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13785 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice | Voice | A voice is used when someone speaks or sings. The sound of their voice can be heard when they are speaking. The musical part of a song that is sung by a person using their voice is called vocals. Some people have no voice. This is muteness.
Many terrestrial animals have a voice, especially those that are vertebrates.
Basic English 850 words |
13788 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Madison | James Madison | James Madison Jr. (March 16,1751 – June 28, 1836) was the fourth president of the United States. He was also the most important author of the United States Constitution and a slaveowner with a big plantation. Madison was the shortest president, with a height of .
Family
James Madison Jr. was the eldest son of Col. James Madison Sr. and Nellie Conway Madison.
Madison married Dolley Todd (née Payne) on April 18, 1794.
Political life
Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature. Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson. Madison wanted a stronger federal government of the United States than the Articles of Confederation provided. He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution. Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it and persuaded people that it was a good one.
Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Madison helped write the first laws for the United States. Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Madison and Jefferson were good friends and helped create the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted a weak federal government.
Madison was selected by Jefferson to be his Secretary of State.
Presidency
Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808. He won that election and the next election in 1812.
The War of 1812 started while Madison was president. Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812. People who still wanted peace called it "Mr Madison's War". Madison and his family were forced to flee in 1814 when British forces seized control of Washington D.C and burned the White House, and many other buildings, to the ground. Dolley Madison, his wife, famously saved a portrait of George Washington from the fire.
The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before. While he originally was against a national bank, he realized that it was necessary and it was necessary for funding a war. When the charter of the national bank expired, Madison renewed it.
Later life
Madison retired to Virginia after his second term. Madison died on June 28, 1836.
References
Other websites
Madison's White House biography
1751 births
1836 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American deists
Presidents of the United States
United States Secretaries of State
United States representatives from Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
Democratic Republican party (US) politicians
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Slavers |
13789 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Monroe | James Monroe | Not to be confused with James Monroe King.
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth president of the United States. He mostly agreed with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the two presidents before him. Many cities have been named Monroe. Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, is also named after him.
Early life
Monroe was born in Virginia. When James was 16, his father died. At age 18, he joined the Continental Army. He later studied law with Thomas Jefferson.
He married Elizabeth Kotright in 1789.
Political life
Monroe was an anti-federalist; he did not want the United States Constitution to pass. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1790. He helped form the Democratic-Republican Party with Jefferson and James Madison.
Monroe was Governor of Virginia from 1799 - 1802.
Monroe went to Paris to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, and later became Ambassador to Great Britain.
Monroe was Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War.
Presidency
Monroe was president from 1817 to 1825. With his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe got Spain to give the United States Florida. Monroe and Adams also created the Monroe Doctrine, which was a policy that said that the United States did not want Europe to be involved in the Western Hemisphere anymore.
Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise. The compromise was to delay the slavery issue in the United States. Monroe was the last president to have fought in the American Revolutionary War and the last one to be one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Post-presidency
Monroe retired to Virginia. After his wife's death he moved to New York where he died on July 4, 1831 of tuberculosis.
References
Other websites
James Monroe's White House biography
James Monroe -Citizendium
1758 births
1831 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
United States Secretaries of State
Governors of Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians |
13790 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Van%20Buren | Martin Van Buren | Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth president of the United States. He was the first president born after the United States Declaration of Independence, making him the first president who was born as a U.S. citizen after 1776.
Van Buren was born in Kinderhook, New York, in 1782. Van Buren studied law by working for Francis Sylvester and later became a lawyer in 1803. In 1821 he was elected as a member of the United States Senate, representing New York. President Andrew Jackson selected him as the Secretary of State in 1827. In 1832, he became Vice-President for Jackson, and in 1836, he became the 8th president of the United States. During most of the time he was president, the economy was in very bad shape, and he was blamed for it. He was the first president to have been born a United States citizen, since all of his predecessors were born British subjects before the American Revolution.
Van Buren lost the next presidential election in 1840 to William Henry Harrison. In 1848, he ran again to be president as a part of the Free Soil Party, but he did not win. Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, of heart failure after suffering from an asthma attack, on his Lindenwald estate.
Early life
Martin Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782 in Kinderhook, New York, south of Albany. Van Buren was the third born of five children. His father, Abraham Van Buren, was a farmer and a tavern owner. His mother was Maria Hoes Van Buren, the granddaughter of a Dutch immigrant. Martin Van Buren went to school at the Kinderhook Academy in the village where he lived. At Kinderhook Academy, he excelled in English and Latin. Van Buren left the school when he was 14 years old.
As a lawyer
In 1796, Van Buren started working in the law office of Francis Sylvester, an attorney that worked in Kinderhook. He kept the office clean, copied documents and did other jobs. While he was working there, he learned about law. After six years under Sylvester, he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of William P. Van Ness. Van Buren passed the New York State Bar Exam in 1803, and became a lawyer.
After becoming a lawyer, Van Buren moved back to Kinderhook to work as an attorney with his half-brother, James J. Van Alen, in 1803.
Five years later, Van Buren became the surrogate (legal officer) of Columbia County. There was no fixed term of office. That is, Van Buren would be there until the opposition party was able to elect someone else in his place. Van Buren held the office about five years until he was removed on March 19, 1813.
Political career
Van Buren represented New York in the United States Senate from 1821 to 1828. He left the Senate to become the governor of New York in 1829. On March 5, 1829 after he became the governor, President Andrew Jackson made Van Buren the Secretary of State, so Van Buren was only the governor for two months.
From 1833 to 1837, he was the Vice President. (Jackson was still President at this time.) Also was leading member of and gained much voting support by Free Soil Party.
Just a few months after Van Buren became president, there was a financial crisis called the Panic of 1837. Van Buren believed in limited government, and did not respond in a way that many people wanted. Many people blamed him for the economy becoming worse, and this made him less popular. He earned the nicknames "Little Magician" and the "Red Fox" for his cunning politics.
Personal life
Van Buren married Hannah Hoes, a cousin, on February 21, 1807. They had five children together: Abraham, John, Martin Jr., Smith, and Winfield Scott.
Death
Martin Van Buren developed pneumonia in the fall of 1861. Due to this, he was bedridden. In July, 1862, Van Buren had a serious asthma attack and began to weaken. Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, at his home in Kinderhook, New York, of heart failure. He was 79 years old.
References
1782 births
1862 deaths
American Calvinists
Lawyers from New York
Deaths from asthma
Deaths from heart failure
Governors of New York
Presidents of the United States
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
19th-century American politicians |
13794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Holland | South Holland | South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called Zuid-Holland in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,726,000 people are living in South Holland (2021).
Cities
The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.
Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.
Landscapes
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the Bollenstreek ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called bulb fields. Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.
The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.
Islands
The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.
Water resources
The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.
Other websites
Plaatsengids.nl |
13795 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Theft%20Auto | Grand Theft Auto | Grand Theft Auto is a series of video games published by Rockstar Games. The first was released in the late 90s. This game was played from a bird's-eye view, meaning that it was like seeing the main character from a helicopter. The second was called GTA 2 and also an add-on pack was added for the first game called GTA: London which was set in the 60s.
Then came the next games which were made in 3D which changed the way Grand Theft Auto was played. The first in the 3D series was called Grand Theft Auto III which was set in Liberty City which is like New York. Then there was Grand Theft Auto: Vice City which was set in the middle 80s. It was very much like Miami in Florida. The next game in the 3D series is called Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas which is based on Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas. This game was a very big improvement from the older game because the map was so much bigger.
Grand Theft Auto IV (GTA IV) was officially announced at the Microsoft 2006 E3 Press Conference on May 10, 2006. Grand Theft Auto IV is now being sold inside stores. Grand Theft Auto IV now has 2 episodes, and a complete collection.
The latest game released in the Grand Theft Auto series is Grand Theft Auto V. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 17, 2013 and later on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 18, 2014.
Grand Theft Auto V broke the industry sales records by earning US $800 million in the first 24 hours of its release. The game became extremely popular in the gamers community attracting programmers to create many mods to it. With New Additional Features and Quality Graphics it became popular multiplayer game. It also earned $1 billion within its first three days which made it the fastest selling entertainment product in history and broke 7 records by Guinness World Records.
There has been a lot of arguing, or "controversy," about these games. Many people do not like how the player can murder random people, and sleep with prostitutes. Because of this, all 3-D GTA games have been rated Mature so far.
Related games
Saints Row
Hunter
Body Harvest
True Crime
The Getaway
Driver
The Simpsons: Hit & Run
References
Other websites
Official Site
Grand Theft Wiki
PlayStation games
1998 video games
Grand Theft Auto |
13796 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Eyed%20Peas | The Black Eyed Peas | The Black Eyed Peas are an American hip hop group from Los Angeles, California. Over the years their music has included R&B, dance and Latin. The group has three members: Will.i.am, Apl.de.ap, Taboo.
Members of this group and its history
Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, was born on March 27, 1975. She is an American R&B singer, actress and songwriter. She was revealed by the TV series for kids "Kids Incorporated" and the TV show "Great Pretenders". The TV revealed her talents and she began her career of singer with the R&B trio Wild Orchid which became the group of the Black Eyed Peas. She acted in "Nine" which came out in theatres in 2010. In 2017, Fergie left the group to focus on her solo career.".
will.i.am (real name William James Adams) was born on March 15th, 1975 in Los Angeles. He is an American rapper and singer. will.i.am rose to fame as frontman and co-founder of the Black Eyed Peas. He has recently left Interscope for a solo deal with Def Jam.
Allan Pineda Lindo, better known by his stage name Apl.de.ap, is a Filipino American Hip-Hop musician and producer. He was born in November 28th, 1974 in Angeles City in the Philippines, from the age of 11 and he moved to the United States because he was adopted by the Hudgen's family. He began his career of singer and performer in the group "Atban Klann" with Will.i.am, which become the "Black Eyed Peas" when Taboo entered this group in 1995.
Taboo (real name Jaime Luis Gomez) was born in July 14th, 1975 in Los Angeles. He has a son named "Josh" who was born in December 5th, 1993. He joined the Black Eyed Peas in 1995.
Before they became popular, the group's members were will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo and backing vocalist Kim Hill. She left the group in 2000 and was replaced in 2003 by Fergie. They first became popular with the single "Where Is the Love" and the album Elephunk and their next album, Monkey Business was also successful. They have more recently released The E.N.D., an album that has had the successful singles "Boom Boom Pow", "I Gotta Feeling" and "Meet Me Halfway".
Albums
Behind the Front (1998)
Bridging the Gap (2000)
Elephunk (2003)
Monkey Business (2005)
The E.N.D. (2009)
The Beginning (2010)
Masters of the Sun Vol. 1 (2018)
References
1995 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hip hop bands
American R&B bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from Los Angeles |
13800 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation%20Portable | PlayStation Portable | The PlayStation Portable, or PSP, is Sony's first video game console to be a handheld. It was made in Japan and came out there first on December 12, 2004. After that, it came out in North America on March 24, 2005 and came out in Europe on September 1, 2005. It was first announced in 2003 at E3 and then next year its first design was shown off. It can play PSP video games, as well as music, video, and pictures. To transfer music, videos, or pictures to a PSP, you must use a USB cable to send the files from a computer to it. The games and movies come on a disc called the "Universal Media Disc" which holds 1.8 GB (this is a lot more than a normal CD, but less than a DVD). A Memory Stick Pro Duo can also be used for memory storage. The PlayStation Portable is the first handheld game console to use a disc as its media storage instead of a cartridge.
In January 2014, shipments of the PlayStation Portable ended in North America. They also ended in June 2014 in Japan and ended shipments to Europe by the end of 2014.
Games and movies
There are over 700 games for the PSP. The movies look like the DVD. The reason the PSP can have movies is because the disc (Universal Media Disc) has a lot of memory space. In many countries, Spider-Man 2 (the movie) was included for free with the console.
Wireless
The PSP is wireless, meaning it can connect to the Internet (and other PlayStation Portables) without any cables. This is called Wi-Fi. This allows players who are traveling to download items, surf the web and play online. The PlayStation Portable can also connect with the PlayStation 3 as a sort of remote control for movie playback and for downloading content.
Versions
There are five versions of the PlayStation Portable, the PSP-1000 (also known as "PSP fat"), PSP-2000 ("slim and light" edition, a lighter version of the original PSP), PSP-3000 ("bright and light" edition, that includes a built in microphone and improved LCD), PSP-N1000 (or PSP Go, with a sliding screen design, bluetooth and internal storage of 16GB replacing the UMD drive.) and PSP-E1000 (similar to PSP-3000, but without stereo sound, Wi-Fi and microphone).
Sony subsequently released the successor to the PSP, the PlayStation Vita, in Japan on December 17, 2011 and starting worldwide on February 22, 2012.
Competition
The PlayStation Portable is similar to the Nintendo DS, because they are both for games you can take with you. However, Nintendo and Sony said they were made for different people. The DS has sold more units than the PSP.
References
2004 establishments
2014 disestablishments
Handheld video games
PlayStation
Sony
Sony consoles |
13803 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSP | PSP | PSP may refer to:
PlayStation Portable - made by Sony
Progressive supranuclear palsy |
13804 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion | Abortion | An abortion is when a pregnancy is ended early, without the natural birth of the child.
A developing human usually takes about thirty-nine weeks to grow and be born. Normally, this occurs about forty weeks after the mother's last menstrual period. This developing human is called an embryo for the first eight weeks of the pregnancy, and fetus for the rest of the pregnancy. Abortion causes the embryo or fetus to die.
When an abortion occurs naturally, it is often called a miscarriage. Humans can also choose to end the pregnancy before birth takes place. This is called an induced abortion. Often, the term abortion often refers only to an induced abortion.
In both types of abortion, the embryo or fetus usually comes out of the womb. This is called a complete abortion. In some cases, the embryo or fetus remains inside the womb. This is called a missed abortion. Surgery is needed to remove the embryo or fetus from the womb so the woman does not get an infection.
Different countries have different laws regarding induced abortion. While abortion is illegal in many countries, there are often exceptions that permit it in cases such as family incest, rape, the fetus having severe disabilities or the mother's health being at risk.
Spontaneous abortions
Names
People speak of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage when the embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes before the 20th week of pregnancy. A pregnancy that ends this way, but that is between 20 and 37 weeks old is known as "premature birth" if the baby is born alive. If the fetus dies in the womb after 20 weeks, or while it is born, this is known as "stillbirth". Premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages.
How common they are
Spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) are common. About fifteen percent of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. In many cases, the woman is not even aware she was pregnant. The pregnancy is only a few days or weeks old and the woman believes the miscarriage is just her menses. About twenty-five percent of all women will have a spontaneous abortion during their lives.
Most miscarriages occur very early. Between ten and fifty percent of pregnancies end with a miscarriage,
where the mother or the doctors are aware of it. These figures depend on the age and health of the pregnant woman. Most spontaneous abortions occur so early in the pregnancy that the woman is not even aware that she was pregnant. One particular study showed that 61.9% of pregnancies end in miscarriage before 12 weeks. In 91.7% of these miscarriages, the woman did not know she was pregnant.
The risk of spontaneous abortion decreases sharply after the 10th week of pregnancy, with a loss rate between 8.5 weeks LMP and birth of about two percent; pregnancy loss is “virtually complete by the end of the embryonic period."
Some people are more likely to have a spontaneous abortion
Those people who have already had several spontaneous or induced abortions run a greater risk of having a spontaneous one. Those with certain diseases, and those over the age 35 also run a greater risk. Other causes for abortions can be the infection of either the woman or embryo/fetus, or their immune response. Certain diseases or an accidental trauma can also cause a spontaneous abortion. Putting the woman under trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion. Some countries call this feticide.
Cause of spontaneous abortions
Most miscarriages are due to problems with the copying of chromosomes, but some are caused by environmental factors. When a human is conceived, it gets 23 chromosomes from its mother and 23 from its father. If it does not get the right number its development happens wrong (it does not grow right.) It may have many bad birth defects.
Most embryos and fetuses with chromosome problems will not live for a long time. They die very early. There are a few chromosome problems that babies can sometimes be born with. For example, Down syndrome happens when there are three copies of chromosome #21. (Usually people have 2 of every chromosome.) This is called trisomy 21 (tri- means 3.)
Symptoms of spontaneous abortions
The most common symptom is bleeding from the vagina. This can be very little blood (less blood than a normal menses.) It can be very much blood (much more than a normal menses.)
Some women have bad pains in their low abdomen when they have a miscarriage. This is sometimes like the pain of menses. It can be much worse. Or a woman may have no pain at all. If the pregnancy is many weeks old, the woman may see the embryo or fetus when it comes out. But if it is less than 12 weeks old a woman may not see anything but blood.
Treatment of spontaneous abortions
Usually, no treatment is needed for a miscarriage. However, sometimes some pregnancy tissue remains in the womb after the miscarriage and must be removed. Sometimes doctors do a surgical abortion. This is the same kind of surgery that is done for induced abortions. Doctors can also prescribe women medicines that can help the miscarriage finish without needing surgery.
Induced abortions
An induced abortion is when things are done to end the pregnancy on purpose. These things are normally done by doctors. In countries where abortion can be done legally, it is often done by specialists who know a lot about women's bodies (gynecologists). Abortions done illegally are often performed by people without this special knowledge. This makes them more dangerous. Such abortions are usually called unsafe abortions, back-alley abortions or DIY abortions, mainly because the risk to the health of the mother is much higher than with abortions carried out by skilled doctors.
Reasons for an induced abortion
There can be medical reasons why an abortion is performed. These include:
saving the life of the pregnant woman
preserving the woman's physical or mental health
ending a pregnancy that would result in a child being born with severe birth defects, which would be fatal, or which would increase the risk of the child dying at an early age.
reducing the number of fetuses to lower the health risks associated with a multiple pregnancy (like twins)
Kinds of induced abortions
There are two different kinds of induced abortions. The type of abortion that is done depends on a few different things, like what the woman wants, what her doctor thinks is best, and how far along a woman is in her pregnancy (how long she has been pregnant).
One type of induced abortion is called a "medical abortion" or a "medication abortion". In this type of abortion, a doctor gives the woman one or two medications that will end her pregnancy. A medication abortion can only be done early on in the pregnancy. This is because the medications that are used work best when they are started as early as possible, and after a woman has been pregnant for about two months, the medications usually do not work very well. Because of this, medication abortion usually is not used after a woman has been pregnant for 9 weeks. Some of the benefits (or reasons why some women choose this type of abortion) are that it can be started as soon as a woman realizes she is pregnant; it does not require anesthesia; and the woman does not have to have a procedure in a hospital or clinic to have the fetus removed, like with the other kind of abortion that is done. After a woman is given the medication or medications that end her pregnancy, the abortion happens like a "spontaneous" abortion or a miscarriage. (The woman passes the fetus, along with the blood and tissue that have built up in the uterus, from her vagina.)
The most common medications that are used for medication abortions are mifepristone and misoprostol. First, a doctor gives the woman mifepristone, which is sometimes also called "RU-468" or "the abortion pill". This drug blocks the hormone progesterone in the body. Without progesterone, the embryo cannot survive. The lining of the uterus becomes thinner, and the embryo cannot grow or stay attached to the lining of the uterus. After a few days, a doctor gives the woman misoprostol. This makes the uterus contract (or get smaller) and the embryo is expelled from (or pushed out of) the uterus through the woman's vagina. Sometimes, another medication, called methotrexate, is used along with misoprostol in medication abortions. A woman is given methotrexate, usually as a shot in a doctor's office, and the drug stops the embryo from staying attached to the lining of the uterus. Then misoprostol is given a few days later.
With the second type of abortion - called "surgical abortion" or "in-office abortion" - a doctor does a procedure that removes an embryo or fetus from the woman's uterus. This kind of abortion can be done in different ways, depending on how long the woman has been pregnant. Surgical abortion is simpler, and there are fewer problems that can happen, if it is done earlier on in the pregnancy. The most common form is called an "aspiration abortion" or a "suction curettage." This can be done in a doctor's office or clinic. First the woman's cervix (the top part of the uterus) is dilated (or made bigger). A medical tool is used to suction out everything inside the woman's uterus, including the fetus. If the woman has been pregnant for more than 12 weeks, the doctor first has to dilate the cervix (or make the cervix bigger), usually by putting small sticks into the cervix to help it open up. If another tool, called a curette, has to be used to scrape out tissue that is still inside the uterus, then this form of abortion is sometimes called a "dilation and curettage" (or "D&C").
Risks and complications
A pregnancy that ends without a child being born also may cause some problems to the woman this happens to. There are two broad groups of things that can happen:
It affects the mental health of the mother
It affects the physical health of the mother
The mother will feel depression from ending the life of her child
Physical problems
Abortion is safer than childbirth if it is done before the 16th week of pregnancy and it is done by a professional. Certain methods of abortion are pretty safe, and complications are rare. Generally, stopping a pregnancy that has gone on longer is riskier.
Women usually feel a small amount of pain during first-trimester abortion. In a 1979 study of 2,299 patients, 97% reported having some amount of pain. Patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache.
Local and general anesthesias are used during the abortion.
Psychological problems
Few studies have been done to see if an abortion affects the woman psychologically, or mentally. Those that have been done give contradictory results. One study looked at 13.000 women who had become pregnant even though they did not want to. The study found that having an induced abortion does not increase the risk of getting mental health problems; the group that was compared were women who also did not want to have a baby, but who did not have an abortion. Other studies showed similar results: women who had an abortion did better in school or at work after the abortion. Another study showed that women who had an abortion had a higher self-esteem and felt better than those who did not.
Many women who had an abortion felt better afterwards, they also felt relieved. They would do it again in a similar situation.
