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14398 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Carlin | George Carlin | George Denis Patrick Carlin (May 12, 1937 – June 22, 2008) was an American actor, author, comedian and writer. He was known for his dark comedy and jokes about politics, the English language, psychology, religion, and taboo.
Early life
Carlin was born and raised in Manhattan, New York City. Carlin said that he started to appreciate effective use of the English language because of his mother, though they had a difficult relationship and he often ran away from home. He grew up on West 121st Street in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, which he and his friends called "White Harlem" because it "sounded a lot tougher than its real name".
His mother had a television, which was a rare and new technology at the time, and Carlin became a fan of the late-night talk show Broadway Open House during its short run.
Carlin joined the U.S. Air Force and trained as a radar technician. During his time in the Air Force, he had been court-martialed three times and received many nonjudicial punishments and reprimands.
Career
The first of Carlin's 14 stand-up comedy specials for HBO was filmed in 1977. From the late 1980s, his performances were focused on sociocultural criticism of American society.
Carlin acted in movies including Jersey Girl, Dogma, Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (and its sequel), Scary Movie 3, and Disney's Tarzan 2. He also narrated the children's television series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends from 1984 to 1995 (Actor Alec Baldwin later took over the role in 1998), and Portrayed Mr. Conductor on Shining Time Station.
He was known for his "seven dirty words" routine. The routine was about seven words people should not say in the media. (The list was ironically used by many radio stations, as a guide to what kind of language was not allowed.) Comedy Central called Carlin one of the greatest stand-up comedians.
Personal life
Carlin married Brenda Hosbrook on June 3, 1961, together they have a daughter named Kelly. They remained married until her death in 1997, just a few day's before Carlin's 60th birthday. Carlin then married Sally Wade on June 24, 1998, the married lasted until Carlin's death in 2008.
Death
Carlin had a history of heart problems. He had several heart attacks. He died of heart failure in Santa Monica, California at age 71.
Works
Discography
Main
1963: Burns and Carlin at the Playboy Club Tonight
1967: Take-Offs and Put-Ons
1972: FM & AM
1972: Class Clown
1973: Occupation: Foole
1974: Toledo Window Box
1975: An Evening with Wally Londo Featuring Bill Slaszo
1977: On the Road
1981: A Place for My Stuff
1982: Carlin at Carnegie
1984: Carlin on Campus
1986: Playin' with Your Head
1988: What Am I Doing in New Jersey?
1990: Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics
1992: Jammin' in New York
1996: Back in Town
1999: You Are All Diseased
2001: Complaints and Grievances
2002: George Carlin on Comedy
2006: Life Is Worth Losing
2008: It's Bad for Ya
Compilations
1978: Indecent Exposure: Some of the Best of George Carlin
1984: The George Carlin Collection
1992: Classic Gold
1999: The Little David Years
Filmography
Television
The Kraft Summer Music Hall (1966)
That Girl (Guest appearance) (1966)
The Ed Sullivan Show (multiple appearances)
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (season 3 guest appearance) (1968)
What's My Line? (Guest Appearance) (1969)
The Game Game (Guest Appearance) (1969)
The Flip Wilson Show (writer, performer) (1971–1973)
The Mike Douglas Show (Guest) (February 18, 1972)
Welcome Back, Kotter (Guest Appearance) (1978)
Saturday Night Live (Host, episodes 1 and 183) (1975 & 1984)
Nick at Nite (station IDs) (1987)
Justin Case (as Justin Case) (1988) TV movie directed Blake Edwards
Thomas and Friends (as US Narrator: Series 1–4) (1984–1996)
Shining Time Station (as Mr. Conductor/Narrator for Thomas the Tank Engine segments) (1991–1993; Family Specials for 1995)
Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (as Mr. Conductor/Narrator for Thomas the Tank Engine segments) (1996)
Storytime with Thomas (as Mr. Conductor/Narrator for Thomas the Tank Engine segments) (1999)
The George Carlin Show (as George O'Grady) (1994–1995) Fox
Streets of Laredo (as Billy Williams) (1995)
The Simpsons (as Munchie, episode "D'oh-in in the Wind") (1998)
I'm Telling You for the Last Time
The Daily Show (guest on February 1, 1999; December 16, 1999; and March 10, 2004)
MADtv (Guest appearance in episodes 518 & 524) (2000)
Inside the Actors Studio (2004)
Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales (as Fillmore) (archive footage) (2008)
Video games
Cars (2006) (as Fillmore)
HBO specials
Bibliography
Books
Sometimes a Little Brain Damage Can Help. 1984.
Brain Droppings. 1997.
Napalm and Silly Putty. 2001.
When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?. 2004.
Three Times Carlin: An Orgy of George. 2006. . A collection of the 3 previous titles.
Watch My Language. 2009.
References
Other websites
1937 births
2008 deaths
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American philosophers
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from heart failure
Former Roman Catholics
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Writers from Manhattan |
14400 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20language | Portuguese language | Portuguese () is a Romance language. It came from Galician-Portuguese, which was first spoken in Northwestern Iberia. It then spread south and split. During the colonial era, Portuguese was also spread to Brazil and other parts of the world.
Where it is spoken
The Portuguese language is the third-most spoken western language (after English and Spanish). There are about 240 million native speakers, including the people of Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde (Cabo Verde). It is also the official language of Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique (Moçambique), and São Tomé and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe), which have Portuguese as the lingua franca, but native languages are also spoken. It is also an official language in East Timor and Macau.
Also, some enclaves in Asia, such as Goa and Daman and Diu, in India; Flores, Indonesia; and Malacca, Malaysia, have Portuguese-speakers, and it is a minority language in Venezuela, Canada, Uruguay, Namibia, and the United States.
Vocabulary
Portuguese and English have words that mean the same and are similar as well. The words came from the same languages (usually Latin, Greek or French).
Visão Vision
Informação Information
Confuso Confused
Baptismo Baptism
Artigo Article
Capital Capital
Total Total
Mapa Map
Problema Problem
História History
Some English words come from Portuguese, such as tank (tanque), cacao (cacau), marmalade (marmelada from marmelo "quince"), caramel, molasses, mosquito, cobra, breeze (brisa), albino, coconut, zebra, pagoda, Mandarin, buccaneer, fetish, tapioca and commando.
The Portuguese word parentes is similar to the English word "parents", but it means "relatives", and the Portuguese word to mean "parents" is pais.
Sample phrases
Hello!
Hi!
Como estás? How are you?
Estou bem, obrigado! I’m ok thanks!
How are you?
Tu falas Português? Do you speak Portuguese?
I speak Portuguese.
I do not speak Portuguese.
Tenho que ir, tchau! I have to go, goodbye!
See you soon!
Bye!
O que estás a fazer? What are you doing?
I'm 18 years old.
Different versions
Portuguese is the official language of all countries of the CPLP (Comunidade dos países de língua portuguesa, "Community of Portuguese Language Countries"). The Portuguese-speaking countries have more than 240 million people across the world.
The CPLP was formed in 1996 with seven countries: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. East Timor joined in 2002.
The CPLP nations speak Portuguese with different accents. In some regions of Brazil (the country has 81% of the world's Portuguese-speakers), tu'("you" but used only to family and close friends) is not used as much as in Portugal. Also, regional slang can be found in different areas. The Portuguese Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico de 1990) tries to get rid of some of the differences in spelling.
References
Other websites
Amélia P. Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd Portuguese: An Essential Grammar. On www.archive.org
TM 30-501 Portuguese Military Dictionary: Portuguese-English, English-Portuguese. War Department Technical Manual. On www.archive.org
Languages of Europe
Romance languages |
14402 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Katrina | Hurricane Katrina | Hurricane Katrina was one of the deadliest hurricanes to ever strike the United States and the second Category 5 hurricane of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Storm history
The storm formed over the Bahamas on August 23, where it moved west and hit south Florida as a Category 1 hurricane two days later. Katrina then crossed over Florida and strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane moving west in the Gulf of Mexico.
The storm then turned north, had an eyewall replacement cycle, and hit east Louisiana and Mississippi, flooding coastal areas on the morning of August 29.
The leftovers of Katrina then died out over the Great Lakes on August 31.
Impact
80% of New Orleans was flooded when the levees protecting the city broke. Most of the people killed by Katrina were thought to have died from drowning. Many of the survivors had swum to higher roofs or tree branches.
Related pages
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Rita
Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak
National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region
List of hurricanes in Florida
References
Other websites
National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina
National Hurricane Center's archive on Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC
Hydro-meteorological Prediction Center's
NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive
Geology and Hurricane-Protection Strategies in the Greater New Orleans Area Louisiana Geological Survey publication on Hurricane Katrina
2005 in the United States
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
George W. Bush
2000s in Louisiana
Hurricanes in the United States
Retired tropical cyclone names
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in Louisiana |
14404 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Fuentes | Carlos Fuentes | Carlos Fuentes (11 November 1928 – 15 May 2012) was a Mexican novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and diplomat.
Fuentes was born in Panama City, Panama. His father was a Mexican diplomat, and while Fuentes was growing up, the family moved to different countries in South America and then to the United States.
He got a degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, but instead of being a lawyer, he chose to be a diplomat and writer. He published his first novel, called La región más transparente (Where the Air Is Clear in English) in 1958. From 1975 to 1977, Fuentes was Mexico's ambassador to France. He died in Mexico City, Mexico from a haemorrhage.
References
Other websites
People from Panama City
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Mexican historians
Mexican poets
Mexican journalists
Mexican novelists
Mexican screenwriters
1928 births
2012 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Mexico |
14408 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20guitar | Bass guitar | A bass guitar (also called an electric bass or bass) is a string instrument which is related to the electric guitar. The bass guitar is shaped like an electric guitar, but it is longer than an electric guitar. The electric bass has many of the same parts as an electric guitar. However, the bass guitar produces lower tones than the electric guitar.
The bass guitar is used to play low musical sounds called "bass lines" in many styles of music such as rock, pop, country, jazz fusion and many more.
History
The bass guitar was first made in the 1930s by inventor Paul Tutmarc in Seattle, Washington. However, very few musicians were interested in the instrument that Tutmarc made. The need for a new instrument developed in the 1950s. At that time, the double bass was the main bass instrument used in jazz, blues, folk, early rock music and bluegrass. The problem was that the double bass was big, heavy, hard to carry around, hard to play precise notes on, and it was hard to make it louder with a bass amplifier. Musicians wanted a smaller instrument that weighed less and was easier to play and amplify. Inventors tried to think of ways of building a smaller and lighter bass instrument. One of these inventors was a man named Leo Fender in the United States. Leo Fender developed a bass guitar in the 1950s using the ideas developed by Tutmarc.
Leo Fender used many parts for the bass guitar that are similar to the parts of an electric guitar. Leo Fender called the instrument the "Fender Precision Bass". He used the word "Precision" in the name because his instrument had metal frets on the neck. The double bass did not have frets on its neck. The frets on the bass guitar made it easier for musicians to play precise notes. The bass guitar developed by Leo Fender became very popular. In the 2000s, many bass guitars are still designed to look like his Fender Precision Bass.
Description
Bass guitars are normally made out of wood. The main pieces are the body, neck, fingerboard, frets, and strings. The body is made out of wood. A wooden neck is glued or bolted onto the body. A wooden fingerboard is then glued onto the neck. Thin metal strips called frets are glued onto the fingerboard. The frets are placed at specific placess along the fretboard, with each fret representing one half step in the Western tonal scale.
At the bottom of the body is an assembly called the bridge, a large metal assembly into which one end of the strings are fitted. On some designs, the strings are fasted through the back of the body into the bridge; on others, the strings fit into the front side of the bridge. In some basses, there is a cavity inside the back of the body that contains the electrical parts of the bass. These are usually called active basses. The bridge often has adjustments that allow the height of the strings to be changed. Other components found on the body include one or more pickups and various knobs or switches that control the sound of the bass.
The pickups are magnetic devices that sit below the strings. As the strings vibrate, an electrical signal is produced which is sent via an instrument cable to an amplifier. Pickups are either "passive", which means they send the signal with no additional amplification, or "active", which process the signal through a pre-amplifier. Some basses have pickups that can be set to passive or active mode. Basses that have two pickups (generally referred to as bridge and neck pickups) often have a switch that lets the player select neck-only, bridge-only, or a blended signal. Each pickup may have different tonal qualities that results from its placement relative to the bridge and its components.
At the other end of the fretboard from the body sits the headstock, which generally holds the tuners that lets player adjust the tuning of the strings. At the very end the fretboard, where the strings pass from the fretboard to the tuners, there is a nut, a piece made of metal or plastic, with grooves to hold the strings off the fretboard.
Inside most fretboards is a long metal rod, called a trussrod, that is used to adjust the tension on the neck. The neck is slightly concave, which allows the strings to clear all frets without "buzzing." The amount of bow, along with adjustments made on the bridge, will determine the height of the strings along the fretboard.
The scale of an electric bass - the length of the strings from the nut to the bridge - is generally 34 inches (84 centimeters), although shorter and longer basses are produced. In earlier decades, short-scale basses were more common, since many designers adapted guitar parts for early models. Because in some styles of music, such as heavy metal, the strings are tuned down, longer scaled basses are sometimes favored for such styles, as string tension is higher.
Standard bass guitars have four metal strings, but models with five, six or eight strings are also made. The strings themselves are made in different ways and with different materials to change their tonal qualities.
In the 1960s and 1970s some musicians took the frets off their bass guitars. This changes the sound of the bass, particularly as the player slides their fingers along the strings. A bass guitar without frets is called a fretless bass guitar. For example Pino Palladino played a fretless bass during the 1980s. He was a session musician, playing for high profile musicians like Eric Clapton and David Gilmour. While fretless basses are often used in jazz and jazz fusion, bassists from other genres use fretless basses, such as metal bassist Steve DiGiorgio and Colin Edwin of modern/progressive rock band [Porcupine Tree].
Strings and sound
The standard design for the electric bass guitar has four strings, generally tuned E, A, D and G (low to high). It is not uncommon for players to tune strings to a lower pitch, particularly in styles, such as heavy metal, that favor deeper sounds. Five string basses add a lower string, usually tuned to B, while six-string-basses add a higher string tuned to C. In standard tunings, each string is tuned a perfect fourth interval above the next lower string (e.g. E to A).
Sounds are produced from the strings in a number of ways. The most common form of playing is called fingerstyle, in which the player plucks the fingers upwards with the ends of the fingers. It is common to use the index and middle fingers as the plucking fingers, but players may use more fingers or even employ their thumb to pluck downwards. Other finger-based techniques include slap-and-pop, in which the player strikes the lower-pitched strings firmly with their thumb, and pulls higher-pitched strings upwards and lets them snap against the fretboard, and tapping, in which the player hammers downward with their fingertips on the fretboard.
Picks made of metal or plastic may also be used, and yield a sharper sound than plucking with fingers. Picking is sometimes combined with muting techniques to create distinctive sounds.
The bridge of the bass guitar may be fitted with a tremolo, which enables the player to vary the pitch of their strings while playing.
Where the strings are struck relative to bridge changes to the tone of the sound considerably. Plucking or picking close the bridge generally produces a more muted note, while sounding the string closer to the neck produces a fuller, more resonant tone.
Bass guitars also have magnetic pickups mounted on the body underneath the strings. A musician plucks the strings with their fingers. This makes the strings vibrate. The magnetic pickups detect the vibrations. Then the vibrations from the strings are converted into an electronic signal which is sent with a metal cable to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker. The musician rotates a volume control knob that is located on the body of the bass to make the sound
References
Bass guitars
Jazz instruments |
14410 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anna | Saint Anna | Saint Anna is the mother of Virgin Mary and the grandmother of Jesus. Her husband is Saint Joachim. Her name is a version of the Hebrew name Hanna. Anna means grace.
According to tradition, Joachim went to a temple to pray, but was not allowed in because he did not have a child. Anna heard, prayed, and sacrificed. She promised God that she would bring up a child in God's name. An angel came to Anna and Joachim and told them that God would grant her a baby. Anna had the baby soon after and named the girl Mary. Anna kept her promise. When Mary was about three years old Joachim and Anna brought her up in the Second Temple.
Once, as Anna prayed beneath a laurel tree near her home in Galilee, an angel appeared and said to her, "Anna, Anna, the Lord has heard your prayer, and you shall conceive, and shall bring forth; and your seed shall be spoken of in all the world." Anna replied, "As the Lord my God lives, if I beget either male or female, I will bring it as a gift to the Lord my God; and it shall minister to Him in holy things all the days of its life." This is how Anna became the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
The feast (name) day of St. Anna and St. Joachim is July 26.
Early Christian saints |
14411 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal | Nepal | Nepal () is a country in South Asia between India and China. Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, and the Himalaya Mountains are in Nepal. 12 of the world's highest mountain peaks are in Nepal. It is also the birthplace of Buddha. It has recently become a secular country, but before it was the only Hindu kingdom in the world. Nepal is a very important pilgrimage place for both Hindus and Buddhists. The population of Nepal in 2007 was almost 29 million people.
Nepali is the official language of the country, but there are many other regional languages in Nepal. Many people in Nepal understand English and Hindi as well. The capital city of Nepal is Kathmandu, which has a population of over 1.4 million people. The second-largest city is Pokhara. Pokhara is a major tourist attraction of Nepal which is rich in natural beauty. Pokhara includes many lakes, Phewa Tal is one of them.
Geography
Nepal is a landlocked country, which means it is not next to any ocean, and it is surrounded by India and China. Eight of the ten tallest mountain peaks in the world, including Mount Everest, are in Nepal. Mount Everest is on the border Nepal shares with China. Nepal is a little smaller than Illinois and Bangladesh, but a little bigger than Kyrgyzstan. It also has the second-highest average elevation in the world at (10,715 ft), only behind Bhutan.
Economy
Nepal used to be an agricultural country until 1950. Since 1951 it entered the modern era and has made progress. Agriculture, however, is still a major economic activity. 80% of the people do agricultural works and it provides 37% of GDP. Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable while another 33% is covered by forest. Most of the remaining land is covered by mountains. Rice and wheat are the main food crops. The lowland Terai region produces a high amount of agricultural products. A part of those products is supplied to the hill areas, which produces less.
China is the 2nd largest exporter to Nepal, but its imports from Nepal are zero. This burdens Nepal's monetary stability and monetary balance. India is the largest buyer of Nepal's goods.The yearly monsoon rain, or lack of it, strongly influences economic growth. From 1996 to 1999, real GDP growth averaged less than 4%. The growth rate recovered in 1999, rising to 6% before slipping slightly in 2001 to 5.5%. Nepal has 1/3 of its trade with India.
Demographics
The people of Nepal belong to two main groups; Indo-Aryan group and Tibeto-Burman group. Indo-Aryans are mostly Hindus and they celebrate Hindu festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Teej, Maghe Sankranti, Krishna Janmastami, Holi, Janai Purnima, Matatirtha Aunsi, Chhath, etc. Tibeto-Burmans are Buddhist and they celebrate Lhosar, Buddha Jayanti, etc.
Education
Modern education in Nepal started with the opening of the first school in 1853. This school was only for the members of the ruling families and their courtiers. Schooling for the general people began only after 1951. It was when a popular movement ended the autocratic Rana family regime and started a democratic system. In the past 50 years, there has been a big expansion of education facilities in the country. As a result, adult literacy (age 15+) of the country was reported to be 48.2% (female: 34.6%, male: 62.2%) in the Population Census, 2001, up from about 5% in 1952–54. In the beginning in 1951, there were about 300 schools and two colleges with around 10,000 students. Now, there are more than 26,000 schools (including higher secondary), 415 colleges, five universities, and two academies of higher studies. In total, 5.5 million students are studying in those schools and colleges who are taught by more than 150,000 teachers.
Despite such examples of success, there are problems and challenges. Education management, quality, usefulness, and access are some of the major issues of education in Nepal. Social differences based on gender, ethnicity, location, economic class, etc. are still there in some places. Lack of resources has always been a problem in education. These problems have made the goal of education for all a challenge for the country.
Administrative subdivisions
Nepal has seven provinces. Each province has 8 to 14 districts. The districts have local units called municipalities.
Eastern Region (Purwanchal)
Koshi
Mechi
Sagarmatha
Central Region (Madhyamanchal)
Bagmati
Janakpur
Narayani
Western Region (Pashchimanchal)
Dhawalagiri
Gandaki
Lumbini
Mid-Western Region (Madhya Pashchimanchal)
Bheri
Karnali
Rapti
Far-Western Region (Sudur Pashchimanchal)
Mahakali
Seti
Culture
The official calendar of Nepal is the Vikram Samvat, which is a Hindu calendar. Their new year begins in Baishakh, which is around mid-April. Nepal has 36 public holidays in the year. This makes Nepal the country with the most public holidays.
The national cuisine of Nepal is Dhindo and Gundruk. Dhindo is a type of dough that is served very hot. Gundruk is a dish with fermented green vegetables.
Association football is the most popular sport in Nepal. The Nepal national football team plays at Dasarath Rangasala Stadium in Tripureswar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
National symbols of Nepal
The national symbols of Nepal, according to the Interim Constitution, are:
History
King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1786 and unified Nepal. Before the unification, Nepal was ruled by various Kirats, Lichchavis, Thakuris and Mallas. The history mentioned that Kirats ruled Nepal during the 7th century BC. Though much was not known about Kirats, the Lichchavi dynasty ruled after them. Lichchavi rule lasted from the 2nd to 9th century AD. After Lichchavis, Nepal was ruled by the Thakuris who were followed by the Mallas for two centuries. Nepal was divided into many principalities and small kingdoms in the fifth centuries of Malla rule.
Jang Bahadur Rana the then Prime Minister of Nepal revolted against the royalty in 1844. The famous Kot Massacre took place during this period in which numbers of noblemen were killed. The Rana took absolute power but continued to maintain the Shah family in the palace. The 104 years regime of Ranas came to and end due to their autocratic rules.
In November 1950, King Tribhuvan restored democracy overthrowing the Rana regime with large number of Nepalese people support. He restored Shah Regime again in Nepal. After his death King Mahendra had ruled in Nepal from 13 March 1955 to 31 January 1972.
Birendra ruled Nepal from 31 January 1972 to 1 June 2001. He was known as one of the most noble and peaceful king of Nepal. The entire family of King Birendra was killed in June 2001 popularly Known as Royal Massacre 2001. Prince Dipendra was made King while he was on coma stage, later he died in hospital bed. After the death of Diepndra, Gyanendra Shah late King Birendra’s brother became the King of Nepal.
King Gyanendra Shah was dethroned in 2006 after a decade long People’s revolution led by communist party of Nepal (Maoist) and several weeks protest by major political parties. After that, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was established.
Related pages
List of rivers of Nepal
Nepal at the Olympics
Nepal national football team
Nepali language
Theravada
References
Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. - International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011
Former monarchies of Asia
Least developed countries |
14412 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb | Zagreb | Zagreb is the capital city and the largest city of the country of Croatia. It has a population of 792.000 people and its metropolitan area (Zagreb County, Krapina-Zagorje County and Sisak-Moslavina County) has a population of 1.2 million (2005).
The first mention of the name Zagreb appeared in 1094.
Sister cities
Zagreb is officially twinned with the following towns and cities:
Mainz, Germany, since 1967
Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 1968)
Tromsø, Norway, since 1971
Kyoto, Japan, since 1972
Kraków, Poland, since 1975
Lisbon, Portugal, since 1977
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., since 1980
Shanghai, China, since 1980
Bologna, Italy, since 1984
Budapest, Hungary, since 1994
Vienna, Austria, since 1994
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2001
Ljubljana, Slovenia, since 2001
Podgorica, Montenegro, since 2006
References
Other websites
Official website of the City of Zagreb
Establishments in Croatia
11th-century establishments in Europe
1090s establishments
1094 |
14415 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish | Swedish | Swedish might mean:
Anything related to the country Sweden
Swedish language, the language spoken in Sweden.
Swedish people, who are nationals or citizens of Sweden
Swedish Empire, which existed from 1611 to 1718
Hoffish is a dialect of swedish |
14416 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20krona | Swedish krona | The Swedish krona is the currency of Sweden. The country of Sweden has used this money since 1873. In the English language, the Swedish krona means the Swedish Crown. The Swedish crowns consist of:
1 öre (coin) *1991
2 öre (coin) *1991
5 öre (coins) *1991
10 öre (coins) *1991
25 öre (coin) *1991
50 öre (coin) *2010
1 crown (coin)
2 crown (coin) ***
5 crown (coin)
10 crown (coin) * (**)
10 crown (coin)
20 crown (paper)
50 crown (paper)
100 crown (paper)
200 crown (paper)
500 crown (paper)
1000 crown (paper)
This is all the Swedish money there is.
*Not in use since:
**Not known when ended.
***Been used earlier and later reintroduced
Current Changes
On December 18 2008, the Swedish Riksbank asked to phase out the 50 öre, the final öre coin, by 2010. Note, however that the öre would remain as a subdivision unit for electronic payments.
