer is plotted over another layer, to get the desired shape in each area. By end of this stage, all objects in the image will be clearly identifiable.
The touchup stage needs extra effort. This stage is to provide an extra look to the image, like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.
References |
11275 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse | Horse | Horses are a diverse group of animals of the family Equidae. They are herbivores, which means they eat grass and other plants. Some plants are dangerous for them like ragwort, lemongrass (oil grass) and sometimes acorns.
The common horse is the species Equus caballus. It was domesticated from wild horses by humans at least 5000 years ago. They are large, strong animals, and some breeds are used to pull heavy loads. Racehorses can gallop up to 30 miles an hour.
A male horse is a stallion, and a female horse is a mare. The general term for a young horse is foal. A young female horse is a filly, and a young male horse is a colt. A castrated horse is a gelding. Horses have hooves which need protection by horseshoes from hard or rough ground.
Early horses
The evolution of horses has been well studied. Fifty million years ago, there were no horses as we know them now. Of the earliest fossil horse, the North American one is called Eohippus, and the Eurasian one is called Hyracotherium. Both were small animals: Eohippus was the larger of the two at twice the size of a terrier dog.
Many changes took place between those little animals and today's horse. These changes are best explained as adaptations to its changing ecological niche. From a small forest-dweller eating nuts and fruit to a larger forest browser eating leaves and small branches. Finally, the modern horse is a grazer on open grassland, with different teeth, legs for running and much larger size. Major changes happened in the mid-Miocene when the climate became cooler, and grassland began to replace forests. This change continued, and several groups of mammals changed from browsers to grazers.
Horses and humans
Horses have been domesticated for at least 5000 years. They have been used by humans in many different ways for travel, work, food, and pleasure and showing. Cavalry horses were used in war until the middle 20th century. They are used for riding and transport. They are also used for carrying things or pulling carts, or to help plow farmer's fields in agriculture. People have used selective breeding to make bigger horses to do heavy work.
Some people keep horses as pets. Today, horses are mostly used for entertainment and sports. They are also still used for work and transportation in some places. Horses are used in equestrianism, which is equine sports such as cross-country, showjumping, dressage, horse polo, rodeo, western pleasure, horsemanship, reining, and halter/showmanship events etc. Showjumping, cross-country and dressage are Olympic sports. "Equus" is the old Latin word for horse.
Other uses of horses
Horsehide is a tough leather made from the skin of horses. Horsehair is used to make a stiff fabric. Horsehair can also be used as a stuffing for furniture. Horsehair can be mixed with plaster to make it strong. Horse bones can be used to make gelatin for food. The bones can also be used to make glue. Animal glue is still preferred by some wood workers.
Horses are used all over the world to carry people and pull carts. They are used in big cities to help police watch and protect people in crowds.
Mare
A mare is a female horse. Other female equines are also sometimes called mares. Before her third birthday, she is called a filly. When a mare wants to mate, she is called in heat. This part of the estrous cycle lasts for about three weeks. Mares are more prone to being temperamental, some people would call this being "mare-ish".
Horse breeds
These are some well-known horse breeds among the hundreds that exist:
Related pages
Horse riding – sports with horses
Horse racing
Pony – for little horses
Quagga
Przewalski's horse
Donkey (Ass)
Mule
Zebra
References
Domesticated animals
Animals used for transport
Basic English 850 words |
11276 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife | Afterlife | The afterlife is what some people believe happens after death. Different religions teach different things about the afterlife.
Characteristics
Some religions believe in reincarnation (to come back to life as a different person or even animal). These religions include Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism specifically believes that at death the soul leaves the physical body but does not die. It lives in an astral body in an astral plane. Here the soul continues until it is born again in another physical body as a baby. Salvation (called Moksha) in these religions is a release from this endless cycle of re-births.
Most people in the world believe you go to another place after you die, such as heaven or hell. Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Jainism are religions that believe in this. For example, those that follow Christianity believe that if you accept the Christ (Jesus of Nazareth, the son of the Virgin Mary) as your saviour, you will spend eternity in heaven after death; if you do not accept him, you will be separated from him after death.
Many other religions believe in an afterlife of some kind. Ancient Egyptians believed in an `afterlife`. They put things into the graves of important people. These were to be used in the next life. The Vikings had some similar beliefs. Others (like African animists) believe that some people change into spirits called ghosts.
There are also those who do not believe that there is an afterlife, and that you simply cease to exist once you die. Atheists believe there is no God and no afterlife. The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism in the time of Jesus. The believed there was no spirit in man. So, after death there was no more life. .