A study done in New Zealand in 2006 showed that many women who had an abortion developed severe depression up to 4 years after they had the abortion. They were also more likely to have problems with alcohol and illegal drugs than those women who did not have an abortion. The person who oversaw the study later told media that given these results it would be very hard to say that having an abortion has no psychological effects on the woman who has it. He called the abortion "a traumatic experience".
Other problems
Both spontaneous and induced abortions have some risk for the woman.
If a bad thing happens because of a surgery or medicine that a doctor gives, or because of a miscarriage, it is called a complication. Complications of abortions can be infection, bleeding, pain. There may or may not be problems getting pregnant again; this is still being researched. In places where induced abortions are legal less than 1% of induced abortions have a bad complication. If doctors do induced abortions, the risk to the woman is less than the risk of complications of childbirth (giving birth to a baby). In places where induced abortions are legal, less women have complications of induced abortion than in places where induced abortion is illegal. This is because induced abortions that are not done by doctors have much more risks. For example, after induced abortions became legal in the United States in 1973, less women died from having abortions. In the United States in 2000, 11 women died from the complications of legal abortion. The risk of death from a legal abortion is 1/100 of the risk of an appendectomy. The risk of death from an injection (shot) of penicillin (an antibiotic) is bigger than the risk of death from a legal abortion.
There can be emotional problems for the woman after a spontaneous or induced abortion. She may feel sad, angry, or guilty that she had a miscarriage or asked for an abortion. She may think she has done something that made the miscarriage happen, or that having an abortion was the wrong thing to do, and because of this she may feel intense grief. There are many places where women can get help dealing with these feelings.
Some women who have induced abortions may get criticism from friends or family who have different beliefs. When scientists look at this in research studies, however, they do not usually see that women have emotional problems after induced abortions. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan told the Surgeon General of the US to look at this question. Both president Reagan and the Surgeon General C. Everett Koop did not think abortion was right. Dr Koop looked at 250 papers that scientists wrote in scientific journals. Dr Koop said that the science we know does not show that induced abortions cause emotional problems for women who have them.
Numbers and reasons for induced abortions
The number of induced abortions done are different for different parts of the world. This is also true for the reasons why women decide to have an abortion. Estimates are that about 46 million induced abortions are done worldwide, every year. 26 million of them occur in places where abortion is legal, 20 million happen in countries where it is illegal to have an abortion. Some countries, like Belgium (11.2 per 100 known pregnancies) and the Netherlands (10.6 per 100) have a low rate of induced abortion. Others, like Russia (62.6 per 100) and Vietnam (43.7 per 100) have a comparatively high rate. Overall, there are 26 induced abortions per 100 known pregnancies.
WHO estimated in 2001 that every year, about 210 million women get pregnant, and that there are about 135 mililon live births. The remaining 75 million cases are miscarriages or induced abortions. About forty percent of pregnancies are unplanned, and about a fifth of the pregnant women decide to end the pregnancy early. This results in about 42 million abortions per year. About 20 million of these are legal, the rest are against the law. Most of the illegal abortions are performed by those who are not medically qualified, often with poor hygiene, which often threaten the lives of the women. The WHO estimated that about 47.000 women died in 2008 because of illegal abortions. This number was lower than the estimate of 1990, mainly because in South America, women opted to take drugs to end the pregnancy.
Methods used for abortions; times when abortions are done
Abortion rates vary. The length the pregnancy has gone on, and the method used to do the abortion influence these rates. According to data collected in the United States, 88.2% of abortions were done in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy, 10.4% between week 13 and week 20 of the pregnancy. The remaining 1.4% were done in week 21 or later.
90.9% were done by curettage, 7.7% were medical abortions (using drugs, mifepristone in most cases), 0.4% by "intrauterine instillation" (saline or prostaglandin), and 1.0% by "other" (including hysterotomy and hysterectomy). The Guttmacher Institute estimated there were 2,200 intact dilation and extraction procedures in the U.S. during 2000 - 0.17% of the total number of abortions performed that year. The Guttmacher Institute estimated that "most abortions in the United States are obtained by minority women" because minority women "have much higher rates of unintended pregnancy."
Some women have an abortion because the society they live in pressures them to.
In certain parts of the world, disabled people have problems to fit into society.
The sex of the child might influence the status of the mother; often, mothers who bear boys have a higher social status than those who bear girls.
In many parts of the world, raising a child is a very difficult task for a single (unmarried) mother.
Certain countries, like China have measures to control their population growth.
Any of these factors might force a pregnant woman to have an abortion.
Abortion and the law
Induced abortion is not legal in every place. In some countries, a doctor who does an induced abortion is committing a crime. In the United States, Canada, and many countries in Europe abortion is legal (not a crime). In some countries like Ireland and Somalia it is legal only to save the life of the woman. In some countries like Chile and El Salvador, abortion is never legal, including in cases where the woman risks dying from continuing the pregnancy.
In countries where induced abortion is not legal many more women die from abortion. Women still get induced abortions, but they cannot get them in safe hospitals and clinics. These induced abortions have more complications than abortions done by doctors.
Women who live in places where abortion is illegal, or heavily frowned upon sometimes travel to other places where an abortion can be done legally, so they can have an abortion. This is a form of medical tourism.
Spontaneous abortion in other mammals
Spontaneous abortions occur in various mammals. In sheep, it may be caused by crowding through doors, or by being chased by dogs. In cows, abortion may be caused by contagious diseases, such as Brucellosis or Campylobacter. This can often be controlled by vaccination, though.
Abortion may also be induced in animals, in the context of animal husbandry. For example, abortion may be induced in mares that have been mated improperly, or that have been purchased by owners who did not realize the mares were pregnant, or that are pregnant with twin foals.
Feticide can occur in horses and zebras. Usually this is done because males harass pregnant mares or force copulation. Scientists have raised the question, how often this occurs in the wild, though. Male Gray langur monkeys may attack females following male takeover, causing miscarriage.
Opinions about induced abortions
Induced abortion is a subject that is controversial. Each person has a system of moral values. Based on their system of morals, people have different opinions about it. Religion can also influence this opinion.
Different opinions around the world
A number of opinion polls have been carried out around the world. They have tried to find out what people think about abortion. Results were different for different countries, but also varied with the questions that were asked.
In May 2005, a survey was done in ten European countries. The people were asked, if they could agree with the statement: "If a woman does not want children, she should be allowed to have an abortion". The highest level of approval was 81% in the Czech Republic; the lowest was 47% in Poland.
A poll was done in November 2001. The poll asked people in Canada in what circumstances they believed an abortion should be permitted. 32% responded that they believe abortion should be legal in all circumstances, 52% that it should be legal in certain circumstances, and 14% that it should never be legal. A similar poll in April 2009 surveyed people in the United States about abortion; 18% said that abortion should be "legal in all cases", 28% said that abortion should be "legal in most cases", 28% said abortion should be "illegal in most cases" and 16% said abortion should be "illegal in all cases". In a Gallup poll taken in July of 2011, however, 47% of Americans identified themselves as pro-life and the same percentage of Americans identified themselves as pro-choice. A November 2005 poll in Mexico found that 73.4% think abortion should not be legalized while 11.2% think it should.
Of attitudes in South America, a December 2003 survey found that 30% of Argentines thought that abortion should be allowed in Argentina "regardless of situation", 47% that it should be allowed "under some circumstances", and 23% that it should not be allowed "regardless of situation". A March 2007 poll about abortion in Brazil found that 65% of Brazilians believe that it "should not be modified", 16% that it should be expanded "to allow abortion in other cases", 10% that abortion should be "decriminalized", and 5% were "not sure". A July 2005 poll in Colombia found that 65.6% said they thought that abortion should remain illegal, 26.9% that it should be made legal, and 7.5% that they were unsure.
Pro-life and pro-choice
Some people have strong feelings about abortion. People who think that the law should let women choose to have abortions are called pro-choice. People who think that abortion is wrong and that the law should not allow it are called pro-life.
People who are pro-choice believe that women should be allowed to have control over their own bodies when it comes to ending or continuing a pregnancy. They believe that, because the embryo or fetus is inside the woman's body and does not have developed enough organs to survive on its own until later in the pregnancy, it is not yet a person with rights. Pro-choice people also make the argument that abortion needs to be legal in order to protect women, because when abortion is illegal, it does not completely stop abortions from happening, but makes it so that women try to do abortions on themselves or get them done by people who are not trained doctors, which puts those women in danger of death or injury. Pro-choice people believe the way to prevent abortion is to make sure women only get pregnant when they want to. In addition to advocating the legality of abortion, pro-choice groups like Planned Parenthood often try to improve people's access to things used to prevent pregnancy (called contraception), and try to teach young people about sex to reduce the number of teen pregnancies.
People who are pro-life believe that all humans, including the unborn, have a right to life. For this reason, they believe abortion is wrong and that it is murder. They think the law should make abortion a crime in order to protect innocent life within the womb. However, though pro-life people think abortion is wrong, there are rare cases in which some pro-life people would allow an abortion to happen, like if the pregnancy puts the woman's life at risk or if she got pregnant from rape. Pro-life people think women who are pregnant and do not want to raise a child should look for alternatives to abortion such as giving the baby up for adoption. There are many crisis pregnancy centers pro-life people have started to discourage women from having abortions. They have also started advocacy groups, like the American Life League, Feminists for Life and Live Action, to try to convince more people to believe that abortion is wrong and to try to get governments to make laws to restrict abortion. Some pro-life people have used violence to try to stop abortions from happening. However, most people who are against abortion do not do such wrong things and so they try to stop abortions from happening through peaceful activism.
Religious views
Many religions have a view on abortion. These views span a broad spectrum from acceptance to rejection. Most religions generally oppose abortion.
Selected issues of the debate
Generally, when there is a debate about whether abortion laws should be changed in a country, there are advocacy groups. Some of the arguments these groups often have are outlined below.
Breast cancer hypothesis
There is a hypothesis that induced abortion raises the risk of getting breast cancer. People who support this, call it a link, rather than a hypothesis.
The subject has been controversial, but currently, scientists agree that there is no link between abortion in the first trimester, and increasing the risk to get breast cancer.
In early pregnancy, levels of estrogen increase. This causes the breast to grow, and to prepare for lactation. In the 1890s, studies were done on rats, before this hypothesis was put forward.
Can the embryo or fetus feel pain?
It is currently unclear from what moment the embryo or fetus can feel pain. This is also used in the debate about abortion. Many researchers think that a fetus is unlikely to feel pain until after the seventh month of pregnancy. Others disagree. At about twenty-six weeks of pregnancy, certain connections are made in the thalamus of the growing fetus. Developmental neurobiologists suspect that these connections may be critical to perception of pain by the fetus. However, legislation has been proposed by pro-life advocates requiring abortion providers to tell a woman that the embryo or fetus may feel pain during an abortion procedure.
Researchers from the University of California, San Francisco published a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The study analyzed data from dozens of medical reports and other studies. The researchers concluded that fetuses are unlikely to feel pain until the third trimester of pregnancy. However a number of medical critics have since disputed these conclusions. There are certain connections in the thalamus of the fetuse. These connections develop at about twenty-six weeks of pregnancy. At the end of the 20th century there was an emerging consensus among developmental neurobiologists that these connections are very important when it comes to the perception of pain in the fetus. Other researchers such as Anand and Fisk have challenged this late date, positing that pain can be felt around twenty weeks.
Pain can have many different aspects: It might be purely relying on sensory input, but it might also involve emotions and thought. For this reason, it is perhaps impossible to know exactly when the embryo or fetus feels pain, even if it has developed the links in the thalamus.
References
Phillip G. Stubblefield & David A. Grimes, “Septic Abortion.” NEW ENG. J. MED. 310 (1994).
Strauss L, et al. “Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2001.” MMWR. 53(SS09) (2004).
Warren M. Hern, Abortion Practice 23‐24 (1984), citing JE Wennberg et al. “The Need for Assessing the Outcome of Common Medical Practices.” 1 Ann Rev Pub Health 291 (1980).
Nancy Felipe Russo. “Unwanted Childbearing, Abortion, and Women’s Mental Health: Research Findings, Policy Implications.” Rocky Mountain Psych. 9 (1992).
March of Dimes information about miscarriages
Letter from C. Everett Koop, Surgeon General Dep’t of Health & Human Services, to Ronald Reagan, President of the United States (Jan. 9, 1989).
Women's rights |
13805 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock | Clock | A clock is a device that tells the time. Some clocks can only show the time. Other clocks can show other things. For example, some clocks can show the date as well as the time, or show other information, like the temperature or the weather, some have stopwatch and some have alarm.
Keeping time
Clocks use different ways to measure time. Clocks need some sort of steady beat or motion to track the change in time. Ancient water clocks worked by the steady movement of water from a container with a hole in the bottom to another container without a hole. Other clocks use pendulums, springs and gears to track the change in time correctly.
Digital clocks work by measuring the vibrations of quartz crystals when charged with electricity. The vibration frequency of the crystal does not change.
Atomic clocks use the electromagnetic waves absorbed and emitted by atoms such as caesium to measure time. They are the most precise clocks in the world.
Clock displays
The two most common types of displays on clocks are "analog" and "digital".
Analog clocks
Analog clocks use angles to tell time. They have hands that rotate around the clock's face (the front of the clock). The position of the hands shows the time. The face of the clock is a flat disk. It will often have the numbers one through twelve on the face to make it easier to read. Analog clocks commonly have two or three hands. If it has two, there is a large hand or minute hand and a smaller hand, the hour hand. Clocks with three hands also have a second hand. This hand is usually about as long as the minute hand, but much thinner.
Each hand shows the time it is named for and moves around the face of the clock one complete rotation for each movement to the next larger hand. For example, the second hand moves around the face of the clock in 60 seconds. It moves once each second. When it moves all the way around the clock, the minute hand moves forward one space. When the minute hand moves all the way around the face of the clock (which takes 60 minutes), the hour hand moves forward one section. The second and minute hands take 60 movements to move all around the face of the clock. The hour hand only needs 12 movements to do the same.
Digital clocks
Digital clocks use numbers to show the time. LCDs and LEDs are common for digital clocks. Unlike analog clocks which are based on 12 hours, digital clocks can use either a 12-hour clock (often with am for morning and pm for afternoon/night) or a 24-hour clock. Digital clocks are usually smaller and easier to both use and read than analog clocks but they can also be made much larger. New digital clocks can even correct themselves using the internet or radio signals.
Sounds
There are also clocks that use sound, usually along with a dial or some other means, to show the time. The sound could be as simple as a bell or so complex that it sounds the same as a person. Many clocks that do this are old and are driven by springs or weights rather than batteries or other forms of electric power. Some special clocks are often used by people who are blind or cannot see well enough to read an analog or digital clock. They can also be used by people with mental problems that cause them to be unable to read other clocks.
Types of clocks
There are many different types of clocks and watches. They are different in what they are used for, what they can do or how they are made. Examples include:
A wristwatch, also called a watch, is worn on the wrist. It is held in place by two straps connected to the watch, and then wrapped around the wrist and connected to each other.
A pocket watch is kept in a pocket. It usually has a small chain which is connected to the person's clothing. This helps people to not lose the watch.
A sundial is an old form of a clock which uses the Sun to tell time.
An alarm clock is a clock that makes a sound (often a buzzing or a bell-like sound) or plays music at a certain time. It is used by people to wake up from sleep at a time they choose.
A grandfather clock is a tall clock that stands on a floor. It uses a pendulum to tell time.
A cuckoo clock is a pendulum based clock which makes a sound each hour on the hour. They often also have a small door. When the clock makes the sound, the door opens and a small toy bird or other item usually comes out of the door.
An hourglass, also called a sandglass or sand timer, uses sand trickling slowly to measure time.
Basic English 850 words
br:Ur |
13809 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20orientation | Sexual orientation | Sexual orientation is forms of attraction to people. There are many different groups. Some examples are: attraction to a different gender (heterosexuality), attraction to the same gender (homosexuality), attraction to more than one gender (bisexuality), and no attraction any gender (asexuality).
The groups are part of sexual identity. Some people use something such as pansexual or polysexual. Other people use nothing at all. Androphilia and gynephilia are an alternative to the gender binary in homosexual and heterosexual. Androphilia is attraction to a man or masculinity (any quality or behavior linked to a man). Gynephilia is attraction to a woman or femininity. Sexual preference overlaps with sexual orientation but is different. A bisexual person may like one gender more than another. Sexual preference may also give the idea of a degree of choice. The scientific consensus (position in the community of scientists) is that sexual orientation is not a choice.
Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation. It is thought that this is a complex combination of genetics, hormones, and environment. Scientists like any biological theory more than any social theory. This is because there is more proof that supports a biological cause of sexual orientation than a social one. There is little proof which gives the idea that early life experiences play a part in connection to sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is important in biology, psychology, anthropology, history, and law.
Difference from sexual identity and sexual behavior
General
Sexual orientation includes heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality, and asexuality. An asexual has little to no sexual attraction to people. This may be thought of as a lack of a sexual orientation. There is a large amount of discussion over whether or not this is a sexual orientation.
Most definitions of sexual orientation are one of two components. The focus is on the desire of an individual or the partner of the individual. Some people like to use the definition of the individual.
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are connected to sexual orientation but are different. Sexual identity is a concept of self. Sexual behavior is sex with other people. Sexual orientation is connections to other people. An individual may or may not show sexual orientation from behavior. A person who is not heterosexual by sexual orientation and has a heterosexual sexual identity is 'closeted'. This term may show a stage of change in any society that, little by little, attempts to support the sexual minority. In any sexual orientation study, scientists use the terms concordance (sexual attraction, sexual behavior, and sexual identity match) or discordance (sexual attraction, sexual behavior, and sexual identity do not match). Here is an example of discordance. A woman with attraction to women says she is heterosexual and only has sex with men. Sexual orientation (homosexual), sexual identity (heterosexual), and sexual behavior (heterosexual) of the woman do not match.
Sexual identity may also describe a perception of the sex of a person. Sexual preference is almost the same as sexual orientation. The main difference is sexual preference gives the idea of a degree of choice. The Committee on Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity of the American Psychological Association says the term supports a "heterosexual bias".
Androphilia, gynephilia, and other terms
Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms in behavioral science (the study of human and animal behavior) that describe sexual orientation. It is an alternative to the gender binary in homosexual and heterosexual. The terms describe the focus of attraction with no need to credit a sex assignment or gender identity to the person. Other terms such as pansexual and polysexual also do not make any connection to the person. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, or ambisexual.
Some scientists support use of the terms to skirt bias in concepts of human sexuality in the West. Sociologist Johanna Schmidt says that a term like "homosexual transsexual" cannot line up in a society where a third gender is supported. One example would be Samoan Fa’afafine.
Bruce Bagemihl is also against "homosexual transsexual". This is because Bageminl thought this makes it simple to say a straight transgender woman is a homosexual male looking to run from stigma.
Same gender loving (SGL) is a term by African Americans that is the same as homosexual.
Gender and social pressure
Very early writers thought sexual orientation connects to the gender expression of the person. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud are some of the more famous writers. It was thought that a female person with attraction to female people is always masculine. Just the same, it was thought that a male person with attraction to male people is always feminine. This understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was a discussion at the time. By the second half of the 1900s, gender identity was seen as different from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both. A homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous. Still, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker say most of the gay men and lesbians describe different degrees of not matching gender roles as a child.
Today, the sexual orientation of transgender people match the gender. A trans woman who experiences attraction only to women is a lesbian. A trans man who experiences attraction only to women is a straight man.
Sexual orientation sees a more complex understanding of both sex (male, female, or intersex) and gender (man, woman, or third gender).
Outside of orientation
A gay or lesbian person may do sexual behaviors with someone of a different gender for many reasons. One reason is the desire for a family that looks common. Another reason is to skirt bias. A third reason is to skirt punishment in religion and another reason is to simply be friends with benefits. Not all LGBT people keep quiet about orientation to a wife or husband. Some who come out as gay or lesbian have a healthy continuous heterosexual marriage.
Change
Sexual identity can change through the life of an individual. This may or may not line up with sex, sexual behavior, or sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is stable and will not change for most people. Still, some tests say that some people may experience change in sexual orientation. This is more common for a woman than for a man.
Cause
Scientists do not yet know the exact cause of sexual orientation. People thought that homosexuality was the result of wrong brain development. Early life experience and sexual abuse was thought to cause wrong brain development. This thought process comes from bias about homosexuality. Now many people guess that biology and environment play a complex part as a cause.
Biology
Tests link many biological factors which may have relation to the development of sexual orientation. The factors are genes, prenatal hormones, and brain structure. Tests are continuous in this area.
Scientists have a belief that sexual orientation is not from any one factor. Instead, this is thought to be from a combination of genetics, hormones, and environment. There is more proof that supports a biological cause of sexual orientation than a social one. It is not thought that sexual orientation is a choice. Some scientists have the belief that this is set at fertilization. Statistics say there are biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals. This may result from the same cause as sexual orientation itself.
Genetic factors
Identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation as fraternal twins. This means genes are linked to the development of sexual orientation. Studies have not found single 'gay genes', instead several thousand genes of a small influence are involved in sexual orientation. There are issues with the methods used in this research.
Hormones
The hormone theory of sexuality holds that certain hormones play a part in the sexual orientation that shows later in a mature person. Hormones in the fetus may be the prime effect on sexual orientation. This also may be one of many factors that combines with genes, environment, and social conditions to make a sexual orientation.