Exchange Rates
Exchange rate of Swedish kronor against the Euro
The krona stand to an average of ten crowns to one euro
200-krona and 2-krona
The Riksbank decided in 17 February 2010, to recommend the parliament to allow it to issue a 2-krona coin and a 200-krona note, the latter a new denomination for the country. However it did not recommend replacing the 20-krona note with a coin. In 2015 the first ever 200-krona note saw its use and in 2016 the 2-krona coin was reintroduced having previously being used between 1876–1971.
References
Riksbank
Sweden
Currency of Europe |
14417 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant | Giant | In mythology, a giant is a type of very large human-like creature. The mythology and legends of many different cultures have mythological animals or monsters that look like very big, very strong humans. One example of a giant is the gigantes of Greek mythology.
Legendary creatures |
14421 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont | Piedmont | Piedmont ( ; , ; Piedmontese, Occitan and , ) is a region in the northern part of Italy. The name means "foot of mountain" (Alps). The capital is Turin. Piedmont has 8 provinces within it.
In the north of Piedmont there is the country of Switzerland and the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta, in the east there are the regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, in the west there is France and in the south Liguria.
Piedmont was part of the Duchy of Savoy until the Italian unification of 1860 when the Duke of Savoy became King of Italy.
Provinces
Piedmont is divided into 8 provinces:
Alessandria
Asti
Biella
Cuneo
Novara
Turin (Torino)
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
Vercelli
References
Other websites
Official Site (IT) |
14423 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Fox | Terry Fox | Terrance Stanley Fox (July 28, 1958 – June 28, 1981) was a Canadian athlete and activist. He moved to Surrey, British Columbia in 1966 and to Port Coquitlam, British Columbia in 1968. He lost one of his legs due to bone cancer when he was 18. He is best known for his run, called The Marathon of Hope, which began on April 12, 1980 in St. John's, Newfoundland, the purpose of the run was to run across Canada (with help of an artificial leg) about (the length of the average marathon, or foot race) each day. He originally wanted to run until he got to Vancouver Island on the other end of Canada. The goal was to raise 1 million Canadian dollars and later one dollar for every person in Canada to help cancer research.
Many people supported and helped him during his run and had a lot of faith in him. But on August 31, 1980 near the town of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Fox's cancer spread to his lungs. He had to stop running.
Fox died on , a month before his 23rd birthday, in New Westminster, British Columbia (BC).
In Canada, he is considered a hero. People still hold runs for him.
Shortly before his death, he was made a Companion in the Order of Canada (the youngest person in the country to receive such an honor). In addition, there is a statue of him in Ottawa (Canada's capital city), near Parliament Hill. Several schools named after him and he has been featured on a Canadian $1 coin.
Other websites
The Terry Fox Foundation
History Minute PSA
More about Fox, including interviews and news reports
1958 births
1981 deaths
Canadian activists
Cancer deaths in British Columbia
Deaths from bone cancer
People from Winnipeg
Sportspeople from British Columbia |
14424 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Hansen | Rick Hansen | Rick Hansen, CC, OBC (born August 26, 1957 in Port Alberni, British Columbia) is a Canadian athlete and activist. He was paralyzed in an accident at the age of 15. Inspired by his friend Terry Fox, who tried to run across Canada after losing a leg to cancer, he set out on a trip to travel around the world, in his wheelchair; it was called the Man in Motion tour. The money he raised from that tour went to help spinal cord injury research and paraplegic sports. He still works and does charity to raise money & awareness. Hansen was one of the torchbearers during the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Other websites
Official Site
Radio and TV clips about Rick
History minute PSA
1957 births
Living people
Canadian activists
Canadian sportspeople
Order of Canada
Sportspeople from British Columbia |
14432 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin | Fin | A fin is a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media. The word was first used for the limbs of fish, but it is now also used to mean other animal limbs and human-made devices.
The fins of fish are called:
Dorsal fin on the back. These fins keep the fish from rolling over.
Caudal or tail fin. This fin pushes the fish forward in the water.
Pectoral fins (paired). These fins help the fish steer.
Pelvic fins (paired). These fins help the fish steer.
Anal fin: stability
Animal anatomy |
14435 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method | Method | Method may mean:
How to do or make something
Scientific method, a series of steps taken to get knowledge
Method (computer science), a piece of code linked with a class or object to perform a task
Method (music), a kind of textbook to help students learning to play a musical instrument
Methodology, the collection, the comparative study, and the critique of the individual methods that are used in a given discipline or field of inquiry
Software development process, a series of steps taken to build software
Method acting, a style of acting in which the actor attempts to replicate the conditions under which the character operates
Method (Godhead), the bassist and programmer for the industrial band Godhead
Discourse on Method, a philosophical and mathematical treatise by René Descartes
"The Method of Mechanical Theorems", part of the Archimedes Palimpsest
Method, a 2004 film directed by Duncan Roy
method, a San Francisco-based corporation which manufactures household products
Method ringing, a British style of ringing church bells according to a series of mathematical algorithms |
14436 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region | Region | Region is a geographic term used in many ways in the different types of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water. It is smaller than the whole area of something (which could be, for example, the world, a nation, a mountain range, and so on). A climate zone is one kind of region.
A region is larger than a specific location. It may be seen as a collection of smaller things (as in "the New England states") or as one part of a larger whole (as in "the New England region of the United States"). In some countries a region is a unit of local government. |
14437 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1514 | 1514 |
Births
March 8 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord
Deaths
January 2 – William Smyth, English bishop and statesman (born 1460)
January 9 – Anne of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (born 1477)
February 11 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, third son of Henry VIII of England
March 11 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (born 1444)
October 25 – William Elphinstone, Scottish statesman (born 1431) |
14438 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothache | Toothache | A toothache is a pain felt in a person's tooth, normally when the tooth is hurt. A tooth can be hurt by tooth decay caused by plaque or by an injury.
Teeth
Pain |
14439 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icing%20%28food%29 | Icing (food) | Icing is a paste that is usually made from sugar. It is also called "frosting". It is put on cakes to add flavour. Many kinds of cake have icing, especially cakes made for special occasions like birthday cakes, wedding cakes and Christmas cake.
Food ingredients |
14442 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish | Kurdish | Kurdish might mean:
Anything related to Kurdistan, an area in the Middle East
Kurdish people, an ethnic group
Kurdish language |
14443 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford | Romford | Romford is a town in east London. It is in the London Borough of Havering, England. It was first recorded as a town in 1153 in the Red Book of the Exchequer. The name "Romford" means "wide ford". The stream that flows through it was only later called "the Rom River" after the town.
In medieval times, this town was granted the right to have the only market for 6 2/3 miles around. This rule was used in the 1990s to stop a nearby town, Ilford, from opening a market nearby.. Romford had a brewery which now is an entertainment venue.
References
Towns in London
London Borough of Havering |
14446 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltose | Maltose | Maltose (known as malt sugar) is a disaccharide (sometimes called di-glucose). It is formed from two glucose molecules joined at carbons 1 and 4. It is found in germinating seeds such as barley as they break down their starch stores to use for food.
Sweeteners
Carbohydrates |
14447 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbox | Toolbox | A toolbox or toolkit is a box where a person stores tools. You can find them where people work with tools, like houses that are being built.
Some computer programs used to make other computer programs are also called toolboxes or toolkits (this is a metaphor).
Tools |
14449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone | Stone | A stone is a piece of rock. It is a mass of hard, compacted mineral. The word is often used to mean a small piece of rock.
The word "stone" also refers to natural rock as a material, especially a building material. Natural stones used as building material include granite, marble and sandstone. Manufactured, artificial products, such as concrete or clay bricks, are not stone.
Stone takes a while to heat up, and stays hot for a while. It does not conduct electricity well
Stone was one of the first materials used to make tools and buildings. It is a very sturdy material. It is less affected by weather than wood or brick. Depending on the type of rock, stone weathers away much more slowly. A stone in the river is reshaped by the water and sediment flowing around it.
Stones can be used as primitive weapon. Person can throw it at enemy or animal, or use it to make more damage in hand-to-hand combat.
A stone is larger than a grain of sand, gravel or pebbles. A boulder is a large rock or stone.
Related pages
Precious stone
Stone Age
Basic English 850 words
Natural materials |
14450 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot%20%28computers%29 | Hotspot (computers) | A hotspot is a place where computers with the ability for wireless connections can connect to the Internet. Wi-Fi hot spots can be found in some public areas, sometimes for free. Some local libraries, coffee shops, and restaurants offer hotspots. Some passenger vehicles have a traveling hotspot for their customers. Some communication companies also offer hotspots in many different places for their customers.
Internet |
14459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg | Winnipeg | Winnipeg () is the largest city of Manitoba, Canada. It is in the eastern prairie region of western Canada. It is often called the "Gateway to the West". Winnipeg is the seventh biggest city in Canada with a population of 705,244 people.
The name "Winnipeg" comes from the Cree word for "muddy waters." Winnipeg is at the place where the Red River and Assiniboine river join. That area is known as The Forks.
Winnipeg has four professional sports teams. The teams are the "Winnipeg Blue Bombers" who play football, the "Winnipeg Jets" who play hockey, the Winnipeg Goldeyes who play baseball and the Winnipeg Alliance FC who play soccer. Winnipeg has four universities: the University of Manitoba, the University of Winnipeg, Canadian Mennonite University and University of St. Boniface.
Winnipeg is in a very flat part of Canada. Winnipeg has four rivers in it. These rivers are the Red River, the Assiniboine River, the La Salle River, and the Seine River. Winnipeg has floods in spring a lot because it is in a very flat area that gets a lot of snow and rain. In winter, Winnipeg is cold and gets a lot of snow. The hottest day in Winnipeg was in the year 1936, when it was 42 degrees Celsius. The coldest day in Winnipeg was in the year 1879, when it was -47 degrees Celsius.
History
The area that we now call Winnipeg was used by First Nations people for many thousands of years before people from Europe arrived. First Nations people used this area a lot. This area was important because it is where two rivers meet. First Nations peoples often moved around using the rivers on canoes (a small boat that is powered by people with paddles).
The first person from Europe to come to this area was an officer from France in the year 1738. This area was first used as a permanent settlement (place where people live) by European people in the year 1812. Winnipeg was incorporated (officially made into a city) in the year 1873. Winnipeg became big because trains brought money and people from other places along the railroads. After World War I, Winnipeg stopped getting bigger for a long time. After World War II, Winnipeg has been getting bigger again. In the year 1972, Winnipeg got bigger by adding other small cities nearby into one big city, and the new big city was also named Winnipeg.
Cityscape and Politics
Winnipeg has a downtown area in the middle of the city. The downtown area has many tall buildings. Downtown is a place where there are a lot of offices and stores. All around Winnipeg's downtown are residential neighbourhoods (places where people live).
There is a big road that goes all the way around the city. This road is called the Perimeter Highway. The two best known roads in Winnipeg are called Portage Avenue and Main Street. The place where these two roads meet is in the middle of Winnipeg's downtown area. Main Street goes from the middle of the city to the northern part of the city. Portage Avenue goes from the middle of the city to the western part of the city.
The mayor of Winnipeg makes decisions about the city in City Hall. Winnipeg's mayor is a man named Brian Bowman. City Hall is in downtown Winnipeg.
The provincial premier is a person who makes decisions about Manitoba. Manitoba is the province that Winnipeg is in. Manitoba's provincial premier is Brian Pallister. The premier makes decisions at the legislative building.
References
Other websites
Winnipeg.ca - Official Winnipeg website |
14470 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte | Kilobyte | A kilobyte (kB) is a number used to measure storage space on computer hard drives or computer memory. A kilobyte originally meant 1000 bytes. Over time the meaning changed and today it is often used to mean 1024 bytes. This created some confusion as a "kilo" normally means 1000. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) now defines a kilobyte as being 1000 bytes. According to the IEC, the correct name for 1,024 bytes is a kibibyte.
One thousand kilobytes make one megabyte.
References
Computing measurement |
14471 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte | Byte | A byte is a unit of measurement of the size of information on a computer or other electronic device. A single byte is usually eight bits. Some early computers used six bits for each byte. Bits are the smallest unit of storage on a computer, a single on/off value. Bytes are often represented by the capital letter B, bits by a lower case b.
A single typed character (for example, 'x' or '8') is stored in one byte. The character is held as a binary number which encodes a text character. To map each number to a character an agreed code such as EBCDIC or ASCII is needed. EBCDIC is a character encoding used mainly on mainframe computers. It uses 8 bits per byte. ASCII is another encoding that only uses seven bits. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to give more types of characters, mostly used on personal computers.
The byte is the smallest useful unit of measure to show how many characters a computer (or electronics device) can hold. This is useful for things like RAM, or storage devices like USB drives and other types of Flash memory. Sending of data (for a modem or wi-fi) is usually measured in bits, not bytes.
On modern computers one byte is equal to eight bits. Some early computers used fewer bits for each byte. To tell them apart, computer scientists called an 8 bit byte an octet. In modern usage, an octet and a byte are the same.
Abbreviation
The symbol for "byte" is "B". Sometimes a lowercase "b" is used, but this use is incorrect because "b" is actually the IEEE symbol for "bit". The IEC symbol for bit is bit. For example, "MB" means "megabyte" and "Mbit" means "megabit". The difference is important because 1 megabyte (MB) is 1,000,000 bytes, and 1 megabit (Mbit) is 1,000,000 bits or 125,000 bytes. It's easy to confuse the two, but bits are much smaller than bytes, so the symbol "b" should be used when referring to "bits" and an uppercase "B" when referring to "bytes".
Names for larger units
For large data, byte is often used with a binary prefix:
Kilobyte/kibibyte (KB) (210)
Megabyte/mebibyte (MB) (220)
Gigabyte/gibibyte (GB) (230)
Terabyte/tebibyte (TB) (240)
The following terms represent even larger units of bytes, but are very rarely used:
Petabyte/pebibyte (PB) (250)
Exabyte/exbibyte (EB) (260)
Zettabyte (ZB) (270)
Yottabyte (YB) (280)
Byte Chart
According to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), who sets many computer standards, these charts show how bytes should be referred to.
People who refer to 1 kilobyte as 1,024 bytes, for example, are technically incorrect; 1,024 bytes should be referred to as 1 kibibyte, according to the IEC. However, using 1024 for kilo and 1048576 for mega, etc. was widely practiced before the IEC standards were set in 1998. There is some confusion and mixing of terms in the marketplace. Computer memory is still referred to in powers of 2, so 1KB of memory is 1024 bytes, whereas in computer data storage powers of 10 are used, so 1KB is 1000 bytes.
"kilo-" = 1,000
When using standard metric names like "kilo-", "mega-" and "giga-", they should follow the same measure that other metric measurements use, like kilometer (1 kilometer = 1,000 meters), or gigahertz (1 gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 hertz) for example.
"kibi-" = 1,024
Since computers are very complex digital devices that are based on the binary numeral system rather than the commonly-used decimal numeral system or binary coded decimal system, there are many situations where the standard metric system does not work well, particularly with memory sizes for a computer or storage device. If a memory or storage device uses a binary number for addresses, the number of different positions to be accessed (the size of the memory) can be expressed as a power of 2, rather than a power of 10.
References
Computer science
Computing measurement |
14472 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic%20particle | Subatomic particle | A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. This means it is very, very small. Like atoms and molecules, a subatomic particle is far too small to be seen with the eye. They are also very interesting to physicists who study atoms. The subatomic particles that make atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons are the most commonly studied ones. The study of subatomic particles is called particle physics.
These particles are often held together within an atom by one of the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force, or weak force). Outside of the atom the particles often move very, very quickly- near the speed of light which is very, very fast (around 300,000 kilometres per second).
Subatomic particles are divided into two groups, Baryons and Leptons.
Baryons are made of quarks while Leptons are thought to be among the smallest particles, called elementary particles. Baryons have a given Baryon number. In reactions, the Baryon number must be conserved, meaning that both the starting and ending sides of a reaction must have the same number of Baryons. Baryonic particles are made up of a combination of 3 of the six quarks, which are among the smallest particles. The six quark types are up, down (making up protons and neutrons), strange, charm, top, and bottom.
Leptons are generally much smaller than Baryons. This category includes electrons, Muons, Taus and neutrinos. Leptons are not made up of quarks and are not divisible.
For every one of these types, there is also an antiparticle. Antiparticles have the same mass as their normal counterparts, except they have the opposite electric charge. Anti-matter and matter cannot exist near each other. Whenever matter and antimatter collide, they destroy each other with a huge release of energy equivalent to E=mc2, where m is the combined mass of the particles, c is the speed of light, and E is the energy produced. These collisions often take place in large particle accelerators, where the energy can be converted the other way, into matter by the same equation. This can produce many odd, often heavy (large mass) particles that exist only for a short time.
Most of the particles discovered are created by accelerating particles and colliding them against others, creating huge showers of new subatomic particles which decay extremely quickly. However, because the particles are moving close to the speed of light, the laws of special relativity become important and time dilation occurs. This means that time passes slower for the particle, and they can travel (and be measured) over a longer distance than non-relativity science would predict. |
14473 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen | Screen | A screen can be:
Window screen, a plastic or wire mesh that covers a window opening
A partition or room divider
A movie screen where movies are shown.
Another name for a computer monitor
Something that stops things passing through like the grid on a roadside drain
Screen (ice hockey), when a player stops a goaltender from seeing someone shoot in ice hockey |
14474 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing | Breathing | Breathing is moving air in and out of the lungs. The air going in and out is called breath. If a person cannot breathe, they will die.
Breathing helps people do two very important things:
Get oxygen into the body. Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive. The only way humans can get oxygen is to breathe it in.
Get carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the body. When the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over. The body needs to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because too much of it is poisonous. The only way humans can get rid of carbon dioxide is to breathe it out.
When a person breathes in, they bring air into their lungs. Air has oxygen in it. The oxygen goes from the lungs into the person's bloodstream. When oxygen goes into the bloodstream, extra carbon dioxide comes out and goes into the lungs. This is called gas exchange: basically, oxygen and carbon dioxide are changing places. Oxygen is now in the bloodstream, which can carry that oxygen around to every part of the body. Also, carbon dioxide is now in the lungs, where it can be breathed out.
Adults breathe about 18 times a minute, which is more than 25,000 times a day. Children breathe even faster.
How the brain controls breathing
A part of the brainstem called the medulla oblongata controls breathing. Groups of neurons in the medulla tell the breathing muscles when to breathe in, when to breathe faster, and when to breathe slower.
The brainstem measures how much carbon dioxide is in a person's blood. If there is too much carbon dioxide, the medulla tells the body to breathe faster. This helps the person breathe out the extra carbon dioxide. Once the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is normal again, the medulla tells the body to breathe slower again.
The body also measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. If there is not enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe faster, to take in more oxygen. Once there is enough oxygen in the blood, the medulla will tell the body to breathe slower again.
Breathing muscles
For a person to breathe, certain muscles have to contract (get tighter) and relax at the right times. The special groups of neurons in the medulla tell these breathing muscles when to contract (which makes a person breathe in) and when to relax (which makes a person breathe out). There are a few main groups of muscles that control breathing.
The diaphragm
The diaphragm is the main muscle that controls breathing. It is a sheet of muscle that runs along the bottom of the rib cage. When the diaphragm is relaxed, it is shaped like a dome (like a half circle). When the medulla tells the diaphragm to make the body breathe in, the diaphragm pulls down and straightens out. This creates more room inside the chest, and more room for the lungs to fill up with air. Air comes into the lungs (this is inhalation). When it is time to breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes again and air leaves the lungs.
About 60% - 70% of a person's ability to breathe comes from the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is controlled by a special set of nerves called the phrenic nerves. The medulla tells the diaphragm when to contract by sending messages through the phrenic nerves. Because the diaphragm is so important for breathing, the phrenic nerves are very well protected in the body. They are at the very top of the spinal cord, near the neck.
The intercostals (rib muscles)
The intercostal muscles run between each rib. When a person needs to breathe in, these muscles contract and pull the ribs upward. This creates more room inside the chest for the lungs to fill.
When a person is resting, about 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe comes from the intercostal muscles.
The intercostal muscles are controlled by the intercostal nerves. The medulla tells the intercostals when to contract by sending messages through these nerves. The intercostal nerves are not as well protected as the phrenic nerves. The intercostal nerves run along the thoracic spine (which is in the upper to middle back) and connect to the intercostal muscles. This means that if a person injured their thoracic spine, they might not be able to use their intercostal muscles. They would then lose 30% to 40% of their ability to breathe. However, since the nerves that control the diaphragm are much farther up in the spine and better protected, the person would still be able to use their diaphragm to breathe. They would still have 60% to 70% of their ability to breathe.
Accessory muscles
Accessory muscles are muscles that a person uses only when they need extra help breathing. Sometimes this is normal. For example, if a person has just done a lot of exercise, they may need extra oxygen. The medulla will tell the accessory muscles to kick in, to make it easier for the person to lift their chest to create more room for the lungs to fill. The most important accessory muscles are the muscles in the chest, abdomen, and neck.
However, if a person has to use accessory muscles to breathe while they are resting, this is a sign that they are not getting the oxygen their body needs. They may need medication, extra oxygen given through a mask, or even emergency medical treatment to help them breathe normally. For example, people with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often use an inhaler when they have trouble breathing. The inhaler puffs a medicine like albuterol down into the windpipe and into the lungs. This makes the air passages wider and helps the person breathe better than they could before.
Related pages
Inhalation (breathing in)
Gas exchange
Cellular respiration
Medulla oblongata
Respiratory tract
References
Physiology |
14475 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Bush | Laura Bush | Laura Lane Bush (née Welch; born November 4, 1946) is an American teacher, librarian, memoirist and author. She was the First Lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009 as the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was also the First Lady of Texas from 1995 to 2000 when her husband was Governor of Texas.
Bush was born at Midland Memorial Hospital in Midland, Texas. She is the only child of Harold Bruce Welch and Jenna Louise Hawkins. Laura and George met and married in 1977. She is the mother of Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Bush Hager who were born in 1981. Before she became First Lady she worked as a librarian and a school teacher in Dallas and Austin, Texas.
References
Other websites
Official Site
People from Midland, Texas
First Ladies of the United States
Bush family
George W. Bush
1946 births
Living people |
14477 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon | Dijon | Dijon is a commune in France. It is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; it is also the prefecture (regional capital) of the region but the council of the region meets in Besançon.
It is the main city of the department and also the largest city of the region.
History
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio. Saint Benignus (Saint Kelly), the city's patron saint, is said to have spread Christianity to the area before being killed. It was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th century until the late 1400s and was a place of great wealth and power and one of the great European centers of art, learning and science.
Geography
Dijon is in the east of the department and in the centre of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The distances from Dijon to other cities are:
Paris, the national capital - ;
Bordeaux - ;
Toulouse - ;
Lyon - ;
Montpellier - ;
Strasbourg - ;
Nantes - ;
Marseille - .
Dijon is surrounded by the communesː
Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Dijon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average temperature for the year in Dijon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Dijon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
Population
The inhabitants of Dijon are known, in French, as Dijonnais (women: Dijonnaises).
With a population of 153,668, Nevers has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Dijon
Dijon forms, together with other 14 communes, the urban area of Dijon with a population of 241,591 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Dijon, formed by 295 communes, with a population of 382,590 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .
Administration
Dijon is a prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department since 1800. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Dijon and the administrative centre () of six cantons:
Dijon-1, formed with part of Dijon, with 25,235 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-2, formed with part of Dijon, with 27,485 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-3, formed with part of Dijon, with 24,359 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-4, formed with part of Dijon, with 26,824 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-5, formed with part of Dijon, with 24,403 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon-6, formed with 2 communes (Corcelles-les-Monts and Flavignerot) and part of Dijon, with 26,182 inhabitants (2014).
Dijon is part of the intercommunality Dijon Métropole.
Education
Burgundy School of Business
Sister cities
Dijon is twinned with
York, England, since 1953
Dallas, United States, since 1957
Mainz, Germany, since 1958
Volgograd, Russia, since 1960
Skopje, Macedonia, since 1961
Reggio Emilia, Italy, since 1963
Cluj-Napoca, Romania, since 1965
Pécs, Hungary, since 1966
Opole, Poland, since 2009
Guimarães, Portugal, since 2011
Chefchaouen, Morocco, since 2016
Prague, Czech Republic, since 2016
Dakear, Senegal, since 2017
Photo gallery
Related pages
Arrondissement of Dijon
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
References
Other websites
Ville de Dijon - official website
Tourist office website
Communes in Côte-d'Or
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France |
14478 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Rodia | Simon Rodia | Sabato "Simon" Rodia (1879–1965) was an Italian immigrant who lived in the United States in the district of Los Angeles, California, called Watts. Starting in 1921 and until 1954, he built the Watts Towers, from junk and things he found. Many people made fun of him and tried to vandalize (damage) the "towers". He did not like people making fun of him. In 1955 he moved away from Watts and never returned. The "towers" remained, and the site where he built them is now a national landmark.