Related pages
Funeral
Immortality
Notes
Eschatology |
11277 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer | Prayer | Prayer is a communication to God. Many believe their prayers are answered and evidence of it is primarily reported in the Old and New Testament. Later miracles and graces have been reported by the Church and by common people. Prayer is done by those who trust the power of word and thought. Jesus taught people to say the Lord's Prayer.
Prayer can be spoken, silent (no talking), or in a song. It can be used to praise God or to ask for something including help and forgiveness. Prayers can be said over and over again as in a Rosary or just once. The Rosary includes Lord's Prayer and several others. Sister Lucia of Fatima said that Virgin Mary "in these last times in which we live has given new efficacy in the recitation of the Holy Rosary" and that " She has given this efficacy to such an extent that there is no problem, no matter how difficult it is, whether temporal or above all spiritual, in the personal life of each one of us, of our families … that cannot be solved by the Rosary".
Islamic prayer, or salat is a duty to be performed five times per day. Hinduism has prayer to various divinities or holy beings. Some people say that prayers for sick people bring them health.
Dua
( is a prayer or request made by Muslims in which they ask for help from their God. Muslims see dua as a very serious way of worship.
Dua has been done by Muslims for a long time, as it is seen as very important by a lot of Muslims and Muslim families. They have been carried on as traditions.
References
Theology
Worship |
11278 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Genesis | Book of Genesis | Genesis (Greek: ἡ γένεσις "origin, birth") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible. It means creation. It begins with the creation of the Universe. It ends with the death of Joseph. The Hebrew name for the book is transliterated Bre'shiyth, which means 'in beginning.'
Summary
God created the universe and everything in it in six days. God rested on the seventh day (Sabbath) and declared it a holy day of rest. God provided the Garden of Eden to the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. There was only one thing that they were not allowed to do. God told them not to eat from the tree of knowledge, which would make them aware of good and evil. A snake tricked Eve, and she ate the fruit from the tree of knowledge. She then gave Adam some of the fruit, and he ate as well. Because they did not obey him, God made them leave the garden, so all people had to work for their food.
Adam and Eve's first two children were sons, Cain and Abel. Abel was a shepherd and Cain was a farmer. Cain fell into sin and killed his brother Abel out of jealousy, making him the first person to commit murder. (Genesis 4:1–16)
Later, when the world was full of people who were evil, God chose to kill them and save only the animals and the most morally righteous person alive. He told a man, named Noah, to build a huge boat and gather two of every bird, mammal and lizard onto it. He was instructed to take 14, or a pair of 7, of clean animals. Only 2 of each could be unclean. Noah built and filled the boat as he was told, and a flood covered the whole world. After 40 days and nights, the rains stopped. Once the water had receded the boat landed on the mountain of Ararat. God promised never to send another such flood, and he used the rainbow as a sign of that promise.
The people of the world attempted to build a high tower (Tower of Babel) to show the power of mankind and to reach God. God felt insulted and gave people different languages to prevent the tower from ever being finished.
God chose Abram to be "the father of many nations." Abram changed his name to Abraham, and God promised him the land of Canaan (Israel) forever. As a sign of this promise, the sons of Abraham are circumcised. God tested Abraham's loyalty by asking him to kill his son Isaac. Abraham was ready to do it, but God sent an angel to stop him. God told him there would be no more human sacrifice.
God destroyed the evil cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, saving only Abraham's nephew Lot and his daughters.
Isaac and his wife Rebekah had two twin sons, Esau and Jacob. Jacob traded food to Esau for Esau's right to carry the family name. Rebekah helped trick Isaac, who was old and blind, into giving his final blessing to Jacob by dressing him in fur (Isaac felt Jacob's furs and thought he was his hairy twin, Esau). Esau later got a blessing of his own.
Jacob left to find a wife. He found Rachel and worked for her father, Lavan, for seven years to marry her, but was tricked into marrying her sister Leah. He worked for another seven years to marry Rachel. He went back to his home, then moved to Bethel, where God told him to change his name to Israel. Jacob later also marries the servants of Leah and Rachel, whose names are Bilah and Zilpah.
Jacob had twelve sons named Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issaschar, Zebulun, Gad, Dan, Asher, Naftali, Joseph, and Benjamin. His wife Rachel died after she gave birth to Benjamin.
Jacob gave his son Joseph a coat of many colors. Joseph's brothers were jealous, so they sold him into slavery in Egypt. They covered his coat in blood and told their father he had died. Joseph became a great leader in Egypt by predicting a long famine by explaining the pharaoh's dreams. During the famine, his brothers came to Egypt to buy food. They did not know that Joseph was the leader. Joseph first tricked the brothers, but then gave them food and let them stay in Goshen in Egypt.