In humans, it is normal for females to have two X chromosomes. For males, it is normal to have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. A human fetus starts as female so the Y chromosome is what makes the changes necessary to switch to male. Androgen hormones control this process. These androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The testicles in the fetus are responsible for the existence of androgens. The androgens will work together to make the sex difference of the fetus. This results in differences between males and females. Some scientists change androgen levels in mammals during fetus and early life as experiments.
Birth Order
More than one study says the chance of homosexuality in a male increases with each successful birth of a male child. This effect ends if a male uses his left hand more than his right hand since birth.
Fraternal birth order (FBO) effect is a theory that has strong proof of its prenatal origin. No proof so far links this to an exact prenatal process. Tests give the idea that this may be from the immune system. This is a immune reaction from the mother against a substance important to the development of the male fetus. This reaction is even more probable after every successful male birth. It is thought that this immune effect changes future males prenatal development. This process is the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH). This starts when cells from a male fetus enter the circulation of the mother. The immune system of the mother cannot support the Y proteins because she is female. This causes the development of antibodies. An antibody travels through the placenta into the section with the fetus. From here, an antibody crosses the blood–brain barrier of the brain of the fetus. This alters sex differences in brain structures relative to sexual orientation. This cause the son to experience more attraction to a man than a woman.
Social environment
There is little proof to support the suggestion that early life experience or sexual abuse play a part in connection to sexual orientation. The viewpoints of parents may have an effect on how a child experiments with behaviors that link to a certain sexual orientation.
Effort to change sexual orientation
A sexual orientation change effort is a plan that will try to change a same gender sexual orientation. This is cognitive behavioral therapy or conversion therapy.
No mental health organization gives approval to any effort to change sexual orientation. Almost all have a statement that says not to get a treatment that claims to change sexual orientation. Some orginizations with that statement are the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers, Royal College of Psychiatrists, and Australian Psychological Society.
In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization makes a statement that says not to get a service that claims to change people with a not heterosexual sexual orientation. This is because there is no medical need. This is also a serious threat to the well-being of people that use this service. The scientific consensus of the world is that homosexuality is a normal and natural form of human sexuality. Homosexuality cannot be thought of as a disease. The Pan American Health Organization also says governments, schools, organizations, and communication outlets need to support respect for differences. Sometimes, a gay child will have to go to a "treatment" without choice. A gay child is sometimes put in a place separate from everyone for many months. Any places that have such poor treatment be subject to punishment under government law. This is for two reasons. The first reason is because this is against the moral concepts of medical care. The second reason is because this is against human rights that the international agreement keeps safe.
The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) takes takes issue with how the mental health society describes the success of conversion therapy. NARTH also takes issue with how the mental health society describes sexual orientation for two reasons. One reason is because it is not a fixed two part quality. The second reason is because it is not a disease. Instead, it describes as a continuous order of sexual attraction and emotional attraction. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists say there is trouble with the positions of the NARTH. Science cannot support the positions. The positions also make an environment in which bias increases.
Measure
Different definitions and strong social rules about sexuality makes sexual orientation hard to measure.
Early organization systems
In the 1860s, Karl Henrich Ulrichs makes small books about a sexual orientation organization system. The organization system is only for males. It separates males into three simple groups. The groups are dionings, urnings and uranodionings. Ulrichs outlines a set of questions to check if a man was an urning.
A dioning is the same as heterosexual male. An urning is the same as a homosexual male. An uranodioning is the same as a bisexual male.
Urnings are put into four groups.
A mannling is a masculine urning. A weibling is an effeminate urning. A zwischen is an androgynous urning. A virilised is an urning that will only have heterosex sex.
In 1896, Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld makes a system that measures the strength of sexual desire of an individual. This system measures on two different scales of 10 points. The scales are A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5. A homosexual individual may be A5, B0. An asexual is A0, B0. Someone with a strong attraction to both genders may be A9, B9.
Kinsey scale
Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin made the Kinsey scale. This scale was in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. It was made to fight the idea that people can only be homosexual or heterosexual. Kinsey sees that much of population is not all heterosexual or all homosexual. Such people experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior.
The Kinsey scale is an organization of sexual orientation. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in their history.
Even with eight groups, it is still hard determining which group will be good to put an individual in. Masters and Johnson talk about the difficulty of sexual comparisons with the Kinsey results. They find it hard to put an individual between the numbers 2 to 4 if the individual has a large amount of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. This is because it becomes hard for that individual to judge the relative amount of each without bias.
Kinsey thought about two areas of sexual orientation. The two areas are sexual reactions and sexual experiences. Weinrich says important information is lost when the two values combine into one final result. A person only with same gender sexual reactions is different from someone with little sexual reactions but a large amount of same gender sexual experiences. Also, there are more than two areas of sexuality to be thought about. Attraction and identity are other areas to judge. This is fixed in the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.
A 1970s study on masculinity and femininity says that the concepts are better on separate scales. The scales are in place of single continuous scale. Each end of the scale is representative of total opposites. When on the same scale, one will have to decrease for the other to increase. To be more feminine, one has to be less masculine. To be more masculine, one has to be less feminine. However, if they are thought of as separate areas, one can be both very masculine and very feminine. In the same way, heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual. Or someone can be not very much of either. This makes determining the degree of heterosexual and homosexual in an individual easy. It is easy because each area is thought as independent rather than attempts to match a specific balance like the Kinsey scale.
The Self Assessment of Sexual Orientation
The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) is an improvement on the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid. SASO improves in three areas. It contains many sections of sexual orientation. It also separates homosexuality and heterosexuality. SASO can start discussions on the best ways to measure sexual orientation.
Discrimination
Many people have been discriminated against because of their sexual orientation. In many cultures, people who are homosexual or bisexual have been teased (made fun of), fired from their job, or made to suffer violence because of who they are. In many countries and states, there are laws against having sex with somebody of the same gender, and people can be put in jail because of who they have sex with. In the United States, these laws were struck down (repealed) by the United States Supreme Court in the last few years. The Yogyakarta Principles are made to combat such discrimination and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights also made a document "Born Free and Equal" to counter them by international human rights law.
Related pages
Homophobia
Yogyakarta Principles
Romantic orientation
Note
LGBT |
13810 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley | Smiley | A smiley (also called a "smiley face" and an "emoticon") is a picture of a smiling face that is used to show emotion. The first smileys to be widely used were made as yellow buttons, but now the most common smileys are made using computer keyboard symbols. Smileys are used by many people in emails and other types of computer messages. A "smiley" is also sometimes spelt wrongly as "smily" or "smilie".
History
Smiley button
There were a number of early uses of simple graphics representing a smiling face. Some of these used a large circle containing two dots for eyes and a curve for the mouth. The most well-known smiley face was created in 1963 by Harvey Ball for an insurance company in Massachusetts. This design was a bright yellow circle representing a face, with black oval eyes and a big curved mouth with smile creases at the ends.
The design was made popular in the early 1970s by a pair of brothers, Murray and Bernard Spain, who though of a great plan to sell novelty items. The two used the "smiley face" on buttons as well to decorate coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other things. They also used the phrase "Have a happy day" (which was the idea of Gyula Bogar). "Smiley" buttons were very popular from the 1970s onwards.
Smileyworld Ltd
Smiley is a brand developed by Franklin Loufrani since 1971. He controls Smileyworld Ltd, a company whose mission is to make the world a happier place to live. Its brand Smiley is sold all over the world in several lifestyle industries, and its designers are constantly developing very creative and edgy products. The company donates ten percent of its royalties to a charity called the Smiley World Association, active with social actions in several countries. Its baseline is "Share your smile with those in need".
In 1997 Franklin's son Nicolas Loufrani has started to create a new world with icons based on the original Smiley logo. Today over 1200 icons are used as part of a brand called Smileyworld. This brand is based on a communication concept aimed at helping people to communicate better through various social expression products (greeting cards, gifts, etc.). It is also an educative project with books, toys, interactive products as well as a lifestyle brand for children.
Legal
Smiley has been a registered trademark since 1971. The Smiley name and logo now registered and used in over 100 countries for 25 classes of goods and services. More than 1200 Smiley emoticons are registered with the Washington Library of Congress and protected by the Universal Copyrights Convention. In the past 10 years, Smileyworld Ltd has signed more than 800 licensing contracts worldwide and has been using its rights in most classes of goods and services in all important countries on the 5 continents. Smileyworld Ltd works with over 60 law firms to protect its IP.
Emoticon
In the 1990s people started using the internet and emails as a regular way of communicating. So that they could show happiness or fun in an easy way, people started making little smiling faces using some of the symbols on the keyboard. A keyboard smiley has a colon ":" for the eyes, a hyphen "-" for the nose, and a parenthesis ")" for the mouth. Some people make the smiley without the hyphen for a nose. The "smileys" that are made in this way are sideways.
Here is a smiley:
:-)
When you tilt your head to the left, it looks like a smiling face.
Smileys are usually used as part of a written message, but sometimes a smiley is just sent on its own to say "I am happy with your last message." Smileys are a useful way to show feelings to someone who cannot see the face of person sending the message.
A smiley is usually used to show happiness: "I bought a new computer today! :-)"
A smiley can show that the sender does not want to hurt a person's feelings: "That was a silly thing to do! :-)"
A smiley can show that the sender is joking or being sarcastic: "Don't you think tests in school are really fun? :-)"
From the smiley came other ideas for showing emotions using keyboard symbols:
:-) ... Smiley
;-)... I'm winking! (used to flirt with someone via text, mail, etc.)
:-D ... I'm very happy!
x-D ... I'm laughing!
:-( ... I'm frowning!
:-| ... I'm bored!
:-o ... I'm surprised!
:'( ... I'm crying!
:-s ... I'm worried!
{:-o .. I'm going crazy!
:-P ... I'm poking my tongue out!
x-P ... That's disgusting!
<:o) .. Let's have a party!
Some people use different symbols, or do not use a nose, etc.
References
Internet culture
Symbols |
13812 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco | Flamenco | Flamenco is a style of baile and was founded in Sevilla contrary to what VHL says. It is a form of entertainment with song, music and dance. It is very popular in Spain and is known worldwide. Its foundation is in Andalusia in Spain. In its evolution Andalusian gypsies played an important part. The term 'flamenco' was first recorded in the late 18th century but many believe the art form is much older.
Flamenco has acoustic guitar music, singing, hand claps, heel stamps, castanets. It is danced by a man and a woman in traditional Spanish costumes. The dance has no set tempo. It may have both fast and slow passages, rising to a climax near the end.
Flamenco performance has evolved during the history of this musical genre. In the beginning (the 18th century at the latest), songs were sung without any guitar accompaniment. During the 19th century, the guitar was used to accompany songs. Since the second half of the 19th century, the solo guitar is played in flamenco concerts.
On November 16, 2010, UNESCO declared Flamenco one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Related pages
Carmen Amaya
Antonio Ruiz Soler
References
Other websites
Examples of flamenco:
Traditional flamenco
Traditional flamenco by José Greco
Notable for the voice and guitar as well as the dance by Sara Barras
Ramon Ruiz group
Music genres
Dance types
Entertainment
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity |
13814 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream%20%28band%29 | Cream (band) | Cream was a British rock band in the late 1960s. They played and recorded together from 1966 to 1968. The members of the group were Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker. They were called a power trio, as there were three musicians, who all played essential roles in the band. Their sound of heavy blues-rock was a great influence on many other bands. They were one of the most skilled rock bands of all time; the guitarist and bassist were capable of soloing at the same time. Clapton helped pioneer the use of the wah-wah pedal and played a famous guitar called The Fool. Clapton developed what he called the "woman tone" on his guitar, while Bruce played a fretless bass guitar, and Baker played unusual rhythms on drums to create the band's distinctive sound.
Cream's hit records included the songs "Strange Brew", "Sunshine Of Your Love" and "White Room". Their last album, titled Goodbye, included a song called "Badge", co-written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison of The Beatles.
Albums
Fresh Cream (1966)
Disraeli Gears (1967)
Wheels of Fire (1968)
Goodbye (1969)
Other websites
Hear Cream on the Pop Chronicles.
1966 establishments in England
1968 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from London
Musical trios |
13815 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20Faith | Blind Faith | Blind Faith was an English rock-blues band. The band was only together for about one year (1969). It was formed by Eric Clapton who had been in the band Cream. Also in the band were Ginger Baker (who was Cream's drummer) and Rick Grech (who was in the band "Family"). Clapton, Winwood, and many other people had high expectations for the new band, but many people did not like the new stuff they were doing. Many people wanted to hear music like Cream made. The name of the band came about as a result of the "blind faith" shown by many people. These people had thought that the band would go on to greatness. Many people did not like the band and they broke up. Before they broke up, they released a self-titled album. It caused controversy because it only had six songs and featured a naked teenage girl holding a toy airplane on the cover. This image upset some people.
English rock bands
Blues bands |
13818 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Guess%20Who | The Guess Who | The Guess Who is a Canadian rock band. They formed in Winnipeg in 1963 and broke up in 1975. Their best known songs include, American Woman, Share The Land, No Time, and These Eyes.
The band was inducted into The Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1987.
References
Guess Who
Canadian hard rock bands
Folk music groups
Blues bands
People from Manitoba
Musical groups established in 1963
1963 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 1977
1977 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Canada |
13822 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Springsteen | Bruce Springsteen | Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American rock musician from New Jersey. His songs include "Born to Run" and "Born in the USA". For more than 30 years he has been a singer along with his "E-Street Band." Also, he is now a member in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Jon Landau, a music writer for Rolling Stone magazine, once said: "I have seen the future of rock and roll, and its name is Bruce Springsteen." Springsteen won an Oscar for his song "Streets Of Philadelphia", written for the Tom Hanks' movie Philadelphia.
Early life
Springsteen was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, and spent his childhood and high school years in Freehold Borough. His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was a bus driver.His mother, Adele Ann (née Zirilli), was a legal secretary. He has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela. Pamela was an actor but left this profession and became a photographer. She took photos for the Human Touch and Lucky Town albums.
Raised Catholic, Springsteen attended the St. Rose of Lima Catholic school in Freehold Borough.Old teachers have said he was a "loner, who wanted nothing more than to play his guitar." He completed high school, but felt so uncomfortable that he skipped his own graduation ceremony. He briefly went to Ocean County College but had no degree.
Early career
Till the early 1970s he played with different bands in the Atlantic area. In 1972 he signed a record contract with Columbia Records. His first album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in January 1973, was commercially not a success but was highly favored by music critics. Also his second album The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle was more acclaimed than sold.
In the May 22, 1974, issue of Boston's The Real Paper, music critic Jon Landau wrote after seeing a performance at the Harvard Square Theater, "I saw rock and roll future, and its name is Bruce Springsteen. And on a night when I needed to feel young, he made me feel like I was hearing music for the very first time." Landau became Springsteen's manager and producer.
Breakthrough
The commercial breakthrough was his third album Born to Run, which was released on August 25, 1975. Due to this Springsteen was on the covers of Time magazine and Newsweek. After a legal battle with his old manager Mike Appel, he could release his third album Darkness on the Edge of Town not earlier than 1978. In 1978, he worked together with Patti Smith, who had a hit with Springsteen's song "Because the Night". Also Manfred Mann ("Blinded by the Light") and the Pointer Sisters ("Fire") had success with songs of Bruce Springsteen. The next album was The River. The single from this album "Hungry Heart" was his first Top 10 hit. The River brought Bruce Springsteen in a wide range of styles from ballads to rock songs.
His next album was Nebraska (1982) which he recorded in a studio at his home. The only instruments in this record were guitar and harmonica. The songs are about outsiders of the US society. Despite its commercial flop it is regarded by critics as one of Springsteen's best albums.
He is probably best known for his next album Born in the USA which sold 15 million copies in the USA. It contains 7 hit singles which all reached the Top 10. The following tour was also a huge success. The title track of the album was widely misunderstood as patriotic hymn. In fact it was a comment on the poor treatment of Vietnam veterans. In later years Springsteen performed the song only with acoustic guitar to make the meaning of the song more clear. An acoustic version also appeared on Tracks, a later album. Videos for the album were made by famous movie directors Brian De Palma and John Sayles.
The next album was Live/1975–85, which summed up the powerful live performances of Bruce Springsteen. It was a five records box-set and was the first set which reached #1 in the charts.
After Born in the USA, Springsteen recorded again more sedate and contemplative albums like Tunnel of Love (1987). In late 1989 he dissolved the E-Street Band and married Patti Scialfa. The couple relocated to California. In 1992 he released two albums at once, Human Touch and Lucky Town. After he had received many Grammy Awards he also was winner of the Academy Award in 1994 for his song "Streets of Philadelphia", which appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Philadelphia.
In 1995, he released his second solo guitar album, The Ghost of Tom Joad, inspired by John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Following the album he made a solo acoustic tour where he played the new songs but also many of his older songs in acoustic form. After the tour he and his family went back to New Jersey.
In 1999, the E Street Band and Springsteen officially played together again. They made a reunion tour which lasted over one year. The last two concerts of the tour were recorded for an HBO Concert also a DVD and album was released under the title Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band: Live in New York City. The same year Springsteen was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
About the 1990s Springsteen said: "I didn't do a lot of work. Some people would say I didn't do my best work."
In 2002 the artist released The Rising the first studio album with the E Street Band for 19 years. The 2005 album Devils & Dust was again mostly acoustic and recorded without the band. In November 2005, Sirius Satellite Radio started a 24-hour, seven-day-a-week radio station on Channel 10 called "E Street Radio". This channel brings commercial-free Bruce Springsteen music, including rare tracks, interviews, and daily concerts of Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band recorded throughout their career. In April 2006, Springsteen released We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions, a project with folk songs which were made popular by Pete Seeger. It was recorded with a large ensemble of musicians including only Patti Scialfa, Soozie Tyrell, and The Miami Horns from past efforts. The end of the decade brought three albums. (Magic (#1), Working on a Dream (#1) and The Promise (#16), which featured again outtakes of different songs). On January 11, 2009, Springsteen won the Golden Globe Award for Best Song for "The Wrestler", from the Mickey Rourke movie by the same name.
Springsteen and politics
In September 1979, Springsteen and the E Street Band joined the Musicians United for Safe Energy (MUSE) anti-nuclear power collective at Madison Square Garden for two nights, playing an short set and two songs from his next album. 1988 Springsteen headlined the worldwide Human Rights Now! tour for Amnesty International. 2008 he supported Barack Obama's presidential campaign
and he was the musical opener for the Obama Inaugural Celebration on January 18, 2009. He performed "The Rising" with a female choir. Later he performed Woody Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land" with Pete Seeger.
Lyrics
Springsteen's lyrics often explore highly personal themes such as disappointment and unhappiness with life in everyday situations.
E Street Band
He did most of his records with the E Street Band. The band was formed in October, 1972. Although Springsteen played with other bands, the E Street Band was his band for 40 years. The band took the name from a street in Belmar, New Jersey where the mother of a founding member lived and allowed the band to practice. The band members do also solo works and play as session musicians (for example: Bittan and Van Zandt for Bob Dylan on Empire Burlesque). Clemons and Lofgren also went on tour with Ringo Starr and his All-Starr Band in 1989.
Although Springsteen informed the band in 1989 that he would not play with them they stayed friends and from 1999 onwards they again played and recorded together.
Band members
Discography
Albums
Major studio albums (along with their chart positions in the U.S. Billboard 200 at the time of release):
1973: Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (#60)
1973: The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (#59)
1975: Born to Run (#3)
1978: Darkness on the Edge of Town (#5)
1980: The River (#1)
1982: Nebraska (#3)
1984: Born in the U.S.A. (#1)
1987: Tunnel of Love (#1)
1992: Human Touch (#2)
1992: Lucky Town (#3)
1995: The Ghost of Tom Joad (#11)
1998: Tracks (#64)
2002: The Rising (#1)
2005: Devils & Dust (#1)
2006: We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (#3)
2007: Magic (#1)
2009: Working on a Dream (#1)
2010: The Promise (#16)
2012: Wrecking Ball
2014 High Hopes
Live albums
1986: Live/1975–85 (#1)
1993 In Concert / MTV Plugged (#189)
2001 Live in New York City (#5)
2006 Hammersmith Odeon, London ’75 (#93)
2007 Live in Dublin(Bruce Springsteen & The Seeger Sessions Band) (#23)
Singles
1975 Born to Run
1978 Prove It All Night
1980 Hungry Heart
1981 Fade Away
1981 The River
1984 Dancing in the Dark
1984 Cover Me
1984 Born in the U.S.A. (song)
1985 I’m on Fire
1985 Glory Days
1985 I’m Goin’ Down
1985 My Hometown
1985 Santa Claus Is Coming to Town
1986 War
1987 Fire
1987 Born to Run (Live)
1987 Brilliant Disguise
1987 Tunnel of Love
1988 One Step Up
1988 Tougher Than the Rest
1988 Spare Parts
1992 Human Touch
1992 Better Days
1992 57 Channels (And Nothin’ On)
1992 Leap of Faith
1993 Lucky Town (live)
1994 Streets of Philadelphia
1995 Secret Garden
1996 The Ghost of Tom Joad
1996 Missing
2002 The Rising
2002 Lonesome Day
2003 Waitin’ on a Sunny Day
2005 Devils & Dust
2007 Radio Nowhere
2008 Girls in Their Summer Clothes
2008 Working on a Dream
2012 We Take Care of Our Own
Other websites
Bruce Springsteen – official website
http://www.idiomag.com/artist/bruce_springsteen
Highlights of Springsteen at Glastonbury 2009.
Bruce Springsteen at NPR Music
"Library of Hope and Dreams":bibliography of published Springsteen scholarship in English.