Trivia
Rodia is one of the famous people seen on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
1879 births
1965 deaths
Italian architects
American architects
People from Los Angeles |
14479 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Southern | Terry Southern | Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 – October 29, 1995) was an American writer. He was part of the Paris postwar literary movement in the 1950s. He was a friend to Beat writers in Greenwich Village in the 1960s. In the 1970s he made changes to the way movies were written. In the 1980s he wrote for Saturday Night Live and talked about screenwriting at several universities in New York.
Works
Books
Flash and Filigree (1958)
Candy (with Mason Hoffenberg) (1958)
The Magic Christian (1959)
Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes (1967)
Blue Movie (1970)
Texas Summer (1992)
Screenplays
Dr. Strangelove (with Stanley Kubrick and Peter George) (1964) (Academy Award and BAFTA Award nomination)
The Loved One (with Christopher Isherwood) (1965)
The Collector (uncredited) (1965)
The Cincinnati Kid (with Ring Lardner Jr.) (1966)
Casino Royale (1967) (uncredited)
Barbarella (with Roger Vadim, Claude Brule, Vittorio Bonicelli, Clement Biddle Wood, Brian Degas and Tudor Gates) (1968)
Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper) (1969) (Academy Award nomination)
The End of the Road (with Dennis McGuire and Aram Avakian) (1969)
The Magic Christian (with Joseph McGrath) (1969)
The Telephone (with Harry Nilsson) (1988)
Awards and nominations
1963 O. Henry Award; "The Road Out of Axotle", published in Esquire, August, 1962
1964 Writers Guild of America; Screenwriter's Award for Best Written American Comedy of 1964, for Dr. Strangelove
1964 Academy Award Nomination for Best Writing (Adaptation) for Dr. Strangelove
1964 BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay nomination for Dr. Strangelove
1969 Academy Award Nomination for Best Original Screenplay; Easy Rider (with Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper)
1975 The Paris Review; Funniest Story of the Year; "Heavy Put-Away, or, A Hustle Not Devoid of a Certain Grossness, Granted"
1994 Gotham Award; Writer Award
American military people
writers from Texas
1924 births
1995 deaths
O. Henry Award winners |
14488 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1615 | 1615 |
New books
Don Quixote part 2 by Miguel De Cervantes |
14489 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeril%20Lagasse | Emeril Lagasse | Emeril Lagasse (born October 15, 1959) is an American celebrity chef. He is best known for his television program Emeril Live, which airs on the Food Network. He hosts a Cooking Channel show named Emeril's Florida. He also has several restaurants and wrote some cookbooks. He is also famous for his catchphrases "Bam!" and "Kick it up a notch!"
1959 births
Living people
American chefs
People from Massachusetts
Food Network |
14500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Rita | Hurricane Rita | Hurricane Rita was a powerful hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It hit the United States' Gulf Coast. At its peak intensity, it was a strong Category 5 storm with sustained winds of 175 miles per hour. It made landfall as a Category 3 storm, and caused more flooding in New Orleans, which already had weakened levees due to Hurricane Katrina. In addition, it caused large power outages.
Related pages
Hurricane Katrina
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
2005 in the Bahamas
2005 in Florida
2005 in Cuba
2000s in Louisiana
2005 in Texas
2005 in Mississippi
History of Arkansas
Hurricanes in Texas
Hurricanes in Louisiana
2005 in the United States
Disasters in the United States
September 2005 events |
14502 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20767 | Boeing 767 | The Boeing 767 is a wide-body aircraft made and built by Boeing. The arcraft was developed on July 14, 1978, as apart of the 7X7 project. The first prototype flew on September 26, 1981. The aircraft was certified on July 30, 1982.
The aircraft started flying the 767-200 commerically on September 8, 1982 with United Airlines. They did not fly the 767-100 as it had close to the same seats as the Boeing 757. The 767-200ER, which has more range, started flying in 1984. The 767-300, which is a longer version, started flying in 1986. The 767-300ER, which has more range than the 767-300, started flying in 1988.
A cargo version, the 767-300F, started flying in 1995. It was made into the 767-400ER, which is longer.
Accidents and incidents
Lauda Air Flight 004 was the first fatal crash of a Boeing 767.
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
EgyptAir Flight 990
September 11 attacks
American Airlines Flight 11
United Airlines Flight 175
American Airlines Flight 63
Air China Flight 129
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 702
Atlas Air Flight 3591
References
Other websites
767 |
14503 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557 | 1557 |
Events
Start of the Italian War of 1551–59
End of the Great Russian War 1553-1557
Deaths
September 1 – Jacques Cartier |
14504 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20King | Stephen King | Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American writer from Maine. He wrote scary horror novels. His books and stories have sold more than 300 million copies. He has written more than fifty novels, two hundred short stories, and nine collections of short fiction.
Works
King's first novel, Carrie, was published in 1974. Many of his stories have been made into movies or television programs. The movies and programs include The Shining, The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile, Misery, Pet Sematary, It (the miniseries) and the 2017 movie It.
King has written some of his books under the name "Richard Bachman". He collaborated with Peter Straub on others.
King's highest rated books (as rated by readers) include Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, Misery, It, Cujo, The Dark Tower, Under the Dome and Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.
Life
Stephen King was born in Portland, Maine. His mother's name is Nelie Ruth and his father's name is Donald Edwin King.
King and his wife Tabitha own three different houses. One house is in Bangor, Maine, one is in Lovell, Maine and one is in Sarasota, Florida. Stephen and Tabitha have three children and three grandchildren.
References
Other websites
StephenKing.com, Stephen King's official website
1947 births
Living people
Actors from Maine
American movie actors
People from Portland, Maine
Writers from Maine
People from Bangor, Maine
O. Henry Award winners |
14506 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby | Baby | A baby is a human younger than about 1 or 2 years old.
Other terms can be used to describe the baby's stage of development. These terms do not follow clear rules and are used differently by different people, and in different regions. For example, infant may be used until the baby can walk, while some use "infant" until the baby is one year old. From birth until 3 months of age, a baby can be called a newborn. Depending on how many weeks gestation at birth, newborns may be called premature, post-mature, or full term. The word infant comes from Latin: infans means "unable to speak".
At birth, many parts of the newborn's skull are not yet converted to bone, leaving "soft spots". Later in the child's life, these bones join together naturally. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion. During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape as it goes through the birth canal. Sometimes this causes the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal in a short time.
Some religions have ceremonies that occur after a new baby is born, such as Baptism, which involves partly or fully covering the baby in water.
After learning to walk, babies are often called toddlers, usually between one and three years of age.
Sometimes, a woman's baby may die before or during its birth. Babies which have died in this way are called stillborn babies, or miscarried babies.
References
Other websites
Baby Pictures Newborns, Infants and Toddlers
Kids Height/Weight Calculator by Parenting Nation
Baby Foods Guide Benefits of Organic Baby Food
Baby Stroller by Stroller List
Basic English 850 words |
14508 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus | Cactus | A cactus is a kind of a plant adapted to hot, dry climates. Plants which live this kind of life-style are called xerophytes. Most are succulents, which store water.
Cacti are members of the plant family Cactaceae, in the order Caryophyllales. There are about 127 genera, with over 1750 known species. Almost all of them are native to the Americas, from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north. The species Rhipsalis baccifera also grows in Africa and Sri Lanka.
Theophrastus was the first to use the word cactus: It comes from Ancient Greek . Theophrastus used it for a spiny plant whose identity is not known for sure. Cacti are part of an important food chain in dry, hot climates. Now cacti have spread to many other parts of the world, and many people like to grow them in pots or gardens.
Many cacti live in dry places, such as deserts. Most cacti have sharp thorns (stickers) and thick skin. There are many shapes and sizes of cacti. Some are short and round; others are tall and thin. Many cactus flowers are big and beautiful. Some bloom at night and are pollinated by moths and bats. Some cactus fruits are brightly coloured and good to eat: many animals eat cactus fruits.
Adaptations
An adaptation is anything that helps a living thing survive and make more of its own kind. Cacti have many adaptations for living in places that are sometimes dry for a long time. At other times these places can get lots of rain.
Cacti can have many small, thin roots near the top of the soil. These roots take in water quickly after a rain. The same cactus may have one long, thick root called a taproot. The taproot grows deep in the soil. It can reach water when the soil on top is dry.
Cacti store water in thick stems. The stems are covered with tough skin, and the skin is covered with wax. The thick waxy skin slows down loss of water. The leaves of cacti are sharp spines (thorns, stickers). Many animals want the water inside the cactus, but the sharp spines and thick skin protect the cactus.
Uses of cacti
Cacti are commonly grown as houseplants. They are pretty and easy to grow. Some cacti are grown in gardens, especially in dry areas. Cactus can be used as a living fence. The wood of dead cactus is sometimes used for houses
People eat the fruit of some kinds of cactus, such as dragonfruit and prickly pear. Dactylopius coccus is a scale insect from which cochineal dye is got. This insect lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap. The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects. The carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the red dye.
Cactus in history
The ancient Aztecs of North America held cactus to be very important. Cactus can be found in many of their sculptures and drawings. The national coat of arms of Mexico shows an eagle, a snake, and cactus.
Christopher Columbus brought the first cactus to Europe. Scientists and gardeners became very interested in cactus.
Prickly pear was taken to Australia in the 19th century for use as a natural fence and for use in the cochineal industry. The cactus spread out of control, but was controlled by the larva of a South American moth.
From the start of the 20th century interest in cactus has grown. Every year, scientists discover new kinds of cactus. A bad effect of this has been the digging up of many cacti from the wild, making some kinds endangered.
Cactus stems
A cactus does not have leaves because it lives in dry places. Leaves transpire, and this can waste water. So, the cactus saves water by having no leaves. The green parts of the cactus are actually its stems. Because the stems are green, they do the photosynthesis for the cactus. They also grow prickly needles to protect the cactus from animals that want to eat it.
Genera
The family contains more than 100 genera. Some of them are:
Gymnocalycium
Myrtillocactus
Schlumbergera
References
Websites
Cactus and Succulent Society of America
Cactophilia
Cacti & Succulent Picture Gallery
Cacti Picture Gallery
Cacti Picture Gallery of Saint-Petersburg Cactus Club
CactiGuide - many photos, and discussion forum
Termal içlik
A Guide to the Miraculous Cactus World
Intermountain Cactus: Winter Hardy Cactus
International site for Succulents with photos, tips and plant database (in 4 languages)
WWF priority species profile for cacti |
14509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert | Desert | A desert is an arid (very dry) biome. They get less than of rainfall a year. Another source defines it as "any region that can have a moisture deficit over the course of a year. In other words, they can have less rainfall in a year than they give up through evaporation".
These kinds of areas can cover about 33% of the land on Earth. That includes much of Antarctica, where large areas get no snow at all. The largest hot desert is the Sahara desert, in northern Africa, covering 9 million square kilometers.
Deserts land surfaces are various examples are stones, sand dunes and snow. They have a wide variety of animals and plants. Deserts sometimes expand (desertification), and sometimes contract.
Deserts are mostly found in the western part of the Americas, Western Asia, Central Australia, and South and North Africa. Many, such as the Sahara, are very hot during the day and have cold nights, but there are also cold deserts such as the Atacama in South America which remain frozen day and night.
Cold deserts
There are hot deserts and cold deserts. Cold deserts may be covered with snow or ice but some are so dry that the ice sublimates away. Some cold deserts have a short season of above-freezing temperatures. These deserts are called tundra. An ice cap can be a cold desert that remains below freezing all year-round.
Cold deserts can be found close to the poles. That is why they are also called polar deserts. Other regions of the world have cold deserts too, for instance high altitude areas like the Himalayas. These are called montane deserts. Antarctica is the world's largest cold desert.
Hot deserts
Hot deserts are mostly in the subtropics. They can be covered by sand, rock, salt lakes, stony hills and even mountains. Most non-polar deserts are hot in the day and chilly at night. The temperature in the daytime can reach or higher in the summer, and dip to or lower at night time in the winter.
The largest hot desert in the world is the Sahara in North Africa. It is almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara desert is also the hottest desert in the world.
The driest desert in the world is the Atacama Desert in South America. The Atacama Desert had no rain for 401 years, between 1570 and 1971. This desert is caused by a cold ocean current.
Rain
It does rain in the desert, but not often. One place in the Atacama Desert had no rain for 401 years. In other deserts it may rain every year or once every few years. Rains in a desert may bring a great amount of water to the ground in a short time. Some rain passes straight into the dry soil, but the rest may form a temporary river. Wadis, stream channels that are normally dry, can quickly fill after heavy rain, causing a flash flood.
People sometimes bring water from wet places to hot deserts so plants can grow. This is called irrigation.
Sandstorm
A sandstorm or dust storm arises when wind blows loose sand and dust from a dry surface. Clouds of sand or dust are often so dense that they obscure the sun. A sandstorm can move whole sand dunes. Sandstorms are common in large, dusty deserts.
Animals and plants
There are not many animals in the desert, but some animals are able to survive. They have different ways to survive the intense conditions of the desert. Examples of animals that live in hot deserts are lizards, small rodents, snakes, and camels. Plants and animals in hot deserts must live with very little water.
Xerophytic plants which live in the desert have special adaptations. They may survive by growing roots that are very near the surface to absorb the rain that may fall before it evaporates. Plants such as the cactus have thick, fleshy stems that help them store water.
Small animals such as lizards and small rodents often escape the hot rays by digging underground burrows where they live. They only come out at night to search for food. Like the plants, desert animals must live on as little water as possible. Most of the water used by these animals comes from seeds and stems that absorb and hold water. Camels survive in hot deserts by storing water in body fat in their humps. Like other desert animals, the camel loses little water in its wastes (urine and feces).
References |
14510 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert | Dessert | For the area of dry land see desert.
A dessert is a type of food that is eaten after lunch or dinner, and sometimes after a light meal or snack. It is usually a sweet food, like ice cream, cookies, and cakes. In some countries, cheeses such as Brie cheese and fruit are served as dessert. Some desserts are made from natural resources like fruit juice used in sherbet. Others are simple, like pudding and birthday cake. Many desserts are baked (cooked in an oven). Some desserts are served with whipped cream as a topping.
The term dessert can apply to many confections, such as biscuits, cakes, cookies, custards, gelatin's, ice creams, pastries, pies, puddings, sweet soups, and tarts. Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness. Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savoury to create desserts.
Types of desserts
Baked desserts
Baked desserts are made by putting the ingredients in a hot oven. Baked desserts include cakes and muffins (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); sweet breads such as banana bread and raisin bread (a mixture of flour, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); cookies such as chocolate chip cookies (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, and flavorings). Puddings and custards (a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, and flavorings) can be made in the oven.
Fried desserts
Fried desserts are made using a cooking process called deep frying. To deep-fry food, a large pot filled with oil is heated, and then the food is placed into the pot. Deep-fried desserts include doughnuts.
Frozen desserts
Frozen desserts are made by blending the ingredients in a freezer. Frozen desserts include ice cream (a mixture of cream, milk, sugar, and flavorings), milk shakes (a mixture of ice cream, milk, and flavorings), and sherbet (also spelled "sorbet") (a mixture of water, sugar, and flavorings).
Chilled desserts
Some desserts are made without using the oven or the freezer. Trifle is an English dessert made by soaking ladyfinger biscuits in sherry, covering them with whipped cream, and then letting it chill in the refrigerator. Some types of instant pudding and instant mousse desserts can be made without cooking; a person simply mixes the instant pudding powder with milk and chills it in the refrigerator.
Popular desserts from around the world
France: Crème Brûlée
America: Apple Pie
United Kingdom: Sticky toffee pudding
Middle East: Baklava
Greece: Galaktoboureko
Italy: Tiramisu
Peru: Picarones
Russia/Australia: Pavlova
Spain: Tarta de Santiago
Turkey: Turkish delight/Lokum
Japan: Mochi
Belgium: Belgian waffle
India: Gulab Jamun
Bangladesh: Kheer
References
Desserts |
14512 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Henry%20Harrison | William Henry Harrison | William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the 9th president of the United States. His nickname was "Old Tippecanoe " and he was a well-respected war veteran. Harrison served the shortest term of any United States president. His term lasted for exactly one month.
He was elected president in 1840, and took the oath of office on March 4, 1841. His inauguration speech lasted an hour and forty minutes. William Henry Harrison caught a serious case of pneumonia, and on April 4 that same year he died. He was the first president to die in office. Harrison was the oldest president to take office at , until it was outdone in 2021 by Joe Biden who assumed the presidency at the age of 78. He was the last president to be born before the United States Declaration of Independence.
His grandson was the 23rd president of the United States, Benjamin Harrison.
Early life
Harrison was born on February 9, 1773. He is the youngest of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Bassett's seven children. They lived in Berkeley Plantation at Charles City County, Virginia. He was the last president to be born as a British citizen before the American Independence. His father was a planter and a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–1777) who signed the Declaration of Independence. He was Governor of Virginia between 1781 and 1784. His older brother Carter Bassett Harrison was elected a representative of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives.
In 1787, he attended the Presbyterian Hampden-Sydney College. He attended the school until 1790. Harrison was fluent in Latin and French.
Marriage and family
In 1795, he met Anna Symmes. They had 10 children.
As President
He took the oath of office in March 4, 1841 which was a cold and wet day. His inaugural address was the longest in American history.
Harrison's inaugural address was a detailed statement of the Whig agenda, mainly unclaimed honest of Jackson's and Van Buren's policies.
Harrison promised to reestablish the Bank of the United States and extend its maximum amount for credit by issuing paper currency (see Henry Clay).
Illness and death
On March 26, 1841, Harrison became ill with a cold. His illness was believed to have been caused by the bad weather in the inauguration.
The cold was worsened, quickly turning to pneumonia and pleurisy. He tried to rest in the White House, but could not find a quiet room because of the crowd of office seekers. His very busy social schedule made it harder for time to rest.
Harrison's doctors tried cures of applying opium, castor oil, leeches, and Virginia snakeweed. But the treatments only made Harrison worse, and he became restless.
Harrison died on his 32nd day as president on April 4, 1841 at 12:30 am of pneumonia, jaundice, and septicima. He served the shortest term of any president from March 4, 1841 to April 4, 1841, 30 days, 12 hours, and 30 minutes. He was the first president of the United States to die in office.
Harrison's funeral took place in Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati, Ohio on April 7, 1841. His original interment was in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.. He was later buried in North Bend, Ohio.
References
Other websites
William Henry Harrison's White House biography
1773 births
1841 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from jaundice
United States senators from Ohio
United States representatives from Ohio
Politicians from Virginia
Benjamin Harrison
Whig party (US) politicians
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians |
14515 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom | Viacom | Viacom (short for Video & Audio Communications) was an American entertainment company. It started in 1970 as Viacom International, the syndication division of CBS TV (which they once owned). In 2005, Viacom split into two companies: the original company was renamed CBS Corporation, and a new company keeping the Viacom name was created. They own Paramount Pictures, MTV, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., and others. They formerly owned the movie rental giant Blockbuster Entertainment.
In 2019, Viacom and CBS were merged together. This created ViacomCBS, a combination of the two companies. The merger was finished on December 4, 2019. They have also launched a streaming service called CBS All Access, which includes their library of movies and TV shows, along with original content.
References
Entertainment companies |
14516 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20Resource%20Locator | Uniform Resource Locator | Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is another name for a web address. URLs are made of letters, numbers and other symbols in a standard form. People use them on computers, to make the computer fetch and show some specific resource (usually a web page) from another computer (web server) on the Internet. They do this by typing the URL into a web browser, or more often clicking a link, for example one on a web page that they are already seeing.
URLs consist of several parts:
A protocol. Very often, this is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Some separation characters: ://
The other computer's name or address. It is very common for names to start with www. (which stands for World Wide Web), but the entire name is up to that computer's administrator.
In some cases, the URL may also contain
The path to a document or script.
In the case of a script, additional parameters after a question mark (?)
Username and password needed to access a certain page
Some text after a pound sign (#), naming a spot to skip ahead to.
The URL of this page is https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Locator
https is the protocol
simple.wikipedia.org is the web site
/w/index.php is a script. That script gets parameters, title=Uniform_Resource_Locator
A shorter form, called a ("relative") URL, is used when a computer could correctly fill in the full ("absolute") URL from context. For example, of /wiki/URL only works for a link on Wikipedia to this page on Wikipedia. Absolute URLs can be shared outside of computers, even with little or no explanation.
URLs is URI. URI is Uniform Resource Identifier. URL vs URI is basically same. So, you don't need to confuse in it.
Extensions
These are at the end of the domain name which has a period mark before it. At first there were six main extensions:
.com - Commercial use
.net - network / Internet service provider use
.org - Organizational use
.edu - Educational use (Schools and universities)
.mil - Military use
.gov - Governmental use
Today, there are many other URL extensions. These are usually either a top level domain or interest grouping. Each country has its own top level domain, for example, .ca for Canada, .us for the United States of America or .co.uk for the United Kingdom. Many countries have a government-only extension, for example the United States uses .gov or .fed.us, .gc.ca for Canada and .gov.uk for the United Kingdom. Interest group domains would include .tv (television), .pro (professionals) and .xxx (pornography). These are not used as often as the original extensions.
References
Internet |
14527 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo%20clock | Cuckoo clock | A cuckoo clock is a kind of clock. Cuckoo clocks have a case made of wood that looks like a small house. It gets its name because at the start of every hour, a small door on the clock open up and a little wooden bird comes out. The clock then makes a noise which sounds like a bird call ( "Koo-Koo" or "cuckoo").
The clock makes the sound one time for each hour it is, and there may also be a bell that rings when the sound is made. Whether it is morning or night does not change the number of times this happens.
For example:
1 o'clock in the afternoon = 1 "cuckoo"
8 o'clock in the morning = 8 "cuckoos"
8 o'clock at night = 8 "cuckoos"
Like many other clocks, cuckoo clocks can work using weights, springs, or electricity. Every clock is different, both in how it looks, how it works, and what it does. The sound of the "cuckoo" usually comes from bellows in mechanical clocks, or from a speaker in electric clocks. The clock may do more than just make this sound; some clocks also have figures that move around as music is played.
Cuckoo clocks are some of the best-known clocks that are made in the Black Forest, an area of south-western Germany and northern Switzerland.
Clocks |
14528 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador%20Retriever | Labrador Retriever | The Labrador Retriever (or Lab and Labrador for short) is a breed of dog. It is a kind of gun dog. Labrador Retrievers are very gentle dogs with family-friendly personalities. They are the most popular breed of dogs for pets in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They enjoy attention and exercise with their owner. They love to run around in big, open spaces, have a natural love of bringing things back, and learn to retrieve easily. They love to be active. They like the water no matter what temperature outside as their coat protects them. They are strong swimmers as they have webbing between the toes on their paws. They have coats that can be in any of three colors: black, yellow, and brown.
This tough, hardy breed of retriever is a great choice as a family pet. They are playful, easy to train, and naturally obedient. Labrador Retrievers do require regular amounts of daily exercise and are prone to obesity. As a pet, they can be demanding of attention and are best suited in a home where they can have a daily workout. They like water and have a unique otter-like tail, which they use like a rudder when they swim.
History
Labradors are descended from dogs bred on the island of Newfoundland, in Canada. Its ancestor is the St. John's water dog, a breed that developed through breedings by early settlers of the island in the 16th century. These dogs were trained to bring in the fishing nets from the icy waters for the fishermen. In the early 19th century, they were brought to Poole in Great Britain. These dogs had short strong legs and were good swimmers. Their coats were thick and they had a broad tail. Englishmen had many offers to buy them from fishermen because they were so attractive. The breed was instantly successful as a gun dog. The Earl of Malmesbury was interested and amazed by these dogs, and he started breeding them. He bred them for duck shooting on his estate. He established the new breed of retrievers, which he named Labrador.
In 1903, the Labrador Retriever was recognized by the English Kennel Club (EKC). Then, a year later, was listed as a dog in the Gundog group. At this point, retrievers were not divided by breed (until 1905, when it was listed separately).
England's Royal Family has long been popular with the Labrador, as King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II promoted them throughout their kennel.
Countess Howe is believed to be the first person to bring Labradors to the United States, shortly before World War One.
To say, however, that the Labrador was popular immediately would be wrong. It was only recognized in 1917 by the AKC, and strangely, ten years later, there were only roughly 24 Labradors in the United States. They were still classed as "Retrievers" until the late 1920s. The first Labrador registered, was a black female.
At this point, only upper class people owned them. However, lots of the upper class enjoyed these dogs, and they would try to import them from the finest English kennels. It's important to see, that they were only imported for one reason, though.
The first Labrador Retriever club was formed in 1931 in New York City, and the first field trial was held in December of that year.
Unfortunately, during the Second World War, as with most dog breeds, numbers decreased. But, after 1945, they gained a strong popularity boost. Imports from the British kennel clubs, as earlier said, increased, and then after a while, their numbers began rising again. That is why, most of the British Labrador population, has roots in the United States.