Jacob blessed his sons and then died.
Notes
Further reading
Umberto Cassuto, From Noah to Abraham. Eisenbrauns, 1984. ISBN (A scholarly Jewish commentary.)
Isaac M. Kikawada & Arthur Quinn, Before Abraham was – The Unity of Genesis 1-11. Nashville, Tenn., 1985. (A challenge to the Documentary Hypothesis.)
Nehama Leibowitz, New Studies in Bereshit, Genesis. Jerusalem: Hemed Press, 1995. (A scholarly Jewish commentary employing traditional sources.)
Henry M. Morris, The Genesis Record: A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings. Baker Books, 1981. ISBN (A creationist Christian commentary.)
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI), In the Beginning. Edinburgh, 1995. (A Catholic understanding of the story of Creation and Fall.)
Jean-Marc Rouvière, Brèves méditations sur la création du monde. L'Harmattan Paris, 2006.
Nahum M. Sarna, Understanding Genesis. New York: Schocken Press, 1966. (A scholarly Jewish treatment, strong on historical perspective.)
Nahum M. Sarna, The JPS Torah Commentary: Genesis. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989. (A mainstream Jewish commentary.)
E. A. Speiser, Genesis, The Anchor Bible. Volume 1. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1964. (A translation with scholarly commentary and philological notes by a noted Semitic scholar. The series is written for laypeople and specialists alike.)
Bruce Vawter, On Genesis: A New Reading. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1977. (An introduction to Genesis by a fine Catholic scholar. Genesis was Vawter's hobby.)
Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg, The Beginning of Desire: Reflections of Genesis. New York: Doubleday, 1995. (A scholarly Jewish commentary employing traditional sources.)
Other websites
Online texts and translations of Genesis
Bible Gateway
Bereshit with commentary in Hebrew
בראשית Bereishit - Genesis (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
Hebrew Audiobook of Genesis from Librivox
Young's Literal Translation (YLT)
New International Version (NIV)
New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)
Westminster-Leningrad codex
Aleppo Codex
Old Testament books
Creation myths |
11279 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20%28Hebrew%20Bible%29 | Joseph (Hebrew Bible) | In the Bible, Joseph was a son of Jacob. Joseph's brothers hated him, because he was their father's favorite son, and his father gave him a coat which was said that it was revealed from heaven. One day they decided to kill him but changed their minds. According to Genesis they sold him as a slave. In Islamic tradition they threw him in a large well that had only a little salt water but when he drank it, by the will of God, it was very sweet. A passing caravan found him and took him as a slave to Egypt.
Joseph became the slave of the chief of the Pharaoh's guards but was put in prison, where he interpreted the dreams of other prisoners. The Pharaoh heard of his power and asked for interpretations of his own dreams. Joseph became the Pharaoh's prime minister. This caused the Israelites to leave Canaan and live in Egypt.
Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people |
11281 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Magdalene | Mary Magdalene | Mary Magdalene is a woman in all four gospels of the New Testament. She became a faithful follower of Jesus after he delivered her from seven demons.
She witnessed the crucifixion and burial of Jesus, and was the first person to see and talk with him after he arose from the dead.
She told the apostles that she had seen him alive.
Mary is a saint in the Catholic church. She is remembered on July 22.
References
New Testament people
Ancient Israeli people |
11282 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness | Witness | A witness is someone who sees something happen. They are often used in court to help find the truth. During a trial, the two lawyers will bring in witnesses to help back up their arguments.
In a criminal trial, the prosecution lawyer will often bring in the victim of the crime to say what happened, and anyone else who can prove the accused person did the crime. The defense lawyer will nearly always call up the accused person to explain why they are not guilty, and bring in other witnesses who can prove the accused person is not guilty. Each time a lawyer brings in a witness, the other lawyer will cross examine the witness - they will ask them questions to make sure they are telling the truth.
Witnesses have to swear to tell the truth during the trial. If a witness lies in court, it is known as perjury, which is a crime. A witness can be subpoenad, which means they are required to testify in court. If the witness does not testify when given a subpoena, they can be punished.
Related pages
Notary
Other websites
Witness statements (UK)
Trials
Legal terms |
11283 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthians | Corinthians | Corinthians is the name of different things:
Two books in the New Testament. They are letters by Saint Paul to the church at Corinth. They are called the First Epistle to the Corinthians and the Second Epistle to the Corinthians.