References
1949 births
Living people
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Singers from New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Kennedy Center honorees |
13825 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex | Intersex | Intersex variations occur (though rarely) in species which use sexual reproduction. Intersex people are born with sex characteristics that lie between those of typical males and typical females. Hermaphrodite is a term that gets confused with intersexual, and while all hermaphrodites are intersexual, not all intersexual people are hermaphrodites. The clinical term 'disorders of sex development' (DSD) is very controversial.
An intersex individual's genitalia may be atypical in some way. It can be difficult to determine if an intersex baby is genetically male or female (with XY chromosomes or XX chromosomes). They may also have male and/or female secondary sex characteristics (such as body shape). However, there is a wide range of variation in sexual anatomy. There are many more subtle forms of sex anatomy, or sex chromosome differences. These don't even show physically. Some won't show up until later in life. Sometimes, the variation may appear when the baby reaches puberty or becomes an adult. It may not even be detected in an individual's lifetime, but as technology gets more advanced, that chance dims down.
Population figures
Up to 1.7% of people may be born with an intersex variation. A child born with genitalia atypical enough to call in an expert occurs in about 1 of 1,500 births. More information on the frequency of different causes is available.
Causes
Most causes of intersex are congenital, or born with it, usually because of a genetic condition. All development is governed by genes which regulate the process of growth.
The most common intersex variation is a hormone condition. This causes genetically female fetuses to have a more masculine body appearance, because the babies' adrenal gland produces higher levels of androgen hormones (hormones that act like testosterone). This may cause the female baby to appear male even to doctors and parents.
Genetic Abnormalities
Some intersex people may be so because of abnormalities with their sex chromosomes, resulting in genetic disorders. One disorder known as Turner's Syndrome, is when instead of having an XX (female) or XY (male) genotype, a person has X0. A person with Turner's Syndrome usually looks like a girl, but they are shorter in height and do not go through puberty, meaning they cannot reproduce.
Another genetic disorder is Klinefelter Syndrome, where a person has an XXY genotype. This disorder affects men, causing infertility, smaller genitalia, and less facial hair. Men with this disorder can have a variety of symptoms which can be so unnoticeable that they may never be diagnosed.
Medical interventions
Surgery may be used on intersex babies to give a more usual cosmetic appearance. This is sometimes thought to make children more normal, but this idea lacks evidence and is contested. Early cosmetic medical interventions can lead to problems in later life, including decreased sexual function and sensation. The children concerned cannot consent to those surgeries, and their parents may not understand the full implications. There is no medical consensus about surgical interventions, including their type, timing, necessity and conduct.
Medical interventions can cause mental and emotional harm to the child when it grows and begins to go through puberty. Children may not feel like they are the gender that is assigned to them by their parents or doctors, causing issues with gender identity. Some people believe it is best to leave the genitalia as it is when the child is born and allow them to make decisions about it when they are old enough.
Human rights
Civil society organizations and human rights experts have called for an end to medical interventions on intersex children that are carried out for social reasons. United Nations and other human rights experts regard these medical treatments as harmful.
In 2011, Christiane Völling became the first intersex person known to win a legal case taken because of non-consensual surgical intervention. In April 2015, Malta became the first country to end medical interventions to modify the sex anatomy of intersex children.
Several countries protect intersex people from discrimination, including South Africa, Australia, and Malta.
Activism
As intersexuality becomes more recognized all over the world, there are many activist groups created to promote recognizing and supporting members of this community. One major activist group known as the Intersex Society of North America, or INSA, teaches people what intersexuality is and the harms of children having gender assignment surgery without their permission to consent.
One of the major issues intersex people face is other people who are not intersex making them feel uncomfortable about their sex and gender. Intersex people may not feel the need to identify themselves at all in their lifetimes, preferring to maintain ambiguity. However, those who are not a part of this community feel as though people need to chose and be more clear about their genitalia. This invasion of privacy is often protested against and discussed by activist groups who believe intersex people are allowed to be private and deserve to be treated the same as those who are not intersex.
References
Other websites
United Nations for Intersex Awareness
interACT
Intersex Day
Organization Intersex International
Intersex Society of North America
Gender
Genetic disorders
Developmental disorders |
13832 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive%20system | Digestive system | (The digestive system is the parts of the body that digest food. )(It is also called the gastrointestinal system.)( It breaks down food into simple chemicals which can be absorbed into the blood stream).( From the blood stream, nutrients go to the liver).which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.( The liver adjusts the nutrients so that the mix is what the body needs.)
(In the stomach, gastric acid is introduced. This is basically dilute hydrochloric acid.) It is very reactive and has a pH level of 1.5 to 3.5. The stomach has a layer of mucus to protect itself from the acid.
(The digestive system also gets rid of waste material. The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus. )Animals like worms, insects, mammals, birds, fish, and people all have digestive systems.
(The digestive system is not just the but also other organs which help us digest food).( For example, digestive enzymes are needed to break down carbohydrates and meat into substances which an be absorbed.)
The parts of the human, and many other animals, digestive system are:
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
Other organs that are part of the gastrointestinal system but are not part of the gut are:
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands, lips, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, thyroid, and parathyroids
Food does not go through these organs. But they help the gut digest the food. They also have other work. For example, the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.
There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system. Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists.
References
Digestive system |
13833 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth | Mouth | For the geographical meaning of mouth see River
The mouth is an opening in the face and is the first part of the alimentary canal (digestive system). It is the place where food is chewed. The mouth has teeth to help eat/chew the food.
In addition to its main role as the start of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a great part in communication. The tongue, lips, and jaw, which are parts of the mouth, are needed to produce the number of sounds in human language. People also kiss and show their feelings with the mouth.
Basic English 850 words |
13852 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon | Deacon | A deacon is a role in the Christian church. The job of a deacon is different depending on the church he or she is a part of. A deacon usually helps to run the church and teaches people about Christianity. A deacon can also witness marriages.
Men who intend to become priests are usually named deacons for some time before advancing onto the rank of priest.
In the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches men are not allowed to marry after they have become deacons. Deacons in Protestant churches are allowed to marry.
A protodeacon is an honorary rank given to certain married deacons in Eastern Christian churches. In the Russian Orthodox Church it is an honorary title given to married deacons, as a mark of which, the clergyman is entitled to wear a burgundy-colored skufia.
Christian religious occupations |
13859 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Engels | Friedrich Engels | Friedrich Engels II (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German political thinker. With his best friend Karl Marx, Engels wrote about Communism. They wrote the famous book The Communist Manifesto together.
Life
Friedrich Engels II was born in Barmen, Germany in 1820. His father was a very rich factory owner, and he sent Friedrich to England to run one of the factories. The way the workers were living at his father's factories made Engels upset with the class system. At about this time, he began to write about politics and workers' struggles.
In 1844 he met Karl Marx in France and the two became friends and began to write together. The two men worked together until Marx's death in 1883.
After Marx died, Engels spent the rest of his life editing and translating Marx' writings. He also wrote about women and marriage. He died of throat cancer in London in 1895.
1820 births
1895 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from throat cancer
German atheists
German communists
German philosophers
German politicians
German writers
Marxism
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia |
13863 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner | Dinner | Dinner is a word with a few different meanings.
In North America dinner usually means a large meal that is eaten in early evening. Sometimes dinner can mean a meal eaten in the middle of the day. This meaning is more common in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom .
A more formal definition of "dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal that has several courses. The minimum number of course is often regarded as two but there can be as many as seven. If there is only one course and it is the main meal of the day, then it is called dinner.
Dinner is very important to some cultures. Dinner is a large part, often a tradition, on many American holidays including Thanksgiving and Christmas.
Meals |
13865 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20Luxemburg | Rosa Luxemburg | Rosa Luxemburg (5 March 1871 in Zamość, Russian Poland – 15 January 1919 in Berlin) was a Polish-Jewish Marxist politician working in both Poland and Germany. Her birth name was Rosalia Luxemburg. She was born into a Jewish family. She was the fifth child of her parents. Her father was a wood trader/timber trader. His name was Eliasz Luxemburg III. Her mother's name was Line (maiden name: Löwenstein).
Publications
In one of her earliest publications, 'Reform or Revolution?' (1900) Luxemburg accepted Marx's argument that capitalism promoted exploitation and was at odds with humanity's natural, fraternal instincts. She also agreed that evolutionary socialism was impossible: only revolution could create real change. However, like Lenin, she had little sympathy for Marx's 'historicism' and denied that for a revolution to occur, capitalism would have to reach an advanced stage of development. However, Luxemburg's analysis of how the revolution should come would distinguish her from both Marx and Lenin.
Life
After WW1 Luxemburg helped establish the German Communist Party (KDP). She organised a socialist uprising in Germany but was killed by a right-wing group called the Freikorps. Rosa Luxemburg made many new communist ideas that continue to influence communism today. Rosa Luxemburg supported the Russian Revolution led by Lenin and Trotsky, but she saw them both as making undemocratic mistakes in organizing what was supposed to be a more democratic nation. She also insisted the freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of speech and abolition of death penalty. In 1913 she published an essay "The Accumulation of Capital" that urges that capital accumulation causes the imperialism.
Rosa Luxemburg was murdered-executed by the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützendivision of the Freikorps.
1871 births
1919 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
20th-century German philosophers
Executed German people
German communists
German murder victims
Jewish atheists
Jewish feminists
Jewish German politicians
Jewish philosophers
Jewish women politicians
Marxism
Murders by firearm in Germany
People executed by firearm
Polish Jews
Socialists
20th-century Polish philosophers |
13888 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver | Liver | The liver is an organ in the abdomen. It is part of the digestive system. Sometimes people use hepar- or hepat- as a prefix when they talk about the liver.
Functions
The liver is the body's chemical factory. It does many important things:
The liver produces (makes) bile. This is a bright yellow-green liquid that goes into the small intestines to help digest the big chunks of food we eat.
The liver stores glucose when we eat and then puts the glucose into the blood when our blood glucose level goes down.
The liver takes protein and fat and turns it into glucose. This is important if we have no food to eat. We can use the fat we have saved, and make it into glucose to use.
The liver also makes some fats and cholesterol
The liver metabolizes (breaks down) many things in the blood:
hemoglobin
proteins like enzymes, insulin, and serum amyloid A
ammonia
toxins (substances that are poisons) and waste from the body
The liver stores (keeps) vitamins and minerals.
The liver makes many proteins:
proteins that make your blood clot – called coagulation proteins
proteins like albumin
In fetuses when they are very small, the liver makes red blood cells
In the liver the gallbladder stores the bile juice and then sends it out to the food that will later go in to the small intestine.
Liver diseases
There are many different liver diseases.<ref> Dancygier, Henryk 2010. Clinical hepatology, principles and practice of. Springer. pp. 895–. ISBN 978-3-642-04509-7</ref> Liver disease can make someone very sick because of all the important work the liver does. People who have bad liver disease usually die unless they can get a liver transplant. This is when the liver from someone who has just died is put in another person by surgery. Such surgeries are usually technically challenging but can be life-saving.
Symptoms
The symptoms of liver disease happen because the liver does not do the work it should.
The liver cannot metabolize toxins and waste so these bad things stay in the blood longer. One thing that builds up is a substance called bilirubin. When red blood cells die, the hemoglobin in them leaks into the blood. The hemoglobin becomes bilirubin (a yellow substance that makes bile yellow). The liver takes the bilirubin out of the blood and puts it into the bile. The bile goes into the intestines and then goes out with the waste from your body. If the liver is hurt, it does not remove the bilirubin, so the bilirubin stays in the body. This makes the person's body look yellow and is known as jaundice. So yellow eyes and yellow skin are symptoms of liver disease.
Other symptoms of liver disease are:
Bleeding because the liver does not make enough coagulation proteins (to make clots)
Swelling of body. If the swelling is of the abdomen it is called ascites Confusion and acting very tired because of the extra ammonia that the liver cannot metabolize
Bleeding from big swollen veins in the esophagus called esophageal varices. If these bleed, it can cause the person to die very quickly.
Types
Hepatitis is when liver cells get inflamed (swollen, or increased in size). This can be from virus infections. This can be caused by toxins or poisons. The most common toxin to cause hepatitis is alcohol. It can also have genetic, or autoimmune causes, when the body's immune system hurts itself.
Cirrhosis is caused by death of liver cells that happens again and again. When the cells die, scar tissue forms. This scar tissue damages the structure of the liver. This makes the liver not work as well. But it also makes the pressure in the veins that go to the liver very high. This high pressure makes esophageal varices. The most common reason for cirrhosis in the world is hepatitis B virus infection.
Some diseases cause bad things to build up in the liver. Hemochromatosis causes extra iron to build up in the liver. Wilson's disease causes extra copper to build up in the liver. Both of these diseases hurt the cells and can cause very bad liver disease that kills people.
You can also get cancer of your liver. This can be metastatic cancer that came from some other place in your body. The liver is a common place to get metastases because it takes bad things out of the blood. So it takes cancer cells out of the blood and they grow in the liver. Cancer can also grow in the liver. If it grows in the liver it is called hepatocellular carcinoma'' (liver cell cancer). Most hepatocellular carcinoma is from cirrhosis.
Treatments
Some liver diseases can be treated easily with medicine. Hemochromatosis is treated by taking (removing) blood from patients at intervals (times) based on the seriousness of the disease in amounts about equal to what would be taken from a normal blood donor (~470 ml).
Some liver viruses can be stopped before they start. Two types of viral hepatitis can be stopped with an immunization. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B can be prevented with a total of five shots in a person's life.
Some liver diseases can only be treated by a liver transplant.
As food
The liver from livestock is a source of protein like muscle meats. It also a great source of some micro-nutrients. The flavor might be strong for some people, so it might be slightly over-seasoned. It might be toxic if you eat way too much of it.
References
Other websites
Liver enzymes
Liver
Liver Disease
Anatomy of the digestive system
Metabolism
Organs |
13890 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck%20%28disambiguation%29 | Neck (disambiguation) | Neck can mean:
Neck (body part), a part of the body
Any narrow part of a thing. The neck of a bottle is where it gets smaller. The neck of a violin is the part underneath the top of the fingerboard leading up to the tuning pegs.
To neck is a slang term for when two people kiss many times in a romantic way.
Basic English 850 words |
13907 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella%20Valley | Coachella Valley | The Coachella Valley is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region. It is a dry rift valley.
The cities of the Coachella Valley from west to east are:
Desert Hot Springs
Palm Springs
Cathedral City
Rancho Mirage
Palm Desert
Indian Wells
La Quinta
Indio
Coachella
Many people visit the area during tourist season, which is from September to June. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification) Winter in the Coachella Valley is warm. Summer is very hot, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there is lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to that in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates. A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.
One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up.
Valleys of California
Riverside County, California |
13908 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20work | Derivative work | Derivative work is a phrase used in copyright law. It is a piece of work (for example: a novel, a song or a painting) that is based on what someone else created.
Copyright law says that if someone writes a book, draws a picture, or writes a song, then it belongs to them. Other people are not allowed to copy it unless the person who created it says that they can. This is important because it means the person who created the work can sell what they created and get money.
A derivative work is one that is based on something else. If a person watches a movie, and then writes a story about the people in the movie, that story is a derivative work. If after hearing a song, someone sings the same tune with different words, the song they sung is a derivative work.
In the law, if someone else has a copyright on something, no one is allowed to create a derivative work unless they say it is allowed. So if someone watches a movie, they are not allowed to write a story about the people in the movie unless the people who made the movie give them permission.
This only applies to the things that are known about by the person creating the work. If a movie is made, but they do not go and see the movie, and then they write a book that has the same story as the movie, that is not a derivative work.
Intellectual property law |
13909 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20football | Rugby football | Rugby football is a sport people play in many countries. It is usually called rugby or rugger.
Rugby football is named after Rugby School, the public school in England where it was developed. Legend has it that one day in 1823, a senior boy called William Webb Ellis elected to run with the ball rather than retiring to kick it as was the normal mode of play in Rugby School football matches. "Running in" was considered a bit like cheating then but was later accepted in the laws of Rugby Football (first published in 1846).
Its rival, Association football (soccer), came later. It was not formalised until 1863. Even then handling of the ball was allowed, but not catching it and running with it. In the mid 1860s an attempt was made to provide one set of laws for all football but there were irreconcilable differences, mainly concerning "hacking" (kicking an opponent in the shins). The "hackers" went on to eventually play rugby football even though hacking was barred a few years later. The "anti-hackers" went on to form Association Football, eventually banning any handling.
Rules
There are two types of rugby, called Rugby Union and Rugby League. Originally, Rugby Union was played in England by gentlemen amateurs, and Rugby League was played by working class guys for pay. There are many similarities between the two types of rugby, but they have developed different sets of rules over time. The split between the two types occurred because of a disagreement about the way players were treated when they were injured during a game.
Rugby Union is the most popular form of rugby, and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar. Rugby League is played by many people in the UK (especially in northern England), Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. In most other places, the word "rugby" refers to rugby union.
Rugby football is played on a field by two teams of 15 people. The objective of the game is to obtain more points than the opposing team within 80 minutes of playing time. Points are gained through scoring tries or kicking goals.
At each end of the playing field there is a field goal made out of poles, shaped like the letter H in English. There is also an area called the in-goal. A goal is scored when a player kicks the ball through the top of the H of the other team's goal.
Play starts when a player from one team kicks the ball from the halfway line towards the opposing team's field goal. Play continues until a try is scored, the ball crosses the side line or dead ball line, or an infringement occurs. The ball can be moved up the field either by carrying or kicking it. The ball can be passed between team members, but it cannot be passed to team members who are closer to the opposing team's goal than the person who is currently carrying the ball.
Players score a try if they manage to touch the ball to the ground on or beyond the other team's in-goal. After a try, the team that scored the try then has an opportunity to kick a goal. This is known as a conversion kick. A goal that is scored from a conversion kick is worth two points in addition to the points of a try. A try is worth five points in rugby union, and four points in rugby league. After a team scores points, play restarts with the non-scoring team kicking the ball from the halfway line toward the opposing team's field goal.
Players tackle members of the other team to prevent the opposing team from scoring. Tackling in rugby means grabbing the other person and either stopping them from moving or making them fall on the ground. The main rule for tackling in rugby is that there should be no contact with the neck. Only players carrying the ball can be tackled. Once a tackle is completed, the opposition can compete for the ball.
The Rugby World Cup is a championship of rugby union teams from countries all over the world. The Rugby World Cup is held every four years, and will next be held in 2023, in France.
There is also the Rugby League World Cup, which is made up of member nations of the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF). The tournament has an irregular schedule. The next tournament will be in 2017, and will be hosted by Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea.
References
Rugby |
13913 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney | Kidney | Kidneys are two organs in the abdomen of vertebrates that are shaped like beans. They make urine.When medical professionals discuss the kidneys, they typically refer to the word renal. For example, renal failure is when the kidneys are sick and do not work.
The prefix nephro- is also used in words to mean "kidneys". For example, a nephrologist is a doctor who studies kidneys.
Hormones
The kidney makes hormones. The two most important ones that it makes are erythropoetin and renin.
Erythropoetin is made by the kidneys if there is less oxygen in the kidney. Erythropoetin tells the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. So this means there will be more oxygen carried in the blood.
Renin is made by the kidney if there is low blood pressure, low volume of blood, or too low salts in the blood. Renin makes the blood vessels smaller and tells the adrenal gland to make aldosterone (which tells the kidneys to save salts). It also makes a person feel thirsty. All of this makes the blood pressure go up.
Stable environment
The kidney's most important work is keeping homeostasis. Homeostasis means that the body keeps a stable environment inside itself. The body needs to have the consistent and proper amount of water, salt, and acid in the blood. The kidney keeps these things constant.
If there is too much water, the kidney puts more water in the urine. If there is not enough water, the kidney uses less water in the urine. This is why people make less urine when they are dehydrated.
Kidney diseases
There are many types of kidney diseases. A kidney disease makes the kidneys unable to work perfectly but they do work in part. People can have mild kidney failure and have no symptoms. As long as it does not become worse, people may not even know they have it. Severe kidney failure means very bad failure. The kidneys do not work very much at all. People with severe kidney failure always have symptoms. They may need special care from doctors.
The main kinds of kidney diseases are:
Kidney stones – this is when a solid substance forms in the urine. This stone moves through the urinary system until it cannot go on and gets stuck. This sometimes blocks urine flow, and usually causes severe pain. After a time, the stone usually goes out or passes. If it does not go out, doctors may have to remove it.
Kidney infections – also called pyelonephritis. This is a bacterial infection in the kidneys. Some of the symptoms are back pain, vomiting, fever, and dark or bloody urine. People with pyelonephritis need strong antibiotic medicines.
Glomerulonephritis – this is a disease of the tissues in the kidneys that make urine. These are called glomeruli. Glomerulonephritis is an autoimmune disease. It can cause mild or severe kidney failure.
Congenital kidney disease – this is when people are born with kidneys that do not work properly. This includes people that are born with kidneys in the wrong place, or in the wrong shape. About 1% of people are born with only one kidney.
Polycystic kidney disease – this is an inherited disorder in which cysts grow in the kidneys, and destroy the kidney tissue until the kidneys can no longer perform their functions.
Diabetic nephropathy – this is the disease diabetics get when their blood sugar is too high for a long time. This is one of the most common causes of kidney failure in the United States
Hypertensive nephropathy – this is caused by having hypertension (high blood pressure) for a long time. Many people have hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy together.
Cancer – Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kind of kidney cancer. It is most often found in adults, and is usually deadly. It is hard to stop it with radiation treatments or chemotherapy.
Renal replacement
If a person's kidneys do not work properly, they are very sick. If they have severe kidney failure, they cannot live unless they have a replacement for their kidneys.