Temperament
Labrador retrievers are gentle and loving. They make great family dogs. They are intelligent, agile, and kind dogs. They also are very energetic, and need exercise every day.
Labradors are very social, and therefore, are easy to train. They are happy to play in any activity you want to do with them, but the outgoing side of the Labrador does have a flip side. They crave attention, and, if not given it, can resort to destructive behaviour.
Fortunately, they are not only social but very versatile. The breed's generally sunny temperament, love of people, and willingness to learn make them star performers in many disciplines, e.g. therapy, guide dogs.
Appearance
Labrador retrievers come in black, yellow, and chocolate. Labradors have a short, dense coat, powerful jaws, a broad, steady back and friendly brown eyes. Labradors usually live from 10-12 years.
Health
Labradors usually die from cancer, and have issues with Hip Dysplasia, Laryngeal Paralysis, Arthritis Hypothyroidism, Elbow Dysplasia, and seizures.
Activities
Labradors are energetic, so they would love to play fetch, swim, go on walks, do obedience trials, and agility tests.
References
Dog breeds |
14529 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Thatcher | Margaret Thatcher | Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman. She served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1979 until her resignation in 1990, longer than any other British prime minister in the 20th century. She led the UK's Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. Thatcher was the first female British prime minister and was often known by the nickname "The Iron Lady", given to her by a journalist from the Soviet Union. Her birth name was Margaret Hilda Roberts.
Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, and worked briefly as a research chemist, before becoming a barrister. She was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath made her a Secretary of State in his government of 1970 to 1974. In 1975, she beat Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition and the first woman to lead a major British political party. In 1979, she was elected Prime Minister, and won a landslide re-election in 1983 after victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a revival of support.
Thatcher was re-elected for a third term with another landslide in 1987, but her following support for the Community Charge ("poll tax") was very unpopular, and her more Eurosceptic views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after a challenge was made by Michael Heseltine to her leadership. After retiring from the House of Commons in 1992, she was given a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, which gave her the right to sit in the House of Lords. In 2013, she died of a stroke in London, at the age of 87.
Thatcher is a controversial figure in British political culture, but is still viewed positively in most opinion polls of British prime ministers. The debate over her neoliberal policies and legacy continues in the UK into the 21st century.
Early life
Margaret Roberts was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, on 13 October 1925. Her father was Alfred Roberts, a tobacconist originally from Northamptonshire. Her mother was Beatrice Ethel Stephenson, from Lincolnshire.
Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford. In her final year, she studied X-ray crystallography under Dorothy Hodgkin, who later won the Nobel Prize. She was already interested in politics, and became President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1946. Roberts read political works such as Friedrich von Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (1944), which said economic intervention by government was wrong, because it gave too much power to the state. After graduating, Roberts moved to Colchester in Essex to work as a research chemist for BX Plastics.
She was elected an MP in 1959. She became Education Secretary in 1970.
As Prime Minister
Thatcher directed British troops in 1982 to get back the Falkland Islands from Argentina. Argentina had taken the Falklands for a short time during the Falklands War. She had the second longest single prime ministerial term in history. She married Denis Thatcher; they had twins: son Mark and daughter Carol.
She suffered from strong opposition during a coal miner's strike in 1984 and 1985. The strike took away political power from the miners' union. There was also controversy when she introduced a poll tax to Britain. This caused rioting across the country.
She was forced to resign by her own party in 1990. She was replaced by John Major. In 1992, she stood down as PM. She then joined the House of Lords. From then on, she was known as "Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven".
During Thatcher's years as prime minister, unemployment rose a lot. It doubled during her first term. In 1982, 3 million people were unemployed. Unemployment started to decline again only in the mid- to late-1980s. Since the mid-1990s, Britain has consistently had lower unemployment than most of continental Europe. Thatcher's supporters claim this is the result of her reform of the labour market. This is disputed by her opponents.
She was the subject of an assassination attempt when the Grand Brighton Hotel was bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in October 1984.
During the near end of the Cold War, Thatcher became one of the closest friends of Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States.
She is remembered in the UK for reducing the trade union movement's power. Trade unions were much more powerful in the 1970s. Thatcher did much to reduce their influence on British industry.
Thatcher was the first woman to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She was also the first woman to be Conservative Party leader.
Personal life
In February 1949, she met Denis Thatcher. They met at a Paint Trades Federation event in Dartford. They married on 13 December 1951, at a chapel in City Road, London; the Robertses, Margaret's parents, were Methodists. Margaret and Denis had twin children, Carol and Mark, who were born on 15 August 1953, six weeks prematurely by Caesarean section.
Later life
Her husband Denis died in 2003 from pancreatic cancer. She attended Ronald Reagan's funeral service in 2004. In the later years of her life, she suffered from dementia and withdrew from public engagements in 2002. In 2006, Thatcher attended the official Washington memorial service to mark the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks on the United States (US). She was a guest of Vice President Dick Cheney, and met Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during her visit. She would also visit several times for ceremonies that honoured Reagan.
Death
Thatcher died from a stroke on 8 April 2013 at her hotel room in London, aged 87. She had bladder cancer and dementia at the time of her death. In line with her wishes she received a ceremonial funeral, with full military honours, and a church service at St Paul's Cathedral on 17 April. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip attended the funeral, only the second time in the Queen's reign that she had attended the funeral of a former prime minister.
References
Other websites
Margaret Thatcher Foundation
Her obituary (a life story) on the BBC News website
Margaret Thatcher in Citizendium
1925 births
2013 deaths
British lawyers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in London
Chancellors of the College of William & Mary
Deaths from stroke
English Anglicans
English chemists
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the House of Lords
Order of Merit
People from Lincolnshire
People with cancer
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1959–1964
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UK MPs 1966–1970
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UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
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Women lawyers
Women politicians |
14530 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter | Firefighter | Firefighters are people whose job is to extinguish fires and rescue people. Besides fighting fires, firefighters rescue people and animals from vehicle accidents, collapsed buildings, hazardous atmospheres, entrapment, disabled elevators and many other types of emergencies. Firefighters also typically respond to HazMat incidents as well. Firefighting is a job which requires bravery, strength, quick thinking, level-headediness, and a wide range of skills.
Firefighters are based at and respond from a building called a fire station (also known as a firehouse or fire hall). When a call comes in and their help is needed, they drive a vehicle called a fire engine or fire truck, which is also referred to as a fire apparatus, to the incident scene. These vehicles are appropriately equipped for the emergencies they respond to and typically can pump water and foam to put out fires. Fire engines also carry ladders, cutting tools and lots of different types of rescue equipment. Most carry first aid kits to help people who are injured or hurt. Another type of common fire apparatus, known as a “ladder truck”, is fitted with some variation of an articulating and telescoping ladder assembly which can be strategically positioned to give firefighters another means of access to an incident scene, as well as another means of egress for distressed victims or firefighters.
Firefighters wear heavy clothing to protect them from the heat when they are fighting a fire. This is called bunker gear or turnout gear. They wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and mask to protect themselves from breathing in smoke and super hot air and gasses.
Fire departments
Depending on the country, the agency firefighters work for is called a fire department, fire service, fire and rescue service or fire brigade. Fire departments are usually government agencies that are funded by taxes and look after a local area. Some sites employ their own firefighters, such as airports and some factories.
Some fire departments employ firefighters who work full-time and wait at the fire station to be called out. They have to work both in the daytime and at night, though they can usually have a rest if they have nothing to do at night. Villages and small towns usually have part-time firefighters who have other jobs outside of the fire service. These firefighters will drive from their home or workplace to the fire station when their help is needed. They may be volunteers, or they may be paid for doing this (known as retained firefighters in the UK).
In some places such as large US cities, it is common for the fire department to run the emergency medical services. In those departments, such as the New York City Fire Department, most of the fire department's calls are medical emergencies rather than fires. Although these are usually dealt with by full-time paramedics, many firefighters are trained in first aid and they may assist in medical emergencies, even bringing the fire engine to the scene.
Occupations
Firefighting |
14534 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random | Random | Random is a term used in mathematics (and less formally) to mean that there is no way to reliably predict an outcome (to know what will happen before it happens) or sense a pattern. Something that is chosen at random is not chosen for any conscious reason, and therefore thought to be purely by chance. An example of a random event is winning a lottery.
A computer can make lists of apparently random numbers. Humans are unable to do this, because the brain works in patterns. If someone is asked to keep saying "heads" or "tails" at random, a smart human observer or properly programmed computer might eventually be able to tell which one the person is likely to say next because the computer notices the patterns.
On a website such as English Wikipedia the user can click on "Random page" to get a random article. The chances of any one page appearing are exactly the same as for any other page.
Sometimes the word "random" is used more loosely. There are websites of random jokes, which just means: a variety of jokes about all sorts of things.
In recent years young people have started to use the word "random" even more loosely to describe anything which is rather strange or has no logic. Sentences such as "the mouldy cheese is escaping" or "I like pie and spam" might be described as "random", although this is not the proper dictionary or mathematical meaning of the word.
Making random numbers
There are several ways in which a process or system can be seen as random:
Randomness coming from the environment (for example, Brownian motion, but also hardware random number generators).
Randomness coming from the starting conditions. This aspect is studied by chaos theory. It can be observed in systems that depend very much on differences in the conditions at the start. Examples of such systems are pachinko or dice.
Randomness generated by the system itself. This is also called pseudo-randomness, and is the kind used in pseudo-random number generators. There are many algorithms (based on arithmetics or cellular automata) to generate pseudo-random numbers. The behavior of such a system can be predicted, if the random seed and the algorithm are known. These methods are quicker than getting "true" randomness from the environment.
There are many uses for random numbers. The need has led to methods for generating data which is more or less random (pseudorandom). These methods vary as to how unpredictable (statistically random) they are, and how quickly they can generate random numbers.
There are computational random number generators, generating large amounts of sufficiently random numbers. Before then, tables were published as pseudo-random number tables.
There are two ways computers can make what appear to be random numbers.
There are different algorithms to make random numbers. This makes it possible to model certain aspects of randomness, for example the distribution of the generated numbers. Numbers generated in such a fashion will however always follow a pattern. Given one, or a few of them, a computer can calculate the next random number. Therefore, such numbers are called pseudorandom.
True random numbers are generated by observing a non-deterministic experiment. The number is then calculated based on the result of the experiment. An example might be to hook up a Geiger counter to a computer, to generate the number.
In cryptography
Keys for encryption must be random in order to be secure. Key generation by a faulty random number generator has sometimes led to successful cryptanalysis.
Related pages
Chaos theory
Random access memory
Probability
Mathematics
Cryptography
Causality |
14535 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20status%20of%20Taiwan | Political status of Taiwan | The political status of Taiwan is a difficult situation that many people disagree about. There are two countries in the world that call themselves China. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is the country most people think of when they hear the name China. The Republic of China (ROC) also calls itself China. It is better known in most of the world as Taiwan.
Taiwan was a part of China from the late 1600s. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan and Penghu were given to Japan by China. After World War II, the Japanese on Taiwan surrendered to the Chinese. This gave Taiwan back to the Chinese. After losing a civil war in 1949, the ROC government fled to the island of Taiwan. It took control of Taiwan and several nearby islands. The PRC controlled mainland China. It also said it owns the island of Taiwan (which is also known as Taiwan province) and the other islands. The ROC said that it was the rightful government of China and it included all of China, including Taiwan and Mongolia. In 1971, the ROC lost its United Nations seat as China. The seat was given to the PRC instead. This made the PRC the rightful government of China internationally. Most countries have accepted the PRC as the leaders of China. Several countries, including the United States, have been careful to not say officially which parts of the original China are part of the PRC. 23 countries have official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Nearly all of the other countries still have some diplomatic relations with them. The major problems are about whether Taiwan is a part of the PRC or should be an independent country.
Current status
People who live in Taiwan have different ideas, and it is difficult to find out what most people believe because small changes in how polls are worded can change the results a lot. Taiwan has not been ruled by mainland China since 1895. Today, Taiwan is a democracy. China is ruled by a communist government. The idea of freedom in communism is different than how people in a democracy think freedom should be. Few people in Taiwan want to become part of Communist China. Almost none want to give up their idea of freedom. Some people in Taiwan want Taiwan to formally become the Republic of Taiwan, an independent country. Most of the people in Taiwan want to keep everything like it is now. They want to wait for the best time to become the Republic of Taiwan.
Views by other countries
Today, most countries of the world see the PRC as China. Most countries however still have a very close economic and cultural relationship with Taiwan, even if they have major tensions with the PRC.
Problems
The relations between the PRC and Taiwan are tense. The PRC believes that Taiwan is a part of the PRC. The government of the PRC has said that if the people of Taiwan vote to become the Republic of Taiwan, that they will invade Taiwan and stop this from happening. In March of 2004, they passed a law that will allow China to invade Taiwan if Taiwan tries to leave the PRC and become an independent country. This law has caused problems with the people in Taiwan. It has caused even more people in Taiwan not to want to be a part of PRC China.
Politics of China
Politics of Taiwan |
14536 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20respiration | Cellular respiration | Cellular respiration is what cells do to break up sugars to get energy they can use. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy.
Usually, this process uses oxygen, and is called aerobic respiration. It has four stages known as glycolysis, Link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This produces ATP which supplies the energy that cells need to do work.
When they do not get enough oxygen, the cells use anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen. However, this process produces lactic acid, and is not as efficient as when oxygen is used.
Aerobic respiration, the process that does use oxygen, produces much more energy and does not produce lactic acid. It also produces carbon dioxide as a waste product, which then enters the circulatory system. The carbon dioxide is taken to the lungs, where it is exchanged for oxygen.
The simplified formula for aerobic cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)
The word equation for this is:Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)
Aerobic cellular respiration has four stages. Each is important, and could not happen without the one before it. The steps of aerobic cellular respiration are:
Glycolysis (the break down of glucose)
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain, or ETC
Glycolysis
In glycolysis, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken into two molecules of pyruvate. Ten enzymes are needed for the ten intermediate compounds in this process.
Two energy-rich ATP kick-start the process.
At the end are two pyruvate molecules, plus
Substrate level - Four molecules of ATP are made in reaction number 7 & 10
In cells which use oxygen, the pyruvate is used in a second process, the Krebs cycle, which produces more ATP molecules.
Productivity of the cycle
Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (two from glycolysis, two from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport chain). However, the process actually makes less energy (ATP) because of losses through leaky membranes. Estimates are 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.
Aerobic metabolism is about (see sentence above) 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic metabolism yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
Link reaction
Pyruvate from glycolysis is actively pumped into mitochondria. One carbon dioxide molecule and one hydrogen molecule are removed from the pyruvate (called oxidative decarboxylation) to produce an acetyl group, which joins to an enzyme called CoA to form acetyl CoA. This is essential for the Krebs cycle.
Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA joins with oxaloacetate to form a compound with six carbon atoms. This is the first step in the ever-repeating Krebs cycle. Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two ATP, six NADH, two FADH, and four CO2. The ATP is a molecule which carries energy in chemical form to be used in other cell processes. This process is also known as the TCA cycle (Tricarboxylic (try-car-box-ILL-ick) acid cycle), the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle after the biochemist who elucidated its reactions.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
This is where most of the ATP is made. All of the hydrogen molecules which have been removed in the steps before (Krebs cycle, Link reaction) are pumped inside the mitochondria using energy that electrons release. Eventually, the electrons powering the pumping of hydrogen into the mitochondria mix with some hydrogen and oxygen to form water and the hydrogen molecules stop being pumped.
Eventually, the hydrogen flows back into the cytoplasm of the mitochondria through protein channels. As the hydrogen flows, ATP is made from ADP and phosphate ions.
References
Related pages
Metabolism
Photosynthesis
Metabolism |
14546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho | Lesotho | Lesotho is a small country in southern Africa, it is an enclave of South Africa. Its population is about 1,800,000.
The capital of Lesotho is called Maseru.
Lesotho has the highest suicide rate in Africa.
Geography
Lesotho has no coast on the sea nor on a lake. This type of country is called landlocked, meaning it is surrounded by land. All of Lesotho's trade must either be flown in by aeroplane, or brought in by land. Lesotho's position is unusual: it is completely surrounded by South Africa and has no borders with any other country. This type of country is called an enclave. Lesotho is one of the only three enclaved countries in the world (the other two are San Marino and the Vatican City). This makes Lesotho's relationship with South Africa very important to them both.
Lesotho has many mountains and is one of the most mountainous countries in the world. All of Lesotho is at least 1,400 m above sea level. People sometimes travel there to ski in winter. The many mountains in Lesotho mean that it rains there a lot. Lesotho uses some of its water to generate electricity and sells some of the water to South Africa.
History
Lesotho became a country in 1818, but it was then called Basutoland. A man called Moshoeshoe brought several of the groups of people in the area together and formed a new country with him as its king. This new country came under attack from its enemies and in 1868 Moshoeshoe asked Queen Victoria of Great Britain for help. Great Britain said it would help if Lesotho became part of the British Empire.
Lesotho eventually gained its independence on 4 October 1966. Now it is a member of the British Commonwealth. King Letsie III is the ruler of Lesotho.
Cities
Related pages
Lesotho at the Olympics
Lesotho national football team
List of rivers of Lesotho
References
States and territories established in the 1960s
1966 establishments
Current monarchies
Least developed countries
1960s establishments in Africa |
14551 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Hamilton | Alexander Hamilton | Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 – July 12, 1804) was a statesman, a political theorist and an economist. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Hamilton was the United States' first Secretary of the Treasury. He was known for the creation of a national bank. Born on the island of Nevis in the Caribbean, Hamilton moved to New York City. When the American Revolutionary War started, Hamilton served in the Continental Army. He was a close aide to General George Washington. After leaving the military he started a bank. He was one of the framers of the United States Constitution. Along with James Madison and John Jay, he wrote the Federalist Papers, which supported the new Constitution.
Hamilton became the Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington. He helped set up the United States' financial system. Hamilton supported a national bank as well as the funding of the national debt. A leader of the Federalist Party, he was a long time rival of Thomas Jefferson. He was killed in a duel with political rival Aaron Burr ,who was one of his first friends, in 1804.
Today, Hamilton is usually thought of as one of the most important of the early leaders. Hamilton's portrait appears on the United States ten-dollar bill.
Early life
Hamilton was not born in the United States. He was from the Caribbean island of Nevis. His father was James Hamilton and his mother was Rachel Fawcett Lavien. Hamilton's mother had a child from a previous marriage that she left behind when she moved to Nevis. At the time, she was still married to another man. This meant that Hamilton was illegitimate. He was very sensitive about this fact. His father had left him as a child. Two years after this tragedy both Hamilton and his mother became sick. Hamilton recovered, but unfortunately his mother died. He was grief-stricken and moved in with his cousin. His cousin committed suicide.
In 1772 Hamilton went to New York to continue his education. He attended Kings College, now called Columbia University, until 1776.
Career
Early in the American Revolution Hamilton was an artillery officer. Later he served on George Washington's staff. Hamilton believed by the late 1780s that the Articles of Confederation made a government that was too weak to work well, and he supported drafting a new document. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and he was a signer of the Constitution. In 1789 he was co-author of the Federalist Papers, a series of letters written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius." Hamilton wrote about two-thirds of the essays. They were published in newspapers in New York and supported the new Constitution. These writings are usually thought of as being one of the most important American works on politics and government. They are still widely read today.
George Washington, who became President in 1789, chose Hamilton to be the first United States Secretary of the Treasury. While in this job, he supported a national bank and invented a way to pay the debt that the country owed for the Revolutionary War. He helped start the Federalist Party. John Adams was a member, and Washington supported the party though he was not a member. After being Secretary of the Treasury he worked as a lawyer and continued to lead the Federalist Party.
Hamilton said he was very anti-slavery. Along with John Jay he was a leader of the New York Manumission Society. The society worked to end slavery in New York by getting slave owners to choose to free their slaves. However, he bought and sold slaves for himself, his family, and his friends.
Hamilton also had great respect for the small Jewish community in America and was a major supporter of religious freedom.
In 1800 Hamilton's political rival Thomas Jefferson beat the Federalist John Adams. Jefferson and Hamilton had very different ideas about the direction the new country should take, although both were important founding fathers.
Gunning and death
Hamilton had a long-time rivalry with Jefferson's vice president Aaron Burr. This resulted in the Burr–Hamilton duel of 1804 in which Burr killed Hamilton. Hamilton kept Burr from being re-nominated for Vice President. He also kept him from becoming Governor of New York. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel. They agreed to meet July 11, 1804 at Weehawken, New Jersey. Dueling was illegal in New York which is why they chose Weehawken. It was also the site where Philip Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton's son, had been killed in a duel three years earlier. The night before the duel, Hamilton wrote his will, letters to friends, and finally a letter to his wife. At dawn the next morning the two met at Weehawken. Without any discussion, the two men took their positions. Unusual for a duel of this kind, the two fired about 4–5 seconds apart. Who fired first is not known today. Burr's bullet struck Hamilton and knocked him down. Then Burr promptly turned and left. The bullet went through Hamilton's ribs, and damaged his lungs and liver. Hamilton was taken to a friend's house in Manhattan where his wife and children joined him. He asked two ministers to give him Communion but was refused. Finally the Episcopal Bishop Benjamin Moore gave him the sacrament. Hamilton died the next morning.
Legacy
Hamilton is shown on the face of the U.S. 10-dollar bill. Hamilton is one of only two non-presidents honored on commonly used notes. Some of Hamilton's words are still quoted. For example,
"I never expect a perfect work from imperfect man." -The Federalist #25
Hamilton was the founder of the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which in 1915 became the United States Coast Guard. For that reason, he is considered the father of the United States Coast Guard. He was a staunch constitutionalist who, unlike several of the founding fathers, believed in a strong central government. During his life he was involved in nearly every major political event from the Revolution to the election of 1800. His writings fill a staggering 27 volumes. Yet he is probably the least well understood of any of the founding fathers. By the time of Hamilton's death, the Federalist Party he had helped start was in decline. Hamilton and the Federalists had convinced Washington to create a central bank, assume the debts of the states and pass tax laws. There is little doubt these moves helped save the new democracy.
Hamilton is the subject of the 2015 Broadway Musical, Hamilton. It was written by and stars Lin-Manuel Miranda in the title role.
References
Other websites
Alexander Hamilton Citizendium
What if Alexander Hamilton had lived?; YouTube
Hamilton for Dummies; YouTube
Thomas Jefferson vs Alexander Hamilton (AP US History - APUSH Review):YouTube
1750s births
1804 deaths
Federalist party (US) politicians
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Founding Fathers of the United States
Columbia University alumni
Politicians from New York
18th-century American politicians
Slavers |
14568 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6bes | Köbes | A Köbes (pronounced like 'kur-bess') is a waiter in traditional pubs in the Rhineland part of Germany, especially in Cologne, Düsseldorf and Krefeld.
A Köbes wears a blue apron and blue jacket and has a big leather belt with a leather purse. He serves beer and food to guests and replaces empty beer glasses with full ones until the customer either places a beermat on his glass to signal that he doesn't want any more, or until the customer asks to pay.
The word Köbes comes from the name Jakob in a local dialect.
Books
Michael Scuffil: Drink doch ene mit! Der kölsche Köbes, published by Verlag Emons in Cologne, Edition 1, April 2007, 47 pages, in five languages, hardbound,
Germany |
14571 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-motion | Stop-motion | Stop motion is a way of animation which makes it look like still objects are moving. Clay animation is a good example of how stop motion is used.
Stop-motion requires any camera that can make single frames (or photos). It works by shooting a single frame, moving the object a little bit, and capturing a frame again. Cartoons use a similar way; one of the main differences is that stop motion uses real objects instead of drawn.
Tim Burton, Will Vinton and the Aardman studio have used this method in their productions.
Related pages
Clay
Animation |
14582 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C.%20United | D.C. United | D.C. United is a Major League Soccer league soccer (or football) team that plays in Washington, D.C. in the United States. Its nickname is "the Black-and-Red".
League title
Major League Soccer : 4
1996, 1997, 1999, 2004
League position
References
American soccer teams
Major League Soccer teams
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C. |
14588 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%20Carlos | Wendy Carlos | Wendy Carlos (born Walter Carlos, November 14, 1939) is an American composer and musician. She was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. She is known as one of the first people to use electric instruments to make music. In 1968, she released her music album "Switched on Bach". This album used many new electric instruments including the Moog Synthesizer. It won three Grammy Awards. She also did the music for movies. These include A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and Tron. In 1972, Carlos had a medical operation to change her body from male to female.
References
Other websites
20th-century American composers
American movie score composers
Electronic musicians
LGBT musicians
Grammy Award winners
American LGBT people
Transgender and transsexual people
Musicians from Rhode Island
Women composers
1939 births
Living people
People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
21st-century American composers |
14599 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20algebra | Boolean algebra | In mathematics, Boolean algebra is an algebra for binary digits (where 0 means false and 1 means true). It is equipped with three operators: conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and negation (NOT). It uses normal math symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named for George Boole, who invented it in the middle 19th century. Boolean algebra did not get much attention except from mathematicians until the 20th century when engineers began using it for logic gates.