A Brazilian football team from São Paulo. It is very famous in Brazil and have the second biggest number of football supporters in this country. |
11284 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth | Corinth | Corinth is a city in Greece. It gave its name to the Corinth Canal. This is in the middle of the Isthmus of Corinth, a narrow strip of land which joins the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It has a castle called the acrocorinth. Corinth is in the north of Peloponnese. It is a coastal city. It had 60,000 people at the 2011 census.
History
During antiquity, Corinth was one of the most important Greek cities. It was often the opponent of Athens and these two cities competed with each other. It founded many colonies in south Italy and Sicily such as Siracusa. Corinth was conquered by Romans in 146 B.C. Two epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthian Christians are in the Bible.
The modern city of Corinth is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the ancient ruins. Since 1896, the Corinth excavations by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have revealed large parts of the ancient city. Recent excavations by the Greek Ministry of Culture have brought to light important new discoveries.
During Middle Ages, it was an important city with a fortification. In 1460 it came under Turkish rule and it was liberated in 1830, after the Greek War of Independence.
Cities in Greece |
11285 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross | Cross | A cross is a symbol, which is used for many things.
Crosses in religion
the Christian cross
the Ankh, an Ancient Egyptian symbol for life
the Swastika, a symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, but also used in many cultures at different times.
Other crosses
the Swastika, also known as Hakenkreuz used as a symbol of Nazism. This sign is thought to be insulting by many people in the West.
the Cross of Saint Peter, an inverted Latin cross, used by Catholics and also associated with Satanism.
the Red Cross, used by medical and humanitarian groups
Symbols |
11304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese | Peloponnese | The Peloponnese is a large peninsula in Greece. It is the part of Greece which is south of the Isthmus of Corinth.
The Peloponnese has many mountains and a long jagged coastline. The highest part is Mount Taygetus in the south.
There are four south-pointing peninsulas within the Peloponnese. They are called Messenia, the Mani Peninsula, Epidaurus, and the Argolid.
There are also two groups of islands near the Peloponnese. In the east there are the Argo-Saronic Islands and in the west there are the Ionian Islands. There is also the island of Kythira, which is near to the Epidaurus peninsula. Kythira is often thought of as part of the Ionian Islands.
The Peloponnese has had people living on it since prehistoric times. Its name means Island of Pelops. Pelops was a person from Greek mythology, who took over the island. During the Middle Ages and the Ottoman Empire, the peninsula was known as the Morea.
Peninsulas
Peripheries of Greece |
11305 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus%20of%20Corinth | Isthmus of Corinth | The Isthmus of Corinth is a narrow bit of land which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It is near to the city of Corinth. The narrow Corinthian Canal cuts through the isthmus, connecting the Aegean Sea to the Gulf of Corinth.
Geography of Greece
hr:Korintski kanal |
11306 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli | Tripoli | Tripoli is a city in northwest Libya. It is the capital of the country. More than three million people live in the metropolitan area.
Originally a Phoenician colony, Tripoli became in turn part of Greek and Roman Cyrenaica, a pirate port, a part of the Ottoman Empire, and the capital of the Italian empire in North Africa.
References
Phoenician colonies |
11308 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos | Argos | Argos is a city in south Greece, the capital of Argos-Mycenae Municipality. It is in the Argolis prefecture, which is on the Peloponnese peninsula. It is named after the child of Zeus and Niobe in Greek mythology. It is the biggest city in Argolida prefecture but the capital of prefecture is Nauplion. Argos is very historical city. The first residents arrived more than 7,000 years ago. It is considered the oldest city in Greece from ancient Greek writers.
The city houses numerous archaeological monuments. Agriculture is an important sector of the local economy.
Cities in Greece |
11309 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta | Sparta | Sparta was a Greek city-state. It is the capital of the Laconia prefecture. It is in the south of Peloponnese peninsula. During antiquity, it was extremely powerful. Today, it is a small city. 16,726 people lived there according to the 2001 census.
It was also known as Lacedaemon.
The word Spartan is used to describe somebody who lives a simple life or somebody who suffered a lot without crying or showing that they suffered. It can also mean a life of simplicity, without anything fancy or costly.
Sparta is in the mountainous region of Laconia. This is in the south-east of the Peloponnese. Ancient Sparta was built on the banks of the Evrotas River. The river flows through a valley with mountains on each side. To the west is the Taygetus Range (highest point 2407 m) and to the east is the Parnon Range (highest point 1935 m). Because the ancient Spartans had such good natural defenses, they did not need city walls.
Ancient Sparta
In Ancient Greece, Sparta was a city-state with a very strong army and a government that was well led. Sparta was known as one of the strongest city-states in Greece. Only the strongest survived in Sparta, male or female. The Spartans killed weak children. If they believed that a baby was too weak, they left it out to die of exposure beside a slope on Mount Taygetus. This place was called the Apothetae, which meant 'the place of rejection'.