There are two ways to replace the kidneys: dialysis and transplantation.
Dialysis
Dialysis is when doctors use a machine and medicines to do the work of the kidneys. There are two kinds of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis is when doctors put a plastic tube into the person's abdomen. Every day the person fills the abdomen with fluid. The extra salts, waste, and water that the body does not need goes into the fluid. Then the fluid comes out and takes the wastes with it. This does part of the job that kidneys do.
Hemodialysis is when doctors take blood from a person, clean the blood with a special kind of filter, called a haemodialyser, and put it back in the person. When the blood is cleaned; water, salts and wastes are taken out of it. This must be done 2–4 times every week (usually 3 times.) It takes 2–4 hours to do this each time.
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not perfect. They do some of the work of the kidney, but it is not as good as a real kidney. So people who need dialysis are not as healthy. They must take medicines. For example, in kidney failure, the kidneys do not make any erythropoetin. Doctors have to give people erythropoetin so they make enough red blood cells.
Transplant
A better way to do the kidneys' work is to give the person another kidney. This is called a kidney transplant. Kidney transplants are the most common type of organ transplant. It is the most common because we have two kidneys, but only need one kidney to live. People who are alive can donate a kidney to another person.
Even transplanted kidneys are not the same as kidneys people were born with. A person who gets a renal transplant must take strong medicines to stop their body from attacking the new kidney. Sometimes, after years, the transplanted kidney stops working. But sometimes a patient can get a new transplanted kidney after the first one stops working.
History
It was widely believed in Europe that the conscience was actually located in the kidneys. This idea was taken from the Hebrew Bible. In modern times, medical scientists have shown kidneys do not have this kind of psychological role.
Anatomy of the urinary system |
13915 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix | Prefix | A prefix is a part of a word or a word, within a word. It is put at the start of another word to make a different meaning. It can also mean a number that is put in at the start to show which number something is in a group. It is a type of affix.
compound nouns (in other cases also compound adjectives).
The following examples illustrate real prefixes.
Often people want to use a prefix to mean not. There are many prefixes that mean not.
Unnatural means not natural.
Apolitical means not political.
Nonviolent means not violent.
Indirect means not direct
We also learnt the prefixes anti which means against and auto is used to mean self or own
Some examples of these prefixes:
antisocial which means non social
anti glare which means it will prevent sun and light glare on a screen
autograph which means a person's signature
autopilot which means working by itself
Other examples of prefixes:
bicentennial (and other number related prefixes: mono, ter/tri, tetra, quadro, penta, hepta, octo, nano etc.)
contradiction
encompass
paratrooper
percent
periscope
prototype
polytechnical
react
semicolon
Scientists and doctors use prefixes in many words.
Hepato- is a prefix that means liver. So hepatocellular means 'about liver cells'.
Hydro- is a prefix that means water. So Hydroelectric dams are dams that make electricity from the flow of water.
Pre- or Ante- are prefixes that mean before. Prenatal diagnostics is the diagnostics done before the birth of a baby.
Post- is a prefix that means after. Post-traumatic experience would be an experience that was made after trauma.
Sometimes people make up words by adding a prefix. These words are not in a dictionary. But if people use these words enough, sometimes they go into dictionaries.
For example, we can make the word unsimple, which splits up into not simple. This is not a word in a dictionary.
Compare to suffix. Suffixes are letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
Grammar |
13920 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO | UNESCO | UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (). It is an agency of the United Nations (UN).
UNESCO says its purpose, as defined just after the end of World War II, is "to build the defenses of peace in the minds of men and women". It does this by helping nations work together, through education for all, science, and culture. This is supposed to help other nations follow the rule of law and human rights. It also helps promote some freedoms in the UN Charter.
UNESCO has 195 Member countries.
UNESCO tries to achieve what it wants to do through six programs: education, natural sciences, social and human sciences, culture, communication and information. Some projects sponsored by UNESCO are literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes. UNESCO also decides what will become World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is an important, special, interesting or beautiful place. If a place is a World Heritage Site, the place can not be destroyed, as it can give useful information for the future. The Uluru, for example, gives a lot of information on the culture of Aborigines. UNESCO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. and works for Millennium Development Goals.
References
Other websites
Official site of UNESCO on which you can find extra information
Cultural organizations
Scientific organizations
Educational organizations
1945 establishments |
13925 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights | Human rights | Human rights are rights and freedoms that all people should have.
Today, the ideas of human rights are protected as legal rights in national and international law.
They are seen as universal, which means they are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, political beliefs (or any other kind of beliefs), intelligence, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity are.
Every person has all of these rights, it is not possible to only grant some of them:
History
The idea of human rights originated from ideas found in religion and philosophy in Western Europe. The modern Western idea of human rights started in the European Enlightenment. In the 16th century, some people started suggesting that everyone had the religious and political right to choose their religion and their leaders. This sort of thinking was important in the English Civil War. After the war, the philosopher John Locke argued that people should have a certain set of human rights. These ideas were also important in the American revolution and the French revolution in the 18th century.
In the 19th century, John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher who also thought about human rights. He said that people should be able to control their own bodies and minds. He talked about three special ideas:
freedom of speech
freedom of assembly
freedom to seek happiness, while not hurting others.
Hegel was a philosopher who wrote about the idea of free will. He believed that in order to have freedom, a person should be able to:
own property
make contracts with other people
make moral promises to people
live with anyone
get protection from laws
have a voice in government
Laws
Because people believe that human rights are important, countries make laws to protect them. These laws say that governments cannot take away people's basic rights. They make sure people who take away other people's rights are punished. However, many countries in the world do not protect the human rights of their people.
Some major political groups and countries have made statements that promote human rights. Many governments and international groups punish human rights violators by refusing to trade with them, or even helping groups that want to overthrow their governments.
Some of the important places that human rights laws are written is in constitutions. The United States Constitution and Constitution of France are two of the oldest set of laws based on human rights.
In 1948 the United Nations made the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This is a widely respected document that lists what the United Nations believes are human rights. It is not a law, but two important agreements have been written based on its ideas:
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
These are United Nations human rights Covenants: agreements between people or countries. The countries who sign these two covenants agree to follow them.
In addition to those Declaration and Covenants, there are many treaties and documents made by United Nations and other international organizations. Those treaties and documents are called "International human rights law".
List of human rights
Not everyone agrees on what the basic human rights are. It is clear that few countries permit all these rights. Also, there are countries in which the rights are not illegal, but nothing is done to promote them. Here is a list of some of the most recognized rights:
Fundamental rights
Right to live
To be a citizen of a country
Right to housing
Right to a fair trial
To own property
Safety
Safety from violence (physical, mental and sexual)
To seek asylum if a country treats you badly
Fair trial, and to be considered innocent until proven guilty
General life freedoms
The right to get an education
Health care (medical care)
To believe and practice the religion a person wants
Rights related to sexuality and procreation
Right to marriage and family
Equality of both males and females; women's rights
Not be forced into marriage
The right to express orientation
Political freedoms
The right to express yourself: free speech
To vote
To peacefully protest (speak against) a government or group
To petition
Abuses
Human rights abuses are when a person is hurt in a way that violates (goes against) his/her human rights. Human rights abuses are also often called human rights violations.
Examples of human rights abuses or violations are:
Arresting someone because they said the government is doing bad things
Not letting people practice their religion
Genocide
Not letting a member of a country vote.
Many people, groups, and countries think protecting human rights is very important. But not everyone in the world believes in human rights. If people who do not believe in human rights have political power they can hurt many people. Even if these people have no political power, they can be violent to other people. There are many people who work to protect everyone's human rights; some of these are government groups, and some are not with any government. They are sometimes called human rights organizations. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are examples of human rights organizations.
In the UK, every Act of Parliament must comply with the European Convention on Human Rights. Nonetheless, a person can challenge an Act if it violates the Convention. However, the Government are not bound to change the law due to incompatibility, and they have the power to pass a law that contravenes with the Human Rights, if they wish.
Related pages
United Nations Human Rights Council
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
World peace
Women's rights
Children's rights
References
Other websites
Human Rights Foundation
Amnesty International
Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)
Human Rights Watch
Hiwaar For Human Rights Organisation |
13926 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality | Nationality | The nationality of a person is that person's legal relationship with a state, for example a Swedish person's legal relationship with the kingdom of Sweden. Nationality is not identical to citizenship but in the majority of states most of the population are both citizens and nationals. Dual nationality means that the person has a legal relationship with two different states at the same time, for example with the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The rights and duties of individual people and the states they belong to vary from country to country.
"Nationality" can take on different meanings depending on the country, language and culture in question. For example, someone of Italian descent may be called "Italian" even if the individual, a member of the Italian diaspora, has no right to an Italian passport and citizenship. In past centuries, the usual meaning of "nationality" was not political, but rather meant membership in an ethnic group. In modern cases such as in airports, when officials ask your "nationality," they are asking to see the passport you use for travel to foreign countries.
Notes
International law |
13933 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race | Race | Race has many meanings in English. It can mean:
To go very fast – he raced to the store
A competition between people - the race for the US presidency
Racing, a competition about speed – the Tour de France is an important bicycle race
Race (biology), a group smaller than a species. Members of different races can have sex and make babies, but they are separate (usually because they live in different places) - a large race of birds lives on this island
Race (sociology), of the human species based on physical characteristics that are passed on to succeeding generations.
Race (anthropology) groups humans are often divided into based on physical traits often common among shared ancestry.
The human race means all people - the human race is destroying the environment |
13938 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20ethics | Medical ethics | Medical ethics is the set of ethical rules that doctors follow. These ideas tell doctors how they should treat patients.
The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the Hippocratic oath. (An oath is a special promise.) It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates but probably was not written by him.
Principles
There are 6 major principles (important ideas):
Beneficences - a doctor must do things that are good for the patient (the doctor is giving medical care to.)
Non-maleficence – a doctor must not try to hurt his patients.
Autonomy - the patient can say he does not want to be treated
Justice – talks about what is fair in giving people medicines and care. It talks about who gets what treatments.
Dignity - the patient (and the doctor) have the right to dignity (respect for someone as a person)
Truthfulness (being honest) – the doctor must tell the patient the truth
Medical ethics questions
Here are some kinds of medical ethics questions:
If there is not enough of a medicine to treat every person who has a disease who should get the medicine?
If a baby has a disease that will kill him very soon, what should a doctor do if the baby's mother says she does not want the baby to be helped?
A patient has an injury that cannot be helped and that will kill them in a few minutes. The patient asks a doctor “am I going to die?” What should the doctor say?
If a man has stage four cancer but only wants hollistic medicine, should you treat him with chemotherapy anyway?
Related pages
Bioethics
Conflict of interest
Informed consent
Right to die
Medicine
Ethics |
13939 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm | Sperm | Sperm are the male reproductive cells. Most animals and plants use sperm to reproduce. They have different ways of making and releasing the sperm. In all cases the sperm meets with the egg of the female and grow into a new organism.
The name sperm is taken from the Greek word sperma meaning seed.
An animal sperm cell is capable of movement, as it has to get to the uterus to meet with the ovum. Animal sperm cells (including humans) have small 'head' and a long tail called a flagellum. The flagellum acts like a motor to propel the sperm cell through the female reproductive system.
In humans
Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man. Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes. A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a haploid as it only has half. The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female. During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation.
Semen carries the sperm into the woman's vagina and down to the ovum in the uterus. During ejaculation millions of sperm cells are released, but only one hundred or so reach the egg.
The egg can merge with one sperm cell that reaches it. Because it now has 46 chromosomes, it is called a diploid, like ordinary cells of the body. This diploid is called a zygote, and it can grow into a fetus and eventually a baby.
In plants
Some plants such as ferns and mosses have sperm that move. Flowering plant sperm cells cannot move by themselves. The flowering plant sperm cells are contained within pollen grains.
Thus, they rely on transportation to take their sperm cells to other plants. For example, a bee lands on a plant to collect the nectar. Some pollen will get stuck to the bee. The bee moves on to another plant and the pollen falls onto that plant. The sperm is moved down a pollen tube until it reaches the ovule at the bottom of the flower.
References
Biological reproduction
Human sexuality |
13940 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen | Semen | Semen () is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's penis when he has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement) and ejaculates. It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of sperm (male cells for sexual reproduction) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has water and different chemicals in it. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen.
Many cultures around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even magical qualities. Showing semen in forms of popular culture such as art and movies has for a long time been taboo, that is, not generally accepted by society. However, since the late 20th century, artists and moviemakers have done so more often.
Words
The English word semen comes from the Latin word sēmen, which means "seed". In fact, seed was an old-fashioned name for semen. The Latin word sēmen itself came from another Latin word, serěre, which means "to plant (a plant into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)". It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body.
Another name for semen is ejaculate. Some slang words for semen are cream, cum, jism, jizz, jazz load, spooge, spunk, nut, or wad.
The way it looks and its nature
Semen is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's penis when he has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement) and ejaculates. It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow. If there is blood in the semen, it can look pink or reddish. This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be because of some blockage, inflammation, infection or injury to some part of the male sex organs, such as the urethra, epididymis, prostate or testicles. A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.
Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen. More semen usually comes out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time. Older men make less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia.
After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like jelly and clump together in globs. Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her vagina, the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40 minutes after this, semen becomes more liquid and watery. This probably allows the sperm in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's uterus and Fallopian tubes to try and fertilize an ovum (egg cell). If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.
What it is made up of
Semen is made up of sperm (male cells for sexual reproduction) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma. Sperm, also called spermatozoa, are made by a man's testicles and mature (grow up) in the epididymis. The fluids in seminal plasma come from different glands in the man's body: the seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands (also called the Cowper's glands). (Glands are special organs in the body that make chemicals.) The table below shows the substances that make up semen and the glands that produce them:
Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman's vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is acidic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is alkaline. A woman's immune system also tries to kill organisms (living things) that are not part of her body. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm.
Semen that does not have any germs in it (see below) is not harmful if it is swallowed, for example after a person has had oral sex with a man and the man ejaculates in that person's mouth.
Semen quality
Semen quality refers to how well the sperm in a man's semen can fertilize a woman's ova. The better a man's semen quality is, the better chances he has to make a woman pregnant. A 1992 World Health Organization book said that an ejaculation of normal human semen has:
a volume of 2 millilitres or more;
a pH of 7.2 to 8.0, which means that it is alkaline;
40 million or more sperm (20 million sperm in each millilitre of semen);
50% or more of the sperm alive; and
50% or more of the sperm able to move, or 25% or more of the sperm able to move forwards quickly within 60 minutes from the time of ejaculation.
The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if:
the man is younger,
his body produces more of the hormone testosterone, which makes a person look and feel like a man,
his testicles are not too warm,
he produces more semen,
he has not ejaculated for some time, and
he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation.
If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually infertile, and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her.
Health
Benefits
If the semen does not have infections, it is okay to swallow semen. A woman cannot get pregnant from swallowing semen in her mouth. It is okay if a man swallows his own semen. Two doctors say it is good if a woman swallows semen often. They say women get breast cancer less if they swallow semen. The doctors don't know why. Other doctors must do more tests.
Studies seem to say that semen is an anti-depressant. This means that it causes women not to feel depressed or sad. The studies found that when men had sex with women without using condoms, and the men's semen was taken into the women's vaginas, the women had better moods and felt happier. Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after oral sex, but some of them think it may.
Risks
Passing on disease
If a man has a sexually transmitted infection or STI (an infection that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become infected by the germs and pick up the disease. HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes and syphillis are examples of STIs. One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a condom on his penis when having sex. Getting semen in the mouth can be bad if the penis or semen has infections.
If semen gets in the eye, the eye will hurt. Wash the eye with warm water. Wash the eye for a few minutes. Some doctors say to get tested for infections.
Making the immune system weaker
Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's immune system weaker. Experiments show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes antibodies. Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body. However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own cells, called T lymphocytes. This weakens the body's immune system.
Allergy
In a very small number of cases, people have experienced allergic reactions when they touched semen. This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. The symptoms (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body. They may include itching of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30 minutes of contact. They may also include itching and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even difficulty breathing.
The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex. When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with. If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen. A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often. If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant. In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through artificial insemination. This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having sexual intercourse.
Culture
Many cultures around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even magical qualities. Some examples are set out below:
Ancient Greece. In Ancient Greece, the philosopher Aristotle thought that if men started to take part in sexual activity when they were too young, this would cause their bodies to stop growing normally. This was because food that would otherwise make the body grow would instead be used to make semen. However, this would not happen if the body was already fully grown.
Ancient Rome. The orchid is a type of plant with flowers. Some orchids have underground tubers, which are swollen roots used by plants for storing food. The word orchid comes from the Greek word όρχις (orchis) meaning "testicle". Ancient Romans thought that the tubers of the orchid looked like testicles, and believed the plant grew from the semen of satyrs that had fallen on the ground. A satyr was thought to be a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a goat, and goat's horns on its head. Satyrs were said to love drinking wine and having sex.
China. In Ancient China, it was believed that the precious stone jade was the dried semen of a dragon that lived in the sky. Today, in traditional Chinese medicine and in qìgōng (Chinese exercises that work with qì or "energy" in the body), it is believed that a man's body contains sexual energy called jīng (written 精 in the Chinese language), and that he should try to make more of it and save it. It is said that jīng moves into a man's sex organs when he is sexually excited, and when he ejaculates semen the energy leaves his body, which is not good for him.
Indonesia. In the traditions of Bali in Indonesia, when a man ejaculates semen into a woman's body, he is considered to be repaying his mother's kindness in giving him breast milk when he was a baby.
Near Middle East. In Biblical times, the early Jews believed that when a man ejaculated semen this made him ritually unclean until evening. Any object that semen touched also became unclean, and if the man had sex with a woman she became unclean until evening. People who practise certain types of Judaism still have this belief today.
Papua New Guinea. Among the Etoro people of Papua New Guinea it is believed that to become sexually mature men, young boys must perform oral sex on older men and swallow their semen.
Popular culture
Displaying semen in forms of popular culture such as art and movies has for a long time been taboo, that is, not generally accepted by society. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often.
Visual arts
The American photographer Andres Serrano sometimes takes photographs of body fluids and displays them as artworks. One example is Blood and Semen II (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together. Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he is free to create such works. Another of Serrano's pictures, Blood and Semen III, was featured on the cover of the 1996 music album Load by the American heavy metal band Metallica.
The United Kingdom-based artists Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore, better known as Gilbert and George, have also used semen and other body fluids to create artworks.
Movies
Apart from pornographic movies showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent). However, some movies that have shown semen are the American comedy movies There's Something about Mary (1998), American Pie (1999), Scary Movie (2000) and Scary Movie 2 (2001). In the Spanish movie Y tu mamá también (And Your Mother Too, 2001), there is a scene where two high-school boys who are friends lie on diving boards over a swimming pool and masturbate (make themselves sexually excited). Semen is later shown floating on the water. Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch.
Notes
Male reproductive system |
13945 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao | Bilbao | Bilbao is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao.
In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay. Bilbao has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city. There are many things to see in Bilbao:
Guggenheim Museum (Modern Art)
Bellas Artes Museum (Fine Art)
University of Deusto
Metro Bilbao (Bilbao's Underground)
Bilbao's Town Hall
Arriaga Theatre
Casco Viejo (Old City)
St. Jacob's Cathedral
Virgin Begoña's Basilic
Gran Vía (Great Avenue)
Plaza del Sagrado Corazón (Christ's Holy Heart Square)
San Mamés stadium
Related pages
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Other websites
Bilbao's official website
Bilbao's Chamber of Commerce official tourism website
Scholars on Bilbao: This website encompasses academic works that analyse the urban regeneration of the city of Bilbao (e.g. strategic plans, infrastructures, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and dilemmas, cultural tourism, gentrification, uneven development, creative industries, artists ... etc).
Capital cities in Spain |
13950 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20school | Middle school | In the United States, a middle school is a school between elementary school (grades 1-5, 1-7, 1-6, 1-4 or 1-8) and high school (grades 9-12 or 10-12). Depending on location, middle school contains grades 5-8, 6-8, 7-8, or 7-9. Middle school is also sometimes called an intermediate school, junior high school or just junior high.
The school day is often very different in elementary, middle, and high schools. Unlike elementary schools, where students often stay with one or two teachers for most of the school day, middle school is usually the first time in which students change teachers after each class of usually about one hour. Students often study 6 subjects. They will be taught by a different teacher for each subject.
The change from a one teacher-all subjects way of teaching helps create more independence for the pupil. They no longer have the guidance of just one main teacher. Also, students will often have more of a choice in what classes they take. This is mainly in dealing with subjects which are taken in addition to the basic subjects such as mathematics, English, history and general science.
In general, middle school acts as a transition between the elementary school structure where most people are all treated the same and the high school structure were most people are treated as individuals. However, some critics see middle schools as having gone "soft," overemphasizing self-esteem building at the expense of academic rigor.
Historically, local public control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools. Elementary school includes kindergarten through to sixth grade, or kindergarten through to fifth grade, i.e., up to age 12, but some elementary schools have four or eight grades, i.e., up to ages 10 or 14 (also known as the intermediate grades). Basic subjects are taught and pupils often remain in one or two classrooms throughout the school day, except for physical education, library, music, art, and computer classes. In 2001, there were about 3.6 million children in each grade in the United States. "Middle schools" and "junior high schools" are schools that span grades 5 or 6 to 8 and 7 to 8, respectively, but junior high schools spanning grades 7 to 9 are also common.