NOT gate
The NOT operator is written with a bar over numbers or letters like this:
It means that the output is not the input.
AND gate
The AND operator is written as like this:
The output is true if and only if one and the other input is true.
OR gate
The OR operator is written as like this:
If one or the other input is true, then the output to be true (and false otherwise).
XOR gate
XOR basically means "exclusive or", meaning one input or the other must be true, but not both. It is also sometimes called NOR, which means the same thing.
The XOR operator is written as like this:
In other words, the XOR operator returns true precisely when one or the other input is true—but not both.
Identities
Different gates can be put together in different orders:
is the same as an AND then a NOT. This is called a NAND gate.
It is not the same as a NOT then an AND:
which is called XOR identity table
, if
.
or if =TRUE, TRUE.,
De Morgan's laws
Augustus De Morgan discovered that it is possible to preserve the truth values of Boolean expressions by changing a sign to a sign, while making or breaking a bar. That is:
These findings are commonly known as De Morgan's laws.
Related pages
Boolean data type
Boolean satisfiability problem
Fuzzy logic
Propositional logic
References
Other websites
Boolean algebra on All About Circuits
Boolean algebra Citizendium
Electronics |
14604 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Philosopher%27s%20Stone | Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone | Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (published in the US under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is the first book in the Harry Potter series, written by J.K. Rowling. It was published in 1997 and a movie version was shown in theaters in 2001.
Plot Summarization
This is the first book in a series of seven about the wizard Harry Potter, and therefore the author begins by setting the scene and introducing the reader to some of the characters.
At the start, Rowling describes how in an ordinary suburb, somewhere in an English town, people are suddenly surprised to see witches and wizards in odd clothing riding on public buses and appearing at places where people would not expect to suddenly meet a wizard. It is clear that something unusual has happened in the world of witches and wizards, and those people, who are normally quite secret, are out and about, enjoying themselves.
In this way, Rowling introduces the two worlds of her story, the world of ordinary people, called "Muggles", and the secret world of the magic folk who usually keep to themselves. Rowling then introduces the main character, Harry Potter, a little baby boy who is left on the doorstep of his aunt and uncle by an old wizard with a long white beard.
When the reader next meets Harry, he has grown to be a boy of eleven, living unhappily with his spiteful aunt, cruel uncle and bullying cousin Dudley. He is rescued from his misery by a huge bearded man upon his eleventh birthday. Harry Potter is a wizard without knowing it, and the giant man, Rubeus Hagrid, has come to help him buy his books and get ready to go to school. The school sounds most exciting. It is "Hogwart's School of Witchcraft and Wizardry".
On the long train journey north, Harry Potter meets the two people who are to become his best friends, Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Ron and Hermione have very different characters. Hermione, who comes from "Muggle" (nonwizard) parents, is very intelligent and talented. She is such a know-it-all and so bossy that the boys do not like her at first. Ron, on the other hand, comes from an old family of wizards. He is number six in a family of seven children. He wears hand-me-down clothes and even his pet rat used to belong to his brother Percy. Ron knows all about Harry Potter.
The reason that Ron, and all the other people in the wizarding world, know all about Harry Potter is that Harry is famous, without even knowing it himself. The reason why he was left on the doorstep of his aunt and uncle is that both his parents are dead. They were murdered by an evil wizard who calls himself "Lord Voldemort". He is so evil that people are even afraid to say his name. Harry is famous because he survived the magical attack of the "He who must not be named", and since that day, Voldemort has gone into hiding.
Joanne Rowling then gives the reader a picture of the school that is to be Harry's home through seven books of the series, each one of which deals with a year in his life. The book describes the teachers, the lessons, the customs and the school sport so that it seems to be part of a real world. Even though the students learn magic and use magic, the book also describes Harry's growing up in a new and strange situation, just as any student must learn to fit in when they go to a new school among different people.
Harry soon discovers that while some magicians, such as the school principal Headmaster Professor Albus Dumbledore, and Deputy Headmistress Minerva McGonagal can be kind and encouraging, others, like the sinister Professor Snape with his greasy black hair and nasty comments, are very hard to trust. One of the subjects that Harry really needs to learn is "Defense against the Dark Arts" but unfortunately, the teacher, Professor Quirrell, is such a bumbling and nervous man that he does not seem to be able to teach Harry very much at all.
As the year goes by, Harry discovers that Hogwarts has, hidden away for safety, a very precious treasure. If it were to fall into the hands of Lord Voldemort, it would be very dangerous indeed. Harry also discovers that in solving problems and overcoming difficulties, having friends with very different talents can be extremely useful.
In the book
The Harry Potter books are fictional {they are not related to real topics of life}. Joanne Rowling has created a fantasy world which exists as an unknown part of the world in which ordinary people live. The people who form the magical community are very ordinary in most ways. They are ordinary, except that they have an extra talent. They can do magic, and they go to a special school to learn how to do it properly, in the same way as a person who is talented at music might study at a special school. Students of magic have to learn to do their spells in a careful, safe and lawful way, because magic can be dangerous if it is not under control. In fact, a student needs a license to do some things.
Magic people and Muggles are really very similar. Even though the Muggles do not know about the Magic people, and the Magic people do not really understand how Muggles manage to live without magic, the way they live their lives is very similar. They do exactly the same sorts of things. They go to school, study, play sport, make friends, fall in love, get married, go to work every day, have children, shop, cook, read, go to the pub, have pets, get old and die. And like all the people in the Muggle world, they love and hate, they feel fear, jealousy, loneliness, prejudice and distrust. Even though Harry Potter is a talented magician, he has all these ordinary feelings to deal with. Harry's feelings, and how they change, is an important part of all the stories.
Two of the most important ideas in this book are "Love" and "Self-sacrifice". It is important to the story that Harry grows up without any love in his life. His Aunt, Uncle and Cousin do not want him at their house, but would not send him away because they care about what their neighbors might think. Harry has never had any friends at school, because of Cousin Dudley. He does not know what it is like to have a friend, until he goes to Hogwarts and meets Ron and Hermione. Even though he is not used to trusting people, he very quickly learns to trust his friends.
There are also three loving adults in his life, Professor Dumbledore who is wise and caring, who is not afraid of Voldemort, and who gives Harry good advice. Harry should completely trust the Professor, but his usual way of dealing with adults is to tell them lies or hide things from them. This is a very silly way to treat Professor Dumbledore, but it is what Harry does. The second loving person is Professor McGonagall. She is a crisp, stern teacher, but she is always fair and can be trusted. She is quick to see peoples' special talents, and she gives good encouragement. The third loving person is Hagrid, who is the giant gamekeeper and lives in his own little cottage near the castle. Hagrid has a special love for Harry because he had rescued him when he was a baby. This gives him a strong fatherly feeling. He helps Harry to settlein, and is always there to listen to him and encourage Harry and his friends. Gradually Harry gets to understand the right way to treat people who are your friends.
"Self-sacrifice" is about being able to give something up, perhaps even one's own life, to help another person. Sacrifice has to do with loving. At the very beginning of the book, Harry's Mother, Lily Potter, has made a big sacrifice to save Harry. She has been killed, and Harry is still alive. The idea of "Self-sacrifice" goes right through the book, which shows that a person does not always have to seem very brave or be very strong in order to make a sacrifice for the sake of other people. If the reader keeps this in mind, then they will see that all the most important things that happen in the book, happen because someone is brave enough to face death to save other people.
Movie: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
The movie was made by Warner Brothers. It was based closely on the book. In the United States, it was called Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Harry Potter was played by Daniel Radcliffe. Rupert Grint played Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson played Hermione Granger.
1997 books
Harry Potter books |
14606 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Timberlake | Justin Timberlake | Justin Randall Timberlake' (born January 31, 1981) is an American pop musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, actor, and dancer. Timberlake first became famous when he appeared in the television series Mickey Mouse Club. He later became of part of the Grammy Award-winning boy band *NSYNC. He started his own career as a solo musician in 2002. He has recorded five studio albums, such as: Justified, FutureSex/LoveSounds,The 20/20 Experience,The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 and Man of the Woods.
Early life
Timberlake was born at St Jude's Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, to Randall Timberlake and Lynn Harless (née Bomar). Timberlake's ancestors were English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Dutch, French, German, and Jersey (Channel Islander). He was raised in the Baptist religion. His parents divorced in 1985. He grew up in Millington, Tennessee, a small town north of Memphis.
In 1993, Timberlake joined The Mickey Mouse Club. The show ended in 1994. In 1995 Timberlake was recruited for an all-male singing group organized by orlando based singer Chris Kirkpatrick and funded by boy band manager Lou Pearlman that eventually became 'N Sync.
Music career
1995–2002: 'N Sync
Timberlake and JC Chasez were the two lead singers of the popular 1990s boy band 'N Sync. The group formed in 1995. Their first public performance happened the 22nd of October 1995 at Disney World's Pleasure Island. They started their career in 1996 in Europe, and hit it big in the United States in 1998 with the US release of their self-titled debut album *NSYNC, which to date has sold over 14.8 million equivalent album sales.
Their album included a number of hit singles such as "Tearin' Up My Heart." For the next two years, encouraged by similar developments with the Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync engaged in a lengthy legal battle with manager Lou Pearlman.
Eventually the band signed with Jive Records. 'N Sync released a long-awaited album, No Strings Attached in March 2000, which became the fastest-selling album of all time at that time with 2.4 million copies sold in its first week and produced a #1 single, "It's Gonna Be Me". That record has since only been broken by Adele's 25 released in 2015. The release was followed by the band's third album, Celebrity, which holds the title of the third-fastest selling album of all time with 1.8 million. In 2002, after the completion of the Celebrity Tour and the release of "Girlfriend," the third single from Celebrity, the group decided to take time off, at which point Timberlake began work on his first solo album and the group went into a hiatus. In its lifetime, 'N Sync was internationally famous and performed at the Academy Awards, the Olympics, and the Super Bowl, as well as selling more than 44 million equivalent album sales worldwide.
During late 1999, Timberlake made his acting debut in the Disney Channel original movie Model Behavior, in which he played Jason Sharpe, a model who falls in love with a waitress after mistaking her for another model. It was released on March 12, 2000.
As a member of 'N Sync, Timberlake developed into a major celebrity in his own right in addition to achieving respect as a musician, since he was the writer or co-writer of all three singles from Celebrity. The rise of his own stardom and the general decline in the popularity of boy bands led to a continuation of 'N Sync's hiatus, although the group has never officially disbanded.
Band member Lance Bass who was trying to go into space during the group's hiatus, has stated that he believes the group is finished, and is openly critical of Timberlake's actions in his memoir Out of Sync. On the other hand, Chris Kirkpatrick remarked in August 2008 that the five remain friends, and he believed a reunion was possible: he repeated that opinion in October 2009. In September 2008, Bass also made conciliatory comments.
The group would briefly reunite at the 2013 MTV Video Musixc Awards when Timberlake received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award and at the 2019 Coachella Festival this time sans Timberlake who was finishing his 115-show Man of the Woods Tour.
Group member JC Chasez would later reveal during an interview with Lance Bass on March, 2020 that he discussed the possible performance with Timberlake over the phone and was given a positive response, stating Timberlake urged the group to perform without him and recounting that "Ariana (Grande) can sing my parts".
2002–04: Justified and Super Bowl XXXVIII Controversy
In August 2002, after months of recording Justified, his debut solo album, Timberlake performed at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, where he premiered his first single, "Like I Love You," a sparse dance track produced by The Neptunes. The song reached number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100. Following the single, Timberlake released Justified on November 5, 2002. It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 439,000 copies in its first week of release. It eventually went on to sell more than three million copies in the U.S. and more than seven million copies worldwide. The album also received critical acclaim, thanks to its heavy R&B influence provided by hip-hop producers The Neptunes and Timbaland. It spun off hits throughout late 2002 and 2003, including the top ten singles "Cry Me a River" and "Rock Your Body." Timberlake supported the album by co-headlining the Justified/Stripped Tour with Christina Aguilera in the summer of 2003. At the end of the year, Timberlake recorded a song entitled "I'm Lovin' It." It was used by McDonald's as the theme to its "I'm Lovin' It" campaign. The deal with McDonald's earned Timberlake an estimated $6 million. A tour entitled Justified and Lovin' It Live was included with the deal as well. Timberlake was featured on Nelly's song, "Work It", which was remixed and included on Nelly's 2003 remix album.
In February 2004, during the halftime show of the Super Bowl XXXVIII broadcast on the CBS television network, Timberlake performed with Janet Jackson before a television audience of more than 140 million viewers. At the end of the performance, as the song drew to a close, Timberlake tore off a part of Jackson's black leather costume in a "costume reveal" meant to accompany a portion of the song lyrics. According to CBS, "both Jackson and Timberlake had confirmed they planned it 'independently and clandestinely' without informing anyone." Part of the costume detached, and Jackson's breast was briefly exposed. Timberlake later apologized for the incident, stating he was "sorry that anyone was offended by the wardrobe malfunction during the halftime performance of the Super Bowl...." The phrase "wardrobe malfunction" has since been used by the media to refer to the incident and has entered pop culture. As a result of the controversy, Timberlake and Jackson were threatened with exclusion from the 2004 Grammy Awards unless they agreed to apologize on screen at the event. Timberlake attended and issued a scripted apology when accepting the first of two Grammy Awards he received that night (Best Pop Vocal Album for Justified and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Cry Me a River"). He had also been nominated for Album of the Year for Justified, Record of the Year for "Cry Me a River", and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Where Is the Love?" with The Black Eyed Peas.
2004–06: Collaborations and acting
After the Super Bowl controversy, Timberlake put his recording career on hold to act in several movies, having starred in a few feature movies earlier in his music career. The first role he took during this time was as a journalist in the thriller Edison Force, which was filmed in 2004 and received a direct-to-video release on July 18, 2006. He also appeared in the movies Alpha Dog, Black Snake Moan, Richard Kelly's Southland Tales, and voiced Prince Artie Pendragon in the animated movie Shrek the Third, released on May 18, 2007. He also appeared as a young Elton John, in the video for John's song "This Train Don't Stop There Anymore". Timberlake was considered to play the role of Roger Davis in the movie version of the rock musical Rent, but director Chris Columbus had insisted that only the original Broadway members could convey the true meaning of Rent.
He continued to record with other artists. After "Where Is the Love?", he again collaborated with the Black Eyed Peas on the 2005 track "My Style" from their album Monkey Business. When recording the 2005 single "Signs" with Snoop Dogg, Timberlake discovered a throat condition. Nodules were subsequently removed from his throat in an operation that took place on May 5, 2005. He was advised not to sing or speak loudly for at least a few months. In the summer of 2005, Timberlake started his own record company, JayTee records.
Timberlake made a cameo in the video for Nelly Furtado and Timbaland's single "Promiscuous", released on May 3, 2006.
2006–07: FutureSex/LoveSounds
Timberlake released his second solo album, FutureSex/LoveSounds, on September 12, 2006. The album, which Timberlake created in 2005, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 684,000 copies its first week. It is the biggest album for pre-orders on iTunes, and beat Coldplay's record for the biggest one-week sales of a digital album. The album was produced by Timbaland and Danja (who produced a bulk of the album), will.i.am, Rick Rubin and Timberlake himself, and features guest vocals by Snoop Dogg, Three 6 Mafia, T.I. and will.i.am. A studio representative described it as being "all about sexiness" and aiming for "an adult feel".
The album's lead single, SexyBack, was performed by Timberlake at the opening of the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, where it remained for seven consecutive weeks. My Love, the album's second single, also produced by Timbaland and featuring rapper T.I., reached number one on the Hot 100, as did third single What Goes Around.../...Comes Around Interlude. The song is reported to have been inspired by the break-up of his childhood friend and business partner, Trace Ayala, with actress Elisha Cuthbert. In October 2006, Timberlake said that he would focus on his music career rather than his movie roles, specifying that leaving the music industry would be a "dumb thing to do at this point". He was the special guest performer at the 2006 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show for being where he sang SexyBack.
In January 2007, Timberlake embarked on the FutureSex/LoveShow tour. "Summer Love/Set the Mood Prelude" was the fourth U.S. single off the album, and the next single in the UK was "LoveStoned/I Think She Knows Interlude". The song "Give It to Me", a Timbaland single on which Timberlake guests with Nelly Furtado, reached the Hot 100 number-one spot.
In February 2008, Timberlake was awarded two Grammy Awards. At the 50th Grammy Awards Ceremony, Timberlake won the Male Pop Performance Award for "What Goes Around...Comes Around", and the Dance Recording Award for "LoveStoned/I Think She Knows".
2007–12: Collaborations and acting
In April 2007, Timberlake was seen entering a London studio with Madonna, thus confirming rumors that he was collaborating with her. A song "4 Minutes", was first played by Timbaland at Philadelphia's Jingle Ball on December 17, 2007. When released on March 17, 2008, "4 Minutes" was revealed to be a duet between Timberlake and Madonna, with backing vocals by Timbaland. It was lead single from Madonna's eleventh studio album Hard Candy, which featured four other songwriting collaborations with Timberlake. The single was an international hit, and topped the charts in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and reached the Top 5 in Austria, France, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand and the United States. Timberlake also appears in the music video, which was directed by Jonas & François. On March 30, 2008, Timberlake performed the song at Madonna's Hard Candy Promo Show at Roseland Ballroom in New York City. On November 6, 2008, Timberlake performed the song with Madonna on the Los Angeles stop of her Sticky & Sweet Tour.
Around June 2007 Timberlake co-wrote, produced and provided vocals for the songs "Nite Runner" and "Falling Down" for Duran Duran's album Red Carpet Massacre, released on November 13, 2007. "Falling Down" had been released as a single in the UK on the previous day.
Also in 2007, Timberlake made an appearance on 50 Cent's third album, Curtis. Timberlake, along with Timbaland, is featured on a track called "Ayo Technology", which was the album's fourth single. Also, another possible collaboration was to occur with Lil Wayne for his album Tha Carter III with Nelly Furtado and Timbaland.
With the wrapping up of the FutureSex/LoveSounds tour of Australasia and the Middle East in November 2007, Timberlake resumed his movie career. Projects underway early in 2008 were starring roles in Mike Myers' comedy The Love Guru (released June 20, 2008) and Mike Meredith's drama The Open Road (released August 28, 2009). In March 2008 it was announced that he was be an executive producer in an American adaptation of the hit Peruvian comedy My Problem with Women for NBC.
On November 20, 2008, TV Guide reported that Timberlake's next single, "Follow My Lead", which also featured vocals by Timberlake's protégée, former YouTube star Esmee Denters, would be available for exclusive download through MySpace. All proceeds would go to Shriners Hospitals for Children, a charity dedicated to improving pediatric care for sick children.
In 2008, a collaboration between Timberlake and T.I., "Dead and Gone" featured on T.I.'s sixth studio album, Paper Trail, and was released as its fourth single late in 2009. In November 2008, it was confirmed that Timberlake would make a guest appearance and produce some tracks on R&B/pop singer Ciara's upcoming album Fantasy Ride due out May 5, 2009. Timberlake featured on Ciara's second single "Love Sex Magic", the video being shot on February 20, 2009. The single became a worldwide hit, reaching the top ten in numerous countries and peaking at number one in several countries including Taiwan, India, and Turkey. The single is now nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards.
Timberlake and his production team The Y's, along with Mike Elizondo, produced and co-wrote the song "Don't Let Me Down" for Leona Lewis's second studio album, Echo, released (in the US) on November 17, 2009.
Timberlake also co-wrote and performed on "Carry Out," the third single from Timbaland's album Shock Value II, released on December 1, 2009.
2013–present: The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience and Trolls
In June 2012 Timberlake began working on a new album, The 20/20 Experience. It was released on March 19, 2013. The album came top of the Irish charts in the first week. The single "Mirrors" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards. The album also included the successful single "Suit & Tie" with rapper Jay Z.
Timberlake later released the albums The 20/20 Experience and The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 together in the box set, The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience.
He recorded the song "Can't Stop the Feeling!" for the upcoming DreamWorks animated film, Trolls. The song entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number one.
Personal life
Timberlake had a relationship with Britney Spears when they met at the Mickey Mouse Club. This relationship gained high public attention. It ended suddenly in 2002 when Timberlake claimed that Spears cheated on him with choreographer Wade Robson.
Later in 2002, he dated actress-dancer Jenna Dewan and actress-singer Alyssa Milano. In April 2003, he started dating actress Cameron Diaz after they met at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. There were many rumors afterwards that the two broke up. He stated on December 16, 2006 on Saturday Night Live that they had split up.
In 2007, it was revealed that he had a romantic relationship with actress Jessica Biel. They married in 2012. Their son, Silas Randall Timberlake, was born on April 11, 2015.
In 2008, Timberlake stated that he has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Movie career
Timberlake also works in the movie industry. He is the voice of King Arthur in animated movie Shrek the Third. He is also in the movies Alpha Dog and Black Snake Moan. In 2008, he acted in movie "The Love Guru".
Discography
Albums
2002: Justified 2006: FutureSex/LoveSounds 2013: The 20/20 Experience 2013: The 20/20 Experience - 2 of 2 2018: Man of the Woods
DVDs
2003: Justified: The Videos 2003: Live from London 2007: Futuresex/Loveshow – Live from Madison Square Garden Concert tours
2003: Justified/Stripped Tour 2003/2004: Justified and Lovin' It Live 2007: FutureSex/LoveShow''
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Notes
Filmography
References
Other websites
1981 births
Living people
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
American child singers
American movie actors
American television actors
Former good articles
Grammy Award winners
Mouseketeers
NSYNC
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee |
14612 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic%20language | Aramaic language | Aramaic is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3100 years and has been spoken for longer than that.
It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. The Semitic languages include Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages.
Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.
Words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.
History
Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.
In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.
In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.
Dialects
Aramaic is not one language without any changes. Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages.
The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.
The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.
References
Other websites
Aramaic Q&As: The "Family Tree" of Aramaic dialects
Introduction to Aramaic, an alphabet
Semitic languages |
14617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya | Libya | Libya ( , Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ Libya), officially the State of Libya, is a country in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. It covers an area of almost . Libya is the 17th largest country in the world.
Geography
Libya's borders touch the countries of Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria, Niger, and Tunisia. To its north is the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of Libya is Tripoli, which is a port on the sea. Tripoli has about one million people. Libya covers an area of about .
The highest point in Libya is Bikku Bitti 2,267 m above sea level and the lowest point is Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m at below sea level. Most of the country is flat, with large plains. Because it is so dry, only 1.03% of the land is suitable for farming.
The area around Tripoli is called Tripolitania, and it was the most developed during the Ottoman Empire.
Cyrenaica is an area of the north east coast. It is divided from Tripolitania by the Gulf of Sirte. It was named by the Ancient Greeks who built the city of Cirene in 630 BC. It includes the cities of Tobruk and Benghazi.
The Fezzan is an area of desert in south west Libya which the Italians made a part of Tripoli in 1912. After the war this area was governed by France, who wanted to annex to their Empire.
The people
The Libyans are Muslim. The population of Libya in 2011 was said to be about 6,597,960. This is not a large number for a country that has such a large area, so the population density of Libya is low. This is because much of Libya is in the Sahara Desert. Most people in Libya live in cities on the coast. People from Libya are called Libyans.
Libyans are mostly Arabs, though many are Berbers, a group which includes the nomadic Tuareg of North Africa. About 95% of Libyans are of Arab-Berber origin. Nearly all Libyans are Sunni Muslims.
Districts
Since 2007 Libya has been divided into 22 districts.
Cities
Tripoli
Benghazi
Al Bayda
Misratah
Tobruk
Economy
Oil was discovered in Libya in 1958 and is about 95% of the country's export income. Oil is about 25% of Libya's GDP. Other exports include natural gas, salt, limestone and gypsum. Because so much of the country is desert, Libya has to import about 75% of its food. It does grow wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, peanuts, soybeans and many vegetables. In 1984, a pipeline was started to bring underground water from the Sahara to coastal areas for irrigation. The pipeline which will take 25 years to complete has been estimated to cost about $25 billion. It is called the Great Man-made River, and is the largest water development scheme in the world.
The money of Libya is called the Libyan dinar. It was made to take the place of the old money, the Libyan pound, in 1971. There are 1000 dirhams in a dinar. Dinar is the name of the money in many Islamic countries. The name comes from an old Roman coin, the denarius.
Politics and History
Libya is made up of three regions, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and the Fezzan. Tripolitania is the area on the north west coast, once called the Kingdom of Tripoli. It was ruled by Turks from the Ottoman Empire. The USA went to war with the Kingdom of Tripoli in 1805 over the problems of piracy in the Mediterranean. The USA had refused to pay increased "protection" money to the Turkish rulers.
Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were captured by the Italians during the Italian-Turkish War of 1911-1912. The reason for the war was to set up a colony for Italy. They said that this area was once part of the Roman Empire and belonged to Italy. The Italians were the first country to use aeroplanes to drop bombs when they attacked Tripoli in 1911.
Many thousands of Italian settlers moved to Libya to set up businesses and farms, which were going to supply food and produce for Italy and its Empire. Libyans had some of their land in Cyrenaica taken from them by force and about 70,000 people died during the battles, starved, or were decimated by the terrible epidemic (called "Spanish flu") of 1918. Many thousands escaped to Egypt, but soon moved back when the new Italian governor Italo Balbo started a friendly attitude toward Arabs.
Italian Libya enjoyed in the late 1930s a huge development, with the creation of new railways, ports, hospitals, airports, roads. In those years the agricultural economy boomed, thanks to the creation of many dozens of new villages for Italian & Arab farmers. There was even an international race-car competition outside Tripoli (Grand Prix of Tripoli ).
Much of the North African Campaign of World War II was fought in Libya, including the Battle of Tobruk. The British captured Tripolitania in 1942 and ruled it until 1951.
United Kingdom of Libya
After World War II, the regions of Libya were ruled by military governors from both Britain and France. The United Nations made Libya an independent country, the United Kingdom of Libya, in 1951. This was to be a constitutional monarchy, ruled by King Idris I and his successors. Idris (Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi) (13 March 1890—25 May 1983) had been the Emir of Cyrenaica, but went into exile in Egypt in 1922. At the end of the war, he returned as emir, with support of Britain. He was also asked to be Emir of Tripolitania. He was able to unite the three regions and became the king of the United Kingdom of Libya on 24 December 1951.
The problems facing Libya were huge. The country was poor, with little in the way of goods to export. Only 250,000 people could read. There were only 16 Libyan college graduates, no Libyan doctors, engineers, pharmacists, or surveyors. The United Nations estimated that 10% of the people were blind from eye diseases, especially trachoma. Idris was a religious leader did not take much interest in the affairs of government. His government was seen to be corrupt, and did nothing about an increasing rise in Arab nationalism which had brought Nasser to power in Egypt in 1952. Once oil was discovered, Libya became one of the largest oil producing countries in the world. Many Libyans felt that Cyrenaica was getting more of the oil money than the rest of the country. A lot of the money from oil was also going to overseas companies.
Libyan Arab Republic
In the early morning of 1 September 1969, a group of military officers took over the government in a coup d'état. Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi was named as chief of staff of the military. From 1970-1972 he served as Prime Minister. He began a political system named "The Third Universal Theory". This is a mix of socialism and Islam, based on tribal government. It was to be put in place by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." Al-Gaddafi called this "jamahiriya".
Some of his first actions were to take back control of the oil and send the remaining Italian settlers back to Italy. He also closed down the American USAF base.
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
In 1977 Libya became "Al-Jamahiriya al-`Arabiyah al-Libiyah ash-Sha`biyah al-Ishtirakiyah al-Uzma" . In English, the name means the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".
Libya was alleged to have sponsored anti-western groups. Gaddafi openly supported independence movements like Nelson Mandela's African National Congress, Palestinian Liberation Organization, the Irish Republican Army, the Polisario Front (Western Sahara) and more. Because of this Libya's foreign relations with several western nation were negatively effected, and it would become a reason for US to bomb Libya in 1986. Gaddafi survived the bombing, the action of US was condemned by many countries and UN general assembly.
Libya had also supplied weapons and money to the Irish Republican Army during its fight with the British government in Northern Ireland. Gaddafi developed a good relationship with revolutionary Colombian Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group called FARC. Activities also included such as Libyan contribution towards Falklands War, where Gaddafi had provided 20 launchers, 60 SA-7 missiles, machine guns, mortars and mines to the Argentinian government. Libya was alleged to have role in bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988 and French UTA Flight 772 in 1989, despite the investigation found no evidence which involves any Libyan role.
The United Nations put economic sanctions in place against Libya in 1992. These sanctions stopped other countries selling weapons, investing money, or even allowing their people to visit Libya. After six days when US had captured Iraq's Saddam Hussein, Gaddafi renounced Libya's weapons of mass destruction programs and welcomed international inspections to verify that he would follow through on the commitment. Gaddafi said he hopes that other nations would follow his example. UN removed the sanctions in the same year. Gaddafi solved the Lockerbie plane crash issue by paying US$2.7 billion to the families of the victims. Prime Minister of Libya Shukri Ghanem, told in the interviews that Gaddafi was "paying the price for peace" with the West, and suggested that Libya had no role in the case. United Nations observers would acknowledge such statement and cast doubt towards the whole issue.
Gaddafi also set about having normal relations with other countries. Western European leaders and many working-level and commercial delegations were able to visit the country. He made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004. He reattached the ties with Russia once again, which had remained idle since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
By 2010, Libya's Human Development Index was highest in Africa, the country ranked at #53 overall as 'High standard' on living bases. Libya remained a debt-free nation. In 2011, Human rights in Libya were praised by the U.N. Human rights council. However, after civil war the human rights seems to be getting worse. On March 2013, according to the Barnabas Fund, at least 48 Christians were tortured inside Libya, one died in custody.
Suffrage
Every Libyan who is older than 18 can vote. This means that voting (also known as "suffrage") in Libya is universal.
Civil War
In February 2011, a civil war broke out in Libya when rebels fought against Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi and his government. NATO intervened in the war in favor of the rebels. However, some rebels had links with al-Qaeda. NATO ended its mission in October after Colonel al-Gaddafi was reported to have been killed. In the aftermath of the civil war, a low-level rebellion by al-Gaddafi loyalists continued. Armed militias filled the gap left by the revolution. Two different national governments were organized in Tripoli and Tobruk and many fighters did not follow either of them.
References
More reading
Other websites
Site-seeing in Libya
Underground "Fossil Water" Running Out Brian Handwerk, National Geographic, May 6, 2010.
Libya turns on the Great Man-Made River Marcia Merry, Printed in the Executive Intelligence Review, September 1991.
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |
14618 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20density | Population density | The population density of a country or city or other place is a number showing how crowded that place is. It is got by dividing the population by the area. For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.
A number of factors affect population density. For example, the climate. Greenland has a very low population density because people cannot live on its large glacier (ice sheet) or survive in such frigid temperatures.
Many cities are near rivers, because the first settlers wanted somewhere close to water to start a society. Areas around rivers often have a high population density.
The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre. Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities. The population density of Canada is only 3.8 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.
The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre. The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.
Related pages
Population growth
Overpopulation
References
Social sciences
population |
14619 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey | Joey | Joey has the following meanings:
Joey is a common nickname for Joseph, Joe, Joanne, Joan, or Jo.
A joey (marsupial) is a baby kangaroo, or a baby of other marsupials (animals that are like kangaroos).
Joey is a television sitcom (a comedy set in a situation) starring Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends. |
14621 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday%20Night%20Fever | Saturday Night Fever | Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American drama movie. It stars John Travolta as a 19 year old working-class Italian American man named Tony Manero. Manero lives with his parents and works in a dead-end job at a small hardware store. He tries to escape his problem-filled life in Brooklyn by dancing at a nightclub in New York City. The soundtrack (an album that has disco songs that were heard in the movie) of the movie includes music by the Bee Gees and many other artists. Both the album and movie were very popular. There are two versions of the movie: the original R-rated version and the PG-rated version which came out a year later so the movie could be popular with younger people. A sequel called Staying Alive was released in 1983 also starring John Travolta.
Release dates
References
Other websites
1977 drama movies
American drama movies
Dance movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by John Badham |
14622 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound | Greyhound | A Greyhound is a dog breed that is skinny, has long legs, and runs faster than any other breed of dog. It is one of the oldest breeds of dogs. For centuries, people have raced them in some parts of the world. Greyhound racing is a bit like horse racing in many ways. In recent years, many Greyhounds have been mistreated or killed especially after they get too old to race, but many animal rights rescue groups try to stop that and to help them be adopted by people to keep as pets.
Dog breeds |
14623 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20unification%20theory | Grand unification theory | Grand unification theory or GUT is a model that tries to describe the universe. It says that three forces - electromagnetic, weak and strong forces - were once combined into a single force. These are three of the fundamental four forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe. If gravity is also combined with these forces, then the GUT will become the proposed Theory of Everything.
GUT was given by DR. Abdul salam of Pakistan
Because GUT models have more dimensions than currently known, there has not been a single GUT. Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider have been built to test these GUTs indirectly, as it is too complex to observe effects on particles without them.
GUT was first proposed by researchers from CERN in the 1970s. The discovery of the Higgs Boson and other such recent discoveries will get scientists closer to knowing which GUT is correct, and ultimately know the Theory of Everything. This theory was given by Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam, who shared the Noble Prize with Weinberg and Glashow for it in 1979.
physics |
14624 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory | Factory | A factory is a building where workers use machines to make things for sale. It usually means a building where companies use mass production to make different things. Many of the same thing are made in a short amount of time.
People who work in factories are losing their jobs because machines can do their work more easily. (Automation) Now some factories are lights-out, which means they can run without any workers.
Factories during the Industrial Revolution had horrible working conditions.
References
Other websites
Manufacturing buildings |
14627 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Declaration%20of%20Independence | United States Declaration of Independence | United States Declaration of Independence is an important document in the history of the United States of America. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. It says that the Americans were no longer under British rule. Instead, the thirteen British colonies came together to become a union of free and independent states. In the conclusion of the Declaration of Independence a quote was: "with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
Before the Declaration
Before 1776, the United States of America was not a country. The individual states were colonies of the British Empire. They were called British Colonies. This means that the King and Parliament of Great Britain ruled the Colonies. "Plundered our seas,..." meant that the founding Fathers blamed the British for the American Revolution.
Effects
During this time, many American people were angry at Great Britain. Many Americans did not like paying taxes to Great Britain when they did not have anyone to speak for them in Parliament. The American people wanted to be treated like British citizens.
Taking action
Responding to actions taken by Great Britain, including the Intolerable Acts, the different colonies formed a Continental Congress to make decisions for all of the colonies. They met in the American city of Philadelphia. During a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, on June 11, 1776, they chose five people to write a document that would become the Declaration of Independence. These people were:
John Adams, from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Benjamin Franklin, from the Province of Pennsylvania
Thomas Jefferson, from the Virginia Colony
Robert R. Livingston, from the Province of New York
Roger Sherman, from the Connecticut Colony
The Declaration of Independence
Picking a Writer
The committee decided that one person would write the document, while the rest would give him advice on what to write. John Adams decided that Thomas Jefferson should write the document. He bought him a few drinks and told him that he was more qualified to write it because he was a Virginian and he was simply a better writer. Jefferson got to work.
What it says
In the Declaration, Jefferson starts by writing about people's rights, and what the government should and should not do. This part of the Declaration is called the Preamble. He then lists specific bad things that the British government did to the colonies. He says these included putting people in jail with no reason; making taxes that were too high; and not respecting people who lived in the colonies.
Agreeing on the Declaration
On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress argued about the Declaration and made some changes to it. After making changes, they approved the Declaration. They declared their independence from the British Empire that day, at the Pennsylvania State House.
However, the Continental Congress did not officially approve the Declaration until July 4. On that day, twelve of the thirteen groups that represented the colonies approved and ordered the Declaration to be printed. (The Province of New York did not vote.) This version of the Declaration was signed only by the President of the Congress, John Hancock.
On July 15, the New York group agreed with the rest of the colonies' groups. This meant that everyone in the Congress agreed on the Declaration.
On July 19, the Declaration's title was changed from "A Declaration of the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress assembled" to "the unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America."
Overall, 56 men signed the Declaration. However, some people signed at different times. Many people signed a parchment paper copy of the Declaration on July 2. Many of these signers were not there when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4. One signer, Matthew Thornton, from the Province of New Hampshire, signed on November 4, 1776.
Effects of the Declaration
The Declaration of Independence had many different effects.
Effects on Great Britain
When the King of Great Britain, King George III, and Parliament heard about the Declaration, they were angry. Great Britain and the people in America had already been fighting in a war called the American Revolution. America won the war, and in 1783 Great Britain had to recognize the independence of the new country, the United States, at the Treaty of Paris.
Effects on America
The people of America know that the Declaration of Independence is very important. Every year on July 4, they have a holiday called 'Independence Day'. They celebrate this holiday to remember the day that the Declaration was approved, and the day that the United States of America became its own country. They often celebrate with parades, fireworks, and songs.
The Declaration of Independence also talks about the simple ideas that the people who started the United States believed in. It says that every person in this U.S has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It also says that the government has to listen to its own people. These things were what made America a free independent country.
Text
Starting text
The initial text says that a declaration of independence must be well-reasoned:
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
The Preamble
The preamble of the declaration is the best-known part.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Simple English translation
We think these truths are obvious:
That all men are created equally
That their Creator gives them rights that cannot be taken away
That these rights include the rights to life, freedom (liberty), and pursuit of happiness(property/wealth)
That governments are created to protect these rights
That governments have power only if the people they are governing agree that they do
That whenever a government no longer protects these rights, the people it governs have a right to change or eradicate that government. They also have a right to create a new government that is more likely to protect their safety and freedom
That governments which have existed for a long time should not be changed for small reasons. However, if a government abuses the people which they govern over and over again, the people have the right to get rid of that government, if they so choose.
Present day
The Declaration of Independence can be viewed at the National Archives Museum near the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Related pages
Continental Congress
American Revolutionary War
Colonialism
Independence Day (United States)
References
Other websites
Declaration of Independence, with Jefferson's account, all the signers, extensive related information, from ushistory.org
The Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence - Text of the rough draft at Duke University's website
Library of Congress: Declaration of Independence and related resources
PBS/NOVA: The Preservation and History of the Declaration
National Geographic News: "U.S. Independence Celebrated on the Wrong Day?" (July 2, 2004)
Colonial Hall: A line by line historical analysis of the grievances
Virtualology: A Brief History of the Declaration and ownership of Dunlap printings
"The Speech of the Unknown" from the book Washington and His Generals: or, Legends of the Revolution by George Lippard, published in 1847
Maps, photos, and other media
Deutsches Historisches Museum: First Printing in German of the Declaration of Independence
"Drafting of the Declaration of Independence. The Committee: Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, Livingston, and Sherman." 1776. Copy of engraving after Alonzo Chappel. (large version )
"The Declaration of Independence" by John Trumbull. (large version )
Interactive Flash Version of John Sumit Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"
Interactive High-resolution viewer with annotations of the Declaration on Footnote.com
Signers
The Price They Paid Sorting Fact from Fiction.
Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1776 in the United States
Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson |
14629 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan | Jordan | Jordan (Official name is the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) is an Arab country located in southwest Asia, within the Middle East, located in the southern part of the Levant region, and the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Palestine and Israel to the west, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and the Gulf of Aqaba to the southwest, where the city of Aqaba overlooks the Red Sea.
The capital of Jordan is Amman. Aqaba is the only sea port for Jordan. Jordan is named after Jordan River, which passes on its western borders. Jordan is a country that combines different Arab cultures and dialects, and no natural borders separate it from its Arab neighbors except the Jordan River and the Yarmouk River, which form part of its borders with Palestine, Israel and Syria, respectively. As for the rest of the borders, it is an extension of the Levant Badia in the north and east, the Influence Desert in the south, and Wadi Araba to the southwest.
The terrain in Jordan varies greatly, the most important of which are the Ajloun Mountains in the northwest, and the Shara Mountains in the south, the highest peak on Umm al-Dami Mountain is 1854 meters, and the lowest point in the Dead Sea, which is the lowest point in the world.
In 1921, Prince Abdullah bin Al-Hussein established the Emirate of Transjordan with the help of Britain, and it was then subject to British rule in the Mandatory region of Palestine. The system in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with a representative government. The king exercises his executive power through the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, who, at the same time, are accountable to the House of Representatives (elected) and the Senate (appointed by the king) who are the legislative branch of the state. There is also an independent judiciary system.
Jordan is a founding member of the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Jordan is a sovereign constitutional monarchy, yet the king enjoys extensive executive and legislative powers.
Jordan is frequently referred to as an "oasis of stability" in a turbulent region, given that it was mostly unaffected by the violence that engulfed the region in 2010. However, the country's population suffers from relatively high rates of unemployment and poverty.
Governorates
Jordan is divided into 12 Governorates. The governorates are divided into 54 departments or districts named Nahias.
Culture
People from Jordan are called Jordanians. Most of them speak Arabic as their first language. The population of Jordan is about 10.5 million people.
Jordan is a constitutional monarchy and has a king. The King is the head of state, but he does not have all the power in the country. King Abdullah II has been the King of Jordan since February 1999. Most Jordanians are Muslim. There are around 200-400,000 Christians.
Jordan's national meal is mansaf. The most popular sport is football.
Economy
Unlike some of the countries around it, Jordan has little petroleum and natural gas. Some of its economy comes from mining instead. Jordan is the largest producer of the mineral phosphate in the world.
Jordan is a Member of the OECD since 2019 as the first Arab Country to do so.
The currency of Jordan is called the Jordanian dinar.
Related pages
Jordan at the Olympics
Jordan national football team
List of rivers of Jordan
References
Gallery
Other websites
Current monarchies
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1946 establishments in Asia |
14653 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice | Prejudice | Prejudice means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. The word comes from the Latin "pre" (before) and "judge". People may prejudge any question, but the word is often used for an opinion about a person or group of people. English understanding of the Latin has changed in past centuries. In old English the word "prejudice" denotes the use of "good judgment" before an event, e.g., "I decided (showed prejudice) not to run with the bulls because I could have been hurt.
The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do not like them because of their skin color (this is "racial prejudice"), religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. Such prejudices can lead to discrimination, hatred or even war.
Judges in a court of law should not be prejudiced when deciding whether someone is guilty. They should have an "open mind" so that they can make a fair decision (this is also known as not having a bias; most judges in a court of law have sworn to be unbiased when deciding a penalty). For example, if that person is the judge's friend then the judge would be prejudiced because he (or she) would not want his (or her) friend to get into trouble. In many other situations it is important not to be prejudiced, such as serving as an adjudicator in a competition or a juror in a trial.
Modern people sometimes use "prejudice" to mean "bigotry." This leaves them with two words for one thing, and none for the other.
Related pages
Bigotry
Discrimination
Bias
Stereotype
Discrimination |
14655 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation | Inflation | Inflation means that the general level of prices is going up, the opposite of deflation. More money will need to be paid for goods (like a loaf of bread) and services (like getting a haircut at the hairdresser's). Economists measure inflation regularly to know an economy's state. Inflation changes the ratio of money towards goods or services; more money is needed to get the same amount of a good or service, or the same amount of money will get a lower amount of a good or service. Economists defined certain customer baskets to be able to measure inflation. There can be positive and negative effects of inflation.
Causes of inflation
When the total money in an economy (the money supply) increases too rapidly, the quality of the money (the currency value) often decreases. Economists generally think that the increased money supply (monetary inflation) causes the price of goods/services price to increase (price inflation) over a longer period. They disagree on causes over a shorter period.
Demand-Pull inflation
The Demand-Pull inflation theory says it results from "too much money chasing too few goods." In other words, if the will of buying goods is growing faster than amount of goods that have been made, prices will go up. This is most likely happens in economies that are growing fast.
Whenever a product is bought or sold beyond its real price for its worth, then Inflation of money occurs. If a company, for example, makes a small amount of goods which are sold over high quantity then it has to increase the prices so that it can manage the product quantity.
Cost-Push inflation
The Cost-Push inflation theory says that when the cost of making goods (which are paid by the company) go up, they have to make prices higher to make profit out of selling that product. The higher costs of making goods can include things like workers' wages, taxes to be paid to the government, or higher costs of raw materials from other countries.
However, Austrian School economists think this is wrong, because if people have to pay higher prices, this just means they have less to spend on other things.
Costs of inflation
Almost everyone thinks excessive inflation is bad. Inflation affects different people in different ways. It also depends on whether inflation is expected or not. If the inflation rate is equal to what most people are expecting (anticipated inflation), then we can adjust and the cost is not as high. For example, banks can change their interest rates and workers can negotiate contracts that include automatic wage hikes as the price level goes up.
Problems arise when there is unanticipated inflation:
Creditors lose and debtors gain if the lender does not guess inflation correctly. For those who borrow, this is similar to getting an interest-free loan.
Uncertainty about what will happen next makes corporations and consumers less likely to spend. This hurts economic output in the long run.
People with a fixed income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living.
The entire economy must absorb repricing costs ("menu costs") as price lists, labels, menus and so forth have to be updated.
If the inflation rate is greater than in other countries, domestic products become less competitive.
Nominal interest rate rise because inflation is anticipated.
Other websites
Inflation -Citizendium |
14657 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive%20disorder | Obsessive–compulsive disorder | Obsessive–compulsive disorder (often shortened to OCD) is a mental disorder that causes repeated and unwanted thoughts and/or feelings (obsessions) and actions (compulsions). Anxiety is one of the most common symptoms and can lead the person to believe that if a task is not completed, something bad will happen. Such a task may be washing hands many times, keeping the lights on or even keeping their surrounding clean. This belief leads to more anxiety and tension. The actions that someone takes to stop the thoughts and feelings can take more than an hour every day. OCD can limit one's ability to take part in relationships, the workplace, and in society in general. OCD affects around 1.2% of the world's population, and it affects the lives of around 15%. In the United States, about one in fifty adults has OCD.
Symptoms
Obsessions
Someone with obsessive–compulsive disorder has intrusive (unwanted) thoughts called obsessions. An unwanted thought is an obsession that will happen many times and is a thought that the person does not want to have. It is normal to have obsessions, but what changes is how people react to the thoughts. People who do not have OCD are able to ignore bad thoughts and move on, and/or such thoughts do not cause them much distress or anxiety. People who have OCD find it very hard to try and ignore these thoughts. However, just because someone has intrusive (unwanted) thoughts does not always mean they have OCD, but it could mean they have something else. Other brain-based disorders that could result in intrusive thoughts include include Bipolar disorder, Depression, Body dysmorphic disorder, and sometimes Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Different people will have different obsessive thoughts. Some people have obsessions about God, the Devil, or another religious figure hurting them or someone they love. Other people have obsessions about sex. They may think about things like kissing, having sex with, or touching people around them. People with OCD may worry that they will act on these thoughts.
Some people have obsessive–compulsive disorder without compulsions. This is called "primarily obsessional OCD", or "pure-O". It is thought that up to half of all people with obsessive–compulsive disorder have primarily obsessional OCD. People with primarily obsessional OCD may have a third type of obsession; that is aggressive thoughts. People with aggressive thoughts may have obsessions about hurting or killing themselves or people around them. Instead of performing compulsions, people with primarily obsessional OCD may act out compulsions in their mind or avoid the things and places that cause the obsessions.
Compulsions
Many people with obsessive–compulsive disorder act in a certain way to stop the obsessive thought. These specific actions are known as compulsions. To someone with obsessive–compulsive disorder, doing these compulsions are a way to stop the obsessive thought. They may also think that doing the compulsion will stop something bad from happening to them or someone they care about.
Many compulsions are similar to body tics, and up to 40% of people with obsessive–compulsive disorder have a tic disorder. Some examples of compulsion include:
Relying on people or the internet like Wikipedia to tell them nothing is wrong with them over and over again
Hand washing
Cleaning themselves or things around them
Doing something (like turning lights on and off) a certain number of times
Putting objects in certain orders
Counting to a certain number many times
Checking that they did some action, usually checking a certain number of times
Many people mistakenly think OCD is only about organizing or cleaning, but it is more than just those two. For example, someone who has excessive fear of disappointing God, fear they will go to Hell upon death, or committing sins is scrupulous, which is OCD based on religion. Compulsions of someone who is scrupulous includes excessive praying, excessive trips to their church, asking their priest the same question if what they did is a sin even though they've been told it's not, etc.
People with obsessive–compulsive disorder usually know that their compulsions do not make sense, but do them anyways to stop the feelings of panic or anxiety. People with obsessive–compulsive disorder may do their compulsions for hours every day. Their compulsions can also hurt them, such as compulsive hand washing making their hands red and cut.
Causes
The cause of obsessive–compulsive disorder is unknown. There is evidence that genes have a strong role in developing the disorder. If the disorder starts in childhood, it is more likely that other family members will have OCD than if the disorder starts in adulthood. It is thought that obsessive–compulsive disorder is the result of things humans did when they were evolving.stress inducing events also makes ocd severe.
Diagnosis
There are four DSM diagnostic criteria for obsessive–compulsive disorder:
The person has to have obsessions, compulsions, or both. The DSM defines obsessions as thoughts that happen multiple times that the person does not want. The person has to try to get rid of the thoughts. The DSM defines compulsions as actions done multiple times because of an obsession. These actions are done to reduce the stress caused by an obsession.
The obsessions or compulsions take a lot of time or cause lots of problems in the person’s life.
The symptoms are not caused by a drug or a different medical problem.