Sparta had a government with checks and balances. The executive branch was led by two kings. The legislative branch was led by the citizens. and the judicial branch was controlled by the elders. There was also a committee of five men who were in charge of the education process that young boys and girls went through. Boys and girls were taken from their parents at the age of 7. Boys went to live in barracks with other boys their age. Girls went to school to learn gymnastics, wrestling, and other activities, so they could become strong, healthy mothers for future soldiers.
Laconophilia
Laconophilia is love or liking of Sparta and of the Spartan culture. Sparta was often admired when it ruled. Long ago, "Many of the noblest and best of the Athenians always considered (thought) the Spartan state nearly as an ideal theory realised in practice". Many Greek philosophers, especially Platonists, would often describe Sparta as a good state, strong, brave, and free.
Sparta was also seen as a model of social purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.
Adolf Hitler thought Sparta was very good. He said in 1928 that Germany should be like them by making smaller "the number allowed to live". The Spartans had created "the first racialist state".
Customs
Young Spartans boys were taken from their homes at the age of seven to begin a military life. The Spartans became soldiers at age 20, citizens at age 30, and retired at age 60. Men trained hard to become warriors of the Spartan army. Women were encouraged to keep healthy so that they could produce healthy, fit babies to grow up to be strong. Spartans saw little moral value in the concept of childbirth; unless the child was fit to become a Spartan, he would die.
Spartan men married when they were 30 years old. Plutarch writes of the strange custom of the Spartans for their wedding night:
The custom was to capture women for marriage...The...'bridesmaid' took charge of the captured girl. She first shaved her head...then dressed her in a man's cloak and sandals, and laid her down alone on a mattress in the dark. The bridegroom...first had dinner...then would slip in...lift her and carry her to the bed. The husband kept on visiting his wife in secret for some time after the marriage. Only Spartans did these customs. Some people think that the cutting off of the wife's hair was a ceremony that showed she was going into a new life.
History
Sparta conquered the people of Messenia and Lakonia (the surrounding countryside) at around 680560 BC. These people became known as the helots. They were not slaves: they were serfs. They had a lower position in society, like serfs in mediaeval Europe.
Helots spent their lives farming their Spartan masters kleros (land granted to Spartan citizens). The Spartan poet Tyrtaios says helots were allowed to marry and keep half the fruits of their labor. At most times, the helots outnumbered their Spartan masters 10 to 1. They rebelled often, but they were never able to overthrow their oppressors.
Once a Spartan reached the age of 20, he or she would then become a homoios. A homoios was a member of the ruling class (a citizen). Both men and women were citizens. Sparta was an unusual society for women's rights, because women were considered to be equal.
The Spartan army used the phalanx formation. This contributed to the many battles Sparta won. Their most famous loss is the Battle of Thermopylae where 300 Spartans held off a large Persian army for a week.
References
Cities in Greece
Ancient Greek cities |
11312 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia | Olympia | Olympia ( Olympía) was a place in ancient Greece. It was in Elis, which is now called Ilia; and is in the east of the city Pyrgos. It was the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.
History
Olympia was a sanctuary, consisting of various buildings. These included a hippodrome, Palaestra, Gymnasium and several temples. The Olympic Games began here in 776 BC. They were founded by king Pelopas. They happened every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns competed. The winners of the Olympic games were important people. The Olympic games were abolished by emperor of Byzantium Theodosius I, in 394 AD.
During ancient history, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the Middle Ages it was an unimportant city.
Gymnasium
The Gymnasium at Olympia was a large, open air, quadrangle surrounded on all four sides by colonnades of the Doric order. Only the southern and eastern sides survive. They date to the second century BC. The River Kladeos has destroyed the western side. The gymnasium was used by runners and pentathlon athletes for training. Athletes trained in the nude. In bad weather, training took place under the eastern colonnade (210.51 meters) and the other three colonnades. Little of the gymnasium has been excavated. About 200 BC, a portico of the Corinthian order was built to join the gymnasium and the palaestra.
Hippodrome
The Hippodrome was the site of horse and chariot races at Olympia, Greece. It was 1,153 meters long. It was south of the stadium, but none of it survives. It was washed away by the Alpheios River.
Palaestra
Footnotes
References |
11313 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgos | Pyrgos | Pyrgos is a city in Greece. It is the capital of the Ilia prefecture on the Peloponnese peninsula. Pyrgos is in the west of Peloponnese peninsula. It is in the south of Patras and in the north of Kalamata. It has 24,765 people. Near Pyrgos is the ancient town of Olympia.