The range defined by either is often based on demographic factors, such as an increase or decrease in the relative numbers of younger or older students, with the aim of maintaining stable school populations. At this time, pupils are given more independence, moving to different classrooms for different subjects, which includes math, social studies, science, and language arts. Also, pupils are able to choose some of their class subjects (electives). Usually, starting in ninth or tenth grade, grades become part of a pupil's official transcript. In the U.S., children within this grade-range are sometimes referred to as "junior highers".
The “junior high school” concept was introduced in 1909, in Columbus, Ohio. Junior high schools were created for "bridging the gap between the elementary and the high school", an emphasis credited to Charles W. Eliot. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, most American elementary schools had grades 1 through 8, and this organization still exists, where some concepts of middle school organization have been adapted to the intermediate grades. As time passed, the junior high school concept increased quickly as new school districts proliferated, or systems modernized buildings and curricula. This expansion continued through the 1960s. Jon Wiles, author of Developing Successful K–8 Schools: A Principal's Guide, said that "[a] major problem" for the original model was "the inclusion of the ninth grade", because of the lack of instructional flexibility, due to the requirement of having to earn high school credits in the ninth grade and that "the fully adolescent ninth grader in junior high school did not seem to belong with the students experiencing the onset of puberty".
The new "middle school" model began to appear in the mid-1960s. Wiles said, "At first, it was difficult to determine the difference between a junior high school and a middle school, but as the middle school became established, the differences became more pronounced".
The faculty is organised into academic departments that operate more or less independently of one another.
The middle school format has now replaced the junior high format by a ratio of about ten to one in the United States, but at least two school districts had incorporated both systems in 2010.
Reference
Types of educational institutions
de:Bildungssystem in den Vereinigten Staaten#Junior High School und Middle School
nl:Onderwijs in de Verenigde Staten#Middelbaar onderwijs |
13951 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Disney%20animated%20movies | List of Disney animated movies | Below is a list of animated movies from Walt Disney Pictures/The Walt Disney Company. For a list of live-action movies from the company, see List of Disney movies.
The following is a list of movies which are said to be the Walt Disney Feature Animation (WDFA) canon. They are also known as the Walt Disney Animated Classics. The canon includes animated movies that were or are being produced entirely by WDFA. Movies which are not part of the canon are movies which include both animation and live-action, spin-offs from Disney television programs, the direct-to-video movies produced by the DisneyToons studio in Australia (some of which received theatrical releases), or the Pixar movies (which Disney "presents" but does not produce). WDFA once announced that Home on the Range (released April 2, 2004) would be its final traditionally animated movie. They also said that from Chicken Little (released November 4, 2005) onwards, all future WDFA movies will be computer animated. However, this changed in July 2006 when a new traditionally animated movie, The Princess and the Frog, was revealed to be in development.
Movies
Released
Films distributed by Miramax
Notes:
Upcoming
Live-action/animation hybrid
Not produced, but released by Disney under its label.
Related pages
Pixar
List of Disney characters
References
References
Release Notes
Studio/Production Notes
Studio Ghibli films original release dates
Other websites
Walt Disney Animation Studios History
Lists of movies |
13952 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Disney%20movies | List of Disney movies | This is a list of movies produced by Disney and its current label, Walt Disney Pictures. In December 14th 2017 - The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion. All films listed are theatrical releases and/or US films unless specified. Films labeled with a ‡ symbol signify a direct-to-video release or streaming release exclusively through Disney+; a † symbol signifies a premium video on demand release through Disney+; a § symbol signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on premium video on demand; a * symbol signifies a non-US film.
Movies not on this list
Movies not produced by Walt Disney Pictures are not on this list, even if they distributed it. This list also does not include movies labeled, produced or distributed by other Disney imprints or subsidiaries, and does not include any direct-to-video releases or theatrical re-releases. Disney films; Disney, Pixar, Touchstone Pictures, Miramax Films, Hollywood Pictures, Marvel Comics, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, 20th Century Animation, Searchlight Pictures, Blue Sky Studios
This list is not for movies produced by Disneynature or Touchstone Pictures.
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
Footnotes:
TV - premiered as TV program; re-edited for theatrical release
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Upcoming
Undated films
In development
Notes
References
Other websites
Complete Canon of Disney Animated Films
Disney Movie Database (Unofficial)
Lists of movies |
13953 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%20Klux%20Klan | Ku Klux Klan | The Ku Klux Klan is an American Christian hate group. It was started in Pulaski, Tennessee on March 3, 1865 and quickly spread among white people in the southern United States. Most of its hate has been towards African Americans, but it has also attacked Catholics, Jews and immigrants. Known as the KKK for short, it has sought to keep "white power", often through very violent acts, including killing people. The first Ku Klux Klan broke up and does not exist anymore. However, other groups with the same name and the same ideas have been created.
The group was started after the American Civil War. It began as a social club for former Confederate soldiers, who during the war fought to defend slavery. The Klan quickly became a terrorist organization. It was one of several resistance movements against the Reconstruction of the United States.
Early years
When the KKK started, the ex-Confederacy states were occupied by soldiers from the north. Klan members feared white people in the South could lose their supremacy over black people. The Klan acted against black voters to intimidate them. At times, Republicans were also targets of attacks by the Klan,
The methods of acting against people were often the same: the Klan members tried to frighten the people that the Klan wanted to go out of town. The KKK tried to scare people by burning crosses or by threatening them. If people did not react, the Klan would kill them. The growing violence which was promoted by the KKK led to many lynchings (execution without a fair trial and killing them, often by hanging). The KKK was "prohibited" (made against the law) in 1871. After 1871, many KKK members were imprisoned (put in Prison). However, the Klan had achieved many of its original goals. For example, the occupation troops were moved out of the Southern states, to the West. The KKK affected many African Americans throughout the last century. The establishment of Jim Crow laws restored white supremacy in the South and the "first era" KKK disbanded.
The second Ku Klux Klan
In 1915, William J. Simmons, an Atlanta businessman, started the Ku Klux Klan for a second time. A movie called The Birth of a Nation had just been released. It showed African-American men (played by white actors in blackface) as stupid and sexually aggressive towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force. The movie proved to be an excellent recruitment tool for the KKK. Most of the rituals and traditions of the "old" Ku Klux Klan were kept. Any white Protestant man could join the KKK. The KKK still attacked African Americans, but they also attacked Jews and Catholics this time. In 1920, the Klan began attracting recruits from all over the nation. They promised better law enforcement, better government, better schools and to restore traditional family values.
The KKK strongly argued for "white supremacy". "White supremacy" is the belief that white people are superior to other racial groups.
In 86 years, the KKK killed an estimated 3,446 black people. Most often these were hangings and were not legal executions because there were no trials. Many people now call these acts a form of terrorism because the KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their political rights. After reaching its height of political influence, the second Klan began to decline. There was a number of scandals, a great deal of internal feuding and people getting tired of their violent image. In the 1920s they had reached a peak of about 5 million members. By the 1930s they were down to about 30,000. They survived another 14 years before disbanding in 1944. This was after they had been prosecuted for failure to pay federal income taxes.
The third Ku Klux Klan
In 1954, the United States Supreme Court (the highest court in the US) made an important decision. The case was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The court ruled (decided) that it was unconstitutional to have different schools for black and white children. When this ruling passed, many independent Ku Klux Klan groups attacked African Americans.
In the summer of 1964, Edgar Killen killed three African Americans who participated in the civil rights movement. Killen was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. There was an early trial in 1967, but in this trial there was an all-white jury. It resulted in a hung jury so Killen was set free. In 1988 a movie called Mississippi Burning was made which talked about the events of this case. In 2005 there was another trial. Killen (at the time 80 years old) was sentenced to prison for 60 years. He died in January 11, 2018 in prison in Parchman, Mississippi at age 92.
In 2011 they were estimated to be perhaps as many as 5,000 members.
References
1865 establishments in the United States
1860s in the United States
20th century in the United States
21st century in the United States
African-American history
Christian terrorism
Christianity in the United States
Crime in the United States
Discrimination
Gangs
Organizations based in the United States
Secret societies
Tennessee |
13958 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20v.%20Board%20of%20Education | Brown v. Board of Education | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (full name George Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas) was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
In 1950 in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grade girl named Linda Brown had to run more than a mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her segregated school for black children. However, there was an elementary school for white children less than seven blocks away. At that time, many schools in the United States were segregated. Black children and white children were not allowed to go to the same schools.
Her father, Oliver Brown, tried to get Linda into the white school, but the principal of the school refused. Twelve more black parents joined Oliver Brown in trying to get their children into the white elementary school. The two schools were supposed to be "separate but equal." However, they were not.
In 1951, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) helped the parents file a class action lawsuit. There were five lawsuits in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and the District of Columbia about having black students going to legally segregated schools. In 1896, the Supreme Court had ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was legal, as long as separate places for blacks and whites were "separate but equal." The NAACP's lawyers argued that the white and black schools in Topeka were not "separate but equal."
Kenneth Clark is a psychologist that gave young African-American children black and white dolls to see how they felt about segregation and integration. The children liked the white dolls. After the doll test, Clark also gave the black children drawings of a kid and asked them to color it like themselves. Some of the children colored themselves with a white or yellow crayon, which was also used in the case.
The case eventually went all the way to the Supreme Court. After years of work, in 1954, Thurgood Marshall and a team of other NAACP lawyers won the case. It was named "Brown" because she was alphabetically the first name on the list of plaintiffs. After the lawsuit many of the plaintiffs lost their jobs and respect in society.
The ruling
The Supreme Court has nine justices. The vote on Brown v. Board of Education was unanimous, meaning that all nine justices voted the same way. One of the judges, Robert Jackson, had recently had a heart attack and was not supposed to come back to court until the next month. However, he came to the court when the judges read their decision, possibly to show that every one of the judges agreed.
The ruling in the case was written by Earl Warren, who was Chief Justice. He said “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This decision made the racial segregation of schools against the law in every US state.
Some states did not obey this court decision at first. The supreme Court ruled the schools had up to 5 years to desegregate. It was not until the early 1970s that all United States public schools were integrated (the opposite of segregated). Integrating America's schools required many state and Supreme Court decisions to force schools to integrate.
Related pages
Plessy v. Ferguson
Segregation
Civil Rights Movement
References
Other websites
These links may not be in simple English:
The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision from FindLaw
United States National Park Service Historic Site: Monroe Elementary School, one of the segregated elementary schools in Topeka
Ten Things You Should Know About Brown v. Board of Education
1954 in the United States
American civil rights
Topeka, Kansas
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
1950s in law |
13960 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well | Well | A well is a hole that is dug into the Earth to get a fluid. Most wells are to get water. There are also oil well s and gas wells.
A qanat is an ancient complex water well system used in the Middle East. Wells can be as simple as a hole that a bucket on a rope can be lowered into, or very complex with pipes and high-powered pumps to get the water out. Most cities that are not close to fresh water lakes or rivers get their water from wells.
It is important to be careful what rubbish is put into the ground near a well. If something toxic is put in the ground, it could go in the groundwater and the well and make people sick.
Water is a problem for many African countries. Many charities are helping to build wells in local villages need not go far to get water.
A well only works if underneath there is an aquifer which feeds it.
Basic English 850 words
Tools
Aquifers |
13963 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey | Honey | Honey is a food made by honeybees from nectar. They put the honey into a honeycomb, which for them is a storage unit. Honey is sweet and can be used instead of sugar. It is a supersaturated liquid. As the temperature drops, glucose comes out of solution. Then it is a semi-solid rather than a liquid.
Honey is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and is often linked with pleasant and comfortable things. "Land of Milk and honey".
It is also referenced in the Qur'an, with similar associations to good and evil.
The name honey is derived from the Old English "hunig.
Much like wine, there are several kinds of honey with different tastes, colors and textures. Some common types are got from bees who use the clover flower's pollen. It is thick and has a medium color. It tends to form crystals or grains more quickly when exposed to air. Acacia flowers make another common variety.
Honey from bees using flowers from oleanders, rhododendrons, some laurels, and azaleas may cause honey intoxication. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.
Expert beekeepers solve this problem by moving their hives to areas where the right flowers are available. Bees like to get their nectar locally, and do not go more than two miles from the hive.
Honey tastes quite different according to which flowers the bees used. Key things are its smell, taste and how clear it is; also no bad qualities.
Classification
Source of flower
Honey can be classified by the type of flower that the bees make the honey from.
Blended
Most commercially available honey is a mixture of two or more honeys that differ in the source of the flower, color, flavor, density, or geographic origin.
Polyfloral
Polyfloral honey, also called wildflower honey, is gotten from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may be different from year to year, and the smell and the taste can be more or less powerful, depending on which flowers are blooming.
Monofloral
Monofloral honey is made mainly from the nectar of one type of flower. To make monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in place where the bees have access, as far as possible, to only one type of flower. However, a small amount of any monofloral honey will be from other flower types.
Classification by packaging and processing
Honey can be classified by packaging and processing.
Crystallized honey: Crystallized honey is when some of the glucose content has immediately crystallized from the mixture as the monohydrate. It is also called "granulated honey" or "candied honey". Honey that has crystallized can become liquid by warming.
Worldwide production
In 2017, the world produced 1.9million tonnes of honey. China produced 29% of the world total. Other major producers were Turkey, Iran, United States, and Ukraine.
References
Other websites
Spreads
Natural resources
Beekeeping |
13964 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet | Sweet | Sweet can mean:
sweetness, the taste of sugar
Sweets: British English for the confectionery which Americans call candy.
Sweet (band), a British band
Basic English 850 words |
13965 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker | Cracker | A cracker is a thin and crispy piece of baked bread. Crackers can be eaten by themselves, but they can also be eaten with things on them called toppings. Common toppings include cheese, peanut butter, and sliced meats. Crackers are most often eaten as a snack, or crumbled into soup.
History
It was 1792 when Theodore Pearson of Newburyport, Massachusetts, made a cracker-like bread that was made from only water and flour which he called "Pearson's Pilot Bread." This was the first cracker bakery in the United States, and made crackers for more than a century.
Breads
Snack foods |
13966 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery | Surgery | Surgery is an operation that involves cutting, taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who do surgeries are called surgeons. Many surgeons are experts in certain areas; for example, a surgeon that operates on bones is called an orthopaedic surgeon.
Surgery (operations) can be very simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be very complicated, like repairing a damaged heart.
Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools keeps everything clean and germ-free.
Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The only people allowed there are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient.
When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with general anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything. In some kinds of surgery local anesthesia (stopping the pain in the place where the cutting is done) is enough.
In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called medical tourism.
Related pages
Plastic surgery |
13967 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza | Pizza | Pizza is an Italian food that was created in Italy (The Naples area). It is made with different toppings. Some of the most common toppings are cheese, sausages, pepperoni, vegetables, tomatoes, spices and herbs and basil. These toppings are added over a piece of bread covered with sauce. The sauce is most often tomato-based, but butter-based sauces are used, too. The piece of bread is usually called a "pizza crust". Almost any kind of topping can be put over a pizza. The toppings used are different in different parts of the world. Pizza comes from Italy from Neapolitan cuisine. However, it has become popular in many parts of the world.
History
The origin of the word Pizza is uncertain. The food was invented in Naples about 200 years ago. It is the name for a special type of flatbread, made with special dough. The pizza enjoyed a second birth as it was taken to the United States in the late 19th century.
Flatbreads, like the focaccia from Liguria, have been known for a very long time. Pizzas need to be baked at temperatures of 200250 °C. Hardly any household oven could reach such temperatures at the time. Because of this, the pizza was made at home, and then given to the town bakery to bake. In June 1889, the Neapolitan chef Raffaele Esposito created the "Margherita" in honour of Queen Margherita, and was the first pizza to include cheese.
Pizza was brought to the United States with Italian immigrants in the late nineteenth century; and first appeared in areas where Italian immigrants concentrated. The country's first pizzeria (place that focuses in pizza), Lombardi's, opened in 1905. Veterans returning from World War II's Italian Campaign were a ready market for pizza. Since then, pizza consumption has increased in the U.S. Pizza chains such as Domino's, Pizza Hut, and Papa John's, have outlets all over the nation. Thirteen percent of the U.S. population eats pizza on any given day.
Types
In the 20th century, pizza has become an international food. The toppings may be quite different depending on the local tastes. These pizzas consist of the same basic design. They also include many types of ingredients such as anchovies, egg, pineapple, banana, coconut, sauerkraut, eggplant, kimchi, lamb, couscous, chicken, fish, and shellfish. Sometimes, meats prepared in styles such as Greek lamb, Gyros or chicken tikka masala, and non-traditional spices such as curry and Thai sweet chili are added too. Pizzas can also be made without meat for vegetarians, and without cheese, for vegans.
Styles
Neapolitan pizza (pizza Napoletana). Authentic Neapolitan pizzas are made with local ingredients like San Marzano tomatoes, which grow on the volcanic plains to the south of Mount Vesuvius and Mozzarella di Bufala Campana, made with the milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio in a semi-wild state (this mozzarella is protected by its own European law).
The genuine Neapolitan pizza dough consists of Italian flour, natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer's yeast, salt and water.The dough must be kneaded by hand or with a low-speed mixer. After the rising process, the dough must be formed by hand without the help of a rolling pin or other mechanical device, and may be no more than 3 mm (1/8 in) thick.
Pizza is cooked in an oven. When cooked, it should be crispy, tender and fragrant. Neapolitan pizza has gained the status of "guaranteed traditional specialty" in Italy. This admits only three official variants: Pizza marinara, which is made with tomato, garlic, oregano and extra virgin olive oil (although most Neapolitan pizzerias also add basil to the marinara), Pizza Margherita, made with tomato,mozzarella, basil and extra virgin olive oil, and Pizza Margherita DOC made with tomato, buffalo mozzarella from Campania in fillets, basil and extra virgin olive oil.
Lazio style: Pizza in Lazio (Rome), as well as in many other parts of Italy is available in 2 different "flavors": 1) In take-away shops so-called "Pizza Rustica" or "Pizza a Taglio". Pizza is cooked in long, rectangular baking pans and relatively thick (1–2 cm). The crust similar to that of an English muffin and mostly cooked in an electric oven. When purchased, it is usually cut with scissors or knife and priced by weight. 2) In Pizza Restaurants (Pizzerias) it is served in a dish in its traditional round shape.
Other types of Lazio-style pizza include:
Pizza Romana (in Naples): tomato, mozzarella, anchovies, oregano, oil;
Pizza Viennese: tomato, mozzarella, German sausage, oregano, oil;
Pizza Capricciosa ("Capricious Pizza"): mozzarella, tomato, mushrooms, artichokes, cooked ham, olives, and oil.
Pizza Quattro Stagioni ("Four Seasons Pizza"): same ingredients for the Capricciosa, but ingredients are not mixed;
Pizza Quattro Formaggi ("Four Cheese Pizza"): tomatoes, mozzarella, stracchino, fontina, gorgonzola.
Sicilian-style pizza has its toppings baked directly into the crust.
Pizza Hut's Sicilian Pizza, introduced in 1994, is not an authentic example of the style as only garlic, basil, and oregano are mixed into the crust,it's sold in the restaurant chain Pizza Hut.
White pizza (pizza bianca) uses no tomato sauce, often substituting pesto or dairy products such as sour cream. Most commonly, especially on the East Coast of the United States, the toppings consist only of mozzarella and ricotta cheese drizzled with olive oil and basil and garlic. In Rome, the term pizza bianca refers to a type of bread topped only with olive oil. Some white pizzas use Alfredo sauce as the pizza sauce for a better flavor.
Pizza al taglio
Pizza al taglio or pizza al trancio was invented in Rome. It is usually rectangular, and sold by weight. The name translates to pizza by the slice. Stands selling pizza al taglio are common in Italy. It is also common in other areas of the world where there are many Italian immigrants.
Pizzerias
Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba, the first pizzeria in Italy, started making pizzas in 1738 and still serves pizza today.
Some global pizza franchises are Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza, Cici's Pizza, Papa John's and Little Caesars.
Frozen pizza
Frozen pizza is pizza that has been prepared beforehand, and is then deep-frozen, to be distributed in supermarkets. It is among the most successful and popular types of convenience food. It is prepared slightly differently: First the dough with the tomato sauce is pre-cooked, then the toppings are added. The dough of frozen pizza is different. Its dough also contains modified starch and leavening agents. This makes it possible to cook the pizza directly, without first defrosting it. One main frozen pizza brand is Digiorno.
References |
13968 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperoni | Pepperoni | Pepperoni is a meat food that is sometimes sliced thin and put on pizza. It is a kind of salami, which can be quite spicy. It comes from the United States.
Sausage |
13969 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception | Conception | Conception has different meanings:
A Concept is an idea. Conception can mean how someone understands an idea.
Conception can also mean fertilization (when a sperm joins with an ovum or egg) |
13970 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen | Abdomen | The abdomen is the part of the body that is between the chest and the thigh. It contains (has in it) the abdominal muscles and many organs. Some of the organs in the abdomen are:
Gallbladder
Liver
Rectum
Stomach
Anus
Small intestine and large intestine
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Reproductive system except breast
Appendix
Torso |
13971 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven | Heaven | Heaven also known as Paradise or garden is a place where good people go when they die. It is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after somebody dies) in many religions. Some people who believe in heaven say it is a perfect place. They believe heaven is where people go after they die if they have been good in life. Some people also believe in Hell, a place bad people go when they die if they have been bad in life. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.
In Christianity
According to the Bible, there are different meanings for the word:
Sky – the atmosphere that covers the Earth. The first time that it rained, it says, God opened "the windows of heaven."
Outer space – the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc.
The place where God lives and rules eternally. The people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not die.