The problems are not closer to the problems caused by other mental disorders such as an anxiety disorder or body dysmorphic disorder.
Differential diagnosis
There is another mental disorder similar to obsessive–compulsive disorder called Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder or OCPD. The difference between the two is that people with obsessive–compulsive disorder know that something is wrong and become stressed because of their obsessive thoughts. People with obsessive–compulsive personality disorder do not know that something is wrong, and they like their obsessions and compulsions.
Management
Therapy
Behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are used to help people with obsessive–compulsive disorder. The therapy works by making people be in places where they have their obsessive thoughts. They are then made to not do their compulsion. Over time, the person becomes used to the place or things that causes them to have their obsessive thoughts. An example of this is someone who is afraid of dirt having dirt put on their hands without being able to wash it off.
Medication
The medicines that are usually used are called "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors", or SSRIs. These medicines work by stopping a chemical in the brain called serotonin from working. This causes the obsessive thoughts to happen less. In adults, SSRIs are used for people with moderate or severe issues. In children, SSRIs are used after or with therapy for people with severe issues.
If SSRIs do not work, it is possible for a doctor to give someone with obsessive–compulsive disorder anti-psychotic medicines. Doctors may use both medication and counseling for those with the disorder, and they find that this approach works best.
Procedures
Surgery can be used to help people if other treatments do not work. In the United States, surgery is not done unless medicine and therapy have not worked multiple times. In the United Kingdom, surgery cannot be done unless cognitive behavioral therapy has not worked.
Children
Therapy can be used to reduce the compulsions in children and young adults. Family involvement is very important in treating children. Family also can give the child positive reinforcement for not doing their compulsive behaviors.
History
In Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries, it was thought that people who had obsessive thoughts were possessed. They would treat these people by performing sometimes dangerous exorcisms to remove the Devil or evil spirit from the person. In the 1910s, a doctor named Sigmund Freud said that obsessive–compulsive disorder was because of fighting in someone's head. He said that these fights start in childhood when someone gains a "touching phobia", which fights with the natural want to touch things.
Society and culture
There are several movies and television shows that show people with obsessive–compulsive disorder. The movie The Aviator shows the life of Howard Hughes. Hughes was afraid of germs, and his obsessions and compulsions were about keeping germs away. English footballer David Beckham has talked about his obsessive–compulsive disorder. Television hosts Howie Mandel and Marc Summers have also talked about their obsessions and compulsions.
References
Anxiety disorders |
14701 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20Revolution | Industrial Revolution | The Industrial Revolution is the name historians have given to the period in history when there was a large and fast change in the way things were made. This meant that instead of things being hand made in small workshops, they were made more cheaply in large quantities by machines in factories. Products being made in large quantity now meant that they were sold for less. It also led to rise in the rate of population growth. It is usually thought as starting in the 1760s.
Many people began to move from an agricultural based life in the country to the towns where the factories offered more and better paid work. A Second Industrial Revolution began in the 1870s.
Beginnings
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century. Many of the technological innovations were of British origin. In particular, the County of Shropshire was important, for it had both minerals (e.g. iron ore and coal) and transport on the River Severn. This led to the group of industries near the Ironbridge Gorge and the town of Coalbrookdale.
In the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading trading nation. It controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history. Almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Average income increased, and population grew rapidly. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, but others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.
The revolution spread to Europe and the Americas, especially the United States, by the early 19th century. Samuel Slater, who had been an apprentice in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to America. He reconstructed a spinning machine from memory and built a factory of his own.
New ideas and inventions were also taken up and used in mining, the working of metals, and in the transport of goods. Around the same time new ideas in farming were leaving some farm workers without jobs. They added to the move to the industrial towns where they sought out work in factories.
The most important new invention of the industrial revolution was the steam engine. The steam engine, improved by James Watt around 1776, was used to power the factories and pump out the deeper mines. It was also used in railway engines. The heat from burning coal became the main source of power.
Problems
Living standards rose and people generally became richer and healthier and had more children who survived to be adults instead of starving. The resulting population growth in England caused new problems. Where only a few people had been rich because they owned land, now more became very rich thanks to industry. More, however, were still poor and lived in poor conditions. Children and women had to work for a long time for little pay. Often several families crowded into very small apartments. Working at different times, family members would take turns sleeping when they were not working. Families were usually unable to get together. 12, 14, or even 18-hour workdays were common. The Industrial Revolution brought problems of its own.
Advancements
During the industrial revolution, new technology brought many changes. For example:
Canals were built to allow heavy goods to be moved easily where they were needed.
The steam engine became the main source of power. It replaced horses and human labor.
Cheap iron and steel became mass-produced. Steel replaced wood as material for building many of the new things.
Machine tools became commonplace. Things could now be mass-produced in factories instead of making them by hand.
Seed drills and other agricultural machinery brought a British agricultural revolution. Fewer people were needed to work in farming, so many moved to towns and found new jobs in the factories. Many of the new jobs could be harsh, and sometimes dangerous.
Railways were built all around England and then the world. They carried freight and passengers much more quickly and cheaply than before.
Steamships began to replace sailing ships. They could be larger and faster than sailing ships and did not depend on wind and weather.
The spinning Jenny and power loom made it easy to mass-produce clothes and fabrics.
References
Other websites
Industrial Revolution Citizendium
Periods and ages in history
Economic history |
14712 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana | Botswana | Botswana (officially called the Republic of Botswana) is a country in southern Africa. The capital of Botswana is Gaborone.
History
The first people in Botswana's territory were the Khoe and San people. Botswana was first formed as the Bechuanaland Protectorate by the British Empire in 1885.
Geography
The countries that border Botswana are Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Namibia. It is also possible to travel from Botswana directly into Zambia by crossing the Zambezi River by ferry.
Botswana is landlocked. All of Botswana's trade must be brought in over land or by airplane.
The two most important geographical features in Botswana are the Okavango Delta and the Kalahari Desert.
Divisions
Botswana is divided into 10 districts:
Southern District
South-East District
Kweneng District
Kgatleng District
Central District
North-East District
Ngamiland District
Kgalagadi District
Chobe District
Ghanzi District
Culture
People from Botswana are called Batswana. The population of Botswana is about 2.2 million. This is only 2.7 persons per km², a small number for a country of this size. This is because most of the country is desert and very dry.
Botswana has two official languages: Setswana and English. Setswana is the national language (also called Tswana).
Governance
Botswana is a democracy. The people vote for their political leaders. Those leaders vote for the president. In 2008 Ian Khama became the fourth president of Botswana.
President Khama won elections in 2009 and 2014. The current President of Botswana is Dr. Eric K. Mokgweetsi who took over from Dr. Ian Khama Seretse Khama in 2018.
Economy
The economy of Botswana has been growing very fast since it became an independent country in 1966. The people of Botswana have had the world's fastest growth in standard of living since that time.
Botswana's economy comes mostly from mining. This includes diamonds, metals (including copper) and minerals (including salt). Botswana is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the world. In 1999, Botswana produced over 30 million carats (6,000 kg) of diamonds from the three Debswana mines. That is about 25% of worldwide production.
Tourism is also important to the country. Many people come to Botswana each year to see its wildlife.
The currency of Botswana is called the pula (which means rain). It is made up of 100 thebe (which means shield). In 2017, one US dollar was about 10.32 pulas.
In popular culture
The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency books by Alexander McCall Smith are set in Botswana. The HBO television series based on the books was filmed in Botswana.
Gallery
Related pages
Botswana at the Olympics
Botswana national football team
List of rivers of Botswana
References
Other websites
Botswana Newspapers
English-speaking countries
1966 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa |
14713 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry | Ferry | Ferry is a boat or ship that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across large bodies of water, such as seas, lakes and rivers.
In many places around the world, ferries are very important for public transport. Some of these places can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways with bridge or tunnels that join them to nearby places, nor do they have any locations at which to land airplanes, whether it is an airport or only an airfield.
Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free and sometimes it must be paid for. Many ferries also carry cars, some even have own rail tracks, allowing the ferry to carry trains on board.
The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.
The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, in which 193 people died near Zeebrugge in 1987, was one of the worst ferry accidents of recent times. It was caused by a crew member forgetting to close the bow doors of the ferry.
Other websites
References
Public transport
Watercraft |
14718 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa | Rapa | Rapa or Oparo is an island in French Polynesia. It is sometimes called Rapa Iti to distinguish it from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).
History
The first European, who visited the island, was the captain George Vancouver. He visited the island in 1791. The island had an estimated population of about 2000 inhabitants. Four tribes inhabited the island. There were many tribal wars on the island.
The Rapan people were converted to Christianity in 1826, when six embassadors were sent from Tahiti. Soon after that some slaves were brought to Rapa. It caused an epidemy and in 1867 the island's population had declined to about 120. Since late 1800s, the island's population has steadily grown.
Geography
The main village of Rapa is Haurei. Nearly all inhabitants of Rapa are living in Haurei. The Bay of Haurei, which is on the western end of the island, is named after the village. The bay's original name was, however, "Oparo" or "Paro". Smaller villages include 'Area.
Rapa's nearest inhabited neighbor island is more than five hundred kilometers away. Together with Marotiri and some smaller islets, Rapa forms the Bass Islands. Marotiri is 46 miles away from Rapa.
To the southeast is the uninhabited islet Motu Tauturu.
Many mountains are in Rapa. The highest of them is Mt. Perau (650 m). Rapa has a land area of forty km².
Rapa is 1240 kilometers away from Tahiti, the main island of French Polynesia.
Demographics
Most inhabitants of Rapa are Polynesians. Polynesians are believed to inhabit the island in about 1000 BC.
Rapa has a population of 521 inhabitants (1996). Most of them are fishermen. The most spoken language of the island is Rapan. Most children and youth can also speak French.
Rapan is however an endangered language. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Tubuaian.
Culture
The most common form of Rapan folk music is himene tarava. The band The Tahitian Choir is from Rapa and its songs are sung in the Rapan language.
Islands of French Polynesia |
14724 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20Whiley | Jo Whiley | Johanne "Jo" Whiley (born 4 July, 1965 in Northampton) is an English radio DJ on BBC Radio 1, and television presenter. She had a weekday lunchtime show, called The Jo Whiley Show and later The Lunchtime Social. When Simon Mayo left Radio 1 for Radio Five Live in February 2001, Whiley's show was moved to mid-morning.
In July 2009, Whiley published her autobiography, My World in Motion, on CD from Random House Audiobooks.
References
1965 births
Living people
British radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Northampton |
14725 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Vista | Windows Vista | Windows Vista is the 6th version of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Microsoft. It is the successor to Windows XP. While it was being made, it was called Longhorn. On July 28, 2005, Microsoft gave out its real name, which was Windows Vista. Microsoft stopped supporting Windows Vista on April 11, 2017.
Microsoft had worked on Vista for more than five years, so it came with many new features, such as improved graphics, new built-in programs, and stronger defenses against malware. However, Windows Vista introduced many changes to the way the operating system worked, which caused some older programs to stop working.
Vista editions and system requirements
Vista was released in November 2006 for computer makers and January 30, 2007 for home users. The six main editions of Windows Vista are:
Home Basic Edition
Home Premium Edition
Starter Edition
Business Edition
Enterprise Edition
Ultimate Edition
Some editions are meant for home use, while others are made mainly for businesses. Starter Edition is similar to Windows XP Starter Edition, as it is a low-budget edition that was only released in countries where computers were not as common. Enterprise Edition is for big companies that need computers that have good performance.
Windows Vista needs at least 512 MB of RAM to run on all computers. Some new parts of Vista need 1 GB of RAM to work and for better stability and performance.
Development
At first, a major version of Windows code-named Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Features planned for Blackcomb included the Sidebar, an emphasis on looking for data, and an advanced storage system named WinFS. However, a minor release code-named Longhorn was announced for 2003, delaying the making of Blackcomb. By the middle of 2003, Longhorn had gotten some of the features meant for Blackcomb. After three major viruses exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time in 2003, Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn's major development work on hold while they made new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn was reset in September 2004, and it was renamed to Windows Vista. A number of features were cut from Windows Vista as it was being remade.
After Windows Vista was released, Microsoft announced a new plan for the next version of Windows, code-named Windows 7, in 2007.
Service Packs
Microsoft releases service packs to update software and fix problems to the operating system.
Service Pack 1
Windows Vista Service Pack 1 (SP1) was released on February 4, 2008 alongside Windows Server 2008 to OEM partners, after a five-month beta test period. The first use of the service pack caused a number of machines to continually reboot, making them unusable. This caused Microsoft to temporarily stop release of the service pack until the problem was resolved. The same release date of the two operating systems showed the merging of the workstation and server kernels back into a single code base for the first time since Windows 2000. MSDN subscribers were able to download SP1 on February 15, 2008. SP1 became available to current Windows Vista users on Windows Update and the Download Center on March 18, 2008. Initially, the service pack only supported 5 languages - English, French, Spanish, German and Japanese. Support for the remaining 31 languages was released on April 14, 2008.
Service Pack 2
Service Pack 2 for Windows Vista was released to manufacturing on April 28, 2009, Windows Vista SP2 RTM + Windows Vista SP1 Blocker Tool Removed and released to Microsoft Download Center and Windows Update on May 26, 2009. In addition to security and other fixes, a number of new features were added. However, it did not include Internet Explorer 8.
References
Other websites
Microsoft
Microsoft Windows Vista — Microsoft Windows Vista homepage
Microsoft Windows Vista Upgrade Info — Windows Vista Upgrade planning
Microsoft Windows Vista Hardware Design — Hardware Design for Windows Vista — News for Driver Developers and Hardware Engineers
Microsoft Technet — Windows Vista: Resources for IT Professionals
MSDN — Windows Vista Developer Center on MSDN
The Windows Vista Blog — Official blog of the Windows Vista Team
Reviews and screenshots
Windows Vista Screenshots Gallery — Collection of Vista Screenshots from Different Builds
Features of Windows Vista
Windows Vista 32-bit and 64-bit Performance Compared
Windows Vista Ultimate — CNET review
Windows XP vs. Vista: The Benchmark Rundown — Tom's Hardware Guide review
Microsoft operating systems |
14726 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gambia | The Gambia | The Gambia is officially called the Republic of the Gambia. This country is also known as Gambia. It is a country in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa.
Banjul is the capital city. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Geography
The geography of Gambia is unusual. It is a long, thin country. Except for its coastline it is completely surrounded by the country of Senegal. The River Gambia flows from Senegal through its centre and into the Atlantic Ocean.
Climate
The Gambia has a tropical climate. A hot and rainy season normally lasts from June until November.
Politics and government
The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. It was ruled by Dawda Jawara and his People's Progressive Party (PPP) from 1965 to 1994. There was a military take-over in 1994. In 1996, Yahya Jammeh became President. Then in 2016, Adama Barrow was elected.
Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas. They are:
Banjul
Kanifing
Brikama
Mansa Konko
Kerewan
Kuntaur
Janjanbureh
Basse
As of 2013, these are then divided into 43 districts.
Culture
The population of The Gambia is about 1.7 million. People from The Gambia are called Gambians. A number of people from different cultures and backgrounds live in The Gambia. Some of the largest groups are called Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jolo, in that order.
English is the official language, but people speak other languages as well.
Most Gambians follow the religion of Islam.
The American writer Alex Haley, who wrote the book Roots, found that his family came from The Gambia in the 1760s.
References
Other websites
Gambia information
English-speaking countries
Former British colonies
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa |
14739 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry | Londonderry | Derry is the second largest city in Northern Ireland (after Belfast) and the fourth largest city on the island of Ireland (after Dublin, Belfast and Cork. The population is about 100,000. The city was founded in 542. It has old city walls which are still complete. The city is in County Londonderry, near the border with the Republic of Ireland's County Donegal.
History
The city was originally called Doire (pronounced duhruh) which is an Irish word for a group of oak trees. In English, this word became "Derry". After the Ulster Plantations, the London Companies gave money for the building of the Port and Walls in Derry.
In 1984 the city council changed the name of the local government area back to its original title of Derry but the city's official name is still Londonderry.
People from the Republic of Ireland call the city Derry. Many people (mostly Catholics/republicans) from Northern Ireland also call it Derry. Many people from Northern Ireland who want Northern Ireland to stay in the UK call the city Londonderry.
References
542 establishments
6th-century establishments in Europe
Cities in Northern Ireland
Establishments in Northern Ireland
County towns in Northern Ireland |
14740 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point | Point | Point can refer to:
Point and counterpoint, meaning or purpose, especially in a discussion or dispute
Point of order, a matter raised during a debate concerning the rules of debating themselves
Point (geometry), an entity that has a location in space or a plane but no extent
Point man, the lead soldier or vehicle in a patrol
Basis point, 1/100th of one percent, denoted bp, bps, or ‱
Point (typography), a measurement used in printing, the meaning of which has changed over time
In typography, a dot character (e.g.: full stop, interpunct), decimal point)
Point (coat color), fur coloration of the extremities, in animals
Point (gemstone) (2 mg) or one-hundredth of a carat
Point (mortgage), one percent of the loan amount
Points, a railroad switch (British English)
Points, contact breaker in an ignition system
Point system, a system of demerits for driving offenses
Taking point, being the lead element in a military formation
Vowel points: niqqud for Hebrew language; harakat for Arabic
Point Music, a record label
Point (landform)
Projectile point, a hafted archaeological artifact used as a knife or projectile tip
Unit of length
Le Point, a French weekly news magazine
Point (album), a 2001 album by Cornelius
Also see The Point
In navigation:
Compass point, one of the 32 directions on a traditional compass
Point, one eighth of a right angle (11.25 degrees).
Points of sail, a sailing boat's course in relation to wind direction
Places:
Point, Outer Hebrides, a district of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland
Points, West Virginia
Palmer Trinity School, a high school in Palmetto Bay, Florida
In sports and games:
Point, a unit of scoring in some sports and games
Point (basketball), units obtained by scoring baskets during a game
Point (tennis), the smallest unit of scoring in tennis
Point (ice hockey), a goal or assist a player earns during a game
Point, a fielding position in cricket
The point (ice hockey), the location of an ice hockey player
Point guard, in basketball |
14781 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Reserve | Federal Reserve | The Federal Reserve (sometimes called "The Fed") is a large central bank in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 1913. It lends money to other, smaller banks. The Federal Reserve Board is a group of financial leaders who work for the Federal Reserve and decide how much to charge these banks for borrowing money (this charge is called an "interest rate"). The Federal Reserve interest rate is decided by the Federal Reserve Board after studying the condition of the US economy.
When the economy is growing too fast, the Federal Reserve makes borrowing more expensive by increasing the interest rate, which means people and companies spend less, which discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the interest rate is decreased so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.
1913 establishments in the United States
Banks of the United States
1910s establishments in Washington, D.C. |
14787 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent%20Reznor | Trent Reznor | Trent Reznor (born Michael Trent Reznor) (May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the creator of the band Nine Inch Nails. For a long time, he was the only member of Nine Inch Nails. That changed in 2016, when Atticus Ross became an official member of the band. He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.
Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.
He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.
He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album Pretty Hate Machine. When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been Broken (1992), The Downward Spiral (1994), The Fragile (1999), With Teeth (2005), Year Zero (2007), Ghosts I-IV (2008), The Slip (2008), Hesitation Marks (2013), and Bad Witch (2018).
Singers from Pennsylvania
1965 births
Living people
Nine Inch Nails |
14788 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma | Oklahoma | Oklahoma () is a state that is in the southern part of the Central United States. It had a population of about 3,751,351 people in 2010. The state has a land area of about . Oklahoma is the 28th largest state by population and the 20th largest state by area. The name of the state comes from the Choctaw words okla and humma. It means "Red People". It is also known by its nickname, The Sooner State. The state was formed from Indian Territory on November 16, 1907. It was the 46th state to become part of the United States. The people who live in the state are known as Oklahomans or Okies. The state's capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
In the past, Oklahoma was used as a path for cattle drives, a place for southern settlers, and a government-made territory for Native Americans.
The state is a large producer of natural gas, oil and food. It has large industries in aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. The state has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation. Between 2005 and 2006, it had the third highest percentage of income growth and the highest percentage in gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the main economic areas of Oklahoma. Almost 60 percent of Oklahomans live in these two metropolitan statistical areas.
Oklahoma has small mountain ranges, prairies, and eastern forests. Most of Oklahoma is in the Great Plains. It is regularly hit by severe weather.
The cultural heritage of Oklahoma is made from by a population descending from many cultures. These include German, Irish, British and Native American people. There are more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, more than in any other state. Many people in Oklahoma believe in evangelical Christianity. The state is part of the Bible Belt. Oklahoma is one of the most politically conservative states, but voter registration is largest for the Democratic Party.
History
Oklahoma has only been a state for a little over a century, but its history is much longer. Arrow heads from the Clovis culture, Native Americans who traveled through Oklahoma have been found near the city Anadarko. These arrow heads are about 11,000 years old. The Spiro Mound Building Indians were the state's first permanent settlers. In 1541 the Spanish explorer Coranado traveled through Oklahoma while in search of the Lost City of Gold. During the 1830s, the Five Civilized Tribes were forced to move from the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), several Indian tribes sided with the Confederacy. The tribes owned slaves. They agreed with the ideas of the states that seceded from the United States. Also, the tribes were not happy that the federal government did not do what it told them it would do. Not all the tribes sided with the Confederacy. Some tribes had taken control of several forts. This caused much of the Indian Territory to be under Confederate control, but Oklahoma did not become a Confederate state. The Battle of Honey Springs near Fort Gibson on July 17, 1863 was won by the Union forces. This ended the Confederate control of Indian Territory.
On April 22, 1890, the western part of the state was opened to almost 50,000 settlers for the Oklahoma Land Run. During this land run Oklahoma got its nickname, "The Sooner State". The nickname came from the settlers who crossed the territory's borders before the land was opened by the government. A year later, the western part of the territory was turned into Oklahoma territory. The northeastern part, which was home to the Five Civilized Tribes, stayed under the control of the tribes. On November 16, 1907, the western and eastern territories joined together. They became the 46th state of the United States.
The newly formed state became an important place for the oil industry. The oil pools in the area caused the population of towns to grow very quickly. Tulsa became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century. The oil was a large part of the state's early economy.
In 1927, Tulsa businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began a movement to make U.S. Route 66. Avery used section of highway that was already built between Tulsa and Amarillo, Texas to make the original portion of Highway 66. He was the main person responsible for making the U.S. Highway 66 Association to watch over the building of Route 66.
During the 1930s, northwestern Oklahoma went through a period of time called the Dust Bowl. The area had little rainfall and high temperatures. This caused thousands of farmers to go into poverty and forced them to move to other parts of the United States. From 1930 to 1950, the state saw its only loss in population. It lost 6.9 percent of the people who lived there. Because of the Dust Bowl, the state made hundreds of reservoirs and man-made lakes. By the 1960s, more than 200 man-made lakes had been made. This is the most in the United States.
The song Oklahoma! was made the official song of the state in 1953. The song comes from the 1943 Broadway musical play Oklahoma!. The story is set in Oklahoma Territory in 1906 just before Oklahoma became a state.
On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was bombed by Timothy McVeigh. 168 people were killed in the bombing. This was the worst terrorism attack in the United States before the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001. McVeigh and his partner, Terry Nichols, were both convicted of the bombing. Some people think other people were involved. McVeigh was later sentenced to death and executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. His partner, Nichols, was convicted of 161 counts of first degree murder. Nichols is spending the rest of his life in prison without the chance of being released.
Naming history
The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma. This means red (humma) people (okla). Choctaw Chief Allen Wright gave it that name in 1866 during treaty talks with the federal government about the use of Indian Territory. He dreamed of an all-Indian state with power held by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language that meant the same as the English word Indian. It was used to describe the Native American people all together. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory. It was officially accepted in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers.
Geography
Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States. It covers an area of ( are land and are water). The state is shaped like a pan with a long, thin section on the west side. This section, known as the Panhandle, is from west to east, and from north to south.
It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip. The state is partly in the Great Plains near the center of the 48 continental states. It shares borders with Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.
The highest point in the state is the Black Mesa, in the Panhandle at . The lowest point is Little River east of Idabel in the southeast part of the state at above sea level. There are four mountain ranges in Oklahoma. They are the Ouachita, Arbuckle, Wichita and Kiamichi ranges. All of the ranges are in the southern part of the state. Forests make up about 24 percent of the state. The state is also known for having more man-made lakes than any other state in the country. These lakes cover more than with water.
Politics
By the start of the 21st century, conservative Republicans are the growing force in Oklahoma, but Democrats are still a major factor in statewide politics. In 2006, the incumbent Democrat governor won re-election by 66% over a former Republican Congressman. Despite the landslide victory for the Democrats, the Republicans gained two seats in the State Senate, making a 24 Democrat, 24 Republican tie in the senate, and increased their lead in the house of 57-44.
Weather
Oklahoma is in a temperate area of the country. The state sometimes sees extreme temperatures and rain that is commonly found in a continental climate. All of the state frequently has temperatures above or below .