Cities in Greece |
11314 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki | Thessaloniki | Thessaloniki is the second-largest city in Greece after Athens. There were 325,182 people at the census of 2011. Including the suburbs, there were 1,110,312 people. It is in the region of Macedonia in northern Greece. It is the capital of the Thessaloniki prefecture and it is the capital of the periphery of central Macedonia. It is the largest city in the geographical region of Macedonia. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). The average rainfall is relatively low, due to the rain shadow from the Pindos mountains. Unlike in Athens, there are frequent frosts and snow every winter.
History
Thessaloniki was established by King Cassander of Macedon, friend of Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. He named the city after the sister of Alexander the Great, princess Thessalonike, which in Greek means victory over Thessaly.
From late antiquity to the late Middle Ages (330AD-1430AD) it was the second most important city of Byzantine Empire. Then Thessaloniki faced many invasions from enemies such as the Avaroi, Bulgars and others. In the year 1204, the crusaders conquered Thessaloniki and created the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Later it was liberated by Byzantines and then sold to the Republic of Venice but the year 1430, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Thessaloniki was a part of Ottoman Empire for approximately 500 years and in 1912 it became part of Greece when Greece acquired Macedonia following the Balkan Wars. Many famous people have lived or were born here, such as the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero, many saints like Cyril and Methodius, who invented the Cyrillic alphabet, and Saint Demetrius, who is the patron saint of the city, and many politicians, such as the founder of modern-day Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Most of the city was completely destroyed in a large fire in 1917 and was rebuilt in the 1920s. Thessaloniki was place to both the Salonica and Macedonian fronts during World War 1, this fronts were made of French, Serbian, English, Italian, and a Russian division. This fronts were key in 1918 to the Entente victory over both Bulgaria and Austria. It was later occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, during the Greek Invasion.
Sights of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki has many sights. The most famous sight in Thessaloniki is the white tower. The White tower was a part of Thessaloniki's ancient walls that were built many times through the ages. Thessaloniki was the second-most well-fortified city in the Byzantine Empire, after Constantinople (Istanbul). The walls can still be seen above the city today and despite the many earthquakes, they are still standing. The city was home to a Roman imperial palace and mausoleum. The palace ruins can be seen today but the mausoleum together with a Roman arch can be still seen standing today. Very important sights of Thessaloniki are the medieval churches such as Agios Dimitrios, Agios Georgios and Agia Sofia. Agios Dimitrios it the largest and oldest Basilica in Greece. Thessaloniki's Christian monuments are part of the UNESCO World Heritage initiative. The city also has many Ottoman monuments, such as the Bey Hammam and the old district of the city near the walls, with its distinctly Turkish architecture. Many museums are in the city and some of them are: Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, Jewish Museum, Ethnological Museum of Macedonia and others.
Thessaloniki is known throughout Greece and the countries nearby as a city with a great nightlife even in winter, when most famous Greek tourist destinations are closed. It is also widely considered the Greek city of love due to its many romantic streets and alleys. |
11315 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina | Florina | Florina is a city in Greece in the region of Macedonia. It is the capital of the Florina prefecture. Its population is 15,265 inhabitants. Florina is build at the foot of Varnus mountain. It is built at an altitude of 600 meter approximately. Around Florina there are many forests.
Cities in Greece |
11316 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argolis | Argolis | Argolis is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Argolis is the Nafplio.
Prefectures of Greece |
11319 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilia | Ilia | Ilia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Ilia is the Pyrgos.
Prefectures of Greece |
11320 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea | Achaea | Achaea is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Achaea is Patras.
References
Prefectures of Greece |
11321 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia | Arcadia | Arcadia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Arcadia is Tripoli.
Prefectures of Greece |
11322 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia | Laconia | Laconia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Laconia is Sparta.
Prefectures of Greece |
11323 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella | Pella | Pella is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Pella is the Edessa and the largest town is Giannitsa. It is also the site of the ancient city of Pella, the capital of the kingdom of Macedon where Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon lived.
Prefectures of Greece |
11324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica | Attica | Attica is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Attica contains Athens, the capital of Greece. In ancient period was the area of ancient Athenian state. Attica today is the prefecture with the largest number of people in Greece being the area where Athens, the capital of Greece, is. There are about 3,500,000 people.