The Bible does not have a lot to say about what it looks like. The apostle Paul tells about a vision he had of being taken up to "the third heaven," where he saw and heard things too wonderful to describe. But, much of what Christians believe Heaven to be like comes from the vision that John saw in a vision while praying, including:
The glory of God is the light (no sun)
Heaven is where all the true believers go.
You never sleep because of your purified new body
Has 12 gates made of pearl
Walls made of jasper
Streets made of pure gold
A river of life
Trees on each side of the river
Catholics believe Mary is the Queen of Heaven, officially defined by Pope Pius XII in 1954. However many Protestants see this as not in the Bible.
In Islam
According to the Quran and Hadith, Heaven is a place of reward for those believers who accept the true faith and practices the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The eternal life will be perfect, with thousands of types of food and clothing more beautiful than humans could ever imagine. There will also be no sad feelings, stress or pain and related problems of life.
In Bahá'í Faith
Baha'is believe that Heaven or (hell) being specific places as symbolic. The Aqdas, the holy book of Baha'is, along with other Baha'i books, describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where being close to God is called heaven. Hell is seen as being separated from God. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, said that the afterlife is beyond human understanding.
In Paganism
Summerland is the name given by Wiccans and other Pagan (old European religions) to their belief of afterlife (life after death).
References
Afterlife |
13972 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | A button can have three meanings.
A button is a fastener that keeps your shirt or pants closed.
A button is something that sticks up from a flat surface, and when you push it, it makes something happen.
A button is a picture on a computer monitor that is pressed with a computer mouse to make the computer do something.
Basic English 850 words |
13974 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing | Multiprocessing | Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The CPUs do not have to be the same. Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.
Related pages
Multitasking
Multithreading
Multi-core processor
Computer science |
13975 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitasking | Multitasking | Multitasking means that a computer can run more than one item of software in the same time frame, as in switching between several computer programs running on a single CPU. It can also refer to a person who is working on more than one task at the same time (for instance, talking on the telephone while filing papers).
In computing
Computers which can appear to run more than one program even with only one CPU. Computer scientists solve the problem that a CPU can only do one thing at a time by programming it so that it switches rapidly between tasks. This happens so rapidly that it appears that the computer is running more than one program at once. This is called "multiprogramming". This action is often controlled by the operating system (OS) controlling the hardware of the system.
The more things the computer has to do at once, the more time it has to spend deciding which to give more time to, and the less time each one receives. This tends to make the computer perform its tasks more slowly, unless it uses a multi-core processor, acting as multiple CPUs, which is called "multiprocessing".
Related pages
Multiprocessing
Multithreading
Computer science |
13976 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading | Multithreading | Multithreading means that a computer can work on different parts of the same program at the same time. This usually allows the program to run faster.
Related pages
Multitasking
Multiprocessing
Multi-core processor
computer science |
13977 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization | Fertilization | Fertilization (British English spelling: fertilisation) is when a male's sperm enters a female's ovum (or "egg"). Fertilization is also called conception. Biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. A zygote grows into an embryo.
Fertilization occurs in animals, including humans and birds, in plants, fungi, protists, in fact all eukaryotes. Fertilization makes a cell with twice as many chromosomes. The eukaryote life cycle includes meiosis which divides the chromosome number in half.
In animals
In animals, there are two types of fertilization, internal and external. Internal fertilization happens in the female body. External fertilization happens outside of the body. Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization. Amphibians and most fish use external fertilization. Some animals with internal fertilization give birth to live offspring. Others such as birds, most reptiles, and some mammals such as the Platypus, lay eggs.
Internal fertilization happens during mating (sexual intercourse in humans). Sperm cells travel from the male testicles to the female uterus. One sperm attaches to the egg in the uterus. Together, they become a zygote.
Related pages
Alternation of generations
Mating
Population growth
References
Biological reproduction |
13981 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision | Decision | The word Decision can refer to different concepts:
General
When there are several options on what to do, picking one of the options is called 'making a decision'. Humans and other animals make decisions almost all the time.
A field of mathematics, and economics, that looks at this process is called decision theory.
Law
A decision is also the result of a legal case. The decision in Brown v. Board of Education was to end segregation.
Sports
A decision is also the result of a sports contest. The team lost three decisions in a row.
A decision in Boxing is when a referee (official) decides who wins when the one boxer does not win by knockout (hitting the other until he loses consciousness.) |
13982 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteboard | Whiteboard | A whiteboard, also called a markerboard, is a drawing surface on which markings made with markers are visible. It is used as a surface to write on. Whiteboards are often used to help teach. Special markers are used that can be erased. Whiteboards usually have a shiny surface. Before there were whiteboards, people used blackboards. Chalk is used to write on blackboards. Now, there is another improvement, people are now using electronic whiteboards, where it is controlled by a computer - this is sometimes called an interactive whiteboard (IWB). These were particularly popular in English schools in the 2000s.
Related pages
Interactive whiteboard
Writing media
learning |
13983 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist | Chemist | A chemist is a scientist who studies chemistry. In England can also mean a pharmacist (person who dispenses medicines that doctors prescribe for people).
Chemistry is the study of elements, atoms, molecules, and how they react together. Chemists research and test medicines, explosives, and a lot of other things. Chemistry is an important science. It helps industry and pharmacology.
Chemists are people who study compounds and find new ways to do chemical reactions. They make chemicals in order to find new ways to do things, like to make a better glue, or to make new medicines, or to make things clean, for example. They also use compounds to find out more about the laws of chemistry.
Science occupations |
13984 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist | Biologist | A biologist is a scientist who studies biology. Biologists study living organisms.
There are many different kinds of biologists. Some of these include:
Those who study fish and ocean plants. They are called marine biologists.
Those who study very small bacteria or Viruses.
Other scientists study groups of animals.
People who look at DNA in cells are called geneticists.
Some biologists study using cells in factories and companies, and that is called biotechnology.
Science occupations |
13986 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular%20cancer | Testicular cancer | Testicular cancer is cancer in one or both testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 people are diagnosed with the cancer every year. Every male has a 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%) chance of being diagnosed with it. It is most common among males aged 15-40 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers; more than 90%. This is most often achieved by removing one or both testicles. Even in the small number of cases where the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 50%.
Symptoms and early detection
Because testicular cancer is curable (stage I can have a success rate of >95%) when detected early, experts recommend regular monthly testicular self-examination after a hot shower or bath, when the scrotum is looser. Men are advised to feel each testicle, feeling for pea-shaped lumps.
Symptoms of testicular cancer include one or more of the following:
a lump in one testis or a hardening of one of the testicles
pain and tenderness in the testicles
build-up of fluid in the scrotum
a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
a change in the size of a testicle
blood in semen
How bad the cancer is and whether it is present at all is often discovered through ultrasound of the testicles, x-rays, and/or CT scans. Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumour markers that are only in a person's blood if they have testicular cancer. Biopsies should not be performed because it increases the risk of migrating cancer cells into the scrotum.
Cancer |
13987 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future | Future | The future is something that has not happened yet. Once that something has happened, it is called the past. If it is happening now, it is called the present. And the study of social advancement in the future is called futurology.
Movies, television shows and books that tell made-up stories about the future are often called science fiction, but there is also science fiction which takes place in the past, and fiction that takes place in the future but is not science fiction.
Basic English 850 words
Time |
13988 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus | Fetus | A fetus or foetus is the stage that an organism goes through before it is born as a baby. In humans a fetus is the stage (time of development) after the embryonic stage, and begins during the third to eighth week of development after fertilization of the egg. The fetal stage lasts from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth. This stage can also take 9-12 weeks, if any mutations happen.
Biological reproduction |
13989 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past | Past | The past is something that has already happened. If something has not happened yet, it is called the future.
Professors and researchers that study the events of the past, and try to explain why these events happened are called history professors or historians.
Many books, movies, and television shows tell made-up stories about the past. These are called historical fiction. Some books, movies, and television shows from a style called science fiction or fantasy tell made-up stories about being able to travel through time back to the past.
Time |
13990 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle | Particle | A particle is a tiny bit of matter that makes up everything in the universe. In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle which cannot be split up into smaller pieces.
There are many different types of particles, with different particle sizes and properties.
Macroscopic particles are particles that are larger than atoms or molecules. They have volume and shape. Powder and dust are some examples of macroscopic particles. Nanoparticles are an intermediate size, being a very fine powder but much larger than atoms.
Atoms and molecules are called microscopic particles. Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than atoms. The proton, the neutron, and the electron are subatomic particles. These are the particles which make atoms. The proton has a positive charge (a + charge). The neutron has a neutral charge. The electron has a negative charge (a - charge), and it is the smallest of these three particles. In atoms, there is a small nucleus in the center, which is where the protons and neutrons are, and electrons orbit the nucleus.
Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. Quarks are subatomic particles, but they are also elementary particles because we do not know if they are made up of even smaller particles. There are six different types of quarks. These are the up quark, the down quark, the strange quark, the charm quark, the bottom quark, and the top quark. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. The proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark.
Chemistry
Nuclear physics
Matter
? |
13993 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20DeGeneres | Ellen DeGeneres | Ellen DeGeneres (born January 26, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian, television host and actress. She is the host of the talk show The Ellen DeGeneres Show. She starred in two television sitcoms, Ellen from 1994 to 1998 and The Ellen Show from 2001 to 2002. She is seen as a very generous person when it comes to giving presents on her talk show The Ellen DeGeneres Show. She is also seen as an inspiration to people to be who you are.
During the fourth season of Ellen in 1997, DeGeneres came out publicly as a lesbian in an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show. Since 2004, DeGeneres has been in a relationship with Australian actress Portia de Rossi. They were married on August 16, 2008.
Early life
DeGeneres was born at Ochsner Foundation Hospital in Jefferson, Louisiana, She is the daughter of Elizabeth Jane "Betty" Pfeffer DeGeneres, a speech therapist, and Elliott Everett DeGeneres, an insurance agent. She has one brother, Vance. Her brother is a musician and producer. She is of French, English, German, and Irish ancestry. She was raised as a Christian Scientist until age 13. In 1973, her parents filed for separation and were divorced the following year. Shortly after, Ellen's mother married Roy Gruessendorf, a salesman. Betty Jane and Ellen moved with Gruessendorf from the New Orleans area to Atlanta, Texas. Vance stayed with his father.
DeGeneres graduated from Atlanta High School in May 1976. Her first years of high school were at Grace King High School in Metairie, Louisiana. She moved back to New Orleans to attend the University of New Orleans, where she majored in communication studies. After one semester, she left school to do clerical work in a law firm with a cousin, Laura Gillen. She also held a job selling clothes at the chain store the Merry-Go-Round at the Lakeside Shopping Center.
Her early jobs included working at J. C. Penney, being a waitress at TGI Friday's and another restaurant, a house painter, a hostess, and a bartender. She talks about her experiences as a child and at work in her comedic work.
On a February 9, 2011, episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, DeGeneres shared a letter from the New England Historic Genealogical Society. It said that she is Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge's 15th cousin via their shared common ancestor Thomas Fairfax. Madonna is DeGeneres' eleventh cousin.
Personal life
In 2007, Forbes said that DeGeneres's has a financial worth of about US$65 million.
She is a fan of the National Football League, and has shown particular support for the New Orleans Saints and the Green Bay Packers. In 2011, she attended a Saints practice dressed as Packers Hall of Famer Don Hutson.
In November 2011, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton named her a Special Envoy for Global AIDS Awareness.
DeGeneres took a selfie at the 86th Academy Awards in 2014 with actors such as Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie, Bradley Cooper, Jared Leto, and Lupita Nyong'o. It became the most retweeted image ever on Twitter, with over 3 million retweets.
Movie roles
Television roles
Roles as herself
Discography
Awards and honors
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Talk Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show – 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011
Outstanding Talk Show Host, The Ellen DeGeneres Show – 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
Outstanding Special Class Writing, The Ellen DeGeneres Show – 2005, 2006, 2007
Emmy Awards
Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series, Ellen: "The Puppy Episode" – 1997
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2012
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Funny Female Star – 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
Favorite Talk Show Host – 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
Favorite Daytime Talk Show Host - 2012, 2013, 2014
Favorite Yes I Chose This Star – 2008
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie – 2004
Tulane University President's Medal
2009
Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards
2000 Lucy Award, actor, If These Walls Could Talk 2, in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
2012
References
1958 births
Living people
Comedians from Louisiana
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Lesbians
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT people from Louisiana
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Actors from New Orleans, Louisiana
People's Choice Award winners |
13994 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie%20O%27Donnell | Rosie O'Donnell | Roseann "Rosie" O'Donnell (born March 21, 1962) is an American television host, comedienne, actress, and author. She gained exposure by appearing on Star Search, a talent show.
Her daytime talk show, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, began in 1996 and ran until 2002. She briefly hosted a primetime talk show on the Oprah Winfrey Network called The Rosie Show from 2011 until 2012.
O'Donnell won an Emmy Award in 1999. She is openly lesbian and has been married twice. She has adopted five children.
O'Donnell was the host of the panel talk show The View on ABC from 2006 until 2007, when she was replaced by Whoopi Goldberg. She returned to The View in 2014 for a few months.
In August 2012, O'Donnell suffered a heart attack. She hosted a stand-up comedy event that aired on HBO for Valentine's Day in 2015, called Rosie O'Donnell: A Heartfelt Standup. In the documentary, she detailed her life since her heart attack.
She has appeared on the Showtime series Smilf as the character Tutu since 2017.
In October 2018, she became engaged to Boston police officer Elizabeth Rooney. They dated for a year beforehand.
Movies
A League of Their Own (1992)
Sleepless in Seattle (1993)
Another Stakeout (1993)
Fatal Instinct (1993)
Car 54, Where Are You? (1994)
I'll Do Anything (1994)
The Flintstones (1994)
Exit to Eden (1994)
Now and Then (1995)
Beautiful Girls (1996)
Harriet the Spy (1996)
A Very Brady Sequel (1996) (Cameo appearance)
Wide Awake (1998)
Get Bruce (1999) (documentary)
Tarzan (1999) (voice)
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000)
Artists and Orphans: A True Drama (2001)
Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)
Last Party 2000 (2001)
The Lady in Question Is Charles Busch (2005)
Show Business (2005)
Pursuit of Equality (2005)
All Aboard! Rosie's Family Cruise (2006)
Rosie O'Donnell: A Heartfelt Standup (2015)
References
Other websites
Official site
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television talk show hosts
Comedians from New York City
Emmy Award winners
Lesbians
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT people from New York
American LGBT rights activists
Television personalities from New York
1962 births
Living people
American bloggers |
13996 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass | Ass | Ass can mean different things:
Another name for a donkey
A person's buttocks (rear end)
Calling someone an ass means that they are being rude. It is considered an insult to call someone an ass.
Related pages
Jackass
Pejoratives
English profanity |
13997 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue | Tissue | A Tissue forms part of an organ in plants or animals. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to do a job in the body. They are a group of cells having the same origin, structure and function. The cells look the same or almost the same. The work the cells in a tissue do is the same or almost the same.
The four main kinds are:
connective tissue
muscles
nerves
epithelial tissue
Organs are made up of more than one kind of tissue. The heart is an organ. It is made up of different tissues. It has muscle tissue called myocardium. It has connective tissue on the inside (endocardium), and on the outside (pericardium). The heart has valves that make sure the blood goes the right way through the heart. So the heart is an organ made from several tissues.
The study of the structure of tissues under a microscope is called histology.
Tissues |
13998 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock | Cock | Cock can mean different things:
A cock is a male chicken (also called a rooster)
Cock is a slang term for penis
The Antonov An-22 aircraft, called "Cock" by NATO |
13999 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shit | Shit | Shit is a slang word for feces. Shit is a swear word (an offensive, rude, or impolite word) to most English speakers. It can mean bad things other than feces, depending on the context. It can be used as an angry exclamation, which is something said loudly or with strong emotion. It can be an adjective that means low quality or worthless. It can be a verb that means to produce feces (poop). The related form bullshit is a slang word with meanings that include nonsense and lies.
The general etymology of this is from the three words (of different languages): Old English "scitte", Dutch "schijiten", German "schiessen".
English profanity |
14000 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piss | Piss | Piss or pissed are slang words for:
Urine
Being drunk
The emotional state of anger (e.g.: "I'm really pissed (off) about this!") |
14001 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunt | Cunt | Cunt is an abusive word that is used against people as an insult. It can also be slang, for the vagina, or vulva.
Unlike many words of profanity that came from Anglo-Saxon, this word came from a Latin one (cuneus, meaning a wedge shape). After the Norman invasion of England, it replaced the native word for vagina, 'mægþblæd'.
Pejoratives
English profanity |
14002 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick | Dick | Dick could mean:
Dick (movie), a comedy movie about the Watergate scandal, with Richard Nixon as a character
Dick, as slang meaning:
Penis
Dick (insult), a rude person
Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran), DIC(K)
The Dicks, a hardcore punk band
Carry On Dick, a 1974 film
A nickname for Richard
People named Dick:
Bernhard Dick, a German chemist
Klaus Dick, a German bishop
Philip Kindred Dick, a science-fiction author
Uwe Dick, a German novelist
Dick Clark, an American entertainer
Dick Durbin, a Senator from Illinois
Dick Van Dyke, an American actor
Dick Irvin, a Canadian hockey player
Dick Cheney, former Vice President of the United States
Dick Van Patten, an American actor and activist
Dick's could mean:
Dick's Drive-In, a Seattle, Washington-based fast food chain
Dick's Sporting Goods, a major sporting goods retailer in the United States
Dirty Dick's, a pub in Bishopsgate, London, United Kingdom
Pejoratives
Names |
14003 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut | Nut | Nut or nuts can mean different things:
Nut (fruit), a seed or fruit inside a hard outer shell, many of which are eaten as food
A nut (hardware) screws onto a bolt (fastener) to hold two things together
The exclamation, "Nuts!" can be used to mean "That is a shame" or "Too bad"
Nuts is a slang term for the testicles and scrotum
Nut is a slang term for sexual ejaculate.
Nut is an Egyptian goddess.
A nut is a slang term for someone who is crazy
To go nuts is a slang term for being out of control.
Basic English 850 words |
14005 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch | Bitch | A bitch is a female dog.
It is also slang insult used to mean a nasty woman. It is possibly derived from the fact that bitch is used in other ways, however, such as in the phrase son of a bitch (also son of a gun) or bitchy.
Pejoratives
English profanity
Words |
14008 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20and%20chain | Ball and chain | A ball and chain is a device historically worn by prisoners. It consists of a heavy iron ball attached to the prisoner's ankle with a chain and shackle. It stops the prisoner from running away.
The ball and chain was mainly used in the British Empire and its penal colonies. It was used from the 17th century until as late as the mid 20th century.
References
Law enforcement equipment |
14009 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum | Cum | Cum can mean different things:
Cum is a slang term for semen
The verb form cum is a slang term for the act of ejaculation, or for having an orgasm.
English profanity |
14010 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggot%20%28food%29 | Faggot (food) | A faggot is a kind of meatball, a traditional dish in the UK, especially the southwest of England, Wales, and the Black Country. It is made from meat off-cuts and offal, especially pork. A faggot is usually made from pig heart, liver and fatty belly meat or bacon minced together, with herbs for flavouring and sometimes breadcrumbs. The mixture is shaped in the hand into balls, wrapped round with caul (a membrane from the pig's abdomen), and baked. A similar dish, almôndega, is traditional in Portugal. This dish is also popular in the United States.
Meat dishes |
14011 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfairpwllgwyngyll | Llanfairpwllgwyngyll | Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, officially Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (pronounced llan-vire-pooll-gwin-gill-go-gare-urch-wyn-drob-ooll-andus-ilio-gogo-goch), also known as Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll, Llanfair PG or just Llanfairpwll, is a large village and community on Anglesey, an island in Wales. In a 2018 study, it had a population of 2,999 residents.
It is situated just across the Menai Strait from the city of Bangor.
It is famous for having for the longest place name in Europe and the second-longest official one-word place name in the world, right after the hill Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu located in Pōrangahau, New Zealand. The village's official name contains 58 characters and 19 syllables. It translates into English as St Mary's Church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool of Llantysilio of the Red Cave. The village was given this long name as a publicity stunt to bring people to the village.
A 2011 survey revealed that 71% of the village's population can speak Welsh.
The village has a railway station, known as Llanfairpwll railway station. The station is known for its huge sign of the village's name and how to pronounce it. The station provides direct trains to Holyhead to the west and Manchester, Crewe, Chester, Shrewsbury, Birmingham and South Wales to the east.
Gallery
Long words
Villages in Wales |
14012 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoconiosis | Pneumoconiosis | Pneumoconiosis is a form of occupational lung disease that is not infective. It is a progressive (gets worse with time) degenerative disorder. It is caused by air pollution in the form of tiny particles. It was common among coal miners, who inhaled coal dust regularly.
Another type of pneumoconiosis is 'asbestosis', caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. A third type is caused by inhaling very small silica particles, called 'silicosis'. All forms of pneuomoconiosis shorten life, and have no cure.
Indications:
Having worked at an occupation with dust risks
Shortness of breath
Chest X-ray may show typical signs
Long name
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is a lung disease caused by the breathing-in of very small particles of sand or quartz dust found in volcanoes. It was first seen in the Oxford English Dictionary, in 1936. It is "an artificial long word", invented by in 1935 by Everett Smith, president of the National Puzzlers' League (N.P.L.), at its annual meeting.
Related pages
Silicosis
Asbestosis
References
Long words
Diseases |
14013 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu | Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu}}
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu is the Maori name of a hill in New Zealand. The short form Taumata is used in everyday talk. The hill is 305 meters high.