It snows in Oklahoma. In the northwest near the Colorado border, the area can get nearly in snowfall during the winter. The southeastern part of the state usually gets less than in snowfall.
Most of the state is in an area known as Tornado Alley. This is because there is a lot of contact between cold and warm air masses which makes severe weather. Oklahoma has an average of 54 tornadoes each year. This is one of the highest rates in the world. The state is home to the National Storm Prediction Center of the National Weather Service, in Norman.
Cities and towns
Oklahoma had 549 populated places in 2006. It had three cities over 100,000 in population and 40 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are in Oklahoma. They are Oklahoma City and Tulsa. More than half of Oklahomans (58%) live in the two cities.
Oklahoma City is the state's capital and largest city. It had 1,269,907 people living inside its metropolitan area in 2008. Tulsa, the second largest city, had a metropolitan area population of 905,755.
Between 2005 and 2006, the Tulsa suburbs of Jenks, Bixby, and Owasso had the biggest population growth in the state. The population of Jenks grew by 47.9%, Bixby grew by 44.56%, and Owasso grew by 34.31%.
Oklahoma's largest cities in 2007 were: Oklahoma City (547,274), Tulsa (384,037), Norman (106,707), Lawton (91,568), Broken Arrow (90,714), Edmond (78,226), Midwest City (55,935), and Moore (51,106). Seven of the state's ten largest cities are in the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa. Only Lawton has a metropolitan area of its own.
Oklahoma law says that populated areas are divided into two groups. Cities are areas with more than 1,000 people. Towns have fewer than 1,000 people. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power inside their populated areas. Cities can choose between a mayor-council, council-manager, or strong mayor form of government. Towns are run through an elected officer system.
Sports
Oklahoma has minor league sports teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. These teams are in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid and Lawton. Tulsa is home to the Tulsa 66ers. They are part the NBA Development League. The Tulsa Revolution, playing in the American Indoor Soccer League, is also in Tulsa. The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports team to play in Oklahoma. This happened after the team was forced to move to the Ford Center in Oklahoma City for two seasons after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City. They play their home games at the Ford Center under the new team name, Oklahoma City Thunder. They are the state's first permanent major league team.
State symbols
Oklahoma's state symbols are recognized by state law. The Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may add others for special events and to help organizations.
State symbols:
State bird: Scissortail flycatcher
State tree: Eastern Redbud
State mammal: American Bison
State beverage: Milk
State game bird: Wild Turkey
State fish: Sandbass
State floral emblem: Mistletoe
State flower: Oklahoma Rose
State wildflower: Indian Blanket (Gaillardia pulchellum)
State grass: Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
State rock: Rose rock
State insect: Honeybee
State soil: Port Silt Loam
State reptile: Collared Lizard
State amphibian: Bullfrog
State butterfly: Black Swallowtail
State song: "Oklahoma!"
State vegetable: watermelon
References
Other websites
Oklahoma's official web site
Oklahoma Department of Human Services
Oklahoma Tourism Board
Oklahoma City Convention and Visitors Bureau
Oklahoma City History
Oklahoma QuickFacts Geographic and Demographic information
2000 Census Oklahoma Demographics Information
1907 establishments in the United States |
14793 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Jacks | Terry Jacks | Terry Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He was born and raised in Winnipeg. He now works as an environmental activist.
Jacks is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun". The song was ranked number one in multiple countries in 1974. It is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.
Studio albums
Seasons in the Sun (1974)
Y' Don't Fight the Sea (1975)
Pulse (1983)
Just Like That (1987)
Starfish on the Beach (2015)
References
1944 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Environmentalists
Musicians from Winnipeg |
14794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark | Sark | Sark is one of the Channel Islands. Around 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais." Only 400 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark, anyone on the island that want to go somewhere must either walk, go on a bicycle, or go by horse and cart. It became a democracy in 2008.
Islands of the Channel Islands |
14798 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Crumb | Robert Crumb | Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He founded the underground comics movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's Cheap Thrills, the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and Fritz the Cat, which was made into a movie without his approval. He also collects 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was the subject of an award-winning documentary movie made in 1994 called Crumb.
American animators
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American cartoonists
1943 births
Living people |
14800 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e%20Zellweger | Renée Zellweger | Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress, producer and voice artist. She won two Academy Awards for her role in the movie Cold Mountain and as Judy Garland in Judy. She has acted in many movies, including Jerry Maguire, Bridget Jones's Diary, Chicago and Cinderella Man.
Early life
Zellweger was born in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from a small town in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid Irene (née Andreassen), a native of Norway, is of Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and possible Sami, ancestry. Kjellfrid grew up in Kirkenes and Ekkerøy, and is a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians".
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a literature degree.
Acting career
Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example A Taste for Killing and Shake, Rattle and Rock. Her first part in a movie was in Dazed and Confused followed by Ben Stiller’s Reality Bites.
Movies
Cinderella Man (2005)
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
Shark Tale (2004)
Cold Mountain (2003)
Down with Love (2003)
Chicago (2002)
White Oleander (2002)
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
Nurse Betty (2000)
Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
The Bachelor (1999)
One True Thing (1998)
Jerry Maguire (1996)
Empire Records (1995)
Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)
Awards
Academy Awards
Best Supporting Actress: Cold Mountain (2004)
Golden Globe Awards
Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Cold Mountain (2004)
Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Chicago (2003)
Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Nurse Betty (2001)
References
Other websites
1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Singers from Texas
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Katy, Texas |
14801 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl%20Streep | Meryl Streep | Meryl Streep (born Mary Louise Streep; June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirits. She was born in New Jersey. Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time. She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.
Early life
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state. One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.
Personal life
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978. They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).
References
Other websites
1949 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Screen Actors Guild Award winners |
14805 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench | Bench | A bench is a kind of chair, a place where people can sit. Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them. Benches are usually made of wood, metal, stone, and other synthetic things. Many benches have no back.
Furniture
Street furniture |
14807 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20anthems | List of national anthems | This is a list of national anthems.
This list shows the country on the left, the national anthem in the middle, and the meaning in English on the right. The names of states that do not exist anymore, or that are not independent nations, or the names of state organisations are italicized. There are many countries over the world who have a national anthem of their own.
A
Acadia - Ave Maris Stella (Star of the Sea, We Hail Thee)
Afghanistan - Mili Thirana
Åland - Ålänningens sång (The Ålander's Song)
African Union - African Union Anthem
Alaskan Republic - The Star-Spangled Banner
Albania - Hymni i Flamurit (Hymn to the Flag)
Algeria - Kassaman (We Pledge)
American Samoa - Amerika Samoa
Andalusia - Himno Nacional de Andalucía, (Andalusian National Anthem)
Andorra - El Gran Carlemany (The Great Charlemagne)
Angola - Angola Avante (Forward Angola)
Antigua and Barbuda - Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee
Argentina - Himno Nacional Argentino (Argentine National Anthem)
Armenia - Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland)
Aruba - Aruba Dushi Tera (Aruba Precious Country)
Australia - Advance Australia Fair
Austria - Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of Mountains, Land on the River)
Azerbaijan - National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan
B
The Bahamas - March On, Bahamaland
Bahrain - Bahrainona (Our Bahrain)
Bangladesh - Amar Sonar Bangla (My Golden Bengal)
Barbados - In Plenty and In Time of Need
Basque Country - Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia (Anthem of the Basque Homeland)
Bavaria - Bayernhymne (Gott mit Dir Du Land der Bayern) (Hymn of Bavaria / God be with you, land of Bavarians)
Belarus - My Belarusy (We, the Belarusians)
Belarusian National Republic - Vajacki mars (Come, We Shall March in Joint Endeavor)
Belgium - The Brabançonne (The Song of Brabant)
Belize - Land of the Free
Benin - L'Aube Nouvelle (The Dawn of a New Day)
Bharata - Jana Gana Mana (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)
Bhutan - Druk tsendhen (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)
Biafra - Land of the Rising Sun
Bolivia - Bolivianos, el hado propicio (Bolivians, A Favourable Destiny)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Intermeco; Formerly: Jedna i Jedina (One and Only)
Botswana - Fatshe leno la rona (Blessed Be This Noble Land)
Brazil - Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Brazilian National Anthem)
Brittany - Bro Goz ma Zadoù (Land of My Fathers)
Brunei - Allah Peliharakan Sultan (God Bless the Sultan)
Bulgaria - Mila Rodino (Dear native land)
Burkina Faso - Une Seule Nuit (One Single Night)
Burundi - Burundi bwacu (Beloved Burundi)
C
Cambodia - Nokoreach
Cameroon - Chant de Ralliement (Rallying Song)
Canada - O Canada; Royal Anthem: God Save the Queen
Cape Verde - Cântico da Liberdade
Catalonia - Els Segadors (The Reapers)
Cayman Islands - Beloved Isles Cayman
Central African Republic - La Renaissance (The Rebirth)
Chad - La Tchadienne
Chile - Himno Nacional de Chile (Chilean National Anthem)
China, People's Republic of - The March of the Volunteers (official)
China, Republic of (Taiwan) - National Anthem of the Republic of China, National Banner Song
China (Qing Dynasty) - Gong Jin'ou (Cup of Solid Gold)
Colombia - Oh Gloria inmarcesible (Oh Unfading Glory!)
Comoros - Udzima wa ya Masiwa (The Union of the Great Islands)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Debout Congolais (Arise Congolese)
Congo, Republic of - La Congolaise
Cook Islands - Te Atua Mou E
Cornwall - Bro Goth Agan Tasow
Corsica - Dio vi Salve Regina (Hymn to the Virgin Mary)
Costa Rica - Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera (Noble Fatherland, Your Beautiful Flag)
Côte d'Ivoire - L'Abidjanaise (Song of Abidjan)
Croatia - Lijepa naša domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland)
Cuba - La Bayamesa (The Bayamo Song)
Cyprus - Hymn to Freedom
Czech Republic - Kde domov můj? (Where is My Home?)
D-F
Denmark - Civil: Der er et Yndigt Land (There is a Lovely Land); Royal: Kong Christian Stod Ved Højen Mast (King Christian stood by the lofty mast)
Djibouti - National anthem of Djibouti
Dominica - Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour
Dominican Republic - Himno Nacional
East Timor - Pátria (Fatherland)
East Turkistan - Uygur March
Ecuador - Salve, Oh Patria (We Salute You Our Homeland)
Egypt - Bilady, Bilady, Bilady (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
El Salvador - Saludemos la Patria orgullosos (Proudly Salute the Fatherland)
Equatorial Guinea - Caminemos pisando la senda (Let Us Tread the Path)
Eritrea - Ertra, Ertra, Ertra (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)
Esperantio - La Espero ((The) Hope)
Estonia - Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)
Ethiopia - Yezegnet Kibr [የዜግነት ክብር] (Civil Respect)
European Union - Ode "An die Freude" (Ode "to Joy")
Faroe Islands - Tú alfagra land mítt (O Faeroe Islands, My Dearest Treasure)
Fiji - God Bless Fiji
Finland - Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land)
Flanders - De Vlaamse Leeuw (The Flemish Lion)
France - La Marseillaise
Frisia - De âlde Friezen (The Old Frisians)
G-H
Galicia - Os Pinos (Galician Nathional Anthem)
Gabon - La Concorde (Concord)
The Gambia - For The Gambia Our Homeland
Georgia - Tavisupleba (Freedom), former anthem Dideba zetsit kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings)
German Democratic Republic - Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Arisen from Ruins)
Germany - Das Lied der Deutschen, 3rd stanza (Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit)
Ghana - God Bless Our Homeland Ghana
Gibraltar - Gibraltar Anthem
Greece - Imnos eis tin Eleftherian (Hymn to Freedom)
Greenland - Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (You Our Ancient Land)
Grenada - Hail Grenada
Guam - Stand Ye Guamanians
Guatemala - Guatemala Feliz (Guatemala, Be Praised!)
Guernsey - Sarnia Cherie (Guernsey Dear)
Guinea - Liberté (Freedom)
Guinea-Bissau - Esta é a Nossa Pátrai Bem Amada (This Is Our Beloved Country)
Guyana - Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains
Haiti - La Dessalinienne
Hawaii - Hawai'i Pono'i (Hawaii's Own)
Honduras - Tu bandera es un lampo de cielo (Your Flag Is A Heavenly Light)
Hungary - Himnusz (Hymn)
I-J
Iceland - Lofsöngur (Hymn)
India See: Bharat
Indonesia - Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia)
Iran - Sorud-e Melli-e Jomhuri-ye Eslami Iran — National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iraq - (Old anthem) Ardulfurataini Watan (Land of Two Rivers) — Royal Salute
Ireland, Republic of -Amhrán na bhFiann (The Soldier's Song)
Isle of Man - Arrane Ashoonagh dy Vannin (Isle of Man National Anthem)
Israel - Hatikvah (The Hope)
Italy - Il Canto degli Italiani (the Song of the Italians) – also known as Fratelli d'Italia and l'Inno di Mameli
Jamaica - Jamaica, Land We Love
Japan - Kimi Ga Yo (君が代 May 1,000 Years of Happy Reign Be Yours)
Jersey - Ma Normandie (My Normandy)
Jordan - As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni (Long Live the King!)
K-L
Kashmir (Pakistan) - Watan Hamara Azad-Kashmir
Kazakhstan - Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kenya - Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu (Oh God of All Creation)
Kiribati - Teirake kaini Kiribati (Stand Kiribati)
Korea - There are 2 different songs and 1 old song, which have same title.
South- Aegukga (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song)
North - Aegukka (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song) or Achimeun Bitnara (The morning will shine)
Korean Empire (old) - Aegukga (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song)
Kuwait - Al-Nasheed Al-Watani
Kyrgyzstan - National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic
Laos - Pheng Xat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People)
Latvia - Dievs, svētī Latviju (God Bless Latvia)
Lebanon - Koullouna Lilouataan Lil Oula Lil Alam (All Of Us! For Our Country, For Our Flag and Glory)
Lesotho - Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona
Liberia - All Hail, Liberia, Hail!
Libya - Allahu Akbar (God Is Greatest!)
Liechtenstein - Oben am jungen Rhein (High Above the Young Rhine)
Lithuania - Tautiska Giesme (The National Song)
Luxembourg - Ons Hémécht (Our Homeland)
M
Republic of Macedonia - Today Over Macedonia
Madagascar - Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland)
Malawi - Mlungu dalitsani Malawi (Oh God Bless Our Land Of Malawi)
Malaysia - Negara Ku (My Country)
Maldives - Gavmii mi ekuverikan matii tibegen kuriime salaam (In National Unity Do We Salute Our Nation)
Mali - Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali (For Africa and for You, Mali)
Majorca - La Balanguera (The Balanguera)
Malta - L-Innu Malti (The Maltese Hymn)
Man, Isle of - Arrane Ashoonagh Dy Vannin
Marshall Islands - Forever Marshall Islands
Mauritius - Motherland
Mexico - Himno Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Anthem)
Federated States of Micronesia - Patriots of Micronesia
Moldova - Limba Noastra (Our Tongue)
Monaco - Hymne Monégasque
Mongolia - Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol
Montenegro - Oj, svijetla majska zoro (O, bright dawn of May)
Morocco - Hymne Cherifien
Mozambique - Patria Amada, formerly Viva, Viva a FRELIMO
Myanmar - Gba Majay Bma (We Shall Love Burma)
N
Namibia - Namibia, Land of the Brave
Nauru - Nauru Bwiema (Nauru Our Homeland)
Nepal - Ras Triya Gaan (May Glory Crown You, Courageous Sovereign)
Netherlands (and Kingdom of the Netherlands) - Wilhelmus van Nassouwe (William of Nassau)
Netherlands Antilles - "Anthem Without a Title"
Newfoundland - Ode to Newfoundland
New Zealand - God Defend New Zealand, God Save the Queen
Nicaragua - Salve a ti, Nicaragua (Hail to You, Nicaragua)
Niger - La Nigerienne
Nigeria - Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey
North Korea - Aegukka (애국가 The Patriotic Hymn – different song from that of South Korea)
Norway - Ja, vi elsker dette landet (Yes, We Love This Country)
O-R
Oman - Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani
Pakistan - Pak sarzamin shad bad (Blessed Be The Sacred Land)
State of Palestine - Biladi (My Country)
Panama - Himno Istmeño (Isthmus Hymn)
Papua New Guinea - O Arise, All You Sons
Paraguay - Paraguayos, República o Muerte (Paraguayans, the Republic or Death)
Peru - Somos libres, seámoslo siempre (We Are Free, Let Us Remain So Forever)
Philippines - Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)
Poland - Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurka)
Portugal - A Portuguesa (The Portuguese)
Puerto Rico - La Borinqueña
Qatar - As Salam al Amiri
Quebec - Gens du Pays (People of the Country)
Romania - Deşteaptă-te, române (Wake up, Romanian), former anthem Trei culori (Three Colours)
Russia - National Anthem of Russia; formerly The Patriotic Song, Soviet Union Anthem and God Save the Tsar
Rwanda - Rwanda nziza
S
Saint Kitts and Nevis - O Land of Beauty!
Saint Lucia - Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - St Vincent Land So Beautiful
Samoa - The Banner of Freedom
São Tomé and Príncipe - Independência total (Total Independence)
Saudi Arabia - Aash Al Maleek (Long Live the King)
Senegal - Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)
Serbia - Boze Pravde (God the Righteous)
Serbia and Montenegro - Hej Sloveni (Hey, Slavs)
Seychelles - Koste Seselwa
Sierra Leone - High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free
Singapore - Majulah Singapura (Onward Singapore)
Slovakia - Nad Tatrou sa blýska (Storm Over the Tatras)
Slovenia - Zdravljica (A Toast) Naprej zastava slave (Go ahead, the Flag of Glory)
Solomon Islands - God Save Our Solomon Islands
Somalia - Somali National Anthem
South Africa - Nkosi Sikelel iAfrica & Die Stem van Suid Afrika (God Bless Africa & The Call of South Africa combined)
South Korea - Aegukga (애국가 The Patriotic Hymn – different song from that of North Korea)
Spain - Marcha Real (Royal March)
Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Matha
Sudan - Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)
Swaziland - Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati
Sweden - Civil: Du gamla, Du fria (Thou ancient, Thou free, Thou mountainous North) — Royal: Kungssången (The Royal Anthem)
Switzerland - Swiss Psalm (Schweizerpsalm, cantique suisse)
Syria - Homat el Diyar (Guardians of the Homeland)
T
Taiwan - See "China, Republic of"
Tajikistan - Suudi mellii (Happiness of the Nation)
Tanzania - Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa)
Tatarstan - Hymn of the Republic of Tatarstan
Thailand - Civil: Phleng Chat; Royal: Phleng Sansasoen Phra Barami
Togo - Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers)
Tonga - Koe Fasi Oe Tui Oe Otu Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago - Forged From The Love of Liberty
Tunisia - Ala Khallidi (Oh Make Eternal) Himat Al Hima (Defender of the Homeland)
Turkey - Istiklâl Marsi (The March of Independence)
Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan State Anthem
Turks and Caicos Islands - God Save the Queen
Tuva - Tooruktug Dolgaï Tangdym (The Forest is Full of Pine Nuts)
Tuvalu - Tuvalu mo te Atua (Tuvalu for the Almighty)
U
Uganda - Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty
Ukraine - Shche ne vmerla Ukraina (Ukraine Has Not Died Yet)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - National Anthem of the Soviet Union, The Internationale
United Arab Emirates - Ishy Bilady (Long Live my Homeland)
United Kingdom - God Save the Queen
United States - The Star-Spangled Banner
Uruguay - Orientales, la Patria o la tumba (Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!)
Uzbekistan - National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan
V-W
Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi (We, We, We)
Vatican City - Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Hymn and Pontifical March)
Venezuela - Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (Glory to the Brave Nation)
Vietnam - Tien Quan Ca (The March to the Front)
Virgin Islands, U.S. - Virgin Islands March
Wales - Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Land of My Fathers)
Wallonia - Li Tchant des Walons (Song of the Walloons)
X-Z
Yemen - United Republic
Yugoslavia - Hej Sloveni (Hey, Slavs)
Zambia - Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free
Zimbabwe - Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe (Blessed Be The Land of Zimbabwe); Formerly: Ishe Komborera Africa (God Bless Africa)
Lists of songs |
14808 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius | Celsius | Celsius (more precisely, a degree Celsius), sometimes called centigrade, is a unit of measurement used in many countries to measure temperature. This unit was created by Anders Celsius (1701–1744), a Swedish astronomer.
0 degrees (°) Celsius is the melting point of pure water at sea level (normal pressure).
100° Celsius is the boiling point of water at normal pressure. (Water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes).
1 °C is therefore one hundredth (the 100th part) of that difference.
Since 1948, this unit has been called "Celsius". "Centigrade" was the name of the unit before the change. "Centi" meaning 1/100, and "grade" being a scale.
The other commonly used measurement of temperature is the Fahrenheit scale. The Celsius scale, based on multiples of ten, is used with SI, or metric measurements.
History
In 1742, Anders Celsius made a "reversed" version of the modern Celsius temperature scale. In this scale, zero was the boiling point of water and 100 was the melting point of ice. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he wrote about his experiments. He showed that the melting point of ice was basically unaffected by air pressure. Ice would turn into water at the same temperature, whether it was at sea level or on a mountain. This was not the case for the boiling point of water. It would boil easier with less pressure (on a mountain). He decided that zero on his temperature scale (water's boiling point) would be set at the standard barometric pressure at sea level. This pressure is known as one atmosphere. In 1954, Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM (the General Conference on Weights and Measures) set what exactly is one standard atmosphere ().
In 1744, the year Anders Celsius died, the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) used a reversed version of Celsius's scale when he bought his first thermometer. This had a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water's boiling point, similar to what we use it today. His custom-made "Linnaeus thermometer", to use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, then Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments. Ekstöm's workshop was in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, many physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are given credit with independently making the same measurement scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop), who Linnaeus had also talked to; Christin of Lyons; Daniel Ekström, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707–1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius.
The first known document reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis, dated 16 December 1745, that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclér. In it, Linnaeus reported the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University:
...since the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) by the angle of the windows, merely from the rays of the sun, obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees, and in winter not under 15 degrees...
For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide called this scale the "centigrade scale". Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported as "degrees" or "degrees centigrade". The symbol for temperature values on this scale was °C (in several formats over the years). Because the name "centigrade" was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement (one-hundredth of a right angle) and had a similar meaning in other languages, the term "centesimal degree" was used when very precise, clear language was required for international communication, such as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The 9th CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures) and the CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures) officially decided to use "degree Celsius" (symbol: °C) in 1948.
There were three reasons for the decision in 1948 to use the word Celsius:
All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them - Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine.
The symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used, but now meant Celsius. (Linnaeus had an important part of the modern scale, but Celsius first developed it).
The new name meant that centigrade could again mean only the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement.
It would take nearly two decades however, for school textbooks to change from centigrade to Celsius, and many people today still use the old name.
Examples
On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.
Room temperature is about 20 °C.
Absolute zero (the coldest possible temperature) is -273.15 °C.
Winters in Antarctica can be between -80 and -90 °C.
A human's body temperature is usually 37 °C.
Temperature conversions
To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into kelvins a person must add 273.15. For example, 0 degrees Celsius, which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins.
To make a temperature in kelvins into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 273.15. For example, 310 K is the same temperature as 36.85 °C, which is about the temperature of a human body.
To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into degrees Fahrenheit a person must multiply it by 9/5 and add 32: F = (9/5)C + 32.
To make a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 32 and multiply the result by 5/9: C = (F - 32) * 5/9.
References
Units of temperature |
14811 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit | Fahrenheit | Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32). The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.
History
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. In the twentieth century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used. Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States. In the United Kingdom, Fahrenheit is used on some websites, and on weather forecasts. The main reason for this is that the older population is more familiar with Fahrenheit.
The degree Fahrenheit is considered by many to be old fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature. The degree Celsius has largely replaced Fahrenheit's use.
Overall, the use of the degree Fahrenheit is in decline throughout most of the world, with the USA being the main exception.
Examples
On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.
Room temperature is about 70 °F.
A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.
Related pages
Celsius
Kelvin
Rankine
Delisle
Newton (Unit) (force)
Réaumur
Rømer
Imperial units
Units of temperature |
14815 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent | Agent | An agent is a person who acts on behalf of another person, or a representative of an agency.
an FBI agent is an official representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
literary agent, a person who represents a writer
sports agent, a professional who represents an athlete
talent agent, a person who finds jobs for actors, models, and other people in various entertainment businesses.
travel agent, a person who helps plan a trip and buys airline tickets and makes hotel reservations.
Agent can also mean:
a secret agent, a spy (espionage)
a free agent, a sports player who is out of contract
a realtor (US), or real estate agent (Brit.)
In science:
Agent Orange, a herbicide
biological agent, an infectious disease that can be used in biological warfare
In fiction:
Agents, characters in The Matrix
Secret Agent, a 1936 film |
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