Geography
Attica is in the south of Greece. It is a peninsula between Peloponnese and Euboea. Its the southest point is the cape Sounion. Attica has five mountains with an elevation over 1000 meters, Parnitha (the highest of all), Penteli, Hymettus, Pateras mountain and Kithairon. Attica has borders with Boeotia prefecture to the north and Corinthia prefecture to the west. Attica is surrounded by the sea of Saronic gulf to the west and South Euboean golf to the east. These seas are a part of Aegean sea. |
11326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria | Kastoria | Kastoria is a Greek city, and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. Kastoria it is built on the bank of Lake Orestiada. There are 17,038 people living in the city. Kastoria has an old neighbourhood which is picturesque, and it is named Doltso. It has nice old houses with particular local architecture.
The name Kastoria means "place of the beavers" which used to live in the lake. These have all been hunted and killed for their fur.
References
Cities in Greece |
11327 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozani | Kozani | Kozani is a city in northern Greece. It is the capital of Kozani Prefecture and of the region of Macedonia. The population of the city is 38,591, according to 2001 census. In district of Kozani products the main amount of electrical energy of Greece.
Cities in Greece |
11328 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia | Magnesia | Magnesia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Magnesia is the Volos.
Prefectures of Greece |
11329 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenia | Messenia | Messinia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Messinia is the Kalamata.
Prefectures of Greece |
11330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkidiki | Chalkidiki | Chalkidiki, also known as Halkidiki or Chalcidice, is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. It is the area of the ending of Central Macedonia which accesses deeply in the Aegean Sea forming three small peninsulas. The capital of Chalcidice is the Polygyros.
Official links
Official website
Prefectures of Greece |
11331 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea | Euboea | Euboea is an island of Greece. It is also one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. Euboea is the second largest island of Greece. Its total area is 3,655 km2. It is to the east of Boeotia and Attica prefectures. The island is surrounded by the Aegean Sea. The capital of Euboea and the biggest city on the island is Chalkida.
Prefectures of Greece
Islands of Greece |
11332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevena | Grevena | Grevena is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Grevena is a small city which is in the west of Macedonia. Its population is 12,037 inhabitants according to 2001 census. It is built at a height of 500 meter approximately. West of Grevena is the mountain range of Pindos with many forests and with a ski center which it is named Vasilitsa. This ski center has a lot of snow throughout the winter.
Prefectures of Greece |
11333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta | Arta | Arta is a Greek city. It is the capital of Arta Prefecture, one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Its population is 24,725. Arta is known because of Arta's bridge. It is an old bridge on the Arachthos river.
Cities in Greece |
11334 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala | Trikala | Trikala is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Trikala is in the center of Greece in the Thessaly periphery. According to the 2001 census, 57,914 people lived there. Trikala is built on a large plain. This plain is one of the biggest plain in Greece. In the west of Trikala is the Pindus range. Trikala is crossed by Litheus river.
Cities in Greece |
11335 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos | Lesbos | Lesbos, also called Lesvos, is an island in Greece. It is in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Lesbos is the Mytilene. According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the island.
The word 'lesbian' comes from Lesbos. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Many of her love poems are written to women.
Prefectures of Greece |
11336 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos | Samos | Samos is a Greek island. It is the eighth largest Greek island. It is in the east of Aegean sea. Opposite Samos is the west coasts of Turkey. Samos is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The prefecture in addition includes the Ikaria island and Fournoi Island. The capital of Samos is Samos City, commonly referred to by the locals as Vathi. The area of the island is 478 km squared. It is separated from Asia Minor, by the approximately 1 mile wide Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains. A great portion of the island is covered with vineyards, from which wine is made. The island of Samos is a lush, very green island with forests and with many places to visit. It is also the birthplace of the mathematician Pythagoras. Today Samos is an island which attracts tourists from all over the world for the wonderful nature, the impressive mountainous and verdant landscape and the plethora of archaeological sites.
Places of interest
The most interest sight of Samos is the ancient aqueduct. It was construct by the ancient Greek mechanic Eupalinos, so it is called "Eupalinio Orygma" in Greek. It is a big tunnel which is long. It had been constructed to carry water in the town of ancient Samos. Other important places is the ancient town which is in the south of island and the contemporary beautiful villages of Samos.
Prefectures of Greece
Islands of Greece |
11337 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evros | Evros | Evros is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Evros is Alexandroupoli.
Prefectures of Greece |
11338 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evritania | Evritania | Evritania is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Evritania is the Karpenisi.
Prefectures of Greece |
11339 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades | Cyclades | Cyclades is an island group in Greece. The group of Cyclades includes many islands. The larger islands of the group is Naxos, Andros, Tinos, Mykonos, Paros, Milos, Thira (or Santorini), Syros, Amorgos, Ios, Kythnos, Kea, Sifnos, Serifos, Sikinos, Folegandros and Anafi. The group, also includes many others small islands and islets. Also Cyclades is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Cyclades is the Ermoupolis in the island of Syros.