It has eighty-five letters in its name. It is one of the longest place names in the world.
Notes and sources
Long words
Hills
Geography of New Zealand |
14021 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20Awful | Something Awful | Something Awful is a comedy website and forums. The part of the website where people are paid to write comedy is called the "front page," and the part where people talk about a variety of things is the forums. People have to pay money to join the forums to talk with other people around the world. It currently costs $9.95 to join. The money they pay goes towards keeping the website online, and is said to make the forums higher quality, because members of the forums have something to lose if they are banned. Because of the comedy nature of the website, people on the forums often post to try to make people laugh instead of posting seriously.
Something Awful was started by Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka in 1999.
In March, 2008 Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka left forums management to Kevin "Fragmaster" Bowen, in order to focus on operating the main site.
Other websites
Something Awful
Something Awful Twitter account
References
Websites |
14025 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fark.com | Fark.com | Fark is a comedy website and forums.
Fark was started by Drew Curtis in 1999 as a weblog where users post current news articles and other information. Then other users make comments on these articles. There are two classes of users; users with free subscriptions are able to post comments in the forums and submit new articles. There is also a subscription service called TotalFark that grants access to more news stories. Regular subscribers are known as Farkers and paying subscribers are often called TotalFarkers or TFers.
Fark is what's known as a news aggregator. The page is divided into several tabs, "Not News", "Sports", "Business", "Geek", "Showbiz", "Politics", "Music", and "Video" Users submit stories that are relevant to each tab, and staffers and subscribers decide which ones are posted. Once a story is posted, a corresponding forum thread is created where any subscriber can comment on the story.
Other websites
Fark
Websites |
14029 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation | Menstruation | Menstruation, or menses, is when an unfertilized female has blood come out of her vagina for 2–7 days every month. A more common word for menstruation is a "period".
Summary
Inside the thick part of the uterus are blood vessels and nutrients that a baby will need to grow. Every month in a human female who has gone through puberty, the brain sends signals to the ovaries that tell them to release an ovum (or egg). The ovum then travels through the fallopian tubes (with the expectation of becoming fertilized by a sperm cell) into the uterus. If an ovum is fertilized, it sticks to the wall of the uterus and starts to grow. If the ovum is not fertilized, it does not stick. The uterus then gets rid of the ovum and the extra tissue by releasing it from the body. The tissue and blood flows out of the uterus through the vagina. This is called menstruation or having a period. The bleeding normally lasts about 3-5 days, though some people may bleed longer or have a bit of bleeding between periods.
The uterus then starts preparing for another ovum. For most people, the time between their periods is about one month. For about 2 years after menstruation starts, the time between periods is not always the same. Some menstruators may skip a month, or have 2 periods close to each other. It is also possible and normal (within reasonable limits) to have cramps (rather painful squeezing feelings) or to feel bloated (swollen up) in the abdomen at periods.
People who have periods often use sanitary napkins or tampons to soak up the blood and tissue. A sanitary napkin is a piece of material that absorbs (takes in) liquids which is worn between the vulva and underpants. A tampon is a stick of absorbent material that is placed in the vagina. Pads and tampons can be disposable or reusable.The use of a menstrual cup or disc is also possible. A menstrual cup is a silicone cup that is inserted inside the vagina to collect blood and other tissues. A menstrual disc follows the same concept but is made of more flexible material and is round and flatter than a cup, it is also inserted higher in the vagina.
Cycle
Menstruation
Most people menstruate for 3–5 days every month. However, anywhere from 2–7 days is normal. The amount of blood lost is normally about 50ml. Menstruators usually use a pad or a tampon to keep the blood from staining their undergarments, but there are many other forms of sanitary protection.
Menopause
Menopause is menstruation stopping at the age of around 45-70, which is caused by hormones. Symptoms include irritability, heat, vaginal burning and/or discomfort, and vaginal dryness. A slang word for it is called "the change". Most people must take a few months to adjust to the dryness. After they stop their period they can no longer produce babies.
Physical appearance
The fluid that comes out looks like blood, but it is more than just blood. It also has endometrial tissue. This is the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus (womb).
Menses happens in the first days of the menstrual cycle. This is the changes that happen in a woman's body every month. These changes are started by changes in hormone levels in the blood. These changes also cause a person to ovulate and make an ovum (also called "egg"). Menstruation usually starts around the age of 11, even as early as 9 years old, and ends when the menstruator is too old to have children. However, some females can still have children from the age of 50-70.
Effect
Some people have pain in the low part of the abdomen when they menstruate. This is called dysmenorrhea, or cramps. Extreme and continuous cramps are not normal and should be checked upon with a medical practitionner. The hormones that are produced before and during a period can also make a woman feel moody, or just strange. This is called premenstrual syndrome (PMS), or premenstrual tension (PMT). A person can feel bloated or swollen and have long cramps. Some menstruators have extremely bad reactions to menstruation and may even feel suicidal. This is called premenstrual dysphoric disorder, or PMDD. Other physical effects include headaches, tender berasts, lower back pain, fatigue, acne, diarrrhea or constipation, trouble sleeping and more.
Materials
Most menstruators use something to absorb or catch their menses. There are a number of different methods available. The most common methods of absorbing the flow are sanitary towels (sometimes called "pads"), tampons and padded underwear. Some people use sea sponges, towels and other reusable absorbing items.
In addition to products to contain the menstrual flow, pharmaceutical companies likewise provide products — commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) — to relieve menstrual cramps. Some herbs, such as dong quai, raspberry leaf and crampbark, are also claimed to relieve menstrual pain, however there is no documented scientific evidence.
Notes
3. https://www.yourperiod.ca/normal-periods/symptoms-of-menstruation/
Female reproductive system |
14031 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period | Period | Period means different things.
Period (punctuation), a punctuation mark, also called a full stop
period (geology), a series of rock strata, and the time during which the rocks were laid down
The time every month when a woman menstruates
The time it takes to finish one sequence of something that happens again and again
Orbital period
Periodic function
The time it takes to play 1/3 of an ice hockey game
A row in the periodic table |
14037 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian-Casuals%20F.C. | Corinthian-Casuals F.C. | The Corinthian Casuals are a football team in Tolworth, Surrey, England. They play in the Isthmian League Division One South.
English football clubs |
14047 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub | Nightclub | A nightclub is a type of theatre or bar or club where there are shows, singers and dance girls. Examples of this are the Folies Bergère in Paris, the Tropicana in Havana and the Cotton Club in Harlem, Manhattan.
Also the name is used for places where adults socialize and meet others and drink alcoholic beverages, like wine, beer, and mixed drinks.
Most nightclubs are only open in the evening and in the night. Some are open during the day, but in these cases, the facility usually provides a different service, such as a restaurant service.
Activities
Nightclubs, in the original sense, put on shows which people watched sitting in chairs, often at a table where food and drink was served.
Today, the word is used for venues with a dance floor and a DJ playing pop, rock, and dance music recordings. Some nightclubs have entertainment such as pop bands, rock bands, or comedians. Some nightclubs have a quieter lounge area with couches, sofas, and low tables, so that people can talk together.
They mostly have burgers and wings for the people at the party
Food and drinks
Some nightclubs also serve a small selection of food, usually snacks or finger food. Nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs (pubs specialize in beer and ale). Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liquers, wine, sherry, Some nightclubs have a large selection of expensive brands of alcohol (these are called "premium" brands).
The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks than pubs. Mixed drinks and cocktails are alcoholic drinks that consist of one or more types of alcohol (e.g., rum, vodka, whiskey, etc.) mixed with flavorings such as orange juice, cream, chocolate syrup, or soda. Many mixed drinks also include ice, crushed ice, or sliced lemon or lime.
Some well-known mixed drinks include the martini, the "Rum and Coke", and the "screwdriver" (orange juice mixed with vodka).
Staff
Nightclubs hire a variety of staff to do different jobs. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs serve alcohol and mix drinks. Some nightclubs hire servers to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some nightclubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses.
Security in nightclubs is provided by door staff, often called "bouncers". Door staff check the identification of people entering the nightclub, to ensure that people that are too young to drink do not enter the club. Door staff also prevent drunk or aggressive people from entering the nightclub. They also escort people out of the club if they are too drunk, fighting, or taking drugs. Door staff may also call the police if they cannot deal with a situation.
Nightclubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Nightclubs also have coat check employees who hang up the patron's coats, sound technicians to maintain the sound system (the CD players, amplifiers, and speakers), and cleaners (to sweep the floors and clean the bathrooms). Some large nightclubs may hire DJs to work in the club every week as employees.
DJs, bands, comedians who entertain patrons during the evening are usually not usually employees of the nightclub. Instead, the nightclub signs a contract with these entertainers, in which the entertainer promises to come to the club on a specified night, in return for a sum of money.
Places where alcohol is served
Entertainment venues |
14048 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing | Freezing | Freezing is the process when a liquid turns into a solid. Freezing occurs when heat is lost from an object, which causes the molecules to slow down and form tighter bonds. One example of freezing is when water turns into ice. Freezing is the opposite of melting, and two steps away from evaporation. Freezing occurs at below 0 degrees Celsius with water, while some other liquids become a solid at higher or lower temperatures.
Most liquids can freeze. It is a necessary step in casting for example.
Related pages
Freezing point
Condensation
Melting
Vaporization
Sublimation
Other websites
Crystallization -Citizendium
Matter |
14049 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious%20metal | Precious metal | A precious metal is a type of metal that is worth a lot of money compared to most other metals. Some precious metals are gold, silver, and platinum. Many pieces of jewelry are made out of precious metals.
The precious metal worth the most amount of money for the same mass is Rhodium.
Related pages
Alchemy
Noble metal
References
Geology
Metals |
14050 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery | Jewellery | Jewellery (or jewelry) refers to any clothing accessory that is worn as a decoration.
In itself, jewellery has no other purpose than to look attractive. However, it is often added to items that have a practical use. Items such as belts and handbags are mainly accessories but may be decorated. A broach, often worn to keep a cloak closed, could be highly decorated with jewels.
Necklaces, finger rings and earrings are the most usual kinds of jewellery.
History
Humans have made jewellery for a long time. There are many forms of jewelry worn for traditional, social or religious reasons. Jewellery can come in many forms, worn on any part of the body or clothing. Jewellery most often are rings, chains, bead strings, pendants and piercings, worn around or on different body parts.
Creation
Jewellery can be made from any material. The first jewellery was made from bone, animal teeth, wood or stone. Jewelry often uses gemstones and precious metals.
Fashion jewellery or costume jewellery is jewellery that is worn just for fashion, and is not made of expensive materials.
Common jewellery types
Earrings, which is any jewellery worn on the ears
Necklaces, worn around the neck
Finger rings and toe rings (finger rings are usually just called "rings")
Bracelets or bangles, worn on the wrists
Arm rings or armlets, worn on the upper arms
Pins or brooches, worn on clothes for decoration or keeping clothes from undoing.
Piercings, which is jewelry that is put through holes in the skin
Cremation jewelry such as keepsakes, bracelets, keychains, necklaces, pendants or rings
Gallery
Related pages
Cartier (jeweller) |
14051 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium | Potassium | Potassium is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol K. This symbol is taken from the Latin word kalium. Potassium's atomic number is 19. It has 19 protons and electrons. Potassium is not found as an element in nature, because it is so reactive.
Potassium has two stable isotopes, with 20 or 22 neutrons. Its atomic mass is 39.098. The unstable isotope with 21 neutrons is one of the most common radioactive materials.
Properties
Physical properties
Potassium is a soft gray metal. It can be cut easily with a knife. Its melting point is 63 degrees Celsius (145.4 degrees Fahrenheit). It melts at a very low temperature. It is an alkali metal. It is the second lightest metal, after lithium.
Chemical properties
Potassium reacts in many chemical reactions similar to sodium and other alkali metals. It tarnishes in air to produce a whitish oxidized layer on the surface. This is why it is stored in oil. It also reacts very fast with water, which is another reason for its storage in oil. The hydrogen produced during its reaction with water can burst into flames when a large amount of potassium is added to water. Potassium hydroxide is also produced. Potassium also burns in air easily, to make the peroxide or the superoxide.
Chemical compounds
Potassium compounds are only in one oxidation state: +1. Potassium ions are colorless and similar to sodium ions. Potassium chloride can be used as a substitute for table salt. Potassium hydroxide is used in the electrolyte of alkaline cells. Most potassium compounds are nontoxic. If they are toxic, it is because of the anion. Potassium chromate is colored because of the chromate, not the potassium. Potassium chromate is toxic because of the chromate, not the potassium.
Chrome alum
Potash alum
Potassium arsenate, oxidizing agent, toxic
Potassium arsenite, colorless solid, toxic
Potassium bromate, colorless, oxidizing agent, used in flour
Potassium bromide, colorless, used as sedative
Potassium carbonate, colorless, reacts with acids
Potassium chlorate, used in matches and explosives
Potassium chloride, salt substitute
Potassium chromate, yellow solid, oxidizing agent, toxic
Potassium dichromate, red solid, oxidizing agent, toxic
Potassium fluoride, used to make fluorine, corrosive
Potassium hydroxide, also known as potash, caustic, strong base, white solid
Potassium hypomanganate, bright blue hypomanganate, rare
Potassium iodate, used to supply iodine
Potassium iodide, used to supply iodine
Potassium manganate, used to make potassium permanganate
Potassium nitrate, used in gunpowder
Potassium perchlorate, used in some rockets
Potassium periodate
Potassium permanganate, purple, disinfectant, oxidizing agent
Potassium sulfide, reacts with water
Potassium sulfite, used in food preservation
Potassium sulfate, colorless, used in fertilizers
Name
The word potassium comes from the word "potash". Potash is a mixture of potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide that has been used for a very long time. In past centuries potash was made from ashes in pots. It is used to make fertilizer, soap, and glass.
Occurrence
Potassium does not occur in nature because it is too reactive. It is found in minerals, though. It is extracted from them by electrolysis of potassium hydroxide or potassium chloride. The potassium hydroxide or potassium chloride has to be melted at a very high temperature.
Uses
Potassium metal is used to absorb water from solvents. It is also used in some scientific instruments.
Potassium compounds are used in soap, fertilizer, explosives, and matches.
Nutrition
Potassium ions are very important to organisms. That is why fertilizers have potassium compounds in them. The ions send messages from cells to other cells. It helps biological membranes depolarize. This means go from a negative to a positive electrical charge. This is needed for muscles to contract (get shorter and move things.) It is needed for the heart to beat (push blood through blood vessels.) If the potassium level in the blood is too high or too low it can cause death because the heart stops. A few good sources of potassium are bananas, apricots and raisins.
Safety
Potassium metal is very dangerous and can form an explosive coating if it is kept in air. It also reacts violently with water, spewing corrosive liquid. Potassium compounds are not normally dangerous, unless they contain a toxic anion like chromate or chlorate.
Related pages
Lithium
Rubidium
Caesium
Alkali metal
Other websites
Potassium -Citizendium
References
Alkali metals
Chemical elements |
14055 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Simpsons | The Simpsons | The Simpsons is an American adult animated sitcom. It was created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The show started on December 17, 1989 and so far over 677 episodes have aired in 33 seasons. As of today, the show is in its 33rd season. As a full-length movie, The Simpsons Movie, was released on July 27, 2007 as a celebration of the franchise. It is aimed at the whole family.
The comedy takes place in the fake (make-believe) town of Springfield, although it is speculated that this town may correspond to the real-life cities of Springfield, Oregon (a city near where Groening grew up) or Springfield, Virginia, from the adventures of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Homer's name is an Homerous. His full name is Homer J. Simpson. Bart's name is an anagram of Brat. His full name is Bartholomew Jojo Simpson. This TV show has a yellow skinned cartoon family. In 1998, Phil Hartman was murdered by his wife. In 2000, Ned Flander's wife, Maude Flanders was killed off. Also in 2000, Barney Gumble became sober. In 2002, the production of The Simpsons had switched from cels to digital ink and paint. During that time, The Simpsons had suffering of franchise fatigue. "Sneed's Feed and Seed" from the episode E-I-E-I-(Annoyed Grunt) became an internet meme.
History
The television show The Simpsons was originally shown as short shows on The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox then decided to give them their own show in 1989.
Shorts
Episodes
Seasons of The Simpsons mostly have a total of 22 episodes.
Elements of the show
Chalkboard gag
Many episodes begin with a scene of Springfield Elementary School, where Bart Simpson is shown writing lines on a chalkboard as punishment for being bad. For example, in one episode, Bart writes, "I will not conduct my own fire drills." The line is supposed to be humourous. Not every episode has a new one and sometimes the chalkboard gag may be cut (removed) because there is not enough time.
Couch gag
In the opening, all the Simpsons come home after work or school. After Homer Simpson is almost or is hit by Marge's car, they all go into the living room, where something comical happens again. These are called "couch gags". On one couch gag Homer Simpson walked onto the screen like James Bond and shot the camera. Sometimes if an episode is a short one, then the couch gag will be very long. A couple of couch gags have been over one minute long. Couch gags in earlier seasons were simple but then became more interesting in later seasons.
Ending credits
At the end of the show, the credits are shown. Sometimes they might be changed. In one episode, the ending showed Homer reading from a document about Dateline. In another episode, where all of the character sung in song, the character Snake kept firing his gun in order to make the music that was playing stop.
Movie
A film based on the show, The Simpsons Movie, was released in 2007, specifically on the day that it was released. It included the character Spider Pig as Homer's new pet after rescuing him from a chain restaurant, Krusty Burger.
References
Other websites
TheSimpsons.com Official website
The Simpsons Archive
The Simpsons at the Encyclopedia of Television
The Simpsons Wiki
The Simpsons Wiki at Wikia
1989 American television series debuts
1989 anime television series
1980s American sitcoms
1980s animated television series
1990s American sitcoms
1990s animated television series
1990s satirical television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s animated television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s animated television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s American sitcoms
2020s animated television series
2020s satirical television series
Adult animated television series
American animated television series
American satirical television series
American television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Fox television series |
14056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa%20Heinz | Teresa Heinz | Teresa Heinz Kerry (born October 5, 1938) is a Portuguese-American businesswoman and philanthropist. She was born in Maputo, Mozambique to Portuguese parents. She is the wife of United States Senator John Kerry. She was previously married to former U.S. senator H. John Heinz III, until his death. She is a naturalized American citizen. She has breast cancer.
References
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John Kerry
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
People with cancer
Portuguese writers
1938 births
Living people |
14057 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum | Museum | A museum is a building<ref>Alexander, Edward Porter et al. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=owHSEk96qxQC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false Museums in Motion: an Introduction to the History and Functions of Museums, p. 2]; excerpt, "Douglas Alan, former director of the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh, said that 'a museum in its simplest form consists of a building to house collections of objects for inspection, study and enjoyment."</ref> which is open to the public. It is also the institution where things are collected and then shown to people.
History
The word, museum, originates from Musa which is the goddesses of literature, art, and science who appears in Greek mythology.
According to the International Council of Museums (ICOM), the definition of museums has changed over time.
The oldest museum structure in the world is the Shōsō-in'' in Nara, Japan.
Today's museums are non-profit, permanent institutions in the service of society and its development.
Function
A museum acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible heritage and the intangible heritage of humanity and the environment.
Museums exist for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.
Some museums have things that visitors can do. For example, ecomuseums exist.
Museums can be about different things such as art, national history, natural history, or science. People go to museums sometimes to learn, or to simply have fun.
Museums with live animals are called zoos.
Exhibitions
Temporary or changing exhibits
Exhibition which selects works along with some themes, e.g., a writer, a time, an area, etc.
Permanent exhibits
Exhibition which displays the works which the museum possesses.
Gallery
Art museums
History museums
Literature museums
Natural history museums
Open air museums
Science museums
Museum ships
Related pages
Museology
References
Further reading
Simon, Nina K. (2010). Simon, Nina K. (2010). The Participatory Museum.
Other websites
International Council of Museums website
Virtual Library Musems website |
14058 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera | Camera | A camera is a device that takes pictures (photographs). It uses film or electronics to make a picture of something. It is a tool of photography. A lens makes the image that the film or electronics "sees".
A camera that takes one picture at a time is sometimes called a still camera. A camera that can take pictures that seem to move is called a movie camera. If it can take videos it is called a video camera or a camcorder. The majority of cameras are on a phone. This is called a "Camera phone".
All cameras are basically a box that light can not get into until a photo is taken. There is a hole on one side of the camera where the light can get in through the lens, and this is called the aperture. On the other side is a special material that can record the image that comes through the aperture. This material is the film in a film camera or electronic sensor in a digital camera. Finally, there is also the shutter, which stops light from getting in until a photo is taken.
When a photo is taken, the shutter moves out of the way. This lets light come in through the aperture and make a picture on the film or electronic sensor. In many cameras, the size of the aperture can be changed to let in more light or less light. The amount of time that the shutter lets light through can be changed as well. This also lets in more light or less light. Most of the time, electronics inside the camera control these, but in some cameras the person taking the picture can change them as well.
Moving pictures
A ciné camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on image sensor or strips of photographic film. Unlike a still camera the ciné camera takes a series of images, each one is called a "frame". The frames are later played back in a ciné projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, human visual system merges the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion. The first ciné camera was built around 1888. By 1890 several types were being made. The standard film size for ciné cameras was quickly established as 35mm film. This remained in use until transition to digital cinematography.
A professional video camera (often called a television camera) is a high-end device for creating electronic moving images. Their use includes music videos, movies, corporate and educational videos.
Related pages
Digital camera
Pinhole camera
Gallery
References |
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