References
Prefectures of Greece |
11340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres | Serres | Serres is a Greek city. It is also one of 51 prefectures of Greece. There are 56,400 people in Serres. Serres is built on the large plain. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. It is near the Strymonas river.
Other websites
Serres Prefecture Official Website
Cities in Greece |
11341 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkis | Kilkis | Kilkis is a Greek town and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. Kilkis is built on the large plain. It is an agricultural city. It has 19,247 people.
Cities in Greece |
11342 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chania | Chania | Chania is a Greek city which is the capital of Chania prefecture. It is in the west of Crete. 55,838 people live there. Chania has an important port which connects Chania with the port of Piraeus.
History
Chania had an significant development from 13th century till 17th century. Then it was under Venetian rule. After the Venetians, ruled the Ottomans until 1912. This year Crete was liberated and it is united with Greece.
Cities in Greece |
11343 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthi | Xanthi | Xanthi is a Greek city and its one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Its population is 46,464 inhabitants. It is located in the north-east of Greece, in the district of Thrace. Many Muslims live in Xanthi. So this city has an oriental color.
Cities in Greece |
11344 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batha | Batha | Batha was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The area is part of the Batha Region since 2002.
Prefectures of Chad |
11348 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltine%20Prefecture | Biltine Prefecture | Biltine was one of fourteen prefectures, or areas, of Chad. The capital of Biltine is Biltine. In 1993, it had a population of 148,807 people and an area of 46,850 square kilometers of land.
As of 2002, the area is now part of Wadi Fira Region
Prefectures of Chad |
11349 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti | Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti | Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti was Faya.
Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11350 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faya-Largeau | Faya-Largeau | Faya-Largeau is the largest city in northern Chad. 9,867 people were living there in 1993. It is the capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture.
The town was first called Faya, then it was renamed Largeau after Chad became a colony of France in 1900. When Chad won independence from France in 1960, the town changed its name to Faya-Largeau.
Cities in Chad |
11351 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari-Baguirmi | Chari-Baguirmi | Chari-Baguirmi was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of was Ndjamena. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
References
Prefectures of Chad |
11352 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra | Guéra | Guéra was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital city of Guéra was Mongo. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11354 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem | Kanem | Kanem () was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Kanem was Mao. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11356 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac | Lac | Lac is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Lac is the Bol.
Prefectures of Chad |
11357 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone%20Occidental%20%28prefecture%29 | Logone Occidental (prefecture) | Logone Occidental was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital city of Logone Occidental was Moundou. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11358 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone%20Oriental%20%28prefecture%29 | Logone Oriental (prefecture) | Logone Oriental was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Logone Oriental was Doba. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
}
Prefectures of Chad |
11359 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-K%C3%A9bbi | Mayo-Kébbi | Mayo-Kébbi was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Mayo-Kébbi was Bongor. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11360 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen-Chari%20%28prefecture%29 | Moyen-Chari (prefecture) | Moyen-Chari was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Moyen-Chari was Sarh. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11361 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF%20%28prefecture%29 | Ouaddaï (prefecture) | Ouaddaï was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Ouaddaï was Abéché. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11362 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamat | Salamat | Salamat was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Salamat was Am Timan. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11363 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9 | Tandjilé | Tandjilé was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Tandjilé was Laï. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
11364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9 | Abéché | Abéché is a city in Chad. It is the capital city of the Ouaddaï prefecture.
Cities in Chad |
11365 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo | Mongo | Mongo is a city in Chad. It is the capital city of the Guéra prefecture.
Cities in Chad |
11379 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Howard | Ron Howard | Ronald William Howard (born March 1, 1954) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.
Howard was born in Duncan, Oklahoma. His father is actor Rance Howard. He started acting as a young child. As an actor he was best known for his roles on television, as Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show and Richie Cunningham on Happy Days. He appeared in movies like The Music Man (1962) and American Graffiti (1973).
He later quit acting and became a director. Some of the movies he has directed are: Splash (1984), Cocoon (1985), Willow (1988), Parenthood (1989), Apollo 13 (1995), How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), A Beautiful Mind (2001), and Cinderella Man (2005).
His father Rance Howard, brother Clint Howard and daughters Bryce Dallas Howard and Paige Howard are also actors, as was his mother, Jean Speegle Howard.
Recently, he returned to television and made the TV show Arrested Development.
References
Other websites
Actors from Burbank, California
Actors from Oklahoma
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Writers from California
Writers from Oklahoma
1954 births
Living people |
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